anodorhynchus is a genus of large blue macaws from open and semi-open habitats in central and eastern south america .

it includes two endangered species , the hyacinth macaw and lear 's macaw also known as the indigo macaw , and one probably extinct species , the glaucous macaw .

at about 100 centimetres ( 39 in ) in length the hyacinth macaw is the longest parrot in the world .

glaucous and lear 's macaws are exclusively cliff nesters ; hyacinth macaws are mostly tree nesters .

the three species mainly feed on the nuts from a few species of palms ( notably acrocomia aculeata , attalea phalerata , butia yatay and syagrus coronata ) .

while blue macaws have been known from taxidermic and captive specimens since at least 1790 , location of the lear 's macaw 's endemic habitat was n't known until 1978 .

the glaucous macaw was extirpated in the 1800s by clearance for agriculture and cattle grazing of the yatay palm ( butia yatay ) groves upon which it fed , though rumors of its continued existence persist .

lear 's macaws have made a comeback from near extinction in the early 1980s ( about 60 birds ) to over 1000 as a result of conservation programs .

hyacinth macaws remain locally common within parts of their range , but their range has become fragmented into three known distinct populations in southern brazil , eastern bolivia and northeastern paraguay ; populations are declining due to extensive trapping for the pet trade as well as habitat loss .

both hyacinth and lear 's macaws are listed on cites appendix 1 .

anodorhynchus

anodorhynchus <EOT> anodorhynchus leari bonaparte 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1

key words : avian karyotype , anodorhynchus , deroptyus , psittaciformes , conservation biology , cytotaxonomy .

michаel frаnkis marked " file : anodorhynchus hyacinthinus - rio grande do sul , brazil - nest - 8 . jpg " as trusted on the " anodorhynchus hyacinthinus latham , 1790 " page .

michаel frаnkis marked " file : anodorhynchus hyacinthinus - mato grosso do sul , brazil - eating - 8 . jpg " as trusted on the " anodorhynchus hyacinthinus latham , 1790 " page .

michаel frаnkis marked " file : anodorhynchus hyacinthinus - rio grande do sul , brazil - pair - 8 . jpg " as trusted on the " anodorhynchus hyacinthinus latham , 1790 " page .

anodorhynchus glaucus† ( vieillot ) 1816 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 2 p . 259

anodorhynchus glaucus : formerly southern brazil , southern paraguay , northeastern uruguay , and northern argentina . possibly extinct

michаel frаnkis marked " file : araraazulemguanandi . jpg " as trusted on the " anodorhynchus hyacinthinus latham , 1790 " page .

yan wong changed the thumbnail image of " file : anodorhynchus hyacinthinus - mato grosso do sul , brazil - nest - 8 ( 3 ) . jpg " .

to cite this page : hagan , e . 2004 . " anodorhynchus hyacinthinus " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

seventeen females and twenty - seven males of anodorhynchus hyacinthinus and three males and two females of deroptyus accipitrinus were analyzed . all specimens were maintained by ecological parks , zoological gardens or private bird breeders .

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : anodorhynchus hyacinthinus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

although in external appearance deroptyus can resemble a parrot of genus amazona ( similar in size and not presenting long central rectrizes ) , our karyotypic data corroborate previous mtdna findings ( miyaki et al . , 1998 ) , indicating that deroptyus could be more related to species of the genera anodorhynchus , ara , cyanopsitta , propyrrhura , aratinga , pionites , pionopsitta , nandayus and guaruba .

collar , n . , boesman , p . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . hyacinth macaw ( anodorhynchus hyacinthinus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

anodorhynchus hyacinthinus showed a diploid number of 2n = 70 in 202 analyzed metaphases , comprising macro - and microchromosomes . chromosome pairs 1 , 7 , and 10 were metacentric ; pairs 5 , 6 , 8 , 9 , and 11 were submetacentric ; and pairs 2 , 3 , and 4 were subtelocentric . the microchromosomes were telocentric up to the point to which their morphology could be identified . the z - chromosome was metacentric and about the same size as chromosome 5 , and the w - chromosome was submetacentric and about the same size as chromosome 9 ( figure 1 ) .

a first karyotype pattern can be observed among genera ara , cyanopsitta , propyrrhura , aratinga , pionites , pionopsitta , nandayus and guaruba , mainly characterized by a conservative metacentric pair 1 , pairs 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , and 6 varying from submetacentric to subtelocentric , pairs 7 and 8 varying from metacentric to submetacentric , and pairs 9 , 10 , and 11 varying from metacentric to telocentric ( de lucca , 1984 ; van dongen and de boer , 1984 ; de lucca et al . , 1991 ; duarte and giannoni , 1990 ; goldschmidt et al . , 1997 ; francisco et al . , 2001 ; francisco and galetti jr . , 2001 ) . the karyotypes of anodorhynchus hyacinthinus and deroptyus accipitrinus described here also presented this main pattern .

while molecular genetic analyses have been widely applied in both in situ and ex situ management plans ( miyaki et al . , 1993 ; nader et al . , 1999 ; negro and torres , 1999 ; hudson et al . , 2000 ; caparroz et al . , 2001 ; bouzat , 2001 ; miyaki and eberhard , 2002 ) , karyotype analyses have rarely been considered . cytogenetic studies in neotropical psittacids have been restricted to the karyotype description of species easily found in captivity , but the origin of the specimens was usually unknown . although the detection of chromosome variants is not less important than dna polymorphism to conserve the genetic diversity and evolutionary potential of the species , karyotype studies in wild populations are scarce . karyotype characterization of anodorhynchus hyacinthinus and deroptyus accipitrinus can be a starting point for genetic monitoring of these two declining species .

neotropical parrots are among the most threatened groups of birds in the world , and many species are facing extinction in a near future . at the same time , the taxonomic position of many species remains unclear . karyotype analysis has been used to elucidate the phylogenetic status of many bird groups , also providing important information for both in situ and ex situ conservation plans . the objective of the present study was to describe for the first time the karyotypes of the endangered hyacinth macaw , anodorhynchus hyacinthinus , and of the hawk - headed parrot , deroptyus accipitrinus . a diploid number of 2n = 70 and a karyotype similar to the main pattern previously found for the genera ara , cyanopsitta , aratinga , propyrrhura , pionites , pionopsitta , nandayus , and guaruba were found for both species . these karyotype descriptions can be a starting point for the genetic monitoring of these two declining species .

partial karyotype descriptions of both a . hyacinthinus and d . accipitrinus were previously published by rocha et al . ( 1995 ) and goldschmidt et al . ( 1996 ) . however , for karyotype monitoring purposes , a complete characterization of the chromosome complement of each species is necessary ( benirschke et al . , 1980 ) . the objective of this work was to present for the first time a detailed karyotype description of a . hyacinthinus and d . accipitrinus , which can be useful for biological conservation approaches . cytotaxonomic considerations are also discussed , since karyotype analysis has been used to elucidate relationships among neotropical psittacidae ( de lucca and marco , 1993 ; de lucca , 1984 ; van dongen and de boer , 1984 ; de lucca et al . , 1991 ; duarte and giannoni , 1990 , duarte and caparroz , 1995 ; goldschmidt et al . , 1997 ; francisco and galetti jr . , 2001 ; francisco et al . , 2001 ) , and both anodorhynchus and deroptyus genera are poorly known from this point of view .

neotropical parrots comprise one of the most endangered groups of birds in the world . it is estimated that about 30 % of the 140 living species are facing some risk of extinction , and most of the non - endangered species are experiencing population decline ( collar and juniper , 1992 ) . habitat loss and human exploitation are the major causes leading to the extinction of these birds . brazil is the country in the world with the greatest number of psittacidae species ( forshaw , 1989 ) . however , 17 out of the 72 living species are cited in the red list of threatened species of the iucn ( international union for conservation of nature and natural resources ) , and one of them , anodorhynchus glaucus , is already extinct ( sick , 1997 ) . large species need large areas to mantain viable demographic population ( galetti et al . , 2002 ) , and are among the most threatened ( sick , 1997 ) . if conservation actions are not implemented , many other species can disappear in a near future , just like a . glaucus .

vocalization has been considered a reliable character to distinguish monophyletic genera of neotropical psittacidae ( sick , 1990 ) . based on this character , it has been suggested that ara macao , a . ararauna , a . glaucogularis , a . militaris , a . ambigua , a . chloroptera , a . rubrogenys and a . severa were related to the blue macaws ( anodorhynchus hyacinthinus , a . glaucus and a . leari ) , composing the group of true macaws . other species previously assigned to genus ara , such as maracana , auricollis , manilata and nobilis , were assembled in the maracanãs group , because their behavior resembles that of the small parakeets of genus aratinga . early classifications have probably overestimated body size and facial bare characters ( sick , 1990 ) . karyotype data of the species analyzed thus far ( see aquino and ferrari , 1990 ; francisco and galetti jr . , 2001 ) , obtained by conventional giemsa staining , have not been able to support this subdivision , because a single general karyotype pattern has been observed in both the true macaws and the maracanãs . further studies including chromosome banding could be helpful to elucidate species relationships .

the hyancinth macaw , anodorhynchus hyacinthinus , is the largest species within the order psittaciformes . it inhabits a vast area of cerrado and gallery forests of central brazil , from the tapajós river eastward to the states of maranhão and piauí , and southward through western bahia and goiás to minas gerais and mato grosso , and adjacent pantanal regions of easternmost bolivia and northeast paraguay ( forshaw , 1989 ; collar and juniper , 1992 ; sick , 1997 ) . today , it is extinct in most of its original distribution sites , and the remaining populations are markedly declining , due to trading and hunting ( collar and juniper , 1992 ; sick , 1997 ) . the total number of individuals has been estimated to be no more than 5000 ( collar and juniper , 1992 ; sick , 1997 ) . in 1987 , a . hyacinthinus was included in appendix i of cites ( convention for the international trade of endangered species ) , and in 1989 in the list of " instituto brasileiro do meio ambiente e dos recursos naturais " - ibama ( brazilian institute of environment and natural resources ) as a species at risk for extinction ( sick , 1997 ) .

the treatment of species is as per jetz et al . ( 2012 ) and follows the birdlife v3 world list ( june 2010 , 9 , 895 extant species recognized ) . of birdlife v3 we did not recognize nine species ( anodorhynchus glaucus , gallinula pacifica , gallirallus lafresnayanus , oceanodroma macrodactyla , ophrysia superciliosa , rhodonessa caryophyllacea , siphonorhis americana , tadorna cristata , vanellus macropterus ) that are widely considered extinct and three ( heliangelus zusii , atlapetes blancae , upupa marginata ) that are considered not valid by most authorities ( resulting in 9 , 882 accepted species ) . in addition to birdlife v3 we recognize 111 species that are considered valid by the handbook of the birds of the world ( del hoyo et al . 1992 - 2011 ) and / or birds of the western palearctic ( cramp et al . 1978 - 1994 ) and / or birds of africa ( urban et al . 1986 - 2000 ) and that are also recognized by ioc world list v2 . 7 ( dec 29 , 2010 ) , resulting in a total of 9 , 993 recognized species . our species lists and taxonomic information is provided in table s2 . we updated the threat categories of the birdlife v3 list with the 2012 assessment data ( based on birdlife v5 ; 225 species changed threat status compared to 2010 ) . birdlife taxonomy v5 recognizes 9 , 935 extant species compared to 9 , 895 in v3 . 45 additional species not considered extinct were reviewed in birdlife v5 compared to v3 . of these 4 were new discoveries and 41 were splits from species in v3 .

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strigops ( f . ) gray , gr 1845 gen . birds 2 p . 426 pl . cv

strigops habroptila gray , gr 1845 gen . birds 2 p . 427 pl . cv

nestor meridionalis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 333

nestor meridionalis meridionalis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 333

nestor meridionalis septentrionalis lorenz von liburnau , l 1896 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 46 p . 198

nymphicus hollandicus ( kerr ) 1792 anim . kingd . [ kerr ] 1 pt2 p . 580

calyptorhynchus banksii banksii ( latham ) 1790 indexorn . 1 p . 107 concept nomenclature

calyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne schodde , saunders , da & homberger 1989 canberrabirdnotes 13 p . 120

calyptorhynchus banksii macrorhynchus gould 1843 pzs [ " 1842 " ] pt10 no . 117 p . 138

calyptorhynchus banksii naso gould 1837 pzs [ " 1836 " ] pt4 no . 46 p . 106

calyptorhynchus banksii samueli mathews 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 120

calyptorhynchus lathami ( temminck ) 1807 cat . syst . cab . orn . quad . p . 21

calyptorhynchus lathami erebus schodde & mason , ij 1993 emu 93 p . 156 - 166

calyptorhynchus lathami lathami ( temminck ) 1807 cat . syst . cab . orn . quad . p . 21

calyptorhynchus funereus ( shaw ) 1794 nat . misc . 6 pl . 186 , text

calyptorhynchus funereus funereus ( shaw ) 1794 nat . misc . 6 pl . 186 , text

calyptorhynchus funereus whiteae mathews 1912 australav . rec . 1 no . 2 p . 35

calyptorhynchus funereus xanthanotus gould 1838 syn . birdsaustr . pt4 app . p . 4

calyptorhynchus baudinii lear 1832 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt12 pl . 6

calyptorhynchus latirostris carnaby 1948 w . austral . nat . 1 p . 136 - 138

probosciger aterrimus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330

probosciger aterrimus aterrimus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330

probosciger aterrimus goliath ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 92

probosciger aterrimus macgillivrayi ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 261

callocephalon ( n . ) lesson 1837 j . navig . thet . esperance [ bougainville ] 2 p . 311 atlas pl . 39 , 40

callocephalon fimbriatum ( grant , j ) 1803 narr . voy . disc . news . wales pl . opp . p . 135

eolophus roseicapilla ( vieillot ) 1817 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 17 p . 12 nomenclature

eolophus roseicapilla kuhli ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 266

eolophus roseicapilla roseicapilla ( vieillot ) 1817 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 17 p . 12 nomenclature

lophochroa leadbeateri ( vigors ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 6 p . 61 concept

lophochroa leadbeateri leadbeateri ( vigors ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 6 p . 61 concept

lophochroa leadbeateri mollis ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 265

cacatua tenuirostris ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 88

cacatua pastinator ( gould ) 1841 pzs [ " 1840 " ] pt8 no . 95 p . 175

cacatua pastinator derbyi ( mathews ) 1916 australav . rec . 3 p . 57

cacatua pastinator pastinator ( gould ) 1841 pzs [ " 1840 " ] pt8 no . 95 p . 175

cacatua sanguinea gould 1843 pzs [ " 1842 " ] pt10 no . 117 p . 138

cacatua sanguinea gymnopis sclater , pl 1871 pzs pt2 p . 490 , 493 , textfig .

cacatua sanguinea normantoni ( mathews ) 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 211

cacatua sanguinea sanguinea gould 1843 pzs [ " 1842 " ] pt10 no . 117 p . 138

cacatua sanguinea westralensis ( mathews ) 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 211

cacatua goffiniana roselaar , cs & michels 2004 zool . verh . leiden 350 p . 186 nomenclature

cacatua ducorpsii pucheran 1853 voy . polesudzool . 3 mamm . ois . p . 108 nomenclature

cacatua galerita eleonora finsch 1863 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 1 p . xxi nomenclature

cacatua galerita fitzroyi ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 264

cacatua galerita triton temminck 1849 coup - d ' oeilposs . neerland . 3 p . 405 , note

cacatua sulphurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330

cacatua sulphurea abbotti ( oberholser ) 1917 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 54 no . 2232 p . 181

cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata ( fraser ) 1844 pzs pt12 no . 132 p . 38

cacatua sulphurea parvula ( bonaparte ) 1850 compt . rend . 30 p . 139

cacatua sulphurea sulphurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330

cacatua moluccensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 331

poicephalus gulielmi ( jardine ) 1849 contrib . orn . [ jardine ] p . " 64 - 14 " pl . 28

poicephalus gulielmi gulielmi ( jardine ) 1849 contrib . orn . [ jardine ] p . " 64 - 14 " pl . 28

poicephalus gulielmi massaicus fischer & reichenow 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 165 p . 179 nomenclature

poicephalus flavifrons ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 126

poicephalus fuscicollis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 93 systematics

poicephalus fuscicollis fuscicollis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 93

poicephalus fuscicollis suahelicus reichenow 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 2 p . 314

poicephalus robustus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 344

poicephalus meyeri ( cretzschmar ) 1827 atlasreis . nord . afr . vog . [ ruppell ] [ " 1826 " ] p . 18 pl . 11

poicephalus meyeri damarensis neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501

poicephalus meyeri matschiei neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501

poicephalus meyeri meyeri ( cretzschmar ) 1827 atlasreis . nord . afr . vog . [ ruppell ] [ " 1826 " ] p . 18 pl . 11

poicephalus meyeri reichenowi neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501

poicephalus meyeri transvaalensis neumann 1899 orn . monatsb . 7 no . 2 p . 25

poicephalus rueppellii ( gray , gr ) 1849 pzs [ " 1848 " ] pt16 no . 188 p . 125 pl . 5

poicephalus cryptoxanthus ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371

poicephalus cryptoxanthus cryptoxanthus ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371

poicephalus cryptoxanthus tanganyikae bowen 1930 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 82 p . 267

poicephalus crassus ( sharpe ) 1884 j . linn . soc . londonzool . 17 p . 429

poicephalus senegalus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149

poicephalus senegalus senegalus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149

poicephalus senegalus versteri finsch 1863 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 1 p . xvi

poicephalus rufiventris ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 125

poicephalus rufiventris rufiventris ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 125

touit ( m . ) gray , gr 1855 cat . gen . subgen . birds p . 89 nomenclature

touit huetii ( temminck ) 1830 pl . col . livr . 83 pl . 491

touit costaricensis ( cory ) 1913 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 283

touit dilectissimus ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1871 pzs [ " 1870 " ] pt3 p . 788 pl . 47 nomenclature

touit purpuratus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 350 nomenclature

touit purpuratus purpuratus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 350 nomenclature

touit purpuratus viridiceps chapman 1929 am . mus . novit . no . 380 p . 10

touit melanonotus ( wied - neuwied ) 1820 reisebrasil . 1 p . 275 nomenclature

touit surdus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 59 nomenclature

touit stictopterus ( sclater , pl ) 1862 pzs pt1 p . 112 pl . 11 nomenclature

psilopsiagon aymara ( orbigny ) 1839 voy . am . merid . 2 p . 376 , note1

psilopsiagon aurifrons ( lesson ) 1830 cent . zool . p . 63 pl . 18

psilopsiagon aurifrons aurifrons ( lesson ) 1830 cent . zool . p . 63 pl . 18

psilopsiagon aurifrons margaritae ( berlioz & dorst ) 1956 ois . rev . franceorn . ( n . s . ) 26 p . 85

psilopsiagon aurifrons robertsi carriker 1933 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 85 p . 4

psilopsiagon aurifrons rubrirostris ( burmeister ) 1860 j . orn . 8 no . 46 p . 243

bolborhynchus lineola ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372

bolborhynchus lineola lineola ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372

bolborhynchus lineola tigrinus ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 144

bolborhynchus orbygnesius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 63 , 64 nomenclature

nannopsittaca panychlora ( salvin & godman ) 1883 ibis p . 211 pl . 9 fig . 1

nannopsittaca dachilleae o ' neill , munn & franke 1991 auk 108 p . 225 , 226

myiopsitta monachus calita ( jardine & selby ) 1830 ill . orn . 2 pt6 pl . 82 , text [ p . 61 ]

myiopsitta monachus cotorra ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [ " 1817 " ] p . 362

brotogeris sanctithomae sanctithomae ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 81

brotogeris sanctithomae takatsukasae neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 442

brotogeris tirica ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 351

brotogeris chiriri ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [ " 1817 " ] p . 359

brotogeris chiriri behni neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 443

brotogeris chiriri chiriri ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [ " 1817 " ] p . 359

brotogeris pyrrhoptera ( latham ) 1802 suppl . ind . orn . p . xxii

brotogeris jugularis exsul todd 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 129

brotogeris jugularis jugularis ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 80

brotogeris cyanoptera ( pelzeln ) 1870 orn . brasil . abth . 3 p . 260 citation

brotogeris cyanoptera beniensis gyldenstolpe 1941 ark . zool . 33a no . 12 p . 9

brotogeris cyanoptera cyanoptera ( pelzeln ) 1870 orn . brasil . abth . 3 p . 260 citation

brotogeris chrysoptera ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149

brotogeris chrysoptera chrysoptera ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149

brotogeris chrysoptera solimoensis gyldenstolpe 1941 ark . zool . 33a no . 12 p . 10

brotogeris chrysoptera tenuifrons friedmann 1945 proc . biol . soc . wash . 58 p . 114

brotogeris chrysoptera tuipara ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 348

triclaria malachitacea ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 40 pl . 28

pyrilia haematotis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1860 pzs pt ( 28 ) 2 p . 300

pyrilia haematotis coccinicollaris ( lawrence ) 1862 ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 7 p . 475

pyrilia haematotis haematotis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1860 pzs pt ( 28 ) 2 p . 300

pyrilia pyrilia ( bonaparte ) 1853 compt . rend . 37 p . 807 , note

pyrilia pulchra ( berlepsch ) 1897 orn . monatsb . 5 no . 11 p . 175

pyrilia barrabandi ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 61

pyrilia barrabandi aurantiigena ( gyldenstolpe ) 1951 ark . zool . ( 2 ) 2 p . 14 , 67

pyrilia barrabandi barrabandi ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 61

pyrilia caica ( latham ) 1790 indexorn . 1 p . 128 no . 137

pyrilia aurantiocephala ( gaban - lima , r , raposo , ma & hofling , e ) 2002 auk 119 p . 815 , 816 systematics

pyrilia vulturina ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 62 systematics

hapalopsittaca amazonina ( des murs ) 1845 rev . zool . 8 p . 207

hapalopsittaca amazonina amazonina ( des murs ) 1845 rev . zool . 8 p . 207

hapalopsittaca amazonina theresae ( hellmayr ) 1915 verh . orn . ges . bayern 12 heft3 p . 214

hapalopsittaca amazonina velezi graves , gr & restrepo 1989 wilsonbull . 101 no . 3 p . 369 - 376 , front .

hapalopsittaca fuertesi ( chapman ) 1912 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 31 p . 143

hapalopsittaca melanotis melanotis ( lafresnaye ) 1847 rev . zool . 10 p . 67

hapalopsittaca melanotis peruviana ( carriker ) 1932 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 83 [ " 1931 " ] p . 455

pionus sordidus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99

pionus sordidus antelius todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 338

pionus sordidus corallinus bonaparte 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 148

pionus sordidus mindoensis chapman 1925 am . mus . novit . no . 187 p . 1

pionus sordidus ponsi aveledo & gines 1950 mem . soc . cien . nat . lasalle 10 no . 26 p . 60

pionus sordidus saturatus todd 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 81

pionus sordidus sordidus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99

pionus maximiliani ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72

pionus maximiliani lacerus heine 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 166 p . 265

pionus maximiliani maximiliani ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72

pionus maximiliani melanoblepharus ribeiro 1920 rev . mus . paulista 12 pt2 p . 61

pionus maximiliani siy souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 155

pionus seniloides ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73

pionus menstruus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 148

pionus menstruus menstruus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 148

pionus menstruus reichenowi heine 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 166 p . 264 nomenclature

pionus menstruus rubrigularis cabanis 1881 j . orn . 29 no . 154 p . 222

pionus senilis ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 42 pl . 31 fig . 1

pionus chalcopterus ( fraser ) 1841 pzs [ " 1840 " ] pt8 no . 90 p . 59

graydidascalus brachyurus ( temminck & kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72

alipiopsitta ( f . ) capparoz , r & pacheco 2006 rev . brasil . orn . 14 no . 2 p . 174

alipiopsitta xanthops ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 39 pl . 26

amazona festiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101

amazona festiva bodini ( finsch ) 1873 pzs pt2 p . 569 pl . 49

amazona festiva festiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101

amazona vinacea ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 77

amazona tucumana ( cabanis ) 1885 j . orn . 33 no . 170 p . 221

amazona pretrei ( temminck ) 1830 pl . col . livr . 83 pl . 492

amazona agilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99

amazona albifrons ( sparrman ) 1788 mus . carls . fasc . 3 no . 52 pl . 52

amazona albifrons albifrons ( sparrman ) 1788 mus . carls . fasc . 3 no . 52 pl . 52

amazona albifrons nana miller , w 1905 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 21 p . 349

amazona albifrons saltuensis nelson 1899 proc . biol . soc . wash . 13 p . 26

amazona collaria ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102

amazona leucocephala ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 100

amazona leucocephala bahamensis ( bryant , h ) 1867 proc . bostonsoc . nat . hist . 11 p . 65

amazona leucocephala hesterna bangs 1916 bull . mus . comp . zool . 60 p . 308

amazona leucocephala leucocephala ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 100

amazona vittata gracilipes† ridgway 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106

amazona autumnalis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102

amazona autumnalis autumnalis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102

amazona autumnalis lilacina lesson 1844 echomondesav . ( 2 ) 11 no . 30 col . 394 concept

amazona autumnalis salvini ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 271 , 300 pl . 7 fig . 3 citation

amazona diadema ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 43 pl . 32

amazona viridigenalis ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 371

amazona xantholora ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 83

amazona dufresniana ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 513

amazona oratrix belizensis monroe , bl jr & howell , tr 1966 occ . pap . mus . zool . lsu no . 34 p . 18

amazona oratrix oratrix ridgway 1887 man . n . am . birds p . 587

amazona auropalliata ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135

amazona auropalliata auropalliata ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135

amazona auropalliata parvipes monroe , bl jr & howell , tr 1966 occ . pap . mus . zool . lsu no . 34 p . 8

amazona ochrocephala ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339 concept

amazona ochrocephala nattereri ( finsch ) 1865 j . orn . 12 [ " 1864 " ] no . 72 p . 411 citation

amazona ochrocephala ochrocephala ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339 concept

amazona ochrocephala panamensis ( cabanis ) 1874 j . orn . 22 no . 127 p . 349

amazona barbadensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339

amazona aestiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101

amazona aestiva aestiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101

amazona aestiva xanthopteryx ( berlepsch ) 1896 orn . monatsb . 4 no . 11 p . 173

amazona mercenarius ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 303 nomenclature

amazona mercenarius canipalliata ( cabanis ) 1874 j . orn . 22 no . 125 p . 105

amazona mercenarius mercenarius ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 303

amazona guatemalae virenticeps ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 269 , 280 citation

amazona kawalli grantsau & camargo 1989 rev . brasil . biol . 49 p . 1018 concept

amazona brasiliensis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102

amazona amazonica ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 147

amazona guildingii ( vigors ) 1837 pzs [ " 1836 " ] pt4 no . 45 p . 80

forpus ( m . ) boie , f 1858 j . orn . 6 no . 35 p . 363

forpus modestus ( cabanis ) 1849 reisenbrit . - guiana [ schomburgk ] 3 p . 727 nomenclature

forpus modestus modestus ( cabanis ) 1849 reisenbrit . - guiana [ schomburgk ] 3 p . 727 nomenclature

forpus modestus sclateri ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 86

forpus cyanopygius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157

forpus cyanopygius cyanopygius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157

forpus cyanopygius insularis ( ridgway ) 1888 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 10 p . 541

forpus passerinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 103

forpus passerinus cyanochlorus ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 31 concept

forpus passerinus cyanophanes ( todd ) 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 81

forpus passerinus deliciosus ( ridgway ) 1888 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 10 p . 533 , 545

forpus passerinus passerinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 103

forpus passerinus viridissimus ( lafresnaye ) 1848 rev . zool . 11 p . 172

forpus spengeli ( hartlaub ) 1885 pzs pt3 no . 40 p . 614 pl . 38 fig . 1 nomenclature

forpus xanthopterygius ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 38 pl . 34 fig . 1 nomenclature

forpus xanthopterygius flavescens ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 241 , 248 citation

forpus xanthopterygius flavissimus hellmayr 1929 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . zool . ser . 12 p . 446

forpus xanthopterygius xanthopterygius ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 38 pl . 34 fig . 1

forpus conspicillatus caucae ( chapman ) 1915 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 34 p . 383

forpus conspicillatus conspicillatus ( lafresnaye ) 1848 rev . zool . 11 p . 172

forpus conspicillatus metae borrero & hernandez - camacho 1961 noved . colomb . 1 no . 6 p . 431

forpus xanthops ( salvin ) 1895 novit . zool . 2 p . 19 pl . 2 fig . 2

pionites ( m . ) heine 1890 nomen . mus . heine . orn . [ heine & reichenow ] p . 231

pionites melanocephalus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102

pionites melanocephalus melanocephalus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102

pionites melanocephalus pallidus ( berlepsch ) 1890 j . orn . 37 [ " 1889 " ] no . 187 p . 317 citation

pionites leucogaster ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 70

pionites leucogaster leucogaster ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 70

pionites leucogaster xanthomerius ( sclater , pl ) 1858 pzs [ " 1857 " ] pt25 no . 343 p . 266

pionites leucogaster xanthurus todd 1925 proc . biol . soc . wash . 38 p . 113

deroptyus accipitrinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102

deroptyus accipitrinus accipitrinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102

pyrrhura ( f . ) bonaparte 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1 genus . 14

pyrrhura cruentata ( wied - neuwied ) 1820 reisebrasil . 1 p . 53 , 72

pyrrhura devillei ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73

pyrrhura frontalis ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [ " 1817 " ] p . 361

pyrrhura frontalis chiripepe ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [ " 1817 " ] p . 361

pyrrhura frontalis frontalis ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [ " 1817 " ] p . 361

pyrrhura lepida ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 642 concept

pyrrhura lepida anerythra neumann 1927 orn . monatsb . 35 no . 3 p . 89

pyrrhura lepida coerulescens neumann 1927 orn . monatsb . 35 no . 3 p . 89

pyrrhura lepida lepida ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 642 concept

pyrrhura perlata ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 35 pl . 20 concept

pyrrhura molinae ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73

pyrrhura molinae australis todd 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 82 citation

pyrrhura molinae flavoptera maijer , herzog , kessler , friggens & fjeldsa 1998 orn . neotrop . 9 p . 186

pyrrhura molinae hypoxantha ( salvadori & festa ) 1899 boll . mus . zool . anat . comp . torino " 15 " [ = 14 ] no . 363 p . 1 nomenclature

pyrrhura molinae molinae ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73

pyrrhura molinae phoenicura ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 26 concept

pyrrhura molinae restricta todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 333

pyrrhura leucotis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 21 nomenclature

pyrrhura picta caeruleiceps todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 337

pyrrhura picta picta ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75

pyrrhura picta subandina todd 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 6

pyrrhura emma salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 212 , 217 pl . 1 citation

pyrrhura amazonum lucida arndt 2008 papageien [ arndt ] 21 p . 278 , 279

pyrrhura amazonum snethlageae joseph & bates , jm 2002 orn . neotrop . 13 p . 354

pyrrhura lucianii ( deville ) 1851 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 3 p . 211

pyrrhura roseifrons ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 42

pyrrhura roseifrons roseifrons ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 42

pyrrhura roseifrons peruviana hocking , blake & joseph 2002 orn . neotrop . 13 p . 356

pyrrhura viridicata todd 1913 proc . biol . soc . wash . 26 p . 174

pyrrhura egregia ( sclater , pl ) 1881 ibis p . 130 pl . 4

pyrrhura egregia egregia ( sclater , pl ) 1881 ibis p . 130 pl . 4

pyrrhura egregia obscura zimmer & phelps , wh 1946 am . mus . novit . no . 1312 p . 1

pyrrhura melanura ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 36 pl . 22

pyrrhura melanura berlepschi salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 212 , 224 pl . 2 fig . 1 citation

pyrrhura melanura chapmani bond & meyer de schauensee 1940 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 92 p . 156

pyrrhura melanura melanura ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 36 pl . 22

pyrrhura melanura pacifica chapman 1915 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 34 p . 382

pyrrhura melanura souancei ( verreaux , j ) 1858 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 10 p . 437 pl . 12

pyrrhura orcesi ridgely & robbins 1988 wilsonbull . 100 no . 2 p . 174 , 175

pyrrhura albipectus chapman 1914 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 33 p . 319

pyrrhura rupicola rupicola ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 304

pyrrhura rupicola sandiae bond & meyer de schauensee 1944 not . nat . no . 138 p . 1

pyrrhura calliptera ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 72

pyrrhura hoematotis souance 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97

pyrrhura hoematotis hoematotis souance 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97

pyrrhura hoematotis immarginata zimmer & phelps 1944 am . mus . novit . no . 1270 p . 4

pyrrhura rhodocephala ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1871 pzs [ " 1870 " ] pt3 p . 787

pyrrhura hoffmanni ( cabanis ) 1861 sitz . ges . nat . freundeberlin [ no p . ]

pyrrhura hoffmanni gaudens bangs 1906 proc . biol . soc . wash . 19 p . 103

pyrrhura hoffmanni hoffmanni ( cabanis ) 1861 sitz . ges . nat . freundeberlin [ no p . ]

enicognathus ( m . ) gray , gr 1840 listgen . birds p . 51

enicognathus ferrugineus ferrugineus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75

enicognathus ferrugineus minor ( chapman ) 1919 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 41 p . 323

enicognathus leptorhynchus ( king ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 1 p . 14 concept

cyanoliseus patagonus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [ " 1817 " ] p . 367

cyanoliseus patagonus andinus dabbene & lillo 1913 an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenosaires 24 p . 188 pl . 10

cyanoliseus patagonus patagonus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [ " 1817 " ] p . 367

rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha ( swainson ) 1827 philos . mag . n . s . 1 p . 439

rhynchopsitta terrisi moore , rt 1947 proc . biol . soc . wash . 60 p . 27

eupsittula nana astec ( souance ) 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97

eupsittula nana nana ( vigors ) 1830 zool . j . 5 p . 273

eupsittula nana vicinalis bangs & penard , te 1919 bull . mus . comp . zool . 63 p . 24

eupsittula canicularis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98

eupsittula canicularis canicularis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98

eupsittula canicularis clarae ( moore , rt ) 1937 proc . biol . soc . wash . 50 p . 101

eupsittula canicularis eburnirostrum ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135

eupsittula aurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 329

eupsittula pertinax ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98

eupsittula pertinax aeruginosa ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98

eupsittula pertinax chrysogenys ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 72

eupsittula pertinax griseipecta ( meyer de schauensee ) 1950 not . nat . no . 221 p . 6

eupsittula pertinax lehmanni ( dugand ) 1943 caldasia 2 no . 7 p . 191

eupsittula pertinax margaritensis cory 1918 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . zool . ser . 13 pub . 197 p . 63

eupsittula pertinax ocularis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1865 pzs [ " 1864 " ] pt3 p . 367 citation

eupsittula pertinax paraensis ( sick ) 1959 j . orn . 100 p . 413

eupsittula pertinax pertinax ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98

eupsittula pertinax surinama ( zimmer & phelps , wh ) 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1511 p . 1

eupsittula pertinax tortugensis ( cory ) 1909 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 220

eupsittula pertinax venezuelae ( zimmer & phelps , wh ) 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1511 p . 6

eupsittula pertinax xanthogenia ( bonaparte ) 1850 consp . gen . av . 1 p . 1

eupsittula cactorum ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 82

eupsittula cactorum cactorum ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 82

eupsittula cactorum caixana ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 34 pl . 19 fig . 1

conuropsis carolinensis† ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97 status

conuropsis† carolinensis carolinensis† ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97

conuropsis† carolinensis ludoviciana† ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 347

aratinga weddellii ( deville ) 1851 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 3 p . 209

aratinga nenday ( vieillot ) 1823 tabl . encyc . meth . orn . 3 livr . 93 p . 1400

aratinga solstitialis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97

aratinga maculata ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 74 nomenclature

aratinga jandaya ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 319

aratinga auricapillus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 20 nomenclature

aratinga auricapillus auricapillus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 20 nomenclature

aratinga auricapillus aurifrons spix 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 32 pl . 16 fig . 1

cyanopsitta spixii ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 675

primolius couloni ( sclater , pl ) 1876 pzs pt1 p . 255 , fig .

primolius auricollis ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372

primolius maracana ( vieillot ) 1816 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 2 p . 260

ara ararauna ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96

ara militaris ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 139

ara militaris mexicanus ridgway 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106

ara militaris militaris ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 139

ara ambiguus ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 65

ara ambiguus ambiguus ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 65

ara ambiguus guayaquilensis chapman 1925 am . mus . novit . no . 205 p . 2

ara macao ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96

ara macao cyanopterus wiedenfeld 1995 orn . neotrop . 5 [ " 1994 " ] no . 2 p . 99 citation

ara macao macao ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96

ara chloropterus gray , gr 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 26 nomenclature

ara tricolor† ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 64 pl . 1 nomenclature

ara severus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97

leptosittaca ( f . ) berlepsch & stolzmann 1894 ibis p . 402 pl . 11

ognorhynchus icterotis ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 71

guaruba guarouba ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 320 citation

diopsittaca nobilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97

diopsittaca nobilis cumanensis ( lichtenstein ) 1823 verz . doubl . zool . mus . berlin p . 6

diopsittaca nobilis longipennis neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 441 citation

diopsittaca nobilis nobilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97

thectocercus acuticaudatus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [ " 1817 " ] p . 369

thectocercus acuticaudatus acuticaudatus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [ " 1817 " ] p . 369

thectocercus acuticaudatus haemorrhous ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 29 pl . 13

thectocercus acuticaudatus neoxenus ( cory ) 1909 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 243

thectocercus acuticaudatus neumanni ( blake & traylor ) 1947 fieldianazool . 31 no . 21 p . 166

psittacara holochlorus ( sclater , pl ) 1859 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 4 p . 224

psittacara holochlorus brewsteri ( nelson ) 1928 proc . biol . soc . wash . 41 p . 154

psittacara holochlorus holochlorus ( sclater , pl ) 1859 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 4 p . 224

psittacara brevipes ( lawrence ) 1871 ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 [ " 1874 " ] p . 14

psittacara rubritorquis ( sclater , pl ) 1887 pzs [ " 1886 " ] pt4 no . 35 p . 539 pl . 56

psittacara strenuus ( ridgway ) 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106

psittacara wagleri ( gray , gr ) 1845 gen . birds 2 pl . cii

psittacara wagleri transilis ( peters , jl ) 1927 proc . newengl . zool . cl . 9 p . 111

psittacara wagleri wagleri ( gray , gr ) 1845 gen . birds 2 pl . cii

psittacara frontatus ( cabanis ) 1846 faunaperuana [ tschudi ] orn . p . 272 , note

psittacara frontatus frontatus ( cabanis ) 1846 faunaperuana [ tschudi ] orn . p . 272 , note

psittacara frontatus minor ( carriker ) 1933 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 85 p . 3

psittacara mitratus chlorogenys ( arndt ) 2006 j . orn . 147 p . 74

psittacara mitratus mitratus ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 304

psittacara mitratus tucumanus ( arndt ) 2006 j . orn . 147 p . 77

psittacara erythrogenys lesson 1844 echomondesav . ( 2 ) 11 no . 34 col . 486 , 487

psittacara leucophthalmus callogenys ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 171 , 188 citation

psittacara leucophthalmus leucophthalmus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75

psittacara leucophthalmus nicefori meyer de schauensee 1946 not . nat . no . 163 p . 2

psittacara euops ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 638 pl . 24 fig . 2

psittacara chloropterus souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 59

psittacara maugei† souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 59

psittrichas fulgidus ( lesson ) 1830 traitedorn . livr . 3 p . 181 citation

coracopsis vasa ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 528

coracopsis vasa comorensis ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371

coracopsis vasa drouhardi lavauden 1929 alauda 1 no . 4 & 5 p . 231

coracopsis vasa vasa ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 528

coracopsis nigra ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99

coracopsis nigra libs bangs 1927 proc . newengl . zool . cl . 9 p . 83

coracopsis nigra nigra ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99

coracopsis nigra sibilans milne - edwards & oustalet 1885 compt . rend . 101 p . 220

micropsitta keiensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [ " 1875 " ] p . 984

micropsitta keiensis chloroxantha oberholser 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 126

micropsitta keiensis keiensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [ " 1875 " ] p . 984

micropsitta geelvinkiana ( schlegel ) 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 7

micropsitta geelvinkiana geelvinkiana ( schlegel ) 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 7

micropsitta geelvinkiana misoriensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [ " 1875 " ] p . 909

micropsitta pusio ( sclater , pl ) 1866 pzs [ " 1865 " ] pt3 p . 620 pl . 35

micropsitta pusio beccarii ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 8 p . 396

micropsitta pusio harterti mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2

micropsitta pusio pusio ( sclater , pl ) 1866 pzs [ " 1865 " ] pt3 p . 620 pl . 35

micropsitta finschii ( ramsay , ep ) 1881 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 6 p . 180

micropsitta finschii finschii ( ramsay , ep ) 1881 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 6 p . 180

micropsitta finschii tristrami ( rothschild & hartert ) 1902 novit . zool . 9 p . 589

micropsitta finschii viridifrons ( rothschild & hartert ) 1899 orn . monatsb . 7 no . 9 p . 138

micropsitta bruijnii ( salvadori ) 1875 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 p . 715 , note , p . 753 , 907 pl . 21

micropsitta bruijnii bruijnii ( salvadori ) 1875 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 p . 715 , note , p . 753 , 907 pl . 21

micropsitta bruijnii pileata mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2

micropsitta bruijnii rosea mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2

polytelis swainsonii ( desmarest ) 1826 dict . sci . nat . 39 p . 39

polytelis anthopeplus ( lear ) 1831 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt8 pl . 29

polytelis anthopeplus anthopeplus ( lear ) 1831 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt8 pl . 29

alisterus amboinensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141

alisterus amboinensis amboinensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141

alisterus amboinensis buruensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 8 p . 371

alisterus amboinensis dorsalis ( quoy & gaimard ) 1832 voy . astrolabezool . 1 [ 1830 " ] p . 234 atlasois . pl . 21 fig . 3

alisterus amboinensis hypophonius ( muller , s ) 1843 verh . nat . gesch . [ temminck ] land - volk . no . 6 p . 181 , note

alisterus amboinensis sulaensis ( reichenow ) 1881 j . orn . 29 no . 154 p . 128

alisterus chloropterus ( ramsay , ep ) 1879 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 3 pt3 p . 251

alisterus chloropterus callopterus ( albertis & salvadori ) 1879 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 14 p . 29

alisterus chloropterus chloropterus ( ramsay , ep ) 1879 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 3 pt3 p . 251

alisterus chloropterus moszkowskii ( reichenow ) 1911 orn . monatsb . 19 p . 82

alisterus scapularis ( lichtenstein ) 1816 zool . mus . univ . berlin p . 29

alisterus scapularis minor mathews 1911 novit . zool . 18 no . 1 p . 23

alisterus scapularis scapularis ( lichtenstein ) 1816 zool . mus . univ . berlin p . 29

aprosmictus jonquillaceus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [ " 1817 " ] p . 352

aprosmictus jonquillaceus jonquillaceus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [ " 1817 " ] p . 352

aprosmictus jonquillaceus wetterensis ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 481 , 484 citation

aprosmictus erythropterus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 343

aprosmictus erythropterus coccineopterus ( gould ) 1865 handb . birdsaustr . 2 p . 39

aprosmictus erythropterus erythropterus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 343

prioniturus platurus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [ " 1817 " ] p . 314

prioniturus platurus platurus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [ " 1817 " ] p . 314

prioniturus waterstradti malindangensis mearns 1909 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 36 no . 1678 p . 437

prioniturus platenae blasius , w 1888 braunschw . anz . no . 37 p . 335 author

prioniturus flavicans cassin 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 373

prioniturus discurus ( vieillot ) 1822 gal . ois . 1 p . 7 pl . 26

prioniturus discurus discurus ( vieillot ) 1822 gal . ois . 1 p . 7 pl . 26

prioniturus discurus whiteheadi salomonsen 1953 vidensk . medd . dansk . naturhist . for . 115 p . 224

eclectus roratus cornelia bonaparte 1850 compt . rend . 30 p . 135 , 136 citation

eclectus roratus macgillivrayi mathews 1913 australav . rec . 2 no . 4 p . 75

eclectus roratus polychloros ( scopoli ) 1786 del . flor . faun . insubr . 2 p . 87

eclectus roratus riedeli meyer , ab 1882 pzs [ " 1881 " ] pt4 p . 917

eclectus roratus roratus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 77

eclectus roratus solomonensis rothschild & hartert 1901 novit . zool . 8 no . 1 p . 82

eclectus roratus vosmaeri ( rothschild ) 1922 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 9 p . 412

eclectus roratus westermani† ( bonaparte ) 1850 consp . gen . av . 1 p . 4

geoffroyus geoffroyi ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 103 pl . 21

geoffroyus geoffroyi aruensis ( gray , gr ) 1858 pzs pt26 no . 358 p . 183

geoffroyus geoffroyi cyanicollis ( muller , s ) 1841 verh . nat . gesch . [ temminck ] land - volk . no . 4 p . 108 , 182 , note

geoffroyus geoffroyi floresianus salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 400 , 406 citation

geoffroyus geoffroyi geoffroyi ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 103 pl . 21

geoffroyus geoffroyi jobiensis ( meyer , ab ) 1874 sitz . k . akad . wiss . wien 70 p . 225

geoffroyus geoffroyi minor neumann 1922 verh . orn . ges . bayern 15 heft2 p . 235

geoffroyus geoffroyi mysorensis ( meyer , ab ) 1874 sitz . k . akad . wiss . wien 70 p . 225

geoffroyus geoffroyi pucherani souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 218

geoffroyus geoffroyi rhodops ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 43 , 44

geoffroyus geoffroyi sudestiensis de vis 1890 annualrep . brit . newguinea ( 1888 - 1889 ) app . g p . 58

geoffroyus geoffroyi timorlaoensis meyer , ab 1884 sitz . abh . naturwiss . ges . isisdresden heft1 p . 15

geoffroyus simplex ( meyer , ab ) 1874 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 24 p . 39 citation

geoffroyus simplex buergersi neumann 1922 verh . orn . ges . bayern 15 heft2 p . 235

geoffroyus simplex simplex ( meyer , ab ) 1874 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 24 p . 39 citation

geoffroyus heteroclitus ( hombron & jacquinot ) 1841 ann . sci . nat . zool . ( 2 ) 16 p . 319

geoffroyus heteroclitus heteroclitus ( hombron & jacquinot ) 1841 ann . sci . nat . zool . ( 2 ) 16 p . 319

geoffroyus heteroclitus hyacinthinus mayr 1931 am . mus . novit . no . 486 p . 13

psittinus cyanurus ( forster , jr ) 1795 faunulaindica . ed . 2 p . 6

psittinus cyanurus abbotti richmond 1902 proc . biol . soc . wash . 15 p . 188

psittinus cyanurus cyanurus ( forster , jr ) 1795 faunulaindica . ed . 2 p . 6

psittinus cyanurus pontius oberholser 1912 smiths . misc . coll . 60 no . 7 p . 5

tanygnathus megalorynchos hellmayri mayr 1944 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 83 p . 134 , 149

tanygnathus megalorynchos sumbensis meyer , ab 1881 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 31 p . 762

tanygnathus lucionensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 146

tanygnathus lucionensis hybridus salomonsen 1952 vidensk . medd . dansk . naturhist . for . 114 p . 347

tanygnathus lucionensis lucionensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 146

tanygnathus lucionensis talautensis meyer , ab & wiglesworth 1895 abh . ber . mus . dresden 5 no . 9 p . 2

tanygnathus sumatranus ( raffles ) 1822 trans . linn . soc . london ( 1 ) 13 p . 281

tanygnathus sumatranus everetti tweeddale 1877 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 20 p . 533

tanygnathus sumatranus freeri mcgregor 1910 philip . j . sci . 5 p . 108

tanygnathus sumatranus sumatranus ( raffles ) 1822 trans . linn . soc . london ( 1 ) 13 p . 281

tanygnathus gramineus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 338

psittacula himalayana ( lesson ) 1831 voy . ind . orient . [ belanger ] zool . [ " 1834 " ] pt4 p . 239 citation

psittacula roseata biswas 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1500 p . 4

psittacula roseata juneae biswas 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1500 p . 5

psittacula roseata roseata biswas 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1500 p . 4

psittacula cyanocephala ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141

psittacula alexandri ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97

psittacula alexandri abbotti ( oberholser ) 1919 proc . biol . soc . wash . 32 p . 29

psittacula alexandri alexandri ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97

psittacula alexandri cala ( oberholser ) 1912 smiths . misc . coll . 60 no . 7 p . 4

psittacula alexandri dammermani chasen & kloss 1932 bull . rafflesmus . no . 7 p . 8

psittacula alexandri fasciata ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 74

psittacula alexandri major ( richmond ) 1902 proc . biol . soc . wash . 15 p . 188

psittacula alexandri perionca ( oberholser ) 1912 smiths . misc . coll . 60 no . 7 p . 4

psittacula derbiana ( fraser ) 1852 pzs [ " 1850 " ] pt18 no . 216 p . 245 pl . 25

psittacula longicauda defontainei chasen 1935 bull . rafflesmus . no . 9 [ " 1934 " ] p . 93 citation

psittacula longicauda modesta ( fraser ) 1845 pzs pt13 no . 144 p . 16

psittacula longicauda nicobarica ( gould ) 1857 birdsasia [ gould ] 6 pt9 pl . 13

psittacula longicauda tytleri ( hume ) 1874 str . feath . 2 p . 454

psittacula calthrapae ( blyth ) 1849 j . asiat . soc . bengal 18 pt2 p . 800

psittacula eupatria ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 140

psittacula eupatria avensis ( kloss ) 1917 j . nat . hist . soc . siam 2 no . 3 p . 219

psittacula eupatria eupatria ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 140

psittacula eupatria magnirostris ( ball ) 1872 j . asiat . soc . bengal 41 p . 278

psittacula eupatria nipalensis ( hodgson ) 1836 as . res . 19 p . 177

psittacula eupatria siamensis ( kloss ) 1917 j . nat . hist . soc . siam 2 no . 3 p . 219

psittacula wardi† ( newton , e ) 1867 ibis p . 341 , note concept citation

psittacula krameri borealis ( neumann ) 1915 orn . monatsb . 23 p . 178

psittacula krameri krameri ( scopoli ) 1769 annusihist . - nat . p . 31

psittacula krameri manillensis ( bechstein ) 1800 naturgesch . stubenthiereed . 2 1 p . 612 , note

psittacula krameri parvirostris ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157

psittacula eques echo ( newton , a & newton , e ) 1876 ibis p . 284 pl . 6

psittacula caniceps ( blyth ) 1846 j . asiat . soc . bengal 15 p . 23

psittacella brehmii schlegel 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 35 citation

psittacella brehmii brehmii schlegel 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 35 citation

psittacella brehmii harterti mayr 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft5 p . 702

psittacella brehmii pallida meyer , ab 1886 zeitsch . ges . orn . 3 p . 3

psittacella picta excelsa mayr & gilliard 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1524 p . 6

psittacella modesta modesta schlegel 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 36

psittacella madaraszi meyer , ab 1886 zeitsch . ges . orn . 3 p . 4 pl . 1 fig . 1

psittacella madaraszi huonensis mayr & rand 1935 am . mus . novit . no . 814 p . 4

psittacella madaraszi madaraszi meyer , ab 1886 zeitsch . ges . orn . 3 p . 4 pl . 1 fig . 1

psephotus haematonotus ( gould ) 1838 pzs [ " 1837 " ] pt5 no . 57 p . 88

psephotus haematonotus caeruleus condon 1941 rec . s . austr . mus . 7 p . 141

psephotus haematonotus haematonotus ( gould ) 1838 pzs [ " 1837 " ] pt5 no . 57 p . 88

northiella haematogaster ( gould ) 1838 pzs [ " 1837 " ] pt5 no . 57 p . 89

northiella haematogaster haematogaster ( gould ) 1838 pzs [ " 1837 " ] pt5 no . 57 p . 89

northiella haematogaster haematorrhoa ( bonaparte ) 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1 col . 13 citation

northiella haematogaster pallescens ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 563 citation

northiella narethae ( white , hl ) 1921 emu 21 p . 81 pl . 12

psephotellus chrysopterygius ( gould ) 1858 pzs [ " 1857 " ] pt25 no . 340 p . 220

psephotellus pulcherrimus † ( gould ) 1845 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 15 p . 115

purpureicephalus spurius ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 52

platycercus caledonicus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 328

platycercus caledonicus brownii ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 56


the mud sunfish prefers sluggish , weedy waters of 10 – 22 °c ( 50 – 72 °f ) , over muddy , detritus-strewn bottoms , and occurs in small lakes as well as riverine backwaters .

the maximum recorded size of this species is 21 cm ( 8.3 in ) .

a. pomotis is currently the only species of genus acantharchus but baird had originally assigned it to centrarchus .

a. pomotis is sometimes also known as the mud bass .

mud sunfish

mud sunfish <EOT> mud sunfish acantharchus pomotis longear sunfish longear sunfish lepomis megalotis " endangered " icon - click for more information general identification : many species of the sunfish family are beautifully colored and patterned . more

no studies have been reported . mud sunfish do not appear to be common anywhere .

little biological information is available for the mud sunfish . it is known that populations are spatially separated and of low density . mud sunfish spawn in the spring and males prepare nests .

mud sunfish acantharchus pomotis this nocturnal , secretive sunfish of sluggish blackwater streams is uncommon along the u . s . atlantic and eastern gulf coastal plains . more

mud sunfish in an aquarium ( south carolina , circa . 1976 ) the mud sunfish ( acantharchus pomotis ) is a sunfish ( family centrarchidae ) widely distributed in the fresh waters along the atlantic coast of north america , ranging from new york to florida . more

mud sunfish occupy areas in sloughs , lakes , pools and backwaters of streams where the water is acid and vegetation , mud and detritus occur . it is extremely rare in new york state - found only in the hackensack river . more

the mud sunfish prefers sluggish , weedy waters of 10–22 °c , over muddy , detritus - strewn bottoms , and occurs in small lakes as well as riverine backwaters .

feeding worms to my sunfish . ( lepomis spp . ) 7 / 19 / 15

the new york state department of environmental conservation ( dec ) will conduct studies to determine the distribution of the mud sunfish in the hackensack river . dec will examine management options for securing existing populations .

similar in appearance to the rock bass , the mud sunfish can easily be distinguished by its round , not forked , tail and its brown , not red , eyes . there are five distinct lines located along the sides of this relatively small ( approximately five to six inches long ) sunfish . more

the mud sunfish is a small fish that rarely exceeds 6 . 5 inches in length . it has smooth scales , a round caudal ( tail ) fin and brown eyes . the body color is reddish brown on top and pale brown on the belly . more

usually occurs over mud and detritus in vegetated sloughs , lakes , and pools and backwaters of creeks and small to medium rivers .

the mud sunfish prefers sluggish , weedy waters of 10–22 °c ( 50–72 °f ) , over muddy , detritus - strewn bottoms , and occurs in small lakes as well as riverine backwaters . the maximum recorded size of this species is 21 cm ( 8 in ) .

1 / 2 - inch mud sunfish eat a 1 1 / 2 - inch darter whole , and a four - inch specimen devoured a 1 1 / 2 - inch fish and a 2 1 / 2 - inch salamander within 20 minutes of each other . more

overview : the mud sunfish ( acantharchus pomotis ) has a deep , strongly compressed body with a maximum length of around 21 cm . it has two broadly connected dorsal fins , the anterior fin having 10 - 12 spines and the posterior fin having 9 - 13 soft rays . more

the mud sunfish is a small fish that rarely exceeds 6 . 5 inches in length . it has smooth scales , a round caudal ( tail ) fin and brown eyes . the body color is reddish brown on top and pale brown on the belly . there are five distinct lines located along the fish ' s sides .

the mud sunfish occurs in lowland streams and bogs from southern new york to northern florida . it favors acid waters associated with cedar swamps and pine barrens areas , and it is also found in standing water with a heavy growth of aquatic plants . these waters have silty or muddy bottoms . in new york , it has only been found in the hackensack river , and not collected since 1935 .

food studies show that the sunfish feeds primarily on insects and crusteaceans . a small population found in a maryland pond was aged to evaluate life expectancy ; the fish ranged from two to eight years old .

differs from all other sunfishes in having cycloid scales rather than ctenoid scales ( the latter have a toothed rear edge ) ; only the green sunfish has 23 or more scales around the caudal peduncle ( page and burr 1991 ) .

comments : habitat is primarily darkly stained , sluggish , weedy lowland creeks , small to medium rivers ( including backwaters ) , ponds , lakes , and swamps , usually with mud , silt , or detritus substrates ( page and burr 2011 ) .

a . pomotis is currently the only species of genus acantharchus but baird had originally assigned it to centrarchus . the generic name , acantharchus , derives from the greek άκανθα ( thorn ) and άρχος ( ruler ) . a . pomotis is sometimes also known as the mud bass .

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this is a monotypic genus . analysis of variation in meristic and morphometric characters does not support recognition of subspecies in this species ( cashner et al . 1989 ) .

justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of the large range extent , presumed large population size , and lack of evidence of a substantial decline .

this species is widely distributed but uncommon throughout the atlantic coastal plain and lower piedmont from the hudson river drainage ( new york ; at least formerly ) to the st . johns river in northern florida ; it also occurs in gulf coastal plain in northern florida and southern georgia from the suwannee river to st . marks river , and ( disjunctly ) in the lower tombigbee river drainage in alabama , where it is apparently native ( page and burr 2011 ) . a hiatus in the range occurs in western chesapeake bay tributaries from the susquehanna to potomac rivers in maryland and virginia ( records from the potomac are erroneous ) ( cashner et al . 1989 ) . see cashner et al . ( 1989 ) for further information on distribution and status in particular states .

this species is represented by a large number of occurrences . total population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 and may exceed 100 , 000 . this species may not appear to be abundant in some areas because of a possible nocturnal activity pattern . range extent has probably not declined very much over the long term , though the species may be extirpated in new york and pennsylvania ; area of occupancy has probably declined less than 30 percent . trend over the past 10 years or three generations probably is relatively stable or slowly declining .

no major threats exist at the present time or for the foreseeable future . pollution and habitat modification such as drainage and damming are potential , but not immediate , problems .

currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research actions .

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global range : ( 200 , 000 - 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( about 80 , 000 - 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) this species is widely distributed but uncommon throughout the atlantic coastal plain and lower piedmont from the hudson river drainage ( new york ; at least formerly ) to the st . johns river in northern florida ; it also occurs in gulf coastal plain in northern florida and southern georgia from the suwannee river to st . marks river , and ( disjunctly ) in the lower tombigbee river drainage in alabama , where apparently it is native ( page and burr 2011 ) . a hiatus in the range occurs in western chesapeake bay tributaries from the susquehanna to potomac rivers in maryland and virginia ( records from the potomac are erroneous ) ( cashner et al . 1989 ) . see cashner et al . ( 1989 ) for further information on distribution and status in particular states .

north america : widely distributed in atlantic coastal plain and lower piedmont drainages from hudson river in new york to st . johns river in florida , usa and in gulf coastal plain drainages of northern florida and southern georgia , usa from suwannee river to st . marks river .

21 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) )

type for acantharchus pomotis catalog number : usnm 32490 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : s . baird locality : beeseley ' s pt . , n . j . , new jersey , united states , north america

depth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 . 75 - 0 . 75 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .

demersal ; freshwater ; ph range : 6 . 8 - 7 . 8 ; dh range : 10 - 25

non - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .

locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .

locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .

comments : in north carolina , diet was dominated by invertebrates , especially amphipods , decapods , coleopterans , and odonates ; large individuals sometimes ate fishes ( pardue 1993 ) .

note : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .

comments : total population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 and may exceed 100 , 000 . this species may not appear to be abundant in some areas because of a possible nocturnal activity pattern .

relatively sedentary . may exhibit high mortality when swamps shrink and / or dry up . in north carolina , average standing stock was 351 individuals / ha and 14 . 7 kg / ha ( pardue 1993 ) .

in north carolina , spawned at temperatures as low as 6 c ; females with ripe eggs were found january - may ; both sexes reached maturity at age 1 + ; lifespan is short , 4 + years ( pardue 1993 ) .

the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 4 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .

below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .

reasons : widespread in atlantic states from new york to florida ; still present throughout most of the natural range ; habitat is not immediately threatened ; not used in sport or commercial fisheries .

comments : trend over the past 10 years or three generations probably is relatively stable or slowly declining .

comments : range extent probably has not declined very much over the long term , though the species may be extirpated in new york and pennsylvania ; area of occupancy probably has declined less than 30 percent .

comments : no major threats exist at the present time or for the forseeable future . pollution and habitat modification such as drainage and damming are potential , but not immediate , problems .

biological research needs : further investigations into the behavior and ecology of a . pomotis are needed .

froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2004 ) . species of acantharchus in fishbase . october 2004 version .

froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2004 ) . " acantharchus pomotis " in fishbase . october 2004 version .

comments : monotypic genus . analysis of variation in meristic and morphometric characters does not support recognition of subspecies in this species ( cashner et al . 1989 ) .

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, ph range : 6 . 8 - 7 . 8 , dh range : 10 - 25 environment .