nerice bidentata , the base-streaked prominent moth or double-toothed prominent moth , is a moth of the family notodontidae .

it is found in from nova scotia to florida , west to texas and north to saskatchewan .

the wingspan is 30 – 40 mm .

adults have a two-coloured forewing .

the lower half is greyish brown and the upper half is light to dark brown .

these are separated by a doubly toothed blackish band with a variable white edging .

the hindwings are brown , although somewhat darker toward the margin .

they are on wing from april to september and again from may to august in one generation per year in the north .

the larvae feed on the leaves of ulmus species .

they are chalky-green and are similar to the leaf edges of the host plant .

larvae can be found from june to october .

nerice bidentata

nerice bidentata <EOT> species nerice bidentata - double - toothed prominent - hodges # 7929 - bugguide . net

not surprisingly , double - toothed prominents are a favorite around here . we love how accurately their double - toothed backs imitate the double - toothed elm leaves on which they live and feed . we love searching for them on little sunburnt elm trees along roadsides . we love their scientific name , nerice bidentata , which has inspired us to nickname them “crazy old nerice , ” a deeply obscure reference to disney’s beauty and the beast .

today , we discovered another reason to love the double - toothed prominent : a delightful old article describing the species . in june 1892 , caroline g . soule’s “the early stages of nerice bidentata” was published in the cambride entomological club journal , psyche . in her nine succinct paragraphs , soule made me feel as if i’d never really even looked at the double - toothed prominent . she’s meticulously descriptive :

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

: fw grayish with black double - toothed bar running from the base to mid outer margin , fading to brown at the costa . sub - apical dash shaded with white . hw brown , darker toward margin .

caterpillars of eastern north america david l . wagner . 2005 . princeton university press .

check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .

peterson field guide to moths of northeastern north america david beadle and seabrooke leckie . 2012 . houghton mifflin .

peterson field guides : eastern moths charles v . covell . 1984 . houghton mifflin company .

caterpillars of eastern forests david l . wagner , valerie giles , richard c . reardon , michael l . mcmanus . 1998 . u . s . dept of agriculture , forest health technology enterprise team .

disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .

contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .

easily recognized by the doubly toothed blackish band that separates grayish brown lower half of forewing from light to dark brown upper half . note variable white edging along toothed band . hindwing brown , darker toward margin .

the caterpillar lab fosters greater appreciation and care for the complexity and beauty of our local natural history through live caterpillar educational programs , research initiatives , and photography and film projects . we believe that an increased awareness of one’s local environment is the foundation on which healthy and responsible attitudes towards the broader natural systems of this world is built .

“aug . 23 . 3d moult . 5 / 8in . long . head large , round , bilobed , smooth , green with dark face lines… 4th segment had a double dorsal hump , tipped with brown ; 5th , a much larger double hump , yellow green , tipped with brown , the brown extending down the front and back like a dorsal line lifted by the hump ! 6th to 10th segments had similar humps , but smaller , like that on 4th… spiracles , heretofore unnoticeable , green with a brown line on each side , and from them spread white lines like veins , distinct on the green sides of the larva . ”

“sept . 8th . … the pupa was very active , rolling a foot or more at a time . “

interestingly , caroline soule lived in brookline , massachusetts , just a few miles from where our executive director sam jaffe was born and raised . caterpillar love and keen observation skills must be in the water down there !

psyche is an open - access journal that’s been in publication since 1874 . you can read caroline soule’s full article on pysche’s website here : urltoken ( just click “full - text pdf " on the right ) .

each week ( or at least some weeks ! ) the caterpillar lab features a " caterpillar of the week . " each featured caterpillar is a species we ' ve raised at our lab in keene , nh . we hope you enjoy meeting the caterpillars of new england !

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eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !

biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .

a double - toothed prominent moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 6 / 9 / 2016 ) . identification verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by timothy reichard . ( mbp list )

a double - toothed prominent moth in frederick co . , maryland ( 5 / 28 / 2014 ) . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )

a double - toothed prominent moth in frederick co . , maryland ( 6 / 13 / 2017 ) . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )

a double - toothed prominent moth in baltimore co . , maryland ( 6 / 2 / 2017 ) . determined by john s . ascher / bugguide . photo by emily stanley . ( mbp list )

a double - toothed prominent moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 5 / 12 / 2004 ) . specimen provided by bob patterson . photo by larry line . ( mbp list )

a double - toothed prominent moth in howard co . , maryland ( 5 / 19 / 2005 ) . photo by larry line . ( mbp list )

a double - toothed prominent moth collected in frederick co . , maryland ( 8 / 7 / 2003 ) . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )

a double - toothed prominent moth caterpillar in baltimore co . , maryland ( 9 / 1 / 2013 ) . photo by bob cammarata . ( mbp list )

a double - toothed prominent moth in howard co . , maryland ( 9 / 7 / 2015 ) . verified by brandon woo / bugguide . photo by bonnie ott . ( mbp list )

a double - toothed prominent moth larva in frederick co . , maryland ( 8 / 31 / 2016 ) . photo by bob cammarata . ( mbp list )

a double - toothed prominent moth caterpillar in calvert co . , maryland ( 8 / 29 / 2003 ) . photo by arlene ripley . ( mbp list )

use of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .


the greater adjutant ( leptoptilos dubius ) is a member of the stork family , ciconiidae .

its genus includes the lesser adjutant of asia and the marabou stork of africa .

once found widely across southern asia , mainly in india but extending east to borneo , the greater adjutant is now restricted to a much smaller range with only two small breeding populations ; one in india with the largest colony in assam and the other in cambodia .

populations disperse after the breeding season .

this large stork has a massive wedge-shaped bill , a bare head and a distinctive neck pouch .

during the day , they soar in thermals along with vultures with whom they share the habit of scavenging .

they feed mainly on carrion and offal ; however , they are opportunistic and will sometimes prey on vertebrates .

the english name is derived from their stiff " military " gait when walking on the ground .

large numbers once lived in asia , but have declined greatly , possibly due to improved sanitation , to the point of being endangered .

the total population in 2008 was estimated at around a thousand individuals .

in the 19th century , they were especially common in the city of calcutta , where they were referred to as the " calcutta adjutant " .

known locally as hargila ( derived from the bengali words for " bone-swallower " ) and considered to be unclean birds , they were largely left undisturbed but sometimes hunted for the use of their meat in folk medicine .

valued as scavengers , they were once used in the logo of the calcutta municipal corporation .

greater adjutant

greater adjutant <EOT> purnima devi barman explains the religious importance of the greater adjutant stork in a temple courtyard .

the greater adjutant is a huge stork named for its slow , measured gait , which resembles that of a military adjutant , or officer .

the greater adjutant is found only in two small , separate breeding populations in india and cambodia .

a conservation brigade of 70 villagers has created a safe haven for the endangered greater adjutant stork .

greater adjutant storks feeding on garbage dumping site in boragaon . . . . . purnima devi barman . .

the other 400 or so greater adjutant storks are found in the eastern indian state of bihar and in cambodia .

such accomplishments have encouraged the brigade to expand their protections to other greater adjutant nesting colonies in the brahmaputra valley .

the diet of the greater adjutant consists of a range of animal species , and it will even take injured ducks .

greater adjutant storks stand near a garbage dump on the outskirts of gauhati , india , on june 5 , 2012 .

greater adjutant storks feeding on garbage dumping site in boragaon . . . . . purnima devi barman . . - youtube

a teacher of sankardev sishu niketan school draws a greater adjutant stork on a blackboard at dadara village , west of guwahati .

the greater adjutant stork is one of the most endangered bird species widely distributed in the plains of the brahmaputra valley of assam . the present global population of the greater adjutant stork is about 1 , 500 — around 900 of them are in assam .

although the longest lifespan of a captive greater adjutant was 43 years , the longevity of these birds in the wild remains unknown .

the greater adjutant in assam takes to roosting in tall trees , a majority of which is now in privately - owned lands .

the greater adjutant retracts its neck in flight , probably due to the heavy bill . the large wings allow the bird to soar easily .

young boys carry carcasses of greater adjutant storks , which have either succumbed to the poison laced on the garbage or plastic mixed with waste .

a greater adjutant scans a lily - filled pond for fishes . the bird ' s wetland habitat is slowly being encroached upon by construction sites .

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the greater adjutant was formerly found in south and southeast asia , but there are now just two small and separate breeding populations ; one in assam , india and one in cambodia . a migratory bird , the greater adjutant also visits viet nam , thailand and burma when not breeding ( 3 ) .

in january more than two dozen greater adjutant storks were found dead in a neighbourhood near guwahati . forensic testing is being done to learn the cause .

choudhury , a . 2008 . counting large gatherings of globally threatened greater adjutant leptoptilos dubius . indian birds 4 ( 4 ) : 133 - 135 .

the greater adjutant is the most endangered stork of the world . the iucn , international wetland research bureau ( iwrb ) specialist group on stork , ibis and spoonbill ( sis ) and the international council of bird preservation ( icbp ) have all declared the greater adjutant stork as first priority species for conservation .

rahmani , a . , g . narayan , l . rosalin . 1990 . status of the greater adjutant ( leptoptilos dubius ) in the indian subcontinent .

goswami , s . k . ; patar , p . j . 2007 . fall in the number of greater adjutant nests in nagaon , assam , india .

in this june 5 , 2012 photo , a greater adjutant stork flies by its fellow birds near deepor beel wildlife sanctuary , on the outskirts of gauhati in assam .

singha , h . , a . rahmani , m . coulter , s . javed . 2002 . nesting ecology of the greater adjutant stork in assam , india .

the greater adjutant in non - breeding plumage has bluish - grey upperparts contrasting with pale grey greater coverts and tertials . the tail is dark grey . on the underparts , body and wing - coverts are whitish . the undertail feathers are blackish .

assam has about two - thirds of the greater adjutant stork in the world , largely in three villages just northwest of state capital guwahati . photos : anupam nath / ap

the greater adjutant ( leptoptilos dubius ) is a member of the stork family , ciconiidae . its genus includes the lesser adjutant of asia and the marabou stork of africa . once found widely across southern asia , mainly in india but extending east to borneo , the greater adjutant is now restricted to a much smaller range with only two small breeding populations ; one in india with the largest colony in assam and the other in cambodia .

the greater adjutant is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed under schedule iv of the wildlife act 1972 ( 3 ) .

greater adjutants are important scavengers of large carrion and likely contribute to sanitation and disease control in the environment . like many birds , greater adjutants are hosts to avian lice including

september at dadara . when the village women group was offering prayers to god for the welfare of greater adjutant and for a successful breeding season ahead , they were stunned and speechless .

range : the greater adjutant is found in e nepal , n india and n bangladesh and indochina ( mainly in cambodia ) . it breeds only in assam valley , bihar and cambodia .

introduction : the greater adjutant is a huge , bulky stork of ne india and se asia . like the lesser adjutant and the marabou stork , it has a huge , thick bill and bare skin on the head . the large wingspan allows the bird to soar easily , but it flies with retracted neck due to the heavy bill . the name “adjutant” is derived from it stiff gait while walking on the ground . the greater adjutant has very small population that is declining rapidly . this species is threatened by habitat destruction , pollution and persecution . it is currently classified as endangered .

singha , h . , a . rahmani , m . coulter , s . javed . 2003 . surveys for greater adjutant leptoptilos dubius in the brahmaputra valley , assam , india during 1994–1996 .

greater adjutant stork , the world’s most endangered of the stork species , has found a secure home to breed in two nondescript villages of assam’s kamrup district , heralding a new chapter in its conservation .

tree of life web project . 2008 . leptoptilos dubius . greater adjutant . version 27 june 2008 ( temporary ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 01 / 08 / 2013 ) .

in a few months , the greater adjutant stork—called hargilla , which means " swallower of bones " in sanskrit—will descend on this hamlet , situated in assam ' s brahmaputra valley , to breed in large numbers .

a group of women in the brahmaputra river valley are leading a community - based effort to protect the greater adjutant ( a stork also known as the hargilla ) , which once ranged from pakistan to cambodia .

calls and songs : the greater adjutant is often silent away from the nest . like other ciconiidae , it performs bill - clattering during the displays , but also produces low grunting , croaking and roaring sounds .

a vast expanse of stinking garbage has become one of the favoured feeding grounds of the rare greater adjutant stork . one shudders to think of the toxic substances that these scavengers must be ingesting along with their food .

a huge stork species , the greater adjutant ( leptoptilos dubius ) has a naked pink head , a very thick yellow bill and a low - hanging neck pouch . the neck ruff is white and , other than the pale grey leading edge of each wing , the rest of the greater adjutant’s body is dark grey . juveniles have a narrower bill , thicker down on the head and neck and entirely dark wings ( 2 ) .

barman , p . d . and sharma , d . k . in press . conservation of endangered greater adjutant stork in assam , india . wildlife institute of india envis : 192 - 199 ( in press ) .

sometimes the women even play the part of greater adjutants themselves , donning masks in street - corner plays .

earlier , widely distributed throughout northern and eastern india and many countries of south and south - east asia , the greater adjutant stork is currently distributed only in assam and bihar in india and a few other locations in cambodia .

the greater adjutant ( leptoptilos dubius ) is the largest stork species in the world , reaching 1 . 5 meters in height , and is listed on the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) red list as endangered .

behaviour in the wild : the greater adjutant feeds mainly at carcasses and often scavenges through garbage disposal areas . the digestive system of these large storks allows them to eat and swallow bones , giving them the name “hargila” ( bone swallower ) .

the greater adjutant in breeding plumage has blackish face and forehead , whereas head and neck are redder . we can see an inflated hanging gular pouch and a reddish bulge at base of the rear neck . the upperparts are paler bluish - grey with silvery greater coverts and tertials . the neck pouch becomes bright saffron - yellow whereas the upper tibia is reddish .

“we had to involve the locals because the bird nests on trees owned by individual households . the future of the greater adjutant stork depends on individual tree owners who used to fell trees earlier to get rid of the nests , ” barman said .

singha , h . ; rahmani , a . r . 2006 . ecology , population and conservation of greater adjutant leptoptilos dubius in assam , india . journal of the bombay natural history society 103 ( 2 - 3 ) : 264 - 269 .

the greater adjutant usually disperses after breeding and it is locally migratory and subject to wandering movements . it was formerly more widely distributed in india and bangladesh . it is a non - breeding visitor in nepal . but current / former status is unclear .

phnom penh , july 27 ( xinhua ) - - globally endangered greater adjutant chicks have successfully fledged from 175 nests in the prek toal ramsar site in northwest cambodia ' s battambang province and disbursed across the country , a conservationist group said on thursday .

the lesser adjutant ( leptoptilos javanicus ) is a large wading bird in the stork family ciconiidae . like other members of its genus , it has a bare neck and head . it is however more closely associated with wetland habitats where it is solitary and is less likely to scavenge than the related greater adjutant . it is a widespread species found from india through southeast asia to java .

singha , h . , rahmani , a . r . , couller , m . c . and javed , s . ( 2002 ) nesting ecology of the greater adjutant stork in assam , india . waterbirds , 25 ( 2 ) : 214 - 220 .

but thanks to the efforts of the hargilla army , a conservation brigade of 70 local women , the region is now " the biggest greater adjutant nesting colony in the world , " says purnima devi barman , a wildlife biologist with aaranyak , a conservation nonprofit in assam .

mishra , a . ; mandal , j . n . 2009 . discovery of a breeding ground of the greater adjutant leptoptilos dubius and their conservation in the floodlands of bihar , india . journal of the bombay natural history society 106 ( 2 ) : 190 - 197 .

andheria , a . ( 2003 ) . " first sighting of lesser adjutant - stork leptoptilos javanicus from sanjay gandhi national park , mumbai " .

the greater adjutant stork is the most threatened stork in the world and its population is decreasing . many historic breeding colonies of this colonial nesting bird are missing now and the bird is probably facing extinction threat . brahmaputra valley in assam is considered as the last stronghold for endangered greater adjutant and supports more than 90 % of its global population . it is now utmost important to know the current population scenario of the bird to initiate conservation measures and habitat recovery plans . the present project is aimed to initiate greater adjutant conservation programmes across the entire distribution range in assam and , based on results and recommendations of a previous project , the team will involve communities and help policy makers to improve and secure its conservation status . the current project will concentrate on the entire distribution range of greater adjutant in brahmaputra valley of assam , india . community based organisations will help to collect information on the species , spread conservation awareness messages to the masses and for save nest fall chicks in the nesting colony areas . a long term conservation action plan will be prepared and published to support existing government conservation initiatives so that the population decline can be stabilised .

sayam u . chowdury & msh sourav ( 2012 ) . " discovery of a lesser adjutant leptoptilos javanicus breeding colony in bangladesh journal = birdingasia " .

however , the greater adjutant also forages in shallow , drying pools where it searches for insects , frogs , large fish , crustaceans , and sometimes injured ducks or waders . it forages by using a tactile technique , holding its beak open underwater and waiting for passing prey between the open mandibles .

but fast - vanishing wetlands in and around the city has now become a major threat for the survival of the stork . guwahati has the largest concentration of the endangered greater adjutant storks in the world , and forage for food at the city’s main dumping ground near the deepor beel wildlife sanctuary .

little is known about the territory size for greater adjutants . male greater adjutants will advertise their claim on a suitable nesting branch with beak clattering . they are known to build nests relatively close to one another , so breeding territory size is likely small and limited to a nesting branch .

singha , h . ; rahmani , a . r . ; coulter , m . c . ; javed , s . 2003 . breeding behaviour of the greater adjutant - stork leptoptilos dubius in assam , india . journal of the bombay natural history society 100 ( 1 ) : 9 - 26 .

prek toal is home to the world ' s second largest greater adjutant breeding colony after that in assam , india , the release said , adding that the site is the premier freshwater wetland area on the tonle sap great lake , and is well known for its incredible biological , social and economic resources .

huge , dark stork with very thick bill and pendulous neck - pouch . pinkish naked head , white neck - ruff . pale grey greater coverts and tertials contrasting with otherwise dark upperwing . underwing - coverts paler than flight feathers . juvenile has narrower bill than adult , denser head and neck - down and , initially , all dark wings . similar spp . lesser adjutant l . javanicus is smaller , lacks neck pouch , has black greater coverts and tertials

the national green tribunal has issued a notice to the assam government on the mass death of 26 greater adjutant storks at a garbage dump adjoining deepor beel , near guwahati . there are two ironies here : the greater adjutant , a towering , endangered stork standing over five feet tall , has been routinely documented to be subsisting almost entirely on trash in guwahati . this is a tragicomic adaptation for a hunting and scavenging bird that otherwise eats fish , rats and snakes . the second irony is that nearly all of guwahati’s waste is illegally going into deepor beel , a wetland that is notified as a sanctuary and internationally considered to be important .

tree and animal species are symbols of gods and goddesses in indian culture making ritual beliefs an important consideration as we seek to protect our rich biodiversity . indeed , i have found ritual beliefs to be a major tool for conservation awareness during my entire journey with the greater adjutant stork in a small assamese village called dadara .

protection / threats / status : the greater adjutant is threatened by habitat loss , both feeding and nesting habitats , through drainage of wetlands , disturbance , pollution and persecution , owing to its pest status . reduction of open rubbish dumps with carcasses and foodstuffs is a significant threat for these scavengers . the population has declined catastrophically with a recent estimation of 800 / 1 , 200 mature individuals , equating to 1 , 200 / 1 , 800 individuals . this population is rapidly decreasing . the greater adjutant is currently classified as endangered , in spite of legal protection within the range , and its presence in some protected national parks in assam , india .

dhritiman das ' s photo of storks foraging in a dump was joint overall runner - up . the greater adjutant stork is the world ' s most endangered stork . the world ' s largest concentration of the birds is found in the urban garbage dumps of guwahati city in india , because of the destruction of surrounding wetlands .

in their native range , where they are primarily scavengers of large carrion , greater adjutants are known by the name " hargila , " meaning bone swallower . they were once prevalent in calcutta , where their tendency to consume human corpses left to rot in the streets was valued . one record indicates that a single greater adjutant effortlessly swallowed two buffalo vertebrae , measuring approximately 30 cm in length , in less than five minutes . greater adjutants are most commonly found scavenging in mixed flocks near human garbage dumps or large carcasses . they can also be seen foraging independently near drying pools where they hunt insects , frogs , large fish , crustaceans and injured waterfowl . when foraging , greater adjutants use a method of tactile foraging where they hold their beaks open underwater and patiently wait for a prey item to swim between the open mandibles .

whilst legally protected in india , bangladesh , burma , thailand , cambodia and laos , and occurring in three national parks in assam , india , the greater adjutant still suffers from hunting and egg collection due to poor enforcement of protection . there has been some successful control of egg and chick collection following efforts by the wildlife protection office staff in cambodia , which resulted in higher numbers of storks the following year . it has been proposed that the greater adjutant should be moved from schedule iv to schedule i of the indian wildlife act of 1972 to give it greater priority . effective land management is necessary for the survival of this species , particularly the control of pesticide use around feeding areas and the protection of feeding areas and nesting sites found outside protected areas . further research into the seasonal movements of these birds and the threats that face them is also important ( 3 ) .

the greater adjutant stork breeds singly , semi - colonially or colonially in arboreal sites that have been in use for many years . characteristically , they to place their nest on very tall trees — most of them are located now on privately - owned land . the nests are usually located within within 300 metres of human habitation in densely - populated urban areas .

135 - 150 numbers of greater adjutants are found evryday in boragaon garbage dumping site near deepar beel ramsar site ( guwahati city ) , assam . photopurnima devi barman . .

gathering in compact colonies at the start of the dry season in october , the greater adjutant nests on large , widely branched trees with few leaves ( 4 ) . it constructs a large platform of sticks with an outer layer of bamboo stems and lines this with leaves . two to four eggs are laid between november and january . after 28 to 30 days , the eggs hatch , and the nestlings are cared for until april . at the start of the wet season , the greater adjutants migrate to northern india ( 3 ) .

the greater adjutant feeds by sweeping its bill under the surface of the water , or by probing into the substrate . it will consume carrion , fish , frogs , reptiles , crustaceans , large insects and even injured ducks . it is also known to feed in human refuse dumps , where it will take food from other scavengers , including vultures ( 3 ) .

elliott , a . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . greater adjutant ( leptoptilos dubius ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . and de juana , e . ( eds ) , handbook of the birds of the world alive , lynx edicions , barcelona .

greater adjutants are valuable scavengers of discarded human waste , including unburied corpses as well as other large carrion . this service may have a role in preventing the spread of disease .

guwahati : the greater adjutant stork used to be an object of revulsion in northeast india . it’s not a pretty bird , with its large , dull - orange bill and gray , black and white plumage . a carnivore and scavenger , it left bits of dead animals in its nests . people thought it brought bad luck , so they destroyed nests and sometimes poisoned the birds .

maust , m . , clum , n . and sheppard , c . ( 2007 ) . " ontogeny of chick behavior : a tool for monitoring the growth and development of lesser adjutant storks " .

dadara and two nearby villages , pasariya , and singimari , are flanked by food - rich wetlands and brimming with tall trees perfect for nesting . the region has become a major stronghold for this homely creature : due mostly to deforestation and widespread development of wetlands , only between 800 and 1 , 200 greater adjutant storks remain in india and cambodia , according to the international union for conservation of nature .

while greater adjutants pose no threat to humans they are often looked upon with disgust because of their general appearance , habit of defecating on their own legs , as well as diet of carrion .

assam is the international stronghold of the greater adjutant stork , carnivore and scavenger . according to estimates from the international union for conservation of nature and natural resources only 1 , 200 of the large storks survive . assam has about two - thirds of them , largely in three villages just northwest of state capital guwahati . but the locals here felt that it brought bad luck , so they destroyed nests and sometimes poisoned the birds .

elliott , a . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . greater adjutant ( leptoptilos dubius ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

, which may have a negative impact upon the species in the future . young birds may also become entangled in fishing nets and the species may suffer from the disturbance of arboreal animals , competition for nesting habitat from the lesser adjutant

but , the fortunes of the species changed as the local women took it upon themselves to save this bird . the women known as the ‘hargila’ army , for the bird’s name in the assamese language , sing hymns and weave scarves and other items on handlooms with motifs of the bird to create awareness about the need to protect the species . the other 400 or so greater adjutant storks are found in the eastern indian state of bihar and in cambodia .

reproduction of this species : the breeding season takes place between october - december and february in burma , cambodia and india . the greater adjutant nests in colonies , but now more restricted to small colonies of less than 30 pairs and scattered solitary pairs . it shares these colonies with other species such as the lesser adjutant , the asian openbill and some pelicans . the colonies are established in large trees with sparse foliage , in order to make easier both landing and take - off for these large birds . the stick nest is a large , bulky structure with a deep cup lined with fresh vegetation , placed in tree between 12 and 30 metres above the ground , and sometimes on rock ledges .

habitat : the greater adjutant frequents freshwater marshes and pools , freshwater swamp forest and sometimes ricefields and open areas . the species occurs in lowlands , but it may occasionally reach 1500 metres of elevation in nepal , in himalayan foothills . at other times , the birds can be seen foraging at urban disposal sites . they often gather around carcasses and at rubbish dumps in open fields but also near towns . it can be seen perched on houses and wandering about by markets for food .

many consider greater adjutants to be the most endangered stork in the world . captive breeding programs have failed thus far , but efforts to protect natural habitats are active . unfortunately , their tendency to nest near human settlements may prove fatal .

" i am proud of working with my team to conserve this rare bird and am happy to see greater adjutants and other important waterbirds living and breeding safely here , " said chhan chhoum , former egg collector and a nest protector .

in the early part of the 20th century , the population size of greater adjutants is said to have numbered in the millions . they were common in northern india , bangladesh , nepal and southern vietnam . beginning in the mid 1980 ' s the population began to decline heavily . today an estimated 1 , 000 birds remain and likely breed only in the politically unstable assam state of northern india . populations are still declining and the iucn red list lists greater adjutants as endangered .

both male and female greater adjutants participate in nest building . after the eggs are laid , both parents also incubate the clutch for 28 to 30 . the altricial chicks are cared for by both parents until they fledge at 5 months old .

greater adjutants lack vocal muscles so they rely on unique behaviors and tactile forms of communication to interact with each other . males often utilize beak clattering to advertise their territory and ward off other males . males attract mates by presenting them with fresh twigs and later holding their beaks close to the female . breeding pairs also perform head bobbing rituals that likely reinforce their pair - bond . like all birds , greater adjutants perceive their environments through visual , auditory , tactile , and chemical stimuli .

felling of large nesting trees , pollution of freshwater systems and a decline in the disposal of human corpses in public trash dumps are all thought to contribute to the rapid loss of this species . in assam , recent reports of disease in this species also seems to be a contributing factor in its decline . results of a survey of assam residents revealed that only 30 % of those polled knew greater adjutants are endangered . greater community awareness of this unique species may help in its recovery .

the greater adjutant stork ( hargila in assamese ) is a threatened bird and assam is considered its last global strong hold . hargila make their nesting colonies mainly in tall , privately owned trees . with about 500 birds in three villages , the area hosts the largest nesting colony of this species in the world . the global population of this bird is about 1 , 000 individuals . the key to the survival of this species is achieving the good wishes of the villagers towards this bird . this is our work .

the greater adjutant is monogamous , but the pair bond does not always last for life . it is colonial nester . the males advertise their territories by perching on the nesting branch while performing bill - clattering with the bill upwards . if some females perch close to the males , they present some twigs as courtship , but they also adopt ritualized postures , holding the huge bill close to a potential mate or hiding her head under the chin . both mates perform other displays together , especially up - down bobbing motions .

) are exceedingly rare in their range from northern india to indochina and may breed exclusively in the brahmaputra valley of assam . in the early part of the 20th century , large breeding populations of greater adjutants were common throughout northern india , bangladesh , nepal and southern vietnam .

greater adjutants are often seen foraging alone or in small groups . in general they are a non - migratory species but some make local movements to winter nesting sites . the name ' adjuntant ' comes from their distinctive , military - style gait . their large wingspans facilitate soaring and they are frequently found near thermals . due to their hot environments , greater adjutants defecate on their legs and the evaporation lowers body temperature ( also known as urohydrosis ) . as a result of this cooling mechanism , legs of these birds are often stained white with uric acid .

it is possible , however , that the pandemic’s close association with world war i may have caused this amnesia . while more people died from the pandemic than from world war i , the war had lasted longer than the pandemic and caused greater and more immediate changes in american society .

the juvenile has narrower bill than adults and the eyes are brownish - blue to bluish - brown . head and neck show denser hair - like feathering . the upperparts are duller . the wings are all - dark first , before to acquire a brown band across greater coverts and tertials .

singha , h . ; goswami , s . k . ; phukan , r . ; talukdar , b . k . 2006 . rehabilitation of captive - reared greater adjutants leptoptilos dubius in assam . journal of the bombay natural history society 103 ( 2 - 3 ) : 315 - 320 .

greater adjutants are large birds , ranging in height from 120 to 152 cm with an impressive 250 cm wingspan . a long , thick yellow bill precedes the sparsely feathered , yellow to pink head and neck . the head is typically dappled with dark scabs of dried blood and characterized by the presence of a pendulous , inflatable gular pouch . the legs are naturally dark in color but frequently appear ashen due to regular defecation on the legs . when in flight , greater adjutants are recognizable by their white underside feathers and tendency to retract their necks like a heron . a mixture of white and gray feathers , which appear darker during the non - breeding season , adorn the rest of the body . juvenile greater adjutants resemble adults , but have duller plumage and more feathers around the neck . the mass of these birds is unknown in the wild , but is estimated to be the heaviest of the storks .

dadara proved that community driven conservation is the key to protect wildlife . there were 15 nesting trees of greater adjutants in the village in 2008 when i started my work . last year we counted 171 nests . kudos to the tree owners that from 2010 , there was not a single tree cut down in the villages .

for instance , the presence of storks in garbage dumps in guwahati has come to be so accepted that the state government and civil society are using the dump as release sites for birds . the same dump is also the repository for biomedical waste , which veterinarians say could potentially kill any animal if it were to be ingested . in 2016 , a greater adjutant chick that had fallen out of its nest was nursed back to health . when deemed fit for release , it was let go in a garbage dump in boragoan area of the city , which in turn leads into deepor beel . while the chick would be surrounded by trash , there was also a colony of storks living in the area to keep it company .

scavenging in toxic environments is a harsh reality for birds . nonetheless , storks eating trash may not be a preferred choice . in assam , storks are also found in nagaon ( where they do not eat garbage ) . in bihar , greater adjutant storks have never been seen eating garbage . there are breeding populations of the species in kadwa kosi diara in the ganges and in khagaria . “this could possibly be because the garbage dumps here are smaller and the areas where the storks breed don’t have significant non - vegetarian demographics , ” says wildlife conservationist arvind mishra . “of course there is also the fact that there are natural wetlands for the storks to feed in . they eat snakes and rats in paddy fields , and fish from waterbodies . ”

145 - 150 cm . huge , dark stork with very thick bill and pendulous neck - pouch . pinkish naked head , white neck - ruff . pale grey greater coverts and tertials contrasting with otherwise dark upperwing . underwing - coverts paler than flight feathers . juvenile has narrower bill than adult , denser head and neck - down and , initially , all dark wings .

examinations had to be adapted to the limitations of time , place , and available equipment . ” when fitzsimons informed hillman later that new recruits were arriving at the hospital with tuberculosis , he responded almost plaintively . “i am working with the adjutant general to devise some method by which every volunteer for enlistment in the regular army will have a chest x - ray and serological test before acceptance . ” he asked for all available evidence of sick recruits , explaining that “data on regular army men of short service now in fitzsimons with tuberculosis will help me get the thing across . ” as the data and advice accumulated , in january 1942 , the adjutant general required that all voluntary applicants and reenlisting men be given chest x - rays . finally , on 15 march 1942 , mobilization regulations made chest x - rays mandatory in all induction physicals .

on average , the greater bamboo lemur consumes ten times the amount of cyanide that would be lethal to other mammals of its size . the toxin is found in the critically endangered lemur ' s main food source , madagascan giant bamboo ; how the animal safely swallows it is not yet understood . the judges highly commended this shot of a lemur munching on a toxic tidbit . ( photo : peggy boone )

a large stork with an upright stance , a bare head and neck without a pendant pouch , it has a length of 87–93 cm ( 34–37 in ) ( outstretched from bill - to - tail measurement ) , weighs from 4 to 5 . 71 kg ( 8 . 8 to 12 . 6 lb ) and stands about 110–120 cm ( 43–47 in ) tall . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] the only confusable species is the greater adjutant , but this species is generally smaller and has a straight upper bill edge ( culmen ) , measuring 25 . 8–30 . 8 cm ( 10 . 2–12 . 1 in ) in length , with a paler base and appears slightly trimmer and less hunch - backed . the skullcap is paler and the upper plumage is uniformly dark , appearing almost all black . the nearly naked head and neck have a few scattered hair - like feathers . the upper shank or tibia is grey rather than pink , the tarsus measures 22 . 5–26 . 8 cm ( 8 . 9–10 . 6 in ) . the belly and undertail are white . juveniles are a duller version of the adult but have more feathers on the nape . [ 5 ] during the breeding season , the face is reddish and the neck is orange . the larger median wing coverts are tipped with copper spots and the inner secondary coverts and tertials have narrow white edging . the wing chord measures 57 . 5–66 cm ( 22 . 6–26 . 0 in ) in length . like others in the genus , they retract their necks in flight . in flight , the folded neck can appear like the pouch of the greater adjutant . [ 6 ] males and females appear similar in plumage but males tend to be larger and heavier billed . [ 4 ] [ 7 ]

greater adjutants nest in large , broad - limbed trees with sparse foliage . this choice of nesting tree is thought to facilitate landing and take - off for the large adult birds . nests are constructed out of sticks and several pairs will often occupy the same tree . while females lay 3 eggs per season , an average of 2 . 2 chicks per pair are fledged successfully each year . both parents participate in incubating eggs until they hatch after 28 to 30 days . chicks fledge at 5 months of age .

but the impact of garbage and toxins on species is still to be understood . traditionally , greater adjutants used to fly in the sky , alongside vultures , looking for food . as the vulture population crashed , ecologists have wondered what the fate of the storks would be . in guwahati’s huge mountains of garbage , the storks discovered feeding grounds – but it is certainly an uneasy truce . among bird species , scavengers are especially at risk of poisoning because a single infected carcass can affect many birds . scavenging birds tend to feed en masse .

the medical department of the united states army in the world war . communicable and other diseases . washington : u . s . government printing office , 1928 , vol . ix , pp . 171 - 202 . letter , the adjutant general , to commanding generals of all corps areas and departments , 25 oct . 1940 , subject : chest x - rays on induction examinations . m . r . no . 1 - 9 , standards of physical examination during mobilization , 31 aug . 1940 and 15 mar . 1942 long , e . r . : exclusion of tuberculosis . physical standards for induction and appointment . [ official record . ]

organophosphates were introduced around 1950 , as a replacement for the chlorinated hydrocarbons to which significant resistance had occurred ( shanahan and hart , 1966 ) . these are esters of phosphoric acid and have a wide range of activities against ticks at very low concentration in companion and livestock animals . however , their residual effectiveness is usually shorter than that of chlorinated hydrocarbons , and the risk of causing acute toxicity in livestock is greater ( drummond , 1983 ) . resistance in ticks was first recognized in 1963 and several tick species are now known to be resistant to organophosphorous acaricides ( wharton , 1967 ) .

the lesser adjutant tends to be widely dispersed and is very local . it is often found in large rivers and lakes inside well wooded regions . it is found in india , nepal , [ 8 ] sri lanka , bangladesh ( a colony with about 6 nests and 20 individuals was discovered near thakurgaon in 2011 . [ 9 ] ) , myanmar , thailand , vietnam , malaysia , laos , singapore , [ 10 ] indonesia and cambodia . the largest population is in india in the eastern states of assam , west bengal and bihar . it may occur as a vagrant on the southern edge of bhutan . [ 11 ] they are extremely rare in southern india . [ 12 ] [ 13 ]

other storks are known to be monogamous , but not always paired for life . it is thought that greater adjutants follow this mating system . great adjutants are colonial nesters and will build many nests in the canopy of a single tree . males claim suitable nesting branches and advertise their territory by perching on the branch with bills upward and exhibiting bill - clattering . when females perch nearby , males will present them with twigs as part of courtship . courtship rituals consist more of courtship postures , where males will hold their beaks close to potential mates or tuck the females heads under their chins . pairs also perform up - down bobbing motions together .

the lesser adjutant stalks around wetlands feeding mainly on fish , frogs , reptiles and large invertebrates . they rarely feed on carrion . they may also take small birds and rodents particularly during the breeding season . they are solitary except during the breeding season when they form loose colonies . [ 2 ] the breeding season is february to may in southern india and november to january in north - eastern india . [ 14 ] the nest is a large platform of sticks placed on a tall tree . the nest diameter is more than a metre and up to a metre deep . [ 2 ] the clutch consists of three to four eggs . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] they are silent but have been noted to clatter their bill , hiss and moan at the nest . [ 6 ]

most people imagine that the police are insensitive to wildlife conservation , but we know differently . the police are resource - rich in emergency situations and if they want to , they can be game changers for the conservation of greater adjutants . the kamrup district superintendent of police , partha sarathi mahanta , in particular , helped us in every possible way and made our mission his own . he alone released four rescued chicks that had been hand reared by a facility run by the wildlife trust of india . the released chicks were named monalisa , lulu , saru and rima ( after the tree owner’s daughters and wife ) and this simple gesture generated even more warmth and support for the birds . i still remember one bird whom we named christina , which attracted media .

the species breeds in the dry season ; birds congregate at the nesting areas from october onwards and lay eggs between november and january . the species breeds singly , semi - colonially or colonially in traditional arboreal sites which are sometimes used for many years , often in colonies mixed with other waterbirds , including lesser adjutant . characteristically , adjutants of both species tend to place their nest on very tall trees . of 278 clutches examined in assam , all contained 2 - 3 white eggs . similarly , at the sittang valley colony most clutches contained three eggs , while those at the needong hills comprised 3 - 4 eggs . the incubation period is 28 - 30 days . in assam , 61 . 3 % of eggs in 278 clutches produced fledglings . both sexes share nest building , incubation and feeding of the nestlings . adults wil bring water to juveniles on the nest , either to cool them down or for them to drink .

influenza has long been a global public health priority because of the threat of another global pandemic . although data are available for the annual burden of seasonal influenza in many developed countries , fewer disease burden data are available for low - income and tropical countries . in recent years , however , the surveillance systems created as part of national pandemic preparedness efforts have produced substantial data on the epidemiology and impact of influenza in countries where data were sparse . these data are leading to greater interest in seasonal influenza , including implementation of vaccination programs . however , a lack of quality data on severe influenza , nonrespiratory outcomes , and high - risk groups , as well as a need for better mathematical models and economic evaluations , are some of the major gaps that remain . these gaps are the focus of multilateral research and surveillance efforts that will strengthen global efforts in influenza control in the future .

2012 ) . in cambodia , the breeding colony at prek toal is a core area of the tonle sap biosphere reserve . greater adjutants historically bred at other sites on the tonle sap , but these colonies were abandoned by 2001 . conservation actions to reduce chick and egg collection and other forms of disturbance to the breeding colony at prek toal have been in place since the late 1990s , with permanent teams of protectors employed since 2001 . since 2001 , c . 95 % of waterbird egg and chick collection has been prevented at prek toal . it is included in waterbird conservation awareness material in laos and cambodia . in kamrup district , assam a successful community conservation programme ran from 2009 to 2014 and during this period there were no records of nesting trees being cut down and the number of successful nests grew from 65 in 2010 - 2011 to 148 in 2013 - 2014 ( barman and sharma in prep . ) .

the name of spanish flu came from the early affliction and large mortalities in spain ( bmj , 10 / 19 / 1918 ) where it allegedly killed 8 million in may ( bmj , 7 / 13 / 1918 ) . however , a first wave of influenza appeared early in the spring of 1918 in kansas and in military camps throughout the us . few noticed the epidemic in the midst of the war . wilson had just given his 14 point address . there was virtually no response or acknowledgment to the epidemics in march and april in the military camps . it was unfortunate that no steps were taken to prepare for the usual recrudescence of the virulent influenza strain in the winter . the lack of action was later criticized when the epidemic could not be ignored in the winter of 1918 ( bmj , 1918 ) . these first epidemics at training camps were a sign of what was coming in greater magnitude in the fall and winter of 1918 to the entire world .

endemic mycoses represent a growing public health challenge in north america . we describe the epidemiology of 1 , 392 microbiology laboratory–confirmed cases of blastomycosis , histoplasmosis , and coccidioidomycosis in ontario during 1990–2015 . blastomycosis was the most common infection ( 1 , 092 cases ; incidence of 0 . 41 cases / 100 , 000 population ) , followed by histoplasmosis ( 211 cases ) and coccidioidomycosis ( 89 cases ) . incidence of blastomycosis increased from 1995 to 2001 and has remained elevated , especially in the northwest region , incorporating several localized hotspots where disease incidence ( 10 . 9 cases / 100 , 000 population ) is 12 . 6 times greater than in any other region of the province . this retrospective study substantially increases the number of known endemic fungal infections reported in canada , confirms ontario as an important region of endemicity for blastomycosis and histoplasmosis , and provides an epidemiologic baseline for future disease surveillance . clinicians should include blastomycosis and histoplasmosis in the differential diagnosis of antibiotic - refractory pneumonia in patients traveling to or residing in ontario .

one year later , muraille et al . demonstrated the importance of the myd88 pathway in c57bl / 6 mice , a model of the dominant th1 response with a tendency to cure the cutaneous ulcers caused by leishmania . myd88 − / − mice had a greater number of cutaneous lesions than wild - type c57bl / 6 mice ( myd88 + / + ) . the number of lesions of the myd88 − / − mice was close to that of balb / c mice , which have a dominant th2 response and a tendency to have an increased number and severity of lesions ( 59 ) . increased levels of il - 4 and decreased levels of ifn - γ and il - 12 ( p40 ) were also demonstrated . a similar study was performed by debus et al . using c57bl / 6 mice ( myd88 − / − ) , and they obtained the same results . they therefore evaluated a group of mice with a monoclonal antibody against il - 4 , which enhanced the th1 response with higher ifn - γ levels ( 24 ) .


coleotechnites ducharmei is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from south-western nova scotia , southern quebec , ontario and alberta .

adults are brownish-grey .

there is one generation per year with adults on wing in june .

the larvae feed on picea species , including picea rubens , picea mariana and picea glauca .

young larvae are yellowish with a dark brown head .

full-grown larvae have a distinctive body pattern consisting of transverse pink bands on a cream-yellow ground colour .

pupation takes place on the ground .

the species overwinters in the pupal stage .

coleotechnites ducharmei

coleotechnites ducharmei <EOT> coleotechnites citriella chambers , 1880 ; rep . ent . u . s . dep . agric . 1879 : 206

coleotechnites ponderosae hodges & stevens , 1978 ; j . lep . soc . 32 : 118 ; tl : colorado , boulder

coleotechnites edulicola hodges & stevens , 1978 ; j . lep . soc . 32 : 120 ; tl : 14km n aztec , new mexico

photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .

eucordylea albicostata freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 217 ; tl : simcoe , ontario

recurvaria obliquistrigella ; kearfott , 1903 , j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 152 , pl . 9 , f . 2

larva on juniperus virginiana freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 218

recurvaria alnifructella busck , 1915 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 17 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : falls church , virginia

evagora ardas freeman , 1961 ; can . ent . 92 ( suppl . 16 ) : 14

gelechia argenti - albella [ = argentialbella ] chambers , 1874 ; can . ent . 6 ( 12 ) : 241 ; tl : texas

eucordylea atrupictella dietz , 1900 ; ent . news 11 ( 2 ) : 350 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; tl : hazleton , pennsylvania

evagora biopes freeman , 1961 ; can . ent . 92 ( suppl . 16 ) : 14

pulivarvaria carbonaria freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 215 ; tl : simcoe , ontario

larva on juniperus sp . freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 216

recurvaria colubrinae busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 810 ; tl : rockport , texas

recurvaria condignella busck , 1929 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 31 ( 1 ) : 13 ; tl : prescott , arizona ; valparaiso , florida

recurvaria coniferella kearfott , 1907 ; can . ent . 39 ( 1 ) : 3 ; tl : ottawa , canada

gelchia cristatella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 241 ; tl : kentucky

larva on pinus edulis hodges & stevens , 1978 , j . lep . soc . 32 : 122

eucordylea elucidella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : san diego , california

recurvaria eryngiella bottimer , 1926 ; j . agr . reasearch 33 : 812 , pl . 2 , f . g ; tl : texas , chambers co . , stowell

evagora florae freeman , 1961 ; can . ent . 92 ( suppl . 16 ) : 19

eucordylea gallicola busck , 1915 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 17 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : colorado springs , colorado

recurvaria gibsonella kearfott , 1907 ; can . ent . 39 ( 1 ) : 4 ; tl : new jersey

larva on juniperus communis kearfott , 1907 , can . ent . 39 ( 1 ) : 4

publicalvaria granti freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 212 ; tl : boswell , british columbia

larva on abies grandis freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 212

eucordylea huntella keifer , 1936 ; bull . south calif . acad . sci . 35 : 16 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 13

recurvaria invictella busck , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 7 ) : 316 ; tl : san diego , california

recurvaria juniperella kearfott , 1903 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 157 , pl . 9 , f . 3 , 17 ; tl : caldwell , essex co . , new jersey

larva on juniperus communis kearfott , 1903 , j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 157

pulicalvaria laricis freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 214 ; tl : ottawa , ontario

larva on larix laricina freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 215

evagora lewisi freeman , 1961 ; can . ent . 92 ( suppl . 16 ) : 15

eucordylea mackiei keifer , 1931 ; pan - pacific ent . 8 ( 2 ) : 61

pulicalvaria macleodi freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 213 ; tl : twin elm , ontario

larva on tsuga canadensis freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 214

pulicalvaria martini freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 209 ; tl : ancaster , ontario

larva on picea abies , p . glauca freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 210

recurvaria milleri busck , 1914 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 16 ( 4 ) : 144 ; tl : yosemite national park , california

larva on pinus murrayana busck , 1914 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 16 ( 4 ) : 144

recurvaria moreonella heinrich , 1920 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2305 ) : 65 ; tl : cheyenne mtn , colorado

larva on pinus scopulorum heinrich , 1920 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2305 ) : 65

anarsia obliqui - strigella [ = obliquistrigella ] chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 4 ) : 65 ; tl : kentucky

pulicalvaria occidentis freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 216 ; tl : ta ta creek , british columbia

larva on juniperus scopulorum freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 217

hapalosaris petulans meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6600ft ; ecuador , huigra , 4500ft ; peru , chosica , 2800ft

larva on picea mariana kearfott , 1903 , j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 155 , picea pungens , p . abies , p . mariana , p . rubens [ me3 ] , 40

recurvaria pinella busck , 1906 ; can . ent . 38 ( 6 ) : 212 ; tl : manitou , colorado

larva on pinus ponderosa busck , 1906 , can . ent . 38 ( 6 ) : 212

larva on pinus ponderosa hodges & stevens , 1978 , j . lep . soc . 32 : 120

evagora resinosae freeman , 1961 ; can . ent . 92 ( suppl . 16 ) : 16

recurvaria stanfordia keifer , 1933 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 22 : 354

recurvaria thujaella kearfott , 1903 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 154 , pl . 9 , f . 8 , 21 ; tl : usa

larva on thuja occidentalis kearfott , 1903 , j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 154

gelechia variiella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 9 ) : 174

[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

zeller , 1873 beiträge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen nachtfälter , besonders der microlepidopteren ( 2 ) verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 201 - 334 , pl . 3 - 4

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .

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natureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :

ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

" data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace . "

patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

" data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace . "

iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .

" data developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve . "

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .