the levant sparrowhawk ( accipiter brevipes ) is a small bird of prey .

it measures 32 – 38 cm ( 13 – 15 in ) in length with a wingspan of 65 – 75 cm ( 26 – 30 in ) .

the female is larger than the male , but the difference is not as marked as with eurasian sparrowhawk .

the adult male is blue-grey above , with dark wingtips , and barred reddish below .

the adult female is slate-grey above with darkish wingtips .

she is barred reddish brown below , and may show a dark throat line .

the juvenile is dark brown above and has dark-streaked underparts .

it shows a dark throat line .

it breeds in forests from greece and the balkans east to southern russia .

it is migratory , wintering from egypt across to southwestern iran .

it will migrate in large flocks , unlike the more widespread eurasian sparrowhawk .

the levant sparrowhawk nests in trees , building a new nest , lined with green leaves , each year .

the normal clutch is 3 – 5 eggs .

it hunts small birds , insects and lizards in woodland , relying on surprise as it flies from a perch to catch its prey unaware .

this bird is a small raptor with short broad wings and a longish tail , both adaptations to manoeuvring through trees .

it is similar to the eurasian sparrowhawk , but its shorter tail and more pointed wings give it a more falcon-like appearance .

the flight of this hawk is a characteristic flap – flap – glide .

the call is a sharp kee-wick .

levant sparrowhawk

levant sparrowhawk <EOT> , the levant sparrowhawk prefers deciduous forests [ mebs & schmidt 2006 , grin 2010 ] .

bu aramada levant sparrowhawk kelimesinin sözlük anlamı ve eşanlamı nedir , nasıl okunur hakkında bilgi verilmektedir . levant sparrowhawk kelimesinin etimolojik ve eşanlamları ile ilgili açıklamalar ve bilgiler eksiksiz ve hatasız olarak anılmamalıdır . burada yer alan levant sparrowhawk kelimesi ile ilgili tüm açıklamalar bilgi amaçlıdır . eksik ve hatalı çevirileri lütfen bildiriniz . more

the levant sparrowhawk is a very secretive species and therefore is hard to count . more research is needed here .

gorman g 1 998 : the status of levant sparrowhawk in europe . alula 4 : 1 44 - 1 47 .

, the levant sparrowhawk is a strictly migratory species . it leaves it ' s european breeding range in the second half of august and the first half of september [ mebs & schmidt 2006 ] . the levant sparrowhawk migrates in small flocks ( the

levant sparrowhawk - a species for which we know not much about . . . we have some idea that they . . . more

[ grin 2010 ] global raptor information network . 2010 . species account : levant sparrowhawk accipiter brevipes . downloaded from urltoken on 11 dec 2010

recommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : levant sparrowhawk accipiter brevipes . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - levant sparrowhawk ( accipiter brevipes ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - levant sparrowhawk ( accipiter brevipes ) " title = " arkive species - levant sparrowhawk ( accipiter brevipes ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

while there are currently no specific conservation measures in place for the levant sparrowhawk ( 1 ) , it occurs in several protected areas ( 7 ) .

bankovics a 1 991 : levant sparrowhawk ( accipiter brevipes , sev . 1 850 ) at the péteri - lake . aquila 98 : 1 87 .

the levant sparrowhawk is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .

the levant sparrowhawk nests in trees , building a new nest , lined with green leaves , each year . the normal clutch is 3 - 5 egs .

breuer g 1 955 : kishéja a dunántúlon [ the levant sparrowhawk in the dunántúl area ] . aquila 59 - 62 : 379 . [ in hungarian ]

the levant sparrowhawk is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .

in europe only in the south - east . the levant sparrowhawk can be found on the balkan , in russia , ukraine , turkey and eastwards to iran .

aspects of the topic levant sparrowhawk are discussed in the following places at britannica . assorted references * description ( in sparrowhawk ( hawk group ) ) . . . dark gray above and brown barred white below , is a common inhabitant of wooded areas throughout europe , in coastal northwestern africa , and in temperate to sub - arctic forests of asia . the levant sparrowhawk , or shikra ( a . more

the levant sparrowhawk ( accipiter brevipes ) is a small bird of prey in the family accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles , buzzards and harriers .

greschik j 1 934 : kis héja : accipiter brevipes severtz . mohácson [ the levant sparrowhawk accipiter brevipes at mohács ] . kócsag 7 : 73 . [ in hungarian ]

numbers may have had a negative effect on the levant sparrowhawk population . along the migration route in israel the number of migrating individuals also declined [ mebs & schmidt 2006 ] .

the levant sparrowhawk ( accipiter brevipes ) is a small bird of prey in the family accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles , buzzards and harriers . more

filmed at neot smadar israel 26 . 4 . 2013 latin name : accipiter brevipes levant sparrowhawk is a migrant spices in israel and about 80 , 000 are passing twice a year trough israel

levant sparrowhawk is 30 - 37 cm long with a 63 - 76 cm wingspan . the female is larger than the male , but the difference is not as marked as with sparrowhawk . the adult male is blue - grey above , with dark wingtips , and barred reddish below .

the levant sparrowhawk ( accipiter brevipes ) is a small bird of prey in the family accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles , buzzards and harriers . it breeds in forests from greece and the balkans east to southern russia . it is migratory , wintering from egypt across to southwestern iran . it will migrate in large flocks , unlike the more widespread eurasian sparrowhawk the levant sparrowhawk nests in trees , building a new nest , lined with green leaves , each year . more

[ birdlife international 2004 ] birdlife international . 2004 . birds in europe : population estimates , trends and conservation status . birdlife interntional . cambridge , uk . ( levant sparrowhawk species account available at :

the levant sparrowhawk has been recorded over a large range , from south - east europe , east through southern russia to western kazakhstan ( 2 ) , and south through the middle east to the united arab emirates ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . a migratory species , the levant sparrowhawk is believed to spend the winter in the east sahel zone of sub - saharan africa ( 2 ) .

tóth i , marik p & forgách b 1 998 : a kis héja fészkelése békés megyében [ breeding of the levant sparrowhawk in békés county ] . crisicum 1 : 229 - 242 . [ in hungarian ]

levant sparrowhawk is 30–37 cm ( 12–15 in ) long with a 63–76 cm ( 25–30 in ) wingspan . the female is larger than the male , but the difference is not as marked as with eurasian sparrowhawk . the adult male is blue - grey above , with dark wingtips , and barred reddish below .

mészáros c 201 0 : a kis héja els . bizonyított fészkelése csongrád megyében [ the first documented breeding of the levant sparrowhawk in the csongrád county ] . heliaca 7 : 11 5 . [ in hungarian with english summary ] mészáros c & tóth i 201 0 : kis héja állomány adatok - 2009 [ accounts on the status of the levant sparrowhawk - 2009 ] . heliaca 7 [ 2009 ] : 69 . [ in hungarian with english summary ]

small ( l 30 cm ) and slender sparrowhawk with difference in size and in colour between sexes . the levant sparrowhawk is highly selective in its choice of nesting habitats , rarely occurring outside of fragmented deciduous forest alterning with open grasslands , primarly along river valleys . the principal food comprises lizards , small fledging birds and large insectes . resident .

the levant sparrowhawk is commonly encountered alone or in a pair around clearings on the edges of woods and sometimes on the outskirts of human settlements . an efficient predator , this species mainly consumes large insects , such as beetles , grasshoppers and locusts , as well as lizards , a variety of small birds , and mice and voles . while most hunting occurs during the day , the levant sparrowhawk has also been observed feeding on agile , aerial prey such as bats at dusk ( 2 ) .

aradi c 1 964 : levant sparrow hawk nesting in the nagyerd . ofdebrecen . aquila 69 - 70 : 250 - 251 .

endes m 1 992 : kis héja ( accipiter brevipes sev . ) „adataim“ - némi apropóval [ my “data” on the levant sparrowhawk ( accipiter brevipes ) - with a little apropos ] . calandrella 6 ( 1 ) : 33 - 37 . [ in hungarian ]

it is migratory , wintering from egypt across to southwestern iran . it will migrate in large flocks , unlike the more widespread sparrowhawk

a handsome , small - bodied bird of prey , the levant sparrowhawk can be distinguished by its barred underparts and striking , dark red eyes . the sexes differ in size and plumage colouration , with the male being significantly smaller than the female and . . . more

the levant sparrowhawk feeds on small birds , small mammals like voles and lizards . large insects and even bat are also taken . hunts either from a perch or from flight low above the ground and then surprises the victim [ mebs & schmidt 2006 , grin 2010 ] .

the levant sparrowhawk , or shikra ( a . bre vipes ) , is gray above and brown barred white below . it occurs from southeastern europe throughout most of continental southern asia and subequatorial africa . for the small falcon called sparrow hawk in the united states , see kestrel .

levant sparrowhawk is being thoroughly studied at the international birding and research centre in eilat ( israel ) during migration . 4 . 25average : 4 . 3 ( 4 votes ) your rating : none voting is for registered members only . please login or create a new account . more

the levant sparrowhawk nests in trees , building a new nest , lined with green leaves , each year . the normal clutch is 3–5 eggs . it hunts small birds , insects and lizards in woodland , relying on surprise as it flies from a perch to catch its prey unaware .

kunysz p 1 992 : pierwsze stwierdzenie krogulca krótkonogiego ( accipiter brevipes ) na ziemiach polskich [ first record of a levant sparrowhawk ( accipiter brevipes ) in poland ] . notatki ornitologiczne 33 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 57 - 1 59 . [ in polish with english summary ]

kovács g 2004 : kis héja accipiter brevipes ( severtzov , 1 850 ) [ the levant sparrowhawk accipiter brevipes ( severtzov , 1 850 ) ] , 21 2 . in : ecsedi z ( ed ) , a hortobágy madárvilága [ the birds of hortobágy ] . hortobágy természetvédelmi egyesület , winter fair .

there are no known major threats to the levant sparrowhawk’s survival at present . although this species’ global population size and trends are not well known , it is estimated to number between 10 , 000 and 100 , 000 individuals , and does not appear to be undergoing a significant decline ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .

the levant sparrowhawk typically occurs in wooded plains , particularly within river basins , as well as amongst foothills and mountain slopes . in the caucasus mountains this species can be found up to elevations of 1 , 000 metres , although in armenia , it has been recorded as high as 2 , 000 metres ( 2 ) .

stark , h . and liechti , f . ( 2008 ) do levant sparrowhawks accipiter brevipes also migrate at night ? . ibis , 135 : 233 - 236 .

marik p , forgách b , tóth i & t . gye j 1 997 : megfigyelések a kis héja ( accipiter brevipes ) újabb magyarországi fészkelésével kapcsolatban [ notes on the recent breeding of levant sparrowhawk ( accipiter brevipes ) in hungary ] . túzok 2 ( 2 ) : 49 - 59 . [ in hungarian with english summary ]

the remaining habitat must be protected and destroyed habitat should be restored where possible . killing of levant sparrowhawks in the wintering quarters and along the migration route must be stopped .

bela g & typiak j 2011 : pierwsze stwierdzenie krogulca krótkonogiego accipiter brevipes na pomorzu [ the first occurrence of the levant sparrowhawk accipiter brevipes in pomoria ] . ptaki pomorza 2 : 1 41 - 1 43 . [ in polish with english summary ] bijlsma rg 1 997 : accipiter brevipes lewant sparrowhawk , 1 58 . in : hagemeijer ejm & blair mju ( eds ) , the ebcc atlas of european breeding birds : their distribution and abundance . t & ad ; poyser , london , 903 .

the levant sparrowhawk ( accipiter brevipes ) is a small bird of prey in the family accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles , buzzards and harriers . range / distribution : it breeds in forests from greece and the balkans east to southern russia . it is migratory , wintering from egypt across to southwestern iran . more

levant sparrowhawk is 30 - 37 cm long with a 63 - 76 cm wingspan . the female is larger than the male , but the difference is not as marked as with sparrowhawk . the adult male is blue - grey above , with dark wingtips , and barred reddish below . the adult female is slate - grey above with darkish wingtips . she is barred reddish brown below , and may show a dark throat line . the juvenile is dark brown above and has dark - streaked underparts it shows a dark throat line . more

a handsome , small - bodied bird of prey , the levant sparrowhawk can be distinguished by its barred underparts and striking , dark red eyes . the sexes differ in size and plumage colouration , with the male being significantly smaller than the female and possessing dull blue - grey upperparts , along with a pale breast and belly which are lightly marked with pinkish or reddish bars . in contrast , the female is brown above with heavily barred underparts and a dark streak on the throat . the juvenile resembles the adult female , but has streaked rather than barred underparts and a pale spot on the nape ( 2 ) . the levant sparrowhawk produces a shrill “keeveck - veck - veck” , which is uncharacteristic of sparrowhawks and more akin to the call of the tawny owl ( 4 ) .

other species : pandion haliaetus : osprey ; gyps fulvus : griffon vulture ; neophron percnopterus : egyptian vulture ; circaetus gallicus : short - toed snake eagle ; circus macrourus : pallid harrier ; circus pygargus : montagu ' s harrier ; circus aeruginosus : western marsh harrier ; accipiter brevipes : levant sparrowhawk ; accipiter nisus : eurasian sparrowhawk ; buteo buteo : common buzzard ; buteo rufinus : long - legged buzzard ; aquila pomarina : lesser spotted eagle ; aquila heliaca : eastern imperial eagle ; hieraaetus pennatus : booted eagle ; falco naumanni : lesser kestrel ; falco tinnunculus : common kestrel ; falco subbuteo : eurasian hobby .

it breeds in forests from greece and the balkans east to southern russia . it is migratory , wintering from egypt across to southwestern iran . it will migrate in large flocks , unlike the more widespread eurasian sparrowhawk

orta , j . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . levant sparrowhawk ( accipiter brevipes ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

it breeds in forests from greece and the balkans east to southern russia . it is migratory , wintering from egypt across to southwestern iran . it will migrate in large flocks , unlike the more widespread eurasian sparrowhawk .

the adult levant sparrow - hawks feed mostly on small birds and small ground mammals , plus occasionally bats . the immatures eat many insects . adults also occasionally eat insects . prey is seized either from the ground or in flight .

on may 1 5 , 201 2 an individual of levant sparrowhawk accipiter brevipes was observed at the southern edge of trebišov town in eastern slovakia , situated in the východoslovenská rovina lowlands . the sighting was documented with photographs . this is the first recorded occurrence of this species in terms of the bird fauna of slovakia . the present article describes in detail its distribution and breeding in eastern hungary and western romania , based on an isolated population in the pannonian basin at the north - western edge of its breeding range . the occurrence of the levant sparrowhawk beyond the boundaries of its breeding range and outside the pannonian basin consists mostly of rare movements by young individuals ( northern moravia , central and northern poland ) far north of its breeding range . an adult male was observed in south - eastern poland in the pre - breeding period , and in slovakia an adult female was observed in the breeding period .

egg - laying takes place during may and early june , with a clutch of three to five eggs deposited in a nest constructed from sticks and twigs , which is placed on a tree branch . the eggs are incubated by the female levant sparrowhawk for around 30 to 35 days , while the male brings food . the chicks fledge after around 45 days , but remain dependent on the parent birds for several weeks afterwards . sexual maturity is reached at one year old ( 2 ) .

a handsome , small - bodied bird of prey , the levant sparrowhawk can be distinguished by its barred underparts and striking , dark red eyes . the sexes differ in size and plumage colouration , with the male being significantly smaller than the female and possessing dull blue - grey upperparts , along with a pale breast and belly which are lightly marked with pinkish or reddish bars . in contrast , the female is brown above with heavily barred underparts and a dark streak on the throat . more

this bird is a small raptor with short broad wings and a longish tail , both adaptations to manoeuvring through trees . it is similar to the sparrowhawk , but its shorter tail and more pointed wings give it a more falcon - like appearance .

the levant sparrowhawk leaves the breeding grounds in september , migrating south to its african wintering grounds ( 2 ) . during migration , large flocks may form , which travel by day and by night and hunt together . as a trade - off between conserving energy and reducing time spent migrating , this species employs a combination of passive soaring and gliding , as well as energetic flapping flight . the latter technique is particularly used towards the end of migration when individuals become separated from the main migratory stream ( 6 ) .

this bird is a small raptor with short broad wings and a longish tail , both adaptations to manoeuvring through trees . it is similar to the eurasian sparrowhawk , but its shorter tail and more pointed wings give it a more falcon - like appearance .

other species : pandion haliaetus : osprey ; gyps fulvus : griffon vulture ; neophron percnopterus : egyption vulture ; circaetus gallicus : short - toed snake eagle ; circus cyaneus : northern harrier ; circus macrourus : pallid harrier ; circus pygargus : montagu ' s harrier ; circus aeruginosus : western marsh harrier ; accipiter brevipes : levant sparrowhawk ; accipiter nisus : eurasian sparrowhawk ; accipiter gentilis : northern goshawk ; buteo rufinus : long - legged buzzard ; buteo lagopus : rough - legged hawk ; aquila pomarina : lesser spotted eagle ; aquila clanga : greater spotted eagle ; aquila nipalensis : steppe eagle ; hieraaetus pennatus : booted eagle ; falco naumanni : lesser kestrel ; falco tinnunculus : common kestrel ; falco vespertinus ; red - footed falcon ; falco subbuteo : eurasian hobby ; falco cherrug : saker falcon .

other species : pandion haliaetus : osprey ; pernis apivorus : european honey buzzard ; haliaeetus albicilla : white - tailed eagle ; gyps fulvus : griffon vulture ; neophron percnopterus : egyptian vulture ; gypaetus barbatus : bearded vulture ; circus cyaneus : northern harrier ; circus macrourus : pallid harrier ; circus pygargus : montagu ' s harrier ; circus aeruginosus : western marsh harrier ; accipiter brevipes : levant sparrowhawk ; accipiter nisus : eurasian sparrowhawk ; accipiter gentilis : northern goshawk ; buteo rufinus : long - legged buzzard ; aquila clanga : greater spotted eagle ; aquila nipalensis : steppe eagle ; aquila heliaca : eastern imperial eagle ; aquila chrysaetos : golden eagle ; hieraaetus fasciatus : bonelli ' s eagle ; hieraaetus pennatus : booted eagle ; falco naumanni : lesser kestrel ; falco tinnunculus : common kestrel ; falco vespertinus : red - footed falcon ; falco columbarius : merlin ; falco subbuteo : eurasian hobby ; falco cherrug : saker falcon ; falco peregrinus : peregrine falcon .

other species : pandion haliaetus : osprey ; milvus migrans : black kite ; gyps fulvus : griffon vulture ; neophron percnopterus : egyptian vulture ; circaetus gallicus : short - toed snake eagle ; circus cyaneus : northern harrier ; circus macrourus : pallid harrier ; circus pygargus : montagu ' s harrier ; circus aeruginosus : western marsh harrier ; accipiter brevipes : levant sparrowhawk ; accipiter nisus : eurasian sparrowhawk ; accipiter gentilis : northern goshawk ; buteo buteo : common buzzard ; buteo rufinus : long - legged buzzard ; aquila clanga : greater spotted eagle ; aquila nipalensis : steppe eagle ; aquila heliaca : eastern imperial eagle ; aquila chrysaetos : golden eagle ; hieraaetus fasciatus : bonelli ' s eagle ; hieraaetus pennatus : booted eagle ; falco naumanni : lesser kestrel ; falco tinnunculus : common kestrel ; falco vespertinus : red - footed falcon ; falco eleonora e : eleonora ' s falcon ; falco columbarius : merlin ; falco subbuteo : eurasian hobby ; falco biarmicus : lanner falcon ; falco cherrug : saker falcon ; falco peregrinus : peregrine falcon .

movements : complete long distance migrant ( bildstein 2006 ) , with birds moving through the eastern mediterranean basin and the sinai peninsula , egypt , sudan , and arabia , and wintering in sub - saharan africa . migrates in small flocks instead of singly , as is the case with the eurasian sparrowhawk ( nikolaus 1984 ) . more . . . .

other species : pandion haliaetus : osprey ; milvus milvus : black kite ; haliaeetus albicilla : white - tailed eagle ; aegypius monachus : cinereous vulture ; gyps fulvus : griffon vulture ; neophron percnopterus : egyptian vulture ; circaetus gallicus : short - toed snake eagle ; circus cyaneus : northern harrier ; circus macrourus : pallid harrier ; circus pygargus : montagu ' s harrier ; circus aeruginosus : western marsh harrier ; accipiter brevipes : levant sparrowhawk ; accipiter nisus : eurasian sparrowhawk ; accipiter gentilis : northern goshawk ; buteo rufinus : long - legged buzzard ; buteo lagopus : rough - legged hawk ; aquila clanga : greater spotter eagle ; aquila heliacal : eastern imperial eagle ; aquila chrysaetos : golden eagle ; aquila nipalensis : steppe eagle ; hieraaetus fasciatus : bonelli ' s eagle ; hieraaetus pennatus : booted eagle ; falco naumanni : lesser kestrel ; falco tinnunculus : common kestrel ; falco vespertinus : red - footed falcon ; falco eleonorae : eleonora ' s falcon ; falco columbarius : merlin ; falco subbuteo : eurasian hobby ; falco biarmicus : lanner falcon ; falco cherrug : saker falcon ; falco peregrinus : peregrine falcon .

other species : pandion haliaetus : osprey ; pernis apivorus : european honey buzzard ; milvus milvus : red kite ; milvus migrans : black kite ; aegypius monachus : cinereous vulture ; gyps fulvus : griffon vulture ; neophron percnopterus : egyptian vulture ; gypaetus barbatus : bearded vulture ; circaetus gallicus : short - toed snake eagle ; circus cyaneus : northern harrier ; circus macroucus : pallid harrier ; circus pygargus : montagu ' s harrier ; circus aeruginosus : western marsh harrier ; accipiter brevipes : levant sparrowhawk ; accipiter nisus : eurasian sparrowhawk ; accipiter gentilis : northern goshawk ; buteo rufinus : long - legged buzzard ; aquila pomarina : lesser spotted eagle ; aquila clanga : greater spotted eagle ; aquila nipalensis : steppe eagle ; aquila heliaca : eastern imperial eagle ; aquila chrysaetos ; golden eagle ; hieraaetus fasciatus : bonelli ' s eagle ; hieraaetus pennatus : booted eagle ; falco naumanni : lesser kestrel ; falco tinnunculus : common kestrel ; falco vespertinus : red - footed falcon ; falco eleonorae : eleonora ' s falcon ; falco concolor : sooty falcon ; falco columbarius : merlin ; falco subbuteo : eurasian hobby ; falco biarmicus ; lanner falcon ; falco peregrinus : peregrine falcon ; falco pelegrinoides : barbary falcon .

other species : pandion haliaetus : osprey ; pernis apivorus : european honey buzzard ; milvus migrans : black kite ; gyps fulvus : griffon vulture ; neophron percnopterus : egyptian vulture ; circaetus gallicus : short - toed snake eagle ; circus macroucus : pallid harrier ; circus pygargus : montagu ' s harrier ; circus aeruginosus : western marsh harrier ; accipiter brevipes : levant sparrowhawk ; buteo rufinus : long - legged buzzard ; aquila pomarina : lesser spotted eagle ; aquila clanga : greater spotted eagle ; aquila heliaca : eastern imperial eagle ; hieraaetus fasciatus : bonelli ' s eagle ; hieraaetus pennatus : booted eagle ; falco naumanni : lesser kestrel ; falco tinnunculus : common kestrel ; falco vespertinus : red - footed falcon ; falco eleonorae : eleonora ' s falcon ; falco subbuteo : eurasian hobby ; falco biarmicus : lanner falcon ; falco cherrug : saker falcon ; falco peregrinus : peregrine falcon .

habitat and habits : during the breeding season , it prefers river valleys and wooded gorges , abandoned walnut and apricot orchards , stands of willows , and scattered groves of trees ( adamian and klem 1999 ) . more of a ground hunter than the eurasian sparrowhawk , relatively slow in flight , but more maneuverable in highly vegetated habitat ( baumgart 2006 ) . alternates between gliding and flapping when increasing speed or height ( adamian and klem op cit . ) . more . . . .

other species : pandion haliaetus : osprey ; milvus milvus : red kite ; gyps fulvus : griffon vulture ; neophron percnopterus : egyptian vulture ; circus cyaneus : northern harrier ; circus pygargus : montagu ' s harrier ; circua aeruginosus : western marsh harrier ; accipiter nisus : eurasian sparrowhawk ; accipiter gentilis : northern goshawk ; buteo buteo : common buzzard ; falco naumanni : lesser kestrel ; falco tinnunculus : common kestrel ; falco columbarius : merlin ; falco subbuteo : eurasian hobby ; falco peregrinus : peregrine falcon .

the males are particularly striking at close range , with their plain blue faces and red eyes and the juveniles have distinctive lines of dark spots down their underparts . the females are basically similar to a female sparrowhawk but with a neat dark stripe down the middle of the chin . in flight , their gregarious behaviour is usually enough to identify them but you ' ll also notice that the males in the flock are conspicuously pale below with contrastingly dark wingtips . even if plumage details aren ' t visible , lone birds can be identified by their shapes , since , compared to common sparrowhawks , their wings are longer and more pointed , almost falcon - like .

other species : pandion haliaetus : osprey ; milvus milvus : red kite ; milvus migrans : black kite ; neophron percnopterus : egyptian vulture ; gyps fulvus : griffon vulture ; circaetus gallicus : short - toed snake eagle ; circus cyaneus : northern harrier ; circus macrourus : pallid harrier ; circus pygargus : montagu ' s harrier ; circus aeruginosus : western marsh harrier ; accipiter nisus : eurasian sparrowhawk ; buteo buteo : common buzzard ; buteo rufinus : long - legged buzzard ; aquila clanga : great spotted eagle ; aquila nipalensis : steppe eagle ; aquila heliaca : eastern imperial eagle ; hieraaetus fasciatus : bonelli ' s eagle ; hieraaetus pennatus : booted eagle ; falco vespertinus : red - footed falcon ; falco eleonorae : eleonora ' s falcon ; falco columbarius : merlin ; falco subbuteo : eurasian hobby ; falco biarmicus : lanner falcon ; falco cherrug : saker falcon ; falco peregrinus : peregrine falcon .

the levant sparrow - hawk is sexually mature in its first year and will breed with traces of immature plumage still showing . the nests are built in belts of trees along river valleys , usually in broad - leaved trees , and fifteen to thirty feet from the ground . they are small loose structures of sticks about one foot across and a few inches deep , with the cup lined with green leaves . a new one is built each year . in may three to five eggs are laid at one - day intervals . they are pale bluish green , with small markings of grey and brown , and after incubation appear greyish white . the female incubates , beginning with the first egg . the period is probably between 30 and 35 days . the young hatch in early june , and leave the nest in august , after a fledging period of 40 - 45 days . whilst in the nest they are fed by both parents . they remain in the vicinity of the nest for a couple of weeks after fledging , and then migrate southwards . between two and five young per nest are successfully reared , the numbers fluctuating each season .

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cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the population is estimated to number in the tens of thousands . the european population is estimated at 3 , 500 - 6 , 900 pairs , which equates to 7 , 000 - 13 , 800 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . europe forms approximately 75 - 94 % of the global range ( birdlife international 2004 ) , so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 7 , 400 - 18 , 400 mature individuals , although further validation of this estimate is needed . this is placed in the band 10 , 000 - 19 , 999 mature individuals . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats . in europe the population trend is unknown ( birdlife international 2015 ) .

behaviour the species is a migrant , likely wintering in sub - saharan africa ( del hoyo et al . 1994 , ferguson - lees and christie 2001 ) . birds leave their breeding grounds in september , returning in april and may . it is usually solitary , but may hunt in pairs , and travels in flocks on migration which become especially large at certain bottlenecks ( del hoyo et al . 1994 , snow and perrins 1998 ) . it is sometimes active at twilight , and frequently migrates at night using flapping flight ( del hoyo et al . 1994 , ferguson - lees and christie 2001 ) . habitat it inhabits woody plains , often near water , and usually ranges up to 1 , 000 m ( del hoyo et al . 1994 ) . diet lizards and large insects ( the latter especially in africa ) make up the majority of its diet ( del hoyo et al . 1994 ) . breeding site it nests in tree branches , preferring deciduous trees ( del hoyo et al . 1994 ) . management information deciduous forests in riparian zones appear to be the optimal habitat for this species ( del hoyo et al . 1994 ) .

it is highly vulnerable to the impacts of potential wind energy development ( strix 2012 ) . this species is considered undesirable for falconry in georgia , and many are killed after being captured by falconers who are attempting to catch other , more desirable species ( orta and marks 2014 ) . following the chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986 , the proportion of juvenile birds migrating over eilat , israel decreased , leading researchers to suggest that radioactive contamination may have resulted in a decrease in reproductive success ( yosef and fornasari 2004 ) .

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del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1994 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume two : new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona .

peterson , r . t . , mountfort , g . and hollom , p . a . d . ( 2001 ) a field guide to the birds of britain and europe . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston .

hellyer , p . and aspinall , s . ( 2005 ) the emirates : a natural history . trident press limited , united arab emirates .

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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : accipiter brevipes . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

this species and a . badius form a clade ( see a . badius ) . formerly considered conspecific with a . badius , but the two breed sympatrically in armenia # r # r ; an apparent hybrid between the two species recorded in s israel # r . monotypic .

se europe , e ukraine and sw russia e to w kazakhstan ; more locally in turkey , caucasus , iraq and iran . thought to winter mainly in e sahel zone of sub - saharan africa .

30–37 cm ; male 140–275 g , female 183–290 g ; wingspan 64–74 cm . adult male dull blue - grey above , breast and belly pale , lightly barred pinkish or . . .

typical vocalization a series of shrill " keeveek " or " kewick " phrases .

wooded plains ( particularly in river basins ) , foothills and mountain slopes . prefers to nest in . . .

lizards and large insects such as grasshoppers , locusts , beetles , cicadas , dragonflies ; also variety of small birds , including sparrows , . . .

lays in may or early jun . nest a smallish platform of sticks ( 30 cm wide , 15 cm deep ) lined with twigs and sometimes leaves , built in tree . . .

highly migratory , forming large groups at bottlenecks . most birds leave breeding areas in sept and . . .

not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . size and trend of populations insufficiently known owing in part to identification difficulties and species ' secretive . . .

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the winter quarters are in the eastern part of the sahel , maybe also in more western parts of the sahel [ mebs & schmidt 2010 ] . more research is needed here .

returns to the european breeding grounds mostly during the 2nd half of april [ mebs & schmidt 2010 ] .

nests are built in a tree , normally at heights of 6 - 12m [ grin 2010 ] . clutch size is between 3 and 5 eggs with 4 being the most common number of eggs . the eggs are incubated for 29 - 30 days , mostly by the female and the young leave the nest after 29 - 31 days [ mebs & schmidt 2006 ] .

as with other raptors , the young are fed by the parents after fledging for a while , often at their nest .

[ birdlife 2004 ] estimated the european populations to be between 3 , 200 and 7 , 700 pairs . the largest populations are found in russia ( 1 , 500 - 3 , 000 ) and greece ( 1 , 000 - 2 , 000 ) . in romania there are 60 - 90 pairs , in bulgaria 50 - 90 . turkey has 600 - 900 pairs .

the breeding population may be much higher because during migration much more birds were counted in israel . during autumn migration in 1994 , 60 , 390 ! birds were counted in the northern valley [ mebs & schmidt 2006 ] .

it is supposed that the population on the balkan has declined considerably . similar trends have been observed along the wolga river . in south - western russia , among other factors , an increase in

not much is known about the threats about this secretive raptor . habitat destruction and human persecution along the migration route and in the wintering areas are a known threat [ mebs & schmidt 2006 ] .

more research is needed to learn more about the population size in europe , it ' s population ecology and threats in the breeding areas as well as during migration and in the wintering quarters .

[ mebs & schmidt 2006 ] mebs , theodor & schmidt , daniel ( 2006 ) . die greifvögel europas , nordafrikas und vorderasiens . kosmos verlag .

forsman , dick ( 1999 ) . the raptors of europe and the middle east a handbook of field identification . poyser

mebs , theodor & schmidt , daniel ( 2006 ) . die greifvögel europas , nordafrikas und vorderasiens . kosmos verlag .

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it occurs in lowland forests near wetlands , nesting in tall trees . it feeds on unretrieved quarry , small mammals , waterbirds , frogs and snakes , hunting over swamps , wet meadows and , in estonia , over extensively managed agricultural land . breeds in deciduous woodland especially in hilly areas . occurs more widely on passage when flocks may be seen overhead .

accipiter brevipes is a patchily distributed summer visitor to south - eastern europe , which constitutes > 75 % of its global breeding range . its european breeding population is small ( as few as 3 , 200 pairs ) , but was stable between 1970 - 1990 . although the species remained stable or increased across the vast majority of its european range during 1990 - 2000 , there were declines in the sizeable population in russia , and the species underwent a moderate decline ( > 10 % ) overall . 3 600 - 5 800 breeding pairs in europe . most common in greece 1000 - 1200 , the ukraine 1000 and russia 1500 - 3000 . smaller populations exist in other south - eastern european countries . turkish population 10 - 500 . this bird inhabits south - eastern europe , from the balkan peninsula to the ural mountains . outside europe it is breeding as far east as western kazakhstan and iran . in the european union its distribution is limited to greece , where its population is estimated at 1000 - 1200 breeding pairs , its total european population being around 12000 pairs ( ebcc atlas of european breeding birds ) . being totally migratory , this species is wintering in north - eastern africa , but its exact wintering quarters are not well known .

the eu breeding population is estimated to be not over 1 , 000 pairs . the agricultural and recreational development of river valleys affects the species ' nesting and hunting habitats . this important , especially in view of the species ' small population and its rather particular habitats requirements . sharp declines in lizard populations , caused for example , by extremely low winter or spring temperatures , may also disminish the number of breeding pairs . this species has a large range , with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10 , 000 , 000 km2 . it has a large global population estimated to be 10 , 000 - 100 , 000 individuals ( ferguson - lees et al . 2001 ) . global population trends have not been quantified , but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list ( i . e . , declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) . for these reasons , the species is evaluated as least concern . [ conservation status from urltoken ]

migratory . most birds leave areas in sept and return in apr or early may ; believed to winter in sub - saharan africa , but winter quarters on africa not well known . migrants concentrate around bosporus , e black sea and especially israel , where there are peaks during very short periods in second half of apr and of sept , and large groups can form ; crossing point between asia and africa probably at gulf of suez . some nocturnal migration recorded , with birds using flapping flight .

avibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com

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the adult female is slate - grey above with darkish wingtips . she is barred reddish brown below , and may show a dark throat line . the juvenile is dark brown above and has dark - streaked underparts . it shows a dark throat line . the flight of this hawk is a characteristic flap – flap – glide .

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distribution : afrotropical / palearctic . southeastern europe , southwestern ukraine and southern russia east to western kazakhstan ; locally in turkey , caucasia , and iran ; winters in the sahel zone of sub - saharan africa , although the specific areas are largely unknown . more . . . .

taxonomy : forms a superspecies with a . badius and a . butleri . formerly considered to be a race of a . badius .

food and feeding behavior : adults eat small birds and mammals , and young are fed insects and small reptiles ( dal 1954 ) . on the wintering range , this species preys upon birds , lizards , large insects , and mammals , which are taken in flight or from a perch ( borrow and demey 2001 ) . adept at capturing large , vigilant lizards ( e . g . , lacerta viridis ) ( baumgart 2006 ) . more . . . .

breeding : the stick nest is placed in a tree , usually at heights of 6 - 12 m ( adamian and klem 1999 ) . nests have been found in apricot trees in armenia ( leister and sosnin 19442 , dal 1949 ) , in russian olives in kazakhstan , and in elms in turkmenistan ( adamian and klem op cit . ) . more . . . .

conservation : categorized globally as a species of " least concern " by birdlife international . more . . . .

population estimates : the european population was estimated at 4 , 100 to 4 , 900 breeding pairs by birdlife international / european bird census council ( 2000 ) and later at 3 , 200 to 7 , 700 breeding pairs ( birdlife international ( 2004 ) . more . . . .

important references : birdlife international / european bird census council . 2000 . european bird populations : estimates and trends . birdlife conservation series no . 10 . birdlife international , cambridge , uk . brown , l . h . , e . k . urban , and k . newman . 1982 . the birds of africa . vol . 1 . academic press , london . ferguson - lees , j . , and d . a . christie .

j . sargatal ( eds ) . handbook of birds of the world . vol . 2 . new world

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horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …

dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…

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it hunts small birds , insects and lizards in woodland , relying on surprise as it flies from a perch to catch its prey unaware .

the adult female is slate - grey above with darkish wingtips . she is barred reddish brown below , and may show a dark throat line .

the juvenile is dark brown above and has dark - streaked underparts it shows a dark throat line .

the flight of this hawk is a characteristic " flap – flap – glide " .

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the yellow-throated vireo ( vireo flavifrons ) is a small american songbird .

" vireo " is a latin word referring to a green migratory bird , perhaps the female golden oriole , possibly the european greenfinch .

the specific flavifrons is from the latin words flavus , " yellow " , and frons , " forehead " .

adults are mainly olive on the head and upperparts with a yellow throat and white belly ; they have dark eyes with yellow " spectacles " .

the tail and wings are dark with white wing bars .

they have thick blue-grey legs and a stout bill .

their breeding habitat is open deciduous woods in southern canada and the eastern united states .

these birds migrate to the deep southern united states , mexico , and central america .

they are very rare vagrants to western europe ; there is a september 1990 record from kenidjack valley in cornwall , great britain , and september 1998 record from heligoland , a small german archipelago in the german bight .

they forage for insects high in trees .

they also eat berries , especially before migration and in winter when they are occasionally seen feeding on gumbo-limbo ( bursera simaruba ) fruit .

they make a thick cup nest attached to a fork in a tree branch .

yellow - throated vireo

yellow - throated vireo <EOT> yellow - throated vireo recorded at sandy creek park jasper county tx . 1000 hz high pass filter applied and volume normalized

in eastern north america , the yellow - throated vireo breeds in edge habitats of both bottomland and upland deciduous and mixed deciduous - coniferous forests . these habitats include forest edges of streams , rivers , swamps , treefall gaps , and roads , and woodland habitats of parks and towns . the yellow - throated vireo is widely sympatric with the far more common red - eyed vireo ( vireo olivaceus ) , which tends to breed in less fragmented forest interior habitat .

rodewald , paul g . and ross d . james . 2011 . yellow - throated vireo ( vireo flavifrons ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .

while the yellow - throated vireo is associated with forest edge habitat , it actually requires large blocks of forest to breed successfully . numbers decrease sharply in forests smaller than 250 acres ( 100 hectares ) in the northeastern united states .

generally uncommon on its wintering grounds in central and south america and the caribbean , the yellow - throated vireo usually occurs singly within mixed - species foraging flocks in tropical forests , from dry forest to lowland rain forest , and up to 1 , 800 meters in montane forest .

a bird of open deciduous forests and edges , the yellow - throated vireo is one of the most colorful member of its family . not only does this bird have a bright yellow throat , it looks as if it’s wearing bright yellow spectacles . this small heavyset songbird slowly hops through the canopy picking insects off branches and twigs . males sing a burry " three eight , " on repeat throughout the day . females join the males with a harsh scolding chatter during aggressive encounters .

in many north american songbirds , only females incubate and brood , but not vireos . male yellow - throated vireos also incubate eggs and brood young , taking turns with the female throughout the day .

the bright yellow spectacles , throat , and breast of this vireo are distinctive . its wings are dark gray , with 2 bold , white wing bars . the crown and back are olive , rather bright , contrasting with a gray rump . immature plumage is similar to that of the adult but paler yellow , sometimes with a slightly buffy throat .

in leafy eastern forests , especially among the tall oaks , the slow , husky phrases of the yellow - throated vireo can be heard in spring and summer . more colorful than most vireos , it is not any easier to see , usually remaining out of sight in the foliage . however , the male sings throughout the breeding season , as late as august and september .

perhaps because the yellow - throated vireo is generally uncommon throughout its breeding range and is primarily a subcanopy nester , it remains an under - studied north american breeder . although its singing , breeding , and foraging behavior have received some study , little is known of its population biology , winter ecology , and sensitivity to land - use practices on both temperate breeding grounds and tropical wintering grounds .

this is a large , colorful vireo and a strong , though slow - paced , singer . it moves sluggishly , which combined with its camouflaged coloration , can make it difficult to locate high in the leaves of the tall shade trees it favors . the yellow - throated often cocks its head as it surveys its surroundings or methodically searches for insects . monotypic . length 5 . 5 " .

this is the most colorful of the vireos . the yellow - throated is a migratory bird of open deciduous forests that requires large tracts of forest to breed successfully . it has disappeared from some parts of its former breeding range due to forest fragmentation . audio by mike nelson , xc100599 . accessible at urltoken

unlike other vireos , but compare with pine warbler , with which it is confused , particularly in winter . pine warbler has a greenish yellow rump , streaked sides , thinner bill , and less complete and distinct spectacles . vocalizations of the 2 are different—pine warblers often give a high , thin note when moving between branches . the yellow - breasted chat , a particularly bulky warbler with a bill more suited to a vireo , has white spectacles and lacks wing bars .

yellow - throated vireos are common and their populations have increased 62 % between 1970 and 2014 , according to partners in flight . the estimated global breeding population is 4 . 4 million . the species rates a 9 out of 20 on the continental concern score , which means it is not on the partners in flight watch list and is a species of low conservation concern . in the early twentieth century yellow - throated vireos seemingly disappeared from towns and suburbs in the northeastern united states , which some believe was due to the spraying of insecticides to control dutch elm disease . since then , populations have increased possibly due to regrowth of woodlands that were previously logged .

yellow - throated vireos primarily eat insects and spiders such as butterflies , moths , stinkbugs , scale insects , leafhoppers , beetles , flies , and bees . they also eat fruits and seeds on occasion . they forage in the middle and upper levels in the forest , slowly hopping between branches and picking insects from bare branches and foliage .

yellow - throated vireos slowly hop between branches , often focusing on the interior parts of the canopy with sturdy , bare branches . they tend to forage for insects more often on bare branches than other vireos and forage in a less frenzied manner . males arrive on the breeding grounds a few days before females and start setting up their territory . they put a bit of nesting material in a few spots throughout the territory that could make good nest sites . when the females arrive , they sing and act as if they are building a nest from these spots . males display for females ; swaying side to side while singing and fluffing up their feathers . once paired , males stick close to their female until she begins laying . as soon as the chicks leave the nest , the pair separates . they generally don ' t interact with other yellow - throated vireos after nesting , but they sometimes forage with warblers , chickadees , and titmice during migration . individuals also occasionally join mixed - species foraging flocks on the wintering grounds .

yellow - throated vireos breed in deciduous or mixed - deciduous forests , tending to avoid stands of pure coniferous trees . within deciduous forests they often occur near edges or in forest gaps . despite this association , they only seem to breed in regions with extensive forest cover and are less abundant in forests less than 250 acres . during migration they occur in woodlands , edges , and shrubby areas along barrier beaches . on the wintering grounds they use dry tropical forest , coffee plantations , pine - oak forest , thorn scrub , and rainforest up to 6 , 000 feet elevation .

call : includes a rapid series of harsh cheh notes , similar to those of the “solitary” vireo complex . song : slow repetition of de - a - ree , three - eight ; burry , low - pitched 2 - or 3 - note phrases separated by long pauses : it often gives a whisper song , which is more warbled and less burry .

deciduous woodlands , shade trees . breeds in tall trees in open deciduous woods . prefers trees such as oaks and maples along streams , lakes , and roadsides . also will summer in tall trees or orchards in towns . avoids areas with dense undergrowth . generally absent in mixed or coniferous forest , where it is probably replaced by the solitary vireo . winters in tropical lowlands and foothills , in habitats ranging from rain forest to dry scrub .

on the breeding grounds , listen for what may sound like the more ubiquitous red - eyed vireo , but with a burrier song and look up into the canopy . instead of focusing on the leaves in the canopy as you might for warblers , look for a chunky bird hanging out near the inner part of the tree among the bare branches . they aren ' t as frenetic like warblers ; they tend to take long pauses before chasing after another meal and often sing while stationary giving you ample time to see them .

fairly common . breeding : deciduous and mixed deciduous - coniferous habitats . migration : long - distance , trans - gulf migrant . early spring migrant , with arrivals in southern states mid–late march , mid april farther north , early may in great lakes . fall migrations august–september ( migrants noted as early as late july ) . latest records are mid - october in northern and middle latitudes , early november in south . winter : tropical lowlands of central america , bahamas , and caribbean to northern south america . more scarce in united states than the numerous reports would suggest . most reports are misidentified pine warblers or yellow - breasted chats . rare in southernmost florida , casual in southern california , southern texas . vagrant : very rare in the west , more in spring than fall .

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this article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .

howe , henry f . 2016 . making dispersal syndromes and networks useful in tropical conservation and restoration . global ecology and conservation , vol . 6 , issue . , p . 152 .

myczko , łukasz rosin , zuzanna m . skórka , piotr wylegała , przemysław tobolka , marcin fliszkiewicz , monika mizera , tadeusz and tryjanowski , piotr 2013 . effects of management intensity and orchard features on bird communities in winter . ecological research , vol . 28 , issue . 3 , p . 503 .

leyequién , eurídice de boer , w . f . and toledo , víctor m . 2010 . bird community composition in a shaded coffee agro - ecological matrix in puebla , mexico : the effects of landscape heterogeneity at multiple spatial scales . biotropica , vol . 42 , issue . 2 , p . 236 .

hernández , ángel 2009 . summer - autumn feeding ecology of pied flycatchers ficedula hypolueca and spotted flycatchers muscicapa striata : the importance of frugivory in a stopover area in north - west iberia . bird conservation international , vol . 19 , issue . 03 , p . 224 .

usgs patuxent wildlife research center , national museum of natural history , p . o . box 37012 washington , dc 20013 - 7012 , usa . e - mail : fosterm @ urltoken

migration routes used by nearctic migrant birds can cover great distances ; they also differ among species , within species , and between years and seasons . as a result , migration routes for an entire migratory avifauna can encompass broad geographic areas , making it impossible to protect continuous stretches of habitat sufficient to connect the wintering and breeding grounds for most species . consequently , ways to enhance habitats converted for human use ( i . e . for pasture , crop cultivation , human settlement ) as stopover sites for migrants are especially important . shelterbelts around pastures and fields , if planted with species targeted to support migrant ( and resident ) bird species that naturally occupy mature forest habitats and that are at least partially frugivorous , could be a powerful enhancement tool for such species , if the birds will enter the converted areas to feed . i tested this approach for nearctic migrant birds during the spring migration through an area in chiapas , mexico . mature forest tree species whose fruits are eaten by birds were surveyed . based on life form , crop size and fruit characteristics , i selected three tree species for study :

( moraceae ) . i compared the use of fruits of these species by migrants and residents in forest with their use of the fruits of isolated individuals of the same species in pasture and cropland . all three plant species were useful for enhancing converted habitats for forest - occupying spring migrants , although species differed in the degree to which they entered disturbed areas to feed on the fruits . these tree species could probably enhance habitats for migrants at sites throughout the natural geographic ranges of the plants ; in other geographic areas for other target bird groups , other tree species might be more appropriate .

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any of various plants having pale flowers with dark centres , esp . t . . .

before finding a mate , males search for a spot to build a nest . they place a few pieces of material in several potential spots . when the female arrives she chooses where to put the nest , either selecting one of the male ' s locations or a new one . the nest is typically in the canopy of a tree near the forest ' s edge 20 to 50 feet above the ground .

males start building the nest , handing more and more duties over to the female after day 1 . the nest is a cup suspended from a fork of small branches in a tree . it is made of bark strips , dry grasses , rootlets , long pine needles , leaves , or hair , held together with insect silk and spiderweb .

lutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love ( 2016 ) . longevity records of north american birds . version 2016 . 1 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory , laurel , md , usa .

pieplow , n . ( 2017 ) . peterson field guide to bird sounds of eastern north america . houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company , ny , usa .

sauer , j . r . , d . k . niven , j . e . hines , d . j . ziolkowski , jr . , k . l . pardieck , j . e . fallon , and w . a . link ( 2017 ) . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966–2015 . version 2 . 07 . 2017 . usgs patuxent wildlife research center , laurel , md , usa .

sibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .

over the last century , apparently has declined in the northeast , increased in parts of the upper midwest . overall numbers probably stable at present .

forages by searching for insects rather methodically along the twigs and in foliage high in trees . in winter , defends feeding territory and will drive away others of its own kind , but will associate with mixed foraging flocks of other birds .

4 , sometimes 3 - 5 . pinkish or creamy white with heavy spots of brown or lavender near large end . incubation is by both parents , 14 - 15 days . frequently parasitized by cowbirds . young : both parents feed nestlings . young leave the nest 14 - 15 days after hatching . the parents divide the fledglings , each adult caring for part of the brood .

mostly insects , some berries . feeds mainly on insects . in summer , over one - third of diet may be caterpillars , moths , and butterflies ; also eats true bugs , scale insects , aphids , leafhoppers , beetles , sawflies , tree crickets , dragonflies , cicadas , and others . will also eat various berries , especially in fall .

male defends nesting territory by singing incessantly . in courtship , male leads female to potential nest sites . nest : placed in tree ( usually deciduous ) , generally 20 - 40 ' above the ground but can be 3 - 60 ' up . both sexes help build open thick - walled cup nest , supported by the rim woven onto a horizontal forked twig . nest made of weeds , shreds of bark , grass , leaves , and plant fibers . outside of nest bound with spiderwebs and camouflaged with lichens and mosses ; lined with fine grass and pine needles .

migrates mostly at night . a rather early spring migrant in the south , often appearing in late march .

similar to song of red - eyed and solitary vireos , but lower in pitch and with a husky or burry quality to the phrases .

audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .

in the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .

each map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird’s “climatic range . ”

the darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .

the outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .

the first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird’s suitable climate may shift in the future—one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .

you can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .

the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .

tell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .

tell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .

bna account authors : rodewald , paul g . , and ross d . james

during the early decades of the twentieth century , this species seemed to have disappeared from towns , suburban areas , and cities in the northeastern united states , including new york and boston . most ornithologists believed that these declines resulted from the heavy spraying of insecticides on shade trees to control dutch elm disease . although the species has disappeared more recently as a breeding species from several smaller forest reserves in the eastern united states , data from the breeding bird survey show a significant rangewide population increase of 1 . 1 % per year from 1966 to 1994 . this increase may be due , in part , to the maturation of woodlands in some areas of the eastern united states and canada .

there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !

) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :

no modification . bird singing from oak tree in camp ground about 40 feet up .

equipment : olympus ws - 822 digital recorder with audio - technica atr 6550 shotgun .

recorded via iphone 7 and amplified on garageband . clear day , no wind , warm ( mid - 70s to low 80s ) . individual heard ( but not scene ) possibly in upper stories of tree near small creek .

same recording session as xc372010 . natural song and a couple calls ( middle of cut ) while close - range bird ( ~ 4m ) works the branches of woodland trees adjacent to wolf creek .

the softer " chimp " calls heard throughout ( e . g . , 0 : 20 and 1 : 53 ) are given by this individual .

recorded in low vegetation adjacent to a bog at a range of about 5 meters .

equipment : sony pcm - m10 recorder and a sennheiser mke - 400 microphone . modifications to the file : cropped .

natural sound . the bird was in the new leaves in the canopy of a red oak ~ 30m away on the north edge of the grounds around the house .

29 - acre estate centrally located in oxford , ms consisting of antebellum home surrounded by lawns and adjacent forest . privet hedges and small thickets divide the grounds into distinct lawn units . bordered on all sides by mature oak - hickory forest . forest edge consists of oak spp , hickory spp , red cedar , mulberry , with understory along the edge dominated by privet ( ligustrum sp . ) . grounds around the house include isolated trees and manicured hedges . a path from the end of the parking area leads northward ~ 1 km through the forest to the northern edge of the property abutting the university of mississippi campus

edited in adobe audition . butterworth high - pass filter , order 3 , cutoff frequency 100 hz

fostex fr - 2 digital recorder with sennheiser microphone and telinga pro 22 " parabolic reflector .

two individuals present , only one is singing while foraging . habitat : mature broadleaf forest .

response to playback of xc100597 , really close in the understory and lower boughs of the tree .

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

10 hrs best nightingale song - black screen # soothing bird singing for sleep , study , meditation .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

aerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

antigua and barbuda ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; canada ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; curaçao ; dominica ; el salvador ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; honduras ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , u . s .

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the golden cave catfish ( clarias cavernicola ) is a critically endangered species of airbreathing catfish .

this cavefish is only known to live in the aigamas cave , otjozondjupa region , namibia .

they lack pigmentation and are up to 16.1 cm ( 6.3 inches ) in standard length .

they have very small eyes that are covered with skin , and are probably effectively blind .

they feed on detritus and invertebrates that fall into the lake in which they live .

the population is estimated at 200 – 400 individuals .

the population is threatened by chance events and water extraction from the cave lake , which has resulted in a drop of the water level .

it is the only known cavefish in mainland southern africa .

clarias cavernicola

clarias cavernicola <EOT> the following term was not found in nucleotide : clarias cavernicola [ orgn ] .

froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2011 ) . " clarias cavernicola " in fishbase . december 2011 version .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - cave catfish ( clarias cavernicola ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - cave catfish ( clarias cavernicola ) " title = " arkive species - cave catfish ( clarias cavernicola ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

skelton ( 1996 ) . clarias cavernicola . 2006 . iucn red list of threatened species . iucn 2006 . urltoken . retrieved on 11 may 2006 . listed as critically endangered ( cr b1 + 2c , e v2 . 3 )

bruton , m . n . ( 1995 ) . " threatened fishes of the world : clarias cavernicola trewavas , 1936 ( clariidae ) " . environmental biology of fishes 43 ( 2 ) : 162–162 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00002486 .

the cave catfish ( clarias cavernicola ) is a freshwater , cave - dwelling fish ( 2 ) . this unusual fish lacks pigment and appears a pinkish white colour ( 3 ) . it has an extended eel - like body , with long dorsal and anal fins ( 4 ) . the head has a rectangular shape and the rounded snout ( 2 ) carries four pairs of thread - like barbels ( 5 ) . on the upper surface of the head the eyes are either entirely absent or extremely small and covered with skin ( 2 ) . the latin species name , cavernicola , means ' cave dwelling ' .

clarias : from the greek chlaros , meaning lively ; in reference to the ability of the fish to live for long periods out of water . caverna , cave in latin and colere , to dwell , in latin .

teugels , g . g . , 1986 . a systematic revision of the african species of the genus clarias ( pisces ; clariidae ) . ann . mus . r . afr . centr . , sci . zool . , 247 : 199 p . ( ref . 248 )

trewavas [ e . ] 1936 : 70 , pl . 2 ( figs . 7 - 9 ) [ novitates zoologicae . a journal of zoology in connection with the tring museum v . 40 . eleonora trajano , maria elina bichuette , b . g . kapoor , biology of subterranean fishes , science publishers ( 2010 ) . guy g . teugels , a systematic revision of the african species of the genus clarias ( pisces ; claridae )

the cave catfish is a freshwater , cave - dwelling fish ( 2 ) . this unusual fish lacks pigment and appears a pinkish white colour ( 5 ) . it has an extended eel - like body , with long dorsal and anal fins ( 3 ) . the head has a rectangular shape and the rounded snout ( 2 ) carries four pairs of thread - like barbels ( 4 ) . on the upper surface of the head the eyes are either entirely absent or extremely small and covered with skin ( 2 ) . the latin species name , cavernicola , means ' cave dwelling ' .

clarias species are characterized by having an elongated body ; a soft rayed dorsal fin extending to , or nearly to , the caudal fin base ; a soft rayed anal fin extending from just behind the anus to the caudal fin base ; pectoral fins each with a serrated anterior bony spine ; head depressed , covered largely by firmly sutured , surface sculptured bony plates forming a protective helmet ; four pairs of flagellate barbels ( nasals , maxillaries , inner and outer mandibulars ) ; air breathing organs derived from the 2nd and 4th epibranchials within a superbranchial chamber . in common with most cave - dwelling animals , this species is devoid of pigment , in life the skin color is creamish flushed with pink or orange . the eyes vary from weakly developed to non - existant .

africa : known only from the type locality , aigumas cave , north otavi , namibia . major threat is depletion of ground water ( ref . 7248 ) .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 16 . 1 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7248 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 71 - 76 ; anal soft rays : 66 - 61 . devoid of pigment . eyes extremely small ; covered with skin ; dorsally located . head rectangular in dorsal outline ; snout broadly rounded . frontal fontanelle long and narrow ; occipital fontanelle long and oval - shaped . supraorbital and ` dermosphenotic ' bones fused . premaxillary tooth plate rather broad . gill rakers long , slender and distantly set . suprabranchial organ greatly reduced . openings of the secondary sensory canals regularly arranged along flanks .

lacks pigment . lives in caves ( ref . 248 ) and is adapted to life underground ( ref . 78218 ) ; over shelves in open , clear water . feeds on bat droppings , animal carcasses and terrestrial insects that fall into the lake ( ref . 7248 ) .

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00358 - 0 . 01848 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 17 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 ±0 . 26 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming tm = 1 ; fec = 50 ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 17 of 100 ) .

this cave - dwelling fish feeds opportunistically on particles that fall into the lake , from bat droppings to animal carcasses and insects ( 2 ) . due to the lack of light in the cave where it lives , the cave catfish is sightless , detecting prey by means of taste buds and other senses on the barbels ( 4 ) . there is currently no data available on its breeding habits ( 3 ) .

the cave catfish is found only in the aigamas cave in namibia ( 2 ) .

the cave catfish inhabits open , clear water over rocky shelves ( 6 ) .

the cave catfish is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

the cave catfish is found only within a single cave in namibia and is therefore at inherent risk of extinction due to any chance event . the main threat to the species comes from the depletion of ground water within the cave , and the exploitation of aquifer water may pose the most serious threat in the long - term ( 3 ) .

the protection of the aigamas cave is vital in the conservation of this species , and the present owner is sympathetic to the sensitivity of the cave , only allowing access or collection of the cave catfish with a nature conservation permit ( 3 ) . twenty captive specimens were held in the national zoological gardens ' aquarium in pretoria for several years ( 3 ) , but no longer persist ( 7 ) . there is also a move to provide legislative protection for this rare and unique fish ( 3 ) .

authenticated ( 6 / 9 / 02 ) by professor paul skelton . managing director , south african institute of aquatic biodiversity ( saiab ) urltoken

anal fin in fish , an unpaired fin on the under surface of a fish , behind the anus . barbels fleshy projections near the mouth of some fish . dorsal fin in fish , the unpaired fin found on the back of the body .

paxton , j . r . and eschmeyer , w . n . ( 1994 ) encylopedia of fishes . unsw press , sydney .

skelton , p . h . ( 1987 ) south african red data book - fishes . south african national scientific programmes report , 137 : 33 - 35 .

sands , d . ( 1985 ) catfishes of the world , volume 5 : bagridae and others . dee bee books , preston .

skelton , p . h . ( 2001 ) a complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern africa . revised edition . struik publishers , cape town .

underwater video services po box 282 constantia cape town 7848 south africa tel : + 27 21 794 3595 fax : + 27 21 794 5449 charles @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

critically endangered b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1

snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment unit )

justification : occurs in a single location ( aigamas cave , namibia ) . there is a threat to the cave ' s water source and thus to the species environment from ground water extraction . the potential threat of illegal collectors for the aquarium trade also exists . given that the area of the lake is 18 m x 2 . 5 m and that the water level has been steadily dropping due to water extraction the species qualifies as critically endangered under criterion b due to restricted range , single location and ongoing decline in the extent of available habitat .

known only from the type locality : aigamas cave , otavi , namibia . the pool is 18 m by 2 . 5 m in area , and 30 to 52 m deep ( proudlove 2006 ) .

subterranean waters of the aigamas cave system . rocky substrates . water temperature is around 25°c and the species appears to live over shelves of shallow water up to 15 m in depth ( proudlove 2006 ) .

depletion of ground water ; the cave lake has been used as a water supply in an otherwise very dry area ( proudlove 2006 ) . pumping of water has reduced the depth of the lake from 70 m to 50 m since 1921 ( skelton 1990 , bruton 1995 ) . potentially exploitation from aquarists .

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this cave - dwelling fish feeds opportunistically on particles that fall into the lake , from bat droppings to animal carcasses and insects ( 2 ) . due to the lack of light in the cave where it lives , this species is sightless , detecting prey by means of taste buds and other senses on the barbels ( 3 ) . there is currently no data available on its breeding habits ( 5 ) .

16 . 1 cm sl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7248 ) )

subterranean waters of the aigamas cave system . rocky substrates . water temperature is around 25c and the species appears to live over shelves of shallow water up to 15 m in depth ( proudlove 2006 ) .

described from caves in south - west africa . feeds on insects and worms ( ref . 248 ) .

classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) .

the cave catfish is found only within a single cave in namibia and is therefore at inherent risk of extinction due to any chance event . the main threat to the species comes from the depletion of ground water within the cave , and the exploitation of aquifer water may pose the most serious threat in the long - term ( 5 ) .

the protection of the aigamas cave is vital in the conservation of this species , and the present owner is sympathetic to the sensitivity of the cave , only allowing access or collection of the cave catfish with a nature conservation permit ( 5 ) . twenty captive specimens were held in the national zoological gardens ' aquarium in pretoria for several years ( 5 ) , but no longer persist ( 7 ) . there is also a move to provide legislative protection for this rare and unique fish ( 5 ) .

they appear similar to white eels , up to a length of 16 . 1 cm ( 6 . 3 inches )

. they have very small eyes , and are probably effectively blind . they feed on detritus that falls into the lake in which they live . the population is estimated at 150

individuals . little is known about its reproduction , and attempts to breed it in captivity have failed . the population is threatened by chance events and aquifer depletion that threatens to drain the lake .

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underground lake at aigamas cave , north of otavi , about 19°25 ' s , 17°18 ' e , namibia , southwestern africa .

161mm or 6 . 3 " sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .

the genital papilla , which is to the right of the anus as you look at the fish with its head to the left , is elongated and pointed in males while it is round and relatively larger ( and larger than the anus ) in females . in ventral view especially , females are much broader in the body than males of equal age and rearing practices .

africa : namibia : inhabits the crystal clear waters of a subterranean small lake , lying at the bottom of the aigamas cave . there are reports of similar fishes from other caves within the same dolomitic limestone region .

wild fish are coprophagous , eating bat guano ; they also eat coprophagous invertebrates and small shrimps . it is thought larger fish cannibalize smaller individuals which is not unusual in the cave environment .

this is a specialized species and the suggestions for the genus in general would be much too boisterous .

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aigamas cave ( namibia ) . they appear pinkish white in color because a lack of pigment and look generally like an eel ; they typically grow to about 16cm in length . most inidividual specimens show virtually no sign of eyes on the surface of their head , and others appear to have eyes , but they are greatly obscured by flesh . because this , this species is effectively blind . as far as their diet goes , they are bottom - feeders ; they consume only algea and micro - organisms .

in may of 2015 , scientists found the golden cave catfish to essentially climb completely vertical walls in order to reach food .

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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3