the forest cobra ( naja melanoleuca ) , also commonly called the black cobra and the black and white-lipped cobra , is a species of venomous snake in the family elapidae .

the species is native to africa , mostly the central and western parts of the continent .

it is the largest true cobra species with a total length ( including tail ) of up to 3.1 meters ( 10 feet ) .

although it prefers lowland forest and moist savanna habitats , this cobra is highly adaptable and can be found in drier climates within its geographical range .

it is a very capable swimmer and is often considered to be semi-aquatic .

the forest cobra is a generalist in its feeding habits , having a highly varied diet : anything from large insects to small mammals and other reptiles .

this species is alert , nervous and is considered to be a very dangerous snake .

when cornered or molested , it will assume the typical cobra warning posture by raising its fore body off the ground , spreading a narrow hood , and hissing loudly .

bites to humans are less common than from other african cobras due to various factors , though a bite from this species is a life-threatening emergency .

forest cobra

forest cobra <EOT> it also inhabits mangroves in western africa . the banded form of forest cobra in

" it ' s a trap ! " taking advantage of a forest cobra .

forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .

) . the species is also known by other common names like african banded cobra , banded cobra , brown cobra or arabian cobra .

exploring the venom of the forest cobra snake : toxicovenomics and antivenom profiling of naja melanoleuca .

the egyptian cobra ( naja haje ) is a species of cobra found in africa . it is one of the largest cobra species native to africa , second to the forest cobra ( naja melanoleuca ) .

millburn , naomi . " habitat of a forest cobra " accessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken

the forest cobra once held the record for longevity in captivity with a specimen that lived 28 years . like most other cobra species ,

the colour of this species is variable , with three main colour morphs . those from the forest or forest fringe , from

a snake of forest or woodland , it is the only one of africa ' s cobras that will live in high forest .

millburn , naomi . " habitat of a forest cobra . " animals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / habitat - forest - cobra - 5429 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .

forest cobra snake ( black and white cobra , naja melanoleuca ) eating chicks at the meserani snake park at duka bovi in tanzania , africa .

millburn , naomi . ( n . d . ) . habitat of a forest cobra . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / habitat - forest - cobra - 5429 . html

the forest cobras are snakes that are well adapted to many environments and the habitat of the forest cobra is strongly dependent on what part of its african range the snake originates from . forest cobras originating in the southern african regions are typically found in

maximum longevity : 29 . 1 years ( captivity ) observations : these animals are also known as forest cobra .

exploring the venom of the forest cobra snake : toxicovenomics and antivenom profiling of naja melanoleuca . - pubmed - ncbi

naja melanoleuca ( forest cobra ) venom . the amino acid sequence of phospholipase a , fraction de - iii .

rain forest facts : the forest cobra is the second largest species of cobra on earth . the rainforests of western africa are home to this large predator . reaching lengths of over 7 feet , this cobra can deliver a very powerful bite to any would - be predator . not afraid to stand their ground , the forest cobra is often regarded as an aggressive species in captivity .

some species like the forest cobra are habitat specialists and occupy specific niches while others like the indian cobra are habitat generalists and occur across a range habitat types .

in the event of an actual or probable bite from a forest cobra , execute the following first aid measures without delay .

naja melanoleuca ( forest cobra , black and white lipped cobra ) , kwazulu - natal , south africa . [ photo f . grundlingh © , from sarca virtual museum ]

naja melanoleuca ( forest cobra , black and white lipped cobra ) , kwazulu - natal , south africa . [ photo a . coetzer © , from sarca virtual museum ]

naja melanoleuca ( forest cobra ) venom . the amino acid sequence of phospholipase a , fraction de - iii . - pubmed - ncbi

occurs in wild forest and in cultivated areas . ( tropical rainforest animals , 2000 )

the north american coral snake habitat is highly variable , ranging from forest to desert .

wear down and drop out in pieces , making the back pair shift forward and two new molars emerge in the back of the african forest elephant ' s mouth . african forest

another time i found one on penang hill in malaysia while running down a forest trail .

the seven species of asiatic spitting cobras are the mandalay spitting cobra ( n . mandalayensis ) , palawan spitting cobra ( n . miolepis ) , philippine spitting cobra ( n . philippinensis ) , samar cobra ( n . samarensis , also known as the peter’s cobra ) , indochinese spitting cobra ( n . siamensis , also known as the black and white or thai spitting cobra , javan spitting cobra ( n . sputatrix ) , and the equitoral spitting cobra ( n . sumatrana ) .

for digging for roots in the ground and to strip the bark off trees . the african forest

opheodrys vernalis were hatched as part of breeding program in conjunction with lake county forest preserve district .

the forest cobra can be identified the following features ; highly polished body scales , its good climbing ability , a preference for thick vegetation in close proximity to water and its narrow hood . this snake grows to an average length of 2 meters but can grow up to 2 . 7 meters in length ( the forest cobra is the largest cobra in africa ) .

the forest cobra kicks off the list of deadliest snakes . members of this species , which grow to eight feet in length , are native to central africa .

seven species of african spitting cobras exist today . they are ashe’s spitting cobra ( n . ashei ) , the mali cobra ( n . katiensis ) , mozambique spitting cobra ( n . mossambica ) , zebra spitting cobra ( n . nigricincta ) , black - necked spitting cobra ( n . nigricollis ) , nubian spitting cobra ( n . nubiae ) , and the red spitting cobra ( n . pallida ) .

population has fortunately begun to recover . in 1980 , there were an estimated 380 , 000 african forest

the population of forest cobras in uganda are almost always found close to water . the brown colour phase occurs in coastal and high altitude forest , woodland and thicket , and grassland areas ( i . e .

the forest cobra is fast , very active , and an agile climber . it is active both day and night and can be aggressive if not able to retreat .

. the subgenus is united by their restriction to central and west african forest and / or forest - edge type habitat . they are also more aquatic and feed more on aquatic species . the species of the subgenus

largely due its forest - dwelling habits . the symptomology is thought to be very similar to that of the

this species is found from desert to savanna to thick forest . it can be found in urban areas .

gives birth to a single calf ( twins have been known but are extremely rare ) . the african forest

near streams in dense or open forest , bamboo thickets , adjacent agricultural areas , and dense mangrove swamps .

the forest cobra has a length of 79–118 in ( 2–3 m ) . with its large , thick body , it is africa ' s largest cobra . its color is variable by region but usually is dark with crossbars or blotches .

cobra de capelo translated from portuguese means “snake with hood” a term which loosely places a variety of snakes into the cobra bracket .

observation - forest cobra - southern africa . description : this was the second cobra found within an hour on this day ( only captured the tail in a photo so not good enough for an observation ) . also saw 5 other forest cobras in the same area over a period of two days in late september . the snakes appear to be acti

as its common name indicates , the forest cobra lives primarily in forest or woodlands , and it is the only cobra species found in such areas in africa . due to its ecological niche , humans do not often encounter forest cobras , and the species is one of the least frequent causes of snakebites in africa ( it possesses a primarily neurotoxic venom ) . it is primarily a diurnal species , and it exhibits some arboreal tendencies due to its natural habitat .

is the only african cobra that lives in high altitude forest , residing in a wide range of altitudes from sea level to 2800 m . forest cobras are highly adaptable snakes , and its habitat varies depending on which part of its african range it is living in . in southern africa ,

the forest cobra is one of the least frequent causes of snake bite among the african cobras , largely due its forest - dwelling habits and its shy , retiring demeanor . although one of the largest of the african naja cobras , the venom is considered less toxic than the others . if the snake becomes cornered or is agitated , it can quickly attack the aggressor , and if a large amount of venom is injected , a rapidly fatal outcome is possible . the forest cobra does not normally spit or spray its venom . the forest cobra is also felt by many her - petologists to be one of the most intelligent of the african elapids .

black - lipped cobra are also known as forest cobras and are most frequently found among the thick vegetation in lowland forest or coastal savannah thickets . they are noted for their climbing ability , often seen resting on the branches of shrubs or trees , having been spotted 30m up in the branches .

this snake seems to be highly adaptable and will readily move into drier areas if it can . in western kenya , the forest cobra has been found in wide stretched grassland areas .

the bite of the forest cobra with envenomation can be rapidly fatal ( possibly as early as 30 to 120 minutes ) . please read the attached medical management protocol and respond appropriately .

lives in savanna and grassland ( but usually along streams ) and well vegetated areas , especially riverine forest , up to latitude 14 n . the species ' preferred habitat are lowland forest and moist savanna where it favours coastal thickets .

king cobra beer or other king cobra drinks have nothing to do with king cobras , except in name . there is no king cobra venom in the beer or other drinks , it is just a catchy name .

renal symptoms have not yet been reported in forest cobra envenomation , but may complicate the situation , and if severe ( i . e . , acute renal failure ) may necessitate peritoneal dialysis .

forest cobra bites intimidate many due to their venomous natures . when forest cobras encounter human beings , they often react by retreating immediately to clandestine hiding spots . if they are frustrated and feel out of options , however , they will bite . the sturdy snakes ' venom can be extremely dangerous and even life - threatening . if you ever experience a bite from a forest cobra , seek medical assistance immediately . without urgent attention , death is a possibility , so take the matter seriously and do not hesitate to get help .

the king cobra is an example of a snake with " cobra " in its name , but it is not a member of the naja genus . the king cobra ( ophiophagus hannah ) is the only member of its genus .

the forest cobra is africa’s largest cobra species , with an average length of 1 . 4 to 2 . 2 m and a maximum recorded length of 2 . 7 m . males and females grow to similar sizes , there is no sexual dimorphism in the species . forest cobras are thick - bodied , cylindrical snakes with a tapering tail . their head is fairly large with black and white markings on the side which look like black and white bars on the jaws . like all cobra species ,

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive video - king cobra catching and feeding on indian cobra " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive video - king cobra catching and feeding on indian cobra " title = " arkive video - king cobra catching and feeding on indian cobra " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

nephrotoxicity : acute renal failure has not yet been reported in cases of forest cobra bites in humans . oliguria or anuria with possible changes in urinary composition will herald the development of renal shutdown . dialysis is advised .

the king cobra is found in dense , high jungle , often near water .

zoo officials were confident the missing cobra would be found in the building and not outside , since the egyptian cobra is known to be uncomfortable in open areas .

this species generally inhabits forest and woodland , but it can also be found in open savanna and grassland in some parts of its range .

cobras are large snakes ; many species reach more than 6 feet long ( 2 meters ) . according to cape snake conservation , the forest cobra is the largest true cobra , reaching 10 feet ( 3 m ) , and ashe’s spitting cobra is 9 feet ( 2 . 7 m ) , making it the world’s largest spitting cobra . the smallest species is the mozambique spitting cobra , which is about 4 feet long ( 1 . 2 m ) . king cobras , the longest of all venomous snakes , can reach 18 feet ( 5 . 5 m ) .

source / reference article learn how you can use or cite the african forest elephant article in your website content , school work and other projects .

it is not advisable to utilize subcutaneous or intradermal testing for sensitivity to equine products in that such testing may be unreliable , and may unnecessarily delay antivenom therapy which must be used if any signs of forest cobra envenomation are present .

if it doesn’t belong to the genus naja , then it’s not a true cobra .

it should come as no surprise though , that a cobra’s biggest enemy is man .

many of the species can reach lengths of 2 m ( 6 . 0 ft . ) ; the largest of which , the forest cobra ( n . melanoleuca ) , has been recorded at a whopping 3 . 1 m ( 10 ft . ) . at 2 . 7 m ( 8 . 9 ft ) , ashe’s spitting cobra ( n . ashei ) is the largest spitting cobra in the world .

forest cobras are a polygynandrous species , as both the male and the female may pair with multiple mates . male - male combat has been observed in

acts as a secondary and tertiary consumer , and are prey to other tertiary consumers and apex predators . forest cobras help control rodent and amphibian populations .

the forest cobra is a quick and agile terrestrial snake that is also inclined to climb in trees of 10 meters and higher . within some of its geographic range , it swims quite often and has been known to feed on fish , so it can be regarded as semi - aquatic . forest cobras are diurnal in uninhabited areas and nocturnal in urban zones around human activity . when inactive ,

cardiotoxicity : direct toxic effects on the myocardium or conducting system have not yet been reported in forest cobra envenomation . however , effects on the nervous or vascular systems may manifest as cardiac complications . monitoring of cardiac function and rhythm is advised .

king cobra eating a red - tailed racer ( g . oxycephalum ) snake – thailand .

the king cobra mates and the eggs are laid approximately 60 days later . the female king cobra builds a nest , while the male doesn’t play any role in protecting the young .

the king cobra is not considered to be a true cobra species , such as the other cobras in the naja genus ; instead , it belongs to its own genus , ophiophagus .

some authorities believe it is one of the most dangerous african snakes to be kept as many captive forest cobras are described to be particularly aggressive when handled .

a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .

the king cobra habitat includes dense highland forests , open woods and pasturelands near bodies of water .

king cobra skull showing large teeth and thick , rather short fangs for injecting venom during envenomation .

one of the most interesting snakes in the world , the king cobra ( ophiophagus hannah ) .

make sure that at least 10 vials of south african institute for medical research ( s . a . i . m . r ) polyvalent antivenom are present with the patient . this antivenom contains the appropriate fractions necessary to neutralize the components of forest cobra venom .

as a whole . scales protect the body of the snake , aid it in locomotion , allow moisture to be retained within , and alter the surface characteristics such as roughness to aid in camouflage . the dorsal scales of the forest cobra are smooth , glossy and strongly oblique .

is one of the most frequently used in the " snake charming " shows it ' s wide hood and impressive build make the egyptian cobra species a good choice for the charmers . unlike other cobra species , the egyptian cobra doesn ' t display the noticeable dorsal marking or “eyespots” of other famous cobras including the

mating behavior of the african forest cobra includes male ritual combat . two males will literally " dance " with each other to determine who wins the right to mate with the female cobra . death or serious injury rarely occurs from such ritual behavior . once a male has established his dominance , the loser will generally move on with out any further incident . juvenile cobras , however , must beware of large adults . the cobra is cannibalistic and will readily make a meal out of smaller snakes .

the forest cobra ( n . melanoleuca ) is considered the largest true cobra species , and specimens have been documented at up to 10 feet in length . it occurs mainly in western and central africa , where it can be found from senegal in the west to angola , western kenya , uganda and rwanda in the east . it can also be found in some parts of south africa .

the mongoose is the best - known enemy of the cobra . according to urltoken , mongooses have thick fur to protect against cobra fangs and often defeat cobras in fights using their speed and agility . they can bite the cobra’s back before the snake can defend itself . cobras are also threatened from other snakes and humans .

other enemies include birds of prey and other snakes . it’s a snake eat snake world for a cobra .

hematological symptoms may present as a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy , and are treated as are other dics . this has not been reported in forest cobra envenomations . however , spontaneous hemorrhage , prolonged clot lysis with failure of clot retraction secondary to a platelet defect , delayed rise in fibrin degradation products , and complement ( c3 ) depletion have been seen following bites from the spitting cobra ( naja nigricollis ) .

the egyptian cobra was represented in egyptian mythology by the cobra - headed goddess meretseger . a stylised egyptian cobra — in the form of the uraeus representing the goddess wadjet — was the symbol of sovereignty for the pharaohs who incorporated it into their diadem . this iconography was continued through the ptolemaic kingdom ( 305 bc–30 bc ) .

forest cobras ( naja melanoleuca ) are members of family elapidae . they are big cobras . called " black and white cobras " due to their body patterning , forest cobras are often combinations of black and white , with dark upper bodies and pale white or off - white undersides . their shiny top portions , however , are frequently brownish - yellow rather than black .

. adults do show some preference towards frogs . juveniles feed mainly on anuran tadpoles , but will also consume small lizards . forest cobras in west africa have also been observed to prey upon

) which can attain lengths of 2 . 7 metres ( 8 . 9 feet ) to the burrowing cobra (

this cobra has a varied diet , including reptiles and amphibians ( even toads ) , birds , and eggs .

king cobra eating a red - tailed racer ( oxycephalum gonyosoma ) snake – thailand . copyright 2009 vern lovic .

many people are trying to find a king cobra in thailand , india , indonesia , malaysia , and elsewhere .

cobras can be found across most of africa and in many parts of asia . they inhabit a range of habitat types including desert , forest , fynbos , grassland , thicket and cultivated areas .

are pretty straight instead of curved to help them move through the thick jungle with greater ease . this , along with their pinkish tinge , has made the ivory of the african forest elephant ' s

has many potential predators , and they are the most vulnerable when they are juveniles . the most deadly enemy to forest cobras is the mongoose . there are several species of mongoose within the range of

according to the university of michigan , human victims may stop breathing just 30 minutes after being bitten by a cobra .

in hinduism shiva is depicted meditating with a cobra around his neck and vishnu rests on the cosmic cobra ananta while dreaming the universe into being ; in buddhism the image of a five - headed cobra or naga is often seen sheltering the buddha as he attained enlightenment and in tibet , cobras symbolise the rainbow as a connecting link between heaven and earth .

the egyptian cobra can also be found in captivity at zoos both in and outside of the snake’s natural range . the

like most cobra species it has an average life span of 20 years ( one specimen lived for 28 years ) .

when threatened , a forest cobra expands its hood and lifts the front of its body far off of the ground to appear larger . they are able to strike very quickly , with great distance . if the snake feels further threatened after these defensive postures , it will make an effort to bite . for these reasons ,

the indian cobra eats rats and mice that carry disease and eat human food . also , cobra venom is a potential source of medicines , including anti - cancer drugs and pain - killers . ( discovery , 2000 ; burton , 1991 )

excluding the associated subspecies there are currently 28 species of snake belonging to the genus naja . this may came as a surprise to many of you but the king cobra is taxonomically speaking no more of a cobra than is a black mamba .

the red spitting cobra is a medium - sized cobra that may reach a length of up to 4 feet . originally , it was thought to be a subspecies of the mozambique spitting cobra , but is now considered its own species . it is favored by venomous snake keepers due to its coloration , which is typically a salmon to red color with black banding .

at about 8 feet in length , the egyptian cobra ( n . haje ) is the second - largest cobra species on the african continent , after the forest cobra ( discussed next ) . egyptian cobras range across most of northern africa , in the northern saraha , through the savannahs of west africa to the southern sahara , south to the congo basin and east to kenya and tanzania . specimens may also be found in southern areas of the arabian peninsula . the species thrives in savannah and arid semi - desert regions of africa where some water and vegetation is available .

predominantly a forest - dwelling species , the king cobra occurs in rainforest , bamboo thickets and mangrove swamps , as well as other habitats with dense undergrowth and heavy rainfall ( 3 ) ( 7 ) . it is known to occur from sea level to mountainous regions , at elevations of over 2 , 000 metres ( 3 ) .

the king cobra is also harvested for its meat , skin and bile which are used in traditional medicine ( 7 ) .

i hope that you have enjoyed this guide to cobra snake facts . if you have ever seen a cobra or have a favourite from the list below i’d love to hear from you ! if you have a favourite don’t forget to tell us why 🙂

more than 34 stories of venomous snakebite and very near misses from southeast asia’s most deadly snakes – king cobra , malayan pit viper , monocled cobra , banded krait , malayan krait , and more ! digital book with over 100 pages by vern lovic .

meaning that it only eats plants and other vegetation . they predominantly eat leaves and fruit from trees , herbs and low - lying shrubs . however , the front pair of molars in the mouth of the african forest

this cobra is terrestrial but is a good climber . it is generally active at night but sometimes during the day as well .

the king cobra bite is the most powerful bite in kilograms per square inch of bite pressure – of any venomous snake in the world . this was tested by luke yeomans in the united kingdom before he passed away – of king cobra bite and envenomation .

morphologically , the king cobra has a larger head and more narrow hood compared to other cobra species . a key to identifying them is the presence of a pair of large scales , known as occipitals , located at the back of the top of the head . these are behind the usual “nine - plate” arrangement typical of colubrids and elapids , and are unique to the king cobra .

for living environment , forest cobras are found in a multitude of habitat types . they can adjust swiftly to diverse surroundings , and as such inhabit damp savannas , thickets , rainforests , lowland forests , rivers , wetlands , plantations , streams , grasslands and coastal locales . forest cobras can reside at heights of more than 9 , 000 feet . they are rapid , nimble snakes and are swift whether they ' re within trees or on the ground .

but it was nonetheless a major milestone as cobsy is the oldest known black - lipped cobra living at a zoo in the world .

the black - necked spitting cobra generally prefers open savanna but can be found in all types of terrestrial habitat , including urban areas .

there is some disagreement about what exactly a cobra is , and the number of cobra species ranges from 28 to about 270 depending on how a cobra is defined . genetically , “true” cobras are members of the genus naja , but according to viernum , often “the name cobra references several species of snakes , most of which are in the venomous snake family elapidae . elpididae includes other snakes like coral snakes , kraits and mambas . ” many of these snakes either possess hoods or the ability to raise the upper part of their body .

another interesting bit of information is that the king cobra is said to be able to see as far as 100 meters during daylight .

this cobra species has a highly dangerous neurotoxic venom , it is however responsible for very few bites and there is an antivenom available .

despite its armoury , the king cobra’s instinctive response to humans is to flee . but they seem to find other animals less intimidating . one old report from burma described a cobra biting a full - grown elephant on the trunk ; the pachyderm died several hours later .

if you happen to have a fear of snakes , take time to say thanks to the king cobra—it’ll eat those snakes for dinner .

forest cobras are frequently found near water , mainly rivers or streams , particularly in otherwise dry habitats such as savannas and grasslands . the snake can also live around human developments , and is encountered in the trees of fruit plantations .

the highly venomous egyptian cobra is extremely dangerous , their venom contains primarily neurotoxins as well as cytotoxins . in a single bite , these cobra snakes can inject anywhere from 175 to 300 mg , with a subcutaneous ld50 value in mice of 1 . 15 mg / kg .

the king cobra is one of the only snake species to construct a nest , which is made of dead vegetation and soil . bamboo thickets

king cobra juvenile , hatchling snake found in krabi , thailand . this snake is less than one month old , hatched from an egg .

thanks to robert abrams for permission to post this photo of a king cobra which washed over a waterfall while he was swimming . amazing thailand .

the king cobra is the world’s largest venomous snake – and a ruthless snake - hunter . but it is also a devoted parent . . .

regarded as one of the most dangerous species in all of africa , the cape cobra ( n . nivea ) is a golden brown / black to yellow - colored cobra species that primarily inhabits southern africa , particularly the countries of south africa , namibia , lesothos , and part of botswana . it has one of the smallest geographic distributions of all the african cobra species . it is a medium - sized cobra measuring approximately 4 to 5 feet in length . the cape cobra is considered the most dangerous of the africian species because it ventures into human - inhabited areas to escape the heat or seek prey items . this increases the species’ interactions with humans . other than humans , its main predators include the honey badger , meerkat , and the mongoose , all of which are thought to have evolved a resistance or decreased sensitivity to the cape cobra’s predominately neurotoxic and cardiotoxic venom .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - king cobra ( ophiophagus hannah ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - king cobra ( ophiophagus hannah ) " title = " arkive species - king cobra ( ophiophagus hannah ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

the egyptian cobra is one of the largest cobras of the african continent . the head is large and depressed and slightly distinct from the neck . the neck of this species has long cervical ribs capable of expanding to form a hood , like all other cobras . the snout of the egyptian cobra is moderately broad and rounded . the eyes are quite big with round pupils . the body of the egyptian cobra is cylindrical and stout with a long tail . the length of the egyptian cobra is largely dependent on subspecies , geographical locale , and population . the average length of this species is between

adult indian cobras measure about 4 to 7 feet in length and feed primarily on rodents . individuals are often encountered in villages because of the associated abundant prey items , although the cobra’s natural habitat includes open fields , forest edges , agricultural land and wetlands . the indian cobra is the species typically used by snake charmers in india . in hindu mythology , it is considered a powerful god , and it remains greatly respected and feared in hindu culture . rudyard kipling featured a pair of indian cobras in his famous short story rikki - tikki - tavi .

colors vary widely from species to species . there are red , yellow , black , mottled , banded and many other colors and patterns of cobra .

the egyptian cobra has grown in popularity among herpetoculturists in the west and is now frequently bred in captivity and readily available in the exotic pet trade .

while the king cobra’s venom is not as toxic as that of some highly venomous species , the sheer volume produced in a single bite is enough to kill 20 to 30 adult humans or a fully - grown asian elephant ( 3 ) ( 8 ) . nevertheless , as this species is generally non - aggressive and occupies deep forest , bites to humans and the resulting fatalities are rare ( 2 ) .

sources : 1 . african forest elephant classification ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 10 nov 2008 ] 2 . african forest elephant conservation ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 10 nov 2008 ] 3 . african forest elephant habitat ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 10 nov 2008 ] 4 . african forest elephant information ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 10 nov 2008 ] 5 . african forest elephant threats ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 10 nov 2008 ] 6 . david burnie , dorling kindersley ( 2008 ) illustrated encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at : 10 nov 2008 ] 7 . david burnie , kingfisher ( 2011 ) the kingfisher animal encyclopedia [ accessed at : 01 jan 2011 ] 8 . david w . macdonald , oxford university press ( 2010 ) the encyclopedia of mammals [ accessed at : 01 jan 2010 ] 9 . dorling kindersley ( 2006 ) dorling kindersley encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at : 10 nov 2008 ] 10 . richard mackay , university of california press ( 2009 ) the atlas of endangered species [ accessed at : 01 jan 2009 ] 11 . tom jackson , lorenz books ( 2007 ) the world encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at : 10 nov 2008 ]

tryon , bw . ( 15 november 1979 ) . " reproduction in captive forest cobras , naja melanoleuca ( serpentes : elapidae ) " . journal of herpetology ( society for the study of amphibians and reptiles ) 13 ( 4 ) : 499 . jstor 1563487 .

in thai language , it sounds like ngoo how chang ( literally “snake cobra elephant” , or ngoo chong ahng . there are many names for this snake .

forest cobras hail from africa - - specifically the central portion of the continent and then further south . their geographic grounds are made up of nations such as uganda , south africa , angola , mozambique , congo , the central african republic and cameroon , among others .

just then , a deep growl emanated from the bushes . i looked up and towering above me was a king cobra , its golden hood afire in the evening light , its eyes pinned on me . i let go of its tail , but instead of attacking me , the cobra streaked off through the undergrowth .

what makes a king cobra scary is its size – males can reach over five metres long – and its venom . it has huge toxin glands in its ‘cheeks’ and can inject up to 7ml at a time ( though , drop for drop , its venom is less toxic than that of a common cobra ) .

the king cobra is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .

mackay , n . , j . ferguson , g . mcnicol . 1969 . effects of three cobra venoms on blood coagulation , platelet aggregation , and fibrinolysis .

recently tom charlton and i found a 3 - meter king cobra in krabi and got some great shots and video of it . facebook photo of it here .

informed the public that their reptile house was closed after a venomous adolescent female banded egyptian cobra was discovered missing from its off - exhibit enclosure on march 25 .

i raced after the fleeing serpent , and grabbed its tail a second time . the cobra swung around and charged at me open - mouthed . using a stick to keep the snake at bay , i managed to pull my sleeping bag out of my rucksack and prop it open . the cobra saw the dark hole as an escape route and slid inside . this was my very first encounter with a wild king cobra and i can still feel that adrenalin rush 30 years later .

due to the legend that states that cleopatra committed suicide by being bitten by an egyptian cobra . she probably chose this snake for its quick - acting venom .

finding a king cobra comes down to just two things . persistence , and luck . that’s it really . you can try to go out during daytime hours , or limited daytime hours . you can go out early evenings only . you can target patches of bamboo . you can go out during mating season . you can go out in areas where they are known to have been previously . you can rub captive king cobra feces all over your pants and walk around the forest . to my knowledge , it is only people who are persistent and who get lucky , that will find king cobras .

habitat tropical and subtropical rainforest and formerly forested regions , but restricted to more open savanna forest near the coast in southern africa . usually found in the vicinity of water in dryer regions . persists in and around inhabited areas , particularly many central african towns and formerly forested regions .

has a very small distribution only being found in the following areas north east kwazulu - natal , southern mozambique and on the east zimbabwe border . its preferred habitat is lowland forest or costal savanna thickets . it is common to find these snakes both in trees and small shrubs .

but what about the black mamba ( dendroaspis polylepis ) then ? look closely – it also has the ability to spread a small hood . is it a cobra ?

the monocled cobra ( naja kaouthia ) is one of the most readily recognized cobra species because of the unique , o - shaped pattern on its dorsal hood . its range extends from southeast to southern asia , including india , china , vietnam , cambodia , malaysia , bangladesh , thailand ( where they are responsible for the greatest number of human fatalities resulting from snake envonmation ) , nepal , laos and myanmar . monocled cobras can inhabit a wide range of habitats , including grassland , forest , scrubland , and in or around human - inhabited areas . often , they are found in agricultural zones such as rice paddies .

by this definition snakes like the king cobra ( ophiophagus hannah ) , the rinkhals ( hemachatus haemachatus ) and the cape coral snake ( aspidelaps lubricus ) are all cobras .

in thai language , it sounds like ngoo chang ang ( งูจงอาง ) ( literally “snake elephant cobra” , or ngoo chong ahng . there are many names for this snake .

young , b . a . ( 1991 ) morphological basis of “growling” in the king cobra , ophiophagus hannah . the journal of experimental zoology , 260 : 275 - 287 .

and although these iconic snakes are quite familiar to us , there is still very little known about them . many so - called cobra snake facts are nothing more than hearsay .

one of the best short king cobra films i’ve been able to shoot is here with my friend , tom charlton as he catches his first king after a decade of trying .

senegal eastward through ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , central african republic , gabon , congo , and democratic republic of congo to uganda , kenya , western ethiopia , southern somalia , and tanzania , south to angola and zululand , in forest and savanna regions . also on zanzibar island .

, this cobra is highly adaptable and can be found in drier climates within its geographical range . it is a very capable swimmer and is often considered to be semi - aquatic .

black - lipped cobras are the largest true cobra species native to africa . cobsy measures about 2 . 4m in length , close to the maximum recorded length of 2 . 7m .

the table below shows the 28 species of cobra currently recognised worldwide but excludes any subspecies . ten of the 28 are spitting cobras as can been seen in the ‘common name’ column .

the king cobra ( ophiophagus hannah ) is the longest venomous snake species , with adults ranging from about 8 to 18 feet in length . they may live up to 25 years .

the ancient egyptians worshiped the egyptian cobra or asp and it represented the " fiery eye of re " , so it was used as a symbol on the crown of the pharaohs .

the forest cobra can be found in forests and and shrublands throughout most of sub - saharan africa . countries in which it occurs include : sierra leone , liberia , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , kenya , uganda , rwanda , burundi , cote d’ivoire , mali , senegal , guinea , the republic of congo , angola , and the central african republic . it is found in only small portions of south africa , but does occur in southern mozambique and eastern zimbabwe .

snakes have appeared strongly in the lore of many cultures as symbols of strength , creativity , cosmic energy and of creation itself . but no snake features more prominently than the iconic cobra .

broadley , d . g . ( 1995 ) the snouted cobra , naja annulifera , a valid species in southern africa . journal of the herpetological association of africa , 44 , 26–32 .

the egyptian cobra gained notoriety in the u . s . in 2011 , when mia , a resident of the bronx zoo , escaped . she was eventually discovered in the reptile house .

king cobra venom is highly toxic and the snake can deliver a considerable amount in a single bite , upwards of 200 to 500 mg of venom . the venom affects the central nervous system , which causes blurred vision , vertigo , drowsiness , and paralysis . it then causes the collapse of the cardiovascular system and eventually respiratory failure . immediate medical treatment is essential to enhance survival from a king cobra snakebite . it is said that death can come to a person bitten by a king cobra within 30 minutes , depending on the amount of venom delivered during the envenomation .

the king cobra is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) which controls trade through the use of permits and maximum export quotas ( 3 ) .

but there are times when even an alert cobra gets surprised by an unsuspecting person or other large animal . when this happens the first thing you’ll often see is the cobra snake spread a hood ; an impressive display of sign language which , if you read between the lines , clearly states “i’m frightened but don’t test me , i will defend myself if you get too close ! ”

king cobras use their venom to subdue their prey – other snakes . rising up over its intended victim , the king cobra clamps its jaws around the snake’s body and holds it in a suffocating grip until it stops struggling . the cobra’s venom attacks its victim’s nervous system , making its muscles limp . in about 10 minutes , the victim suffocates ; swallowing takes another 10 or 15 minutes .

thais are a bit crazy about cobras – it is the most easily recognized snake , and though i have met few people that can identify other snakes , most know what a cobra looks like .

recently tom charlton wrote the first comprehensive book on the history of king cobras , called “king cobra : natural history and captive management . ” you can contact tom directly at the email address below .

farmers near mangalore witnessed a four - metre - long king cobra subdue and swallow a two - metre - long python , which it went on to digest in a ditch for the following week .

very toxic , but monocled cobras ( naja kaouthia ) and kraits ( genus bungarus ) are more potent on the ld50 scale . the power of the king cobra is in the volume of venom it can inject in one bite – maximum around 7 ml ! kings can ( and have ) supposedly killed elephants with a good bite . more information on venom constituents and treatment for king cobra snakebite here .

the forests of agumbe in karnataka are the wettest and thickest in south india , and excellent snake habitat . i was walking along a forest path when i saw a black snake tail disappear into some bushes . “rat snake ! ” i thought , and dived for it , bruising knees and elbows as my fingers wrapped around its smooth skin .

can be quick to strike in response to sudden movements . the tongue is also used to search for and pick up scent molecules in the air . the molecules are then brought into the mouth and analyzed inside the jacobson’s organ , which is located at the base of the nasal cavity . through this process , forest cobras can detect the scent of nearby prey or pheromones secreted by the opposite sex . while snakes lack an external ear , they are able to detect vibrations ranging from 50 to 1000 hz . when the snake is on the ground , sound waves travel via spinal nerves to the jaw muscle , where it is then transferred to the quadrate bone . the stapes ( or columella ) then transmits the vibrations to the inner ear . when threatened , the forest cobra will perform a defensive display typical of its genus . it will extend its hood and rear up its body .

they don’t . not like spitting cobras spit venom . however , if your face is close to one , and the king cobra strikes , you may feel venom hit your face as it leaks out .

forest cobras tend to weigh between 5 and 8 pounds , they measure 6 to 8 feet . the arboreal meat - eating reptiles have broad , flesh - based diets ; some of their typical prey include fellow fish , rodents , birds , frogs and other reptiles . in captivity , they generally eat rats . these venomous snakes employ neurotoxins to paralyze their targeted meals . when forest cobras live in captive settings like zoos , they can live for as long as 18 years . they lead independent , rather than companionable , lifestyles . they are highly aquatic . in times of breeding , the females of the species produce between 15 and 26 eggs . they are oviparous , and their eggs hatch externally .

the indian cobra feeds on rodents , lizards and frogs . it bites quickly , and then waits while its venom damages the nervous system of the prey , paralyzing and often killing it . like all snakes ,

the king cobra has a large range , extending from india , east to bangladesh , myanmar , cambodia , southern china , laos , thailand , vietnam , malaysia , indonesia and the philippines ( 5 ) .

to learn more about this fascinating genus of snakes , i have put together this article to dispel some myths and set the cobra snake facts straight . i hope you learn something new , i certainly did .

in egypt the cobra goddess wadjet , the celestial serpent , was seen as the giver of food and immortality and at an even deeper level may have represented mother earth ; the symbol , known as uraeus , is a stylised upright version of the egyptian cobra naja haje ( see table at the end of this post ) which was also indicated in the suicidal death of cleopatra and represents royalty , deity and divine authority .

in contrast to the normal hissing sound produced by most snake species in response to threats , the king cobra makes a distinctive growl , which emanates from the throat and deepens as the snake grows ( 6 ) .

the longest of all living venomous snakes , the magnificent king cobra ( ophiophagus hannah ) has been the inspiration for a variety of myths and legends within its native range ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . this species is not a true cobra of the genus naja , and instead belongs to a unique genus ophiophagus , whose scientific name derives from the greek for “snake - eating” , in reference to its dietary habits ( 5 ) .

the most well - known snake enemy is the mongoose – its lightning speed ( watch the video to see this ) allows it to quickly bite the back of a cobra’s neck and head before it can defend itself .

the king cobra ' s average size is 10 - 12 feet , but can reach 18 feet . the full grown king cobra is yellow , green , brown , or black . there are usually yellowish or white cross - bars or chevrons on its body . the belly may be uniform in color or ornamented with bars . the throat is light yellow or cream - colored . the juveniles are jet - black , with yellow or white cross - bars on the body and tail and four similar cross - bars on the head . the king cobra is regarded as a fierce and aggressive snake , and its length and size give it an awesome appearance .


desmoxytes rhinoceros is an aposematic species of dragon millipede in the genus desmoxytes .

it is only known from champasak and sekong provinces in southern laos .

it was first described , along with d. rhinoparva , in 2015 .

both species were discovered in laos , the first dragon millipedes identified there , d. rhinoceros in the south of the country and d. rhinoparva in the north .

the holotype is in the museum of zoology , chulalongkorn university , bangkok , thailand .

the body length is 17 – 24 mm ( 0.67 – 0.94 in ) in males and 20 – 25 mm ( 0.79 – 0.98 in ) in females .

the color is dark red .

desmoxytes rhinoceros

desmoxytes rhinoceros <EOT> meet desmoxytes rhinoceros ( top ) and desmoxytes rhinoparva ( bottom ) – two of the newest additions to the dragon millipede family .

[ invertebrate • 2015 ] desmoxytes rhinoceros & d . rhinoparva • two new sspecies of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamnerlin , 1923 ,

desmoxytes rhinoceros is an aposematic species of dragon millipede in the genus desmoxytes . it is only known from champasak and sekong provinces in southern laos .

species new to science : [ invertebrate • 2015 ] desmoxytes rhinoceros & d . rhinoparva • two new sspecies of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamn… | pinteres…

figure 1 . habitus , live coloration . a , b : desmoxytes rhinoceros sp . n . , male holotype . c , d : desmoxytes rhinoparva sp . n . , male holotype . photographed not to scale .

species new to science : [ invertebrate • 2015 ] desmoxytes rhinoceros & d . rhinoparva • two new sspecies of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamnerlin , 1923 , from laos ( diplopoda : polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae ) , with redescriptions of all four species of attems from vietnam

some of the other specimens of d . rhinoceros were donated to the zoological museum , state university of moscow in russia .

two new species of desmoxytes are described and abundantly illustrated : d . rhinoceros sp . n . and d . rhinoparva sp . n . , from southern and northern laos , respectively . illustrated redescriptions of all four vietnamese desmoxytes species proposed by carl attems are also provided , based on type material .

the new species , d . rhinoceros , is clearly aposematic , whereas the authors of the latest study noted d . rhinoparva as " quite remarkable " in its colouration , having contrasting pale brownish segments in the middle of the body in both sexes .

two new species of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamnerlin , 1923 , from laos ( diplopoda : polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae ) , with redescriptions . . . - pubmed - ncbi

dragon millipedes are members of the desmoxytes genus , which currently contains 33 species ranging from northern china , through indochina and south through myanmar , thailand , vietnam and southern malaysia .

two new species of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamnerlin , 1923 , from laos ( diplopoda : polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae ) , with redescriptions of all four species of attems from vietnam .

enghoff , h . , sutcharit , c . & panha , s . ( 2007 ) the shocking pink dragon millipede , desmoxytes purpurosea , a colourful new species from thailand . zootaxa , 1563 , 31–36 .

it was first described , along with d . rhinoparva , in 2015 . both species were discovered in laos , the first dragon millipedes identified there , d . rhinoceros in the south of the country and d . rhinoparva in the north . the holotype is in the museum of zoology , chulalongkorn university , bangkok , thailand .

golovatch , s . i . & enghoff , h . ( 1994 ) review of the dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . steenstrupia , 20 ( 2 ) , 45–71 .

figure 1 . habitus , live coloration . a , b in two new species of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamnerlin , 1923 , from laos ( diplopoda : polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae ) , with redescriptions of all four species of attems from vietnam | zenodo

liu , w . , golovatch , s . i . & tian , m . ( 2014 ) a review of the dragon millipede genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 in china , with descriptions of four new species ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . zookeys , 448 , 9–26 .

nguyen , a . d . , golovatch , s . i . & anichkin , a . e . ( 2006 ) the dragon millipedes in vietnam ( polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae , genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 ) . arthropoda selecta , 14 ( 3 ) , 251–257 . [ for 2005 ]

golovatch , s . i . , geoffroy , j . j . & mauriès , j . p . ( 2010 ) two new species of the millipede genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) from caves in southern china . arthropoda selecta , 19 ( 2 ) , 57–61 .

( of pteroxytes jeekel , 1980 ) golovatch , s . i . ; enghoff , h . ( 1994 ) . review of the dragon millipede , genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . steenstrupia , 20 ( 2 ) : 1 - 71 . copenhagen page ( s ) : 46 [ details ]

( of hylomus cook & loomis , 1924 ) golovatch , s . i . ; enghoff , h . ( 1994 ) . review of the dragon millipede , genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . steenstrupia , 20 ( 2 ) : 1 - 71 . copenhagen page ( s ) : 46 [ details ]

golovatch , s . i . , li , y . , liu , w . & geoffroy , j . j . ( 2012 ) three new cavernicolous species of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 , from southern china , with notes on a formal congener from the philippines ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . zookeys , 185 , 1–17 . urltoken

sergei i . golovatch , youbang li , weixin liu , and jean - jacques geoffroy . 2012 . three new cavernicolous species of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 , from southern china , with notes on a formal congener from the philippines ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . zookeys . 2012 ; ( 185 ) : 1–17 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 185 . 3082

golovatch , s . ; li , y . ; liu , w . ; geoffroy , j . - j . ( 2012 ) . three new cavernicolous species of dragon millipedes , genus desmoxytes chamberlin , 1923 , from southern china , with notes on a formal congener from the philippines ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . zookeys . 185 : 1 - 17 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 13 ; note : key to species currently known to occur in china . [ details ]

if you go down to the woods today , you’re in for a big surprise . well , if you happen to be in certain parts of laos .

and , according to the authors of the paper published in zootaxa , these are the first species of dragon millipedes to be recorded in laos .

all but one of the species are found in a single or , at most , a very small group of locations .

so named for their peculiar - looking spiky appendages and often brightly coloured bodies , most dragon millipedes look like characters from an extra - terrestrial horror movie going to a rave .

one of the most vividly coloured , d . purpurosea , from northern thailand , has been nicknamed the ' shocking pink dragon millipede ' , or ' mangkorn chomphoo ' in thai .

its bright aposematic colouration is a clear warning to potential predators that these millipedes are seriously poisonous : they have glands that produce hydrogen cyanide for protection .

and because they produce cyanide , it has been said that they give off an almond - like smell .

the holotypes – a single type specimen upon which the description and naming of a new species is based – of laos ' first dragon millipedes are currently housed in the museum of zoology , chulalongkorn university in bangkok , thailand .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .

animal systematics research unit , department of biology , faculty of science , chulalongkorn university , bangkok , 10330 , thailand . ; email : kongerrrr @ hotmail . com .

institute for problems of ecology and evolution , russian academy of sciences , leninsky pr . 33 , moscow 119071 , russia ; email : sgolovatch @ yandex . ru .

animal systematics research unit , department of biology , faculty of science , chulalongkorn university , bangkok , 10330 , thailand . ; email : somsak . pan @ chula . ac . th .

new & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region

, natdanai , sergei i . golovatch & somsak panha . 2015 . two new sspecies of dragon millipedes , genus

, from laos ( diplopoda : polydesmida : paradoxosomatidae ) , with redescriptions of all four species of attems from vietnam .

wuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .

[ botany • 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | ดาดดารารัศมี • a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand

begonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai ดาดดารารัศมี | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .

chamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .

great - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .

endocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .

aristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .

bagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .

the hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .

nipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 ニッポノサウルス | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .

begonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .

[ ichthyology • 2015 ] ghatsa spp . • on the paraphyl . . .

[ ichthyology • 2015 ] four new species of trimma ( p . . .

[ mammalogy • 2014 ] a summary of the taxonomy and d . . .

partial solar elipse to be visible from parts of australia , new zealand and antarctica on firday 13 july 2018 .

the benefits and costs of academic travel . or " there and back again ; again and again "

canon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4

plants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .

i ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .

necps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden

this is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .

the body length is 17–24 mm ( 0 . 67–0 . 94 in ) in males and 20–25 mm ( 0 . 79–0 . 98 in ) in females . the color is dark red .

chamberlin , r . v . ( 1923 ) . two diplopod immigrants taken at honolulu . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 36 : 165 - 168 page ( s ) : 165 [ details ]

( of pratinus attems , 1937 ) attems , c . m . t . graf von ( 1937 ) . myriapoda 3 . polydesmoidea i . fam . strongylosomidae . das tierreich , 68 : 1 - 300 . berlin , leipzig page ( s ) : 113 [ details ]

( of ceylonesmus chamberlin , 1941 ) chamberlin , r . v . ( 1941 ) . new polydesmoid diplopods intercepted at quarantine . proceedings of the entomological society of washington , 43 ( 2 ) : 32 - 35 page ( s ) : 33 [ details ]

( of prionopeltis pocock , 1895 ) pocock , r . i . ( 1895 ) . viaggio di leonardo fea in birmania e regioni vicine . lxvii . the myriopoda of burma , pt . iv . report upon the polydesmoidea collected by sig . l . fea , mr . e . w . oates and others . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova , serie 2 . 14 : 787 - 834 . genova . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 828 [ details ]

( of pteroxytes jeekel , 1980 ) jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1980 ) . the generic allocation of some little - known paradoxosomatidae from south - ast asia ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 87 : 651 - 670 . genève page ( s ) : 655 [ details ]

( of ceylonesmus chamberlin , 1941 ) jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1980 ) . the generic allocation of some little - known paradoxosomatidae from south - ast asia ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 87 : 651 - 670 . genève page ( s ) : 652 ; note : described as a subgenus of euphyodesmus for a new species intercepted in hawai’i on plants imported from sri lanka . [ details ]

( of pratinus attems , 1937 ) jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1980 ) . the generic allocation of some little - known paradoxosomatidae from south - ast asia ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 87 : 651 - 670 . genève page ( s ) : 652 ; note : treated as a valid genus by zhang , 1986 : acta zootaxonomica sinica , 11 ( 3 ) , 253–257 , as a synonym by subsequent authors [ details ]

( of prionopeltis pocock , 1895 ) jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1980 ) . the generic allocation of some little - known paradoxosomatidae from south - ast asia ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 87 : 651 - 670 . genève page ( s ) : 652 ; note : preoccupied by prionopeltis hawle and corda , 1847 , trilobita ; see attems , 1938 : mémoires du muséum national d’histoire naturelle , 6 ( 2 ) : 217 ; replaced by pratinus attems , 1937 [ details ]

( of hylomus cook & loomis , 1924 ) jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1971 ) . nomenclator generum et familiarum diplopodorum : a list of the genus and family - group names in the class diplopoda from the 10th edition of linnaeus , 1758 , to the end of 1957 . monografieen van de nederlandse entomologische vereniging , 5 : 1 - 412 . amsterdam page ( s ) : 224 [ details ]

( of hylomus cook & loomis , 1924 ) hoffman , r . l . ( 1980 ) . classification of the diplopoda . 1 - 237 . genève . page ( s ) : 169 [ details ]

natdanai likhitrakarn animal systematics research unit , department of biology , faculty of science , chulalongkorn university , bangkok , 10330 , thailand .

sergei i . golovatch institute for problems of ecology and evolution , russian academy of sciences , leninsky pr . 33 , moscow 119071 , russia

somsak panha animal systematics research unit , department of biology , faculty of science , chulalongkorn university , bangkok , 10330 , thailand .

attems , c . ( 1938 ) die von dr . c . dawydoff in französisch indochina gesammelten myriopoden . mémoires du muséum national d’histoire naturelle , nouvelle série , 6 , 187–321 .

attems , c . ( 1953 ) myriopoden von indochina . expedition von dr . c . dawydoff ( 1938–1939 ) . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , new series , série a , 5 ( 3 ) , 133–230 .

decker , p . ( 2010 ) contributions to the myriapod fauna of thailand—new records of millipedes and centipedes from thailand ( myriapoda : diplopoda , chilopoda ) . schubartiana , 4 , 23–34 .

enghoff , h . ( 2005 ) the millipedes of thailand ( diplopoda ) . steenstrupia , 29 ( 1 ) , 87–103 .

enghoff , h . , golovatch , s . i . & nguyen , a . d . ( 2004 ) a review of the millipede fauna of vietnam ( diplopoda ) . arthropoda selecta , 13 ( 1–2 ) , 29–43 .

golovatch , s . i . ( 1983 ) millipedes ( diplopoda ) of the fauna of vietnam . in : sokolov , v . e . ( ed . ) , fauna and animal ecology of vietnam . nauka , moscow , pp . 178–186 . [ in russian ]

jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1964 ) two new species of pratinus attems , with taxonomoc notes on the genus and a redescription of its type - species ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . beaufortia , 11 ( 137 ) , 61–73 .

jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1968 ) on the classification and geographical distribution of the family paradoxosomatidae ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . academisch proefschrift , rotterdam , 162 pp .

jeekel , c . a . w . ( 1980 ) the generic allocation of some little - known paradoxosomatidae from south - east asia ( diplopoda , polydesmida ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 87 , 651–670 .

likhitrakarn , n . , golovatch , s . i . & panha , s . ( 2014a ) a checklist of the millipedes of laos ( diplopoda ) . zootaxa , 3754 ( 4 ) , 473–482 . urltoken

likhitrakarn , n . , golovatch , s . i . & panha , s . ( 2014b ) the millipede genus orthomorpha bollman , 1893 in laos ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) , with descriptions of new species . zookeys , 374 , 1–22 .

likhitrakarn , n . , golovatch , s . i . & panha , s . ( 2014c ) review of the southeast asian millipede genus enghoffosoma golovatch , 1993 ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) , with descriptions of new species . zootaxa , 3811 ( 4 ) , 491–514 .

likhitrakarn , n . , golovatch , s . i . & panha , s . ( 2014d ) three new species of the millipede genus tylopus jeekel , 1968 from thailand , with additional notes on species described by attems ( diplopoda , polydesmida , paradoxosomatidae ) . zookeys , 435 , 63–91 . urltoken

nguyen , a . d . & sierwald , p . ( 2013 ) a worldwide catalog of the family paradoxosomatidae daday , 1889 ( diplopoda : polydesmida ) . check list , 9 ( 6 ) , 1132–1353 . available from : urltoken ( accessed 9 december 2014 )


enoplidia simplex is a moth in the oecophoridae family .

it was described by turner in 1896 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland , new south wales and victoria .

the wingspan is about 20 mm .

the forewings are plain dark brown .

the hindwings are plain pale yellow .

the larvae feed on dead phyllodes of eucalyptus and acacia species .

they construct a shelter of two irregular pieces of dead phyllode joined by silk .

pupation takes place in a cocoon , formed inside the shelter .

enoplidia simplex

enoplidia simplex <EOT> enoplidia common , 1994 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 3 : 262 ; ts : heliocausta simplex turner

the cocoon of this species is dark brown and formed inside its shelter and is hung from a suitable stem . it has a length of about 3 . 5 cms .

the adult moth has plain dark brown forewings , and plain pale yellow hindwings . its wingspan is about 2 cms .

csiro publishing , melbourne 1994 , pp . 29 , 258 , 262 - 265 .

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turner , a . j . 1896 , " descriptions of micro - lepidoptera from queensland " , transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 20 , pp . 1 - 34

turner , a . j . 1946 , " revision of australian lepidoptera . oecophoridae . xiii " , proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 70 , pp . 93 - 120

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 38e84771 - c4f8 - 4500 - 90b3 - 8fa1ade97a3f

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dce58fbd - 8c9e - 4ee8 - 88e9 - 22c86e56d12e

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : fb782980 - f5b3 - 4a26 - bfc5 - 0a8b89d625e2

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 325611

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machimia stenomorpha turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 114

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turner , 1946 revision of australian lepidoptera . oecophoridae . xiii proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 93 - 120

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