the crab-eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) , also known as the long-tailed macaque , is a cercopithecine primate native to southeast asia .

it is referred to as the cynomolgus monkey in laboratories .

it has a long history alongside humans ; they have been alternately seen as agricultural pests , sacred animals in some temples , and more recently , the subject of medical experiments .

the crab-eating macaque lives in matrilineal social groups with a female dominance hierarchy , and male members leave the group when they reach puberty .

they are opportunistic omnivores and have been documented using tools to obtain food in thailand and myanmar .

the crab-eating macaque is a known invasive species and a threat to biodiversity in several locations , including hong kong and western new guinea .

the significant overlap in macaque and human living space has resulted in greater habitat loss , synanthropic living , and inter - and intraspecies conflicts over resources .

crab - eating macaque

crab - eating macaque <EOT> the crab - eating macaque . cool mohawk , bro . credit : shawn allen

crab - eating macaque can survive from 15 to 30 years in the wild .

containing between 5 and 60 crab - eating macaque individuals . the crab - eating macaque troops are centred around the female crab - eating macaques are they remain in the same place for their whole lives . there are often half as many males in a crab - eating macaque troop than there are females .

genomic data from the crab - eating macaque / cynomolgus monkey ( macaca fascicularis ) .

is made up from fruits , nuts and seeds . the crab - eating macaque also eats

of around six months , the female crab - eating macaque gives birth to a single infant ( baby ) crab - eating macaque . male crab - eating macaque babies remain with their mothers until they are a couple of years old and are independent enough to find another troop , but the crab - eating macaque babies tend to remain in the troop for their whole lives .

the long - tailed macaque is also called the crab - eating macaque , or the cynomolgus or ' java ' monkey .

information on the crab - eating macaque is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

the crab - eating macaque is a primarily arboreal macaque native to southeast asia . it is also called the cynomolgus monkey and the long - tailed macaque .

< 0 . 05 , grubbs ' test ) . ce , crab - eating macaque ; cr , chinese rhesus macaque ; ir , indian rhesus macaque .

crab - eating macaque has 16 to 26 inches long tail that provides balance when it moves in the treetops . crab - eating macaque is also able to jump horizontal distance of up to 16 . 4 feet .

the cynomolgus monkey is the name used in research for macaca fascicularis , sometimes also called the crab - eating macaque or long tailed macaque .

loss in the form of pollution and deforestation is causing severe declines in the crab - eating macaque population numbers .

infant crab - eating macaques are born black , and change colour as they mature .

male crab - eating monkeys have moustaches and cheek whiskers , while females have only whiskers .

one group of crab - eating macaques occupies territory of 125 hectares . grooming strengthens social bonds in the group . crab - eating macaques are very aggressive toward other groups or intruders .

genetic differentiation of the indonesian crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis / it ) : i . preliminary report on blood protein polymorphism

in the fact that the crab - eating macaque has a long tail which is about the same length as it ' s body .

crab - eating macaque is covered with black fur on birth . it drinks mother ' s milk until the age of 420 days .

crab - eating macaques are also called long - tailed macaques , due to their exceedingly long tails .

the crab - eating macaque is an arboreal primate meaning that it spends most of its life in the safety of the trees . the crab - eating macaque has a long tail which helps it to balance and sharp nails and its fingers to toes which help with grip .

genetic differentiation of the indonesian crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis / it ) : i . preliminary report on blood protein polymorphism | springerlink

the crab - eating macaque monkey also easily adjusts to human settlements and are considered sacred at some hindu temples and on some small islands .

gigadb dataset - doi 10 . 5524 / 100003 - genomic data from the crab - eating macaque / cynomolgus monkey ( macaca fascicularis ) .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive photo - crab - eating macaque troop " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive photo - crab - eating macaque troop " title = " arkive photo - crab - eating macaque troop " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

the crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) is a primarily arboreal macaque native to southeast asia . it is also called the cynomolgus monkey and the long - tailed macaque . the crab - eating macaque is found in a wide variety of habitats , including primary lowland rainforests , disturbed and secondary rainforests and riverside and coastal forests of nipa palm and mangrove .

crab - eating macaque can reach 15 to 22 inches in length and 3 to 20 pounds of weight . males are much larger than females .

crab - eating macaque , also known as cynomolgus monkey , belongs to the group of old world monkeys . there are 10 subspecies of crab - eating macaque that are native to southeast asia . they inhabit subtropical and tropical forests , coastal lowland forests , deciduous and evergreen forests , mangroves and swamps . the greatest threat for the survival of crab - eating macaques in the wild is habitat loss . also , crab - eating macaques are often collected from the wild for the purpose of medical researches and due to pet trade . despite these factors , population of crab - eating macaques is large and stable in the wild .

source / reference article learn how you can use or cite the crab - eating macaque article in your website content , school work and other projects .

this is a video of the crab - eating macque taken from the bbc ' s planet earth documentary series .

threat ( s ) : some believe that the crab - eating macaque is responsible for the extinction of forest birds in and the destruction of agriculture , raiding crops ( sugar cane ) and eating food such as rice and taro plants . crab - eating macaques threaten critical bird breeding areas . the crab - eating macaque has made it to the invasive species specialist group of the world conservation union ' s list of " 100 of the world ' s worst invasive alien species . "

unknown but it has the third largest range of any primate species and the total population of the crab - eating macaque is currently not under significant threat .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) " title = " arkive species - crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

sussman , r . w . and tattersall , i . 1980 . a preliminary study of the crab - eating macaque macaca fascicularis in mauritius , the maurutius institute bulletin 9 ( 1 ) : 31 - 51 . summary : general ecology of crab - eating macaques on mauritius .

the crab - eating macaque is found in a wide variety of habitats , including primary lowland rainforests , disturbed and secondary rainforests and riverside and coastal forests of nipa palm and mangrove . the crab - eating macaque monkey also easily adjusts to human settlements and are considered sacred at some hindu temples and on some small islands .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive photo - juvenile crab - eating macaque sitting in a tree " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive photo - juvenile crab - eating macaque sitting in a tree " title = " arkive photo - juvenile crab - eating macaque sitting in a tree " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

zoos keep crab - eating macaques primarily for educational purposes , because of their interesting social life and because they may be used as an exampke of an introduced invasive species . crab - eating macaques may also serve as ambassadors for the conservation of mangrove forests .

like other primates , crab - eating macaques can be quite clever . in thailand and myanmar scientists have documented macaques using tools to help with food preparation . the crab - eating macaque uses stones to open nuts , snails , crabs and other hard to get food items . they also have been observed washing fruits such as papaya and sweet potato before eating them .

crab - eating macaque lives in large groups called troops . each group consists of around 20 females and one or few males . dominant female is the leader of the troop .

we first used the degree of asymmetry in the divergence between ce macaque / cr macaque and ce macaque / ir macaque to estimate the proportion of the ce macaque genome that is of cr macaque origin . in particular , the proportion of the genome that is introgressed (

crab - eating macaques communicate via sounds , visual cues ( body postures ) and olfactory signals ( chemical substances produced in the body ) .

) a potential introgression region ( shaded blue ) , which contains fewer variations between ce macaque and cr macaque than between the two rhesus macaques ( ir macaque and cr macaque ) . (

also called crab - eating or long - tailed macaque . there are ten sub - species . conservation status : iucn red list ‘ least concern ‘ physical characteristics | habitat | ecology and behaviour

admiralty park probably holds the last population of crab - eating macaques on mainland singapore that inhabits a back mangrove , which partially lines sungei cina .

crab - eating macaques use tools such as rocks to break shell of crabs , nuts and oysters and teeth to peel skin of sweet potato .

other names : m . cynomolgus or m . irus ; crab - eating macaque , cynomolgus monkey , kera macaque , or longtail macaque ; macaque crabier or macaque de buffon ( french ) ; macaca cangrejera ( spanish ) ; javaapa or krabbmakak ( swedish ) ; m . f . atriceps : dark - crowned long - tailed macaque ; m . f . aurea : burmese long - tailed macaque ; m . f . condorensis : con song long - tailed macaque ; m . f . fusca : simeulue long - tailed macaque ; m . f . karimondjawae : kemujan long - tailed macaque ; m . f . lasiae : lasia long - tailed macaque ; m . f . philippinensis : philippine long - tailed macaque ; m . f . tua : maratua long - tailed macaque ; m . f . umbrosa : nicobar long - tailed macaque

did you know ? that the crab - eating macaque is rated by the iucn / ssc invasive species specialist group as being among the 100 world ' s worst invasive alien species ? crab - eating macaques are highly adaptable because they are generalist feeders . if expanding outside their origonal range , the may be responsible for the extinction of forest bird species .

with a name like crab - eating macaque you might think that these primates enjoy a diet of mostly seafood . however , crab - eating macaques are actually frugivorous , meaning their diet consists mainly of tropical fruit . they also eat a large portion of seeds . together , fruits and seeds make up between 60 % to 90 % of their diet .

crab - eating macaque is covered with grayish brown or reddish brown fur on dorsal side of the body and pale grey fur on ventral side of the body . tail is dark grey or brown in color .

, the crab - eating macaque , it sports a cute little punk - rock mohawk . appropriately enough , this species is alternatively known as the egret monkey , which brings us full circle on our linguistic journey .

sussman , r . w . and tattersall , i . 1980 . a preliminary study of the crab - eating macaque macaca fascicularis in mauritius , the maurutius institute bulletin 9 ( 1 ) : 31 - 51 .

natural predators of crab - eating macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) include large carnivores ( panthers and sun - bears in java ) , snakes and possibly large raptors .

with broad diets , crab - eating macaques mainly eat fruit , but also feed on items such as insects , bird eggs and as their name suggest , crabs .

there are two subspecies of the japanese macaque monkey , macaca fuscata fuscata and yakushima macaque , macaca fuscata yakui .

crab - eating macaque is an omnivore ( it eats plants and meat ) . its diet is based on fruit , leaves , nuts , seed , crabs , oysters , small birds and their eggs , lizards and frogs .

is a crab - eating macaque or long - tailed macaque ( 38 - 55 centimeters long with a tail , 40 - 65 centimeters in length , weighing 4 - 8 kilograms ) . the males and females are both born with black fur , which turns a grey to dark brown or yellowish - brown with lighter underparts and crown hairs which form a small crest . crab - eating macaques are a quadrapedal and diurnal ( active during the day ) species , highly adapted for swimming and climbing trees with tails used for balance when leaping between trees . crab - eating macaques have an average group size of 30 individuals .

a tourist took the footage of a lifetime when she stumbled across a wild long - tailed macaque ( also called a crab - eating macaque ) monkey nuzzling and grooming a small kitten at the monkey forest park in the ubud region of bali , indonesia . the bond isn ' t so surprising though , considering that crab - eating macaques are highly social animals and babies learn from interacting with both their mother and other females in their large groups of up to 60 individuals .

crab - eating and long tailed macaque make sense , as the monkeys are often seen eating crabs and they have rather long tails . the name cynomolgus , however , is rather strange so i was curious as to where it came from and why it is used . i checked wikipedia and the following section provided some information :

classification : macaca fascicularis is in the family cercopithecidae and subfamily cercopithecinae . there are 16 species of macaques . based on mating style and reproductive systems , there are 4 subgroups . the crab - eating or long - tailed macaque group , also includes the rhesus macaque , the japanese macaque ( snow monkey ) , and the formosan rock macaque . the other three groups are the silenus - sylavanus , sinica , and artoides .

macaca fascicularis aureus i . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1831 – myanmar long - tailed macaque , burmese long - tailed macaque

) . we then constructed 19 and 18 multiple paired - end genomic dna libraries with gradually increasing insert sizes for the cr macaque and ce macaque , respectively . the total size of the assembled cr macaque and ce macaque genomes was , respectively ,

in this lesson you ' ll be learning about the ubiquitous crab - eating macaque . we ' ll be learning about where it lives in southeast asia , its fruit based diet , and unique behaviors including social dominance , tool use and reproductive strategies .

m . fascicularis , the crab - eating macaque , is native to south - east asia and has been introduced into mauritius , palau ( angaur island ) , hong kong and parts of indonesia ( tinjil island and papua ) . they are conside . . .

the crab - eating macaque is a very social animal that lives in groups anywhere from 5 - 60 individuals . these groups are multi - male groups , normally containing 2 - 5 males and 2 - 3 times as many females . their groups are female orientated .

the celebes crested macaque ( macaca nigra ) is also known as the crested black macaque , sulawesi crested macaque , or the black ‘ape’ . the celebes crested macaque lives in the northeast of the indonesian island of sulawesi ( celebes ) as well as on smaller neighbouring islands .

the crab - eating macaque is a very social animal that lives in groups anywhere from 5 – 60 individuals . these groups are multi - male groups , normally containing 2 – 5 males and 2 – 3 times as many females . their groups are female orientated . they will remain in a a group up to 4 or 5 years and will emigrate several times throughout their life . crab - eating macaques have a strict dominance hierarchy . adult males rank higher than females .

is also commonly known as the cynomolgus monkey or cynomolgous macaque . native to malaysia , indonesia and the philippines , crab - eating macaques are closely related to rhesus macaques but have a smaller body size and higher susceptibility to stress as well as other physiological and immunological differences .

crab - eating macaques like to live in large , social groups called troops . some troops may have up to 58 members . one benefit is protection against predators . large predators are much less likely to take on a large , howling group of macaques than a single macaque .

they will remain in a a group up to 4 or 5 years and will emigrate several times throughout their life . crab - eating macaques have a strict dominance hierarchy . adult males rank higher than females .

. the two sequenced genomes allowed us to quantify the influence of this introgression at the whole - genome level . specifically , we explored whether a dna signal consistent with interspecies hybridization was apparent within the cr macaque and ce macaque genomes . we calculated the divergence ratio between the ce macaque and cr macaque and compared it with the divergence ratio between the cr macaque and ir macaque for 50 - kb windows across the aligned genomes (

benefit ( s ) : the crab - eating macaques were extensively used as the laboratory animal for the research and development of the polio vaccine . in addition , they help in the distribution of introduced plant species .

, and the population indices are ce macaque : 1 , cr : 2 , ir macaque : 3 . using this equation , we found that

control level diagnosis : the control level does not seem to be a high priority in all the areas it inhabits . the level of control varies from virtually no protection to being well - protected depending on the region . there seems to be some regulation through export regulations but none that are extensive . the crab - eating macaque inhabits two sanctuaries , nine national parks , and nine reserves . they receive some protection in temple ruins where they are hand fed on a regular basis . the crab - eating macaque is legally protected in the parks and urban forests of malaysia . they are threatened in some of the reserves due to oil drilling and harvesting plans . they are considered sacred by some in bali . this may increase the chances of their survival in these reserves . crab - eating macaques are hunted for food in thailand and borneo and because they are agricultural pests , which remains a growing problem . as a result , this has impeded the government from following through with conservation efforts . crab - eating macaques were exported to the united states and great britain for biomedical research . in the wild , there are currently approximately 2 . 5 million crab - eating macaques , but they are threatened by extensive logging causing habitat loss .

the rhesus macaque ( macaca mulatta ) is one of the commonest monkeys in india , often living close to urban areas . in indonesia the crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) has become a competent swimmer and dives in the mangrove swamps for crabs and other crustaceans . in malaysia , the pig - tailed macaque ( macaca nemestrina ) has been trained to harvest coconuts . the japanese macaque ( macaca fuscata ) is the most northerly living monkeys and has a shaggy coat to protect it from the cold winters .

…of two clones of the crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) , the first primate clones using the scnt process . ( scnt has been carried out with very limited success in humans , in part because of problems with human egg cells resulting from the mother’s age and environmental factors . )

. they use their incisors and canine teeth to peel sweet potatoes before eating to avoid the bitter skins .

the booted macaque is an omnivore and feeds on figs , buds , invertebrates and cereals . there are two subspecies of the booted macaque that are recognized : macaca ochreata ochreata and muna - buton macaque , macaca ochreata brunnescens .

the long - tailed macaques or crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) is the only macaque native to singapore . they are also the most common species of non - human primate in singapore and are characterised by their long tails . adults have white fur on their eye lid , whiskers on their cheeks and are brown and grey in colour . babies are born with black coat .

the nonhuman primates most commonly used in medical research are from the genus macaca 1 . to better understand the genetic differences between these animal models , we present high - quality draft genome sequences from two macaque species , the cynomolgus / crab - eating macaque and the chinese rhesus macaque . comparison with the previously sequenced indian rhesus macaque reveals that all three macaques maintain abundant genetic heterogeneity , including millions of single - nucleotide substitutions and many insertions , deletions and gross chromosomal rearrangements . by assessing genetic regions with reduced variability , we identify genes in each macaque species that may have experienced positive selection . genetic divergence patterns suggest that the cynomolgus macaque genome has been shaped by introgression after hybridization with the chinese rhesus macaque . macaque genes display a high degree of sequence similarity with human disease gene orthologs and drug targets . however , we identify several putatively dysfunctional genetic differences between the three macaque species , which may explain functional differences between them previously observed in clinical studies .

the rhesus macaque monkey had been on the loose in the tampa - st .

a total frequency of macaque - to - human interactions at each study site .

) . this supports the occurrence of strong gene flow from the cr to the ce macaque genome . by screening the degree of asymmetry in the divergence between the ce and cr macaque and between the ce and ir macaque , we estimated that

troops of the toque macaque are a common sight in the cultural triangle , where many ancient temples are situated , hence earning them the nick name of ‘temple monkey’ . the other two subspecies of toque macaque that have been described are dryzone toque macaque ( macaca sinica sinica ) and wetzone toque macaque ( macaca sinica aurifrons ) .

crab - eating macaques are promiscuous ( they mate with more than one partner ) . pregnancy in females lasts 162 to 193 days and ends with one baby . dominant female produces offspring each year . other females usually breed once every two years .

the tibetan macaque ( macaca thibetana ) , also known as milne - edwards’ macaque , is found in china , tibet and vietnam . the tibetan macaque lives in subtropical forests either mixed deciduous or evergreen at altitude that range from 800 to 2000 metres .

, 1973 . polymorphism of red cell nadp - dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase in macaque monkeys .

, 1969 . geographic variations of transferrin allelic frequencies in continental and insular macaque populations .

sussman , r . w . and tattersall , i . 1981 . behavior and ecology of macaca fascicularis in mauritius : a preliminary study , primates 22 ( 2 ) : 192 - 205 . summary : general ecology of crab - eating macaques on mauritius .

ecological role : crab - eating macaques are the most extensively used laboratory animal next to the rhesus monkey . they are able to easily adapt to mangrove forests , distributed throughout a variety of island habitats , feeding on native fruits and subsequently competing with native birds .

the native range of the crab - eating macaque includes most of mainland southeast asia , including the malay archipelago islands of sumatra , java and borneo , the islands of the philippines and the nicobar islands in the bay of bengal . although this monkey is often referred to as the crab - eating macaque , its diet is by no means limited to crabs . other food items are in fact far more common . they are an opportunistic feeding omnivore , meaning they can and will eat a wide variety of animals , plants and other materials , it also eats leaves , flowers , roots and bark . it also preys on bird chicks and nesting female birds , lizards , frogs , fishes and bird eggs .

and bird ' s eggs particularly during the colder winter months when their are slim pickings on the branches . japanese macaque babies feed on their mother ' s milk until they are able to begin eating more solid foods .

the behavioral repertoire of the stumptail macaque . a descriptive and comparative study . bibliotheca primatologica 11

we aren ' t monkeying around when we say that this macaque apes albert einstein perfectly .

macaca fascicularis philippinensis i . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1843 – philippine long - tailed macaque

, meaning “of mixed breed . ” the species name of the long - tailed macaque is

long - tailed macaque on nick baker ' s ecologyasia website : fact sheet with photos .

, the japanese macaque is often loved and protected by the native people . however , growing

long tailed macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) | s . a . f . e . project

long - tailed macaques are mainly frugivorous but may seasonally focus on other food sources including insects , stems , young and mature leaves , flowers , seeds , grass , mushrooms , invertebrates , bird eggs , clay and bark . crab - eating macaques are excellent swimmers . where they forage in mangroves , they catch crabs , frogs , shrimps and other invertebrates . like other macaques they have cheek pouches in which they can store food as they forage , and transport it away from the foraging site to eat crab - eating macaques live in big groups , which can contain more than 100 individuals . the groups are divided in sub - groups . it is very uncommon to see a macaque living alone . after a pregnancy of 7 to 8 months the females will give birth to a single infant . new - born crab - eating macaques are sparsely haired and dark and weigh about 150 - 470 grams .

: the home range of crab - eating macaques varies greatly depending on the location and whether they are in their native range or an introduced range . in their native range the home range size may vary from between 50 hectares and 100 hectares , although the national primate conservation

females reach sexual maturity at the age of 4 years , males at the age of 6 years . males leave native group to join other , unrelated group of crab - eating monkeys . young males often fight to establish dominance and ensure higher rank in the new group .

but , part of the reason crab - eating macaques are so successful is that they are versatile consumers . they will also eat flowers , honey , bird eggs , fungi , leaves , bark and even clay . macaques sometimes consume clay for the minerals in it , like potassium .

local ganglion cell contr ibutions to the macaque electroretinogram revealed by experimental nerve fiber layer bundle defect .

, 1973 . genetic variation in the carbonic anhydrase isozymes of macaque monkeys . ii . inheritance of red cell carbonic anhydrase levels in different carbonic anhydrase i genotypes of the pig - tailed macaque ,

, 1971 . genetic variation and evolution in the red cell carbonic anhydrase isozymes of macaque monkeys .

found in a wide range of habitats : primary and secondary forests , mangrove forests , swamps and riverine forests , plantations and the outskirts of towns and villages , often near bodies of water . the crab - eating macaque was introduced to several locations ( hong kong , western new guinea , angaur island in palau , and mauritius ) where they are a threat to many native species .

jiang z ; meng z ; zeng y ; wu z ; zhou z , 2008 . cites non - detrimental finding case study for the exporting of crab - eating macaques . ( macaca fascicularis ) from china . df workshop case studies wg 5 - mammals case study 5 macaca fascicularis .

the life span of the tibetan macaque is over 20 years . there are four recognized subspecies of this macaque , macaca thibetana thibetana , macaca thibetana esau , macaca thibetana guiahouensis and macaca thibetana huangshanensis .

the number and characteristics of chromosomes of the crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) were studied . karyo - types obtained from cultured leukocytes were similar to those of other species of the genus macaca ( 2n = 42 ) . the diploid chromosome number was 42 : 15 pairs of submetacentric autosomes and 5 metacentric . the x - chromosome was metacentric and the y - chromosome was probably acrocentric .

much like raccoons , the crab - eating macaque is keen to take advantage of human activities . macaques make themselves pests to farmers , stealing crops like rice , fruit , sugarcane and taro . they even will steal food from the garbage in cities and villages . unfortunately , these primates can be dangerous . macaques have long canine teeth that can be used to display threatening behavior and even attack enemies .

1997 . female dominance relationships and food competition in the sympatric thomas langur and long - tailed macaque .

referred to as the cynomolgus monkey . in its natural environment , the long - tailed macaque is found

b mean frequency of macaque - to - human interactions for each behavior investigated across all observation sites .

in addition to what nishrat has written , crab - eating macaque has a long tail which is the size of its body . their tails also provide balance to their body . they vary in color from light brown to grayish brown fur that covers their legs and arms . they are very sociable and live in groups of about 5 to 60 individuals . they have sharp nails and fingers and toes to help them grip on to things . they also have human life hands . they do not only eat crabs but half of their diet is made up of fruits , nuts and seeds . since they look similar to humans they are our competitors because they eat the same types of foods as we do . crab - eating macaque . ( n . d . ) . retrieved may 17 , 2015 , from urltoken

m . thibetana , the milne - edwards ' s macaque , is from central china . it is the largest macaque , very short - tailed , dark brown with a bushy pale beard and cheek whiskers .

some macaques are nearly tailless , such as the stump - tailed macaque ( m . arctaides ) , some are tailless , such as the barbary ape ( m . sylvanus ) and some have long tails , such as rhesus monkey ( m . mulataa ) . the crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) , also known as the cynomolgus monkey and long - tailed macaque , has a very long tail , which is longer than the body , with the body length of the adult monkey about 38 to 55 centimeters ( 15 to 22 inches ) and the tail typically 40 to 65 centimeters ( 16 to 26 inches ) .

bertram , b . and ginsberg , j . 1994 . monkeys in mauritius : potential for humane control ( confidential report by the zoological society of london commissioned by the rspca ) : 25 . summary : confidential report summarising the problems posed by crab - eating macaques on mauritius and the feasibility of humane population control .

1996 . sexual behaviour and mating system of the wild pig - tailed macaque in west sumatra . in :

the booted macaque ( macaca ochreata ) is a macaque of the sulawesi island , indonesia . the booted macaque monkey is diurnal ( active during the daytime ) and spends most of the day in the trees . they can grow to a length of 50 – 59 centimetres long plus a tail of 35 – 40 centimetres .

) single nucleotide divergence between macaque species in 100 - kb windows across the genome . heterozygous variants were ignored in this calculation . the divergence of x chromosomes between the two rhesus macaque subspecies was a significant outlier (

bats are important pollinators in our ecosystem . contrary to popular belief , bats in singapore do not harm people and have a diet consisting mainly of fruits or insects . fruit - eating bats pollinate the beautiful flowers you see around your neighbourhood while insect - eating bats control insect populations ( including mosquito populations ) !

classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) . subspecies : dark - crowned long - tailed macaque , macaca fascicularis atriceps , the burmese long - tailed macaque , m . f . aureus , the simeulue long - tailed macaque , m . f . fuscus , the kemujan long - tailed macaque , m . f . karimondjawae , the lasia long - tailed macaque , m . f . lasiae , and the maratua long - tailed macaque , m . f . tua , are classified as data deficient ( dd ) , the con song long - tailed macaque , m . f . condorensis , and the nicobar long - tailed macaque , m . f . umbrosa , are classified as vulnerable ( vu ) , the long - tailed macaque , m . f . fascicularis is classified as least concern ( lc ) and the philippine long - tailed macaque , m . f . philippensis , is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

uses in their natural range , crab - eating macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) are occasionally used as a food source for some indigenous forest dwelling peoples . in mauritius , they are sold to the pharmaceutical industry with a value of approximately us $ 1500 per individual , and in angaur , palau they are sold as pets .

to characterize the polymorphisms of several important variants between the ce and cr macaques , we carried out a population survey in 33 unrelated ce macaque individuals of vietnamese origin and 28 cr macaque individuals using pcr amplification and sequencing .

the moor macaque ( macaca maura ) is an macaque with brown / black body fur with a pale rump patch and pink bare skin on the rump . it is about 50 – 58 . 5 centimetres in length . the moor macaque monkey eats figs , bamboo seeds , buds , sprouts , invertebrates and cereals in tropical rainforests .

30 % of the ce macaque genome is of cr macaque origin . we next sought to identify putative introgression regions ( pirs ) in the macaque . we noted that if a given chromosomal region had originated as a consequence of hybridization between ce macaques and cr macaques , the sequence diversity between ce macaques and cr macaques ( denoted as

happel r ( 1988 ) seed - eating by west african cercopithecines , with reference to the possible evolution of bilophodont molars . am j phys anthropol 75 : 303–327

general impacts crab - eating macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) may negatively impact biodiversity by eating the eggs and chicks of endangered forest birds . they compete with native birds for resources such as native fruits . they may aggravate the negative effects of exotic plant species by consuming their fruits and aiding dispersal of their seeds . macaques feed on sugar cane and other crops , affecting agriculture and livelihoods , and can be aggressive towards humans . macaques may carry potentially fatal human diseases , including b - virus .

— ( ma ka k ) s . m . et f . 1° genre de singes à tête plate et à queue courte . un macaque . une macaque . 2° ver macaque , ver maringouin , flugacuru , ou berne , larves , dans l amérique méridionale , qui sont redoutées à l égal des moustiques ; dites , … …

———— , 1973 . blood protein variations in asian macaques . iii . characteristics of the macaque blood protein polymorphism .

the rhesus macaque ( macaca mulatta ) , often called the rhesus monkey , is one of the best known species of old world monkeys . it is a typical macaque , common throughout afghanistan to northern india and southern china .

we sequenced the genomes of a female cr macaque and a female ce macaque using a whole - genome shotgun strategy on a next - generation sequencing platform . briefly mitochondrial genome sequence analysis verified the predicted origin of both individuals (

under this definition , a negative indicates that cr macaque is closer to ce macaque than to ir macaque . to filter out the regions where the cr macaque sequence was closer to ce macaque by chance alone , we generated simulation data assuming a neutral model using parameters estimated by demographic analysis . the demographic model used for simulation assumed no migration between ce macaque and cr macaque . the program ms 26 was used to generate segregating sites for the three macaques . then , we calculated r diff for each window in the simulated data . the 1 % quartile of r diff in the simulated data was used as a cut - off ( denoted as r cutoff ) , that is p ( r diff < = r cutoff ) = 0 . 01 , for all windows in simulated data .

mhc class i a region diversity and polymorphism in macaque species . otting n , et al . immunogenetics 2007 may

macaques are similar in genetic makeup to humans and have similar immunological , neurological , and reproductive systems ( shidler 2007 ) . combined with the fact that some , such as the rhesus monkey and the crab - eating monkey , adapt well to captivity and are not endangered in the wild , they are popular animals for use in medical and scientific research ( shidler 2007 ) . the rhesus monkey ( macaca mulatta ) , for example , is used in research projects involving understanding genetic and reproductive disorders , exploring age - related health conditions , and developing an aids vaccine ( shidler 2007 ) . the cynomolgus monkey or crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) is best known for its use as the first test animal in clinical studies for development of the polio vaccine ( shidler 2007 ) .

the females have a rigid hierarchy with infants inheriting their mother’s rank . female gestation period is 173 days , females bear only one young , which weighs about 500 grams at birth . the japanese macaque has an average life span of 30 years . the japanese macaque is very smart . it is the only animal other than humans and raccoons that is known to wash its food before eating it .

the moor macaque is sometimes called dog - ape because of its dog - like muzzles , although they are no more closely related to apes than any other old world monkey . the moor macaque inhabits only sulawesi ( indonesia ) .

so , what ' s the problem with having an extra guest at the table ? crab - eating macaques have a highly varied diet . they compete with native species for all types of food , and can decimate local bird populations by dining on eggs . without natural predators , their population booms out of control and can outcompete native species .

this animal has several common names . it is often referred to as the long - tailed macaque due , unsurprisingly , to its unusually long tail that is often longer than the body . the species is also commonly known as the crab - eating macaque because it is often seen foraging beaches for crabs . another common name for m . fascicularis is the cynomolgus monkey , which literally means " dog - milker " monkey ; this is the name most commonly used in laboratory settings . in indonesia , m . fascicularis and other macaque species are known generically as kera , possibly because of the high - pitched alarm calls they give when in danger ( " krra ! krra ! " ) .

) . in addition , > 93 % of 50 - kb genomic windows displayed a lower divergence rate between the ce and cr macaques in comparison with the ce and ir macaques . therefore , unsorted ancestral polymorphisms could not entirely explain the high proportion of inconsistent regions observed between the ce macaque and cr macaque . furthermore , by combining previous single nucleotide polymorphism ( snp ) data from ir and cr macaque populations with data from our own sequenced cr and ce macaque individuals

crab - eating , or long - tailed , macaques ( m . fascicularis ) of southeast asia have whiskered brown faces ; they live in forests along rivers , where they eat fruit and fish for crabs and other crustaceans . rhesus monkeys ( m . mulatta ) are native to northern india , myanmar ( burma ) , southeast asia , and eastern…

the cynomolgus , or crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) is native to southeast asia . they are widely distributed in malaysia , indonesia and the philippines . they inhabit tropical forests , but are quite tolerant of captive housing and diets . there are several major breeding colonies in the u . s . , but large numbers of these animals can be imported from indonesia and other sources , making them readily available to laboratories at much lower cost than rhesus monkeys .

that one always loses the best specimens , is proverbial : this monkey was the biggest macaque i had ever seen .

fuentes a . patterns and context of human–macaque interactions in gibraltar . in : hodges jk , cortes kj , editors .

the long - tailed macaque – an ecologically important animal with a society that is similar to ours in many ways .

nparks has carried out research collaborations with local and international researchers since 2003 , which help to manage our macaque population .

macaca fascicularis ( primates : cercopithecidae ) long - tailed macaque by tan qiao hao joys , 2014 , on taxo4254 .

native to southeast asia , the crab - eating macaque is an adaptable species that has spread to many parts of the world . these primates are far from endangered , and have actually been classified as an invasive species due to their disruption in non - native ecosystems . although they are native to southeast asia , they are now found in parts of mainland asia , mauritius island in the indian ocean , and some islands in indonesia due to human introduction of the species .

howe hf ( 1986 ) seed dispersal by fruit - eating birds and mammals . in : murray dr ( ed ) seed dispersal . academic press , sydney , pp 123–189

( a ) schematic of protein encoded by trim5 in macaque . annotated functional domains are marked with the names of domains in the colored boxes . the positions of nonsynonymous polymorphisms and the two - amino - acid deletion ( in red ) are marked . ( b ) the frequencies of all the nonsynonymous polymorphisms and the two - amino - acid deletion in the cr macaque and ce macaque populations . the frequency is counted for the genotype that appears in the ir macaque reference .

furuichi , t . ( 1983 ) . interindividual distance and influence of dominance on feeding in a natural japanese macaque troop .

yamada , m . ( 1963 ) . a study of blood - relationship in the natural society of the japanese macaque .

. we’ll get back to the macaque in a moment , but , for now , let’s move on to our wrasse .

a rhesus macaque monkey sits on a perch at the national institutes of health ' s animal center in poolesville , md .

the lion - tailed macaque primarily eats fruits , however , it also eats leaves , buds , insects and small vertebrates .

distribution and status of long - tailed macaque ( macaca fascicularis aurea i . geofroy saint - hilaire , 1830 ) in bangladesh

the bonnet macaque ( macaca radiata ) is a macaque that resides in india . the bonnet macaque is a diurnal monkey which means it is mostly active during the daytime . bonnet macaques are around 35 – 60 centimetres long plus a tail of 35 – 68 centimetres . male bonnet macaques weigh 5 . 5 to 9 kilograms and females 3 . 5 to 4 . 5 kilograms .

the common macaque is a strong , well - built monkey , of a dark grey colour , with a short stubby tail .

we constructed 19 and 18 paired - end libraries , with spanning size ranges of 200 bp to 10 kb ( supplementary section 1 ) , from the cr macaque and ce macaque , respectively . the libraries were prepared following the manufacturer ' s standard instructions and sequenced on illumina hiseq ( 2000 ) platform . whole genome sequencing was done as described previously 22 . a total of 178 . 98 gb data and 198 . 39 gb data were generated from these libraries for the cr macaque and ce macaque , respectively .

notes natural predators of crab - eating macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) include large carnivores ( panthers and sun - bears in java ) , snakes and possibly large raptors . some primate taxonomists consider m . fascicularis to be more of a species group or superspecies , as it has a complex relationship with other species such as m . mulatto , m . cyclopis , and m . fuscata .

and human genome sequences . about 97 % of cr macaque scaffolds and 92 % of ce macaque scaffolds could be placed onto chromosomes . we also applied rna - seq to profile transcripts in various tissues from one ir macaque and two ce macaques ( online methods ) . an integrated analysis combining genomic and transcriptome data was then used to define transcript structure and ascertain the expression profile of each gene (

crab - eating macaques are arboreal primates living in many habitats of southeast asia , but they have become an invasive species in nearby islands and mainland asia . they are small with long tails , gray fur , and pinkish - brown faces , and sharp canines that are used to fight predators and each other . they are frugivorous , eating a diet mostly of fruit , but also flowers , leaves , insects , eggs , sea animals and even human garbage . they live in large troops with dominant males and females . females give birth to one offspring , but demonstrate limited parental care .

but of course , there must be a reason for their name . crab - eating macaques that live near water particularly in coastal forests or mangroves are known for their seafood diet . they can be seen scavenging for crabs and frogs near the water . species in indonesia have even evolved to become strong swimmers . they dive for aquatic species , such as crabs that are underwater , shrimps , and octopuses .

fuentes a , kalchik s , gettler l , kwiatt a , konecki m , jones - engel l . characterizing human–macaque interactions in singapore .

the development of disease in baboons is somewhat slower than in the rhesus macaque . infection of wild troops with bovine tb has been described (

macaque monkeys that have developed the ability to use stone tools to open shellfish are in danger of losing the skill because of human development .

source / reference article learn how you can use or cite the japanese macaque article in your website content , school work and other projects .

local dispersal methods escape from confinement : the risk of pet crab - eating macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) escaping and forming new populations is significant as many people import these animals to keep or sell as pets ( kemp and burnett , 2003 ) . natural dispersal ( local ) : the home range of crab - eating macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) varies greatly depending on the location and whether they are in their native range or an introducted range . in their native range the home range size may vary from between 50 hectares and 100 hectares . the mean troop home range in their introduced range is estimated to be only 800 m² in mauritius ( sussman and tattersall , 1986 , carter and bright , 2002 ) . in their introduced range in papua ( indonesia ) the home range size may vary between 3 hectares and 22 hectares .

the scientific name of the crab - eating macaque is macaca fascicularis . macaca comes from the portuguese word macaco , which was picked up from makaku , a fiot ( west african language ) word ( kaku means ' monkey ' in fiot ) . fascicularis is latin for ' a small band or stripe ' . sir thomas raffles , who gave the animal its scientific name in 1821 , did not specify what he meant by the use of this word , although it is presumed it had something to do with his observation of the animal ' s color .


the common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) , usually known simply as the chaffinch , is a common and widespread small passerine bird in the finch family .

the male is brightly coloured with a blue-grey cap and rust-red underparts .

the female is much duller in colouring but both sexes have two contrasting white wings-bars and white sides to the tail .

the male bird has a strong voice and sings from exposed perches to attract a mate .

the chaffinch breeds in much of europe , across asia to siberia and in northwest africa .

the female builds a nest with a deep cup in the fork of a tree .

the clutch is typically 4 – 5 eggs , which hatch in about 13 days .

the chicks fledge in around 14 days but are fed by both adults for several weeks after leaving the nest .

outside the breeding season chaffinches form flocks in open countryside and forage for seeds on the ground .

during the breeding season they forage on trees for invertebrates , especially caterpillars , and feed these to their young .

the chaffinch is a partial migrant ; birds breeding in warmer regions are sedentary while those breeding in the colder northern areas of its range winter further south .

the eggs and nestlings of the chaffinch are taken by a variety of mammalian and avian predators .

its large numbers and huge range mean that chaffinch is classed as of least concern by the international union for conservation of nature .

common chaffinch

common chaffinch <EOT> common chaffinch are common at feeders in their normal range , attending for most commonly offered seeds .

description : common and familiar , the common chaffinch lives close to humans in the most part of its range .

common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) is a species of bird in the fringillidae family .

particularly common in wood pigeons ( columba palumbas - common wood - pigeon ) . fractured coracoid and clavicle common . ( v . w26 )

the common chaffinch is a singing bird and thus the “chaffinch lovers” breed them to take part in singing contests . some expressions that refer to its singing abilities like “gay or happy as a chaffinch” are still common nowadays .

the common chaffinch is the most common finch in western europe . it is also called a spink , from its fink or vink sounding call .

seen occasionally in wild common buzzards ( buteo buteo - common buzzard ) . ( v . w26 )

common chaffinch , hout bay , western cape , south africa . [ photo duncan robertson © ]

the song of a common chaffinch is often referred to as chip chip chip chewy chewy chewy .

common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) a female feeding on the ground . | the internet bird collection | hbw alive

remember that " common things occur commonly " ; in wildlife casualties trauma ( physical damage ) is a common reason for presentation .

flight : common chaffinch performs undulating flight . it hovers before to alight , displaying the white patches of wings and tail .

svensson 2015 . a new north african subspecies of common chaffinch fringilla coelebs . bull boc 135 ( 1 ) : 6976 .

louse flies ( hippoboscidae family ) are common external parasites in buzzards ( buteo buteo - common buzzard ) . ( v . w26 )

svensson , l . 2015 . a new north african subspecies of common chaffinch fringilla coelebs . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 135 : 69–76 .

this entry was posted in libya , north africa , taxonomy and tagged common chaffinch , endemic species and subspecies , fringilla coelebs . bookmark the permalink .

complete mitochondrial genomes from four subspecies of common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) : new inferences about mitochondrial rate heterogeneity , . . . - pubmed - ncbi

the common chaffinch is a widespread species in europe , and is the most common finch found there . its range extends throughout western asia , northwestern africa , the azores and madeira , and is also found on the canary islands of tenerife and gran canaria . an occasional common chaffinch may be seen in north america , but these may be escaped caged birds . an introduced colony of common chaffinches also still exists in south africa near cape town . this species prefers open woodlands , gardens and farms , and primarily eats seeds while feeding its young a diet of insects . the common chaffinch has a conservation rating of least concern .

protection / threats / status : common chaffinch is very common and widespread in its range . it may be vulnerable to pesticides and herbicides included in the seeds . domestic cats are their main predators . however , populations are not threatened at this moment .

ebcc . 2015 . pan - european common bird monitoring scheme . available at : urltoken .

range : common chaffinch is found throughout europe . it lives from western europe to western asia , middle - east , north africa and the macaronesian islands in atlantic ocean .

diet : common chaffinch feeds mainly on seeds taken on the ground , but it also consumes insects , spiders and earth worms , and some fallen fruits such as apples .

complete mitochondrial genomes from four subspecies of common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) : new inferences about mitochondrial rate heterogeneity , neutral theory , and phylogenetic relationships within the order passeriformes .

like the bullfinch , the chaffinch used to be a common visitor in the winter , but in recent years the numbers have dwindled and now we hardly ever see them .

andrea corso , birding frontiers , 3 jun 2014 : identification of african chaffinch .

rodrigues et al 2014 . genetic diversity and morphological variation of the common chaffinch fringilla coelebs in the azores . j avian biol 45 ( 2 ) : 167–178 . [ pdf ]

habitat : common chaffinch is found in various kinds of woodlands , as deciduous or coniferous . it prefers open woodlands , and it is very common in parks and gardens , cultivated areas , orchards and hedgerows . outside the breeding season , it performs some dispersion and frequents open farmlands .

it is neither the house sparrow nor the common blackbird but the common chaffinch which is our most abundant breeding bird . it occurs almost anywhere where there are several trees , for it is not very choosy . in winter , the chaffinch is a very common visitor to bird tables . here it mostly makes do with gleaning seeds that have fallen to the ground . since the females are a little smaller and therefore not so well adapted to winter conditions , they migrate further to the west and south than males . therefore , in switzerland and especially in northern europe , males predominate in winter . this may be the reason why the common chaffinch was given its scientific name fringilla coelebs , the bachelor finch .

suárez et al 2009 . phylogeography and genetic structure of the canarian common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) inferred with mtdna and microsatellite loci . mol phylogenet evol 53 ( 2 ) : 556–564 . [ pdf ]

rodrigues , lopes , reis , resendes , ramos & tristão da cunha ( in press ) . genetic diversity and morphological variation of the common chaffinch fringilla coelebs in the azores . j avian biol . [ abstract ]

the chaffinch was slow to become established in new zealand , but is now abundant throughout the country .

population differentiation , historical demography and evolutionary relationships among widespread common chaffinch populations ( fringilla coelebs ssp . ) . master of science , university of toronto . full text auteur : samarasin - dissanayake , pasan advisor : baker , allan

in this recent taxonomic paper , lars svensson described a new subspecies of common chaffinch from north cyrenaica , libya : fringilla coelebs harterti subsp . nov . until now , the birds breeding in this region were generally included in fringilla coelebs africana .

insects , caterpillars , seeds and nuts are common foods of the beautiful chaffinch . in the garden , you ' ll find the chaffinch enjoys rummaging around for sunflower hearts and seeds . they are a little shy and don ' t take too well to feeding openly on hanging feeders . therefore , chaffinches can often be found feeding under hedges and bird tables .

birds of spain common chaffinch is one of the 567 treated in lynx ' s field guide birds of spain . recommended by seo / birdlife , it contains updated information on all bird species present in spanish territories . in english . also available in spanish .

chaffinch . adult male singing . anderson park , taradale , napier , november 2011 . image © adam clarke by adam clarke

the chaffinch is one of the most common bird species in the uk and one of the top 10 most reported birds in garden birdwatch gardens . in britain , the highest breeding densities are found in southern , central and eastern england , and on upland edges in northern england and scotland .

with its colourful plumage and distinctive song , the chaffinch is the bird that is most commonly seen and heard in the caledonian forest .

the brambling is similar but has white rump and all - black tail , the chaffinch has white outer tail feathers in both sexes . they often form mixed flocks in the winter ; the brambling ' s white rump and chaffinch ' s white wing bars are diagnostic features .

common chaffinch : eurasian species ; widely scattered as far as north africa , western asia , southern russia , and western siberia . accidental during migration in the maritimes and in massachusetts and maine ; found almost anywhere with scattered shrubs and trees , orchards , farmlands , parks , gardens , and suburbs .

angus , d . j . 2013 . chaffinch . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online .

we present new insights into the genetic diversity and phylogeography of the common chaffinch fringilla coelebs from the azores , based on sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear genes from 44 individuals and an outgroup / comparison of 44 birds from madeira , the canary islands and the continental western palearctic . to understand the level of concordance between the genetic data and morphometric variability we analysed eight morphometric characters from 413 adult living birds from all the azores islands and compared the population genetic distances with quantitative morphometric traits . our results indicate the occurrence of gene flow among the common chaffinch populations in the archipelago revealing the lack of current genetic structure within it and the existence of two co - occurring lineages . results also indicate the existence of morphometric differences among islands that could be due to ecological features instead of island isolation . this study also confirms the genetic distance among the common chaffinch populations within macaronesia and between these archipelagos and the continental western palearctic .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) " title = " arkive species - chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

the chaffinch is well known for its " rain " call which is a repetitive short trill , and a loud " pink pink " call .

chaffinch populations were affected in the 1950s by use of agricultural chemicals and changes in farming practice , but now seems to be doing all right .

despite the attentions of predators and parasites the chaffinch population in the uk is thriving , and it is the second most abundant bird in the country .

common chaffinch usually returns to the same territory every year . male is very aggressive , chasing away intruders or other birds . female arrives in march . mates stay together about six weeks before to breed . the male performs courtship displays but the female may be aggressive towards him . however , they feed together on the ground .

clement , p . 2016 . common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . and de juana , e . ( eds ) , handbook of the birds of the world alive , lynx edicions , barcelona .

behaviour : common chaffinch feeds in large groups in winter , taking seeds in farmlands and gardens . but in breeding season , this bird is strongly territorial . they usually feed on the ground and often mix with other fringillidae and sparrows . it walks on the ground with fast and short steps , hops , and flies from tree to tree .

common findings and reasons for presentation - crow , jay , magpie etc . considerations ( the species - specific sections should be read in association with the general physical / clinical examination section above )

the chaffinch is the most abundant finch in the uk . with its striking pinkish - red breast and cheeks , grey - blue crown and nape and characteristic white wing bars , the chaffinch is arguably our most ' underrated ' bird . watch carefully and you ' ll notice that throughout summer the plumage is brighter than in winter .

common findings and reasons for presentation - garden birds etc . ( small passerines ) considerations ( the species - specific sections should be read in association with the general physical / clinical examination section above )

corso , a . , viganò , m . & starnini , l . 2015 . identification of african chaffinch . dutch birding 37 ( 6 ) : 392 - 402 .

the chaffinch is noted for its characteristic ' rain ' call , with a memorable " chip , chip , chip . chooee , chooee , cheeoo " . listen below .

the chaffinch is a sparrow - sized bird in the finch family fringillidae , in the order passeriformes , which is the taxonomic category that covers perching birds ( more than half of all bird species ) . an adult chaffinch is 14 - 16 cm . in length , with a wingspan of up to 28 cm . , and weighs 20 – 25 gm .

clement , p . ( 2018 ) . common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

chaffinch numbers start to increase in gardens in the winter thanks to the addition of migrants from the continent . in the autumn , however , their use of gardens reflects the size of the seed crop produced by beech trees . in years where there has been a poor crop , chaffinch numbers in gardens are higher because they are taking advantage of the supplementary food provided .

there have been several records of african chaffinch in great britain . these birds looked very similar to african and different from european ( greenish mantle , rosy belly , grey hood ) . however , they had also some diagnostic features not found in african chaffinch ( grey wash on the breast , pale or colourless underparts , orange tone on the belly , reduced pink belly , pink tones on the ear coverts and the malar area , mantle greenish - brown ) . the british committee did not recognize them as true african chaffinch . the may be some aberrant european ones .

predators of the chaffinch include raptors such as the sparrowhawk ( accipiter nisus ) , goshawk ( accipiter gentilis ) , merlin ( falco columbarius ) and tawny owl ( strix aluco ) . chaffinches will engage in mobbing behaviour to discourage predators , for example if they see a tawny owl roosting in a tree during the day . the pine marten ( martes martes ) will take both eggs and chicks if it finds a chaffinch nest . unlike some other similar - sized birds , the chaffinch rarely suffers from brood parasitism by the common cuckoo ( cuculus canorus ) , whereby the cuckoo dupes an unsuspecting host bird into raising a cuckoo chick as though it was its own . this is possibly explained by the fact that chaffinches have been observed making an aggressive response to cuckoos that approach their nesting sites .

the common chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) is a widespread passerine species in the west palearctic , and is a common breeder in most of europe , western asia , northern africa , and the macaronesian islands in the atlantic ocean . a total of 19 subspecies are described , whereas five of these are located on the macaronesian islands . three subspecies are found in the canary islands , one in madeira , and one in the azores . each of these three archipelagos has a unique climate and ecology , and together with the different geological age and the variation in distance to land these archipelagos provide us with a good background to study evolutionary changes and speciation .

the chaffinch is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . included in the birds of conservation concern green list ( low conservation concern ) ( 4 ) .

libyan chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs harterti ) : a new subspecies found only in cyrenaica , north - east libya ( photo : encyclopedia of wild birds in libya – موسوعة الطيور البرية في ليبيا ) .

chaffinch nests are cup shaped , built primarily from moss , grass and feathers , and lined with feathers and wool . these nests can often be spotted in forks of branches or buried within shrubs .

the chaffinch is a popular pet bird in many countries . in belgium , the ancient traditional sport of vinkenzetting pits male chaffinches against one another in a contest for the most bird calls in an hour .

libyan chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs harterti ) : a new subspecies found only in cyrenaica , north - east libya . ( photo : encyclopedia of wild birds in libya – موسوعة الطيور البرية في ليبيا )

the chaffinch is resident year - round and breeds in scotland . the uk population has been estimated at about 6 million pairs , and in winter this is boosted by birds , often predominantly females , which migrate southwards from scandinavia . the chaffinch’s specific name ‘coelebs’ means ‘bachelor’ and was given to it based on the observation in sweden that the males stayed there over the winter , while the females moved south .

the natural range of the chaffinch is europe , western and central asia , the middle east and north africa . it also inhabits islands in the north atlantic . it was also successfully introduced to south africa .

careful examination for puncture wounds should be made in all casualties with a history of possible cat attack . in small garden birds ( passerines ) it is particularly common for bite wounds to be located on the bird ' s chest underneath the wings .

the average lifespan of the chaffinch is estimated at 3 years , although individuals have been known to live to a maximum of 12 or even 14 years . the song of the male chaffinch is one of the most distinctive of all bird songs in the uk and consists of a series of sharp , quick notes followed by a flourish at the end . it lasts for up to 5 seconds , and is often repeated constantly for a minute or more . the chaffinch also makes another call , consisting of a repeated trill , and this is known as the ‘rain call’ , as in the past it was thought to foretell rain .

the male chaffinch has a pink breast and cheeks , blue - grey crown and nape , and chestnut brown back . in summer , its bill is grey - blue , turning to pale brown in the winter .

occurs from europe to western asia but was introduced to cape town , south africa in ca . 1898 , where it is locally common from rondebosch to tokai . it almost exclusively occupies plantations , alien woodlands , parks and gardens , rarely moving into mountain fynbos .

the chaffinch is common and widespread throughout scotland , except in the largely treeless areas of some of the remoter islands , such as the outer hebrides and shetland , where it is scarce or absent . it occurs wherever there are bushes , scrub or woodland , and is found in gardens , hedgerows and town parks . it is the commonest bird in the caledonian forest , living in both scots pine - and birch - dominated areas , and has also adapted to live in conifer plantations .

on the head , forehead is blackish . crown , nape and neck sides are grey . cheeks and ear - coverts are pinkish - brown , as underparts . in winter plumage , chaffinch male has same pattern but duller plumage .

gryczynska a , dolnik o , mazgajski td . ( 1999 ) parasites of chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) population . part i . coccidia ( protozoa , apicomplexa ) . wiad parazytol . 45 ( 4 ) : 495 - 500 .

the chaffinch is our commonest finch and has striking double white wing bars . the wing bars are formed by white patches on the wing coverts , and primary and secondary wing feathers . its summer plumage is brighter that its winter plumage .

voice : sounds by xeno - canto common chaffinch’s typical call when perched is a “pink - pink” very sharp . we can also hear a thin “seee” as alarm call . the flight - call is a “yup - yup” . the song is a short and vigorous series of descending notes ending in a “chip - chip - chip - chip - chett - chett - chett - chett - diddip - diddiooo” very variable . the song may be heard from far , and varies according to the region , forming local dialects .

the common chaffinch is a bird of the old world , with a range that covers most of europe , northwest africa , and northwestern parts of asia . a popular bird in great britain , they were also introduced in a number of former british colonies . populations persist in new zealand where they are one of the most numerous songbirds , while small populations persist in south africa . in the western hemisphere , they are rare vagrants , with most birds found near the atlantic coastline of eastern canada and the northeastern united states .

chaffinches occupy a wide range of habitats from sea - level to 1400 m , wherever there are trees or scrub . they inhabit pine and other exotic forests , indigenous forests and sub - alpine scrub , and are common in gardens , parks , orchards and farmland with shelterbelts and hedgerows .

yablonovska - grishchenko , grishchenko & tsvelykh 2014 . geographic variation of song of the crimean chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs solomkoi ) . berkut 23 ( 1 ) : 4055 . [ abstract ] [ with thanks to alain fossé for reporting on avianreferences . ]

the main food of the chaffinch is seeds , although its diet also includes berries and fruits . the chicks are fed insects , especially caterpillars , and in the breeding season the adults also eat insects . in some places , including the visitor car parks in glen affric , chaffinches have become accustomed to being fed breadcrumbs by people , particularly in the spring . in winter , the chaffinch forms large feeding groups , sometimes in mixed flocks with the closely - related brambling ( fringilla montifringilla ) .

a detailed list of the species of the family is displayed to our subscribers , showing the following columns : genus , species , common name , conservation status , figure , and the check mark . above the table , a tiny search engine is displayed to facilitate the filtering of the species .

alarm calls have some acoustic characteristics common to a number of species . some birds tend to have relatively high - pitched , pure tone alarm calls that can make them difficult to locate . among some bird species , such as the reed bunting , blackbird , great titmouse , blue titmouse , and

similar species : males are not readily confused with any other species , but the female can be mistaken for a female house sparrow . however , the female chaffinch is slimmer , lacks dark streaks on the upper surface and has prominent white wing markings .

with its wide geographic range , large population size and stable numbers , the chaffinch is not at risk at all , and in the iucn red list of threatened species it is classified as ‘least concern’ , meaning that it is at the lowest risk of extinction .

fringillidae are known for their seed - eating behavior and cheery songs ; characteristics that facilitated and popularized the domestication of the island canary . finches such as white - winged crossbills are also known for their " irruptive " migrations in search of food sources that can make them locally common one winter and absent the next .

the eggs of the chaffinch are about 20 mm by 15 mm in size , and are smooth , glossy , and light blue with purple - brown blotches . the duties of incubating the eggs are performed by the female . the newly - hatched young are fed by both adults .

corso , a . , viganò , m . & starnini , l . 2015 . identification of african chaffinch . dutch birding 37 ( 6 ) : 392 - 402 . i see that harterti also mentioned . i saw 2 pages on twitter , many photos of birds in hand and drawings .

the male chaffinch is unmistakeably handsome with a blue - grey cap , pink cheeks and breast and a reddish - brown mantle . females and juveniles are much duller , consisting of grey - brown upper - parts and dull greyish - white underparts . all chaffinches , however , have distinct wing bars .

the source of mites was a second year aged female of the common chaffinch , fringilla coelebs , which accidentally died in the mist net during a field study of tick communities of birds in dumbrava ( 46 . 825287 n , 23 . 220062 e ) , romania in march 2011 . careful examination of the specimen revealed the presence of extensive hyperkeratotic lesions on both legs . few crusts were scraped from one of the legs using a sterile scalpel blade , and mites were collected under a dissection microscope . individual mites were preserved in 96 % ethyl alcohol for further molecular analysis . the other leg was preserved in 10 % buffered formalin for subsequent histological investigation .

the male chaffinch establishes a breeding territory in february , usually returning to the same territory each year . the male sings and performs courtship displays to attract a female , and a pair will spend about six weeks together before breeding begins . reproduction takes place in april and may , and the female builds the

this section provides a general indication of the common conditions seen with uk wildlife casualties . it is not an all - encompassing overview of the diseases / conditions recorded in those species . further diagnosis and treatment of disease may require the veterinary clinician to familiarise themselves with the diseases , agents and treatment protocols from external texts and other references , or to take further advice .

as a mainly seed - eating bird the chaffinch has a negative effect on the ability of plants to reproduce , by consuming their seeds , but this rarely makes a significant difference , because of the volume of seed produced by most plants . however , in some cases its feeding behaviour is beneficial , for instance with the berries of the rowan tree ( sorbus aucuparia ) . when the chaffinch eats those , it digests the pulp of the berries , but the seeds pass through its gut unharmed and germinate where they are deposited in its droppings – often underneath where it perches , on the branches of old scots pines ( pinus sylvestris ) .

the colonization history of the macaronesian islands is not well understood , but my data support the hypothesis of marshal and baker ( 1999 ) . they argue for a north african origin of the common chaffinch , and that the radiation followed two main routes : one colonizing the macaronesian islands , while the other spread northwards trough europe . a macaronesian colonization from the mainland , to the azores , trough madeira , and finally to the canary islands seems most likely . further , the homogeneity on all measured traits among the azorean populations is in contrast to the large differences between populations in the canary islands . different levels of gene flow among the azores and the canary islands can be the origin of these findings .

a number of ectoparasites , or external parasites , feed on the chaffinch , including fleas such as the european chicken flea ( ceratophyllus gallinae ) and the moorhen flea ( dasypsyllus gallinulae ) , chewing lice ( menacanthus sp . ) and three species of feather mites ( analges passerinus ) , ( monojoubertia microphylla ) and ( pteronyssoides striatus ) . the larvae of a blood - sucking blowfly ( protocalliphorus sp . ) have been found feeding on chaffinch chicks in the nest . the sheep or deer tick ( ixodes ricinus ) also occurs on the chaffinch , and some birds have been recorded containing the bacterium ( borrelia burgdorferi ) that causes lyme disease , which is transmitted by the tick . several species of intestinal parasites , or coccidia , in the genus isospora and a blood parasite ( haemoproteus sp . ) have been found in chaffinches . a virus known as fringilla papillomavirus causes a wart - like growth on the legs of chaffinches , with the warts sometimes covering a whole leg .

“as with any star athlete , like lance armstrong , what separates a champion bird from a loser is natural talent , ” said filip santens , a leading vinkenier , who prepares his five - time champion chaffinch for matches by pumping heavy - metal guns n’ roses music into his cage and feeding him high - protein birdseed .

the chaffinch ( fringilla coelebs ) is one of the best - known and most common of all british birds ( 5 ) . both sexes can be easily identified in flight when they reveal double white flashes on the wings and white tail - sides ( 3 ) . in summer the males have colourful plumage , with a rosy - red breast and cheeks and a bluish - grey crown and nape of the neck . these colours fade somewhat in winter . adult females and juveniles have a buff or greyish coloured breast and greyish - green upperparts ( 2 ) . chaffinches produce a variety of calls , including a loud , clear pink call when perched ( 2 ) . the musical rattling song is also loud ( 6 ) .

bto researchers , working alongside others involved in the garden bird health initiative , used garden birdwatch and other data to establish the impact of this disease on greenfinch and chaffinch populations . the results of this work revealed a substantial population decline in those areas where disease incidence was greatest . find out more about this work and read the paper .

a new subspecies of common chaffinch fringilla coelebs in north africa is described . it is restricted to northern cyrenaica in north - east libya . differences from the other north african subspecies , f . c . africana and f . c . spodiogenys , are discussed , the main ones being that males invariably possess a prominent white patch on the central nape , a hint of a white post - ocular supercilium , a more yellowish tinge both above and below , stronger yellow fringes to the tertials and wing - coverts , and a less clean blue - grey head . reasons for not recognising the subspecies f . c . koenigi are reconfirmed . there is some variation in size and in saturation of male plumage within the range of africana , making separation of koenigi untenable .

widespread throughout britain ; the chaffinch is absent only from high ground such as the scottish highlands ( 5 ) . during winter , birds from northern europe migrate to britain . it is typically the females that migrate , and linnaeus named the species coelebs , meaning ‘the bachelor’ because it was the male birds that remained in his native sweden for the winter ( 5 ) .

mouth should be opened and checked for plaques , discoloration or necrotic areas . oral plaques are particularly common in birds of prey , pigeons and doves ( columbidae ) . a number of diseases can cause oral lesions including trichomoniasis ( " canker " , " frounce " ) , candidiasis ( see : candidiasis in waterfowl ) , avian pox and capillariasis . diagnosis of the condition requires examination of a direct wet smear and stained preparation of the lesion .

during the last few years it has been a female chaffinch that has visited most frequently , though occasionally a male has accompanied her . once in the garden , they seem to become almost panic stricken for no apparent reason and then disperse . this behaviour is in stark contrast to those in other areas , such as snowdonia , where they are somewhat extroverted , and is presumably because they are so few in number in our garden .

the chaffinch is one of the most widespread and abundant bird in britian and ireland . its patterned plumage helps it to blend in when feeding on the ground and it becomes most obvious when it flies , revealing a flash of white on the wings and white outer tail feathers . it does not feed openly on bird feeders - it prefers to hop about under the bird table or under the hedge . you ' ll usually hear chaffinches before you see them , with their loud song and varied calls .

indeed , harterti has not included in the paper with more photos and no illustration by lorenzo , as recently has been impossible to visit lybia : - ( ( ( ( and there are very few photos of alive birds available . so , lorenzo did not wanted to work out on plates without see many photos or the birds in the field , and i did not menaged to find photos of alive birds . further , skins are not so common around . nb : the artworks by lorenzo starnini in our paper have been printed way too dark compared to the original : - ( ( (

the chaffinch occurs throughout all of europe and western asia , including russia , georgia , armenia , azerbaijan , turkey and northern iran . it also occurs in northwest africa , in morocco , algeria and western tunisia , and in the macaronesian islands , where there is an endemic subspecies in each of madeira and the azores , and three subspecies in the canary islands . it has been introduced from britain to new zealand , where it has become well - established , and to south africa , where there is a small population near cape town .

richardson & borden ( 1972 ) suggested that the braconis parasitoid coeloides vancouverensis found the location of its host , the bark beetle dendroctonus pseudotsugata , through the intervening bark by detecting the heat generated by host individuals . their evidence has since been disputed ( mills et al . 1991 ) , and i am not aware of any further instances of host or prey location by local temperature . if this were a common phenomenon , then some crypsis would be achieved by inhabiting already warm microhabitats . for example , a bark beetle might gain protection by being preferentially located to parts of trees which are reliably exposed to the warming effects of direct sunlight .

during the breeding season , the male chaffinch performs a courtship display , showing off his bright breeding plumage ( 6 ) . the female builds the nest ( 5 ) , typically in the fork of a tree and camouflages it with lichen and moss ( 2 ) . the female incubates the eggs alone ( 6 ) for 11 to 14 days . one brood of around four eggs is produced each year ( 5 ) . the young chaffinches will have fully fledged 13 to 14 days after hatching from the egg , and the maximum known lifespan of this species is 14 years ( 3 ) .

. . . pteronyssoides striatus ( robin , 1877 ) ( pteronyssidae ) , a monoxenous inhabitant of the european f . coelebs [ 25 , 27 ] , presumably is not present on this host in the azores . these three hosts , turdus merula , pyrrhula murina and fringilla coelebs , are the oldest passerine species to have colonized the archipelago , doing so more than 1 million years ago [ 38 , 42 , 51 ] . one possible explanation for the absence of some common feather mites on these passerines in the azores could be the founder effect inherent to the colonization processes of isolated islands , called ' ' missing the boat ' ' by macleod et al . [ 22 ] , in which colonizing hosts may reach the islands carrying only a subset of their respective native feather mites assemblages [ 20 , 32 , 44 ] . . . .

the female lays 3 – 5 eggs , one per day , and they are pale greenish - blue in colour with purple speckled markings . incubation is done by the female alone , and takes 11 – 14 days . after hatching , the chicks are fed in the nest by the female for about 12 – 16 days . once the chicks leave the nest they stay nearby , and the male joins in with feeding them , for another 15 – 20 days , until they are able to feed for themselves . the chaffinch will raise either one or two broods per year . experiments have shown that male chicks need to hear the song of adult males during a critical time period after hatching , in order to become proficient singers themselves when mature .

the right - hand page is part of the ' ordinary of the mass ' , the central canon of the mass which is recited every time the eucharist is celebrated . this section is famous for its realistically depicted english birds , which seem to be singing in celebration alongside the chant . the birds represent a range of species found chiefly in north - east england and were probably copied from an artist ' s sketchbook . the bishops of sherborne appear in a series of miniatures and events in the development of christianity are described in roundels in the lower margins . the left - hand page has an illustration of the feeding of the five thousand , showing the biblical characters in stylised clothes , rather than 15th - century dress . birdsong : the song of the chaffinch , which can be seen in the bottom right - hand corner of page 18 , can be heard here .

like most finches , it features sexual dimorphism , meaning that the male and female have clear physical differences , which in the case of the chaffinch take the form of distinct colour variation between the sexes . the male is more brightly - coloured than the female , with reddish - orange underparts and cheeks , blue - grey on the top of the head and back of the neck , a green rump and double white bars on the wings , which are visible both when it is at rest and in flight . the female is duller overall , with the body being mainly greenish - brown , but the double white wing bars are similar to those on the male . the plumage of the male becomes brighter in spring , for the breeding season , and after moulting in early autumn it is paler throughout the winter until the following spring . both the male and female have a short , thick , conical beak .

a particularly satisfying study is that of the calling by katydid insects that are predated by bats , as reported by belwood & morris ( 1987 ) . in a cross - species comparison , they show that species in a habitat where bat predation was common spent less time producing mate - attraction noises ( termed singing ) than species in a nearby habitat without bats . the one species from the bat - vulnerable habitat that sang for a high proportion of time specialized in singing from a particularly spiny plant that offered excellent protection from bats . in cage experiments , the authors further demonstrated that bats took longer to locate infrequent callers and entirely failed to locate silent insects . although this study demonstrates conclusively that call production is modulated in accordance with control of predation risk , whether it is best described as hiding or ‘crypsis’ , according to my definitions in the introduction , is less clear . i would describe complete cessation of calls as hiding . if bats spend some time attempting to locate an insect ( equivalent to several inter - call intervals ) , then reduction in calling rate might usefully be described as crypsis if the longer inter - call interval disrupts localization . alternatively if bats simply pounce on any insects that reveal their position with a call when the bat happens to be passing close by , then reduction in call frequency might more usefully be described as hiding . in the first case , protection from predation occurs because the prey ' s rate of detection per unit time decreases , but the prey is always at some risk , whereas in the second case , the fraction of time when detection is possible at all is decreased . this discussion illustrated that , just as visual crypsis , evaluation of whether a specific trait is cryptic or not is a function of the ecology of the viewer as well as the focal organism .

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this version of turning the pages does not require the shockwave plug - in . it foregoes the interactive animation that lets you ' virtually ' turn pages and brings you the same high - quality images of our greatest books in standard web pages .

longevity lists were in the 1970s compiled by w . rydzewski and published several times in the journal the ring . these lists were the basis for updated lists published by roland staav in euring newsletters in 1998 and 2001 . the list has successively been updated during recent years , but there are still many recoveries of old birds hidden in the archives of the ringing schemes .

birds ringed as full - grown or adults have been included with a minimum age based on age at ringing ( start of year set to 1st of july ) and in those recoveries are age preceded by a > .

the plan is to include the two oldest individuals of a species in the list and the minimum age for a recovery to be included is five years . recoveries of birds in the list where ring number and details are not included are published in atlases by those schemes .

all schemes are kindly requested to support updates of this list . new longevity records ( either oldest or second oldest ) should be sent to the bird ringing centre at the swedish museum of natural history in stockholm by email .

this longevity list should be cited as : fransson , t . , kolehmainen , t . , kroon , c . , jansson , l . & wenninger , t . ( 2010 ) euring list of longevity records for european birds .

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : fringilla coelebs . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

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following the taxonomy applied to hbw alive , derived from the recently published hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world , this family now contains species that were formerly considered to comprise the family hawaiian honeycreepers ( drepanididae ) . see link for information on this group .

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forms three well - defined subfamilies # r , including euphoniinae , previously placed in thraupidae . also includes drepanidini , sometimes treated as a separate family ( as in hbw ) , but here considered merely a tribe of carduelinae . extensive phylogenetic data available , and comparatively few species remain wholly unscreened ; nonetheless , study of internal relationships has been confounded by recurring plumage patterns and use of similar feeding niches by taxa that prove to be far from closely related .

the finches , as presently defined , comprise two distinct subfamilies , fringillinae and carduelinae , sometimes regarded instead as tribes , fringillini and carduelini . nevertheless , the systematics of the “seed - eaters” , small to medium - sized passerines with a relatively stout conical bill and . . .

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fringilline and cardueline finches range in size from 9 cm to 25 cm and in mass from 8 g to 99 g . both subfamilies exhibit slight sexual size dimorphism , females being fractionally smaller than males , and both have fairly long , blunt - pointed wings and scutellate tarsi , booted at the side and . . .

as members of a family that has evolved to exploit a wide variety of seeds within largely temperate regions , finches are most typically birds of habitats which show strong seasonal changes . these habitats produce food in localized flushes , and finches are adapted to move between them , taking . . .

the flight of finches is typically undulating , with periodic brief closure of the wings , at speeds which can appear quite leisurely , although this impression may be deceptive . more heavily built species such as the hawfinch achieve considerable momentum in their flights , but when covering . . .

as finches are for the most part highly sociable species , it is unsurprising that they should have developed considerable vocabularies by which to communicate , their vocal patterns varying with the behavioural ecology of the species . fringilline finches , which hold breeding - and - feeding . . .

finches are specialized to varying degrees as seed - eaters . there is a certain amount of niche separation from emberizid buntings and sparrows , which tend towards grass - seed specialization supplemented by insects . . .

finches are almost entirely socially monogamous , at least during each nesting season , but their breeding strategies divide up largely on phylogenetic lines . fringilline finches are far more strongly territorial , and feed their young on invertebrates , with the result that breeding activity is . . .

migration from the breeding area is a response to reduced food availability . since , in temperate climates , seeds persist in the environment across seasonal boundaries with greater predictability and constancy than invertebrates do , seed - eating species such as finches are far less constrained . . .

typically , seed - eating birds such as finches are rather abundant . many have profited from the global growth in agriculture , which has produced huge areas of cultivated lands and orchards , created long lines of hedgerows and woodland edge , and broadly generated the conditions for the spread of . . .

the great majority of true finches , almost 90 % of the family total , enjoy a secure conservation status at the global level , being placed in the iucn category of least concern . as already noted , this is likely to be attributable , at least in part , to the fact that finches have actually profited . . .

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list of species of the finches ( fringillidae ) family . each species provides information on taxonomy , descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation and bibliography .

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collar , n . , newton , i . & bonan , a . ( 2018 ) . finches ( fringillidae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

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cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .