orbicella is a genus of stony corals in the merulinidae family .

the orbicella species complex comprises three sister species , namely orbicella faveolata , orbicella annularis and orbicella franksi , all of which are shallow-water , zooxanthellate species and are native to the tropical western atlantic ocean , the caribbean sea and the gulf of mexico .

these corals are ubiquitous in the caribbean .

their similar colony morphologies misled scientists to historically lump them into a single species , montastraea annularis , which included three morphotypes “ bumpy ” , “ columnar ” and “ massive ” .

these growth forms were believed to arise as a response to abiotic factors ( e.g. , depth , light availability ) .

this taxonomic classification was challenged by further ecological , reproductive , genetic , and morphologic evidence , which led to the re-description of three separate species , montastraea faveolata ( massive ) , m. annularis ( columnar ) and m. franksi ( bumpy ) .

a taxonomic revision published in 2012 established that the “ montastraea annularis species complex ” formed a separate clade now in the genus orbicella with three species names ( o. faveolata , o. annularis , o. franksi ) .

o. annularis and o. faveolata are commonly called the boulder star coral and the mountainous star coral , respectively .

orbicella

orbicella <EOT> variety orbicella annularis var . guineensis gravier , 1909 accepted as orbicella annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ( synonym )

long - term changes in symbiodinium communities in orbicella annularis in st . john , us virgin islands

table 1 . sequence overview , statistics , and gene expression in healthy and wpd affected samples of orbicella faveolata .

supplementary data 7 . differentially abundant bacterial gene functions ( fdr < 0 . 1 ) between healthy and diseased orbicella samples .

until recently orbicella was classified as part of the montastrea family . you can still find this coral listed as montastrea faveolata , however , the current description is orbicella . you may still find this coral listed as montastrea especially in older printed coral guides .

there are three species of orbicella . o . faveolata , o . annularis , and o . franksi . don’t worry if you can’t tell the three apart just yet . if this is your first time trying to identify orbicella , instead focus on identifying the polyps and corallites . once you’re a master at spotting orbicella , start trying to notice the difference between the three species .

this orbicella colony lives inside a shallow valley around 42 feet ( 14m ) deep , further down the valley you can find smaller colonies . the

what made you want to look up orbicella ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .

orbicella is an important reef - building species . once the coral dies , the skeleton becomes live rock where other species can attach . throughout most of the caribbean , colonies can be a few inches across to several feet wide and high , but here in tela , orbicella colonies have grown to epic proportion .

orbicella faveolata is an important reef - building coral that forms large mountainous colonies . juvenile corals are rather mundane , while adult colonies can grow to an impressive size .

s2 fig . photochemical efficiency , measured as yield ( f v / f m ) of orbicella faveolata fragments infected with black band disease over the 16 day experiment .

supplementary data 2 . orbicella faveolata holobiont polya + transcriptome assembly ( 67 , 593 genes , min : 200 bp , max : 5212 bp , n50 : 656 bp ) .

figure 1 . overview of transcriptional response and affected biological processes in the orbicella faveolata coral holobiont in white plague disease . the number of differentially expressed eukaryotic and differentially abundant bacterial genes are shown for each holobiont compartment .

supplementary data 4 . eukaryotic differentially expressed genes ( fdr < 0 . 1 ) between healthy and diseased orbicella faveolata samples . fungal retroelement - and antioxidant - associated genes in the “other” compartment are indicated in bold .

orbicella grows by encrusting . a new colony can start from a single polyp which grows outward from the base . you can see a slightly lighter color on the growing edge of the colony where new polyps are emerging .

here the orbicella coral has found the ideal habitat . it is protected from storms , and has room to grow slowly without much competition . with each new polyp the colony grows stronger with no signs of slowing down .

at this point , tiny orbicella colonies can be transplanted back to the reef . as they grow their skeletons add a considerable mass to the reef , and over time they can help stabilize loose rocks or decaying reef structure .

supplementary data 9 . dgge - pcr gel image of symbiodinium its2 profiles for healthy ( hh ) and wpd - affected ( dd ) orbicella faveolata coral specimens . diagnostic bands are marked with the symbiodinium clade type and indicate the algal symbionts for these samples .

the common name for this coral is mountainous star coral because of it’s size and that it creates characteristic peaks and ridges like a mountain . polyps are small usually 5mm across . when polyps are retracted orbicella corallites have tiny grooves giving it a star like appearance .

this phenomenon of big old orbicella colonies is not unique to tela as other large colonies of star coral have been document in the caribbean . the difference with this colony is that it’s still intact and has not sustained any visible sign of bleaching or storm damage .

citation : muller em , leporacci nm , macartney kj , shea ag , crane re , hall er , et al . ( 2017 ) low ph reduces the virulence of black band disease on orbicella faveolata . plos one 12 ( 6 ) : e0178869 . urltoken

orbicella faveolata ( mountainous star coral ) is a common coral found in the caribbean . for the most part , colonies are a rather drab brown , green or gray color . you won’t find this coral in any psychedelic colors and it’s easy to overlook this unassuming species .

supplementary data 3 . orbicella faveolata holobiont polya + transcriptome annotation ( 67 , 593 genes ) . blastx matches ( < 1e −5 ) in swissprot ( 14 , 887 ) and trembl ( additional 5751 ) databases annotated 20 , 638 genes ( 30 . 5 % ) .

orbicella grows into thick hardy colonies which make the ideal candidate for fragmentation and coral restoration . small 15 - 20mm fragments can be cut from adult colonies using a diamond band saw . these fragments can be glued onto ceramic frag plugs and grown in saltwater until they double or triple in size .

orbicella is coral which could be overlooked . from a few meters away you might think this coral is just a rock , or simply consider it as part of the reef . divers are often more focused on looking for fish , turtles , rays , and eels than trying to describe coral .

settlement of orbicella faveolata planulae ( mean % settled per chamber ± 1 s . e . ) in cultures deployed at each experimental reef site ( n = 6 , pooled results from two trials ) . letters above bars indicate significant differences ( p < 0 . 01 ) between values based on tukey’s hsd test .

( of orbicella annularis var . guineensis gravier , 1909 ) gravier , c . ( 1909 ) . madréporaires des îles san thomé et du prince ( golfe de guinée ) . annales de l ' institut océanographique de monaco . 1 ( 2 ) , 1 - 28 , pls . 1 - 9 . [ details ]

the giant orbicella coral in tela is over 23 feet ( 7m ) wide and 13 feet ( 4m ) high . the only explanation for this imposing colony is that it has been living here for a very long time . one scientist who visited tela , dr . judith lang , estimated this colony was here before columbus arrived in honduras .

the coral reef in tela honduras is dominated by never ending ridges of thin agaricia coral , and to eke out a living , any competing species have to adopt a strength in numbers approach for survival . a lone colony of orbicella would quickly loose its position on the reef to the relatively quick growing agaricia , so sticking together to form a giant colony is the way to go .

this large coral is located inside a shallow valley between two coral ridges between the mushroom and aldrid dive site . the top of the coral is at 32 feet ( 10m ) and the bottom of the coral around 46 feet ( 14m ) deep . the coral is protected inside this channel and as you swim through the area you can find smaller colonies of orbicella around half the size living in the same valley .

aurantimonas coralicida and thalassomonas loyana were independently confirmed as wpd pathogens in different coral species and geographic locations ( denner et al . , 2003 ; thompson et al . , 2006 ) . however , recent surveys of colonies showing wpd signs failed to identify either bacterial pathogen ( pantos et al . , 2003 ; barash et al . , 2005 ; sunagawa et al . , 2009 ; cárdenas et al . , 2012 ; roder et al . , 2014a ) . roder et al . ( 2014a ) recently described similar bacterial profiles in two coral genera ( porites and pavona ) that exhibited wpd - like signs in thailand . subsequent comparisons to caribbean samples ( orbicella faveolata and orbicella franksi ) suggest a conserved disease microbiome across oceans ( roder et al . , 2014b ) , supporting a view that bacterial community changes are likely a result of opportunistic bacteria induced by environmental stressors that compromise coral immunity ( lesser , 2007 ) . in addition to ongoing studies targeting bacterial community changes during wpd progression ( sunagawa et al . , 2009 ; cárdenas et al . , 2012 ; roder et al . , 2014a , b ) , a recent metagenomic survey of orbicella annularis found distinct viral communities associated with healthy , wpd - affected , and bleached samples ( soffer et al . , 2014 ) . but causation still remains elusive and few studies have addressed coral holobiont response to disease . using a combination of 16s and cdna microarrays , closek et al . ( 2014 ) found an increase in microbial diversity in yellow band disease ( ybd ) - infected colonies and reduced expression of defense - and metabolism - related genes in the coral host orbicella faveolata [ formerly monstastraea faveolata ( budd et al . , 2012 ) ] .

closek , c . j . , sunagawa , s . , desalvo , m . k . , piceno , y . m . , desantis , t . z . , brodie , e . l . , et al . ( 2014 ) . coral transcriptome and bacterial community profiles reveal distinct yellow band disease states in orbicella faveolata . isme j . 8 , 2411–2422 . doi : 10 . 1038 / ismej . 2014 . 85

the large blue rectangles represent the 27 c raceway treatments and the large red rectangles represent the 30c raceway treatments . the small black rectangles represent the 5 gallon glass aquaria that each contain a single colony of orbicella faveolata ( green circles ) infected with black band ( black circles ) . the color within each aquaria represents the different ph treatmtents ; green represents 8 . 1 ph and the peach represents 7 . 7 ph . the distribution of ph treatments were randomly distributed among tanks . each aquaria also contained a heater to maintain temperature within the tank and a powerhead to maintain water flow .

in addition to increasing water temperatures , there is a predicted decrease in oceanic ph under future climate change scenarios [ 20 ] . the impact of decreasing ph on black band disease dynamics is unknown . the objectives of the present study were to i ) quantify the effects of temperature and ph on the virulence of black band disease infecting orbicella faveolata , ii ) determine whether different temperature and ph conditions changed the photochemical efficiency of the coral - host symbiosis , and iii ) characterize the change in bacterial communities within the coral host as well as the black band bacterial consortium under different ph and temperature conditions .

black band is a deadly coral disease found worldwide , which may become more virulent as oceanic conditions continue to change . to determine the effects of climate change and ocean acidification on black band disease virulence , orbicella faveolata corals with black band were exposed to different temperature and ph conditions . results showed a significant decrease in disease progression under low ph ( 7 . 7 ) conditions . low ph also altered the relative abundance of the bacterial community of the black band disease consortium . here , there was a significant decrease in roseofilum , the cyanobacterium that typically dominates the black band mat . these results indicate that as oceanic ph decreases so may the virulence of a worldwide coral disease .

the present investigation expands the bioinformatic resources available for the study of orbicella faveolata and its physiological responses to stress and disease . the reference transcriptome generated here was annotated with gene ontologies , kegg orthologies , and kegg pathways . immune cell development , migration , and intracellular microbial sensing pathways were emphasized to highlight aspects of the coral immune system that remain poorly characterized to date . phylogenetic and domain architecture analyses revealed several new members of the wnt and dicer - like protein families , and pathway analysis revealed significant coverage of gene sets for notch , nod - like receptor , and rig - like receptor pathways . together , the results of this work provide new bioinformatic data for o . faveolata and an in - depth analysis of evolutionarily conserved aspects of the coral innate immune system .

glowing corals : like a forest canopy , the branched corals can scatter and absorb light at multiple levels . in this study , branching corals scattered light over such a large area that the researchers could not measure it with their detector . coral colonies that form flat structures ( not shown ) , such as echinopora lamellosa , also have high scattering . like solar panels , flat structures allow coral to maximize absorption of light coming from above ; they also permit scattering of light among the colony’s polyps . this inter - polyp light sharing also occurs in coral species that form massive colonies , which have moderate scattering . the phaceloid corals have low scattering ; their thick , upright walls prevent them from sharing light among polyps . ( branched coral : pocillopora damicornis ; massive coral : orbicella faveolata ; phaceloid coral : eusmilia fastigiata )

map depicting proportions of symbiodinium b ( blue colours ) , c ( yellow ) and d ( black ) types , and combinations ( stripes ) hosted by orbicella annularis populations at 33 sites ( identified with letters ; see table 1 for site information ) across the caribbean and the bahamas . only dominant types ( or combinations of types ) are represented ; unk = unknown type . pie chart size reflects colony sample size ( minimum 11 , maximum 24 , total n = 632 ) , numbers in parentheses indicate proportion of total colonies that each type was dominant in . more blue ( clade b ) is apparent in the northwest , with more mixed assemblages dominated by clade c ( yellow ) in the southeast . inset : pie chart representing clade types found hosted by o . annularis for the entire wider caribbean area .

2014 levitan , d . r . , w . boudreau , j . jara and n . knowlton . long - term reproductive consequences of bleaching stress on the caribbean corals of the orbicella ( formerly montastraea ) annularis species complex . marine ecology progress series 515 : 1 - 10 [ pdf ] . 2012 fogarty , n . d . , m . lowenberg , m . n . ojima , n . knowlton and d . r . levitan . asymmetric conspecific sperm precedence in relation to spawning times in the montastraea annularis species complex ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . journal of evolutionary biology 25 : 2481 - 2488 [ pdf ] . 2012 fogarty , n . d . ; s . v . vollmer , and d . r . levitan . weak prezygotic isolating mechanisms in threatened caribbean acropora corals . plos one 7 : e30486 [ pdf ] . 2011 levitan , d . r . , n . d . fogarty , j . jara , k . e . lotterhos , and n . knowlton . genetic , spatial , and temporal components of precise spawning synchrony in reef building corals of the montastraea annularis species complex . evolution 65 :

the physiological performance of a reef - building coral is a combined outcome of both the coral host and its algal endosymbionts , symbiodinium . while orbicella annularis —a dominant reef - building coral in the wider caribbean—is known to be a flexible host in terms of the diversity of symbiodinium types it can associate with , it is uncertain how this diversity varies across the caribbean , and whether spatial variability in the symbiont community is related to either o . annularis genotype or environment . here , we target the symbiodinium - its2 gene to characterize and map dominant symbiodinium hosted by o . annularis at an unprecedented spatial scale . we reveal northwest–southeast partitioning across the caribbean , both in terms of the dominant symbiont taxa hosted and in assemblage diversity . multivariate regression analyses incorporating a suite of environmental and genetic factors reveal that observed spatial patterns are predominantly explained by chronic thermal stress ( summer temperatures ) and are unrelated to host genotype . furthermore , we were able to associate the presence of specific symbiodinium types with local environmental drivers ( for example , symbiodinium c7 with areas experiencing cooler summers , b1j with nutrient loading and b17 with turbidity ) , associations that have not previously been described .

coral populations , and the productive reef ecosystems they support , rely on successful recruitment of reef - building species , beginning with settlement of dispersing larvae into habitat favourable to survival . many substrate cues have been identified as contributors to coral larval habitat selection ; however , the potential for ambient acoustic cues to influence coral settlement responses is unknown . using in situ settlement chambers that excluded other habitat cues , larval settlement of a dominant caribbean reef - building coral , orbicella faveolata , was compared in response to three local soundscapes , with differing acoustic and habitat properties . differences between reef sites in the number of larvae settled in chambers isolating acoustic cues corresponded to differences in sound levels and reef characteristics , with sounds at the loudest reef generating significantly higher settlement during trials compared to the quietest site ( a 29 . 5 % increase ) . these results suggest that soundscapes could be an important influence on coral settlement patterns and that acoustic cues associated with reef habitat may be related to larval settlement . this study reports an effect of soundscape variation on larval settlement for a key coral species , and adds to the growing evidence that soundscapes affect marine ecosystems by influencing early life history processes of foundational species .

the present study was conducted in the outdoor wetlab facilities at mote tropical research laboratory ( trl ) in summerland key , florida from july 10 th 2013 to july 26 th 2013 , for a total of 16 days . prior to the onset of the experiment , thirty two fragments of orbicella faveolata , each approximately 10 x 10 cm in size , were collected from the florida keys national marine sanctuary coral rescue nursery ( permit : fknms - 2013 - 095 ) , where corals are held and maintained for scientific purposes . corals were transported to trl immediately after collection , individually placed within five gallon tanks , and allowed to acclimate for three days . to conduct artificial inoculations of black band disease , samples of active black band mats were collected from naturally existing infections on o . faveolata at wonderland reef ( 24 . 54794 n 81 . 45700 w ) using individual sterile plastic blunt - tip 60 ml syringes while on scuba . the black band disease samples were stored in a cooler maintained at ambient seawater temperature and transported back to the laboratory for immediate inoculations . coral fragments were wounded by scraping away tissue from a single polyp of each o . faveolata colony with a sterile razor blade . each coral was infected by placing ~ 0 . 03 grams of the black - band mat directly onto the wound site .

actualmente las tres especies aquí mencionadas montastrea annularis , franski , y faveolata son asignadas comúnmente al género orbicella . las colonias son masivas y grandes , la superficie usualmente sirve de soporte a pequeños montículos y protuberancias . los cálices son pequeños ( alrededor de 5 mm de diámetro ) y están regularmente separados cubriendo toda la superficie de la colonia . normalmente presenta una coloración café pálida , pero puede ser brillante , verde fluorescente sobre café oscuro . las características que distinguen a las 3 especies de montrastraea con pequeños cálices son : m . annularis - colonias densamente agrupadas , con nódulos o columnas separados y superficies lisas e irregulares . normalmente los bordes no presentan crecimiento . m . franksi – la superficie presenta protuberancias dispersas , las cuales consisten de pólipos prominentes e irregulares – el color moteado se asocia a las protuberancias . la forma general es de láminas y montículos abultados e irregulares . los bordes de crecimiento presentan tanto cálices grandes como pequeños . m . faveolata – colonias masivas con proyecciones orientadas hacia el exterior , las cuales normalmente se observan dispuestas en líneas que corren a lo largo de los lados de las colonias pero sin nódulos o columnas separados . la pared de los coralitos es vertical en comparación con la forma de ‘volcán’ de las otras dos especies . los cálices en los bordes de crecimiento se encuentran separados de manera regular .

climate change - driven coral disease outbreaks have led to widespread declines in coral populations . early work on coral genomics established that corals have a complex innate immune system , and whole - transcriptome gene expression studies have revealed mechanisms by which the coral immune system responds to stress and disease . the present investigation expands bioinformatic data available to study coral molecular physiology through the assembly and annotation of a reference transcriptome of the caribbean reef - building coral , orbicella faveolata . samples were collected during a warm water thermal anomaly , coral bleaching event and caribbean yellow band disease outbreak in 2010 in puerto rico . multiplex sequencing of rna on the illumina gaiix platform and de novo transcriptome assembly by trinity produced 70 , 745 , 177 raw short - sequence reads and 32 , 463 o . faveolata transcripts , respectively . the reference transcriptome was annotated with gene ontologies , mapped to kegg pathways , and a predicted proteome of 20 , 488 sequences was generated . protein families and signaling pathways that are essential in the regulation of innate immunity across phyla were investigated in - depth . results were used to develop models of evolutionarily conserved wnt , notch , rig - like receptor , nod - like receptor , and dicer signaling . o . faveolata is a coral species that has been studied widely under climate - driven stress and disease , and the present investigation provides new data on the genes that putatively regulate its immune system .

white plague disease ( wpd ) is implicated in coral reef decline in the caribbean and is characterized by microbial community shifts in coral mucus and tissue . studies thus far have focused on assessing microbial communities or the identification of specific pathogens , yet few have addressed holobiont response across metaorganism compartments in coral disease . here , we report on the first metatranscriptomic assessment of the coral host , algal symbiont , and microbial compartment in order to survey holobiont structure and function in healthy and diseased samples from orbicella faveolata collected at reef sites off puerto rico . our data indicate holobiont - wide as well as compartment - specific responses to wpd . gene expression changes in the diseased coral host involved proteins playing a role in innate immunity , cytoskeletal integrity , cell adhesion , oxidative stress , chemical defense , and retroelements . in contrast , the algal symbiont showed comparatively few expression changes , but of large magnitude , of genes related to stress , photosynthesis , and metal transport . concordant with the coral host response , the bacterial compartment showed increased abundance of heat shock proteins , genes related to oxidative stress , dna repair , and potential retroelement activity . importantly , analysis of the expressed bacterial gene functions establishes the participation of multiple bacterial families in wpd pathogenesis and also suggests a possible involvement of viruses and / or phages in structuring the bacterial assemblage . in this study , we implement an experimental approach to partition the coral holobiont and resolve compartment - and taxa - specific responses in order to understand metaorganism function in coral disease .

there was no significant difference in the bacterial community of the coral tissue / mucus among the different treatments suggesting that the change in black band virulence under low ph conditions cannot be explained by the bacterial community of the host . one particular treatment , the high temperature and control ph treatment , however , did separate out distinctly from the other three treatments within the nmds biplot . an examination of the major bacterial classes show decreased levels of rhodobacters under the high temperature and control ph treatment with a concomitant increase in clostridiales and flavobacteria . rhodobacters have been associated with tissue - loss diseases within corals [ 34 ] . for example , an increase in rhodobacter bacteria was detected within samples of the coral disease white plague on orbicella faveolata , but was also found within healthy corals indicating a potential increase of opportunistic commensals under certain conditions [ 35 ] . high levels of alphaproteobacteria were also detected within two different coral species showing signs of white plague , diploria strigosa and siderastrea siderea , which was primarily the result of increased abundances of rhodobacters [ 36 ] . alternatively , some genera of rhodobacters , such as roseobacter , have been identified as beneficial bacteria , important for the settlement and general health of the coral host [ 37 ] . however , within the present study roseobacter was found in low abundances within the corals sampled regardless of the treatment condition . within the present study , a reduction of rhodobacters only under high temperature and control ph conditions may suggest sensitivity to temperature , which is then mitigated under low ph conditions .

in conjunction with transcriptomic alterations implicated in antiviral defense and phage interaction in wpd , we also observed expression of genes associated with retroelement ( i . e . , retrotransposons and retrons ) activity across multiple compartments . although previously detected in heat stressed corals and healthy / wpd metagenomes ( desalvo et al . , 2008 ; garcia et al . , 2013 ) , we resolved differential expression of genes involved in retroelement regulation to associations with coral , fungal , and bacterial members of the orbicella holobiont . tdrd9 is an atpase / dexh - type helicase involved in germline defense in hydra and higher eukaryotes ( shoji et al . , 2009 ; lim et al . , 2014 ) and its downregulation has been shown to increase line - 1 retrotransposon expression and demethylation , leading to male sterility ( shoji et al . , 2009 ) . our data corroborate these findings , where repression of a tdrd9 homolog in the coral compartment was noted along with meiotic arrest and spermatogenic impairment signatures in response to wpd ( supplementary data 4 ) suggesting deleterious impacts on coral development and reproductive capacity of diseased coral colonies . additionally , increased line - 1 expression induces innate antiviral responses in several human autoimmune diseases ( madigan et al . , 2012 ; volkman and stetson , 2014 ) . given the upregulation of ddx60 in diseased corals , we cannot rule out that wpd may inadvertently promote coral immune detection of these endogenous retroelements . another possibility is that ddx60 is sensing complementary viral dna , which is produced by some rna viruses that harness retrotransposon reverse transcriptase during line - 1 expression in infected human cells ( shimizu et al . , 2014 ) , but further inquiry is necessary to confirm this mechanism in an invertebrate system .

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: treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part f , the coelenterata , pp 328–444 . ed . by r . c . moore . lawrence : geological society of america & university of kansas 1956

wood - jones , f . : on the growth forms and supposed species in corals . proc . zool . soc . lond . 1–518 ( 1907 )

yonge , c . m . : the biologoy of reef - building corals . scient . rep . gt . barrier reef exped .

— : the nature of reef - building ( hermatypic ) corals . bull . mar . sci .

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( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of montastrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of heliastrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of madrepora annularis ellis & solander , 1786 ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of astrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) cairns , s . d . , jaap , w . c . , and j . c . lang . 2009 . scleractinia ( cnidaria ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 333–347 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]

( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) weil e , knowlton n ( 1994 ) a multi character analysis of the caribbean coral montastraea annularis ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and its two sibling species , m . faveolata ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and m . franski ( gregory , 1895 ) . bulletin of marine science 55 : 151–175 . [ details ]

( of montastraea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) humann p , deloach n ( 2002 ) reef coral identification florida caribbean bahamas . new world publications , jacksonville , florida , pp . 1 - 287 . [ details ]

( of heliastrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) verrill , a . e . ( 1864 ) . list of the polyps and corals sent by the museum of comparative zoology to other institutions in exchange , with annotations . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology . 1 : 29 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of astrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) verrill , a . e . ( 1864 ) . list of the polyps and corals sent by the museum of comparative zoology to other institutions in exchange , with annotations . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology . 1 : 29 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of montastrea annularis ( ellis & solander , 1786 ) ) veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1–3 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]

a multi - character analysis of the caribbean coral montastraea ann . . . : ingenta connect

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even divemasters and instructors will tend to know the perfect hideouts where to spot these critters , while not being able to name a handful of coral species . i myself was guilty of this which is what inspired me to write about coral identification .

the coral diaries series is a list of corals we have seen while diving around the world . we’ve created this series so that you can learn more about corals , and how to identify them on the reef . we encourage you to send us your coral pictures and leave a comment in the section below to learn more about the interesting species you’ve found while diving .

nicole ( nikki ) helgason is a padi dive instructor with ten years of professional dive experience . nicole has taught scuba diving and managed dive centers around the world . nicole has a bachelors degree in coastal geography from the university of victoria and is passionate about coral reefs .

it’s hard to imagine just how big this colony is without seeing it for yourself and colonies like that can help shine a spotlight on these important reef building corals .

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prior to 1994 , the wide variability exhibited in the appearance of montastraea annularis was attributed to the different environmental conditions in which it occurs ( 3 ) . however , scientists have since discovered that it actually comprises a species complex that can be divided into three distinct species : the type specimen , m . annularis , together with two newly described species , m . faveolata and m . franksi ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .

like other colony - forming corals , colonies of m . annularis are composed of numerous small polyps , which are soft - bodied animals , related to anemones . each polyp bears numerous tentacles that direct food into a central mouth , where it is digested in a sac - like body cavity . one of the most remarkable and ecologically important features of corals is that the polyps secrete a hard skeleton , called a ‘corallite’ , which over successive generations contributes to the formation of a coral reef . the coral skeleton forms the bulk of the colony , with the living polyp tissue comprising only a thin veneer ( 4 ) . in m . annularis , the colonies are formed by long , thick columns , with only the top parts supporting living tissue . the colour of the living colonies is usually golden brown to tan , but sometimes appears grey or green ( 3 ) .

like many coral species , m . annularis is zooxanthellate , which means that its tissues contain large numbers of single - celled algae called zooxanthellae . the coral and the algae have a symbiotic relationship , in which the algae gain a stable environment within the coral ' s tissues , while the coral receives nutrients produced by the algae through photosynthesis . by harnessing the sun ' s energy in this way , corals are able to grow rapidly and form vast reef structures , but are constrained to live near the water surface ( 4 ) . while , on average , zooxanthellate coral can obtain around 70 percent of its nutrient requirements from zooxanthellae photosynthesis , the coral may also feed on zooplankton ( 5 ) .

this common species occurs in the caribbean , the gulf of mexico , florida , the bahamas , and bermuda ( 1 ) .

montastraea annularis is found at shallow and intermediate depths , from 1 to 20 metres ( 3 ) .

classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .

around one third of the world’s reef - building corals are threatened with extinction ( 6 ) . the principal threat to corals is the rise in sea temperature associated with global climate change . this leads to coral bleaching , where the symbiotic algae are expelled , leaving the corals weak and vulnerable to an increasing variety of harmful diseases . climate change is also expected to increase ocean acidification and result in a greater frequency of extreme weather events such as destructive storms . this is not to mention the localised threats to coral reefs from pollution , destructive fishing practices , invasive species , human development , and other activities ( 1 ) ( 6 ) .

in addition to being listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , which makes it an offence to trade m . annularis without a permit ( 2 ) , this coral falls within several marine protected areas across its range . to specifically conserve m . annularis , recommendations have been made for a raft of studies into various aspects of its taxonomy , biology and ecology , including an assessment of threats and potential recovery techniques ( 1 ) .

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weil , e . and knowlton , n . ( 1994 ) a multi - character analysis of the caribbean coral montastraea annularis ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and its two sibling species , m . faveolata ( ellis and solander , 1786 ) and m . franksi ( gregory , 1895 ) . bulletin of marine science , 55 : 151 - 175 .

veron , j . e . n . ( 2000 ) corals of the world . australian institute of marine science , townsville , australia .

barnes , r . s . k . , calow , p . , olive , p . j . w . , golding , d . w . and spicer , j . i . ( 2001 ) the invertebrates : a synthesis , 3rd edition . blackwell science , oxford .

carpenter , ke et al . ( 2008 ) one - third of reef - building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts . science , 321 : 560 - 563 .

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syncopacma captivella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by herrich-schäffer in 1854 .

it is found in portugal , spain , france , belgium , the netherlands , switzerland , germany , italy , hungary , poland , the czech republic , croatia and romania .

the wingspan is about 8 mm .

the forewings are reddish brown , becoming dark brown from about half to a distinct white , straight fascia at two-thirds , beyond this , the apical third of the wing has black , coarser scaling with the scales light grey , tipped black towards the termen and apex .

the hindwings are dark greyish brown .

the larvae feed on cytisus scoparius and genista legionensis .

syncopacma captivella

syncopacma captivella <EOT> although there are no likely confusion species currently known in britain , it should be borne in mind that there is at least one european species ( syncopacma captivella ) which is superficially similar but in which the white fascia is narrower and parallell sided .

2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt

this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license

pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi

a rare migrant occuring mainly in southern and eastern england and southern ireland usually in coastal or near coastal localities .

the earliest known records , both in february , in 1952 ( bexley , kent ) and 1999 ( chessington , surrey ) , were originally thought to be adventive specimens . although this may be the case , events in december 2015 suggest the moth could arrive as a migrant at any time of year when weather conditions and population levels are suitable . these were followed by singletons in dorset ( 2006 ) , five sightings in three vice counties ( dorset , hants and waterford ) during 2009 and , prior to the event detailed below , a singleton in wiltshire in july 2015 .

during late 2015 an exceptional immigration of this species took place between the 16th and 29th of december . at least 76 individuals were reported from seventeen southern english vice counties from norfolk round to cornwall and as far inland as hertfordshire and oxfordshire . a study of the weather patterns pertaining at that time suggested a probable origin of morroco or northern algeria .

there are no indications to date that the species has attempted to breed in britain . in emmet , a . m & langmaid , j . r . , 2002 , the author for s . polychromella reported the only foodplant traced at that time was lotus sessilifolius , not a plant found in the british isles .

as a migrant , it is most likely to be encountered at light along coastal and adjacent inland areas of southern and south - east britain . timings to date have included may , june , july and december .

the moth has appeared , twice as a possible adventive , in february , and five times between 2006 and 2009 as a migrant , in may and june . during 2015 it occured once in july and then again in large numbers in december , as migrants , into southern parts of the british isles .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

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all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .


oxyjulis californica is a species of wrasse native to the eastern pacific ocean along the coasts of california and baja california .

its distribution extends from salt point in sonoma county , california , to southern central baja california , near cedros island .

it is a very common species ; its common name in spanish is señorita .

this fish can grow to 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) in total length .

its body is fusiform , frequently described as " cigar-shaped " .

it is brown or shiny bronze dorsally and orange on its sides , becoming paler ventrally .

the base of the tail fin is mostly covered with a large black or chocolate brown spot .

the mouth is small and it has protruding " buck teeth " which it uses to scrape tiny invertebrate prey items off of kelp .

this fish lives in near-coastal marine habitats , especially kelp forests and reefs .

it has been observed at depths of 73 m ( 240 ft ) , but it generally lives at 20 m ( 66 ft ) or less .

it may cruise in a small school , but if threatened , it often retreats to the bottom , digging into the substrate to hide .

it also rests on the bottom at night , burrowing in backwards so only its head sticks out of the substrate .

the diet of the fish is composed of invertebrates , including marine worms , bryozoans , crustaceans , dove snails , limpets , fish larvae , and squid .

it may consume small amounts of seaweed .

it also feeds on the ectoparasites of other fish .

the señorita is a cleaner wrasse , a fish that grooms the parasites and other materials off the bodies of other fish .

it may remove and eat ectoparasites such as bacteria , copepods , and isopods .

parasites can constitute around half its total food intake .

sometimes when the señorita begins to clean one of its clients , a crowd of other fish will gather around to receive the service .

species that seek the señorita for a grooming include the bat ray ( myliobatis californica ) , giant sea bass ( stereolepis gigas ) , kelp bass ( paralabrax clathratus ) , jacksmelt ( atherinopsis californiensis ) , topsmelt ( atherinops affinis ) , sargo ( diplodus sargus ) , blacksmith ( chromis punctipinnis ) , garibaldi ( hypsypops rubicundus ) , opaleye ( girella nigricans ) , halfmoon ( medialuna californiensis ) , and mola ( mola mola ) .

the other fish may solicit the cleaning with their behavior .

the garibaldi extends its gill slits to give the señorita access to parasites on its gills .

the blacksmith points its head down to encourage the cleaner , and many blacksmith at a time may mob it , competing for its attention .

they may even block its escape if it tries to leave the scene .

the opaleye is usually constantly swimming , but it will stop and hold still if it meets a señorita .

the kelp bass , a predator of small fish , will often refrain from eating the señorita , and let it clean .

while the señorita will often clean large , predatory fish , it is not always safe .

it has been observed in the diet of the kelp bass , the bocaccio ( sebastes paucispinis ) , and the starry rockfish ( s. constellatus ) , but it is not consumed as often as would be expected , considering its frequent close contact with predators .

it might be unpalatable .

predators that do eat the fish include brandt 's cormorant ( phalacrocorax penicillatus ) and the california sea lion ( zalophus californianus ) .

the reproductive biology of this fish is not well known .

some sources suggest it may be a protogynous hermaphrodite , with the female able to change sex and become male , while others doubt this occurs in this species .

spawning occurs in may through august .

the eggs are pelagic , floating suspended in the water .

the fish tends to return to favorite locations ; in one experiment , señoritas were caught and then released a distance away , and most found their way back to their original home ranges .

fishermen generally do not seek this species as quarry , and it can be an annoyance when it steals bait off hooks .

while technically edible , it is not valuable as a food fish .

oxyjulis californica

oxyjulis californica <EOT> jennifer hammock chose to hide data on " oxyjulis californica ( günther , 1861 ) " .

josefin stiller added the german common name " junkerlippfisch " to " oxyjulis californica ( günther , 1861 ) " .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

justification : this is a very common species throughout its range . there are no known major threats and it occurs in protected areas throughout its range . it is therefore listed as least concern .

this species is known in the eastern pacific from salt point in northern california to southern central baja california .

this species is one of the most common wrasses in southern california . it reaches densities of up to 0 . 5 fish per m 2 , and is among the top three species recorded by fisheries independent diver surveys ( craig et al . unpublished data ) .

this species inhabits rocky reefs and kelp forests in depths of 1 - 73 m , but is most common above 20 m . it feeds on small invertebrates and may act as a “cleaner” for larger fishes . it is likely a protogynous hermaphrodite .

there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . however , its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

greek , oxy = sharp + greek , ioulis , a fish dealing with genera coris or thalassoma ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 97 m ( ref . 96339 ) . subtropical ; 39°n - 22°n , 124°w - 110°w

eastern pacific : salt point in northern california , usa to southern central baja california , mexico .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2850 ) ; max . reported age : 4 years ( ref . 56049 )

live in kelp and other seaweeds and over rocks . occurs in intertidal up to 97 m ( ref . 96339 ) . found usually at depths shallower than 23 m but also caught at depths up to 73 m . often form small groups , frequently well off bottom . when disturbed often burrows in bottom sediment . sleep at night buried in sand with head protruding . feed on a variety of small invertebrates and also picks parasites from other fishes that come to be cleaned . no sex reversal . pelagic spawner ( ref . 56049 ) .

eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . boston ( ma , usa ) : houghton mifflin company . xii + 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00447 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 01112 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 40 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 1 ; tmax = 4 ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 19 of 100 ) .

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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .

the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .

a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .

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in kelp forests and reefs from five to 240 feet ( 1 . 5 m - 76 m ) ; from salt point , sonoma california to central baja california

loose schools of señoritas swarm in kelp forests and over reefs anywhere from near the bottom of the water to near the top . in the aquarium ' s kelp forest exhibits , look for little cigar - shaped orange fish with large black spots on their tails . señoritas sport large scales , small mouths and protruding teeth that are ideal for picking bryozoans and hydroids from algae .

commercial fishermen don ' t target señoritas and anglers consider them bait - stealing nuisances . señoritas , as well as other animals , depend on healthy kelp forests for food and shelter . unfortunately , some kelp forests are in danger . in the past 20 years , three - quarters of these underwater forests have disappeared from channel islands national park . overfishing of sheepheads , lobsters and red urchins removed predators of purple sea urchins . without predators , the population of purple sea urchins increased rapidly to hoards of grazers that ate enough kelp to devastate nearly all the forests . to save the kelp forests , california agencies established no - fishing zones , called marine reserves , and limited fishing areas around the channel islands . if the success of other reserves is repeated , channel island national park kelp forests should flourish again .

señoritas feed during the day . at night they search for a sandy bottom where they bury in the sand with only their heads exposed . when threatened by predators in the daytime , señoritas dart to the seafloor and hide by burrowing in the bottom sediment . brandt ' s cormorants and california sea lions prey on señoritas .

señoritas are known as " cleaner " fish . they pick external parasites and copepods from the skin of other fishes . once a señorita starts cleaning , other fishes gather to be cleaned as well . but then the señorita loses interest , leaving disappointment in its wake .

the mission of the nonprofit monterey bay aquarium is to inspire conservation of the ocean .

live in kelp and other seaweeds and over rocks . found usually at depths shallower than 23 m but also caught at depths up to 73 m . often form small groups , frequently well off bottom . when disturbed often burrows in bottom sediment . sleep at night buried in sand with head protruding . feed on a variety of small invertebrates and also picks parasites from other fishes that come to be cleaned . no sex reversal . pelagic spawner ( ref . 56049 ) .

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the following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .

anonymous0 fish collection database of the centro interdisiplinario de ciencias marinas . centro interdisiplinario de ciencias marinas ( cicimar ) , la paz , mexico . ( ref . 33624 )

anonymous0 fish collection database of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , grahamstown , south africa . j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , grahamstown , south africa . ( ref . 36670 )

anonymous0 fish collection database of the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . smithsonian institution - division of fishes . ( ref . 38732 )

anonymous0 fish collection database of the university of british columbia fish museum fish museum . university of british columbia , vancouver , canada . ( ref . 10937 )

breder , c . m . and d . e . rosen0 modes of reproduction in fishes . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , new jersey . 941 p . ( ref . 205 )

chinese academy of fishery sciences0 chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . urltoken ( ref . 58108 )

eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann . 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a . 336 p .

eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann0 a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a . 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )

eschmeyer , w . n . 0 pisces . eschmeyer ' s pisces database as published on the internet in june 1997 , url : urltoken ( ref . 12965 )

escobar - fernández , r . and m . siri0 nombres vernáculos y científicos de los peces del pacífico mexicano . universidad autónoma de baja california , sociedad ictiológica mexicana , a . c . mexico . ( ref . 27736 )

fao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , 29 april 2008 . ( ref . 75549 )

fao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , april 2014 . ( ref . 95632 )

fao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , march 2010 . ( ref . 83882 )

fao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , march 2012 . ( ref . 90062 )

fao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , [ accessed 13 / 04 / 2015 ] . ( ref . 101110 )

fitch , j . e . and r . j . lavenberg0 tidepool and nearshore fishes of california . california natural history guides : 38 . university of california press , berkelley and los angeles , california . 156 p . ( ref . 4930 )

froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) ( 2015 ) . fishbase ( version jan 2015 ) . in : species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 26th august 2015 ( roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , kunze t . , flann c . , bailly n . , kirk p . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , eds ) . digital resource at urltoken . species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .

garces , l . r . , q . p . sia , m . j . m . vega , j . cabansag and v . hilomen0 species composition and abundance of reef fish communities . p . 000 - 000 . in g . silvestre , c . luna and j . padilla ( eds . ) multidisciplinary assessment of the fisheries in san miguel bay , philippines ( 1992 - 1993 ) . iclarm technical report 47 . international center for living aquatic resources management , makati , philippines . ( ref . 45334 )

hobson , e . s . , w . n . mcfarland and j . r . chess0 crepuscular and nocturnal activities of californian nearshore fishes , with consideration of their scotopic visual pigments and the photic environment . fish . bull . 79 : 1 - 30 . ( ref . 2323 )

lowry , m . s . , c . w . oliver , c . macky and j . b . wexler0 food habits of california sea lions zalophus californianus at san clemente island , california , 1981 - 86 . fish . bull . 88 : 509 - 521 . ( ref . 32120 )

nelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea and j . d . williams0 common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . ix , 386 p . + 1 cd . ( ref . 52299 )

nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico , sixth edition . american fisheries society special publication , no . 29 . ix + 386

parenti , paola , and john e . randall . 2000 . an annotated checklist of the species of the labroid fish families labridae and scaridae . ichthyological bulletin of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , no . 68 . 97

robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea and w . b . scott0 a list of common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . am . fish . soc . spec . publ . ( 12 ) 1 - 174 . ( ref . 276 )

robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea and w . b . scott0 common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . am . fish . soc . spec . pub . ( 20 ) : 183 p . ( ref . 3814 )

robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al . 1980 . a list of common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada , fourth edition . american fisheries society special publication , no . 12 . 174

robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada , fifth edition . american fisheries society special publication , no . 20 . 183

shanks , a . l . and g . l . eckert0 population persistence of california current fishes and benthic crustaceans : a marine drift paradox . ecol . monogr . 75 : 505 - 524 . ( ref . 56049 )

victor , b . c . 0 duration of the planktonic larval stage of one hundred species of pacific and atlantic wrasses ( family labridae ) . mar . biol . 90 ( 3 ) : 317 - 326 . ( ref . 32018 )

wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) 0 latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p . ( ref . 31517 )

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nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .

full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams

ichthyological bulletin of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , no . 68

robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

common in kelp beds and rocky reefs . cleans parasites from other fishes . attains 10 inches . central california to central baja .

günther , a . ( 1861 ) . a preliminary synopsis of the labroid genera . ann . mag . nat . hist . ser . 3 . 8 ( 47 ) : 382 - 389 . page ( s ) : 386 [ details ]

( of halichoeres californicus günther , 1861 ) günther , a . ( 1861 ) . a preliminary synopsis of the labroid genera . ann . mag . nat . hist . ser . 3 . 8 ( 47 ) : 382 - 389 . [ details ]

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( of halichoeres californicus günther , 1861 ) eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of halichoeres californicus günther , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .


stygobromus pecki is a rare species of crustacean known by the common name peck 's cave amphipod .

it is endemic to texas in the united states , where lives in only two springs in comal county .

it is a federally listed endangered species of the united states , and is listed as endangered on the iucn red list .

this amphipod , like many subterranean species , is eyeless and lacks pigment .

the amphipod is found in comal springs , which is owned by the city of new braunfels , texas , and hueco springs , which is privately owned .

this species is threatened by the lowering water levels in the edwards aquifer , which feeds the springs in which it dwells .

the water in the aquifer has long been drained for human use , in irrigation , for example .

stygobromus pecki

stygobromus pecki <EOT> stygobromus pecki is a rare species of crustacean known by the common name peck ' s cave amphipod . content licensed under creative commons attribution . source : urltoken

barr , c . b . 1993 . survey for two edwards aquifer invertebrates : comal springs dryopid beetle stygoparnus comalensis barr and spangler ( coleoptera : dryopidae ) and peck ' s cave amphipod stygobromus pecki holsinger ( amphipoda : crangonyctidae ) . prepared for u . s . fish and wildlife service . 70 pp .

( of stygonectes pecki holsinger , 1967 ) karaman , g . s . ( 1974 ) . 59 . contribution to the knowledge of the amphipoda . revision of the genus stygobromus cope 1872 ( fam . gammaridae ) from north america . glasnik republickog zavoda za zastitu prirode . 7 : 97 - 125 . [ details ]

the first recorded specimen of the amphipod stygobromus ( = stygonectes ) pecki ( holsinger 1967 ) was collected by peck at comal springs in june 1964 . reddell collected a second specimen at the same place in may 1965 . in 1967 , holsinger named the species stygonectes pecki , in peck ' s honor , selecting the 1965 specimen as the type specimen . later he included all the nominal stygonectes species in the synonymy of the large genus stygobromus . the fws service used " cave amphipod " as a generic common name for members of this genus , and this name was simply transliterated as " peck ' s cave amphipod " without reference to a particular cave .

arsuffi , thomas l . 1993 . status of the comal springs riffle beetle ( heterelmis comalensis bosse , tuff , and brown ) , peck ' s cave amphipod ( stygobromus pecki holsinger ) , and the comal springs dryopid beetle ( stygoparnus comalensis barr and spangler ) . prepared for the u . s . fish and wildlife service . 25 pp .

( of stygonectes pecki holsinger , 1967 ) holsinger j . r . ( 1967 ) . systematics , speciation , and distribution of the subterranean amphipod genus stygonectes ( gammaridae ) . united states national museum bulletin , 259 , 1 - 176 . [ details ]

like all members of the exclusively subterranean genus stygobromus , this species is eyeless and unpigmented , indicating that its primary habitat is a zone of permanent darkness in the underground aquifer feeding the springs . above ground , individuals are easy prey for predators , but they usually take shelter in the rock and gravel crevices and may succeed in reentering the spring orifice . barr ( 1993 ) got most specimens in drift nets at spring orifices and found them less often as she moved downstream , supporting the notion that they may be easy prey and do not likely survive for long outside the aquifer .

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horton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fišer , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garcía , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; lörz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; väinölä , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database .

designation of critical habitat for the peck ' s cave amphipod , comal springs dryopid beetle , and comal springs riffle beetle : proposed rule ; reopening of comment period and notice of availability of draft economic analysis .

proposed revision of critical habitat for the comal springs dryopid beetle , comal springs riffle beetle , and peck ' s cave amphipod : proposed rule .

- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .

itis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .

fws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .

comal springs aquatic ecosystem . primary habitat lies within the aquifer in permanent darkness . it has been collected at the comal springs and hueco springs orifices and in the panther canyon monitoring well , that is drilled into the edwards aquifer . when found outside of the aquifer , peck’s cave amphipods are typically found in the crevices of rocks and in the gravel near spring orifices .

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fitzpatrick , j . f . , jr . 1983 . how to know the freshwater crustacea . wm . c . brown co . publishers . dubuque , iowa . 277 pp .

holsinger , j . r . 1967 . systematics , speciation , and distribution of the subterranean amphipod genus stygonectes ( gammaridae ) . bull . u . s . nat . mus . 259 : 1 - 176 .

holsinger , j . r . 1972 . biota of freshwater ecosystems , identification manual no . 5 : the freshwater amphipod crustaceans ( gammaridae ) of north america . environmental protection agency , washington , d . c . 89 pp .

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whats wrong with secretary kim 영준이 재능교육 시작했니 ? ( 자기의 일은 스스로 . . . 하지마 . . . ) 180704 ep . 9

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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31

listed as endangered under u . s . endangered species act and on iucn red list ( 2002 )

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .