the sharptooth houndshark , or spotted gully shark ( triakis megalopterus ) , is a species of houndshark , belonging to the family triakidae , found in shallow inshore waters from southern angola to south africa .

favoring sandy areas near rocky reefs and gullies , it is an active-swimming species that usually stays close to the bottom .

this robust shark reaches 1.7 m ( 5.6 ft ) in length and has characteristically large , rounded fins ; the pectoral fins in particular are broad and sickle-shaped in adults .

it also has a short , blunt snout and long furrows around its mouth .

this species is gray or bronze in color above , with variable amounts of black spotting .

mainly active at night , the sharptooth houndshark feeds mostly on crustaceans , bony fishes , and cephalopods .

it has been observed gathering in groups in shallow water during summertime , possibly for reproductive purposes .

this species is aplacental viviparous , meaning that the unborn young are sustained mainly by yolk .

females give birth to 6 – 12 pups between late may and august , on a two - or three-year cycle .

the sharptooth houndshark is often hooked by recreational anglers , and some are also captured on commercial bottom longlines .

because of its small range , its low growth and reproductive rates , it is very vulnerable to overfishing .

the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has therefore listed this species as near threatened .

sharptooth houndshark

sharptooth houndshark <EOT> you selected sharptooth houndshark ( english ) . this is a common name for :

the sharptooth houndshark , or spotted gully shark ( triakis megalopterus ) , is a species of houndshark , belonging to the family triakidae , found in shallow inshore waters from southern angola to south africa .

predators predators of the brown shyshark include larger sharks and fishes . the sharptooth houndshark triakis megalopterus is a documented predator of this shark . mollusks may feed on the egg cases .

is the common houndshark mustelus mustelus and the whitespotted houndshark mustelus palumbes . both of these sharks are more slender and lack the back spots of the spotted gully shark .

the flapnose houndshark , scylliogaleus quecketti , is a houndshark of the family triakidae , and the only member of the genus scylliogaleus . it is found in the waters off subtropical south africa , in the western indian ocean between latitudes 27° s and 33° s .

the sharptooth houndshark is hardy and keeps well in captivity . observations by the writer of healthy individuals in a large circular tank at the port elizabeth oceanarium , south africa , shows them to be very active , mostly bottom swimmers , that are usually seen patrolling in irregular patterns close to the bottom in open , flat areas , often with a centimetre or less between the shark ' s underside and the

aerial stock video footage showing the beauty of cape town and its surrounding area , including lion ' s head , table mountain , cape point , hout bay , simon ' s town , and seal island . footage includes great white sharks from above at seal island , an aggregation of spotted gully sharks / sharptooth houndshark ( triakis megalopterus ) in the surf near cape point in table mountain national park , and a brown fur seal surfing in the waves .

) is an uncommon species , the flapnose houndshark is of low fecundity and has a very restricted distribution in inshore waters of the western indian ocean ( south africa : kwazulu - natal and eastern cape ) which are subjected to heavy fishing pressure and potential habitat degradation .

this species has an extremely restricted range in the western indian ocean , off the east coast of south africa ( northeastern part of the eastern cape to northern kwazulu - natal ) . the flapnose houndshark is found close inshore at the surfline and in the intertidal ( compagno in prep . b ) .

a blunt - nosed houndshark with large , fused nasal flaps , and small , blunt , pebble - like teeth ; 2nd dorsal fin as large as 1st ( ref . 5578 ) . grey above , cream below ; newborn with white rear edges on dorsal , anal and caudal fins ( ref . 5578 ) .

nocturnal and largely solitary , the banded houndshark preys on benthic invertebrates and bony fishes . it is aplacental viviparous , with the developing embryos sustained by yolk . after mating during summer , females bear as many as 42 pups following a gestation period of 9–12 months . the banded houndshark poses no danger to humans and adapts well to captivity . it is caught as bycatch off japan , taiwan , and likely elsewhere in its range ; it may be eaten but is not as well - regarded as related species . because fishing does not appear to have diminished this shark ' s population , the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed it under least concern .

the banded houndshark ( triakis scyllium ) is a species of houndshark , in the family triakidae , common in the northwestern pacific ocean from the southern russian far east to taiwan . found on or near the bottom , it favors shallow coastal habitats with sandy or vegetated bottoms , and also enters brackish water . this shark reaches 1 . 5 m ( 4 . 9 ft ) in length . it has a short , rounded snout and mostly narrow fins ; the pectoral fins are broad and triangular , and the trailing margin of the first dorsal fin is almost vertical . it is gray above and lighter below ; younger sharks have darker saddles and dots , which fade with age .

the blackspotted smooth - hound ( mustelus punctulatus ) is a houndshark of the family triakidae . it is found on the continental shelves of the subtropical eastern atlantic from the mediterranean to the western sahara , between latitudes 45° n and 20° n , from the surface to a depth of 250 m . it can reach of a length of 1 . 5 m .

the starry smooth - hound ( mustelus asterias ) is a houndshark of the family triakidae . it is found on the continental shelves of the northeast atlantic , between latitudes 61° n and 16° n , from the surface to a depth of 200 m ( 660 ft ) . it can grow up to a length of 1 . 4 m ( 4 ft 7 in ) .

harmless to humans , [ 16 ] the banded houndshark is commonly displayed in public aquariums in china and japan , [ 1 ] and has reproduced in captivity . [ 8 ] individuals have survived in captivity for over five years . [ 5 ] this species is often caught incidentally off japan in gillnets and set nets ; the meat is sometimes sold , but is considered to be of poorer quality than that of other houndsharks in the region . it is caught in lesser numbers off taiwan , and is probably also fished off korea and northern china . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed the banded houndshark under least concern , as it remains abundant throughout its range . off japan , it can be found in rocky areas that provide refuge from fishing pressure . [ 1 ]

: field marks : a very stout houndshark with a short , broadly rounded snout , lobate anterior nasal flaps that do not reach the mouth and are far separated from each other , long upper labial furrows that reach the lower symphysis of the mouth , semimolariform teeth with straight erect cusps and cusplets little - developed or absent , broad large fins with the pectorals broadly falcate and the first dorsal fin with a vertical posterior margin , and often black spots .

the first scientific description of the banded houndshark was authored by german biologists johannes peter müller and friedrich gustav jakob henle , based on a dried specimen from japan , in their 1838–41 systematische beschreibung der plagiostomen . they gave it the specific epithet scyllium , derived from the ancient greek skylion ( " dogfish " ) , and placed it in the genus triakis . [ 3 ] within the genus , it is placed in the subgenus triakis along with the leopard shark ( t . ( triakis ) semifasciata ) . [ 2 ]

native to the northwestern pacific ocean , the banded houndshark occurs from the southern russian far east to taiwan , including japan , korea , and eastern china ; records from the philippines are questionable . [ 1 ] this common , benthic shark is found over continental and insular shelves , mostly close to shore but also to a depth of 150 m ( 490 ft ) . [ 4 ] it frequents sandy flats and beds of seaweed and eelgrass ; additionally it is tolerant of brackish water and enters estuaries and bays . [ 1 ]

the banded houndshark is nocturnal and generally solitary , though several individuals may rest together , sometimes piled atop one another inside a cave . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] it feeds mainly on crustaceans ( including shrimps , crabs , hermit crabs , and mantis shrimps ) , cephalopods ( including octopus ) , and spoon worms ; polychaete worms , tunicates , peanut worms , and small , bottom - living bony fishes ( including flatfishes , conger eels , herring , jacks , drums , and grunts ) are occasionally consumed . shrimp and spoon worms are important prey for sharks up to 70 cm ( 28 in ) long ; cephalopods predominate in the diets of larger sharks . [ 6 ]

the banded houndshark is a moderately slender - bodied species growing up to 1 . 5 m ( 4 . 9 ft ) long . the snout is short , broad , and rounded ; the widely separated nostrils are each preceded by a lobe of skin that does not reach the mouth . the horizontally oval eyes are placed high on the head ; they are equipped with rudimentary nictitating membranes ( protective third eyelids ) and have prominent ridges underneath . the mouth forms a short , wide arch and bears long furrows at the corners that extend onto both jaws . each tooth has an upright to oblique knife - like central cusp flanked by strong cusplets . there are five pairs of gill slits . [ 2 ]

the flapnose houndshark occurs in inshore waters that are subjected to heavy commercial and sports hook - and - line fisheries . small numbers have been taken in directed inshore fisheries for small sharks and the species has been sporadically utilised for its flesh recently in southern kwazulu - natal . no fisheries statistics are available on catches . it may also be a possible bycatch of inshore fisheries , but details are lacking . the species is caught by sports surf anglers and possibly recreational boat anglers . increased fishing pressure in its limited environment suggests that the population may be vulnerable and could decline . loss of habitat as a result of development and pollution along the coast of kwazulu - natal ( where there is extensive coastal development ) and the eastern cape during the last few decades may also be a threat .

mating occurs during the summer , and involves the male swimming parallel to the female and gripping her pectoral fin with his teeth ; thus secured , he then twists the aft portion of his body to insert a single clasper into her cloaca for copulation . the banded houndshark is aplacental viviparous , in which the developing embryos are sustained to birth by yolk . females bear litters of 9–26 pups after a gestation period of 9–12 months , though litters as large as 42 pups have been recorded . [ 5 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] the newborns measure 18–20 cm ( 7 . 1–7 . 9 in ) long . males mature sexually at 5–6 years old , when they are 93–106 cm ( 37–42 in ) long , and live up to 15 years . females mature sexually at 6–7 years old , when they are 106–107 cm ( 42–42 in ) long , and live up to 18 years . [ 1 ] known parasites of this species include the tapeworms callitetrarhynchus gracilis , [ 9 ] onchobothrium triacis , and phyllobothrium serratum , [ 10 ] the leech stibarobdella macrothela , [ 11 ] and the copepods achtheinus impenderus , [ 12 ] caligus punctatus , [ 13 ] kroyeria triakos , [ 14 ] and pseudopandarus scyllii . [ 15 ]

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

) is an uncommon inshore species with limited distribution in waters off south africa , namibia and southern angola . the species is exploited by unregulated shark fisheries .

found in the eastern south atlantic and western indian ocean in temperate coastal waters of southern angola , namibia and south africa ( northern , western and eastern cape coasts , rarely north - east to kwazulu - natal ) .

this species is uncommon to locally common in the intertidal and surfline to less than 50 m ( compagno in prep . b ) .

an inshore , bottom - dwelling shark of temperate coastal waters with a limited geographic and bathymetric range , found often in shallow water up to the surfline . it prefers sandy shores and rocks and crevices in shallow bays . during summertime this shark congregates in schools , particularly in false bay and off the cape peninsula , western cape , south africa , which may include pregnant females . development is ovoviviparous , without a yolk - sac placenta and the number of young is 6 - 10 per litter . this shark eats crabs , bony fishes and small sharks ( one had eaten a scyliorhinus capensis ) ( compagno in prep . b ) .

there is a fairly large directed commercial shark demersal longline fishery centred in gansbaai and false bay in south africa , which takes the spotted gully shark as a minor bycatch along with the target species , soupfin or vaalhai ( galeorhinus galeus ) , and other more abundant bycatch species such as common smoothhound ( mustelus mustelus ) and bronze whaler ( carcharhinus brachyurus ) . there are no separate statistics available for commercial catches of spotted gully sharks . the meat of such sharks is dried into shark " biltong " or jerky , which sells for a relatively high price locally , or is shipped fresh or frozen overseas ( italy or taiwan ( poc ) ) . also caught recreational anglers in south africa and namibia , but not eaten much locally although perfectly edible .

the species occurs in at least one marine reserve , but it is not specifically protected . there is a proposal currently under consideration at sea fisheries research institute , the main fisheries research and body in south africa , to decommercialise the spotted gully shark and protect it from expanding commercial export fisheries for small sharks , although it still could be caught by sports anglers .

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marine ; demersal ; depth range 1 - 50 m ( ref . 5578 ) . subtropical ; 30°s - 36°s

maturity : l m ? , range 140 - 150 cm max length : 142 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 244 ) ; 174 . 0 cm tl ( female ) ; max . published weight : 20 . 0 kg ( ref . 5485 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . blunt snout and a large mouth with small pointed teeth ; caudal peduncle short and heavy ( ref . 5578 ) . grey with numerous black spots which may be sparse or absent in some specimens ; new born pups with fewer black spots compared to adults ( ref . 5485 ) ; white below ( ref . 5578 ) .

occurs off sandy beaches , rocky shores and in shallow bays ( ref . 5578 ) . feeds on crabs , lobsters , bony fish and small sharks ( ref . 5578 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . forms schools in summer ( ref . 244 ) . hardy and keeps well in captivity ( ref . 244 ) . commonly caught by rock and surf sports anglers but not eaten much ( ref . 244 ) . meat is dried into shark ' biltong ' or jerky which commands a relatively high price ( ref . 244 ) . attains 160 cm , tl ( ref . 36731 ) .

ovoviviparous , embryos feed solely on yolk ( ref . 50449 ) , with 6 to 12 young in a litter ( ref . 244 ) . 30 - 32 cm at birth ( ref . 244 ) .

compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 . rome : fao . ( ref . 244 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5312 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00269 ( 0 . 00133 - 0 . 00544 ) , b = 3 . 15 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 33 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 5 se ; based on diet studies .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( fec = 6 ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 74 of 100 ) .

counts 162 to 166 . body with a few to numerous small black spots , few or absent in young , often numerous in adults although plain adults have been recorded .

water up to the surfline . it prefers sandy shores and rocks and crevices in

bays . during summertime this shark congregates in schools , particularly in false bay , western cape , south africa , which may have many pregnant females .

between 140 and 150 cm , with adults reported at 140 to 174 cm ; size at birth about 30 to 32 cm .

very commonly caught by rock and surf sports anglers , but not eaten much although perfectly edible . there is a fairly large commercial shark fishery in gans bay in south africa that probably takes this

along with others ; the meat of such sharks is dried into shark ' biltong ' or jerky , which sells for a relatively high price .

follows compagno ( 1973c , 1979 ) , heemstra ( 1973 ) , and bass , d ' aubrey and kistnasamy ( 1975b ) . bass , d ' aubrey and kistnasamy ( 1975b ) recognized

and gradually become spotted with black ( some adults may retain a plain coloration ) .

smith , j . l . b . , 1952 . a new hound shark from south africa , and new records . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( ser . 12 ) , 5 : 223 - 6

compagno , l . j . v . , 1970 . systematics of the genus hemitriakis ( selachii : carcharhinidae ) , and related genera . proc . calif . acad . sci . , 33 ( 4 ) : 63 - 98

compagno , l . j . v . , 1973c . interrelationships of living elasmobranchs . in interrelationships of fishes , edited by p . h . greenwood , r . s . miles and c . patterson . j . linn . soc . ( zool . ) , 53 suppl . 1 : 37 p .

compagno , l . j . v . , 1979 . carcharhinoid sharks : morphology , systematics and phylogeny . unpublished ph . d . thesis , stanford university , 932 p . available from university microfilms international , ann arbor , michigan

heemstra , p . c . , 1973 . a revision of the shark genus mustelus ( squaliformes carcharhinidae ) . university of miami , ph . d . thesis , 187 p . ( unpubl . )

bass , a . j . , j . d . d ' aubrey and n . kistnasamy , 1975b . sharks of the east coast of southern africa . 4 . the families odontaspididae , scapanorhyn chidae , isuridae , cetorhinidae , alopiidae , orectolobidae and rhiniodontidae . invest . rep . oceanoar . res . inst . , durban , ( 39 ) : 102 p .

van der elst , r . , 1981 . a guide to the common sea fishes of southern africa . capetown , c . struik , 367 p .

l . j . v . compagno and m . smale ( unpub . data )

shot with dji phantom 2 / zenmuse h3 - 3d gimbal / gopro hero 3 + black .

observation - multimammate mouse - southern africa . description : only caught at night in both grasslands and thicket ( added as a separate record ) .

only caught at night in both grasslands and thicket ( added as a separate record ) .

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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32795a44 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32795c13 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 327968a9 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 331240f6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

year from eschmeyer ( coff ver . nov . 1999 : ref . 33021 ) .

froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 7b95748c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

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dyer island cruises offers a variety of opportunities for budding nature enthusiasts and students to volunteer and get involved with our work .

when you go on a tour with dyer island cruises , you are making an active contribution to wildlife research and conservation .

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fao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 4 , pt . 2

special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

: urltoken contains images of sharks , skates , rays , and a few chimaera ' s from around the world . elasmodiver began as a simple web based

to help divers find the best places to encounter the different species of sharks and rays that live in shallow water but it has slowly evolved into a much larger project containing information on all aspects of shark diving and shark photography .

there are now more than 10 , 000 shark pictures and sections on shark evolution , biology , and conservation . there is a large library of reviewed shark books , a constantly updated shark taxonomy page , a monster list of shark links , and deeper in the site there are numerous articles and stories about shark encounters . elasmodiver is now so difficult to check for updates , that new information and pictures are listed on an elasmodiver updates page that can be accessed here :

the taxonomy of sharks and rays is a subject that remains in hot debate . although the majority of elasmobranch families have been nailed down there will always be individual species that don ' t quite fit the characteristics of their sibling species . consequently species are occasionally reclassified or simply listed as awaiting review . one of the most confusing of families is the potamotrygonidae - the fresh water stingrays of south america . not only do these ray species adopt extremely varied patterns that are sometimes visually indistinguishable from other species , they also produce hybrids in certain parts of their ranges leaving us wondering what exactly a true species is anyway .

among shark taxonomists conservative estimates of the number of known shark species is now approaching 500 . combined with the 700 or more species of rays and skates there are well over a thousand valid species of elasmobranches . in the past many more species were described only to be discounted later as being synonymous with elasmobranches already described from other geographic areas . in recent years this problem has lessened because taxonomic data has become easier to share over the internet . however , taxonomists are as vain as the rest of us and in their efforts to be the first to describe ( and name ) a new species there is often a counterproductive lack of collaboration .

some abyssal species have been described from only one or two specimens captured during deep water trawls . this implies that in all likelihood there are many shark and ray species lurking on the abyssal plain that have not yet been seen or captured . the best example being the relatively recent discovery of the megamouth shark . if this large and slow moving shark could remain hidden until the 1980 ' s , who knows how many other elasmobranches have gone unnoticed .

following is a list ( in need of an update ) of all the described species of elasmobranchs . included at the bottom are the holocephali ( the chimaeras or ghost sharks ) that share many characteristics with modern sharks and rays but are thought to be descended from a different group of cartilaginous fishes that thrived during the late devonian period .

occasionally new species of sharks and rays are described by science . in some cases they have been well known for a while e . g . the western wobbegong but no one has gotten around to describing them . more exciting is when a deep water trawl or a lucky diving expedition uncovers a species that the scientific community was completely unaware of . this page on elasmodiver highlights the discovery of these species . many thanks to helmut nickel who somehow manages to find out whenever a new species is described and diligently informs the rest of the lay community of shark fanatics through shark - l . without his input i wouldn ' t have a clue .

if you have information about a species i have overlooked please email me the information and i will add it to the list .

includes a key to identifying the genus of the dasyatidae ( whiptail stingrays ) .

includes a key to identifying the genus of the potamotrygonidae ( river stingrays ) .

phylum chordata - animals that at some point in their life cycle have the following : pharyngeal slits ( a series of openings connecting the inside of the throat to the outside of the neck . in fish these become gill slits ) , dorsal nerve cord ( a bundle of nerve fibres running down the back , connecting the brain with the organs and extremities , a notochord ( a cartilaginous rod supporting the nerve cord ) , post anal tail ( an extension of the ' back ' past the anal opening ) .

subphylum vertebrata - animals with a vertibral column or backbone and neural crest cells which are released as the nerve cord is forming , these cells move through the body to form major nerves , neural ganglia , and many head and facial features . other features that separate vertebrates from other chordates include : a relatively well - developed brain , paired complex eyes , a muscularized mouth and pharynx , and a well - developed circulatory system with a heart .

class chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes lacking true bone . chondrichthyes can be split into two distinct subclasses elasmobranchii and bradyodonti .

subclass elasmobranchii - sharks , skates and rays ( and some fossil relatives ) . elasmobranchs have an upper jaw that is not fused to the braincase and separate slitted gill openings .

subclass holocephali - includes forms with an upper jaw fused to the braincase and a flap of skin , the operculum , covering the gill slits . the holocephalii includes the chimaeras and ratfishes , which are relatively rare , often deep - water , mollusc - eating forms .

narcine brevilabiata - ( offshore species found on continental tropical waters , known from a depth of 49 m ) .

narcine prodorsalis - ( continental waters both inshore and offshore . known from a depth of 49m ) .

narcine vermiculatus - vermiculate electric ray ( benthic on soft bottoms in protected coastal areas ) .

temera hardwickii - pari karas ( malay / indonesian . found inshore and offshore )

j . p . c . b . da silva & m . r . de carvalho , 2011

tarsistes philippii jordan , 1919 no common name . known from one dried head from chile

rhynchobatus immaculatus peter r . last1 , hsuan - ching ho2 , 3 , * & rou - rong chen3 2013

callorhinchus milii ( elephantfish ) occurs on continental shelves of cool temperate areas of australia and new zealand to depths of at least 200 m . migrates into large estuaries and inshore bays in spring to breed .

chimaera monstrosa ( rabbit fish ) atlantic . upper continental slopes , 40 to 100m .

hydrolagus affinis ( smalleyed rabbitfish , atlantic chimaera ) eastern atlantic , mediterranean . continental slopes to deep - sea plains .

hydrolagus lemures ( blackfin ghostshark ) common and wide - ranging chimaera of the australian outer continental shelf and upper slopes .

hydrolagus mirabilis ( large - eyed rabbitfish ) moderately common on continental slopes . feeds on small fishes and invertebrates . oviparous

harriotta haeckeli ( smallspine spookfish ) north atlantic , taken in 1800 - 2600 m ; specimens collected by russian vessels from submarine seamounts of the indian ocean in 1400 - 1730 m ; off st . helens ( tasmania ) in 1480 - 1700 m .

p . o . box 8719 station central , victoria , bc . , v8w 3s3 , canada

species is usually found over sandy or rocky bottoms . measuring up to 73 cm ( 29 in ) long , the brown shyshark is stoutly built , with a broad , flattened head and rounded snout . unlike other shysharks , the brown shyshark has a plain brown color , though some individuals have faint " saddle " markings or light or dark spots . when threatened , this shark curls into a circle with its tail over its eyes , which is the origin of the name " shyshark " . it feeds on

to a depth of 35 m ( 110 ft ) . however , it has been reported from as deep as 133 m ( 440 ft ) .

the range of this species overlaps with the puffadder shyshark in the southeastern cape region . there , the brown shyshark tends to favor shallow inshore habitats , while the puffadder shyshark inhabits deeper offshore waters .

a small species reaching a maximum known length of 73 cm ( 29 in ) , the dark shyshark has a stocky body and a short , broad head . the snout is blunt and dorsally flattened . the eyes are large and oval - shaped , with a rudimentary

are very large , and are flanked by greatly expanded , triangular flaps of skin that reach the mouth . these nasal flaps cover a pair of deep grooves that connect the nasal excurrent ( outflow ) openings and the mouth . there are furrows at the corners of the mouth on both jaws . the teeth have a central cusp and a pair of smaller cusplets on the sides . the five pairs of

are moderately large , and the dorsal , pelvic , and anal fins are of similar sizes . the

is short and broad , with a notch near the tip of the upper lobe and an indistinct lower lobe . the skin is thick and covered by well -

the coloration is a plain brown above and while below , though some individuals have a series of faint darker saddle - like markings or black or white spots .

species ; one tag - recapture study found that recaptured sharks had moved no more than 8 km ( 5 . 0 mi ) from their original tagging location .

. like its relatives in the genus , it exhibits a curious response of curling into a ring with its tail covering its eyes when threatened , hence the name " shyshark " .

at a length of 68–69 cm ( 27–27 in ) , and females at a length of 60–61 cm ( 24–24 in ) .

^ compagno , l . j . v . and m . krose ( 2000 ) . haploblepharus fuscus . in : iucn 2000 . iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on august 31 , 2009 .

compagno , l . j . v . , m . dando and s . fowler ( 2005 ) . sharks of the world . princeton university press . p . 235 . isbn 9780691120720 .

compagno , l . j . v . ( 1984 ) . sharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . rome : food and agricultural organization . p . 334 . isbn 9251013845 .

human , b . a . , e . p . owen , l . j . v . compagno and e . h . harley ( may 2006 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for > " testing morphologically based phylogenetic theories within the cartilaginous fishes with molecular data , with special reference to the catshark family ( chondrichthyes ; scyliorhinidae ) and the interrelationships within them " ] . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 ( 2 ) : 384–391 .

fowler , s . l . , r . d . cavanagh , m . camhi , g . h . burgess , g . m . cailliet , s . v . fordham , c . a . simpfendorfer , and j . a . musick ( 2005 ) . sharks , rays and chimaeras : the status of the chondrichthyan fishes . international union for conservation of nature and natural resources . pp . 265–266 . isbn 2831707005 .

kohler , n . e . and p . a . turner ( 2001 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for > " shark tagging : a review of conventional methods and studies " ] . environmental biology of fishes 60 : 191–223 .

smith , c . and c . griffiths ( 1997 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for > " shark and skate egg - cases cast up on two south african beaches and their rates of hatching success or causes of death " ] . south african journal of zoology 32 : 112–117 .

^ " haploblepharus fuscus " . fishbase . ed . ranier froese and daniel pauly . august 2009 version . n . p . : fishbase , 2009 .

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il s ' agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres . il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases . les lettres doivent être adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs . participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! jouer

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the first updated and comprehensive checklist of chondrichthyes from the southeast pacific off peru , based on the revision of scientific literature , is presented . the group of chondrichthyes in the peruvian coast is composed of 115 species that include 66 species of sharks , 43 species of batoids , and six species of chi - maeras . we present nine new records and one recent discovery obtained from secondary sources . for some species , we also compiled the extensions in the geographic distributions .

instituto de investigaciones marinas , ( iim - csic ) . 36208 . vigo , spain

reports ( velez - zuazo et al .  ) . in this light , a better

b , c ) , didier et al . (  ) , naylor et al . (  ) ,

(  ) , hooker (  ) , nakaya et al . (  ) , angulo et

et al . (  ) . we used compagno et al . ( c ) and the

chimaeras reported ( didier et al .  ; naylor et al .  ;

kawauchi et al .  ; weigmann et al .  ; kemper et al .

than chile (  species : sharks =  spp . , batoids =  spp . ,

marinos del perú . lima : instituto del mar del perú .  pp .

peces marinos del perú . lima : instituto del mar del perú .  pp .

. , d . a . didier and g . h . burgess . b . classication

of chondrichthyan sh ; pp . – , in : s . l . fowler ( ed . ) .

compagno , l . , m . dando and s . fowler , s . c . sharks of the

mobulidae . journal of fish biology  (  ) : – . doi :

and classication of extant holocephalans ; pp . – , in : j . c .

carrier , j . a . musick , and m . r . heithaus ( eds . ) . biology of sharks

el perú . revista peruana de biología  (  ) : – . doi :

tiburones , rayas y quimeras en el pacíco sudeste . chile .  pp .

. r . , h . ho and r . chen .  . a new species of wedgesh ,

nakaya , k . , m . yabe , h . imamura , m . c . romero and m . yoshida .

 . deep - sea shes of peru . tokyo : japan deep sea tra

a revised generic diagnosis . zootaxa  (  ) : – . doi :

. , k . furumitsu and a . yamaguchi .  . a new species

. . . since then , a couple of publications reported the presence of sawfishes inspecifying them . the other publication is a revised list of chondrichthyans in peru ( cornejo et al . 2015 ) , which included p . pristis and p . pectinata . given that the inclusion of this species in produce ( 2014 ) andcornejo et al . ( 2015 ) are the result of literature reviews and are not based on field surveys , the documentation here of 2 new specimens provide the first empirical records of p . pristis in peru since 1999 . . . .

. . . the other publication is a revised list of chondrichthyans in peru ( cornejo et al . 2015 ) , which included p . pristis and p . pectinata . given that the inclusion of this species in produce ( 2014 ) and cornejo et al . ( 2015 ) are the result of literature reviews and are not based on field surveys , the documentation here of 2 new specimens provide the first empirical records of p . pristis in peru since 1999 . these records demonstrate that p . pristis is not extirpated from peru , and they highlight the need to identify and protect critical habitats that could contribute to sawfish conservation . . . .

this project aims to do the crucial baseline research of the whale shark in peruvian waters in order to determine basic information such as seasonality , abundance , and population structure .

our goal with this work was to identify putative origins for the populations of invasive green iguana ( iguana iguana ) on puerto rico . moreover , we set out to describe how populations were interacti… " [ more ]

field studies of vertebrates , with major interest in symbioses ( in a broad sense ) and other association types , feeding and defensive behaviors , urban fauna . presently focused on fishes , birds , and… " [ more ]

peruvian waters exhibit high conservation value for sharks . this contrasts with a lag in initiatives for their management and a lack of studies about their biology , ecology and fishery . we investigated the dynamics of peruvian shark fishery and its legal framework identifying information gaps for recommending actions to improve management . further , we investigated the importance of the . . . [ show full abstract ]

the smooth hammerhead shark , sphyrna zygaena ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , is the third shark specie most captured in peru , its situation is vulnerable and is included in cites . however , their fishery lacks management and its biology is poorly understood . this study aims to know the trophic ecology and identify their nursery areas in northern peru , through the analysis of stomach contents , fishing areas , . . . [ show full abstract ]

fish dna barcoding around large marine infrastructure for improved biodiversity assessment and monit . . .

accurate species - level identification is pivotal for environmental assessments and monitoring . the peru lng terminal is composed of large marine infrastructure located on the central coast of peru . since construction , taxonomically challenging species such as drum fishes ( sciaenidae ) have been attracted to the new hard - bottom habitat . we conducted a dna barcoding study to investigate fish . . . [ show full abstract ]

marine ; demersal ; depth range 1 - 50 m ( ref . 5578 ) . subtropical , preferred ? ; 30°s - 36°s

smith , elder , london , vol . 4 , 77 pp . , not numbered , pls 1–31

( smith , 1839 ) : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018

diagnostic features : teeth with strong erect cusps on at least . the middle two - thirds of the dental band but often not well developed on more distal teeth , cusplets low or absent on almost all teeth , semimolariform but not bladelike . first dorsal fin with abruptly vertical posterior margin ; pectoral fins broadly falcate in adults . total vertebral counts 162 to 166 . body with a few to numerous small black spots , few or absent in young , often numerous in adults although plain adults have been recorded

) ; 174 cm tl ( female ) ; max . published weight : 20 . 0 kg

host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !

occurs from the surf line to close offshore ( ref . 5578 ) . feeds mainly on crustaceans ( including lobsters ) , also squid ( ref . 244 ) . viviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . caught by rock and surf anglers ( ref . 5578 ) .

89 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 244 ) ) ; 102 cm tl ( female )

this is a little - known and uncommon inshore demersal shark with an extremely restricted range . less than 30 specimens recorded , including unpublished material . a live - bearing species ( with presence or absence of placenta uncertain ) with litter size of 2 - 4 ( usually two or three ) young and a gestation period of 9 - 10 months . it is unknown whether there is a year break in the reproductive cycle , but the low litter size suggests a year - long cycle and a yearly fecundity of similar numbers , 2 - 4 young per year ( this needs further investigation ) . the species feeds predominantly on crustaceans , also squid ( compagno in prep . b ) .

depth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 15 - 15 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .

viviparous , placental ( ref . 50449 ) . with 2 to 4 young in a litter ( ref . 244 , 5578 ) . size at birth about 34 cm ( ref . 244 ) . gestation period is 9 to 10 months ( ref . 244 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .

the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .

below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .

froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2011 ) . " scylliogaleus quecketti " in fishbase . february 2011 version .

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observation - spotted gully shark 3 - southern africa . description : caught and released during rasspl nationals 2015

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these elongated torpedo - shaped sharks rarely grow longer than 24 inches from rounded snout to stout caudal ( tail ) fin . they prefer resting on the rocky seafloor off of coastal south africa , scavenging invertebrates and small fishes . like most catsharks , they have oval cat - like eyes , and they are named shyshark because when threatened , they curl into circles and cover their faces with their tails . considered harmless to humans because of their size , they are sometimes caught for food or shown in public aquariums .

english language common names for this species include brown shyshark and brown shy shark . other common names are brauner katzenhai ( german ) , bruin skaamoog ( afrikaans ) , bruine schaamhaai ( dutch ) , roussette brune ( french ) , and alitán marrón ( spanish ) . this species is referred to as a shyshark because they have been observed coiling themselves and covering their eyes with their tails when caught . this may be a defense mechanism , deterring predators from swallowing the shark .

while this species is not targeted by a directed fisherie , the brown shyshark is utilized in subsistence fisheries . it is also considered a gamefish and is caught by sport fishers with rod and reel . in addition , this shyshark adapts well to captivity and may be observed at public aquarium facilities .

due to is small size and feeding habits , this small shark is considered harmless to humans .

although the brown shyshark is a locally common species that is not targeted by commercial fisheries or utilized for its meat , there is some concern for its future as it likely appears in the bycatch of other fisheries . it may also be threatened by the degradation of its inshore habitat . due to this species limited geographic distribution , any increase in bycatch mortality or habitat degradation could impact the entire population .

the iucn is a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .

the brown shyshark range is restricted in range to the southeast atlantic ocean from just west of cape agulhas to southern natal in south africa . this shark shares its range with the closely related h . edwardsii in the southeastern cape region , however there is at least partial microhabitat separation between these two species . h . fuscus resides primarily in inshore waters in contrast to h . edwardsii which occurs in deeper waters offshore .

this shark is typically found in shallow rocky intertidal zones to a depth of 110 feet ( 35 m ) although it as been reported as deep as 436 feet ( 133 meters ) . it reportedly rests on the bottom substrate during the day . when threatened , this shark will curl its body into a circle with its tail over the eyes hence the name " shyshark " .

the largest of all catsharks , the stout - bodied brown shyshark has a broad head with large nasal flaps on the short snout and elongated cat - like eyes typical of the catsharks . the two dorsal fins are of equal size with the first dorsal fin located over the ends of the pelvic fins . the second dorsal fin originates over or slightly behind the anal fin midbase . the pectoral fins are moderately large . the anal fin is similar in size to the dorsal fins ; the origin of the anal fin is located well behind the pelvic bases and the insertion separated from the lower caudal origin by a broad space subequal to the anal fin base . the caudal ( tail ) fin is short and broad .

coloration coloration of the brown shyshark is yellow - brown dorsally , transitioning to yellowish in color on the ventral surface . small light spots along with indistinct brown saddles may be visible in some specimens of this species .

a ) brown shyshark dentition . b ) brown shyshark denticle . illustrations courtesy fao

the teeth of the brown shyshark consist of a central cusp with a pair of smaller cusplets on the sides . the holotype of this species has 84 rows of teeth in the upper jaw and 83 rows of teeth in the lower jaw .

denticles the brown shyshark possesses thick skin covered with well - calcified dermal denticles . there are no crests of denticles on the caudal fins and no suprorbital crests on the cranium .

size , age , and growth the maximum reported length of this species is 27 inches ( 69 . 0 cm ) total length ( tl ) for males and 29 inches ( 73 cm ) tl for females . the average size of the brown shyshark is between 20 inches ( 50 cm ) and 24 inches ( 60 cm ) . sexual maturity is attained at lengths of 26 inches ( 65 cm ) for males and 24 - 28 inches ( 60 - 70 cm ) for females .

food habits prey items of the brown shyshark include marine invertebrates including lobsters , crabs , cuttlefish , and worms as well as small bony fishes .

reproduction this small shark is oviparous , laying two egg cases at a atime . each egg case has long tendrils at the corners for attachment to the substrate . during development inside the egg , each embryo feeds solely on the yolk . in captivity , whelks have been observed piercing the egg cases and extracting the yolk .

the brown shyshark was originally described as haploblepharus fuscus by the south african ichthyologyist james leonard brierley smith in 1950 . there are no known synonyms for this species . the genus name haploblepharus is derived from the greek " haploos " meaning single and " blepharos " meaning eyelash . the species name fuscus is latin for dusky or dark in reference to its brown coloration . scyliorhinidae is the largest shark family with at least 15 genera and over 110 species . they are known as catsharks due to their elongated cat - like eyes , although a few species are referred to as dogfish .


coleophora pennella is a moth of the coleophoridae family .

it is found in most of europe .

the wingspan is 15 – 20 millimetres ( 0.59 – 0.79 in ) .

adults are on wing from june to july .

the larvae feed on anchusa officinalis , cynoglossum officinale , echium italicum , echium vulgare , lithospermum officinale , myosotis , nonea , onosma , pentaglottis , pulmonaria officinalis and symphytum officinale .

young larva feed on the developing seeds and hibernate in their first case which is made of the tip of a petal .

after hibernation , they make a laterally flattened , composite leaf case .

fleck mines are made at the margin of the leaves .

the mouth angle is about 70 ° .

full-grown larvae can be found from mid may to early june .

coleophora pennella

coleophora pennella <EOT> valter jacinto marked " borboleta noturna / / moth ( coleophora pennella ) " as trusted on the " coleophora pennella " page .

no one has contributed data records for coleophora pennella yet . learn how to contribute .

coleophora pennella ( bugloss case - bearer ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .

• clipsham quarry , leics , july . gen . det . jon clifton . • ©

an inhabitant of shingle beaches and dry chalky habitats , the recent known distribution of this species is in south - east england and east anglia , with scattered records elsewhere .

) , in a distinctive case made from hairy leaf fragments of the foodplant .

ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .

the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .

looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .

procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 16 10 : 51 : 57 page render time : 0 . 2334s total w / procache : 0 . 2764s

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notes : nationally scarce ( na ) in dry sandy areas , calcareous grassland and on shingle beaches in england , south - east of a line from gibraltar point to portland bill . not recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight to date . wingspan 15 - 21 mm . larva mines leaves of viper ' s - bugloss , living and feeding within a movable case ; case length 12 mm .

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scarce , possibly under - recorded in norfolk , appears to be well established in the brecks in areas where the foodplant can be found .

larval cases collected and bred out from hockwold ( j . clifton , adult emerged 09 / 06 / 2013 ) and weeting ( i . barton ) in 2013 .

recorded in 8 ( 12 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2017 .

underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018

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european union funding : for a one - year period ( 2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15 ) , eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system ( agreement nb : sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12 . 768842 ) . the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .

if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .

blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .

i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .

söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .

söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .

defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .

denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .

du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .

the mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the " software " ) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided " as is " , without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .

the mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the " software " ) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided " as is " , without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .

copyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the " software " ) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided " as is " , without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .

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loxostegopsis polle is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by dyar in 1917 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona , california , nevada , new mexico , texas , wyoming and alberta .

the habitat consist of short grass prairie .

the wingspan is about 17 mm .

the forewings are shaded with brown .

the hindwings are silky-white with a narrow dark margin .

adults have been recorded from may to june and in september .

loxostegopsis polle

loxostegopsis polle <EOT> loxotegopsis [ = loxostegopsis ] dyar , 1917 ; ins . insc . menstr . 5 ( 4 - 6 ) : 84 ; ts : loxotegopsis polle dyar

loxotegopsis [ sic ] polle dyar , 1917 ; ins . insc . menstr . 5 ( 4 - 6 ) : 84 ; tl : brownsvile , texas

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dyar , h . g . 1917 : seven new crambids from the united states ( lepidoptera , pyralidae ) . – insecutor inscitiae menstruus , washington 5 ( 4–6 ) : 84 .

contributed by maury j . heiman on 7 april , 2014 - 8 : 29pm additional contributions by kyhl austin last updated 24 april , 2016 - 1 : 57pm

disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .

contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .

diaphania costata ( f . ) ( lepidoptera : crambidae : spilomelinae ) , a commonly misidentified pest of ornamental apocynaceae . . .

by hayden , j . e . , e . r . hoebeke , m . a . bertone & v . a . brou jr .

proceedings of the entomological society of washington , 119 ( 2 ) : 173 - 190 . , 2017

hayden , j . e . , e . r . hoebeke , m . a . bertone & v . a . brou jr , 2017 . diaphania costata ( f . ) ( lepidoptera : crambidae : spilomelinae ) , a commonly misidentified pest of ornamental apocynaceae in the southern united states . proceedings of the entomological society of washington , 119 ( 2 ) : 173 - 190 . view and download at bioone here cite : 1415021

taxonomic revision of the spilomelinae ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . ) of the galápagos islands , ecuador

kearfott , w . d . 1909 . descriptions of new species of north american crambid moths . proceedings of the united states national museum 35 : 367 - 393 .

a generic revision of the aquatic moths of north america : ( lepidoptera : pyralidae , nymphulinae ) .

solis m . a . , 2009 . transfer of all western hemisphere cybalomiinae to other subfamilies ( crambidae pyraloidea : lepidoptera ) : elusia schaus , dichochroma forbes , schacontia dyar , cybalomia extorris warren , and c . lojanalis ( dognin ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington . 111 : 493–504 download at researchgate here

studies on the crambidae ( lepidoptera ) . part 41 . on some tropical crambidae with descriptions of new genera and species .

nacoleia charesalis ( walker , 1859 ) ( pyraloidea : crambidae : spilomelinae ) is a medium - sized brown moth with a native range from the southeast asian tropics to northern australia . it was first detected in southern florida , usa , in 2012 and known to be spreading rapidly northward . it resembles some native north american pyraustine species . this paper summarizes its current distribution , diagnostic characters and known behavior . download pdf here

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by " , + " and the number of omitted authors .

attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

click on species name for the species details page . click on the image for a pop - up of a larger image .

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