pinicola is a genus of " grosbeaks " of the finch family , fringillidae , containing a single species , the pine grosbeak ( pinicola enucleator ) .

the genus name pinicola is from latin pinus , " pine tree " , and colere , " to dwell " .

the crimson-browed finch was formerly included in the genus but was moved to carpodacus with the rosefinches based on phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences .

the molecular genetic studies have shown that the most closely related species to the pine grosbeak are the bullfinches in the genus pyrrhula .

the original description of the genus name pinicola by the french ornithologist louis jean pierre vieillot is variously dated to 1805 , [ 1.12 . ] 1807 , or 1808 as the year of publication .

the original description was included in vieillot ’s ( 1807 – 1809 ) histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'amérique septentrionale in tome 1 on page iv ( and on plate 1 figure 13 but without associated scientific name immediately on the plate for the illustrated bill ) .

the two volumes of this very rare work were printed in 22 consecutive issues in the course of three years .

according to peterson ( 2002 ) , 1808 might be the proper publication date of pinicola .

pinicola vieillot , 1808 ( aves , fringillidae ) makes the name pinicola brébisson , 1818 a junior homonym and therefore unavailable for a genus of xyelidae ( insecta , hymenoptera ) .

pinicola

pinicola <EOT> fomitopsis pinicola f . effusa , fomitopsis pinicola f . paludosa , fomitopsis pinicola f . pinicola , fomitopsis pinicola f . resupinata

pinicola enucleator carlottae : islands and coasts from queen charlotte islands to vancouver i .

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see crematogaster pinicola for further details

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3 . fomitopsis pinicola ( swartz : fr . ) karst . - krit . finl . basidsv . , p . 306 . 1889 . - boletus pinicola swartz , svenska vetensk . - akad . . . .

pinicola enucleator pacatus : siberia ( e of yenisey r . ) to altai mts . , mongolia and manchuria

pinicola enucleator alascensis : nw alaska to nw mackenzie and ne br . col . ; winters to nw us

polyporus pinicola ( sw . ) fr . , systema mycologicum 1 : 372 ( 1821 ) [ mb # 449579 ]

2 . fomes pinicola ( sw . ) fr . , summa vegetabilium scandinaviae 2 ( 1849 ) [ mb # 152299 ]

1 . boletus pinicola sw . , kungl . svenska vetenskapsakad . handl . : 88 ( 1810 ) [ mb # 233249 ]

4 . polyporus pinicola ( sw . ) fr . , systema mycologicum 1 : 372 ( 1821 ) [ mb # 449579 ]

3 . placodes pinicola ( sw . ) pat . , les hyménomycètes d ' europe : 139 ( 1887 ) [ mb # 472362 ]

we believe that ecological evidence clearly indicates that c . ashmeadi and c . pinicola are reproductively isolated , and thus c . pinicola is a good species , not merely a color variant . ( see the biology section below for more details regarding the ecological distinctiveness of this species ) .

7 . ungulina pinicola ( sw . ) singer , beihefte zum botanischen centralblatt 46 ( 2 ) : 79 ( 1929 ) [ mb # 274535 ]

fomitopsis pinicola ( sw . ) p . karst . , meddelanden af societas pro fauna et flora fennica 6 : 9 ( 1881 ) [ mb # 101927 ]

2 . fomes pinicola ( swartz ex fr . ) cooke ( pl . iii & pl . viii , 23 ) key pattern : ( 12 ) 12181221 1 2

please note that this organism is for archival use only . please see the current fomitopsis pinicola fp - 58527 ss1 v3 . 0 site for the latest data and information .

6 . trametes pinicola ( sw . ) p . karst . , bidrag till kännedom av finlands natur och folk 37 : 46 ( 1882 ) [ mb # 471927 ]

we expect that c . pinicola will be found to occur widely on the southern coastal plain where suitable habitats are found . material collected throughout florida shows a remarkable consistency in color , size range , and morphology . crematogaster pinicola is clearly less variable than its sister species , c . ashmeadi , which shows more obvious variation in size and color over its much wider geographic distribution .

5 . pseudofomes pinicola ( sw . ) lázaro ibiza , revta r . acad . cienc . exact . fis . nat . madr . : 584 ( 1916 ) [ mb # 471082 ]

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pinicola enucleator . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

deyrup and cover ( 2007 ) - workers morphologically indistinguishable from those of crematogaster ashmeadi , except for a distinctive color difference in freshly collected material . in c . pinicola workers , the head , mesosoma , petiole , postpetiole , and appendages are ferrugineous red , and the gaster is black . in c . ashmeadi , mature specimens are always a uniform dark brown to black . a similar color distinction is seen in alate queens ; those of c . pinicola are notably bicolored , those of c . ashmeadi are uniformly brown or black . males of c . pinicola are generally somewhat lighter in color than those of c . ashmeadi , but are harder to distinguish reliably than the corresponding female castes . note : detailed morphometric studies might possibly reveal the existence of minute , but consistent morphological differences between the two species , but a detailed examination of all three castes in both species has not provided hints that such differences exist .

t . pinicola is usually found in lightly wooded areas , mainly on young trees and tall open herbage in woodland clearings and rides . in essex it is often found in clearings several years after coppicing has taken place . adults of both sexes are found in early to mid - summer , occasionally into august .

crematogaster pinicola may be an important part of the diet of southeastern pine woodpeckers , especially the endangered red - cockaded woodpecker , whose diet was studied by hess and james ( 1998 ) . in the appalachicola national forest they found that c . pinicola comprised about 43 % of the woodpecker’s arthropod diet , a degree of specialization on a single prey species that may be unique for insectivorous birds in the united states . many birds show ephemeral specialization on single species of insects that are at a high point in a population cycle , but the red - cockaded woodpecker can afford persistent specialization because ant colonies themselves are abundant , long - lived , and available at all seasons . this ant revises the moral of aesop’s fable of the grasshopper and the ant : the improvident grasshopper may vanish in the winter , but the thrifty and industrious ant can be eaten all year long ! the original distribution of c . pinicola , like that of the red - cockaded woodpecker , was probably centered in the distribution of the longleaf pine ecosystem . this ecosystem , which once covered approximately 92 million acres , from the southeastern tip of virginia to eastern texas , has been almost completely destroyed ( 97 % of the old growth forest is gone ) , and much of what remains is highly fragmented and difficult to manage with fire ( frost 1993 ) . crematogaster pinicola may have undergone a major decline with the reduction of its habitat , but it is definitely not an endangered species . the gross inequalities imposed by size scale are all in favor of c . pinicola : while a single family group of the red - cockaded woodpecker requires about 40 hectares of foraging habitat ( hooper 1996 ) , a single hectare of large pines could support many colonies and thousands of individuals of c . pinicola . the red - cockaded woodpecker is not threatened by loss of its food supply , but by the lack of suitable nesting trees , and by its tendency to leave small , remnant patches of pine forest ( wilson 1992 ) .

fomitopsis pinicola ( sw . ) p . karst is a brown rot basidiomycete species commonly collected on dead conifer trees or occasionally live trees in boreal forest of the northern hemisphere . the basidiocarps of the species are perennial and persist for many years producing a new layer of hymenophore every growing season . the role of fomitopsis pinicola in the conifer forests is very important as the species is one of the most prominent wood decayers in these ecosystems and thus play important role in the carbon cycle . the species is characterized by brown rot biochemistry where the cellulose and hemicellulose are utilized by the fungus leaving behind the lignin . this results in a brown appearance of the degraded wood tissue , which crumbles into cubical , fragile pieces . fomitopsis pinicola is placed in the clade of antrodia along with other species of the genus . antrodia clade is a major clade in the polyporales , which consists of brown rotters . postia placenta , which has been sequenced already by the joint genome institute , is also placed in the antrodia clade . the genome sequence of fomitopsis pinicola will increase our knowledge on the brown rot biochemistry for the genus and it will create new opportunities for comparative studies on the wood degradation biochemistry with other important brown rot species , that have been sequenced or they will be sequenced , such as postia placenta , gloeophyllum trabeum and serpula lacrymans .

in the apalachicola national forest , mating flights of c . pinicola occur in june and july ( tschinkel 2002 ) . nest - founding queens regularly occur in abandoned beetle galleries in small dead branches on pine saplings ( hahn and tschinkel 1995 , baldacci and tschinkel 1999 ) . small trees , under 7 m tall , are preferred , and trees with more than two dead branches are also preferred ( baldacci and tschinkel , 1999 ) . such trees are far too small to support a mature colony of c . pinicola , which contains several tens of thousands of individuals ( tschinkel 2002 ) . workers from one colony are hostile to workers from other colonies ( tschinkel 2002 ) , and it is possible that it is safest course of action for founding queens is to found a colony in a tree that is yet unsuitable for large colonies . once established , these small founding colonies could then send scouts to find a large tree that is not already well defended by another colony . it appears that there is never more than one colony in a tree , and few colonies occupy more than one tree ( tschinkel 2002 ) . surveys , using baits and other methods , of trees in class sizes suitable for mature colonies revealed 55 to almost 90 % of the trees were occupied by c . pinicola ( tschinkel and hess 1999 , tschinkel 2002 ) . the higher percentage was obtained by more diverse and intensive survey techniques , and is probably the more accurate figure ( tschinkel 2002 ) . there are no co - dominant arboreal ants in these pine forests , although several other arboreal ant species may co - occur with c . pinicola ( tschinkel and hess 1999 ) .

life habit : lichenized thallus : crustose , areolate , without elongated lobes ; prothallus : absent surface : blue - gray , verruculose , sorediate soredia : fine , in delimited , laminal , cupuliform soralia cortex : cellular , 14 - 21 µm thick , granules absent ; medulla without granules apothecia : adnate or stipitate , 0 . 2 - 1 mm in diam . , lecanorine disc : brownish orange or orange , flat or slightly concave , epruinose margin : persistent , flush or slightly raised ; thalline margin present , concolorous with thallus ; proper margin not visible parathecium : elongate to oval cells ; exciple below hypothecium amorphous epihymenium : golden , k + red hymenium : hyaline , 60 - 75 µm tall paraphyses : 1 - 2 tip cells slightly swollen , with few branches ; subhymenium hyaline asci : cylindrical , 8 - spored ascospores : hyaline , 2 locules , ellipsoid , 11 - 14 ( - 15 . 5 ) x 5 . 5 - 7 µm , isthmus 2 - 4 µm , spore end wall thin pycnidia : present , totally immersed , ostiole black spot tests : apothecial margin k + violet , 10 % n + violet , cn + violet , c + violet ; thallus k + violet , 10 % n + violet , cn + violet unidentified anthraquinones and thalloidima green . substrate and ecology : on bark world distribution : north america sonoran distribution : arizona and baja california . notes : caloplaca pinicola has a dark gray thallus and apothecial margins and is very similar to c . cerina that has a continuous thallus while c . pinicola has a thicker areolate thallus sometimes with blue gray soredia and the spore isthmus is narrower . the soredia are variable and sometimes rare or absent . the prominent dark gray thalline margin of the apothecia of c . pinicola separates it from c . ahtii that also has blue gray soredia . caloplaca pinicola is probably more common but has not been separated from c . cerina .

while broadly sympatric with c . ashmeadi across most of florida , c . pinicola is distinctively different in its ecology . it nests exclusively in pine trees , particularly slash pine ( pinus elliotii ) and longleaf pine ( p . palustris ) , which have relatively robust twigs . pines occupied by c . pinicola are usually open - grown ( i . e . , well - separated from other trees ) and surrounded by low brush or low perennial herbs and grasses . these pines may be in dry sandhill habitats or in wetter flatwoods habitats . both habitat types are maintained by frequent fires that retard the invasion of other woody plant species . in sharp contrast , c . ashmeadi shows much wider ecological tolerances in nest site selection , and in habitat preferences . c . ashmeadi nests in pines , in many hardwoods including oaks ( quercus spp . ) , hickories ( carya spp . ) , ash ( fraxinus caroliniana ) , red maple ( acer rubrum ) , shrubs such as winged sumac ( rhus copallina l . ) , vines such as greenbriar ( smilax spp . ) and grape ( vitis spp . ) and in the hollow stems of large herbs such as dog fennel ( eupatorium capillifolium ) . trees , shrubs , vines and herbs occupied by c . ashmeadi may be in open sites or under a dense canopy , and may be in dry or wet habitats . pines growing in mixed hardwood stands , surrounded by high brush , or thickly covered with vines , are much more likely to be occupied by c . ashmeadi than c . pinicola . our extensive collecting experience has shown that the two species show considerable segregation by habitat across much of florida , but that zones of overlap , where pines mix with hardwoods , occur as well . within these zones it is not uncommon to find c . pinicola in a large pine tree only a few meters from an oak inhabited by c . ashmeadi . what is especially noteworthy is that these forms maintain their integrity where they co - occur ; we have no found color intergrades in these overlap areas , and we have not found dark queens with bicolored workers or bicolored queens with dark workers . based on these observations , we conclude that the two forms are reproductively isolated and thus constitute separate , if closely related species .

specimens of c . ashmeadi , which appear blackish in the field , often appear brownish in collections , especially if the specimens have been stored for several years in alcohol prior to mounting . the gaster may fade somewhat less than the head and mesosoma , so specimens may appear obscurely bicolored . specimens of c . pinicola can fade from bright mahogany - red to a dull brown , converging in color with some specimens of c . ashmeadi . the authors cannot at present confidently identify all specimens in collections . associations with alates are sometimes useful , as queens seem to show less color change than workers as they age . we have not found differences in male genitalic structures , so males are no help in resolving this problem .

walter tschinkel and several associates have published detailed studies of the ecology of a pine - inhabiting crematogaster ( referred to as c . ashmeadi ) in the appalachicola national forest in northern florida . ( hahn and tschinkel , 1997 , hess and james , 1998 , baldacci and tschinkel , 1999 , tschinkel and hess , 1999 , and tschinkel ( 2002 ) . tschinkel ( pers . comm . ) says the ants were , “were red and black , and considering their rather particular life cycle and nesting habits , quite distinct from the all - black species on hardwoods . ” based on this comment , and our own collections on pines in the same area , we are confident that the ant studied by tschinkel is c . pinicola , not c . ashmeadi .

cwr states that the the first livraison was published 1 dec . 1807 . ( richmond . 1899 . auk 16 ( 4 ) : 327 fn . 1 ) and this fact has been used as the basis for dating the genus group names pinicola , piranga , icteria to 1807 . this determination has most recently been employed by browning & monroe . 1991 . arch . nat . hist . 18 ( 3 ) : 395 - 396 , and browning & monroe is cited by many who employ the date of 1807 . of interest browning & monroe state that richmond used the journal typographique to determine this date , but my reading of richmond ' s paper does not lead to that same conclusion . richmond ' s statement occurs in a note discussing the general matter of antedated works , ( a practice common in french works of this period and very misleading ) .

this new species of crematogaster was first recognized as an undescribed species separate from crematogaster ashmeadi by william buren . after retiring , buren moved to florida , where he retained his interest in crematogaster . hand - labeled specimens in buren’s collection show he believed that the common southeastern c . ashmeadi included a second , previously unrecognized species distinguished by its red and black coloration . his student james trager also knew of this species , as evidenced by specimens of crematogaster pinicola collected in 1981 at the archbold biological station and labeled by him “ crematogaster n . sp . ” buren probably would have described this species , but he became ill and died in 1983 . the same ant is also the “undescribed species” of crematogaster referred to by deyrup and trager ( 1986 ) . in his review of eastern crematogaster , johnson ( 1988 ) was the first to address the problem of separate color forms in c . ashmeadi in print , but he did not arrive at a definite conclusion concerning their biological basis . we believe the accumulated evidence supports the hypothesis that the red and black form of crematogaster ashmeadi is , in fact , a valid sibling species .

in describing a species of ant that can be recognized visually only by its color we are aware that we a treading on the myrmecological equivalent of “thin ice . ” early ant systematists were notorious for naming new taxa ( both specific and infraspecific ) based on minute ( and indeed , sometimes entirely imaginary ) differences in color , sculpture , or pilosity . creighton ( 1950 ) was withering in his criticism of these practices , and subsequent generations of ant taxonomists have been strongly conditioned to believe that color alone is unreliable as a separatory character on the species level . much cumulative experience with the genus crematogaster is an additional reason for caution . color variation is not uncommon in crematogaster species . for example , dark and bicolored variants have been observed in other crematogaster of the eastern united states , notably crematogaster laeviuscula ( as atkinsoni ) and crematogaster pilosa . in both species , northern specimens tend to be uniformly black or brown in color , while bicolored specimens are sometimes found in florida and elsewhere along the gulf coast . with precisely this in mind , johnson ( 1988 ) treated c . pinicola as a color variant form of c . ashmeadi .

handb . birdsaustr . handbook to the birds of australia gould , j . 1865 london 2 vols .

handb . birdse . china a handbook of the birds of eastern china ( chihli , shantung , kiangsu , anhwei , kiangsi , chekiang , fohkien and kwantung provinces ) author : la touche , john david digues de . title : a handbook of the birds of eastern china ( chihle , shantung , kiangsu , anhwei , kiangsi , chekiang , fohkien , and kwangtung provinces ) . / by j . d . d . la touche . . . publisher : london , taylor and francis , 1925 - 1934 . description : 2 v . illus . , plates , fold . maps . 24 cm . notes : issued in parts .

handb . birdsworld handbook of the birds of the world lynx editions , barcelona 1992 - 2013 v . 1 - 16 , special volume .

handb . gamebirds a hand - book to the game birds . ogilvie - grant , william robert 1895 , 1897 london 2 vols . 8vo .

handb . naturgesch . handbuch der naturgeschichte , & c . 2 abth . pp . viii , xxvi , xii , 858 ( 1836 ) 1837 8vo berlin

handb . naturgesch . vog . deutschl . handbuch der naturgeschichte aller vogel deutschlands . . . brehm , cl 1831 ilmenau pp . 1 , 1085 [ ? bock has xxiv + 1088 ]

handb . spec . orn . handbuch der speciellen ornithologie reichenbach , heinrich gottlieb ludwig 1851 - 54 dresden and leipzig portions published as : icon . syn . av . icones ad synopsin avium

handb . zool . handbuch der zoologie 2 abth . goldfuss , georg august 1820 nurnberg 8vo

hand - bookgame - birds a hand - book to the game birds . ogilvie - grant , william robert [ 1863 - 1924 ] 1895 , 97 . london 8vo

hand - listgen . spec . birds [ gray ] hand - list of genera and species of birds , distinguishing those contained in the british museum . gray , g . r . 1869 - 71 london 3 pt . 8vo

hand - listgen . spec . birds [ sharpe ] a hand - list of the genera and species of birds . ( nomenclator avium fossilum tum viventium . ) sharpe , rb . 1899 - 1909 london 5 vol . 8vo

hawaiianalmanacannual [ " 1879 " ] hawaiian almanac and annual for 1879 [ all about hawaii . the recognized book of authentic information on hawaii , combined with thrum ' s hawaiian annual and standard guide . 1st . ed 1875 . title varies : 1875 - 1924 , hawaiian almanac and annual ( on cover 1892 - 1924 : hawaiian annual ) . ] [ message from luella kurkjian luellak @ urltoken to storrs olson 97 . 05 . 30 " publication date for 1879 issue is 1878 . acutally , no publication date is included anywhere in this or previous issues . however , at the bottom fo p . 32 is the following : " the alamnac and annual is made up to november , to be issue in tome for the december mails . . . " ]

hist . acad . r . sci . paris histoire de l ' academie royale des sciences , . . . avec les memoires de mathematique & de physique , pour la meme anne , tires des registres de cette academie . 1789 a paris , de l ' imprimerie royale . desfontaines ' memoires sur quelques nouvelles especes d ' oiseaux des cotes de barbarie

hist . birdseur . a history of the birds of europe , not observed in the british isles . 2nd ed . bree , charles robert [ 1811 - 1886 ] 1875 - 1876 london 4to [ issued in monthly parts ( ? possibly only 1

hist . brit . birds a history of british birds , with coloured illustrations of their eggs . seebohm , henry 1882 - 5 london 4 vols . 4to r . h . porter [ ? 1883 - 5 ] i 1883 ii 1884 iii 1885 iv 1885 ( plates ) [ imprint dates from yale orn . libr . copy 2003 . 11 . 07 ]

hist . brit . birds [ macgillivray ] a history of british birds , indigenous and migratory : including their organization , habits , and relations . macgillivray , william [ 1796 - 1852 ] 1837 - 40 london 3 vols . 8vo .

hist . brit . foss . mamm . birds a history of british fossil mammals , and birds . owen , richard 1846 london 23 cm pp . xlvi + 560 illust . woodcuts

hist . ilescanariesorn . histoire naturelle des îles canaries . ornithologie canarienne . webb , philip barker & berthelot , sabin 1835 - 44 paris vol ii . by above authors and alfred moquin - tandon 3 vols and atlas 4to and folio

this work appears to be highly problematic both with regards attribution of authority and dates of publication . first i will discuss dates .

zimmer writes ( p . 666 - 667 ) . the ornithological portion of webb and berhtelot ' s natural history ov the canary islands , published in the years 1835 - 50 ( vol . ii , zoology , 1835 - 44 ) . the present section [ app : referring to pp . 1 - 48 , pll . 1 - 4 ( col . ; by e . traviés ) . ] appears to have been issued as a unit ( traces of original ? wrapper remain ) , forming a portion of pt . 2 of vol . ii , and probably dating 1841 . dresser ( a history of the birds of europe , 1871 - 82 , q . v . ) cites 1841 , as does koenig ( journal für ornithologie , july and oct . , 1890 , pp . 398 , 404 , and 483 ) ; a number of references are given in the work itself to publications dated 1840 . the paper describes 108 species of birds , 5 of which are new , and gives observations on habits based on the field notes of webb and berthelot , of moquin - tandon , and of all three authors , the last being indicated by the subtitle transcribed above .

sherborn , in index animalium pp . 1410 , 2838 , 3090 , 3461 , 4079 , and 6476 lists a number of avian taxa , and dates them all as " [ me judice 1841 ] " - - which is certainly indicative of some uncertainty on his part .

evidence from the richmond index , indicates that the situation may not be as simple as suggested by zimmer . a number of cards in the index indicate greater complexity and the certainty that the work was not " issued as a unit " :

puffinus columbinus from p . 44 and plate 4 fig . 2 of the work notes : plate 4 ( livr . 31 ) july 1838 text , pp . 1 - 48 ( livr . 63 ) may 1842

fringilla teydea from p . 20 and plate 1 ( livr . 4 ) of the work notes : livr . 1 - 9 reviewed in isis , 1837 and date given as 1835

richmond clearly worked quite hard on understanding this publication , as in his unpublished notes on dates of publication he has 16 cards dealing with the dating and structure of the publication . a few extracts are included here :

the prospectus was rec ' d by the paris academy by nov . 15 , 1835 , and it stated it was to be in 50 no ' s each containing some letterpress in quarto and 5 of 6 plates in folio . thus even in the prospectus there was an indication of separate format and thus possibly separate issue for the letterpress and plates .

" livs . i - vii . paris . 1836 " were reviewed in mag . zool . & bot . i 1837 p . 470 - 482 where it was stated it was to be completed in 50 livr . and two numbers are published monthly " . additionally in that review it is stated no part of the letter - press [ of the zoology ] having yet appeared . richmond goes on to comment on that card so the text of the zoology must have started after livr . 7 . the only bird plate in the above livr . 1 - 7 is fringilla teydea .

livr . 1 - 7 text and livr . 1 - 6 atlas . were noted in the bull . sci . imp . acad . st . petersburg . for jan . 1837 .

50 livraisons ( 3 - 4 signatures and 5 - 6 pll . ) were reviewed in isis 1839 p . 700 - 713 .

livr . 72 & 73 rec ' d by paris acad . by feb . 19 , 1844

livr . 74 rec ' d by paris acad . by may 6 , 1844

for my part , some confusion still remains , and zimmer ' s comment about references to works published in 1840 seems peculiar given the data and evidence that richmond sets out . it does appear that zimmer ' s impression that the " present section appears to have been issued as a unit " is misleading regarding the historical production of this work . while it is speculation , it is possible that the copy zimmer dealt with was a subsequent re - issue of the work , in which case it might well have been issued as a unit and contained references to works from 1840 . " no . ' s it must be noted , are not equivalent to livraisons in this instance .

some works are irregular in their attributions , sometimes employing " webb , berthelot & moquin - tandon " while other times employing " moquin - tandon " without bothering to explain what ( if any ) rationale or understanding they have of the matter . the explanation by zimmer ( v . s . ) certainly suggests to me that all three authors should be listed .

i have never seen this work , and so do not know if there are indications within it that would affect the authorial attribution . it is quite clear that , as usual , richmond had the deepest , most critical and knowledgable understanding here of any of those addressing this matter . he always listed the three authors and i choose to follow his example .

hist . islacuba [ sagra ] historia fisica , politica y natural de la isla de cuba , por d . ramon de la sagra . . . sagra , ramon de la [ 1801 - 71 ] paris 13 vols a . bertrand . [ also as histoire physique , politique et naturelle de ; ile de cuba . 1839 - 1856 sagra , ramon de le 13 vols . paris ]

hist . n . am . birds [ baird , brewer , ridgway ] a history of north american birds . baird , sf , brewer , tm , and ridgway , r . 3 vol . 4to pp . xxviii , 596 , vi ; ( 4 ) , 590 , vi ; ( 4 ) , 560 , xxviii . 1874 boston little , brown and co .

see richmond cw . 1899 " on the date of lacépède ' s tableaux .  " auk

' the " didot " edition , in 18mo , is said to consist of 76 volumes , dating from 1799 to 1806 ; the genera , mr . sherborn states , are to be credited to lacépède , and the species to daudin . '

hist . nat . [ buffon ] ed . lacepede histoire naturelle par buffon dediee au citoyen lacepede [ by whom this edition was edited ] 1799 - 1809 76 tom . paris [ note : under ploceus [ loxia ] baglafecht , cwr notes : " loxia baglafecht ( daudin ) buffon , histoire naturelle , vol . 14 , p . 245 , 1799 . ( listed in vol 14 , as " 20 . lebaglefecht . loxia baglefecht , tome vi , p . 191 " ) . note : the description , habits , etc . , appear on pp . 191 - 192 in vol . 6 of the above edition . however , the scientific name appears in the _ index _ vol . 14 as quoted above . " ] [ peters lists this as " quad . " which would imply the " quadrupedes " which is 14 vol . it seems more likely that it is in " oiseaux " , which is in 18 vols . but both daudin and lacepede did work in quad . and the volume includes a " tableau des divisions . . . des mammiferes ( - oiseaux ) " which may be the " index " that the richmond cardex refers to . ] [ note : richmond cw . 1899 . " on the date of lacédède ' s ' tableaux ' " . auk

should be 1800 ? ( very confusing ) . ] [ note : see also cwr dop b297 . jpg also suggesting 1800 for livr . 14 ]

hist . nat . cetacees histoire naturelle des cétacées , par le citoyen la cepéde . 1804 paris

hist . nat . colibris , suppl . ois . - mouch . histoire naturelle des colibris , suivie d ' un supplement a l ' histoire naturelle des oiseaux - mouches . lesson , rp 1830 - 2 13 ( ? 14 ) pts . paris 8vo pp . 10 + 196

hist . nat . madagascar . ois . histoire physique , naturelle et politique de madagascar milne - edwards a , and grandidier a 1875 - 1890 4to vol . xii to xv : tom . i pp . 779 ; tom . ii - iv 208 pls . zimmer discusses this complex work in detail ( pp . 264 - 265 ) . the text portion was issued in three parts : pp . 1 - 176 ; 1879 pp . 177 - 376 ; 1882 ( feb . or more probably later ) . pp . 377 - 779 ; 1885 [ dieter schierenberg cat . gives 1875 - 1885 and gives vols . 12 - 15 : histoire naturelle des oiseaux with text and 3 atlases . ]

hist . nat . mamm . histoire naturelle des mammifères , avec l ' indication de leurs moeurs , et de leurs rapports avec les arts , le commerce et l ' agriculture . gervais , paul 1854 - 55 paris 2 vols . illust .

hist . nat . mamm . ois . [ lesson ] histoire naturelle generale et particuliere des mammiferes et des oiseaux decouverts depuis 1788 jusqu ' a nos jours . lesson , rp 1828 - 37 paris 8vo 10 tom . illust . col .

hist . nat . mendoza [ status of journal uncertain . ? notas del museo / museo de historia natural de san rafael - mendoza ]

hist . nat . ois . am . sept . histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l ' amerique septontrionale . . vieillot , ljp 1807 - 09 paris . 2 vols .

[ much ( but apparently not quite enough ) work has been done to determine the dates of this work .

richmond published his findings on this in 1899 , however in a 1930 letter to witmer stone , richmond notes that upon reexamining the work to verify the generic names contained therein , he was " shocked " to find that there was a list of errata , covering up to p . 65 which was printed on the same " leaf " as the generic names . such an errata list could not have been published in 1807 ( taxa as early as from p . 42 are dated to 1808 ) . richmond indicates to stone that the dates for these three genera will need to be changed to 1808 .

hist . nat . ois . [ lemaout ] histoire naturelle des oiseaux , suivant la classification de m . isisdore geoffroy - saint - hilaire , avec l ' indication de leurs moeurs , et de leurs raports avec les art , le commerce et l ' agriculture . le maout , jean emmanuel marie [ 1800 - 77 ] 1853 paris 2 p . l . , xivii , 425 , [ 3 ] p . front . illus 34 pl . l . curmer

hist . nat . ois . [ loche ] title : histoire naturelle des oiseaux / par le commandant loche . main author : loche , victor , 1806 - 1863 added title page : histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l ' algérie added title page : oiseaux publisher info : paris : arthus bertrand , 1867 . physical descrip : 2 vols ( [ iii ] , 309 ; 444p , 13 leaves of plates ) ; 38 cm series : ( exploration scientifique de l ' algérie pendant les années 1840 , 1841 , 1842 . sciences physiques . zoologie ; [ 4 ] ) bibliog . / index note : table méthodique des mammif ` eres et des oiseaux , p . 412 - 444

hist . nat . ois . - mouches [ mulsant & verreaux ] histoire naturelle des oiseaux - mouches , ou colibris constituant la famille des trochildes mulsant , etienne & verreaux , edouard 1873 ? - 78 4 vol . 4to lyon . issued as 16 livraisons 1 - 4 1873 - 4 5 - 8 1875 - 6 9 - 12 1876 - 7 13 - 16 1877 - 8 supplement 1879

hist . nat . ois . parad . histoire naturelle des oiseaux de paradis et des epimaques ; & c . lesson , r . p . 1834 - 35 paris p . 1 - 34 synopsis pp . 1 - 248 " prob . 16 pts . 1 - 4 ( pp . 1 - 64 ) 1834 ; 5 - 7 ( pp . 65 - 112 ) 1835 "

hist . nat . pig . gallin . histoire naturelle generale des pigeons et des gallinaces . accompagne de planches anatomiques . temminck , cj [ 1770 - 1858 ] 1813 - 15 amsterdam 3 vol . 8vo

hist . nat . tangaras histoire naturelle des tangaras , des manakins et des todiers . . . desmarest , anselme - gaëtan 1805 - ( 1807 ) folio paris . zimmer ( p . 167 ) notes that sherborn ( index animalium sect . 2 pt i p . xlliii , 1922 ) cites livrs . 1 - 4 1805 livrs . 5 - 10 1806 livrs . 11 - 12 1807

hist . nat . trochil . histoire naturelle des trochilidae ( synopsis et catalogue ) simon , eugene louis 1921 paris 4to pp . 6 + 416

hoch . nordl . deutsch - ost - afrika die mittleren hochla : nder des no : rdlichen deutsch - ost - afrika . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der irangi - expedition 1896 - 1897 nebst kurzer reisebeschreibung . im auftrage der irnagi - gesellschaft herasusgegaben von dem fu : her der expedition . . . . werther , c . waldemar [ 1867 - ? ? ] 1898 berlin h . paetel . 493 , [ 4 ] p . 126 il . 7 pl . 2 maps in pocket .

hornero el hornero revista de la sociedad ornitologica del plata para el estudio y protección de las aves de la argentina y paises vecinos v . 1 - 1917 / 19 - buenos aires , asociacion ornitologica del plata . notes : vols . 1 - 9 issued by the association under its earlier name , sociedad ornitologica del plata .

hummingbird the humming bird . a monthly scientific , artistic and industrial review . adolphe boucard ed . 1891 - 5 london vol . ii . no . 1 jan . , 1892 vol . ii . no . 2 - 12 feb - dec . , 1892 ( no . ' s monthly ) vol . iii . no . 1 mar . , 1893 vol . iii . no . 2 jun . , 1893 vol . iii . no . 3 sep . , 1893 vol . iii . no . 4 dec . , 1893 vol . iv . no . 1 mar . , 1894 vol . iv . no . 2 jun . , 1894 vol . iv . no . 3 sep . , 1894 vol . iv . no . 4 dec . , 1894 vol . v . no . 1 mar . , 1895 vol . v . no . 2 jun . , 1895 vol . v . no . 3 sep . , 1895 vol . v . no . 4 dec . , 1895 [ finis ]

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2

przevalski ' s finch , previously called pink - tailed rosefinch , is a relict member of an ancient separate lineage that is as old as , or older than other families of finches ; it belongs in its own monotypic family urocynchramidae , with a name change ( groth 2000 , päckert et al . 2016 )

classification of fringillidae revised for v3 . 3 ; see especially zuccon et al . 2012

europe ( except british isles , sardinia ) to c asia , w , n turkey , c and e caucasus and nw iran .

split gran canaria blue finch from [ tenerife ] blue chaffinch ( sangster et al . 2015 )

( zuccon et al . 2012 , cf kirwan & gregory 2005 , bli , hbw )

( tietze et al . 2013 , cf rasmussen & anderton 2005 , ioc 3 . 5 ) . restore english name to great rosefinch

has priority for species name . change english name to pink - rumped rosefinch ( hbw , clements , h & m 3 )

( wu et al . 2011 , tietze et al . 2013 ; cf collar 2004 )

hawaiian honeycreepers resequenced following pratt 2005 , lerner et al . 2011 ; see also nacc 2015 . needs review of oversplit genera .

island populations of the akepa are recognized as separate species ( nacc 2015 - b - 4c ) ; add island name ( hawaii ) to akepa .

based on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) phylogeny ; see also pratt 2005 .

, is preoccupied by a subspecies of greater akialoa . that conflict no longer exists with placement of kauai amakihi in

( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 )

( tschusi , 1901 ) as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .

( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 , nacc )

recognized by bou ( ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 )

pending future analyses ( knox 2001 , ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 , mason & taylor 2015 , bou , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 7 )

se siberia , ne china , korea , sakhalin and kuril is . and japan

( weir and schluter 2004 , smith et al . 2005 ; nacc 2017 - c - 5 )

preliminary genetics suggest that megaplaga and leucoptera are sisters and that bifasciata should be split to avoid paraphyly ( parchman et al . 2007 ) . see also elmberg 1993 re song differences

taczanowski , 1879 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .

( zuccon et al . 2012 , also arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , ryan et al . 2004 )

sa : n colombia to trinidad and the guianas , south to n argentina , se brazil , e paraguay .

from thraupidae to a new monotypic family rhodinocichlidae , which follows calcariidae ( barker et al . 2013 , 2015 ; nacc 2017 - b - 6 ) . eng [ 8 . 1 ] = lower case ' tanager '

dawn songs from a bird in conifer grove just off roadside . same individual and session as xc369902 . more significant handling noise and ' contamination ' from nearby american robin .

natural vocalizations from two begging fledglings . adult a few feet away foraging . recording not modified .

calls from a female bird that was part of a mixed flock responding to whistled imitation of a pygmy - owl . habitat was somewhat open spruce - fir forest .

natural vocalizations ; calls from a small group ( two males and three females ) perched low in an alder tree in a large willow - alder carr near some sitka spruce . two call types in this cut , contact calls and alarm calls .

one adult male calling from the top of a balsam fir higher up in the valley . the bird is flying away at the end of the recording and some wing flapping can be heard .

natural vocalization ; very quiet calls from a large flock of birds high in a conifer tree .

siskin - like call , often heard when i flocks . garden feeder box sounds .

a yellow juvenile / female - coloured specimen , probably a young male . noisy river and tree - cutting .

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

nash , t . h . , ryan , b . d . , gries , c . , bungartz , f . , ( eds . ) 2007 . lichen flora of the greater sonoran desert region . vol 3 .

a pine dwelling specialist that found and maintain their colonies in pine trees in the sw united states .

the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .

unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .

measurements ( mm ) ( holotype in parenthesis ) : total length : 2 . 31 - 3 . 64 ( 3 . 22 ) ; head width at eyes : 0 . 67 - 0 . 90 ( 0 . 87 ) ; length of antennal scape : 0 . 44 - 0 . 60 ( 0 . 60 ) ; distance from mesothoracic spiracle to propodeal spiracle : 0 . 23 - 0 . 33 ( 0 . 31 ) ; distance from lower edge of propodeal spiracle to tip of propodeal spine : 0 . 12 - 0 . 17 ( 0 . 16 ) . head : in frontal view , posterior half smooth , shining , covered with sparse appressed silvery hairs separated at their bases by a distance slightly shorter than length of a hair ; orientation of hairs convergent toward lower midline of frons ; frons with a series of erect hairs in a line just mesad of imaginary vertical lines extending up from frontal carinae , 4 hairs on right side , 3 on left ( in holotype ) ; fine striae covering malar area , extending up about 1 / 3 of way along eye on inner side . antennal scape with appressed hairs only . mandible with 4 teeth . mesosoma : pronotum with one standing curved humeral hair on each side ; pronotum and mesonotum with sparse appressed silvery hairs , with bases separated by more than half length of a hair and less than twice length of a hair ; pronotum and mesonotum shining , with very faint shagreening ; mesopleuron finely , evenly reticulate up to level of mesothoracic spiracle ; metapleuron with longitudinal carinae covering its upper 3 / 4 , fine reticulations between more widely spaced carinae ; propodeal spine in lateral view wedge - shaped , sharply pointed , with a fine dorsal carina ; dorsal areas of propodeum with sparse , appressed silvery hairs divergent from the midline ; all legs with sparse , appressed , silvery hairs . gaster : first tergite sparsely covered with longitudinally oriented , appressed , silvery hairs whose bases are slightly closer together than the length of a hair ; submarginal bands of similar , but longer hairs on tergites 1 - 3 ; a sparse submarginal band of erect hairs on tergites and sternites 1 - 4 . color : body and appendages except for gaster ferruginous ; gaster black .

from nest of holotype . measurements ( mm ) : total length : 7 . 48 - 7 . 90 ; head width at eyes : 1 . 44 - 1 . 54 ; length of mesosoma ( lateral view ) : 2 . 20 - 2 . 45 ; length of forewing : 6 . 46 - 6 . 84 . head , legs , body reddish brown , except mesonotum , scutellum blackish brown , gaster black ; wings hyaline , major veins pale testaceous . mandible with 5 teeth , mandibular striae with sparse , coarse punctures ; median ocellus separated from lateral ocelli by about 1 . 8 times diameter of lateral ocellus ; anterior half of dorsum of head finely striate , including clypeus , except for lower median area of frons ; posterior half of dorsum of head shining , finely punctate , with appressed hairs . mesonotum strongly shining , no reticulate areas ; fine striations on lateral margins of mesonotum and posterior quarter of mesopleuron ; metapleuron coarsely but evenly striate , propodeum coarsely , unevenly striate ; gaster shining , first gastral tergite with appressed hairs slightly longer than distance between their bases , and a few scattered , suberect longer hairs .

from nest of holotype . measurements ( mm ) : total length : 3 . 02 - 3 . 24 ; head width at eyes : 0 . 62 - 0 . 66 ; length of mesosoma ( lateral view ) : 1 . 06 - 1 . 30 ; length of forewing : 2 . 87 - 3 . 13 . head and body blackish brown ; femora medium brown , lighter than head and body ; tibiae , tarsi , mandibles testaceous ; wings hyaline with no infuscation , heavier veins pale testaceous . mandible with 3 subequal teeth ; median ocellus separated from lateral ocelli by twice diameter of lateral ocellus ; head with sparse sub - appressed hairs , those on occipital area procumbent , about as long as distance between their bases ; hairs on frons convergent toward midline ; frons with a few conspicuous large punctures on each side ; malar space weakly striate ; area between eye and antennal sockets not striate ; antennal scape shorter than last antennal segment . mesosoma shining , without reticulate areas , smooth except for weak , fine striations on lateral areas of mesonotum and posterior fourth of mesopleuron , metapleuron more coarsely striate ; mesonotum with sparse , short hairs embedded in elongate punctures , usually farther apart than length of a hair ; wing venation as in figure 2 ; gaster smooth , shining , first gastral tergite with short , appressed , embedded hairs .

usa : florida : highlands county , archbold biological station , 24 - vi - 1996 , m . deyrup . florida scrub habitat . nest in 6 cm diameter branch of pinus elliottii in firelane . the entire type series is from a single colony . holotype and 37 paratypes deposited in the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cambridge , massachusetts . deposition of additional paratypes : 24 workers , 2 alate queens , 2 males : natural history museum of los angeles county , los angeles , california ; 17 workers , 2 alate queens , 1 male : florida state collection of arthropods , gainesville ; 17 workers , 2 alate queens , 1 male : national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . ; 14 workers , 1 alate queen , 1 male : the natural history museum , london ; 12 workers : collection of william mackay , el paso , tex . ; remaining type material : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida .

deyrup , m . and s . p . cover . 2007 . a new species of crematogaster from the pinelands of the southeastern united states . pages 100 - 112 . in snelling , r . r . , fisher , b . l . and ward , p . s . ( eds ) . advances in ant systematics : homage to e . o . wilson – 50 years of contributions . memoirs of the american entomological institute 80 : 690 pp .

morgan , c . e . , mackay , w . p . 2017 . the north american acrobat ants of the hyperdiverse genus crematogaster ( hymneoptera : formicidae ) . lambert academic publishing ( pdf version , 532 pp . )

this page was last modified on 1 august 2017 , at 20 : 45 .

mycocosm portal version : 8 . 15 . 56 content : cf1f948 clustering : b94afba synteny : * no synteny * urltoken release date : 26 - jun - 2018 13 : 23 : 33 . 510 pst current date : 09 - jul - 2018 13 : 57 : 25 . 193 pdt

karsten , p . a . 1881 . symbolae ad mycologiam fennicam . viii . meddelanden af societas pro fauna et flora fennica . 6 : 7 - 13

1 . antrodia serpens var . tuber p . karst . , bidrag till kännedom av finlands natur och folk 48 : 324 ( 1889 ) [ mb # 468174 ]

2 . boletus fulvus schaeff . , fungorum qui in bavaria et palatinatu circa ratisbonam nascuntur icones 4 : 89 , t . 262 ( 1774 ) [ mb # 140761 ]

3 . boletus marginatus pers . , neues magazin für die botanik 1 : 108 ( 1794 ) [ mb # 140237 ]

4 . boletus semiovatus schaeff . , fungorum qui in bavaria et palatinatu circa ratisbonam nascuntur icones 4 : 92 , t . 270 ( 1774 ) [ mb # 227302 ]

5 . favolus pinihalepensis pat . , catalogue raisonné des plantes cellulaires de la tunisie ( 7 ) : 49 ( 1897 ) [ mb # 469171 ]

7 . fomes pini - halepensis pat . , catalogue raisonné des plantes cellulaires de la tunisie ( 7 ) : 49 ( 1897 ) [ mb # 228127 ]

9 . fomes thomsoni ( berk . ) sacc . ( 1888 ) [ mb # 263252 ]

10 . friesia rubra lázaro ibiza , revta r . acad . cienc . exact . fis . nat . madr . : 590 ( 1916 ) [ mb # 184216 ]

13 . polyporus helveolus rostk . , deutschlands flora , abt . iii . die pilze deutschlands 4 - 16 : 73 , t . 35 ( 1837 ) [ mb # 151890 ]

14 . polyporus marginatus fr . , epicrisis systematis mycologici : 468 ( 1838 ) [ mb # 472695 ]

15 . polyporus ponderosus h . schrenk , bull . u . s . dep . agric . , bur . plant ind . : 30 ( 1903 ) [ mb # 470895 ]

16 . polyporus thomsonii berk . , hooker ' s journal of botany and kew garden miscellany 6 : 142 ( 1854 ) [ mb # 472875 ]

for practical reasons we have decided not to translate all pages in several languages anymore because it was too heavy to maintain but some of the labels of the basic and advanced query pages are still available . click on the language titles to launch them . chinese version

dr . wei li 1 , dr . run zhang 1 and dr . miaomiao zhou 2 1 the institute of microbiology , chinese academy of sciences ( imcas ) , beijing , china the institute of microbiology , chinese academy of sciences ( imcas ) , beijing , china 2 cbs - knaw fungal biodiversity center , utrecht , the netherlands

ir . bernard jabas 1 and dr . vincent robert 2 1 bioaware , hannut , belgium 2 cbs - knaw fungal biodiversity center , utrecht , the netherlands

dr . lily eurwilaichitr and dr . supawadee ingsriswang bioresources technology unit , national center for genetic engineering and biotechnology ( biotec ) , pathum thani , thailand

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many old records are doubtful because of confusion with t . extensa . the species appears to be mainly southern and is widespread in southern england . it is widespread in north - western and central europe .

original author of profile : p . r . harvey , based on species account in merrett ( 1990 ) .

text based on harvey , p . r . , nellist , d . r . & telfer , m . g . ( eds ) 2002 . provisional atlas of british spiders ( arachnida , araneae ) , volumes 1 & 2 . huntingdon : biological records centre .

combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .


the black baza ( aviceda leuphotes ) is a small sized bird of prey found in the forests of the eastern himalayas , china and southeast asia .

many populations are migratory .

the races in the indian region are migratory , wintering in the south of the peninsula and sri lanka .

the black bazas have short , stout legs and feet with strong talons .

a prominent crest is a feature of the bazas .

they are found in dense forest often in small groups .

they are also known to spend a lot of time perching on bare branches of tall trees rising above the forest canopy .

black baza

black baza <EOT> other names : black - crested baza , indian black - crested baza , lizard - hawk .

wake up and first thing i look forward to is my morning cup of wanderoo by black baza coffee company .

the company currently promotes coffee under three names – the black baza roast , aspire to otter and luna roast .

the black baza are partially migratory . some flocks have been observed to move to thailand , malaysia and indonesia for wintering .

you’re viewing a free company profile from the pitchbook platform . to explore black baza coffee’s full profile , request a free trial .

recommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : black baza aviceda leuphotes . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018

apart from selling through prominent retail stores , black baza coffee company does a lot of cup - tasting , coffee tasting events as well .

she calls herself an accidental entrepreneur . meet arshiya urveeja bose , an environmental conservationist by training and proprietor of black baza coffee company by chance .

description : the black baza is a small raptor , often seen in groups of several birds perched on branches in the same tree in the forest .

the black baza species has an extremely large range and are considered least vulnerable . the loss of forest cover may make the survival of these birds vulnerable .

it’s the reason why black baza founder arshiya bose’s focus is on conservation of forests , wildlife and water , and on how growers deal with climate change .

the baza is a small bird of prey found in the forests of south and south east asia . bazas are most commonly seen in dense forests perched high in the tree canopy . sightings of black bazas in coffee farms would thereby indicate the farms are forest - like and that indeed is the brand black baza coffee’s dream .

the black baza occupies deciduous woodlands , both within the forest interior and scrub country . they are also seen near human habitations , hunting near clearings and farmed acreage .

description : a winter visitor to singapore ( september to april ) , the black baza is a small eagle that comes across as slightly comical due to its crest plumes that wiggle about as it moves its head . with mostly black upperparts and some white patches on its back and wings , the black baza also has a very distinctive underside , with a triangular white patch on its breast fringed with black and leads down to white legs with chestnut brown stripes running across – resembling some sort of vest . in flight , this pattern on its underparts makes the black baza quite an unmistakeable bird as well although its small size does tend to lead to most people dismissing it as a crow .

flight : the black baza soars high in the air during the migrations . but usually , it flies low with deep wing - beats interspersed with short glides on almost flat wings .

the black baza ( aviceda leuphotes ) is a medium - sized bird of prey of the family accipitridae , and found in much of the forested regions of southern and southeastern asia .

protection / threats / status : the black baza is generally scarce to uncommon , but its unobtrusive habits make it very difficult to see . however , this raptor can be seen in good numbers during the migrations . the species is threatened by habitat loss due to the deforestation throughout most of its range . the black baza is currently evaluated as least concern by birdlife international .

diet : the black baza feeds primarily on large insects such as grasshoppers , beetles , mantids and moths . it also catches lizards and tree frogs , and occasionally small mammals , bats and birds .

) belongs to the family accipitridae . the black baza species is distributed in central china , india , bhutan , myanmar , malaysia , thailand , indonesia , sri lanka and andaman islands of india .

the black baza is a medium - sized and handsome bird of prey found in the forests of south and southeast asia . it is rare and local in much of its range in the indian subcontinent .

upon returning to the forest rest house at kolsa , i consulted a few forest officials and naturalists and they confirmed that it was a black baza and it was possibly the first record of the species from western maharashtra .

on the underparts , the throat is black . we can see a conspicuous white breast band bordered below by narrow black stripe and variable chestnut band . the belly is more or less rufous barred buff . vent , undertail - coverts and thighs are black . on the underwing , the coverts are black . the primary flight feathers are greyish , whereas secondaries and tertials are darker grey . undertail feathers are greyish .

throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …

the superb black - and - orange flycatcher , which occurs only in southern india , by simon colenutt .

the head is black with conspicuous long , black crest on the hind crown . the hooked bill is blackish with dark blue - grey cere . we can see two typical “teeth” on both edges of the upper mandible , one on each side . the eyes are reddish - brown . legs and feet are dull greyish - black .

adult male has black head , neck and upperparts . some variable chestnut markings are visible on lower back , scapulars and greater wing - coverts . the secondary flight feathers show chestnut and white patches . the tail is black .

tholpetty ws black - footed langur . also a chance of chevrotain , rusty - spotted cat and indian porcupine .

the black baza feed on large insects , frogs , small reptiles and small birds . they have been observed to eat ripe fruits of oil palm . the call is a " chu - weep " and they also sound a soft squeal .

good for the forest it comes from , good for the people who grow it . good for the trees we help conserve and the wildlife that it supports . and just as good to drink . these are the cornerstones of black baza coffee co .

males are black in color above , with some chestnut showing on the lower back , scapulars , and greater wing coverts . a black crest on the head is prominently displayed . the underside of the bird is black from the neck to upper chest , broken by a large patch of white . the lower chest to the belly is also white , with chestnut - colored horizontal bars ; between the belly and tail the area of the legs is black in color . in flight the underside of the wings bear light - grey primaries , dark - grey secondaries and tertials , and black coverts .

behaviour : the black baza feeds primarily on large insects such as grasshoppers . it also catches lizards and tree frogs , and occasionally small mammals , bats and birds . it hunts from concealed perch , but also in open . it may briefly hover in front of the vegetation to snatch preys from foliage . it performs short flights through the canopy , from perch to perch , and through insect swarms or passerine communal roosts . the black baza hunts sometimes in small flocks and it is more active at dusk .

the black baza feeds on small reptiles and insects , and usually from a still - hunting position on a perch within the forest or at the forest edge on a clearing . bats , birds , and small mammals also form an occasional part of the diet .

ootacamund , nilgiri hills black - and - orange and nilgiri flycatchers , indian and nilgiri blue robins , black - chinned laughingthrush , indian scimitar babbler and nilgiri langur . also a chance of painted bush quail , nilgiri wood pigeon and forest wagtail .

the iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated these baza birds and has listed them as of " least concern " .

the black baza is a small bird , measuring 30 to 35 cm in length and weighing 170 to 220 grams . the wingspan is 65 to 80 cm . its head is pigeon - like and has a long crest , often held erect . these baza species has short , stout legs and feet with strong talons . the male has white scapulars and secondary coverts and on the secondaries . the female has several chestnut bands on the underside .

these baza species inhabit deciduous or evergreen tropical forests . they are often seen perched on the top branches of the tall trees rising above the forest canopy .

only those range states and territories listed below , and shown in black on this map , are included within the scope of this mou .

the black baza has a wingspan is about 3 feet , with an overall body length of 16 to 18 inches . like other members of the genus aviceda , it bears two distinctive tooth - like notches near the edge of the bill . legs are short and stout , and bear powerful talons .

sighting of montagu’s harrier from ponmudi , white rumped shama from bonacaud , booted eagle from arippa , black baza from the kottur forests , lesser sand plover from the veli beach , amur falcon from punchakkary , and asian openbill from the aruvikkara wetlands were significant as these are not so common in these areas .

blue tokai identifies the estates from which it sources the coffee on its packaging , for transparency . seven beans brings together indian growers with italian roasters . black baza’s ambition is to improve biodiversity , while estate craft is a single - estate coffee . vero sources the beans and makes capsules in - house .

the black baza is a small bird of prey found in the forests of south and southeast asia . bazas are most commonly seen in dense forests perched high in the tree canopy . sightings of bazas in coffee farms would indicate our farms are forest - like . . . and that ' s the dream !

coffee production in india has a very unique history but is becoming increasingly unsustainable in terms of its impact on the environment . “our enterprise aims to incentivise sustainable farming through the company . black baza is the only social entrepreneurship project on coffee in india and perhaps one of the few such projects globally as well ! ”

these baza species in north india breed in april . both the pair take part in nest building , incubation , brooding and feeding . the nest is firm platform on tall trees .

some of these new companies , many retailing online , include the indian bean , flying squirrel , seven beans , the coffee company , black baza and estate craft . some existing sellers have expanded in scope , like halli berri , kerala’s riverine and goa’s sussegado . some others , like vero , sell espresso capsules with machines and café rio also does instant coffee .

voice : sounds by xeno - canto the black baza is vocal in flight and when perched . it utters soft , quavering , plaintive or whistling notes , usually one , two or three . it also gives shrill mewing , something similar to gull’s calls , and a weak scream “chu - weep” or “k - leeep” . harsh squawks are also given when in groups .

the backwaters waterbirds including cinnamon and yellow bitterns , bronze - winged and pheasant - tailed jacanas , and stork - billed kingfisher . also a chance of black - capped kingfisher .

pampadum shola np , near munnar nilgiri wood pigeon , kerala laughingthrush and black - and - orange flycatcher , as well as stripe - necked mongoose . also an outside chance of nilgiri marten .

for her , coffee has become the means to look at conservation from a social as well as environmental perspective . the work she does is interesting – she has currently engaged with four coffee estate owners in the district of kodagu and signed ‘conditional conservation agreements’ with them . the conditions she lays down are fairly simple – follow environment - friendly best practices and black baza would market your coffee in the commercial market .

the juvenile resembles adults but its plumage is duller and it has white streaks on the black throat , and brown streaks on the white breast band . the crest is slightly shorter than in adults .

habitat : the black baza occurs in open deciduous or evergreen tropical forest , often around clearings and near streams or rivers . this species can be seen from sea - level up to 1500 metres of elevation . this species breeds between 100 and 1200 metres . they spend the night at communal roost outside the breeding season , and at this period , they often frequent orchards and gardens near villages and they hunt over the ricefields .

clark , w . s . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . black baza ( aviceda leuphotes ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

28–35 cm ; 168–224 g ; wingspan 64–80 cm . small , chunky black kite with long crest ( often held erect , except in flight ) on pigeon - like head ; in flight , . . .

thattekad ( salim ali ) bs grey slender loris , indian chevrotain , southern flying lizard , malabar gliding frog , red spurfowl , malabar trogon , asian fairy bluebird and white - bellied blue flycatcher . also a chance of indian giant flying squirrel , travancore flying squirrel , black baza , slaty - legged crake , sri lanka bay owl , sri lanka frogmouth , jerdon ' s nightjar , chestnut - headed bee - eater , heart - spotted woodpecker and indian pitta .

range : the black baza occurs in s and se asia . most of the populations are migratory . the race “ syama ” from ne india and e nepal to s china , winters southwards through indochina and malay peninsula to sumatra . the race “ leuphotes ” occurs in sw india , s burma and w thailand , and breeds in several parts of indochina . the race “ andamanica ” occurs in s andaman islands . the northernmost populations move southwards through the malay peninsula to winter in sumatra .

periyar np nilgiri langur , oriental darter , black baza , malabar trogon , great and malabar grey hornbills , white - bellied treepie , asian fairy bluebird and indian scimitar babbler , as well as nilgiri langur . also a chance of heart - spotted woodpecker , indian pitta , orange - headed thrush , wynaad laughingthrush , forest wagtail , asian elephant , gaur , leopard and rusty - spotted cats , sloth bear , dhole , indian crested porcupine , and oriental small - clawed and smooth - coated otters .

southern india endemics grey junglefowl , grey - fronted ( pompadour ) green pigeon , nilgiri wood pigeon , malabar parakeet , malabar grey hornbill , malabar ( crimson - fronted ) and white - cheeked barbets , white - bellied treepie , malabar ( large ) woodshrike , malabar lark , white - spotted ( white - throated ) fantail , indian ( chestnut - bellied ) nuthatch , flame - throated ( black - crested ) and grey - headed bulbuls , black - and - orange and nilgiri flycatchers , white - bellied blue flycatcher , nilgiri blue and white - bellied blue robins ( both formerly white - bellied shortwing ) , malabar whistling thrush , black - chinned ( nilgiri ) and grey - breasted ( kerala ) laughingthrushes , ( indian ) rufous babbler , malabar white - headed ( chestnut - tailed ) starling , nilgiri ( plain ) flowerpecker , crimson - backed sunbird , nilgiri pipit and rufous - bellied ( black - throated ) munia . also a chance of broad - tailed grassbird and wynaad laughingthrush .

the black baza is a small and distinctively coloured raptor . when perched , the upright crest and contrasting patterns make it difficult to misidentify . the male has white scapulars , secondary coverts and on the secondaries . the female has white only on the scapulars and more chestnut bands on the underside unlike the few bands in the male . in flight it is crow like and is often seen in small groups or flocks during migration . during migration , they are gregarious at their roost . they are somewhat crepuscular and more active at dusk and in overcast weather

the black baza is a small and distinctively colored raptor . when perched , the upright crest and contrasting patterns make it difficult to misidentify . the male has white scapulars ( shoulder feathers ) , secondary coverts and on the secondaries ( shorter , upper " arm " feathers ) . the female has white only on the scapulars ( shoulder feathers ) and more chestnut bands on the underside unlike the few bands in the male . in flight it is crow like and is often seen in small groups or flocks during migration . during migration , they are gregarious at their roost .

important references : carey , g . j . , m . l . chmabers , d . a . diskin , p . r . kennerley , p . j . leader , m . r . leven , r . w . lewthwaite , d . s . melville , m . turnbull , and l . young . 2001 . the avifauna of hong kong . hong kong bird watching society , hong kong . clark , w . s . 1994 . black baza . p . 108 in del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( eds . ) , handbook of birds of the world . vol . 2 . new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . ferguson - lees , j . , and d . a . christie .

eravikulam np ( rajamalai - closed during breeding season , jan - feb ) and chinnar ws , munnar , cardamom hills black - and - orange and nilgiri flycatchers , white - bellied blue robin , asian fairy bluebird , grey - breasted laughingthrush and nilgiri pipit , as well as nilgiri langur . also a chance of nilgiri wood pigeon , lion - tailed macaque ( eravikulam ) , nilgiri tahr ( eravikulam ) , gaur ( chinnar ) , grizzled giant squirrel ( chinnar ) , and an outside chance of painted bush quail and broad - tailed grassbird , as well as nigiri marten .

species shared only with sri lanka painted francolin , crested ( changeable ) hawk eagle , blue - faced malkoha , sri lanka frogmouth , jerdon’s nightjar , indian swiftlet , malabar trogon , malabar pied hornbill , crimson - fronted barbet , orange ( scarlet ) minivet , jerdon’s ( rufous - winged ) bush lark , hill ( pacific ) swallow , square - tailed black , white - browed and yellow - browed bulbuls , indian blackbird , indian ( white - browed ) scimitar babbler , dark - fronted and yellow - billed babblers , lesser hill myna , jerdon’s ( blue - winged ) leafbird and long - billed ( loten’s ) sunbird .

the key papers for the booted eagles ( aquilinae ) are bunce et al . ( 2005 ) , helbig et al . ( 2005 ) , lerner and mindell ( 2005 ) , haring et al . ( 2007b ) , and lerner et al . ( 2017 ) . the spizaetus hawk - eagles belong in two different clades within aquilinae . thus spizaetus is divided into nisaetus and spizaetus . the black - and - chestnut eagle ( oroaetus ) must be merged into the remaining spizaetus . the rufous - bellied hawk - eagle ( lophotriorchis ) is separated from hieraaetus . while the spotted eagles are separated from aquila as clanga . hieraaetus loses a couple of species to aquila , which also gains cassin ' s hawk - eagle from spizaetus .

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the female is similar to the male but she lacks the white patches on secondaries .

we can find three subspecies , a . l . leuphotes , a . l . syama and a . l . andamanica . the race “ syama ” has longer primaries and blacker barring on the underparts . the race “ andamanica ” has only two bars on the upper belly , and differs by unbarred flanks .

this raptor is often seen in pairs or in family groups , but this gregarious species occurs also in small groups of 4 - 5 birds perched in the same tree . during winter , they sleep at communal night - time roosts in groups of up 20 - 25 birds .

reproduction : the breeding season varies according to the range , but usually occurs between february and june . both sexes build a small compact nest with twigs and thin sticks in a large tree in the forest , between 20 and 30 metres above the ground and often near water . the shallow cup is lined with soft materials such as grass , plant fibres and green leaves . the female lays 2 - 3 eggs and the incubation is shared by both parents . the chicks are fed with insects .

finds of race : lesser sand plover , common sand piper and montagu’s harrier are among the species sighted at the bird race in the city .

as many as 157 species of birds were spotted from seven locations in and around the capital during the 8th kerala bird race held on sunday .

various threats , especially habitat degradation , to bird population were noticed during the dawn - to - dusk event , said a . k . sivakumar , wwf - india senior education officer and coordinator of the race .

akkulam lake , once a haven for waterbirds , is now more like a sewage drain with large - scale reclamation , invasive species , and all kinds of pollutants .

the sighting of birds such as the indian peafowl in the arippa forests and asian openbill at aruvikkara is clear indicators of the increasing temperature profile .

the museum and zoo premises still remain a healthy habitat for birds . as many as 42 species of birds with an active heronry of endangered oriental darters were spotted here .

the kottur forests , part of the neyyar wildlife sanctuary , and the kallar - ponmudi forests also have a very good bird population , the numbers crossing 75 . the sighting of mammals such as nilgiri marten , barking deer and malabar giant squirrel came as a bonus to the teams .

as many as 78 birdwatchers participated in the annual race held in connection with the birthday of salim ali .

the event was organised jointly by the yuhina eco media and wwf - india with the support of hsbc .

additional principal chief conservator of forests , biodiversity cell of forests & wildlife department , o . p . kaler , who was the chief guest , asked the participants to submit their findings and recommendations for further action and to document the sightings for scientific planning of conservation initiatives . renjan mathew varghese , state director of wwf - india , spoke .

follow - up activities such as sunday bird walk once in a month , annual asian waterfowl census and birdwatching camps are in the pipeline .

tojo mathew was leaving the uae for good to join his wife in delhi .

our purpose is to enable coffee producers to enjoy secure and stable livelihoods and strengthen coffee farming practices that conserve biodiversity . we invite coffee drinkers to participate in the process .

our partner farms grow coffee under the shade of forest trees . farms keep at least 60 % tree canopy cover and a minimum of 100 trees and 20 species of indigenous trees per acre .

we restore farms by planting rare and endemic forest trees that provide critical habitat for a wide variety of wildlife .

sustainable and secure livelihoods for coffee growers and workers is a critical part of our programme . we ensure this through stable prices , financial inclusion and long - term guaranteed contracts .

most of our packaging ( except 100g sizes ) is fully biodegradable . the outer bag is made from sugarcane waste . the inner bag is a biodegradable plastic that disintegrates between 6 - 24 months in landfill conditions .

all partner farms commit to growing coffee that is free of chemical pesticides . an overwhelming majority ( 97 . 5 % ) also restrict the use of any chemical fertiliser .

each cup of coffee can be traced back to the farm – or , at the least , cluster of farms – from which the beans were harvested .

we enable producers to establish and run farmer institutions for collective marketing . these institutions are also responsible for building people’s capacity for quality production .

our commitment to sustainable coffee means that we have to meticulously monitor the impact of our involvement . livelihood - related changes are monitored through questionnaire surveys and focus group discussions . biodiversity - related changes are monitored through measuring diversity of trees , birds , insects , mammals , soil and water . we have a long way to go but here ' s a start . . .

our community is 160 members strong . we work with numerous smallholder producer organisations to resolve various challenges that undermine livelihoods security , financial inclusion and weaken producer autonomy in coffee markets .

the interaction between spotted hyenas and humans is 500 years old . the presence of moon moths is three times that . any impact we have to make cannot be measured in years or even decades . a thousand years seems like just enough time . ours is a thousand - year brew .

our limited run monthly editions . one podu . one harvest . one time .

the microlot coffees celebrate the uniqueness in heterogeneity . smallholder producers harvest tiny volumes and these beans find themselves in our limited edition coffees .

coffee grounds is a collection of stories about people , place and ecology in coffee landscapes .

form wolfei , based on single specimen , doubtfully distinct from nominate . validity of forms syama and andamanica also questioned # r ; further study needed . birds from myanmar and thailand ( sometimes awarded separate race , burmana ) may belong to race syama , as opposed to rather similar nominate leuphotes . in view of doubts over validity of races , species sometimes treated as monotypic # r . four subspecies provisionally recognized .

open deciduous or evergreen tropical forest , including second growth and bamboo - dominated areas , . . .

mainly large insects ( and their larvae ) , especially grasshoppers ( also beetles , mantids and moths ) , but also lizards and tree - frogs ; . . .

considered probably resident , or only partially migratory , in sw india , on andaman is , and from . . .

not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . generally uncommon , but probably passes undetected due to unobtrusive habits , and may be commoner than thought ; e . g . . . .

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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .

still on the fence about which coffee suits you the best ? give one of our all coffee packs a go . . . the entire gamut of our beans , blends and roasts . . . in six , completely biodegradable packages in one neat box .

mers directly received rs 6758 . 4 from the sale of coffee to me and so much more . more strength to bbcc : )

amazing coffee ! thanks for bringing the taste from south to my home . . .

bangalore municipal elections - 44 % voter turnout . disappointing . luckily some things never fail ! order your solid roast at team @ urltoken # probat

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population is estimated to number > c . 10 , 000 individuals ( ferguson - lees et al . 2001 ) , while the population in china has been estimated at c . 100 - 10 , 000 breeding pairs and c . 50 - 1 , 000 individuals on migration ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction ( ferguson - lees and christie 2001 ) .

widespread forest loss across its range poses the most significant threat ( clark and kirwan 1994 ) .

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is distributed in north india , bhutan , southeast china , myanmar , laos and thailand . these subspecies winter in thailand , malaysia and indonesia . the subspecies

is distributed in south india , sri lanka , myanmar and thailand . the subspecies

tiger reserves are not just about spotting and photographing tigers , but also a standing testimony to the preservation of larger landscapes and the biodiversity they support . as the saying goes , the jungle is full of surprises and animals or birds can make their appearance when you least expect them . such was one of our early morning drives on 9th april , 2015 in the kolsa range of tadoba andhari tiger reserve . we were driving through dense bamboo at shivanzari when i suddenly noticed a bird that looked very different . it was definitely a lifer for me and i was able to quickly make a few images of the raptor with my 500mm lens .

praveen siddannavar bangalore - based praveen is an engineer by profession and an award - winning natural history photographer by choice .

ci is a non - profit , non - commercial portal that aims to facilitate wildlife and nature conservation by providing reliable information and the tools needed to campaign effectively . we define conservation as knowledge - driven actions that lead to the effective management and recovery of wildlife . that means giving priority to meeting the ecological needs of wildlife populations in decline , and to the recovery and expansion of their habitats . read more »

the species is found throughout much of southern and southeastern asia , from the indian subcontinent to the larger islands of indonesia , and northwards to southern china .

the species breeds from february to june ; what little observation was done indicates the birds choose nesting sites high in the tree canopy in dense forests and often near rivers , laying two to three eggs .

this page was last modified on 24 june 2016 , at 18 : 36 .

they feed mainly on insects by making aerial sallies . they have been noted to join mixed - species foraging flocks . it has also been known to feed on the fruits of the oil palm . they are somewhat crepuscular in habit . the call is a " chu - weep " somewhat similar to the call of the large cuckoo - shrike .

like others in the genus aviceda they have two tooth like indentations on the edge of the upper bill .

the bird was first described based on a specimen from pondicherry under the name of falco leuphotes . several geographic races have been described including wolfei which is based on a single specimen from sichuan and may belong to the nominate subspecies . the named forms include the following but have been questioned and further study has been called for :

this species is found in southeast asia and parts of south asia . they are migratory in parts of their range . migratory birds may be seen in large numbers at some locations such as chumphon in thailand where they account for nearly 40 % of the raptors on passage . in some parts of hong kong , they have established themselves in recent times changing from summer visitors to residents in small numbers .

in india the species is regularly reported in winter from the western ghats ( breeding records have been questioned ) , eastern ghats ( mainly on spring passage ) and known to breed in northeastern india and burma . winter records of the species include stray occurrences in or near metropolitan areas such as the guindy national park in chennai , near trivandrum and bangalore . more recent studies have suggested that the species may be a regular winter visitor in the eastern part of peninsular india , and not just a passage migrant .

the birds in northeastern india begin to breed in april . both sexes take part in nest building , incubation , brooding and feeding . the eggs take about 26–27 days to hatch . insects are the predominant food of the chicks .

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operator of a coffee company that conserves forests , wildlife and water by selling coffee . the company connects coffee drinkers to coffee growers and also empowers coffee growers to cultivate coffee under the shade of indigenous trees , without chemical pesticides and alongside wildlife endemic .

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they feed mainly on insects by making aerial sallies . they may also pick insects off a leaf , the insects always seized with their feet . they have been observed to attempt capturing small birds such as wagtails by making dashes into flocks . they have been noted to join mixed - species foraging flocks . it has also been known to feed on the fruits of the oil palm . they are somewhat crepuscular in habit .

this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the breeding season varies according to the range , but usually occurs between february and june . both sexes build a small compact nest with twigs and thin sticks in a large tree in the forest , between 20 and 30 metres above the ground and often near water . the shallow cup is lined with soft materials such as grass , plant fibres and green leaves . all were composed almost entirely of lagerstroemia reginae sticks , with a few sal sticks . both sexes participated in nest - building , incubation , brooding and feeding the chicks . the female lays 2 - 3 eggs and the incubation is shared by both parents . the chicks are fed with insects . the incubation period at two nests was 26 - 27 days . at 21 days old the chicks were frequently seen preening , hopping to nearby branches and flapping their wings .

migrants from north parts of range move south through malay peninsula in nov - dec to winter in sumatra , returning in feb - mar . a few migrants recorded in southeast india and sri lanka .

range : oriental region : widespread in south asia . the race ? syama ? from ne india and e nepal to s china , winters southwards through indochina and malay peninsula to sumatra . the race ? leuphotes ? occurs in sw india , s burma and w thailand , and breeds in several parts of indochina . the race ? andamanica ? occurs in s andaman islands . the northernmost populations move southwards through the malay peninsula to winter in sumatra .

avibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com

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jan ' 17 the best indian coffee i have had byfar . . . may ' 17 after my second order , this time 1 / 2 kg coarse grind i have to revise the perfect part . the 250 gm coffee bag had a great ziplock and one way air channel . the 1 / 2 kg one has a faulty ziplock and no air channel . i had to pack my coffee in three different airtight places .

i must have already gone through five kilos of this coffee . after experimenting with a wide range of brands and flavours settled on this for my morning espresso . mildly aromatic with a really intense flavour . high quality coffee at a very reasonable price .

the coffee has a nice smokey aroma to it . the coffee was fine grained , not very good for french press . but tastewise , it is very good . would purchase again .

the last time i ordered was smoke flavored and i was happy , basis which i re ordered but find same lacking of any standard . . , this time i give 1 basis inconsistency of quality

good quality at very reasonable price . delivered on time as promised . highly recommended .

excellent , excellent coffee . best indian coffee i ' ve bought so far , and will no longer be searching further . : )

great coffee ! am hooked . . . and can ' t go back to any other coffee , especially considering the conservation value of this coffee .

great teast at great price . its a strong coffee gives me an hour and half uninterrupted focus .

tip : to have maximum effectiveness add very less water and make it . . .

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the small villages that we passed by had such character ; i was tempted to pause and take pictures . elders huddled under a peepal tree , children rolled moped tyres along dusty streets . full story by

riding through a forest was a sublime experience . we drifted , keeping the revs on the lower side , coaxing our engines to a hum . keeping a good distance between us made it even more personal . from ' new love , new territories ' by

wobbling at a speed of 10 km / h , we had time to look around . my highlight : the plum - headed parakeet and the summer hues that these dry - deciduous forests put on display . excerpt from " new love , new territories " by

later that evening , we headed to muthugadagaddepodu hamlet . we invited a few coffee farmers for a quick chat . the conversations revolved around their relationship with the local buyer and middleman .

we broke our journey for our customary otter - spotting from the bridge across the river kaveri . while we witnessed the creatures bob their heads up and down , a human was diving into the waters to retrieve coins flung by passers - by . full story at :

, gives us a glimpse into india’s chequered coffee - growing history , introduces her fledgling business and explains why biodiversity - friendly brews make for a better cuppa .

what does it meant to stay relevant in today ' s world ? i asked karthik - over whatsapp mind you . …

barley coffee , you said ? erm . very interesting experimenting sessions with snow leopard…

many thanks to our fantastic venue partner @ gi _ bangalore and shoonya , our filmmakers , friends , our sponsors @ blackbazacoffee @ innersightblr our volunteers from asq , the audience , and everybody else who helped make this a fantastic festival .

all the queerness + all the @ blackbazacoffee for three days , starting tomorrow . we ' ll be @ gi _ bangalore for @ bqff 2018 . come by ! say hi ! # bqff2018

microlot alert ! for 1 month only . neralu noorembathu or ' the shade of 180 ' is available from our website :

: bonded labour . as an estate owner told me , " it ' s about how you exploit . . . nicely . "

edition01 / episode03 , coffee grounds is now published ! . not - an - ape , and other notes from a…

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telluraves contains slightly more than 3 / 4 of all bird species . athough there ' s some residual uncertainty about the other main branches of passerea , the land bird clade telluraves is well - supported by jarvis et al . ( 2014 ) where it receives 100 % bootstrap support . further , hackett et al . ( 2008 ) and ericson et al . ( 2006a ) both found the hawks and american vultures to be closer to the picimorphae than to the falcons ( see also suh et al . , 2011 ; mccormack et al . , 2013 ; yuri et al . 2013 ) . other papers ( e . g . , morgan - richards et al . , 2008 ) are less supportive , putting all of them somewhere between the ardeae and the passerines . the order here follows jarvis et al .

the main division in telluraves is between the group containing the mousebirds , hawks , owl , and woodpeckers ( afroaves ) and the group containing the falcons , parrots , and passerines ( australaves ) ( ericson et al . , 2006a ; hackett et al . , 2008 ; ericson , 2012 ; jarvis et al . , 2014 ) . australaves is by far the larger group , containing about 64 % of all bird species . in contrast , afroaves only has about 11 & half ; % of the species . still , afroaves is much larger than any other high - level group than branches off sooner .

i ' m not fond of the names afroaves and australaves , mainly because the names suggest some knowledge of their origin that we don ' t have . as you will note in some of comments in the next few pages , some of the groups where the crown group appears to originate in africa or australia today ( ericson , 2012 ) have fossil records that are quite different . the earliest fossils throughout the clade come from the northern hemisphere . more precisely , they come from eupore and north america , which were connected in paleocene and early eocene .

in the tif list , afroaves is divided into four groups : coliiformes , accipitrimorphae , strigiformes , and picimorphae . there is some uncertainty about whether strigiformes are closer to accipitrimorphae or to picimorphae . suh ( 2016 ) and jarvis et al . ( 2014 ) prefer the latter , and that is followed here .

the coliiformes are a relict afrotropical group consisting of 6 species in 2 genera . it wasn ' t always so . there ' s a fairly extensive fossil record from europe and north america . primitive coliiformes ( sandcoleidae ) are known from the early eocence ( 48 - 56 mya ) . by the late eocene , only modern forms are known ( mayr , 2009 ) .

the phylogeny of cathartidae is based on johnson et al . ( 2016 ) .