the american soles are a family ( achiridae ) of flatfish occurring in both freshwater and marine environments of the americas .

the family includes about 35 species in seven genera .

these are closely related to the soles ( soleidae ) , and have been classified as a subfamily of it , but achirids have a number of distinct characteristics .

eyes are on the right side , and the eyed-side lower lip has a distinctive fleshy rim .

the dorsal and anal fins are usually separate from the caudal fin .

the pectoral fins are small or nonexistent .

they are fairly small ; only achirus achirus is known to surpass 30 cm ( 1 ft ) in length .

american sole

american sole <EOT> glassdoor gives you an inside look at what it ' s like to work at american sole , including salaries , reviews , office photos , and more . this is the american sole company profile . all content is posted anonymously by employees working at american sole .

…20 species family achiridae ( american sole s ) eyes small , dextral ; sensory papillae on head ; margin of preoperculum represented by a superficial groove ; dorsal and anal fins free from caudal fin ; right pelvic fin attached to anal fin . 7 genera and about 30 species . marine and freshwater , along the atlantic and…

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greek , acheir , - eiros = without hands ( ref . 45335 ) .

the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .

rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .

but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .

unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .

this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .

in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .

when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .

type genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .

type species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .

eagle creek expansetm collection awd 26 ( stone grey ) l . . . 191163489990

sanuk casa vintage ( brindle vintage ) men ' s slip on sh . . . 190108481082

astral loyak water shoe - men ' s navy / brown , 11 . 0 818040014525

this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .

animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…

dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…

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this place does what it does very well and thoroughly . that is , selling flip - flops . they have hundreds of brands and varieties across a range of prices to satisfy nearly all beachgoers in need of some soles . they have havaianas in tons of fun colors , rainbow , reef , the classier , fancier bernardo ( around $ 100 a pair , if that ' s your style ) , and many others i can ' t remember .

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cudonigera houstonana , the juniper budworm moth , is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona , california , kansas , mississippi , new hampshire , new jersey , new mexico , north carolina , oklahoma , tennessee and texas .

the wingspan is about 20 mm .

adults have a mottled tan and brown colour pattern on their wings , resembling dead foliage of the host plant .

adults have been recorded on wing from april to november .

there are up to two generations per year .

the larvae feed on the foliage of juniperus ashei .

they construct silken tubes .

pupation occurs in the larval shelter .

the species overwinters in the larval stage .

cudonigera houstonana

cudonigera houstonana <EOT> choristoneura houstonana ( grote , 1873 ) was formerly in the genus cudonigera , zootaxa . 3729 ( 1 ) : 25 .

powell , j . a . & n . s . obraztsov . 1977 . cudonigera : a new genus for moths formerly assigned to choristoneura houstonana ( tortricidae ) . journal of the lepidopterists ' society , 31 ( 2 ) : 119 - 123 .

ty - jour ti - cudonigera : a new genus for moths formerly assigned to choristoneura houstonana ( tortricidae ) t2 - journal of the lepidopterists ' society . vl - 31 ur - urltoken pb - lepidopterists ' society , cy - [ new haven , conn . ] : py - 1977 sp - 119 ep - 123 sn - 0024 - 0966 er -

heinrichs , e . a . 1971 . external morphology of larvae of choristoneura houstonana ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . the canadian entomologist 103 ( 1 ) : 12 - 17 .

heinrichs , e . a . & h . e . thompson . 1968 . the biology of choristoneura houstonana ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , a pest of juniperus species . canadian entomologist 100 ( 7 ) : 750 - 763 .

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photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .

dombroskie , j . j . & f . a . h . sperling , 2013 . phylogeny of the tribe archipini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : tortricinae ) and evolutionary correlates of novel secondary sexual structures . zootaxa , 3729 ( 1 ) : 1 - 62 .

powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 19 . 13f ; p . 151 . book review and ordering

upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

adult - checkered with raised patches of pale rust and rose lavender scales . hindwing white .

during the spring and early summer of 2002 , an unusual outbreak of the juniper budworm was documented across the following central texas counties : travis , hayes , comal , and blanco .

ashe juniper ( juniperus ashei ) is apparently the only food in central texas for the juniper budworm . texas county range map of j . ashei per usda .

the larva of juniper budworm goes through 8 - 11 instars , or caterpillar stages , as it grows . then it changes to a pupa from which the adult moth emerges . life history studies on this insect were done in kansas where one generation per year was reported . however , records of adult moths in the texas a & m ; university insect collection indicate there are probably two generations per year in texas ( labeled specimens showed moths were collected in june and october ) .

as the larvae feed in the juniper foliage , they construct silken tubes and pupation occurs in the shelter where the larvae fed . adult moths appear shortly after pupation occurs . in kansas , larvae overwinter in the infested juniper trees , pupate in late june and july , and emerge as adult moths in july . in texas , however , the overwintering stage is not known , but it is probably the egg stage or as very young larvae .

the adult moths are about 1 / 4 - inch long and are similar to the color of dead ashe juniper foliage . they have a mottled tan and brown color pattern on their wings . they are active mostly at night and are attracted to lights . they generally remain at rest on the host plant during the day and only fly when disturbed . unless they fly , they are difficult to detect . ( texas forest service )

it is closely related and similar in appearance to the spruce budworm ( choristoneura fumiferana ) , a major defoliating insect pest of true firs in the eastern and western forests of the united states and canada .

dombroskie , j . j . & f . a . h . sperling . 2013 . phylogeny of the tribe archipini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : tortricinae ) and evolutionary correlates of novel secondary sexual structures . zootaxa 3729 ( 1 ) : 1 - 62 . ( pdf )

grote , a . r . , 1873 . i . description of new north american moths .

powell , j . a . 1980 . nomenclature of nearctic conifer - feeding choristoneura ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) : historical review and present status . usda forest service general technical report pnw - 100 . usda forest service 18pp .

powell , j . a . 1995 . biosystematic studies of conifer - feeding choristoneura ( lepidoptera tortricidae ) in the western united states . university of california press , berkeley . 275 pp .

quinn , m . a . 2000 . abundance and distribution of potential arthropod prey species in a typical golden - cheeked warbler habitat . unpublished thesis . texas a & m ; university , college station . ix + 182 pp .

i . description of new north american moths . augustus radcliffe grote . 1873 . bulletin of the buffalo society of natural sciences 1 : 1 - 16 .

north - american torticidae thomas , lord walsingham . 1879 . illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . 4 .

check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .

abundance and distribution of potential arthropod prey species in a typical golden - cheeked warbler habitat . quinn , m . a . 2000 . unpublished thesis . texas a & m ; university , college station . ix + 182 pp .

disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .

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[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .


nites maculatella is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by august busck in 1908 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from vermont , ontario , pennsylvania , ohio , indiana , kentucky , maine , maryland and west virginia .

the wingspan is 21 – 23 mm .

the forewings are ochreous white , suffused with brown and irrorated ( speckled ) and streaked with blackish fuscous , with much ochreous scaling .

there is a transverse blackish fuscous line at the extreme base , from the costa to the inner angle , interrupted at the middle by the white ground color .

there is a poorly defined white discal spot at the basal third , preceded by some blackish fuscous scales and there is a similar spot at the end of the cell .

between the two is a conspicuous longitudinal , blackish-fuscous streak .

veins nine and ten are strongly marked with blackish fuscous and the bases of the other veins less conspicuously so .

there is a blackish-fuscous spot on the costa , about the middle and a series of blackish-fuscous spots from the apical third of the costa , around the termen to the inner margin .

the hindwings are whitish fuscous , darker apically .

the larvae feed on carpinus caroliniana .

nites maculatella

nites maculatella <EOT> nites species , tentatively identified as nites maculatella . photographed at portage lake , parry sound , ontario on 23 august 2009 .

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hodges , r . w . , 1974 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 6 . 2 , p . 80 ; pl . 5 . 22 , 24 . order

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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

lectotype ♂ collected by a . w . hanham , ontario , canada , nmnh .

clarke , j . f . g . 1942 . revision of the north american moths of the family oecophoridae , with descriptions of new genera and species .

revision of the north american moths of the family oecophoridae , with descriptions of new genera and species j . f . gates clarke . 1941 . proceedings of the united states national museum 90 ( 3107 ) : 33 - 286 .

the moths of america north of mexico fascicle 6 . 2 gelechioidea , oecophoridae ronald w . hodges . 1974 . e . w . classey ltd . and rbd publications inc .

contributed by maury j . heiman on 12 september , 2013 - 11 : 04pm last updated 20 september , 2013 - 2 : 10pm

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marsh fern moth ( fagitana littera ) . photographed at portage lake , parry sound district , ontario on 5 july 2015 . © david beadle .

use of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .

biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .


rumatha bihinda is a species of snout moth in the genus rumatha .

it was described by dyar in 1922 .

it is found in north america , including california , texas , new mexico , arizona and nevada .

the wingspan is 30 – 35 mm for males and 32 – 36 mm for females .

the palpi , head , thorax , forewings and abdomen are dark fuscous , dusted with white .

the hindwings are white and semihyaline .

the larvae feed on cylindropuntia species .

they are solitary feeders within the stems of their host plant .

rumatha bihinda

rumatha bihinda <EOT> rumatha heinrich , 1939 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 86 ( 3053 ) : 363 ; ts : zophodia bihinda dyar

type - species : zophodia bihinda dyar , 1922 . insec . inscit . menstr . 10 : 173 . [ bhl ]

genus : rumatha heinrich , 1939 . proc . u . s . natn . mus . 86 : 336 , 337 [ key ] , 363 . [ bhl ]

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neunzig , h . h . , 1997 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 4 : p . 75 ; pl . 2 . 10 . order

powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 26 . 25m ; p . 196 . book review and ordering

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reflect all aspects of basic and applied entomological science . there are no geographical restrictions regarding publication , although priority will be given to manuscripts that reflect the fauna of the western hemisphere , or are of great interest to entomologists in this region . each

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

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[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico

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euchloe guaymasensis , the sonoran marble or sonoran white , is a species of butterfly in the family pieridae .

it is native to sonora in mexico and has been seen once in arizona in the united states .

this butterfly has a wingspan of 31 to 37 millimeters .

the upperside is pale yellow .

the forewing has a black tip and a black bar toward the front edge .

the underside is marbled with green .

this species occurs in rocky desert habitat .

its host plant is western tansymustard ( descurainia pinnata ) .

adults fly in february and march .

this species was first collected in 1983 from a microwave relay 40 miles north of guaymas in sonora .

euchloe guaymasensis

euchloe guaymasensis <EOT> no one has contributed data records for euchloe lotta x euchloe guaymasensis yet . learn how to contribute .

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the indus river dolphin ( platanista gangetica minor ) is a subspecies of freshwater river dolphin found in the indus river ( and its beas and sutlej tributaries ) of india and pakistan .

this dolphin was the first discovered side-swimming cetacean .

it is patchily distributed in five small , sub-populations that are separated by irrigation barrages .

the indus dolphin does not form easily defined groups who interact .

instead , they 're typically found in loose aggregations .

from the 1970s until 1998 , the ganges river dolphin and the indus dolphin were regarded as separate species ; however , in 1998 , their classification was changed from two separate species to subspecies of a single species ( see taxonomy below ) .

it has been named as the national mammal of pakistan .

indus river dolphin

indus river dolphin <EOT> blind river dolphin , ganges dolphin , ganges susu , indus river dolphin , south asian river dolphin , susu .

home » platanista gangetica ssp . minor ( indus dolphin , indus river dolphin , susu )

the indus river dolphins is one of only a handful of freshwater dolphins in existance today ; others include the chinese river dolphin , ganges river dolphin and amazon river dolphin .

the indus river dolphin as the name suggests can be found swimming in the indus river which is located in pakistan .

the indus river dolphin , indus blind dolphin or locally known in pakistan as bhulan , is one of two subspecies of the south asian river dolphin ( platanista gangetica ) .

an indus river dolphin ( platanista minor ) being released as part of a dolphin rescue operation in pakistan . the indus river and ganges river dolphins are from the same genus .

indus river dolphins are found only in pakistan . like other freshwater dolphins , the indus river dolphin is an important indicator of the health of a river .

pictures : indus river dolphin # 1 ( 3 kb jpeg ) ( cetacea ) ; indus river dolphin # 2 ( 31 kb jpeg ) ( swiss cet . soc . )

* * * the indus river dolphin is one of the world ' s rarest mammals .

the indus river dolphin comes to the surface to breathe about every 30 - 120 seconds .

the indus river dolphin is one of around 80 known species of cetacea and one of around 40 known species of dolphin .

plataniste or ganges river dolphin ( platanista gangética ) , karnaphuli river , bangladesh .

plataniste or ganges river dolphin ( platanista gangetica ) , karnaphuli river , bangladesh .

the indus river dolphin occurs in the indus river delta & rann of kutch global 200 ecoregion . ( olson & dinerstein 1998 , olson & dinerstein 1999 )

the indus river dolphin sometimes carries its young on its back , above the surface of the water .

despite researchers best efforts the indus river dolphin is not well known and research regarding these marine mammals remains scarce .

unlike other species of dolphin the indus river dolphin appears to form loose bonds with other dolphins and has a preference towards smaller pods rather than large aggregations .

bangladeshi fisherman with a plataniste or ganges river dolphin ( platanista gangética ) , karnaphuli river , bangladesh .

when the indus was a free - flowing river , the indus river dolphin would migrate upstream into the smaller tributaries during the monsoon rains and migrate downstream to the main channels in the dry season .

sinha , r . 2002 . an alternative to dolphin oil as a fish attractant in the ganges river : conservation of the ganges river dolphin .

2006 : occurs in the indus river system in pakistan ( iucn 2006 ) .

in addition to the name indus river dolphin it has also been referred to as the “side swimming dolphin” because it is often seen swimming on its side and the “blind dolphin” due to its extremely poor eyesight .

because the indus river dolphin is considered blind it has to rely primarily on echolocation to navigate the ocean and search for food .

the survey was started on march 21 from chashma barrage and concluded at sukkur barrage , covering the entire indus river dolphin distribution range .

bhaagat , h . b . 1999 . introduction , distribution , conservation and behavioural ecology of indus blind dolphin ( platanista indi ) in river indus ( dolphin reserve ) , sindh - pakistan . tiger paper 26 : 11 - 16 .

wwf monitors the indus river dolphin populations and tracks their movements with radio tags . these tags revealed for the first time that the dolphins can cross the barrage gates in both upstream and downstream directions . in 2001 , wwf coordinated the largest indus river dolphin survey ever conducted .

sukkur barrages , legally designated as the indus dolphin reserve . the habitat of this subspecies is reduced to

the indus river dolphin is endemic to the rivers of the lower indus river basin in pakistan . historically it occurred in the indus river mainstem and the sutlej , beas , ravi , chenab , and jhelum tributaries . it ranged from the indus delta upstream to the himalayan foothills where rocky barriers or shallow water prevented further upstream movement . currently the distribution of the indus river dolphin is severely fragmented and dramatically reduced in extent . the linear extent of its occurrence has declined from approximately 3 , 400 km ( 2100 mi ) of indus river mainstem and its tributaries in the 1870 ' s to approximately 1 , 000 km ( 600 mi ) of the mainstem at present . an estimated 99 % of the indus river dolphin population occurs in only 690 linear km ( 430 mi ) . currently the indus river dolphin is limited to three subpopulations in the indus mainstem located between the chashma and taunsa , taunsa and guddu , and guddu and sukkur barrages . ( iucn 2006 )

he further said that the population of indus river dolphins is assessed every five years . the first comprehensive study conducted by wwf - pakistan in 2001 revealed that about 1 , 100 dolphins exist in the indus river . the survey in 2006 revealed a total abundance of 1 , 750 dolphins in the indus river . while , the population of the indus river dolphin was about 1 , 452 , according to a survey conducted in 2011 .

the indus river dolphin is endemic to the rivers of the lower indus river basin in pakistan . historically , it ranged from the indus delta upstream to the himalayan foothills where rocky barriers or shallow water prevented further upstream movement . currently the distribution of the indus river dolphin is severely fragmented and dramatically reduced in extent . the linear extent of its occurrence has declined from approximately 3 , 400 km ( 2100 mi ) of indus river mainstem and its tributaries in the 1870 ' s to approximately 1 , 000 km ( 600 mi ) of the mainstem at present . currently the indus river dolphin is limited to three subpopulations in the indus mainstem located between the chashma and taunsa , taunsa and guddu , and guddu and sukkur barrages . ( iucn 2006 )

bhaagat , h . b . 2002 . status , population abundance , strandings and rescues of indus blind dolphin ( platanista minor ) in river indus ( pakistan ) . tiger paper 29 : 9 - 12 .

some communities who rely heavily on fishing think of the indus river dolphin as competition for fish so poaching still occurs sporadically despite a ban on hunting .

the indus river dolphin is a marine mammal which means it’s warm - blooded , breathes air , gives birth and produces milk to feed its young .

the indus river dolphin was considered by some researchers as a distinct species for several decades ( 1970s–1990s ) and was listed as such in the 1996 red list . its range is disjunct with that of the other subspecies , ganges river dolphin ,

the problem is further exacerbated by climate change ; reduced glacial cover and weakening monsoon rains in northern pakistan are predicted to dramatically reduce indus river discharge within 50 years . declining river flows have been highlighted as perhaps the greatest threat to the long - term survival of the indus river dolphin .

the study stresses maintenance of river flows , mortality monitoring , arrangements for rescue and community involvement as methods to help conserve the indus dolphin , which may otherwise go the way of china’s now extinct ‘baiji’ dolphin .

indus river dolphin ( platanista gangetica minor ) skulls collected by georgio pilleri and stored in the stuttgart museum of natural history , germany . photo : gill braulik

reeves , r . r . and chaudhry , a . a . 1998 . status of the indus river dolphin platanista minor . oryx 32 : 35–44 .

review of status , threats , and conservation management options for the endangered indus river blind . . .

the indus river dolphin ( platanista gangetica minor ) is a freshwater cetacean that occurs only in the indus river system in pakistan and india . this review provides a comprehensive summary of issues surrounding indus dolphin conservation , and includes a description of their distribution , the threats they face and a discussion of conservation and research activities , options and priorities . . . . [ show full abstract ]

these dolphins are located in the lower to mid sections of the indus river which is located in pakistan .

* * * in pakistan , conservation is a provincial responsibility . the government of sind has given the indus river dolphin full legal protection and established the indus river dolphin reserve . the legal protection was widely publicized in an intensive campaign at all levels of government and society , and seems to be observed . the dolphin population in the reserve appears to be increasing . ( klinowska 1991 )

the indus river dolphin ( platanistagangetica minor ) is a freshwater cetacean and a global priority species . it is endemic to the indus river system in pakistan and is listed as endangered in the international union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ) red list of threatened species .

currently the indus river dolphin has been placed in conservation by the government of sind and there appears to be an increase in reproduction for dolphins currently in the reserve .

karachi : wwf - pakistan , in collaboration with the wildlife departments of sindh , punjab and khyber pakhtunkhwa , successfully concluded the fourth indus river dolphin survey on tuesday .

something sorrowful is happening with the indus river dolphin : there are only about 1 , 100 individuals left in the wild , mainly in the part of the indus river in pakistan , which makes this species one of the most threatened in the world . why is this happening ?

since 2000 , wwf and the sindh wildlife department have rescued 80 dolphins from irrigation canals . wwf also educates fishermen who are engaged in promoting ecotourism activities , particularly dolphin watches , about the importance of protecting the indus river dolphin .

indus river dolphins generally travel in pairs although they have been spotted in pods consisting of 10 or more dolphins .

the presence of dolphin in a river system signals a healthy ecosystem . since the river dolphin is at the apex of the aquatic food chain , its presence in adequate numbers symbolizes greater biodiversity in the river system and helps keep the ecosystem in balance .

the indus and ganges river dolphin populations , previously treated as separate species , have recently been reduced to subspecies of a single species . the new species is named the " ganges river dolphin " ( platanista gangetica ) , with two subspecies - the ganges river dolphin ( platanista gangetica gangetica ) and the indus river dolphin ( p . g . minor ) . under this new assignment of scientific names , the newly named species as well as the two subspecies retain the listing of " endangered " by the iucn . ( iucn 2003a , reeves 2004 )

the indus river dolphin ( platanista gangetica minor ) is one of the world’s most threatened cetaceans . it is endemic to the indus river system in pakistan . its population is fragmented into five sub - populations due to six irrigation barrages on the indus river . the largest sub - population of this subspecies is found between guddu and sukkur barrages , legally designated as the indus dolphin reserve . the habitat of this subspecies is reduced to one fifth of its historic distribution range . the main threats to the indus dolphin are illegal fishing , water pollution and stranding in irrigation canals . there is also a potential risk of inbreeding due to the confined population in the indus dolphin reserve . escalating illegal fishing activities in sindh province are the consequences of revised fisheries legislation , which subsequently increased dolphin mortality in its high density areas . illegal fishing practices include overnight netting across the river and use of poisonous pesticides to maximize fish catches , and both of these activities have increased dolphin by - catch in sindh province .

the dolphin ' s vision has probably degenerated because of the poor visibility of the waters in the ganges river .

the indus river dolphin measures between 1 . 5 - 2 . 5 m ( 5 - 8 ' ) in length and weighs 80 - 90 kg ( 180 - 200 lb ) .

the indus river is a major river that runs through packistan , afghanistan , india and china allowing various locals to travel and transport goods from one location to the next .

, chemical pollution and depleting flows , is now largely confined to a 189 - kilometre stretch of the indus falling within the sindh dolphin reserve .

despite its great physical resemblance to the ganges river dolphin , this subspecies differs from the other by some physical characteristics .

) make up a majority of the ganges river dolphin ' s diet . other fish , such as a gobies (

is “blind river dolphin” . their external ears might help receive echolocation signals , which are intermittent pulses rather than continuous whistles . though indus river dolphins are very vocal , they use sounds for communication only about 5 % of the time that they vocalize .

this toothed cetacean is closely related to the ganges dolphin ( platanista gangetica gangetica ) , and with this dolphin , they form a small group of surviving dolphins belonging to a family of river cetaceans .

wdc funded gill braulik to undertake two projects in pakistan , focusing on the indus river dolphin . listed as ‘endangered’ by the world conservation union , indus river dolphin are among the world’s most endangered dolphins . the remaining populations are severely fragmented by dams and barrages , have suffered enormous ( 50 - 80 % ) range declines in the last hundred years and are threatened by declining freshwater supplies , pollution , capture in fishing nets and hunting .

pilleri , g . and zbinden , k . 1973–74 . size and ecology of the dolphin population ( platanista indi ) between the sukkur and guddu barrages , indus river . investigations on cetacea 5 : 59 - 69 .

the indus river dolphin has a long beak and a stocky body . it has a low triangular hump on its back in place of a ' true ' dorsal fin . it is gray - brown in color , sometimes with a pinkish belly . the eyes are extremely small , resembling pinhole openings slightly above the mouth . the indus river dolphin measures between 1 . 5 - 2 . 5 m ( 5 - 8 ' ) in length and weighs 80 - 90 kg ( 180 - 200 lb ) . the indus river dolphin generally occurs in the deepest river channel and is less common in secondary channels and small braids . reported habitat preferences include channel constrictions , confluences , and deep , low - velocity water .

‘the indus dolphin is a marvel of evolutionary adaptation and the department is taking all relevant organizations on board for conservation and protection of the mammal , ’ he added .

– river traffic . the high traffic in the river cause collisions with the propels of boats that injure them severely .

untreated sewage from communities that reside along irrigation canals and the banks of the indus river directly pollutes the water . washing clothes and utensils in the river also causes pollution . industrial pollution has allegedly caused a massive quantity of fish deaths in urban areas , which affects the indus river dolphins’ food supply . pesticides from sugarcane and cotton crops also pollute the riverbank .

indus river dolphins use their echolocation abilities combined with their highly toothed , long snouts to forage for many bottom - dwelling animals including fish and invertebrates .

chaudhry , a . a . and khalid , u . 1989 . indus dolphin population in punjab . proceedings of the pakistan congress of zoology 9 : 291 - 296 .

to mitigate the identified threats , wwf encourages local communities along a 164km - stretch of important dolphin habitat in the upper ganges river to use natural fertilizers ; not to dispose of domestic sewerage in the river ; to improve sewerage management ; to reforest the river bank ; and to ban commercial fishing and sand - mining activities . wwf also monitors dolphin populations and threats in important dolphin habitats in other areas of the country .

braulik , g . t . 2004 . conservation and status of the indus river dolphin , platanista gangetica minor , in 2001 . draft report , in preparation for journal submission . [ direct inquiries to : gillbraulik @ downstream . vg ]

indus river dolphins each eat about a kilogram of benthic fish and invertebrates daily , it is not clear how strongly they impact any of their prey populations .

dr sandeep behera , wwf - india’s freshwater species coordinator , patrolling for gharials and ganges river dolphins on the chambal river .

indus river dolphint limiting factors * some limiting factors found in my dolphin ' s ecosystem are food and habitat . dolphins normally travel together , so maybe they can ' t get the food they need . also , when humans build dams , it gives less space for them . biotic / abiotic factors * some biotic factors in my dolphin ' s ecosystem are the other animals and plants that share the same habitat , there could also be some trees near the river . * some abiotic factors are the rocks that lie near by . also , the ecosystem * the indus river is located in asia . * the temperature in the river part located in the river part located in sindh and punjab is endangerment * the indus river dolphin is endangered because people are hunting them for oil , skin , and meat . * if my animal became extinct the prey that the dolphin eats would over populate and the other animals wouldn ' t do so well in the river . to save my dolphin endangerment part 2 from becoming extinct , fishermen are now using different methods to catch fish , and people stopped hunting them . but poachers still hunt them . * so far the indus river dolphin ' s population is in the 100s , there are not many anymore left . ecosystem part 2 normally 100 degrees f . in jacobabad it is often 120 degrees f , in summer time . * in the indus river , the dolphins prefere murky , fresh , and brackish water . * the human interaction within the indusriver is that some humans go to swim ecosystem part 3 or catch fish and dolphins . usually , when they catch fish , the dolphins get caught in the fishing nets . food web / energy consumers - indus river dolphin , catfish , gobies producers - algae , grass , plants * my animal on the food web is the top predetor . biotic / abiotic factors river that the dolphin lives in is an abiotic factor . limiting factors part 2 * it can impact the indus river dolphin because if it cannot have enough food , it can die from starvation . and if the dam is providing little amount of space , the dolphin wouldn ' t have room to swim . * food and habitat are biotic factors . references urltoken urltoken urltoken part 2 urltoken urltoken

the ganges subspecies is hunted locally for food , and to extract oil which is used as a fish attractant . the indus dolphin is no longer used by humans or for trade .

* * * although its eye lacks a lens , and it is sometimes referred to as being blind , the indus river dolphin ' s eye does seem to function as a direction - finding device by using the direction and intensity of light .

smith , b . , b . ahmed , m . edrise ali , g . braulik . 2001 . status of the ganges river dolphin or shushuk

the main reason for the decline of the indus river dolphin was the construction of numerous dams and barrages , starting in the 1930 ' s , that have fragmented the population and reduced the amount of available habitat . another severe threat to the survival of the indus river dolphin is probably the increasing withdrawal of water . dolphins no longer occur in the lower reaches of the indus because upstream water extraction leaves downstream channels virtually dry for several months each year . accidental capture in fishing nets ; pollution ; and hunting for meat , oil and traditional medicine have also had an impact . ( iucn 2006 )

reeves , r . r . 1998 . conservation status of the indus rver dolphin in pakistan . ibi reports ( international marine biological research institute , kamogawa , japan ) 8 : 1–9 .

the indus river dolphin , as suggested by its name , inhabits the river of the same name in pakistan , in an area of 690 kilometers . in the past , these cetaceans swam freely along the 3 , 500 kilometers of the river , but the problems associated with the growth of human population and its activities confined them to a small part of the river . there are populations between the dams of sukkur , guddu , chashma and taunsa .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - ganges river dolphin ( platanista gangetica ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - ganges river dolphin ( platanista gangetica ) " title = " arkive species - ganges river dolphin ( platanista gangetica ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

some people hunt indus river dolphins for their meat and oil . people in some areas eat the dolphin meat , while others use it as a fishing lure , though studies indicate that fish flesh is just as effective . the dolphin’s oil is used for medicinal purposes , its supposed effectiveness as an aphrodisiac , and to rub on one’s skin .

the indus and ganges - brahmaputra river systems have existed for at least 40 million years and evidence suggests they have been largely separate for at least five million years . although the indus and ganges are ancient rivers , historically rivers near the indus - ganges drainage divide have been captured repeatedly and it is possible that there was faunal exchange between river systems even in relatively recent times . the fish fauna is similar between the two river systems , however there has been speciation of some catfish and carp species .

wwf has initiated a project to survey ganges river dolphin populations in the karnali river and its tributaries . the project will also analyze threats to the dolphins and their habitats , and provide recommendations to decision and policy makers on dolphin conservation . awareness - raising activities will also be carried out at a local level .

kasuya , t . and nishiwaki , m . 1975 . recent status of the population of indus dolphin . scientific reports of the whales research institute ( tokyo ) 27 : 81 - 94 .

because these marine mammals live in the indus river they do not face the same natural threats other dolphins are known to face such as attacks from sharks or killer whales .

public awareness and support for conservation of the ganges river dolphin is virtually non - existent , and although the wildlife protection act of india mandates dolphin conservation as a priority , little has been done at the government level to implement or enforce the law .

nowak , r . 2003 . ganges and indus dolphins , or susus . pp . 128 - 130 in

the ganga river dolphin platanista gangetica roxburgh , 1801 is a globally endangered cetacean found in the river system of ganga , brahmaputra and meghna in bangladesh and india . a survey and research were conducted from 2012–2014 to explore the behaviour , abundance , habitat use and potential threats of the dolphin in the lower , middle and upper stretches of the river ganga and its tributaries . . . [ show full abstract ]

over 37 , 000 miles of irrigation canals lead to dolphins becoming stranded in the irrigation canals and because these instances usually go unreported and many indus river dolphins die without being rescued .

mirza , a . h . and khurshid , s . n . 1996 . survey of the indus dolphin platinista minor in sindh . world wide fund for nature - pakistan & sindh wildlife department . 17 pp .

although it is not usually considered to be gregarious , relatively high densities of the indus river dolphin are found at sites where rivers join , in areas where the current is relatively weak , off the mouths of irrigation canals , and near villages and ferry routes . in the indus , about 40 - 45 % of the dolphin population is found at junctions of tributaries with the mainstream , at least during the dry season , presumably being attracted to these areas by concentrations of prey . ( culik 2003c )

the indus river dolphin generally occurs in the deepest river channel and is less common in secondary channels and small braids . reported habitat preferences include channel constrictions , confluences , and deep , low - velocity water . as water levels drop in the winter , dolphins are concentrated in the remaining deep areas , including the head ponds upstream of barrages . ( iucn 2006 )

it is a dolphin not commonly seen by humans and therefore , little studied . evidently lonely , it swims alone or in small groups of 2 or 3 individuals in shallow waters . like its relative the ganges river dolphin ( platanista gangetica gangetica ) , it usually swims sidewards .

, however , they most likely spend much time and energy on their offspring . since females are pregnant for up to 11 months , newborns are about half the size of their mothers at birth , calves nurse up to a year after birth , indus river dolphin offspring are probably very costly .

currently exists only in the freshwater indus river . however , some paleontologists believe that river dolphins might have evolved from marine - dwelling relatives that eventually moved to estuaries and then rivers as seawater levels rose and fell during the miocene . though this species prefers water deeper than 3 meters , indus river dolphins have special adaptations such as swimming on their sides that enable them to exist in shallower waters as well . the temperature of the water ranges from 8 - 33 degrees c .

in 1997 , wwf india developed a plan of action for the conservation of the ganges river dolphin . wwf ' s objective for freshwater cetaceans is to ensure that habitat degradation and fisheries bycatch do not threaten any species of freshwater cetacean . specifically for the ganges river dolphin , wwf aims to reduce or eliminate the threats caused by fisheries bycatch and habitat degradation by 2012 .

a long thin snout , rounded belly , stocky body and large flippers are characteristics of the ganges river dolphin . although its eye lacks a lens ( this species is also referred to as the " blind dolphin " ) , the dolphin still uses its eye to locate itself . the species has a slit similar to a blowhole on the top of the head , which acts as a nostril .

the indus is a highly managed river and during the dry season all of its flow is diverted for irrigation and municipal uses . for several months of the year large scale water extraction causes the river downstream of hyderabad to be completely dewatered ( i . e . dry ) before reaching its delta . this large - scale and increasing diversion of water from the indus river has severally reduced the quantity of dolphin habitat and is the primary reason for its extirpation from 80 % of its former range . the remaining dolphins are concentrated into the only section of the indus river that is consistently flowing throughout the year . pakistan is one of the most water stressed countries on earth , its semi - arid climate combined with large ( 167 million in 2006 ) and rapidly expanding ( 2 . 09 % ) population are placing enormous and unsustainable pressure on existing water sources particularly the indus river . available water per capita is plummeting and is approaching 1000 cubic meters per person down from 5600 cubic meters per capita in 1947 . the country is entering a water crisis and as its greatest source of freshwater is the indus river system there are numerous plans to further exploit the river by constructing dams and increasing water diversion with little consideration of the environmental and social impacts this may cause .

on the behaviour , abundance , habitat use and potential threats of the gangetic dolphin platanista ga . . .

deliberate killing for meat and oil was a traditional and widespread practice until at least the early 1970s ( pilleri and zbinden 1973 - 74 ) . the indus dolphin became a protected species in the early 1970s and within a few years , and following some prosecutions in the courts , dolphin hunting largely ceased ( bhatti and pilleri 1982 ) .

in 1972 , indus dolphins were protected under the wildlife act of sindh and in 1974 the government of sindh declared the indus river between the sukkur and guddu barrages a dolphin reserve . the government of punjab prohibited deliberate killing of dolphins in the punjab wildlife protection act in 1974 and established the taunsa wildlife sanctuary and chashma wildlife sanctuary in 1983 and 1984 , respectively ( chaudhry 1989 , reeves et al . 1991 , reeves and chaudhry 1998 ) . enforcement of regulations prohibiting dolphin hunting appears to have arrested the rapid population declines reported by pilleri and zbinden ( 1973 - 74 ) for these river segments . a long - term programme to rescue dolphins trapped in irrigation canals and return them to the indus mainstem has had good success in reducing mortality .

the indus river dolphin feeds on several species of fish ( e . g . gobies , catfish and carp ) , invertebrates ( e . g . prawns ) , and possibly turtles and birds . it does much of its feeding at or near the bottom , using echolocation , swimming on one side , and probing the river bottom with its snout and its flipper . ( culik 2003c )

indus river dolphins are one of only four river dolphin species and subspecies in the world that spend all of their lives in freshwater . they are believed to have originated in the ancient tethys sea . when the sea dried up approximately 50 million years ago , the dolphins were forced to adapt to its only remaining habitat—rivers . only 1 , 816 exist today in the lower parts of the indus river in pakistan . numbers declined dramatically after the construction of an irrigation system . most dolphins are confined to a 750 mile stretch of the river and divided into isolated populations by six barrages . they have adapted to life in the muddy river and are functionally blind . they rely on echolocation to navigate , communicate and hunt prey including prawns , catfish and carp .

the ganges river dolphin , or susu , inhabits the ganges - brahmaputra - meghna and karnaphuli - sangu river systems of nepal , india , and bangladesh . this vast area has been altered by the construction of more than 50 dams and other irrigation - related projects , with dire consequences for the river dolphins . the ganges river dolphin lives in one of the world ' s most densely populated areas , and is threatened by removal of river water and siltation arising from deforestation , pollution and entanglement in fisheries nets . in addition , alterations to the river due to barrages are also separating populations . a recent survey conducted by wwf - india and its partners in the entire distribution range in the ganga and brahamaputra river system - around 6 , 000 km - identified fewer than 2 , 000 individuals in india . this dolphin is among the four " obligate " freshwater dolphins - the other three are the baiji now likely extinct from the yangtze river in china , the bhulan of the indus in pakistan and the boto of the amazon river in latin america . although there are several species of marine dolphins whose ranges include some freshwater habitats , these four species live only in rivers and lakes .

bhatti , m . u . and pilleri , g . 1982 . status of the indus dolphin population ( platanista indi blyth 1859 ) between sukkur and guddu barrages in 1979 - 1980 . investigations on cetacea 13 : 245 - 52 .

this subspecies is endemic to the rivers of the lower indus basin in pakistan . historically it occurred in the indus mainstem and the sutlej , beas , ravi , chenab , and jhelum tributaries . it ranged from the indus delta upstream to the himalayan foothills where rocky barriers or shallow water prevented further upstream movement . development of the vast indus basin irrigation system has severely fragmented the dolphin population within a network of barrages ( low , gated , diversion dams ) and water diversion has dramatically reduced the extent of dolphin habitat . current occupancy is effectively limited to three subpopulations in the indus mainstem located between the chashma and taunsa , taunsa and guddu , and guddu and sukkur barrages . a few individuals still remain above chashma barrage and below sukkur barrage ( braulik 2003 , reeves and chaudhry 1998 , reeves 1998 ) ( see figure 1 in the supplementary material ) .

this species inhabits parts of the ganges , meghna and brahmaputra river systems in india , nepal , bhutan and bangladesh , and the karnaphuli river in bangladesh ( 6 ) .

although the killing of this dolphin for meat and oil is thought to have declined , it still occurs in the middle ganges near patna , in the kalni - kushiyara river of bangladesh , and in the upper reaches of the brahmaputra . in fisheries for large catfish in india and bangladesh , dolphin oil and body parts are used to lure prey , and ganges river dolphins are used to this end .

ganges river dolphins are top predators in their river ecosystems . they are important in controlling and maintaining healthy fish and crustacean populations , their primary sources of food . unfortunately , these river dolphins are experiencing the adverse effects of human environmental impacts and are highly endangered .

commenting on the current survey , he said that the current population trend looks positive and official results will reflect efforts made by wwf - pakistan with support of wildlife departments to conserve a viable population of the indus river dolphin by reducing fatalities due to canal stranding through rescue operations , capacity building sessions with officials of concerned departments and community awareness .

indus river dolphins have extremely poor eyesight , perhaps since vision is nearly useless to navigate the murky rivers in which they live . they instead rely on echolocation to perceive their environment . indeed , one of the common names for

the movements of the ganges river dolphin follow seasonal patterns , although the details are not well known . however , it seems that animals travel upstream when water level rises , and from there enter smaller streams .

dr . gillian t . braulik , member international union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ) cetacean specialist group , and a dolphin conservation expert provided the survey team with initial technical assistance based on her expertise of previously leading dolphin surveys .

previous population and distribution this species was once common throughout the indus river system in pakistan , from the himalayan foothills to the mouth of the indus , and in the main tributaries between . as early as in the early 1970s , the range and population size had declined dramatically and most of the remaining population lived between the sukkur and guddu barrages in sind province . current population and distribution the species is now present in only about one - fifth of its nineteenth - century range . the construction of the indus irrigation system has contributed to the dramatic decline of dolphins . today , only fragmented , small populations remain in a 1 , 375 - km stretch of the indus river , separated by irrigation weirs or barrages . this dolphin is distributed from jinnah to kotri barrages , but the largest numbers are found from taunsa to sukkur . the centre of abundance , a 170 - km stretch between guddu and sukkur barrage , was declared as a sanctuary for the species in 1974 . a survey coordinated by wwf and carried out in 2001 with partners showed that the total population of the indus dolphin is approximately 1 , 100 .

reeves , r . r . , chaudhry , a . a . and khalid , u . 1991 . competing for water on the indus plain : is there a future for pakistan’s river dolphins ? environmental conservation 18 : 341–350 .

total length of the river is 3 , 180 km ( 1 , 980 mi ) .

braulik , g . t . 2003 . indus dolphin conservation project . comprehensive survey and status report . march - april , 2001 . report for the world wide fund for nature – pakistan , po box 5160 , ferozepur road , lahore , 54600 , pakistan .

the indus ( platanista gangetica minor ) and ganges ( platanista gangetica gangetica ) river dolphins occur only in freshwater in the separate indus and ganges - brahmaputra river systems in south asia . both subspecies are listed as ‘endangered’ by the world conservation union , and they are among the world’s most endangered dolphins . both river dolphin populations are severely fragmented by dams and barrages , have suffered enormous ( 50 - 80 % ) range declines in the last hundred years and are threatened by declining freshwater supplies , pollution , capture in fishing nets and hunting . the two subspecies are the only members of the genus platanista which is a very primitive and ancient cetacean group only distantly related to modern delphinids .

a new wwf survey says there are now an estimated 1 , 816 indus river in pakistan—50 % more than the 1 , 200 dolphins estimated after an initial census in 2001 when the species appeared to be on the brink of extinction .

the indo river dolphin has a carnivorous diet being fish the principal part of its food . herring , common carp , gobio , mahseer fish , and catfish are some of the species included in the diet of platanista gangetica minor . additionally , this dolphin eats prawns , clams , and shrimp , consuming about 1 kg of food per day .

dolphins are expected to have been extirpated from the subansiri river because of periodic dramatic declines in river discharge from the newly completed lower subansiri hydroelectric project ( baruah et al . 2012 ) .

inhabits the ganges and indus rivers and the many associated tributaries and connected lakes . this species is restricted to freshwater . there are two subspecies :

wwf and the sindh agriculture extension department improve agricultural practices near dolphin habitat to reduce pollution in the indus river . farmer field schools are used to create widespread awareness among farming communities about how inappropriate irrigation practices and the indiscriminate use of toxic chemicals affects dolphins . experts work with participating farmers to demonstrate the benefits of using less water and chemicals on cash crops like cotton .

rashmi sanghi . our national river ganga : lifeline of millions . springer science & business media ,

the main reason for the initial decline of the indus river dolphin population was the construction of numerous dams and barrages that began in the 1930s . this construction split the population into small groups , degraded their habitat and impeded migration . now the major threats include accidental capture in fishing nets , plus they are hunted for their meat , oil and for use in traditional medicines .

the indus river dolphin ( platanista gangetica minor ) is found in primarily 3 subpopulations separated by irrigation barrages ( low , gated - dams ) . the populations are estimated as 602 ( guddu - sukkur ) , 258 ( taunsa - guddu barrages ) and 84 ( chashma - taunsa barrages ) individuals . the metapopulation was estimated to number approximately 1 , 200 animals in 2001 .

indus dolphins generally occur in the deepest river channel and are less common in secondary channels and small braids ( braulik 2006 ) . during the low - water season ( october to april ) , barrages divert almost all river water such that dolphin habitat downstream of sukkur barrage and in some tributary segments has been eliminated and so have the dolphins . as water levels drop in the winter , dolphins are concentrated in the remaining deep areas , including the head ponds upstream of barrages . a comprehensive habitat study demonstrated that indus dolphins selected locations in the river with significantly greater mean depth , maximum depth , cross - sectional area , and hydraulic radius , and significantly narrower river width and a lower degree of braiding than areas where dolphins were absent ( braulik et al . 2012 ) . channel cross - sectional area was the most important factor affecting dolphin presence and abundance , with the area of water less than 1 m in depth exerting the greatest influence . indus dolphins avoided channels with small cross - sectional area ( < 700m 2 ) , presumably owing to the risk of entrapment and reduced foraging opportunities .

the ganges river dolphin was recognised as a separate species in the 1970s , although some controversy remains surrounding its relationship with the indus river dolphin ( p . minor ) ( 5 ) . it has a fairly stocky body with a long beak that thickens at the tip , with light grey - brown skin that becomes paler on the body , often with a tinge of pink ( 6 ) . the flippers are large and the dorsal fin is undeveloped , being more of a triangular ridge than a fin . the forehead rises steeply and the eyes are very small . females tend to be larger than males ( 5 ) . the local name ‘susu’ is said to refer to the noise this dolphin makes when it breathes ( 6 ) .

being a mammal , the ganges river dolphin cannot breathe in the water and must surface every 30 - 120 seconds . because of the sound it produces when breathing , the animal is popularly referred to as the ' susu ' .

the indus river dolphin feeds mostly on several species of fish and invertebrates . it does much of its feeding at or near the bottom , using echolocation , swimming on one side , and probing the river bottom with its snout and its flipper . although it is not usually considered to be gregarious , relatively high densities are found at sites where rivers join , in areas where the current is relatively weak , off the mouths of irrigation canals , and near villages and ferry routes .

khan , m . and niazi , m . 1989 . distribution and population status of the indus dolphin , platanista minor . in w . f . perrin , r . l . brownell jr . , k . zhou and j . liu ( eds ) biology and conservation of the river dolphins , pp . 77 - 80 . iucn species survival commission occasional paper no . 3 .

the ganges river dolphin or susu , lives in one of the most densely populated regions of the world . one of the main threats to the species is loss of habitat due in large part to the creation of dams and irrigation projects .

in the 19th century , ganges river dolphins were once found in ' large schools ' close to urban centres along the river . nowadays , groups are considerably smaller , and individuals may also be found alone . the average size of a number of groups surveyed recently in the ganges river system was two individuals .

in 1972 , dolphins were protected under the wildlife act of sindh and in 1974 the government of sindh declared the indus river between the sukkur and guddu barrages a dolphin reserve . the government of punjab prohibited deliberate killing of dolphins in the punjab wildlife protection act in 1974 and established the taunsa wildlife sanctuary and chashma wildlife sanctuary in 1983 and 1984 , respectively ( reeves et al . 1991 , reeves and chaudhry 1998 , chaudhry and khalid 1989 ) . enforcement of regulations prohibiting dolphin hunting appears to have arrested the rapid population declines reported by pilleri and zbinden ( 1973–74 ) for these river segments . a programme sponsored by the united nations development programme ( undp ) to rescue dolphins trapped in irrigation canals and return them to the indus mainstem has had some success in reducing mortality ( braulik 2002 , bhaagat 2002 ) .

despite their relatively high profile as endangered dolphins very little is known about these animals and there is confusion and uncertainty about their taxonomy . on the basis of very little morphological information the accepted classification of these river dolphins has changed multiple times from subspecies to separate species and back again . the reclassification in 1998 of the two dolphin populations from species to subspecies has caused confusion in south asia where the dolphins occur , has reduced the perceived importance of the indus dolphin inside pakistan and may have negatively impacted conservation efforts by lowering their priority for allocation of international funds .

last month ( december 2015 ) recommends translocating the 1 , 200—1 , 700 surviving dolphins upstream of the indus , which flows from the himalayas to the arabian sea .

make a symbolic dolphin adoption to help save some of the world ' s most endangered animals from extinction and support wwf ' s conservation efforts .

indus river dolphins are roughly the same color as the river , gray or brown , though they sometimes are lighter on their undersides . their “beaks” are distinctively swollen at the tip and very long , reaching 20 % of the length of their bodies , with large , visible teeth . in contrast to their “beaks” , their dorsal fins are rather small and reduced compared to other river dolphins . large flippers and flukes , combined with long and remarkably flexible necks , probably help the dolphins navigate effectively .

as a result , there has been a serious decrease in fish production , while the extraction of river water and siltation from deforestation are also degrading the species ' habitat . in some cases , habitat alterations have resulted in the genetic isolation of dolphin populations .

ganges river dolphins occupy freshwater river systems in southern asia . they inhabit the ganges and indus river systems and their many tributaries , streams , and connecting lakes . they are found in tributaries that run through the hills and lowlands in nepal ( roughly 250 meters above sea level ) and sometimes in flood plains and areas of rivers with heavy currents . these river dolphins prefer areas that create eddy countercurrents , such as small islands , river bends , and convergent tributaries . since these animals occupy a vast area of river systems , they can tolerate a wide variance of temperatures ; some as cold 8 degrees celsius to warm waters above 33 degrees celsius ( 46 . 4f to 91 . 4f ) . they inhabit depths from 3 to 9 meters and must surface every few minutes for air . in the monsoon season , ganges river dolphins locally migrate to tributaries and then back to larger river channels in the dry , winter season . they also move along the coast of the bay of bengal when monsoons flush freshwater out along the southeastern coast of india .

indus river dolphins generally occur in the deepest river channel and are less common in secondary channels and small braids ( bhatti and pilleri 1982 , braulik 2003 ) . reported habitat preferences include channel constrictions , confluences , and deep , low - velocity water ( kasuya and nishiwaki 1975 , khan and niazi 1989 , braulik 2004 ) . during the low - water season ( october to april ) , barrages divert almost all river water such that dolphin habitat downstream of sukkur barrage and in some tributary segments has been eliminated . as water levels drop in the winter , dolphins are concentrated in the remaining deep areas , including the head ponds upstream of barrages .

this project aimed to understand which hydrological habitat ( depth and velocity ) dolphins depend upon in the dry season . this information is vital to understanding the impact of decreasing river flows on dolphins , will provide valuable information for managing the dolphin population and for lobbying the government and water management authorities to maintain sufficient water in the river for a functioning ecosystem which includes dolphins .


tetragnatha virescens , is a species of spider of the genus tetragnatha .

it is found in bangladesh , sri lanka to indonesia , and philippines .

the species is more commonly found during the early vegetative growth stage of the rice plant , where they are important predators .

male is about 5.9 to 7.8 mm in length without chelicerae .

anterior row of eyes occupying the full width of carapace .

maxilla are nearly parallel .

all legs with spines and hair .

female is larger than male , usually about 6.55 to 8.25 mm in length .

body is light green in color , which is suitable for the survival among paddy leaves .

tetragnatha virescens

tetragnatha virescens <EOT> no one has contributed data records for tetragnatha virescens yet . learn how to contribute .

tetragnatha virescens okuma , 1979a : 73 , f . 1 - 9 ( d m f ) . tetragnatha virescens vungsilabutr , 1988 : 70 , f . 4a - i ( m f ) . tetragnatha virescens okuma , 1988c : 194 , f . 9a - k ( m f ) . tetragnatha virescens okuma et al . , 1993 : 41 , f . 37a - g ( m f ) . tetragnatha virescens barrion & litsinger , 1994 : 324 , f . 1707 - 1710 , 1713 - 1714 ( m f ) . tetragnatha virescens barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 302 , f . 307a - e , 308a - i ( m f ) . tetragnatha virescens zhu , song & zhang , 2003 : 193 , f . 104a - g , 105a - g ( m f ) .

tetragnatha virescens ( okuma ) and tetragnatha javana ( thorell ) - six tetragnatha species are common in rice fields . all are web builders belonging to the family tetragnathidae . of these , t . virescens okuma and t . javana ( thorell ) are the most common during the early vegetative growth stage of the rice plant .

okuma , c . ( 1979a ) . a new species of the genus tetragnatha ( araneae : tetragnathidae ) from tropical asia . esakia 14 : 73 - 77 . - - show included taxa

vungsilabutr , w . ( 1988 ) . the spider genus tetragnatha in the paddy fields of thailand ( araneae : tetragnathidae ) . thai journal of agricultural science 21 : 63 - 74 . - - show included taxa

okuma , c . ( 1988c ) . a revision of the genus tetragnatha latreille ( araneae , tetragnathidae ) of asia , part ii . journal of the faculty of agriculture kyushu university 32 : 183 - 213 . - - show included taxa

lsid : [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 014389 ]

barrion , a . t . & litsinger , j . a . ( 1994 ) . taxonomy of rice insect pests and their arthropod parasites and predators . in : heinrichs , e . a . ( ed . ) biology and management of rice insects . wiley eastern , new delhi , pp . 13 - 15 , 283 - 359 . - - show included taxa

barrion , a . t . & litsinger , j . a . ( 1995 ) . riceland spiders of south and southeast asia . cab international , wallingford , uk , xix + 700 pp . - - show included taxa

okuma , c . , kamal , n . q . , hirashima , y . , alam , m . z . & ogata , k . ( 1993 ) . illustrated monograph of the rice field spiders of bangladesh . institute of postgraduate studies in agriculture ( salna , gazipur , bangladesh ) . japan international cooperation agency project publication , 1 , 93 pp . - - show included taxa

zhu , m . s . , song , d . x . & zhang , j . x . ( 2003 ) . fauna sinica : invertebrata vol . 35 : arachnida : araneae : tetragnathidae . science press , beijing , vii + 418 pp . - - show included taxa

( oi . ) - the smallest of all rice field spiders . has a strong preference for young instar nymphs of hoppers . it can kill at least fifty second instar nymphs of green leafhoppers per day . atypena belongs to the family linyphiidae commonly known as dwarf spiders .

oxyopes javanus ( thorell ) - common name lynx spider , is a member of the family oxyopidae . it is an excellent hunter of immature and adult rice insect pests because of its hexagonal eye pattern . an adult consumes two to three leaf folder moths per day .

argiope catenulata ( doleschall ) is a large , beautiful , web - spinning spider . its large , sticky web is effective in catching flying pests , such as the short - horned grasshopper and other flies .

in the next lesson , we will learn about important beetles in the rice field .

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european union funding : for a one - year period ( 2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15 ) , eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system ( agreement nb : sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12 . 768842 ) . the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

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neargyractis slossonalis , the dimorphic leafcutter moth , is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by dyar in 1906 .

it is found in cuba and the south-eastern united states , where it has been recorded from alabama , florida , south carolina , georgia and mississippi .

the wingspan is about 13 mm .

adults have been recorded on wing year round .

larvae are aquatic and live amongst submerged roots of plants growing in and along streams and lakes .

they feed on young roots and periphyton .

the larvae are pale to light grey-brown with a dark brown head .

full-grown larvae reach a length of about 20 mm .

pupation takes place underwater amongst the roots .

neargyractis slossonalis

neargyractis slossonalis <EOT> species neargyractis slossonalis - dimorphic leafcutter moth - hodges # 4769 - bugguide . net

neargyractis slossonalis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae , nymphulinae ) : larval description and biological notes dale h . habeck . 1988 . the florida entomologist 71 ( 4 ) : 588 - 592 .

the mature larva of neargyractis slossonalis ( dyar ) is described and illustrated . larvae of this southeastern united states species live among submerged roots of plants growing in or along streams and lakes . larvae ingest young roots , but may also feed on periphyton . pupation occurs under water among the roots .

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

dyar , h . g . 1906 . the north american nymphlinae and scopariinae .

the north american nymphulinæ and scopariinæ harrison g . dyar . 1906 . journal of the new york entomological society 14 ( 2 ) : 77 - 107 .

check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .

arthropods of florida and neighboring land areas : lepidoptera of florida j . b . heppner . 2003 . florida department of agriculture 17 ( 1 ) : 1 - 670 .

contributed by maury j . heiman on 26 may , 2013 - 8 : 02pm last updated 23 october , 2013 - 5 : 28pm

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eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

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