agonopterix perezi is a moth of the depressariidae family .

it is found on the canary islands and madeira .

the wingspan is 16 – 20 mm .

the forewings are tawny reddish fuscous with smoky black suffusion and speckling .

the hindwings are shining pale cinereous .

the larvae feed on ruta pinnata .

they roll the leaves of their host plant .

the larvae are pale green .

agonopterix perezi

agonopterix perezi <EOT> agonopterix perezi walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 957 , pl . 52 , f . 8

redescription of agonopterix selini ( heinemann , 1870 ) with description of agonopterix lessini sp . n . and agonopterix paraselini

agonopterix kuznetzovi lvovsky , 1983 ; ent . obozr . 62 ( 3 ) : 594

agonopterix flurii sonderegger , 2013 ; contr . nat . history 21 : ( 1 - 14 )

agonopterix banatica georgesco , 1965 ; rev . roum . biol . ( zool . ) 10 : 113

agonopterix dumitrescui georgesco , 1965 ; rev . roum . biol . ( zool . ) 10 : 111

agonopterix abditella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 40

agonopterix graecella hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 233

agonopterix inoxiella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 38

agonopterix ordubadensis hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 34

agonopterix subumbellana hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 42

agonopterix chaetosoma clarke , 1962 ; ent . news 73 : 93 ; tl : japan , hoshu , kii , nati

agonopterix cluniana huemer & lvovsky , 2000 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 21 ( 3 ) : 135

agonopterix issikii clarke , 1962 ; ent . news 73 : 96 ; tl : japan , honshu , sinano , tobira

agonopterix ( subagonopterix ) vietnamella subgen . nov . et spec . nov , of flat moths from south - eastern asia

agonopterix socerbi sumpich , 2012 ; nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 162 ; tl : slovenia , crni kal - socerb

agonopterix dierli lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : nepal , east khumjung , 3800m

agonopterix medelichensis buchner , 2015 ; zootaxa 3986 ( 1 ) : 107 ; tl : italy , prov . verona , monte , 300m

agonopterix mendesi corley , 2002 ; nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 26 ; tl : portugal , algarve , praia de castelejo

agonopterix heracliana ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]

agonopterix mikkolai lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 151 ; tl : nepal , kathmandu , phulchoki mt . , 1700m

agonopterix paraselini buchner , 2017 ; gortania 38 : 94 ; tl : austria , lower austria , eichkogel near mödling , 48°4 . 8n ; 16°16 . 6e

agonopterix parinkini lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 151 ; tl : nepal , e . bujan , dudh kosi tal , 2900m

= agonopterix nigrinotella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 868 ; [ nhm card ]

agonopterix ( depressariini ) ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 , 9 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ fe ]

agonopterix bipunctifera ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 3 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]

agonopterix takamukui ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 34 , pl . 1 , f . 6 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ]

agonopterix toega hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 30 , pl . 1 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : san clemente island , california

agonopterix l - nigrum ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 4 , pl . 4 , f . 18 ; [ nhm card ]

agonopterix sapporensis ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 33 , pl . 1 , f . 5 , pl . 3 , f . 15 - 16 ; [ nhm card ]

agonopterix hesphoea hodges , 1975 ; j . lep . soc . 29 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : texas , culberson co . , sierra diablo 20 mi . nnw van horn , 6000ft

agonopterix amyrisella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42 ; [ nacl ] , # 898 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix psoraliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 891 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix caucasiella karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 ; nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 180 ; tl : russia , caucasus , 44°09 ' n , 40°04 ' e , majkop , 1300m

agonopterix cinerariae walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 955 , pl . 52 , f . 7 ; tl : tenerife , arafo ; barranco lorez , near orotava

agonopterix dammersi clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 4 , f . 1 - 1a , 8 ; tl : forest home , san bernardino co . , california

agonopterix chrautis hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 28 , f . 2d - e , h , pl . 1 , f . 33 ; tl : jemez springs , new mexico

agonopterix paulae harrison , 2005 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : illinois , piatt co . , univ . of illinois - robert allerton park , lost garden trail

agonopterix thelmae clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 96 , pl . 44 , f . 259 ; tl : oak station , allegheny co . , pennsylvania

agonopterix oregonensis clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 65 , pl . 31 , f . 176 , pl . 42 , f . 241 ; tl : salem , oregon

agonopterix cajonensis clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 82 , pl . 31 , f . 180 , pl . 42 , f . 244 ; tl : cajon valley , california

agonopterix amissella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 890 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix arnicella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 , pl . 2 , f . 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 879 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix clarkei ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; [ nacl ] , # 863 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix clemensella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; [ nacl ] , # 862 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix costimacula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 39 ; harrison & berenbaum , 2005 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 164 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix gelidella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 20 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 855 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix hyperella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 856 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix latipalpella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 897 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix lecontella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 886 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix muricolorella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; [ nacl ] , # 860 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix pergandeella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 888 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix senicionella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; [ nacl ] , # 881 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix walsinghamella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 869 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix nervosa ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 , pl . 2 , f . 42 - 47 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]

agonopterix curvilineella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 859 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix dimorphella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 97 , pl . 31 , f . 179 , pl . 40 , f . 229 ; tl : henry , putnam co . , illinois

agonopterix eupatoriiella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 866 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix flavicomella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 880 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix fusciterminella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 80 , pl . 28 , f . 167 , pl . 44 , f . 258 ; tl : dunca , vancouver island , british columbia

agonopterix lythrella ; [ nacl ] , # 857 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 , pl . 1 , f . 6 - 8 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix nebulosa ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 894 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix nigrinotella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 15 ; [ nacl ] , # 868 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix nubiferella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 9 - 10 ; [ nacl ] , # 858 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix posticella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 896 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix pteleae ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , pl . 1 , f . 22 - 23 ; [ nacl ] , # 865 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix pulvipennella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 , pl . 1 , f . 26 - 29 ; [ nacl ] , # 867 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix robiniella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 29 - 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 882 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix rosaciliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 41 - 45 ; [ nacl ] , # 876 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix sabulella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 872 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix sanguinella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 885 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix jezonica ; kuroko , 1959 , 35 ; [ nhm , ( nom nud . ) card ] ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 4 , f . 17

agonopterix ciliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 46 ; [ nacl ] , # 877 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]

agonopterix cratia hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 35 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : walnut canyon , 6500 ' , 6 1 / 3 mi e by s . flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona

agonopterix argillacea ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 8 - 10 , 16 , 28 ; [ nacl ] , # 889 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix atrodorsella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , f . 1a , pl . 1 , f . 20 - 21 ; [ nacl ] , # 864 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix canadensis ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 , pl . 1 , f . 47 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 878 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix cajonensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 28 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 874 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix dammersi ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 43 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 36 ; [ nacl ] , # 873 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix antennariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 , pl . 2 , f . 22 - 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 893 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix dimorphella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 47 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 38 - 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 887 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix oregonensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 103 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 14 - 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 861 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix thelmae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 36 - 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 884 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

agonopterix fusciterminella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 , f . 2a - b , g , pl . 1 , f . 31 - 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 870 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

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= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ]

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

312x662 ( ~ 85kb ) russia , moscow area , 26 . 4 . 2008 , photo © d . smirnov

the exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .

depressaria abjectella christoph , 1882 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 57 ( 1 ) : 16 ; tl : wladiwostok

depressaria acerbella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 564 ; tl : cape

acuta stringer , 1930 ² ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 416

depressaria agyrella rebel , 1917 ; dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 193 ; tl : r . agyr [ ? ] , tannuola

larva on conium , conium maculatum berenbaum & passoa , 1983 , j . lep . soc . 37 ( 1 ) : 38

depressaria amissella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : kissimmee , florida

larva on amyris floridana hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 893 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

larva on antennaria luzuloides hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40

depressaria anticella erschoff , [ 1877 ] ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 4 ) : 344 ; tl : irkutsk

aperta hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 43

depressaria archangelicella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 131 ; tl : kasakewitsch

669x637 ( ~ 88kb ) russia , moscow area , 11 . 9 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov

california - british columbia , manitoba , ontario , new brunswick , nova scotia , michigan , south dakota , illinois , texas , florida , utah . see [ maps ]

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 ; [ nacl ] , # 889 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

larva on salix lasiolepis , s . bebbiana , amorpha fruticosa , ptelea trifoliata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39

depressaria arnicella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 314 , pl . 36 , f . 3 ; tl : mt . shasta , california

larva on erigeron hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34

s . quebec , ontario , wisconsin , n . illinois . see [ maps ]

depressaria atrodorsella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 124 ; tl : [ pennsylvania ? ]

larva on eupatorium spp . , coreopsis spp . , bidens frondosa , myrica asplenifolia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25

babaella amsel , 1972 ² ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 136

agonopteryx bakriella amsel , 1958 ; sber . öst . akad . wiss . ( 1 ) 167 : 559 ; tl : deh bakri , prov . kirman , iran

depressaria baleni zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 253 ; tl : bogota

depressaria bipunctifera matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1089 ; tl : japan , sapporo

depressaria cadurciella chrétien , 1914 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1914 : 159 ; tl : causse de gramat

connecticut , new york , manitoba , s . british columbia - colorado , washington - california , utah , arizona . see [ maps ]

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 878 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

larva on senecio terra hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33

canuflavella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 292

depressaria caprella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 157 , pl . 17 , f . 9 ; tl : near lewes

tinea carduella hübner , [ 1817 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 66 , f . 439

larva on heracleum mantegazzianum karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 181

depressaria cervariella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 251 , pl . 10 , f . 13

depressaria chironiella constant , 1893 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 62 : 392 , pl . 11 , f . 4

alberta - to ( new mexico , california , alberta ) . see [ maps ]

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 877 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

larva on angelica silvestris , a . archangelica , peucedanum palustre , selinum , sium , cicuta , pimpinella saxifraga , seseli , heracleum , ligusticum , carum

larva on senecio populifolius , s . heritieri walsingham , [ 1908 ] , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 956

agonopteryx [ sic ] clarkei keifer , 1936 ; bull . south calif . acad . sci . 35 : 10 , pl . 4 , pl . 7 , f . 6 ; tl : missouri flat , placerville district , california

larva on artermisia vulgaris hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25

s . quebec , s . ontario , wisconsin , illinois , ohio . see [ maps ]

gelechia clemensella chambers , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 9 ) : 173 ; tl : easton , pennsylvania

larva on pastinaca sativa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , heracleum mantegazzianum karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184

haemylis cnicella treitschke , 1832 ; in ochsenheimer , schmett . eur . 9 ( 1 ) : 237

depressaria coenosella zerny , 1940 ; zs . wiener entver . 25 ( schluß ) : 45 , pl . 11 , f . 14 ♂ ; tl : pelur ( 2000m ) ; rehde - demawend

depressaria comitella lederer , 1855 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 5 : 232 , pl . 5 , f . 5

depressaria communis meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , table mtn

depressaria compacta meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 249 ; tl : cape colony , capetown

larva on salix , ( wide leafed ) s . caprea , s . aurita , s . cinerea , s . repens

depressaria crassiventrella rebel , 1891 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 41 : 627

depressaria crypsicosma meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 287 ; tl : cape colony , table mountain , 2500ft

cuillerella amsel , 1972 ² ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 137

e . ontario , manitoba , massachusetts , new york - south carolina . see [ maps ]

depressaria curvilineella beutenmüller , 1889 ; ent . amer . 5 : 10 ; tl : new york

depressaria cyclas meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : dalhousie , kashmir

cynarivora meyrick , 1932 ² ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 280

depressaria cyrniella rebel , 1929 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 79 : 45

larva on senecio douglasii , eriophyllum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29

agonopteryx demissella hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 456

deliciosella turati , 1924 ² ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 63 : 174 , pl . 5 , f . 61

deltopa meyrick & caradja , 1935 ² ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 80

dideganella amsel , 1972 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 136 , pl . 1 , f . 3

south carolina , illinois , e . nebraska , kansas , arkansas . see [ maps ]

larva on amorpha fruticosa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38

depressaria divergella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 128 ; tl : tjutjuje

depressaria dryocrates meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 100 ; tl : natal , kirkloof

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nhm card ]

elbursella hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 234

depressaria encentra meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 252 ; tl : japan

depressaria epichersa meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : china , ta - tsien - lon

pennsylvania , illinois , north carolina , kentucky , maryland . see [ maps ]

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 866 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

larva on eupatorium , actinomeris alternifolia , carya ovata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26

depressaria erythrella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 161 , pl . 8 , f . 7 , 7a ; tl : " chanka - meer " ; suifun

depressaria exquisitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 132 ; tl : kasakewitsch

farsensis hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 457

depressaria ( schistodepressaria ) ferocella chrétien , 1910 ; schmett . eur . 2 : 340

larva on cirsium ferox spuler , 1910 , schmett . eur . 2 : 340

connecticut , s . manitoba , north carolina , indiana , illinois . see [ maps ]

depressaria flavicomella engel , 1907 ; ent . news 18 ( 7 ) : 276 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania

larva on heracleum lanatum , taenidia integerrima hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34

larva on bupleurum fruticosum walsingham , 1903 , ent . mon . mag . 39 : 267

hungary , dalmatia , asia minor , . . . . see [ maps ]

larva on senecio aronicoides , cacaliopsis nardosmia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 28

depressaria fuscovenella rebel , 1917 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 67 ( s . b . ) : 18 ; tl : ain draham , tunis

galbella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 36

depressaria gelidella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 90 ; tl : winnipeg , manitoba , canada

larva on salix , betula papyrifera hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22

depressaria glabrella turati , 1921 ; naturalista sicil . 23 ( 7 - 12 ) : 338 , pl . 4 , f . 45 ; tl : tangier , morocco

depressaria glyphidopa meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 475 ; tl : natal , weenen

depressaria grammatopa meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 287 ; tl : cape colony , table mountain , 2500ft

= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184

= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]

= ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184

depressaria homogenes meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , gt . winthoek , 4500ft

depressaria hypomarathri [ = hippomarathri ] nickerl , 1864 ; wiener ent . monat . 8 ( 1 ) : 3 , pl . 5 , f . 8

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 856 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

larva on hypericum prolificum , h . perforatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22

depressaria conterminella var . atrella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 131 ; tl : kasakewitsch

depressaria iliensis rebel , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 96

intersecta filipjev , 1929 ² ; ann . mus . zool . leningrad 30 : 11 , pl . 1 , f . 10 , pl . 2a , f . 2

invenustella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 293

depressaria lacteella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 130 ; tl : kasakewitsch

agonopteryx [ sic ] latipalpella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 233 ; tl : san benito , texas

latipennella zerny , 1934 ² ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 8

depressaria lecontella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 174

larva on baptisia tinctoria hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38

croatia , france , greece , italy , slovenia , turkey . see [ maps ]

depressaria leucadensis rebel , 1932 ; zs . öst . entver 17 ( 8 ) : 55 ; tl : greece

depressaria l - nigrum matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1091 ; tl : japan , sapporo

nova scotia , new brunswick , ontario , illinois , north carolina . see [ maps ]

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 857 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

larva on lythrum alatum , hypericum punctatum , h . virginicum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23

astria , italy , slovakia , hungary , greece , . see [ maps ]

depressaria melanarcha meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 316 ; tl : barberton

larva on centaurea sphaerocephala corley , 2002 , nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 26

metamelopa meyrick , 1931 ² ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 72

miyanella amsel , 1972 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 136 , pl . 1 , f . 1

monotona caradja , 1927 ² ; mem . sect . stiint . acad . rom . 4 ( 8 ) : 33

depressaria muricolorella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 741 ; tl : golden , colorado

larva on lomatium macrocarpum , l . grayi , leptotaenia multifida hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24

depressaria nanatella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 154 , pl . 17 , f . 2 ; tl : charlton sand - pit

depressaria aridella mann , 1869 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 19 : 385 ; tl : brussa ; spalato

depressaria nebulosa zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 237 ; tl : cambridge , massachusetts

larva on antennaria plantaginifolia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40

depressaria neoxesta meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 31 ; tl : zululand , eshowe

british columbia - california , nevada , . . . , eu , . . . , ? . see [ maps ]

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

larva on ulex europaeus , cytisus scoparius , laburnum , genista hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41

new york , s . quebec , s . ontario , nw . wisconsin , arkansas . see [ maps ]

depressaria nigrinotella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 88 ; tl : cincinnati , ohio

larva on carya , ptelea trifoliata , zanthoxylum americanum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27

depressaria nodiflorella millière , 1866 ; icon . desc . chenilles lepid . 2 : 214 , pl . 73 , f . 8 - 11

depressaria nubiferella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 316 , pl . 36 , f . 6 ; tl : rogue river , oregon

larva on hypericum perforatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23

depressaria nyctalopis meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 621 ; tl : comoro is . , grand comoro

depressaria occaecata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : syria , beirut

larva on salix , s . repens , ( middle europe also ) betula , quercus

depressaria oinochroa turati , 1879 ; bull . soc . ent . ital . 11 : 200 , pl . 8 , f . 13

omelkoi lvovsky , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 97

larva on lomatium caruifolium , l . marginatum , l . nudicaule , l . utriculatum , angelica hendersonii , a . lucida , eryngium vaseyi , oenanthe sarmentosa , sanicula bipinnatifida , sanicula laciniata , s . nevadensis , s . tuberosa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24

pallidior stringer , 1930 ² ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 417

panjaoella amsel , 1972 ² ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 137

austria , france , germany , slowenia , switzerland , turkey . see [ maps ]

larva on zanthoxylum americanum harrison & berenbaum , 2005 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 166

depressaria pavida meyrick , 1913 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : asia minor , taurus mts

depressaria pergandeella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : nebraska

depressaria petasitis standfuss , 1851 ; zs . ent . breslau ( lepid . ) ( 16 ) : 51

syllochitis petraea meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 462 ; tl : maskeliya , madulsima , matale , wellawaya , kegalle , puttalam , ceylon

depressaria posticella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 315 , pl . 36 , f . 5 ; tl : lake co . ; mendocino co . , california , s . oregon

larva on psoralea physodes , p . macrostachya , p . tenuiflora hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42

probella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 292

pseudorutana turati , 1934 ² ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 73 : 201 , pl . 3 , f . 26

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 891 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

larva on psoralea lanceolata , p . physodes hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40

agonopteryx [ sic ] pteleae barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 231 , pl . 28 , f . 13 , pl . 38 , f . 1 ; tl : decatur , illinois

larva on ptelea trifoliata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25

new hampshire , s . manitoba , missouri , lousiana , colorado . see [ maps ]

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 867 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

larva on solidago , urtica hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26

depressaria pupillana wocke , 1887 ; bresl . ent . z . 12 : 62

ceu , seu , asia minor , iran , palestine . see [ maps ]

depressaria remota meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : palestine , haifa

depressaria rimulella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 128 ; tl : kasakewitsch

rhododrosa meyrick , 1934 ² ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 476

rhodogastra meyrick , 1935 ² ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 80

nova scotia , s . michigan , na . georgia , w . arkansas . see [ maps ]

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 ; [ nacl ] , # 882 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

larva on robinia pseudoacacia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 35

alaska , w . saskatchewan - washington - california , arizona . see [ maps ]

: skyline ridge , 2500 - 3000 ' , mt baker district , whatcom co . , washington

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 876 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

larva on angelica arguta , a . hendersonii , conioselinum chinense , ligusticum apiifolium , oenanthe sarmentosa , osmorhiza chilensis , osmorhiza occidentalis , echinopanax horridum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32

roseocaudella stringer , 1930 ² ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 417

agonopteryx rubristricta walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 136 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft

rubrovittella caradja , 1926 ² ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 168

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 ; [ nacl ] , # 872 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

larva on eriophyllum confertiflorum , e . lanatum , eriophyllum stachaediflorum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29

salangella amsel , 1972 ² ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 31 : 137 , pl . 1 , f . 5

depressaria sanguinella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 738 ; tl : pinal mts . , arizona

larva on robinia neoxmexicana hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37

depressaria sapporensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1092 ; tl : japan , sapporo

scopariella calycotomella ( amsel , 1958 ) ( depressaria ) ; zs . wiener ent . ges . 43 ( schluß ) : 73

austria , croatia , finland , france , germany , greece , hungary , italy , romania , slovakia , slovenia , spain , turkey . see [ maps ]

depressaria selini heinemann , 1870 ; schmett . dtl . scweitz . ( 2 ) 3 : 167

larva on peucedanum palustre , p . oreoselinum , selinum carvifolium , ligusticum lucidum buchner , 2017 , gortania 38 : 81

depressaria senicionella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 742 ; tl : district of columbia

larva on senecio aureus hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34

depressaria septicella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 162 , pl . 8 , f . 8 ; tl : chabarowska

depressaria seraphimella chrétien , 1929 ; amat . papillons 4 : 194 , pl . 5 , f . 9

depressaria silerella stainton , 1865 ; ent . mon . mag . 1 : 221

larva on siler aquilegifolium stainton , 1865 , ent . mon . mag . 1 : 222

depressaria squamosa mann , 1864 ; wien . ent . mon . 8 ( 6 ) : 185 , pl . 4 , f . 13

depressaria stigmella moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 237 ; tl : yangihissar ( 4320ft ) , kashgar

depressaria straminella staudinger , 1859 ; stettin ent . ztg 20 ( 7 - 9 ) : 238 ; tl : chiclana

naf , seu , ceu , asia minor , syria . see [ maps ]

sutschanella caradja , 1926 ² ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 43

tabghaella amsel , 1953 ² ; mitt . zool . mus . berlin 20 : 294 , pl . 10 , f . 69

depressaria takamukui matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1902 ; tl : japan , chikugo

depressaria thurneri rebel , 1941 ; isv . tsarsk . prirodonauch . inst . sofia 14 : 7

larva on sanicula hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 30

tolli hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 37

triallactis meyrick , 1935 ² ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 594

depressaria trimenella walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 251 , pl . 11 , f . 19 ; tl : spring valley

depressaria tschorbadjiewi rebel , 1916 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 66 : 45 ; tl : burgas

vasta amsel , 1935 ² ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 294 , pl . 10 , f . 58

nova scotia , s . quebec , s . ontario , wisconsin , connecticut , new york , pennsylvania . see [ maps ]

= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 869 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

larva on myrica aspleniifolia , m . gale , l . pensylvanica hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27

xylinopis caradja , 1931 ² ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 14

n . africa , canary is . , seu , . . . . see [ maps ]

cryptolechia eoa meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : khasis

leptopa ( diakonoff , 1952 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 84

malaisei ( diakonoff , 1952 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 86

tinea deplanella hübner , [ 1805 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : f . 274

depressaria furvella f . jezonica matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1090 ; tl : japan , saghalin

tinea rubidella hübner , 1796 ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 32 , f . 221

depressaria urzhumella krulikowsky , 1909 ; dt . ent . z . iris 21 ( 4 ) : 266 ; tl : kasan

[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995

[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .

ergebnisse der österreichischen iran - expedition 1949 / 50 . lepidoptera ii . ( microlepidoptera )

icones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae

the natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope

genera insectorum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum , figuram , situm et proportionem . . .

species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentia specifica , synonyma auctorum , loca natalia , metamorphosin adiectis , observationibus , descriptionibus . tom ii

neuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 17 - 32 )

lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes

systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )

the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae

) in the caucasus , with a discussion of the nomenclature of a . heracliana ( linnaeus )

systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition

systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , . . . . editio duocecima reformata . tom . 1 . part ii .

lepidoptern gesammelt während dreier reisen nach dalmatien in den jahren 1850 . 1862 und 1868

descriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873

microlépidopères de la haute syrie , récoltés par m . ch . delagrange , et , et descriptions de 27 espèces nouvelles

zerny , 1940 mikrolepidopteren aus dem elburs - gebirge in nord - iran zs . wiener entver . 25 : 20 - 24 , ( schluß ) : 42 - 48

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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aethes rubigana , the burdock conch , is a moth of the family tortricidae .

it was described by treitschke in 1830 .

it is found in most of europe , except the iberian peninsula and part of the balkan peninsula .

outside of europe , it is found in china ( beijing , hebei , heilongjiang , jilin , liaoning , ningxia ) , japan and russia .

the wingspan is 15 – 19 millimetres ( 0.59 – 0.75 in ) .

adults are on wing from late june to august in western europe .

the larvae feed on the seedheads arctium species ( including arctium lappa and possibly arctium minus ) .

full-grown larvae overwinter from october in a cocoon on the ground or occasionally in the seedhead .

pupation takes place within this cocoon .

aethes rubigana

aethes rubigana <EOT> aethes rubigana ( burdock conch ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name " takiaiskätkökääriäinen " to " aethes rubigana treitschke 1830 " .

hans - martin braun added the english common name " burdock conch " to " aethes rubigana treitschke 1830 " .

aethes rubigana §2 ; ham fen , kent ; 10 / 08 / 2010 ; fw 6 . 8mm © chris lewis

male genitalia : comparing images in mbgbi5 . 1 ( p206 figs 60 , 61 ) the most apparent difference between a . cnicana and a . rubigana occurs in the shape of the valva . the ventral margin comprises a short anterior portion and a long lateral portion , the two meeting at a rounded angle . the anterior portion is longer in a . rubigana than in a . cnicana ( moth dissection refers to this by indicating a relatively broad base to the valva in a . rubigana ) . i have been unable to find a more absolute way of describing this difference ( the lateral : anterior portion ratio is ~ 3 in both species ) . the base of the valva between its anterior and posterior attachments to the vinculum is also longer in a . rubigana than in a . cnicana , such that this distance is > the distance between the two posterior attachments in a . rubigana and < = this distance in a . cnicana . pierce and metcalfe gives : ' sacculus well - rounded ' in a . cnicana and ' hardly rounded ' in a . rubigana - i think this refers to the junction between the anterior and lateral portions of the ventral margin of the valva - and there is no difference in either the rounding or the angle between the two portions in the illustrations in mbgbi5 . 1 ; p & m also gives : socii longer in a . rubigana ; transtilla broader in a . cnicana . the illustrations in mbgbi5 . 1 show a small cornutus in the aedeagus of a . cnicana but not in a . rubigana - moth dissection indicates that this cornutus is variable but leaves open the possibility that when it is present the species should be a . cnicana .

id : very similar to a . cnicana which averages smaller ( ws : 14 - 17mm ) and has a slightly earlier flight season ( jun - jul ) , however there is overlap for most of the size range and for most of the flight season . they can be separated by the following features : 1 . colour of fascial markings : ferruginous in a . cnicana , dark brown in a . rubigana . ( may not be reliable ? ) 2 . breadth of dorsal portion of median fascia : fairly constant without a dorsal expansion and relatively narrow in a . cnicana ( median fascia occupies < 1 / 5 of length of dorsum ) ; expands at dorsum and relatively broad in a . rubigana ( median fascia occupies > = 1 / 5 of length of dorsum ) . 3 . angle of dorsal portion of median fascia : shallower in a . cnicana - a line drawn along the centre of the dorsal portion of the median fascia and extended to the costa cuts the costa near the distal end of the costal portion of the median fascia in a . cnicana and at some distance distal to this point in a . rubigana ( see images opposite ) . 4 . interruption of median fascia at its angle between the dorsal and costal portions : not usually interrupted completely in a . cnicana , usually interrupted completely in a . rubigana . norfolk moths also gives the presence of a distinct sub - terminal blotch edged black along its dorsal edge and dark spots along the costa between the median fascia and proximal costal bar as being diagnostic of a . rubigana . the former seems unconvincing to me and the latter may be present in both species as far as i can see .

a rather attractive species , with more distinct markings than some of its close relatives , it is locally but widely distributed throughout the british isles .

the moths fly from late june to august , from dusk into the night .

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approx length ( c . 9 . 5mm ) wingspan ( 15 - 19 mm . )

recorded in 55 ( 80 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .

underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018

§5 romansleigh , devon ; 28 / 06 / 2016 ; male ; fw 7 . 4mm all images © chris lewis

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occasionally at light in monks soham during july 1917 - 35 ( mly ) ; not uncommon among burdock at brandon ( barrett ) ; bentley woods in 1901 ( pyett ) , orford in 1903 ( emm . 1904 , 80 ) , bred at hollesley in 1933 ( whit ) .

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wingspan 15 to 19 mm . a rather attractive species , with more distinct markings than some of its close relatives .

it is locally but widely distributed throughout the british isles . in the butterfly conservation ' s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as common .

fairly frequent but not common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = b ( scarce resident or restricted distribution or regular migrant ) .

if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .

blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .

i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .

söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .

söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .

defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .

denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .

du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .

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copyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the " software " ) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided " as is " , without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .

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copyright ( c ) 2009–2015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the " software " ) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided " as is " , without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .

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first for dumfries & galloway was found at barony college at parkgate on 9th july 1982 during a scottish entomologists ' meeting .

first was found at kirkdale bank on 10th july 1999 during a ' grey daggers ' moth group field meeting .

other sites : auchenshore on auchencairn bay , bar hill near knockbrex , clifton , mersehead rspb .


the green chromide ( etroplus suratensis ) is a species of cichlid fish from freshwater and brackish water in southern india and sri lanka .

other common names include pearlspot cichlid , banded pearlspot , and striped chromide .

in kerala in india it is known locally as the karimeen .

this fish is native to sri lanka and coastal regions of india .

many populations are likely introductions .

it is also introduced in singapore , where it occurs in estuaries .

the adult is oval in shape with a short snout .

it is gray-green in colour with dark barring and a dark spot at the base of the pectoral fin .

it commonly reaches 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) in length , and the maximum length is twice that .

this species lives in brackish water habitat types , such as river deltas .

it eats mainly aquatic plants , but it consumes the occasional mollusc , diatoms , and other animal matter .

this species engages in attentive parental care in which several adults care for each brood .

in 2010 this species was named the official state fish of kerala .

the following year was declared " the year of the karimeen " .

karimeen pollichadhu , a fried dish , is a delicacy served in restaurants .

it is familiar to tourists , but because it is very expensive it is not easily accessible to the common man .

production of the species for food is expected to increase in the near future .

they are more closely related to the paretroplus fishes from madagascar .

green chromide

green chromide <EOT> the green chromide has a green or gold tinted oval shaped body with dark vertical bars . there are often gold spots found on the upper half of the body . the green chromide stays slender compared to other cichlid species .

the green chromide ( etroplus suratensis ) is also known by tropical fish keeping enthusiasts as the pearl spot , banded pearl spot , banded chromide , banded etroplus , karimeen , or pearlspot cichlid .

southern india : green chromides are found in the fresh and brackish water habitats .

etroplus suratensis can tolerate freshwater for short periods of time but prefers brackish conditions . use fine sand for the substrate and provide hiding places with caves or wood . open swimming spaces must be provided . green chromide lives in a brackish water . even though they are aggressive in small tanks , they are peaceful in big tanks when there are at least 6 of green chromide fish .

the green chromide has a green , greenish brown , or gold tinted oval shaped body with six dark vertical bars on the body ( excluding those on the head and caudal peduncle ) . gold spots are distributed over the body of the fish , primarily on the upper half .

the green chromide cichlid inhabits brackish estuaries , coastal lagoons , the lower reaches of rivers and a number of freshwater habitats including a number of inland lakes . it is a hardy species that can breath atmospheric air .

green chromide ( etroplus suratensis ) from lim , kelvin k . p . & jeffrey k . y . low , 1998 . a guide to the common marine fishes of singapore . singapore science centre . 163 pp .

it’s sometimes referred to using alternative vernacular names , most commonly ‘pearl spot’ , ‘banded pearl spot’ , ‘banded chromide’ , or ‘karimeen’ .

the green chromide is a relative peaceful species that can be kept in fresh or brackish water aquariums with other asian cichlids , archer fish , or similar sized loaches with the same water parameters . etroplus suratensis can live in freshwater environments , but they prefer brackish water conditions .

compared to other cichlid species , the green chromide keeps a “slender” body profile . although there is no sure visible way to determine the sex of green chromides ; males that are the same age as females tend to be larger and during breeding , the males develop more intense colors and black occipital stripes between the eye and opercle . females will develop a reddish , swollen , modified ovipositor during breeding .

tan heok hui and lionel ng chin soon . 28 oct 2016 . green chromides spawning at sentosa . singapore biodiversity records 2016 : 141 - 142 .

of the ten green chromide fry i obtained about 11 months ago , a pair has formed and they have spawned for the second time . here they are just finishing up , their pink eggs hanging from tiny threads . this second time , the parents chose exactly the same place on an artificial tree stump to deposit them , apparently sensing it to be the safest , most easily defended site .

suneetha gunawickrama , k . b . , 2007 - ruhuna journal of science 2 : 70 - 81 morphological heterogeneity and population differentiation in the green chromid etroplus suratensis ( pisces : cichlidae ) in sri lanka .

quality flakes and pellets can provide the staple diet . vegetable matter should also be given in the form of spinach , peas , and lettuce . green chromides will also accept treats of blood worms and brine shrimp .

green chromides are substrate spawners that may also use caves as spawning sites . wild fish in sri lanka breed twice a year from december to april and again from june to september during the pre monsoon and monsoon seasons . during these periods , water salinity increases and the water becomes cleaner .

green chromide etroplus suratensis family cichlidae updated oct 2016 where seen ? this large colourful fish is often seen in groups in our mangroves at sungei buloh wetland reserve and pasir ris . the fish is native to india and sri lanka and was introduced to singapore , possibly through the aquarium trade . it has since escaped and are now breeding in our waters . features : up to 30cm , usually about 20cm long . oval with a short snout and small mouth . greyish green with 6 to 8 dark bars , a dark spot at the base of the pectoral fins , many scales with a pearly spot . it is sometimes called the pearlspot . what does it eat ? it is mainly herbivorous feeding on filamentous algae , plant material . it may also eat insects . at sungei buloh , often seen nibbling on jetty legs and mangrove roots . baby chromides : several adults may take care of a single brood that presumably were spawned by only two of the adults . human uses : elsewhere , it is raised in aquaculture and also in the aquarium trade .

green chromides are classed as open water spawners but may use caves as their spawning sites . normally the eggs will be deposited on a flat rock which has previously been cleaned by the parents . the eggs should hatch after 36 hours and the fry will be free swimming a few days later . the fry can be fed on newly hatched brine shrimp , rotifers or crushed flake .

: an oval - shaped fish with a pointed head . the coloration is olive green to greenish brown . the body is marked with six to eight transverse bars which may at times , be indistinct . each scale has a golden spot and the fins are body - colored . the anal fins may have some blue iridescence . at spawning times , all the colors are enhanced , making the normal dull - coloring look more impressive .

in an aquarium environment , because they are sexually mature within a year , it is best to place a group of juvenile green chromides together until they pair off . spawning can be induced by gradually increasing the salinity in the breeding tank to replicate the seasonal monsoons . put several flat rocks in the aquarium and slowly increase the salinity in the tank to a brackish level . as the water becomes brackish , pairs will begin digging pits to use as nests .

minimum tank size : 100 gallons care level : moderate temperament : relatively peaceful with similar sized fish aquarium hardiness : moderately hardy water conditions : 72°f - 80°f° f , kh 10 - 25 , ph 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 max . size : 16 inches color form : green , yellow , brown diet : carnivorous compatibility : ok with other asian cichlids or loaches of similar size origin : sri lanka family : cichlidae lifespan : 6 - 12 years aquarist experience level : advanced

is a euryhaline species that inhabits mainly brackish water and river mouths . it is an oval - shaped cichlid with a short snout , small mouth not extending past the front margin of the eye with a greyish - green colouration on the flanks , with 6 to 8 dark bars and a dark spot at base of the pectoral fin . most scales on the sides are with a pearly spot ( costa 2007 ) . macrophytic fragments form the most important component of its diet along with molluscs , although detritus , diatoms , and animal matter are also ingested ( de silva

sides with 6 to 8 dark bars , a dark spot at base of pectoral fin , many scales on sides with a pearly spot . largely herbivorous , in small groups apparently confined to estuaries along north coast of singapore . to 30 cm . popular aquarium fish , introduced ( native to india and sri lanka ) .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

madhusoodana kurup , b . , basheer , v . s . , raghavan , r . & cox , n . a .

etroplus suratensis is assessed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large overall population , even though it has a relatively declining trend in the wild , in kerala .

is distributed in the coastal regions of peninsular india and sri lanka . in india , the wild populations have been recorded from the states of kerala and tamil nadu . there are also populations in goa , andhra pradesh , orissa and west bengal ( jayaram 1981 & 2010 , biju 2005 ) . these are likely introduced populations ( v . s . basheer pers . comm . ) . the species has now been introduced to dam reservoirs in the mountains and lakes and culture ponds ( rema devi

( 1990 ) . adults engage in altruistic multiple parental care where several adults care for a single brood that presumably were spawned by only two of the adults ( ward and wyman 1977 ) .

etroplus suratensis is a popular foodfish . it is known locally as karimeen and is considered a delicacy . the species has been introduced to various other man - made habitats like tanks , ponds and dam reservoirs for culture and export .

are subject to various pressures brought on by people like habitat deterioration brought on by the disposal of solid and liquid wastes and the discharge of human fecal matter from adjacent habitations and an increasing number of tourism resorts and houseboats , which are going beyond the carrying capacity of the backwaters / estuaries . a major threat is from exotic species like

2009 ) . there have also been reports in the past , of the epizootic ulcerative syndrome ( eus ) disease outbreak , which has been to have spread in south and south - east asia since 1980 ( pathiratne & rajapakshe 1998 ) .

despite the species being in high demand , the wild populations of the species have not been given sufficient conservation attention . there have been attempts in the past to create ' no fishing zones ' within some of the larger estuaries and the species did seek refuge in these protected zones . such no - fishing zones should be extrapolated to other regions as well , to guarantee effective genetic preservation . this is declared as the state fish by the government of kerala . captive breeding has been undertaken by padmakumar et al . ( 2004 ) . an aquatic sanctuary was made in vembanad lake for this species . the vembanad lake protection forums has started ' matsyatavalam ' ( home of fishes ) for the sustainable fisheries of this species . cage culture of this species is being practiced in vembanad lake and vypin islands .

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all time favourite : fishermen in kerala , who have been hit by the trawler ban and bad weather , are trying to make a living by operating in the backwaters where the all - time favourite fish , karimeen , is still available . they fetch anywhere between rs . 120 and rs . 180 a kg . photo : h vibhu

karimeen ( pearl spot ) , the ‘upper - middle class ' fish which is a favourite with tourists , is getting a profile uplift .

kerala fisheries minister s . sarma announced in the assembly this week that the oval - shaped fish , which often serves as kerala ' s icon in the minds of gourmets , will be the official state fish . and , 2010 - 11 is being observed as ‘the year of karimeen . ' the measure is expected to boost the production of karimeen ( etroplus suratensis ) .

already , a dozen states have an official fish . the national bureau of fish genetics resources had in 2008 suggested that states adopt a state fish , à la state bird and animal .

fried pearl spot ( karimeen pollichadhu ) is a delicacy that tops menus at restaurants . few tourists leave without having tasted it . a boat ride in the backwaters while relishing the karimeen pollichadhu is an integral part of an average tourist ' s kerala experience .

however , for the common man , karimeen is too hot a delicacy — it is one of the most expensive fish . karimeen too is beyond the pocket of the poor .

the kuttanad region in alappuzha district is considered the tharavad ( family home ) of the fish . kerala now produces only 2 , 000 tonnes of karimeen . “because of the new initiative , the production is expected to go up to 5 , 000 tonnes in a year , ” fisheries director p . i . sheikh pareeth said .

tojo mathew was leaving the uae for good to join his wife in delhi .

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name from the words ' etron ' meaning belly and ' oplon ' for arms ; referring to the spines on the lower side ; that is , the long spinour anal - fin .

brackish ; benthopelagic ; depth range 10 - ? m . tropical ; 23°c - 26°c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 11°n - 6°s

maturity : l m 15 . 0 range ? - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 41236 ) ; common length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6028 )

primarily found in brackish water but known to tolerate fresh or marine waters for short periods ( ref . 48490 ) . found in large rivers , reservoirs , lagoons and estuaries . feed on filamentous algae , plant material and insects .

after spawning , about 500 eggs are laid and attached to a submerged log , rock or sometimes roots and weeds , in still or slow flowing water . parents guard and fan the eggs until hatching , usually about 4 days . the fry shoal around their parents during the first weeks of growth . parents refrain from feeding from the time of spawning until the fry become independent .

pethiyagoda , r . , 1991 . freshwater fishes of sri lanka . the wildlife heritage trust of sri lanka , colombo . 362 p . ( ref . 6028 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01660 ( 0 . 00974 - 0 . 02827 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 79 - 3 . 09 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 ±0 . 26 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 32 of 100 ) .

from the day we opened the first store in maidenhead , we’ve firmly believed that one key to our success is employing fish keepers .

no obvious external differences . when spawning , it may be possible to observe the more pointed genital papillae of the male .

: to 18 " ( 46 cm ) in nature , although not larger than 12 " ( 30 cm ) in aquaria .

: southeastern asia ; lives in brackish water river estuaries and moves in schools between pure freshwater and sea water at different times during the year .

: a 45 - 55 gallon ( 170 - 209 l ) or 40 ( 101 cm ) is sufficient for fish under 8 " ( 20 cm ) in length . adult fish need at tank of at least 56 " ( 142 cm ) or 75 gallons ( 285 l ) to prosper . use a substrate of coral sand or less ideally , fine gravel . the tank can be well - planted with large , robust plants , although this species is a known plant eater . provide hiding places and retreats with large caves and wood . leave open swimming areas .

: ph 7 - 9 ( 8 . 0 ) , 12 - 30 dh ( 20 ) , 73 - 81°f ( 23 - 27°c ) . a 1 to 1 . 5 % addition of sea salt is necessary . to obtain this dilution rate see suggestions under

: a shoaling fish that should be kept in groups of at least 6 fish . in smaller schools , quarrels may break out . this fish may be more suitable to salt water community tanks than freshwater tanks . this fish can be kept with other brackish water species including

, crustaceans , insects ; chopped meat ; pellets ; large flakes ; oatmeal ; plant matter ; vegetables ; spinach , peas , lettuce .

sex : the only definite difference is the shape of the genital papilla which is visible at spawning times .

: an open water spawner that lays up to 1000 eggs on a previously cleaned rock or in a cave . they hatch in 36 to 50 hours and are carefully guarded by the parents . the young are free - swimming after 7 - 8 more days . start feeding with

nauplii , roftiers , and dry foods . the young are susceptible to fungal infections if kept in freshwater , and are difficult to raise even in brackish water . their coloring is different from that of the adults . they have a single transverse band around the mid - section . this band disappears , and for several weeks the fry are just silver . eventually they develop the adult coloring .

: sexually mature from 6 " ( 15 cm ) . this fish ' s colors are enhanced when they are kept in pure sea water .

: 6 . a large fish that needs to be kept in brackish water .

carbon dioxide ( co2 ) emissions generated from urltoken operations ( server , data transfer , travel ) are mitigated through an association with anthrotect , an organization working with afro - indigenous and embera communities to protect forests in colombia ' s darien region . anthrotect is protecting the habitat of mongabay ' s mascot : the scale - crested pygmy tyrant .

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specimens collected by fishermen in chilika lake in odisha state , india , the world ' s second largest coastal lagoon .

etroplus : from the ancient greek ἦτρον ( etron ) , meaning ‘belly , lower abdomen’ , and ὅπλον ( hoplon ) , meaning ‘weapon , armour’ , in reference to the prominent spinous anal - fin rays in members of the genus .

suratensis : named for the type locality “suratte” , now the city of surat .

generally considered native to peninsular india and sri lanka although some sources state that it is only native to sri lanka and was introduced to india for aquaculture purposes in 1950 .

given that it was described from india in 1790 this would seem unlikely , however , and one of the publications often quoted ( welcomme , 1988 ) refers only to ‘aquaculture and stocking lakes’ in 1950 , suggesting it was simply introduced to land - locked freshwater environments at that time .

in addition day ( 1877 ) wrote “i have taken it inland in the wynaad” , i . e . , wayanad district in northeastern kerala .

in india its range stretches southwards down the western coast from the state of gujarat through maharashtra , goa , karnataka , and kerala states as far as the southern part of the peninsula in tamil nadu state .

there also exist records from andhra pradesh , odisha and west bengal states on the eastern coast with these populations also thought to have been introduced for aquaculture .

occurrences in sri lanka are mostly limited to the western coast and pertain to north , north western , north central , western and southern provinces but there is at least one record from batticaloa in eastern province suggesting it might be distributed around much of the island .

e . suratensis has also been introduced to peninsular malaysia and singapore where feral populations appear to be thriving .

type locality is ‘suratte , india , 21°12’n , 72°55’e’ , referring to modern - day surat which lies on the lower tapti river in gujarat state , western india .

this species is euryhaline and mostly inhabits brackish estuaries , coastal lagoons and the lower reaches of rivers .

it also occurs in freshwater habitats , however , including a number of inland lakes in sri lanka although it appears to have been introduced intentionally .

there exists observational evidence to suggest that it can breathe atmospheric air to an extent , probably an adaptation to conditions of low dissolved oxygen .

the congener e . maculatus typically occurs in the same habitats and there exists evidence to suggest that this sympatry is not random and may represent a mutually beneficial relationship with a little cheating on the part of e . maculatus ( see ‘notes’ ) .

this is a gregarious species that is best - maintained in a sizeable group ( see ‘behaviour and compatibility’ ) meaning only the very largest home aquaria or public installations are suitable for long - term care .

this species can be maintained in fresh or brackish water so long as acidic conditions are avoided .

décor is largely down to personal choice although a degree of structure , perhaps incorporating a sandy substrate , variably - shaped rocks and some driftwood branches , would adequately simulate natural conditions .

it is intolerant to accumulation of organic pollutants and requires spotless water meaning weekly water changes of 25 - 50 % volume should be considered routine .

ph : 7 . 0 – 8 . 5 , although in sri lanka it has been recorded in brackish lagoons where the salinity ranges from 0 . 02 to 28 . 00 with ph values of 5 . 0 to 9 . 6 .

observations of wild fish suggest it to be something of a generalist with a tendency to graze aufwuchs and filamentous algae from solid surfaces .

the stomachs of feral specimens in singapore were found to contain detritus , most of the algae groups , crustacean larvae and appendages , animal and plant organic matter , and sand , for example , while the fish themselves were seen biting at floating twigs , grazing submerged plant roots , the bottom of sluice gates and the sides of submerged pillars .

in the aquarium it can be offered high quality prepared foods but displays a preference for small live or frozen items such as chironomid larvae ( bloodworm ) , tubifex , artemia , mosquito larvae , etc .

at least some of the dried products should contain a significant proportion of vegetable matter such as spirulina or similar , while chopped peas and suchlike are also useful supplements .

relatively peaceful unless breeding and will not predate on any but the smallest fishes .

in a community setting the addition of a group or two of gregarious , pelagic species to act as ‘ dithers ‘ is recommended .

in freshwater cyprinids such as certain dawkinsia , devario or rasbora spp . are ideal for this purpose while in the brackish aquarium salt - tolerant poeciliid livebearers , e . g . , poecilia sphenops , can be used .

best avoided are territorial or otherwise aggressive species , including other cichlids unless the aquarium is very large , and those that require soft , acidic water .

etroplus species are loosely gregarious and tends to form groups unless spawning with juveniles in particular displaying a strong social response when threatened .

a group of 8 + individuals should therefore be the minimum purchase and these will form a noticeable dominance hierarchy once sexual maturity is reached .

when maintained in smaller numbers weaker specimens can become the target of excessive abuse by dominant individuals or the group may fail to settle and behave nervously .

males tend to be larger than females of equivalent age but sexing of non - nuptial individuals can be tricky .

in nuptial males the colour pattern becomes generally more intense and this is normally accompanied by the appearance of black occipital stripes between the eye and opercle .

the genital papillae in males is longer and more pointed than of females in which it is broader and rounder .

in nuptial females the papillae becomes reddish , swollen and appears modified into an ovipositor .

this species is a biparental substrate spawner which forms temporary pair bonds when reproductively active .

observations of wild fish in sri lanka suggest that there are two such periods each year represented by the dry pre - monsoonal ( december to april ) and monsoonal ( june to september ; the monsoon season is dry in parts of sri lanka ) seasons when water salinity increases and turbidity decreases , the latter thought to benefit the fish via improved visual contact between adults and fry .

adult e . suratensis were not observed to forage during broodcare , both remaining with the eggs and subsequently fry at all times .

this allowed them to select spawning sites with better chances of fry survival whereas during peak breeding season ( july ) e . maculatus laid its eggs in sparser vegetation and exhibited colonial reproductive behaviour , seemingly a ‘trade - off’ between fry protection and food for the adults .

the benefit of the latter behaviour is that one parent would normally remain with the brood while the other left the territory to forage with the roles reversed every few minutes , thus reducing the amount of time and energy devoted to fry care by half compared with e . suratensis but increasing the risk of predation .

in the aquarium it’s recommended to purchase a group of fish and allow them to select their own partners with young fish normally sexually mature by the age of a year .

during courtship a particular site , normally a rock although even the aquarium glass will do , is selected and the surrounding area defended against intruders from that point on .

eggs are deposited in typical fashion and attached via short filaments permitting a degree of movement .

both parents participate in guarding the territory and general brood - care such as fanning and mouthing the eggs to keep them sediment - free .

incubation is approximately 48 - 72 hours depending on temperature with the fry swimming freely in a further 3 - 4 days .

prior to hatching the adults excavate a number of nursery pits in the substrate surrounding the spawning site and the fry are moved between these until their yolk sacs are absorbed .

if the fry remain with the adults they will graze on their parents’ body mucus when they are 1 - 3 days free - swimming .

parental care normally extends until the fry are 30 - 40 mm in length .

some breeders prefer to remove the eggs prior to hatching as they ‘re often eaten by tankmates or the parents themselves , with the most common method being to remove the rock with eggs attached and place it in a separate container with water from the adults’ tank .

water movement across the eggs is maintained by placing an air - line or filter outlet close to the rock while any displaying signs of fungus should be removed as they’re noticed .

once free - swimming the fry are large enough to accept artemia nauplii and similar immediately .

this species is not especially popular in the aquarium hobby but is an important food fish across the majority of its range with some populations having crashed since the turn of the 21st century due to over - exploitation .

it exhibits a widespread sympatry with the congener e . suratensis throughout its natural range and observations of wild fish provide evidence of a symbiotic relationship between the two in the tidal negombo lagoon , southwestern sri lanka .

e . maculatus acted as a cleaner for the larger e . suratensis , removing parasites and suchlike by grazing the body and fins but the nutrition these provide is considered debatable and therefore not the benefit gained from the task .

more remarkably , the advantage to e . maculatus is hypothesised to be overall health , and therefore reproductive success , of e . suratensis because it is an active predator of its relative’s offpsring .

groups of e . maculatus were seen consuming entire batches of e . suratensis eggs and fry while the latter displayed an apparently altruistic behaviour in which adult individuals unrelated to the parents would help defend the territory .

etroplus is the only cichlid genus native to the indian subcontinent and sri lanka and currently comprises three species among which e . canarensis is uniquely limited to freshwater and restricted in range while e . maculatus and e . suratensis are euryhaline and relatively widespread .

e . maculatus can easily be told apart from the others since dark markings on the body are reduced to 1 - 3 dark blotches just above midbody ( unless stressed when short bars may appear in the upper portion of the body with a solid dark posteroventral patch ) and is much paler overall , with the majority of body scales having an orange - red centre .

the remaining species both possess a series of normally 6 dark vertical bars on the body ( excluding those on the head and caudal peduncle ) but in e . canarensis the anterior 3 bars tend to bifurcate as the fish mature , base body colour is buff - grey , and some body scales have a yellowish central patch , whereas in e . suratensis the bars remain solid throughout life , base body colour is greenish - brown , and numerous body scales have a pearly - white central spot .

e . suratensis is also much the larger fish and capable of exceeding 300 mm sl .

its closest relative among other cichlids is the malagasy endemic genus paretroplus and these two are sometimes grouped together under the putative subfamily etroplinae .

they are an ancient , morphologically distinct lineage and represent the evolutionary sister group to all other cichlids ( sparks and smith , 2004 ) with several unique specialised characters ( sparks , 2001 ; stiassny et al . , 2001 ) .

these include complex paired anterior swim bladder chambers that are located within enlarged exoccipital recesses forming a direct otophysic ( mechanical ) connection between the gas bladder and inner ear , highly modified supraoccipital and exocippital bones of the neurocranium , and specialized ligaments associated with the suspensorium and oral jaws .

etroplus can be told apart from paretroplus by a number of characters including : possession of tricuspid ( vs . unicuspid in paretroplus ) teeth ; teeth present in multiple rows in both upper and lower jaws ( vs . a single row of teeth in upper and lower jaws ; teeth numerous in both upper and lower jaws ( vs . teeth few in number ( < 18 in upper jaw , < 14 in lower ) ; paired anterior gas bladder extensions rather typical and tubelike ( vs . paired anterior gas bladder extensions highly - modified with multiple anterior polyplike chambers possessing a tough and thickened tunica externa , and extremely narrow connections ( diverticula ) to the main gas bladder chamber ) ; an elevated number of anal - fin spines ; configuration of the anal - fin pterygiophore ⁄hemal spine complex ( sparks , 2001 ; stiassny et al . , 2001 ) .

bloch , m . e . , 1790 - berlin : i - xii + 1 - 128 , pls . 217 - 252 naturgeschichte der ausländischen fische v . 4 .

day , f . , 1877 - william dawson & sons , london : 369 - 552 the fishes of india ; being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and fresh waters of india , burma , and ceylon . part 3 .

de silva , s . s . , p . maitipe , and r . t . cumaranatunge , 1984 - environmental biology of fishes 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 77 - 87 aspects of the biology of the euryhaline asian cichlid , etroplus suratensis .

ng , t . h . and h . h . tan , 2010 - journal of fish biology 76 ( 9 ) : 2238–2260 the introduction , origin and life - history attributes of the non - native cichlid etroplus suratensis in the coastal waters of singapore .

padmakumar , k . g . , l . bindu and p . s . manu , 2012 - journal of biosciences 37 ( 1 ) supplement : 925 - 931 etroplus suratensis ( bloch ) , the state fish of kerala .

samarakoon , j . i . , 1983 - mahagasar – bulletin of the national institute of oceanography 16 : 357 - 362 breeding patterns of the indigenous cichlids etroplus suratensis and etroplus maculatus in an estuary in sri lanka .

sparks , j . s . , 2008 - bulletin of the american museum of natural history 314 : 1 - 151 phylogeny of the cichlid subfamily etroplinae and taxonomic revision of the malagasy cichlid genus paretroplus ( teleostei , cichlidae ) .

sparks , j . s . , and w . l . smith , 2004 - cladistics 20 : 501 - 517 phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes ( teleostei : perciformes : cichlidae ) .

ward , j . a . and j . i . samarakoon , 1981 - environmental biology of fishes 6 ( 1 ) : 95 - 103 reproductive tactics of the asian cichlids of the genus etroplus in sri lanka .

ward , j . a . and r . l . wyman , 1977 - environmental biology of fishes 2 ( 2 ) : 137 - 145 ethology and ecology of cichlid fishes of the genus etroplus in sri lanka : preliminary findings .

welcomme , r . l . , 1988 - fao fisheries technical paper 294 : 1 - 318 international introductions of inland aquatic species .

it is native to sri lanka and possibly peninsular india , peninsular malaysia and singapore however , it is believed to have been introduced to india and malaysia for aquaculture in the early 1950s .

because of their size , they need a large aquarium of at least 100 gallon capacity with a fine sand or gravel substrate , lots of rock caves and driftwood for them to hide among , and plenty of open swimming space . they are a shoaling species and in an aquarium environment should be housed with at least 8 or more of their own kind to minimize any aggressive behavior . they become aggressive and will eat smaller tank mates when confined in a smaller sized aquarium .

once the pair select a rock or other site to lay their eggs on , they will defend the surrounding area against all intruders until the eggs are deposited . the female will deposit her eggs on the flat rocks where they are attached to the substrate with short filaments and will hatch , depending on water temperature , within 48 to 72 hours .

after the fry have hatched out , the parents will move the fry for their protection , to the “nursery pits” that they excavated around the spawning site until their egg sacs are absorbed and they become free swimming ( in about 3 to 4 days ) .

during this time , like discus , the fry remain with the adults and will graze on their parents’ body mucus until they are fully free swimming . the fry can be then be fed newly hatched baby brine shrimp , rotifers , or finely crushed flake food . both parents stay with the eggs and brood at all times until they are capable of fending for themselves .

adult etroplus suratensis are easy to feed and will accept a quality flake and pellet food as a staple diet , along with vegetable matter in the form of lettuce , spinach , peas , spirulina wafers , and fresh , frozen or freeze dried bloodworms and brine shrimp .

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usual size in fish tanks : 25 - 30 cm ( 9 . 84 - 11 . 81 inch )

recommended water hardness ( dgh ) : 12 - 26°n ( 214 . 29 - 464 . 29ppm )

rather don’t breed your fish if you don’t know what to do with fry .

if you’re about to breed some fish , get parents from different sources to avoid inbreeding .

pufferfish often look cute , however they’re predators and often kill tankmates as they mature ( there are exceptions ) .

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among mangrove roots . pasir ris park , feb 12 nibbling on mangrove roots . pasir ris park , feb 12

pearlspot ( etroplus suratensis ) from fishbase : technical fact sheet on the family , including fact sheets on the species .

backyard farm aquaculture ( ras ) vlog . . moving the fish , feed rates , ph & cycling the system . .

can only be sexed when spawning by viewing the shape of the genital papilla .

undemanding cave spawners . female lays up to 200 small eggs ( 1 - 1 . 5 mm ) inside large flower pot or similar . both parents tend the eggs .

the female secretes a mucus layer on her sides , which the fry feed on . large clutches will sometimes cause damage to mother ' s skin and scales . eventually she chases them away at a size of 10 - 12mm .

the other adults generally stay out of the way and do not molest the youngsters much as they grow , but older juveniles will sometimes eat a complete batch of eggs or fry .

this is a shoaling fish that should be kept in groups of 6 or more . smaller groups can result in the fish fighting amongst themselves . can be kept with other peaceful but robust brackish tank mates such as

feed often with diverse vegetable matter such as frozen chopped spinach , peas or grated carrot . some flake and pellet food is appropriate but minimize protein to avoid overloading the filter .

water with good filtration and aeration . salt can inhibit good filter function so plan excess capacity .

salt levels should be about 1 / 10 of normal sea - salt concentration . use only aquarium - grade sea salt and not food - grade . increased salt levels can help fight / prevent infection , but reduce filter efficiency . ones suited to complete freshwater are available .

they tend to swim in circles so tank width is important - 60cm ( 23 . 6 " ) x 60cm ( 23 . 6 " ) x 90cm ( 35 . 4 " ) minimum tank size for a group of six .

some references cite sizes up to 40cm ( 15 . 7 " ) , but even large installations such as the london aquarium include few specimens over 20cm ( 7 . 9 " ) .

this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 02 : 49 .

content is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .

carnivorous - does well with flake or pellet foods supplimented with frozen or live worms .

other asian cichlids or loaches of similar size ; other fish with similar water parameters .

to induce breeding , put several flat rocks in the aquarium and slowly increase the salinity of your aquarium to a brackish level . once the water has become brackish , pairs will begin digging pits to use as nests . the female will lay the eggs on the flat rocks or another flat surface ) . after the fry have hatched , the parents will move them to the nesting area for protection .