lygropia tripunctata , the sweetpotato leafroller , is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by fabricius in 1794 .

it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from texas to south carolina and florida .

outside of the states , it is found from the west indies and central america to brazil .

the wingspan is about 26 mm .

the wings are light yellowish with a dark greyish-brown band along the costa and then along the outer margin of both the fore - and hindwings .

there are two black dots along the costa .

there is a dark discal spot on the hindwings .

adults have been recorded on wing from march to october in the united states .

the larvae feed on turbina corymbosa , merremia umbellata and ipomoea species .

lygropia tripunctata

lygropia tripunctata <EOT> html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

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meaning marked with three . this refers to the three dark marks along the forewing costa .

dark grayish - brown band along the costa that continues along the outer margin of both forewing and hindwing , being widest at the apex .

two black spots along the costa with the larger one at the middle of the costa . the smaller spot is half way between the larger and the wing base .

compare to others on the archived photos of living moths and pinned plates of moth photographers group .

fabricius , j . c . 1794 : entomologica systematica emendata et aucta . secundum classes , ordines , genera , species adiectis synonymis , locis , observationibus , descriptionibus . – c . g . proft et c . f . mohr , hafniae et kiliae . 217 .

guenée , m . a . 1854 : deltoïdes et pyralites . pp . 344 - 45 . – in : boisduval , j . b . a . d . de & m . a . guenée , histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptères 8 8 . – roret , paris .

jones , t . h . 1917 . the sweet - potato leaf - roller . united states dept . of agriculture bulletin no . 609 .

the sweet - potato leaf - roller , united states dept . of agriculture bulletin no . 609 . thomas h . jones . 1917 . united states dept . of agriculture .

arthropods of florida and neighboring land areas : lepidoptera of florida j . b . heppner . 2003 . florida department of agriculture 17 ( 1 ) : 1 - 670 .

dictionary of word roots and combining forms donald j . borror . 1960 . mayfield publishing company .

contributed by maury j . heiman on 11 june , 2009 - 9 : 08am additional contributions by kyhl austin last updated 12 march , 2018 - 8 : 36pm

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contributed by maury j . heiman on 11 june , 2009 - 9 : 59am last updated 7 december , 2012 - 1 : 22am

contributed by maury j . heiman on 13 february , 2013 - 3 : 38pm

diaphania costata ( f . ) ( lepidoptera : crambidae : spilomelinae ) , a commonly misidentified pest of ornamental apocynaceae . . .

by hayden , j . e . , e . r . hoebeke , m . a . bertone & v . a . brou jr .

proceedings of the entomological society of washington , 119 ( 2 ) : 173 - 190 . , 2017

hayden , j . e . , e . r . hoebeke , m . a . bertone & v . a . brou jr , 2017 . diaphania costata ( f . ) ( lepidoptera : crambidae : spilomelinae ) , a commonly misidentified pest of ornamental apocynaceae in the southern united states . proceedings of the entomological society of washington , 119 ( 2 ) : 173 - 190 . view and download at bioone here cite : 1415021

taxonomic revision of the spilomelinae ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . ) of the galápagos islands , ecuador

kearfott , w . d . 1909 . descriptions of new species of north american crambid moths . proceedings of the united states national museum 35 : 367 - 393 .

a generic revision of the aquatic moths of north america : ( lepidoptera : pyralidae , nymphulinae ) .

solis m . a . , 2009 . transfer of all western hemisphere cybalomiinae to other subfamilies ( crambidae pyraloidea : lepidoptera ) : elusia schaus , dichochroma forbes , schacontia dyar , cybalomia extorris warren , and c . lojanalis ( dognin ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington . 111 : 493–504 download at researchgate here

studies on the crambidae ( lepidoptera ) . part 41 . on some tropical crambidae with descriptions of new genera and species .

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* access to the collection is gratefully acknowledged . for information about the collection , contact dr . john morse in clemson ' s department of entomology , soils , and plant sciences .

web page and photo prepared by john snyder of the department of biology at furman university . for links to thousands of north american moth photos , go to web images of north american moth species .

for information about lepidoptera ( butterflies and moths ) , go to the website of the lepidopterists ' society .


myrmecia midas is an australian ant which belongs to the myrmecia genus .

this species is native to australia .

myrmecia midas is distributed mainly across the coastline of several eastern australian states .

it was first described by clark in 1951 .

workers are typically 13-15 millimetres long , with the queens bigger at 18-19 millimetres and males are smaller .

the head and thorax are a red colour , gaster black , and the mandibles , antennae , and the legs are brownish red .

myrmecia midas

myrmecia midas <EOT> the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see myrmecia midas for further details

polarized light use in the nocturnal bull ant , myrmecia midas . - pubmed - ncbi

the study site for the nocturnal ant myrmecia midas . the field site was located on the macquarie university campus . the four nests were located within 100 m of each other .

freas ca , narendra a , lemesle c & cheng k . 2017 polarised light use in the nocturnal bull ant myrmecia midas . royal society open science 4 : 170598 [ pdf ]

freas ca . wystrach a , narendra a & cheng k . 2018 . the view from the trees : nocturnal bull ants , myrmecia midas , use the surrounding panorama while descending from trees . frontiers in psychology 9 : 16 . [ pdf ]

jayatilaka p , raderschall ca , narendra a & zeil j . 2014 . individual foraging patterns of the jack jumper ant , myrmecia croslandi . myrmecological news 19 : 75 - 83 .

ramirez - esquivel f , zeil j & narendra a . 2014 . the antennal sensory array of the nocturnal bull ant , myrmecia pyriformis . arthropod structure and development 43 : 543 - 558

raderschall ca , narendra a & zeil j . 2016 . head roll stabilisation in the nocturnal bull ant myrmecia pyriformis : implications for visual navigation . journal of experimental biology 219 : 1449 - 1457

narendra a & ribi wa . 2017 . ocellar structure is driven by the mode of locomotion and activity time in myrmecia ants . journal of experimental biology 220 : 4383 - 4390 . [ pdf ] featured inside jeb

narendra a , greiner b , ribi wa & zeil j . 2016 . light and dark adaptation mechanisms in the compound eyes of myrmecia ants that occupy discrete temporal niches . journal of experimental biology 219 : 2435 - 2442 . featured inside jeb

experiments were conducted from april 2015 to october 2016 on four m . midas nests located at the northern end of the macquarie university campus in sydney , australia ( 33°46′11″s , 151°06′40″e ) . all testing was conducted on nests that were located within a 100 m area ( fig . 1 ) . the area ' s vegetation consisted of stands of eucalyptus trees with largely barren understories interspersed with grassy areas . myrmecia midas nests were located at or close to the base of a tree ( 25 . 6±4 . 36 cm mean±s . d . , n = 20 ) , and a portion of the nest ' s nightly foragers ( ∼30 % ) travelled straight up the nest tree while the remaining foragers travelled to one of the surrounding trees ( observations : c . a . f . , three m . midas nests ) . we used headlamps with red filters to observe the ants at night , and forager behaviour suggests they were not affected by this light . working with this ant species requires no animal ethical approval within australia . all collection and testing procedures were non - invasive and we witnessed no adverse effects either in the tested individuals or in their nests during or after testing . all displacement collection and testing procedures occurred during the evening or morning twilight .

here , we investigated the compass cues used by a nocturnal bull ant , myrmecia midas clark 1951 . first , we determined their daily activity schedule . next , we tested whether foragers use a home vector to orient in the absence of familiar landmark information , by displacing foragers to unfamiliar locations . we then asked how ants weight their home vector and terrestrial cues by creating a conflict between the two cue sets . to explore the possibility that foragers navigate using cues beyond the surrounding landmarks , we displaced foragers locally near the nest with the surrounding landmark panorama obscured . finally , we compared the navigational knowledge of ants when they had to travel different distances ( 0 . 3–14 . 0 m ) from the nest to reach their foraging tree .

nightly foraging activity pattern of m . midas foragers . the observation period began on 2 april 2016 with sunset at 18 : 49 h . bars indicate outgoing foragers ( blue , n = 171 ) and incoming foragers ( red , n = 169 ) . the black line indicates the number of individuals actively foraging away from the nest site during this period . data are shown in 10 min bins .

myrmecia midas appear to detect and use both path integration and the surrounding terrestrial landmarks to navigate at low light levels during twilight . our results suggest that vector cue strength is weighted by vector length , as only at the longest observed vector lengths did foragers orient successfully in unfamiliar surroundings . the lack of orientation to smaller ( 2–5 m ) home vectors in the presence of unfamiliar terrestrial cues and the very weak orientation at the maximum observed natural vector ( 12 . 8–14 . 0 m ) coupled with the lack of orientation to all vector lengths ( 2–14 m ) when in the presence of conflicting familiar terrestrial cues indicates that vector cues may be weakly integrated during orientation and can be overridden by stronger terrestrial cues or that these foragers do not path integrate over short distances . additionally , terrestrial visual cues appear critical to successful homeward orientation , as blocking these cues in local environments results in foragers no longer being oriented to the nest direction . finally , our results show that a portion of m . midas ' foraging force lacks the ability to navigate back to the nest site using landmark cues over short distances , and that these ants may be unable to extrapolate beyond the nest site panorama even over short distances if they have only experienced the terrestrial panorama immediately surrounding the nest site .

circular distributions of individual m . midas foragers ' headings during the long - vector 1–2 m inbound condition . histograms show raw data of exit orientation under the filter with the individual ' s initial orientation and reorientation with the forager ' s exit orientation under the filter . the triangle denotes 45° in each distribution . the arrow denotes the length of the mean vector direction . n , number of individuals ; ø , mean vector ; r , length of the mean vector .

the overnight and morning inbound testing conditions were chosen so as to mirror the typical inbound activity patterns of this species , with foragers being released during the pre - dawn twilight when motivation to return to the nest should be high . our 15 min delay conditions were chosen as this holding period allows time for the forager to feed in the collection tube while still being tested during twilight , as the navigational abilities of nocturnal myrmecia have been shown to suffer after twilight ends ( narendra et al . , 2013a , b ) .

we carried out a 24 h observation at one m . midas nest on 2 april 2016 to establish the species ' activity pattern . we set up a 60 cm diameter reference marker around the nest entrance and filmed ants departing and entering the nest with an hd c920 webcam ( logitech international ) . a lamp covered with a red filter was placed 50 cm away from the nest entrance . filming was carried out for a 24 h period from 1 h before sunset . astronomical data were obtained from calculations in the astronomical almanac ( urltoken ) .

circular distributions of individual m . midas foragers ' headings during the inbound conditions . histograms show raw data of exit orientation under the filter with the individual ' s initial orientation and reorientation with the forager ' s exit orientation under the filter . the triangle denotes 45° in each distribution . the arrow denotes the length of the mean vector and mean direction . ( a ) orientations for nest 1 during the 4–6 m inbound condition . ( b ) orientations for the 1–2 m inbound condition . n , number of individuals ; ø , mean vector ; r , length of the mean vector .

solitary foraging ants have a navigational toolkit , which includes the use of both terrestrial and celestial visual cues , allowing individuals to successfully pilot between food sources and their nest . one such celestial cue is the polarization pattern in the overhead sky . here , we explore the use of polarized light during outbound and inbound journeys and with different home vectors in the nocturnal bull ant , myrmecia midas . we tested foragers on both portions of the foraging trip by rotating the overhead polarization pattern by ±45° . both outbound and inbound foragers responded to the polarized light change , but the extent to which they responded to the rotation varied . outbound ants , both close to and further from the nest , compensated for the change in the overhead e - vector by about half of the manipulation , suggesting that outbound ants choose a compromise heading between the celestial and terrestrial compass cues . however , ants returning home compensated for the change in the e - vector by about half of the manipulation when the remaining home vector was short ( 1 - 2 m ) and by more than half of the manipulation when the remaining vector was long ( more than 4 m ) . we report these findings and discuss why weighting on polarization cues change in different contexts .

observations of forager activity at the nest indicate that a portion ( ∼30 % ) of m . midas foragers do not travel farther than 30 cm to reach their foraging tree . to determine the navigational knowledge of these foragers , we displaced outbound full - vector ants 5 m away from the nest , either directed toward the nest entrance ( nest - side condition ) or directed toward the tree ( tree - side condition ; see fig . 2 b ) . foragers were collected on their outbound trip as they reached the base of the foraging tree . these individuals were fed , held for 15 min , and then released on the goniometer at one of the displacement sites . foragers ' orientations at 20 cm were determined at nests 1 , 2 and 3 . after testing , individuals were marked and returned to the nest .

circular distributions of individual m . midas foragers ' headings during outbound conditions . histograms show raw data of exit orientation under the filter and the reorientation after exiting the filter . the triangle denotes 45° in each distribution . the arrow denotes the length of the mean vector and the mean direction . ( a ) orientations for nest 1 during the 4–6 m outbound condition . ( b ) orientations for nest 2 during the 4–6 m outbound condition . ( c ) orientations for nest 1 during the 1–2 m outbound condition . closed circles indicate individuals that continued on to the forging tree after testing . open circles represent foragers that retreated once the filter was placed overhead and these individuals returned to within 30 cm of the nest entrance after testing . n , number of individuals ; ø , mean vector ; r , length of the mean vector .

circular histograms of initial headings of individual m . midas foragers at 20 cm in nest - tree experiments . nest location for both conditions was set at 0 deg . histograms show orientation data in 15 deg bins . the arrow denotes the length of the mean vector direction and the filled triangle designates the true nest direction . outbound foragers travelling up the nest - tree were collected at the tree base and displaced 5 m from the nest site either ( a ) on the nest side of the tree ( nest - side condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = −0 . 04 , p = 0 . 101 ) or ( b ) with the tree in between the nest site and the displacement site ( tree - side condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 0 . 143 , p = 0 . 639 ) .

circular histograms of initial headings of individual m . midas foragers at 20 cm in unfamiliar location experiments . nest direction indicated by path integration was at 0 deg and the actual nest site direction was at 180 deg . histograms show orientation data in 15 deg bins . the arrow in each histogram denotes the length of the mean vector and the direction of the average orientation . the filled triangle in each histogram indicates the true nest direction and the open triangle indicates the vector direction . ( a ) foragers were collected during their morning inbound trip and displaced to a site 100 m away ( inbound 100 m condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 0 . 085 , p = 0 . 225 ) . ( b ) foragers were collected during the outbound trip , at the base of the foraging tree , 2–5 m from the nest entrance , held for 15 min and then released 100 m from the nest site ( outbound 15 min delay 100 m condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = −0 . 139 , p = 0 . 906 ) . ( c ) foragers were collected during their outbound trip , held for 12 h , and displaced to a site 100 m away ( outbound overnight delay 100 m condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 0 . 083 ; p = 0 . 240 ) . ( d ) foragers were collected during the outbound trip with the longest observed vectors ( 12 . 8–14 . 0 m ) , held for 15 min and displaced to a site 100 m away ( outbound long vector 15 min delay condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 2 . 361 , p = 0 . 009 ) . n , number of individuals in each condition ; ø , mean vector ; r , length of mean vector .

circular histograms of initial headings of individual m . midas foragers at 20 cm in local displacement experiments . nest direction indicated by the home vector was at 270 deg and the actual nest site direction was at 0 deg . histograms show orientation data in 15 deg bins . the arrow denotes the length of the mean vector direction . in all off - route conditions , the filled triangle indicates the true nest direction and the open triangle indicates the vector direction . ( a ) outbound foragers were collected at the base of the foraging tree , held for 15 min and then released at the base of the tree on their foraging route ( outbound 15 min delay on - route condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 0 . 351 , p < 0 . 001 ) . ( b ) inbound foragers were collected during their morning inbound trip and displaced to a site 5 m away ( inbound off - route condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 0 . 703 , p < 0 . 001 ) . ( c ) outbound foragers were collected at the base of the foraging tree 2–5 m from the nest entrance , held for 15 min and then released at the 5 m displacement site ( outbound 15 min delay off - route condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 0 . 580 , p < 0 . 001 ) . ( d ) foragers were collected during their outbound trip , held for 12 h and then displaced to a site 5 m away ( outbound overnight delay off - route condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 0 . 554 , p < 0 . 001 ) . ( e ) outbound foragers were collected at the base of their foraging tree 14 m from the nest entrance , held for 15 min and then released at the 5 m displacement site ( outbound long vector 15 min delay off - route condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 0 . 618 , p < 0 . 001 ) . nest direction indicated by path integration was at 270 deg and is marked with an open triangle . ( f ) outbound foragers were collected at the base of their foraging tree 2–5 m from the nest entrance , held for 15 min and then released at the 5 m displacement site with the surrounding landmarks blocked from the forager ' s view ( landmark blocking 15 min delay condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = −0 . 04 , p = 0 . 631 ) .

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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 01578355 - d3ed - 4ee5 - 98b6 - 92a08e997572

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .

holotype , worker , dorrigo , new south wales , australia , froggatt , w . w . , anic32 - 006507 , australian national insect collection .

paratype , 1 worker , tambourine mtn , queensland , australia , hacker , h . , anic32 - 006513 , australian national insect collection .

paratype , 4 workers , dorrigo , new south wales , australia , heron , w . , anic32 - 012805 , australian national insect collection .

clark , j . 1951 . the formicidae of australia . 1 . subfamily myrmeciinae : 230 pp . csiro , melbourne . [ ( 31 . xii ) . 1951 . ] pdf

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these vision - based navigational abilities have been widely studied in diurnal ants , which are active when visual cues are easy to distinguish ( wehner et al . , 1996 ; fukushi , 2001 ; beugnon et al . , 2005 ; cheng et al . , 2009 ; bühlmann et al . , 2011 ) . nocturnal foragers have the challenge of navigating during twilight or at night when ambient light levels drop significantly and visual cues become increasingly difficult to detect ( warrant , 2008 ; warrant and dacke , 2011 ) . yet , little is known about navigation in ant species that forage at low light intensities .

we displaced full - vector foragers in three conditions . in the first , we collected inbound homing ants at the base of the tree during the morning twilight as they travelled down the foraging tree ( inbound 100 m condition ) . in the second condition , we collected individuals during their nightly outbound trip at the base of the foraging tree , held them for 15 min with a small amount of honey and released them at the distant displacement site ( outbound 15 min delay 100 m condition ) . in the third condition , we collected outbound foragers during the evening twilight , offered them a small amount of honey and stored them overnight ( 11–12 h ) . these foragers were tested in the morning twilight ( outbound overnight delay 100 m condition ) . after testing and marking , foragers were returned to the nest site . foragers ' orientations did not differ between nests and results were pooled across all four nests .

additionally , we determined whether the length of the home vector itself affected the ability to orient using path integration . for this test , we studied a subset of ants from nest 1 and nest 3 that foraged on a tree 14 . 0 and 12 . 8 m from the nest entrance , respectively , which were the maximum observed foraging distances at any nest at this site , distances we term long vector . we again collected outbound foragers at the base of the foraging tree , but only during the evening twilight . foragers were held for 15 min , and given a small amount of honey , then released at the 100 m displacement site ( outbound long vector 15 min delay 100 m condition ) , where we recorded their initial orientations . tested foragers were marked and returned to the nest site . foragers ' orientations from the two nests were pooled .

next , we asked how ants weight path integration and landmark cues while returning home to the same four nests . we addressed this by capturing ants at the base of their foraging tree under identical collection conditions to the unfamiliar displacements and then displacing them locally . we first tested foragers in a control condition without creating a conflict between the home vector direction and the local landmarks . for this , we released outbound ants during the evening twilight after a 15 min holding period on the goniometer at the base of their foraging tree ( outbound 15 min delay on - route condition ) . we then tested a separate group of foragers with conflicting terrestrial landmarks and the home vector by displacing foragers away from the nest site and perpendicular to the foraging route . the displacement site was 90 deg clockwise from the individual ' s foraging tree with respect to the nest location and 5 m from the nest entrance ( fig . 2 a ) .

schematic diagram of the experimental setup . ( a ) diagram of collection and displacement conditions for the experiments on cue conflict . ( b ) diagram of collection and displacement conditions for the nest - tree foragers .

foragers were tested in three separate conditions , similar to the procedures for testing the use of path integration . in the first condition , incoming foragers were collected during the morning twilight at the base of their foraging tree ( inbound off - route condition ) and then tested . in the second and third conditions , foragers were collected on their outbound trip as they reached one of the foraging trees 2–5 m from the nest ; foragers were either held for 15 min ( outbound 15 min delay off - route condition ) and then tested or held until morning twilight ( outbound overnight delay off - route condition ) and then tested . at the testing site , under all conditions the forager ' s initial orientation was recorded using the goniometer at 20 cm . after testing , individuals were marked and returned to the nest entrance . we analysed foragers ' initial orientations toward both the true nest direction and the vector from path integration . orientations were pooled across all four nests .

again , we determined whether the length of the home vector itself affected the weighting of the home vector . for this test , we studied a subset of ants ( n = 30 ) from nest 1 that foraged on a tree 14 . 0 m from the nest ( outbound long vector 15 min delay off - route condition ) . we collected outbound foragers at the base of the foraging tree , but only during the evening twilight . foragers were held for 15 min , given a small amount of honey , and then released at a displacement site 90 deg clockwise from the foraging tree with respect to the nest and 5 m from the nest entrance ( fig . 2 a ) . at the release site , we recorded initial orientations , and then tested foragers were marked and returned to the nest site .

next , we asked whether foragers successfully orient to the nest direction after local displacement in the absence of familiar terrestrial landmark cues . for this test , we collected outbound foragers at the base of their foraging tree 2–5 m from nest 1 , nest 3 or nest 4 during the evening twilight ( landmark blocking 15 min delay ) . foragers were held for 15 min , offered a small amount of honey , and then released at a displacement site 90 deg clockwise from the foraging tree with respect to the nest and 5 m from the nest entrance ( fig . 2 a ) . at the release location , a 38 cm high plastic sheet was used to block the landmark cues below 50 deg . the plastic sheet was erected into a 55 cm diameter circle around the goniometer . this sheet was raised 5 cm off the ground to allow any potential scent cues to reach foragers at the centre of the goniometer . after releasing the forager onto the goniometer , we recorded the orientation of animals at 20 cm . after testing , individuals were marked and returned to the nest .

for statistical analysis , a minimum of 30 foragers were collected for each condition . in each testing condition , foragers were collected as they were discovered and assigned a condition within that experiment group randomly . data were analysed with circular statistics ( batschelet , 1981 ; zar , 1998 ) using the statistics package oriana version 4 ( urltoken ) . watson and wheeler f - tests were used to compare mean vectors between testing conditions . a rayleigh ' s test was conducted on each displacement condition , to test whether the data met the conditions of a uniform distribution ( p > 0 . 05 ) . we used a v - test , with α set at p = 0 . 05 , to determine whether the initial orientation of ants at the release site was significantly towards the nest direction or to the home vector . during displacement tests where foragers did not orient to the nest direction , v - tests were conducted across all 15 deg sections of the goniometer to test whether foragers were oriented to directions other than the nest . all data are available upon request .

the onset of foraging activity occurred just before sunset , with most foragers heading out from the nest in the evening twilight ( fig . 3 ) . a small number of foragers left the nest after twilight ended . foragers began returning during the evening twilight , with some individuals carrying insect prey . foragers returned throughout the night , and a burst of incoming foragers arrived at the nest during the morning twilight and just after sunrise . activity was greatly reduced after this burst , and activity ceased completely after 1–2 h from sunrise .

ants released on the goniometer would initially remain motionless while within the tube . after emerging from the tube and onto the wooden goniometer board , ants typically scanned the environment along the horizontal axis and then headed off in a chosen direction . the nest - tree distance varied between nests ( fig . 1 ; nest 1 , 2 m ; nest 2 , 2 . 5 m ; nest 3 , 4 m ; nest 4 , 5 m ) , and we found no difference between nests in forager orientation to a home vector .

ants with home vectors ranging from 2 to 5 m when displaced to distant locations did not successfully orient in the direction indicated by their path integrator under any collection condition . foragers ' initial orientations met conditions of a uniform distribution and they were not significantly oriented in the direction of their home vector at 0 deg ( fig . 4 a–c , table 1 ) . foragers from all three conditions were not oriented in any direction on the goniometer , even when using v - tests ( p > 0 . 05 , orientation data binned at 15 deg ) . further observations of individuals with 5 m vectors after distant displacement indicate that they do not continue in this initial direction but loop back to the release point , a behaviour indicative of systematic search .

in contrast , ants that travelled long distances to their nest - specific tree ( nest 1 and 3 ) and were then displaced to the distant site within 15 min of capture were significantly orientated toward their home vector and away from the true nest location when analysed using a v - test . yet , forager orientations also met the conditions of a uniform distribution when analysed using a rayleigh ' s test , indicating random initial headings and no orientation . as results from nest 1 and nest 3 did not differ ( v - test , p < 0 . 05 ; rayleigh ' s test , p > 0 . 05 ) and had similar mean vectors ( watson and wheeler f - test , p > 0 . 05 ) , they were pooled ( table 1 , fig . 4 d ) . at the end of each experiment , foragers were returned to the nest vicinity , and all foragers immediately searched for and entered the nest .

for local on - and off - route displacement tests , full - vector ants were displaced either back at their foraging tree or off - route ( fig . 2 a ) . outbound forager orientations when displaced back on - route after 15 min were non - uniform and were directed towards the nest ( outbound 15 min delay on - route condition ; fig . 5 a , table 1 ) . the orientation of full - vector ants , displaced ( 5 m off - route ) to create a conflict between the vector and local landmark cues , was non - uniform . these ants were significantly oriented toward the nest ( fig . 5 b–d ) and not toward the home vector at 270 deg ( inbound off - route condition , v - test , v = 0 . 776 , p = 0 . 22 ; outbound 15 min delay off - route condition , v - test , v = 0 . 844 , p = 0 . 34 ; outbound overnight delay off - route condition , v - test , v = −0 . 771 , p = 0 . 779 ) . in all local displacement conditions , mean vector did not significantly differ between conditions ( watson and wheeler f - test , p > 0 . 05 ) .

the orientation of long - vector foragers , accumulating 14 m vectors to their nest - specific tree ( nest 1 ) , then displaced locally with a 90 deg cue conflict within 15 min of collection ( outbound long vector 15 min delay off - route condition ) was also significantly non - uniform and oriented toward the true nest direction and not the vector at 270 deg ( table 1 , fig . 5 e ) . different holding durations did not have an effect on the heading directions in all off - route conditions ( watson and wheeler f - test ; p > 0 . 05 ) .

the initial orientation of foragers displaced locally without access to familiar landmark cues within 15 min of collection met the conditions of a uniform distribution , and ants were not significantly oriented in the direction of their nest at 0 deg ( table 1 , fig . 5 f ) .

full - vector ants , when displaced 5 m either side of the nest ( fig . 2 b ) , did not orient significantly toward the nest direction . their initial orientation had a uniform distribution at both displacement sites ( nest - side condition , fig . 6 a ; tree - side condition , fig . 6 b ; table 1 ) . foragers from both conditions were not oriented in any direction or toward any other tree ( v - tests , p > 0 . 05 ) . at the end of the experiment , foragers were returned to the nest vicinity , and all foragers immediately searched for and entered the nest .

in the current study , we show that nocturnal ants with short home vectors of ≤5 m when displaced to distant unfamiliar locations did not orient toward the fictive nest . but ants with longer home vectors of 12 . 8–14 . 0 m weakly oriented toward the fictive nest , suggesting vector length influences cue strength . additionally , when foragers were displaced locally with conflicting vector and landmark cues , they oriented exclusively using landmark cues and ignored any potential home vector regardless of vector length . when the landmark panorama ( up to 50 deg elevation ) around the displacement site was obscured , foragers could no longer orient to the nest direction , suggesting terrestrial cues are critical to homeward orientation . finally , we found that the nest - tree forager subset did not orient to local landmark cues when displaced , and these animals appear to have reduced navigational knowledge compared with their nest mates that travel away from the nest to forage .

conceived and designed experiments : c . a . f . , a . n . , k . c . collected data : c . a . f . drafted and revised paper : c . a . f . , a . n . , k . c .

this research was supported by the australian research council through a discovery grant to k . c . and a . n . ( dp150101172 ) and a future fellowship to a . n . ( ft140100221 ) .

homing strategies of the australian desert ant melophorus bagoti i . proportional path integration takes the ant half - way home

homing strategies of the australian desert ant melophorus bagoti ii . interaction of the path integrator with visual cue information

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photo credit : t . - c . francis pan some oyster larvae grow faster than others , but now donal t . manahan and colleagues reveal that the fastest growers are marked out by their high protein synthesis rates .

“one of the underappreciated benefits of fellowships is the act of applying for them , because you have to write and articulate your ideas . ”

in our latest early - career interview , we chat to simon sponberg , assistant professor at the georgia institute of technology , usa . he shares the story of his career , beginning with how he combined a love of physics and biology by studying how geckos stick to walls .

a new review from craig p . mcgowan and clint e . collins looks at the ecology , biomechanics and evolution of bipedal hopping in mammals , with a focus on why bipedal hopping has arisen in multiple clades of mammals .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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freas ca 1 , narendra a 1 , lemesle c 1 , cheng k 1 .

department of biological sciences , macquarie university , sydney , new south wales 2109 , australia .

schematics of the polarization filter and experimental set - up . ( a ) diagram of the polarization filter . during the forager ' s outbound trip to the foraging tree , a polarization filter was placed over the forager with the polarization e - vector rotated ±45° of the ambient e - vector . this filter apparatus was used in a previous study [ ] . ( b ) diagram of measurements collected during polarization filter test . measurements were made using a compass application on a smartphone . initial orientation routes were measured from the nest entrance ( a ) to when the polarization filter was centred over the forager ( b ) . initial route directions ( a ° ) were calculated with the tree direction from the nest as 0° . the magnitude of angle a has been artificially enlarged in this diagram for clarity , with angle a averaging 4 . 42° across all conditions during testing . exit orientations were measured from the centre of the polarization filter ( b ) to the exit location of the ant on the filter ' s edge ( c ) . route directions under the filter ( b ° ) were calculated from the forager ' s initial route direction . reorientations were measured from the forager ' s exit location from the polarization filter ( c ) to the forager ' s path 50 cm after exiting the filter ( d ) . reorientation route directions ( c ° ) were calculated from the under - filter route direction .

i am interested in how animals navigate in their natural habitats , the information content in the environment they use , the sensory structures they have and the central processing units that allow them to memorise , integrate and recall information .

my research has largely focused on ants to take advantage of the inter - and intra - specific variation in size , in locomotion , in tasks and also in the different ecological and temporal niches they occupy .

i have a keen interest in photography and love to experiment with macro - photography when time permits . some of my pictures are here .

phd in biological sciences ; 1 book ; 47 publications ; 3 australian research council fellowships ; 10 research grants .

2016 . macquarie research and development grant ( with lead ci frances kamhi ) , macquarie university , australia . ( $ 50k )

palavalli - nettimi r and narendra a . 2018 . does size affect orientation usage celestial cues . insects sociaux . [ in press ]

palavalli - nettimi r and narendra a . 2018 . miniaturisation decreases visual navigational competence in ants . journal of experimental biology . doi : 10 . 1242 / jeb . 177238

ramirez - esquivel f , ribi wa and narendra a . 2017 . techniques to investigate the anatomy of the ant visual system . journal of visualized experiments 129 : e56339 . [ pdf ]

narendra a , kamhi jf & ogawa y . 2017 . moving in dim light : behavioural and visual adaptations in nocturnal ants . integrative and comparative biology 57 : 1104–1116 [ pdf ]

ramirez - esquivel f , leitner ne , zeil j & narendra a . 2017 . the sensory arrays of the ant , temnothorax rugatulus . arthropod structure and development 46 : 552 - 563 [ pdf ]

narendra a & ramirez - esquivel f . 2017 . subtle changes in the landmark panorama disrupts visual navigation in a nocturnal bull ant . philosophical transactions of the royal society b 372 : 20160068 . [ pdf ]

freas ca , narendra a & cheng k . 2017 . compass cues used by a nocturnal bull ant ,

card a , mcdermott c & narendra a . 2016 . multiple orientation cues in the trunk trail forming ant , iridomyrmex purpureus . australian journal of zoology 64 : 227 - 232 .

narendra a , ramirez - esquivel f & ribi wa . 2016 . compound eye and ocellar structure for walking and flying modes of locomotion in the australian ant , camponotus consobrinus . scientific reports 6 : 22331

schultheiss p , raderschall ca , narendra a . 2015 follower ants in a tandem pair are not always naïve . scientific reports 5 : 10747

ogawa y , falkowski m , narendra a , zeil j , hemmi jm . 2015 . three spectrally distinct photoreceptors in diurnal and nocturnal australian ants . proceedings of the royal society b 282 : 20150673

stürzl w , grixa i , mair e , narendra a & zeil j . 2015 . three - dimensional models of natural environments and the mapping of navigational information .

zeil j , ribi wa & narendra a . 2014 . polarization vision in ants , bees and wasps . in polarized light and polarization vision in animal sciences ( ed . horváth g ) . springer series in vision research ( eds . collin s & marshall j ) . details here .

cheung a , collett m , collett ts , dewar a , dyer f , graham p , mangan m , narendra a , philippides a , stürzl w , webb b , wystrach a & zeil j . 2014 . still no convincing evidence for cognitive map use by honeybees . proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa 111 : 4396–4397

zeil j , narendra a & stürzl w . 2014 . looking and homing : how displaced ants decide where to go . philosophical transactions of the royal society b 369 : 20130034


antheraea mylitta is a species of moth in the family saturniidae known commonly as the tasar silkworm and vanya silkworm .

it is actually one of a number of tasar silkworms , species that produce tussar silk , a kind of wild silk that is made from the products of saturniid silkworms instead of the domesticated silkworm ( bombyx mori ) .

this species is native to india .

this species is variable , with at least 44 identified ecoraces , populations adapted to varied ecological conditions and food plants .

ten ecoraces are used for silk production and have been studied to obtain data about their life cycles and silk characteristics .

some ecoraces are so well differentiated that they do not interbreed in nature , though they are not genetically distinct and can be bred in captivity .

this species feeds mainly on terminalia trees and on shorea robusta .

it also eats many other kinds of plants , with various ecoraces specializing on certain taxa .

other plants appearing in its diet include indian jujube ( ziziphus mauritiana ) , axlewood ( anogeissus latifolia ) , jambul ( syzygium cumini ) , kumbi ( careya arborea ) , anjan ( hardwickia binata ) , and species of teak ( tectona spp. ) and crepe myrtle ( lagerstroemia spp. ) .

tussar silk from this and related species of wild silkworms is a different color from domesticated silkworm silk , and it is coarser and stronger , making it more favorable in some applications .

like the domesticated silkworm , this species is susceptible to pébrine , a disease caused by microsporidian fungi in the genus nosema .

it is lethal to the larvae .

it is also commonly infected with the antheraea mylitta cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus ( amcpv ) , a reovirus which has been reported to destroy around 20 % of each silk crop by inducing diarrhea in the larvae , leading to a condition known as grasserie .

natural enemies of this silkworm include the uzi fly ( blepharipa zebina ) , which is a parasitoid that uses the silkworm larvae as a food source for its maggots .

many ecoraces are threatened due to extensive deforestation and the collection of cocoons from wild populations .

antheraea mylitta

antheraea mylitta <EOT> silk protein fibroin from antheraea mylitta for cardiac tissue engineering . - pubmed - ncbi

molecular identification of tropical tasar silkworm ( antheraea mylitta ) ecoraces with rapd and scar markers .

molecular identification of tropical tasar silkworm ( antheraea mylitta ) ecoraces with rapd and scar markers . - pubmed - ncbi

table 1 - heterosis in the interspecific cross between antheraea pernyi and a . roylei

parasitization of fifth instar tasar silkworm , antheraea mylitta , by the uzi fly , blepharipa zebina ; a host - parasitoid interaction and its effect o . . . - pubmed - ncbi

parasitization of fifth instar tasar silkworm , antheraea mylitta , by the uzi fly , blepharipa zebina ; a host - parasitoid interaction and its effect on host ' s nutritional parameters and parasitoid development .

the human heart cannot regenerate after an injury . lost cardiomyocytes are replaced by scar tissue resulting in reduced cardiac function causing high morbidity and mortality . one possible solution to this problem is cardiac tissue engineering . here , we have investigated the suitability of non - mulberry silk protein fibroin from indian tropical tasar antheraea mylitta as a scaffold for engineering a cardiac patch in vitro . we have tested cell adhesion , cellular metabolic activity , response to extracellular stimuli , cell - to - cell communication and contractility of 3 - days postnatal rat cardiomyocytes on silk fibroin . our data demonstrate that a . mylitta silk fibroin exhibits similar properties as fibronectin , a component of the natural matrix for cardiomyocytes . comparison to mulberry bombyx mori silk protein fibroin shows that a . mylitta silk fibroin is superior probably due to its rgd domains . 3d scaffolds can efficiently be loaded with cardiomyocytes resulting in contractile patches . in conclusion , our findings demonstrate that a . mylitta silk fibroin 3d scaffolds are suitable for the engineering of cardiac patches .

jolly , m . s . , narasimhanna , m . n . , sinha , s . s . & sen , s . k . 1969 interspecific hybridisation in antheraea . ind . j . hered . , 1 : 45 - 48 .

wild silk is very vital biological resource and has a very crucial role in economic and social development of mankind . wild silk is better than other silks from the view point of healthcare . therefore , the book contain taxonomy of wild silkmoths , under which 9 new subspecies of antheraea mylitta have been described for avoiding confusion with ecoraces which refer to antheraea mylitta indica , a . m . jujubi , a . m . arjuni , a . m . greyi , a . m . kolhapurensis , a . m . koynei , a . m . sathei , a . m . badami and a . m . sahyadricus . the book also contains biology of wild silkmoths attacus atlas ( linn . ) , actias selene hubner and a . m . kolhapurensis . rearing techniques for a . atlas , a . selene and a . m . kolhapurensis with different food plants and their assessment by food consumption potential / cocoon characterization and development rate has given special emphasis in the book . thus , the book is unique on biodiversity of wild silkmoths and the wild silk technology which will be very helpful for students , teachers , farmers , sericulturists and researchers in india and at global scenario .

the tropical tasar silkworm , antheraea mylitta , has several ecoraces , 10 of which are commercially exploited for the production of tasar silk . these ecoraces are identified by morphological markers that are greatly influenced by photoperiod , humidity , altitude , and host plants . the dna markers , random amplification of polymorphic dna ( rapd ) , and sequence - characterized amplified region ( scar ) are identified to complement the existing morphological markers . seven rapd bands are selected that identify 8 of the 10 ecoraces . these identified rapd fragments are sequenced and primers are designed for scar markers . of the seven sets of primers , a single primer pair produced polymorphic scar bands that diagnose 5 of the 10 ecoraces . all 10 ecoraces are identified by the use of rapd and scar markers together .

genome segment 2 ( s2 ) from antheraea mylitta cypovirus ( amcpv ) was converted into cdna , cloned and sequenced . s2 consisted of 3798 nucleotides with a long orf encoding a 1116 amino acid long protein ( 123 kda ) . blast and phylogenetic analysis showed 29 % sequence identity and close relatedness of amcpv s2 with rna dependent rna polymerase ( rdrp ) of other insect cypoviruses , suggesting a common origin of all insect cypoviruses . the orf of s2 was expressed as 123 kda soluble his - tagged fusion protein in insect cells via baculovirus recombinants which exhibited rdrp activity in an in vitro rna polymerase assay without any intrinsic terminal transferase activity . maximum activity was observed at 37 °c at ph 6 . 0 in the presence of 3 mm mgcl 2 . site directed mutagenesis confirmed the importance of the conserved gdd motif . this is the first report of functional characterization of a cypoviral rdrp which may lead to the development of anti - viral agents .

the uzi fly , blepharipa zebina , is a well - known larval endoparasitoid of the tropical tasar silkworm , antheraea mylitta . the present study dealt with the effect of the number of maggots developing per host on host nutritional parameters , parasitoid development and reproduction . nutritional indices for ingestion , digestion , approximate digestibility , relative consumption rate , relative growth rate , and gain in body weight declined significantly with the increase in parasitoid burden , but the efficiency of conversion of digested food recorded a significant increase . the efficiency of conversion of ingested food remained little affected . the developmental period was significantly extended in larvae parasitized with 5 and 10 maggots per larva ( mpl ) . cocoon shell weight decreased by 27 - 63 . 5 % in parasitized groups ( 1 , 2 , and 5 mpl ) while larvae parasitized with 10 mpl could not spin cocoons . the maggot development period , recovery percentage , and fecundity of the uzi fly declined significantly with the increase in number of maggots developing per host .

antheraea mylitta drury , the semi - wild silk - producing lepidopteran insect commonly known as tasar silkworm is unique to india and is distributed over a wide tropical forest range covering the states of andhra pradesh , bihar , chhattisgarh , madhya pradesh , maharashtra , orissa , and uttaranchal . the populations found in different areas are know by their specific local names and are considered as different ecotypes , but it is difficult to separate the populations on the basis of morphological and life - cycle traits and thus molecular characterization was attempted . the present communication relates to the results obtained from the analysis of polymorphism unraveled by twelve issr primers for 11 populations of a . mylitta belonging to six ecotypes and 41 individuals of railey ecotype collected from five zones of dandakarnya forest in madhya pradesh . this communication , further , presents molecular evidences on genetic differences between eleven ecotype populations and highlights the genotypic diversification of a single ecotype into further separate discrete gene pools . the canonical discriminant function analysis revealed grouping of the five populations of railey ecotype into two “clumps , ” while accessions of other ecotypes stood separated from each other . the railey populations on detailed study , further , revealed separation of two ( tokapal and nangur ) populations into discrete gene pools and the other three ( kondagaon , darba , and tongpal ) populations , overlapped in spite of larger geographic distance between them . the analysis also identified nine markers , which can be utilized to characterize specific population and will be of help to follow the ongoing genetic changes triggered by various ecological factors and human influences on the railey ecotype .

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m . s . jolly , s . k . sen and m . g . das

silkworms are notoriously finicky eaters : they must have mulberry leaves . but not all of them . wild sericulture is traditionally practiced in india and china with silkworms which feed on the leaves of a large variety of naturally grown forest trees . the authors describe the indian tasar silk industry and the way it is being made more economic through management and the use of interspecific hybrid moths .

) which must be fed exclusively on the leaves of white and black mulberry trees . most , but not all , commercial silk originates this way . in india , the extensive cottage industry concerned with silk weaving gets its raw material from so - called tasar silkworms that feed on the leaves of a variety of trees which grow wild in tropical , subtropical and temperate zones . for centuries indian raw silk has been gathered by the families of forest and hill tribes . the economic significance of their work can be seen in the fact that the country ' s current output of tasar silk now accounts for export earnings of us $ 4 . 4 million annually .

tasar silk has been produced for a very long time . outside of india it may be called tusah , tussore , tusser or tussur silk . the uneven tan filaments are coarser , stronger and shorter than the normal cultivated silk and it is used in fabrics such as pongee and shantung .

a distinct belt of humid , dense forest sprawling over the central and southern plateaus at an elevation of 600 m is the home of tropical tasar . it extends through the states of bihar , madhya pradesh , orissa and maharashtra and touches the fringes of andhra pradesh , karnataka , west bengal , manipur and assam . the temperate tasar belt , at an elevation of 700 to 2200 m , on the other hand , includes the states of jammu and kashmir , uttar pradesh , himachal pradesh , meghalaya , manipur and assam , while west bengal , arunachal pradesh and nagaland rank next in importance . this oak tasar zone was established on a production basis in 1973 .

tasar silk culture is known as wild or forest sericulture . more than a hundred thousand tribal families are at present engaged in the tropical tasar zone , and the temperate tasar zone promises full and part - time employment for about 1 million people .

has been exploited commercially and is the chief producer of tasar silk in the tropics . it exists in the form of nearly 20 eco - races of a uni - , bi - and trivoltine nature .

silk is the finest tasar silk ever produced in india , and the insect has outrun its parents both quantitatively and qualitatively ( table 1 ) .

is abundant throughout india except in a few low - lying tracts . it ascends to the tops of high mountains and also occurs in higher coastal areas ( hairs , 1921 ) .

q . flex , q . semicarpifolia , q . semiserrata and q . glauca

in india the genus is distributed along the western sub - himalayan range , between altitudes of 1300 and 2200 m , and in the eastern hilly tracts at altitudes between 700 and 1600 m . both areas constitute the temperate tasar zone . in the tropical belt the tasar food plants cover an area of 7 . 7 million ha , while in the temperate zone nearly 0 . 8 million ha of oaks are available .

the average income per family for traditional rearers is $ 2530 per year . however , new techniques of rearing evolved at the central tasar research station at ranchi ( table 2 ) can now ensure a handsome income of about $ 250 within 40 to 45 days ( jolly , 1973 ) . similarly , the techniques of rearing evolved for the oak tasar zones have been found to be very successful .

in the traditional practice the tasar larvae feed on irregularly distributed food plants in forests or along the embankments of paddy fields . this creates management problems resulting in losses due to pests , diseases and natural hazards . recent research carried out at ranchi has developed an economic plantation method with close spacing . a large increase in foliage productivity has been recorded with a spacing of 122 cm in either direction , and with the kind of record yields of 17 . 2 tons per ha now being achieved a net return of $ 497 . 50 per ha per year ( table . 3 ) through tasar culture can be anticipated , even under rainfed conditions where the soil fertility is submarginal ( des

this type of economic plantation would invariably reduce the amount of labour required , since overlapping twigs will permit the silkworms to move from one plant to another instead of being transferred by hand .

the tasar industry provides democratic tremendous scope for future extension in many parts of the world . the species of

are widely distributed in indo - australian and palaeoarctic regions extending eastward from india to the philippines through viet nam and also dispersed throughout democratic kampuchea ; southeastward to australia through sri lanka , singapore , malaysia , indonesia and new guinea ; northeastward to china , japan and amurland ( u . s . s . r . ) and westward to the united states and latin america . nearly 36 species and 40 forms are known in these regions .

consists of about 250 species found within sri lanka , india , burma , lao , democratic : kampuchea and some parts of viet nam , and also extends through indonesia , malaysia and new guinea up to australia . some of its species are also reported in the african continent . the genus

is a very large genus of some 300 species growing throughout the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere extending to the tropics of latin america in the west and malaysia in the east .

it is to be noted that out of this vast trasure of tasar flora , only 1015 percent have been examined with reference to the tasar industry in india , while out of numerous tasar insect species and forms only three or four have been put to use .

the main tasar silk - producing countries of the world today are china and india . india ranks after china , with an annual production of about 400 tons of tasar raw silk and 200 tons of silk waste ( jolly

tasar silk has appeared in the export market quite recently . the export figure reached us $ 2 . 6 million in 1973 . the major markets are the federal republic of germany , the united states and japan . foreign exchange earned through the export of tasar silk waste in 1973 was $ 1 . 8 million .

the forests which provide food for tasar silkworms are now being utilized in india mainly for fuel and timber , which are of less economic importance than the returns from silk . if these forests were completely diverted to tasar silk production they could provide a significant increase in income for a vulnerable section of society , as has already been shown . there would also be environmental benefits .

woodlands utilized for tasar silk production are protected from deforestation , which in turn benefits soil and watershed conservation and management . wherever tasar culture is practiced , the trees are better cared for in general . silkworm excrete and dead remains also enrich the quality of the soil .

the hundred thousand tribal families engaged in tasar silk production in the traditional belt are a very small percentage of the total tribal population in india . the temperate zone of india alone can provide employment for nearly 1 million people .

we believe that we have shown during the past 10 years at our research station that the tasar silk industry has a significant agri - silvicultural potential for many forest - rich developing countries , and in particular for countries which wish to create employment and raise the standard of living of forest - dwelling peoples who may be lagging behind the rest of the country .

jolly , m . s . 1970 oak oriented tasar culture in the offing .

jolly , m . s . 1974 new dimensions of tasar industry in india .

jolly , m . s . , chaturvedi , s . n . & prasad , s . 1968 a survey of tasar crops in india .

, p . 1 - 17 and 86 - 106 . 1st edition . bombay , ambika publishers .

a . pernyi g . m . proc . xii international silk congress , barcelona .

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patra c 1 , talukdar s , novoyatleva t , velagala sr , mühlfeld c , kundu b , kundu sc , engel fb .

department of cardiac development and remodelling , max - planck - institute for heart and lung research , parkstrasse 1 , 61231 bad nauheim , germany .

central tasar research and training institute , piska nagri , ranchi - 835 303 , jharkhand , india . ssrathlee @ urltoken

department of biotechnology , indian institute of technology , kharagpur , 721302 , india .

these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .

jolly , m . s . , sen , s . k . , and ashan , m . m . ,

, ranchi , india : central tasar res . training inst . , 1972 .

akai , h . , nagashima , t . , and aoyagi , s . , ultrastructure of posterior silk gland cells and liquid silk in indian tasar silkworm ,

siddique , a . a . , chatterjee , s . n . , goel , a . k . , and sengupta , a . k . , genetic divergence in tasar silkworm

thnagavelu , k . and sinha , a . k . , population ecology of

, akai , h . , kato , y . , kiuchi , m . , and inouch , j . , eds . , tsukuba , japan : int . soc . wild silkmoths , nat . inst . sericult . entomol . sci . , 1992 , pp . 87 - 92 .

alam , m . o . , suresh , m . r . , and sit , s . c . , survey , collection and characterization of modal ecorace of indian wild silk insect

fang , d . q . and roose , m . l . , identification of closely related

tsumura , y . , ohba , k . , and strauss , s . h . , diversity and inheritance of inter - simple sequence repeat polymorphisms in douglas fir (

nagaoko , t . and ogihara , y . , applicability of inter - simple sequence repeat polymorphisms in wheat for use as dna markers comparison to rflp and rapd markers ,

reddy , d . k . , nagaraju , j . , and abraham , e . g . , genetic characterization of the silkworm

ramkumar rao , k . v . s . and mohobia , g . p . , studies on grainage behavior of nature - grown raily ecorace under natural and captive conditions ,

singh , b . m . k . and srivastava , a . k . , ecoraces of

, ranchi : central tasar res . training inst . , 1997 , base paper 6 : 39 .

sinha , a . k . and naqni , a . h . , need for maintenance of germplasm of non - mulberry silkworm , in

, ranchi : central tasar res . training inst . , 1997 , base paper 7 : 16 .

kantety , r . v . , zhang , x . , bennetzen , j . l . , and zehr , b . z . , assessment of genetic diversity in dent and popcorn (

provost , a . and wilkinson , m . j . , a new system of comparing pcr primers applied to issr fingerprinting of potato cultivars ,

chatterjee , s . n . , mohandas , t . p . , and tanushree , t . ,

zietkiewics , e . , rafalski , a . , and labuda , d . , genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeats ( ssr ) - anchored amplification ,

breto , m . p . , ruiz , c . , pina , j . a . , and asins , m . j . , diversification of

culley , t . m . and wolfe , a . d . , population genetic structure of the cleistogamous plant species

breto , m . p . , ruiz , c . , pina , j . a . , and asins , m . j . ,

charlesworth , d . and wright , s . , breeding system and genome evolution ,

rao , k . v . s . , ramkumar , mahobia , g . p . ,

chatterjee , s . n . , vijayan , k . , roy , g . c . et al . russian journal of genetics ( 2004 ) 40 : 152 . urltoken

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

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wild silk technology : r . k . & sathe t . v . kavane : 9789351242338 : urltoken books

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sepia kiensis is a species of cuttlefish native to the indo-pacific , specifically the kai islands , possibly to timor and northern australia .

it lives at depth to 256 m .

the validity of s. kiensis has been questioned .

s. kiensis grows to a mantle length of 37 mm .

the type specimen was collected off kai island in the arafura sea .

it is deposited at the natural history museum in london .

sepia kiensis

sepia kiensis <EOT> how can i put and write and define sepia kiensis in a sentence and how is the word sepia kiensis used in a sentence and examples ? 用sepia kiensis造句 , 用sepia kiensis造句 , 用sepia kiensis造句 , sepia kiensis meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .

sepia kiensis - buy sepia kiensis by surhone , lambert m . | editor ; tennoe , mariam t . | editor ; henssonow , susan f . | editor online at best prices in india - urltoken

" " ' sepia kiensis " " ' is a species of cuttlefish native to the indo - pacific , specifically the kai islands , possibly to timor and northern australia .

yes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .

cephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :

the list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .

introducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !

expedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .

this page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .

hoyle , w . e . ( 1885 ) . diagnoses of new species of cephalopoda collected during the cruise of h . m . s . challenger , ii : the decapoda . annals and magazine of natural history . series 5 , 16 : 181 - 203 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 194 [ details ]

reid , a . , jereb , p . & roper , c . f . e . ( 2005 ) . family sepiidae . pp . 57 - 152 , in p . jereb & c . f . e . roper eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . volume 1 . chambered nautiluses and sepioids ( nautilidae , sepiidae , sepiolidae , sepiadariidae , idiosepiidae and spirulidae ) . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome , fao ] . 4 ( 1 ) : 262 pp . 9 pls . page ( s ) : 143 [ details ]

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