elachista illectella is a moth of the elachistidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona , illinois , indiana , kentucky , maine , mississippi , ohio , oklahoma , ontario , tennessee , texas and west virginia .

the habitat consists of deciduous forests .

the wingspan is 6 – 8 millimetres ( 0.24 – 0.31 in ) .

adults are sexually dimorphic .

the hindwings are fuscous and also darker in females .

adults have been recorded on wing nearly year round .

the larvae feed on poa ( including poa pratensis ) , agrostis , hystrix , elymus , oryzopsis , bromus and phleum species .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

the mine starts as a fine line , gradually increases in breadth .

the larvae are greenish yellow .

mining larvae can be found almost year round .

pupation takes place beneath a dense white web of silk strands .

elachista illectella

elachista illectella <EOT> # 1129 – elachista illectella | st . louis mo 10 / 7 / 15 quote f… | flickr

figure 9 . elachista illectella . adult , reared from leaf mine on a woodland grass ( poaceae ) .

this is definitely one of the elachista spp . formerly ascribed to the genus cosmiotes , and in the eastern usa , illectella is the most commonly encountered species of this group . therefore , illectella would be the odds - on favorite determination here .

cosmiotes illectella clemens , 1860 has been placed in elachista by : kaila , l . 1999 . phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae . systematic entomology 24 : 139 - 169 .

this genus was synonymized under elachista in the phylogeny of kaila ( 1999a ) .

figure 1 . elachista leucofrons . pupa , of the type representative of most elachistidae ( dorsal aspect ) .

figure 2 . elachista epimicta . adult , reared from leaf mine on a woodland grass ( poaceae ) .

figure 7 . elachista albicapitella . adult , reared from leaf mine on a woodland grass ( poaceae ) .

this genus , as with cosmiotes , was subsumed into elachista in the phylogeny of kaila ( 1999a ) .

figure 3 . elachista acenteta . adult , collected at light , iroquois county , illinois , mid - june .

elachista illectella ( fig . 9 ) is a grass leaf miner , with larvae occurring " almost throughout the year , even in the winter . . . on many species of grass " ( braun 1948 ) . included in the host list given by braun are poa praetensis , poa spp . , agrostis spp . , hystrix sp . , elymus sp . , oryzopsis sp . , bromus sp . , and phleum . the adult , which commonly appears at light in deciduous forest , is somewhat smaller than most of the elachista species . the color and pattern are of the " blackish with white markings " type , but the white fasciae and patches on the forewing are more diffuse , with the dark areas more heavily suffused with white scaling , than in the other elachista spp . of this color pattern .

figure 8 . closeup of head and thorax of adult elachista leucofrons ( left ) and e . albicapitella ( right ) showing the color differences cited above .

figure 5 . elachista madarella . larva ( removed from leaf mine ) ; leaf mine on a sedge , carex sp . ( cyperaceae ) ; and adult moth .

quote from terry harrison regarding this moth , " well , i consider any sight id in this group to be equivocal compared to a dissection - based id , because there are so many look - alike spp . , so it certainly wouldn ' t be incorrect to add a " probable " denotation to the id , as we ' ll never really know for sure . in this case , however , it would be ok to be assertive and say that your moth is e . illectella , because it does appear to be in the " cosmiotes " group ( all of the spp . of which look alike ) , and because , from what i have seen , illectella is overwhelmingly the odds - on favorite " cosmiotes " species to be found in this part of the country . "

the larva of elachista glenni ( fig . 4 ) most likely feeds as a leaf miner on a sedge or a rush ( possibly scirpus sp . ) . the adult appears in june .

figure 6 . elachista leucofrons . top : left , larva ( removed from leaf mine ) ; right , adult moth ; bottom : occupied leaf mine on a woodland grass ( poaceae ) .

the blackish elachista species with metallic or white markings on the forewing are somewhat similar to some mompha spp . ( coleophoridae : momphinae , treated here as family momphidae , to coincide with the 1983 checklist ) , but moths of these two groups can be differentiated by the fact that the black - and - white mompha spp . have raised tufts of scales on the forewings , whereas elachistids do not . as for the white elachista species , the only other common , similarly - sized illinois microleps in which the forewing is flat - finish white are some of the species of coleophora ( coleophoridae ) . coleophora , however , have relatively narrower , more elongate forewings than do elachista , and they display a distinctive resting posture in which the antennae are held together and projected straight forward . other illinois microleps that are predominantly or entirely white either are considerably larger than elachista , e . g . , yucca moths ( prodoxidae ) or are considerably smaller and more shining - opalescent white , e . g . , phyllonorycter , phyllocnistis ( gracillariidae ) , argyresthia ( argyresthiidae ) , pseudopostega ( opostegidae ) .

the larva of elachista brachyelytrifoliella ( fig . 10 ) occurs from july through october , in a noticeably whitish leaf mine on any of several grass species . according to braun ( 1948 ) , muhlenbergia spp . are preferred , but the larva also has been recorded from brachyelytrum aristatum and uniola latifolia .

elachista epimicta ( fig . 2 ) is a large elachistid , the larva of which is a leaf miner on grasses . it matures in the third week of april in central illinois . braun ( 1948 ) cited hystrix patula ( preferred ) and elymus spp . as hosts . the larval leaf mine occupies the apical one third or so of the host leaf .

elachista madarella ( fig . 5 ) is a leaf miner on sedges of the genera carex and scirpus , with mines occurring from february through early may . the leaf mine of this species usually appears to be unoccupied , but close examination reveals that the larva extends the mine to the very base of its host leaf , and it is there that the larva usually can be found . in central illinois , the adult of this species is common at light in deciduous forest in late june .

elachista leucofrons ( fig . 6 ) is a leaf miner on grasses of low - lying deciduous forest ; according to braun ( 1948 ) , elymus canadensis and e . virginicus are preferred , with hystrix sp . less commonly recorded as a host . active mines appear from late february through mid - april ; apparently , there is only one generation per year . unlike e . madarella , the larva of e . leucofrons does not mine to the base of its host leaf ; therefore , in an occupied mine , the larva can be seen in the main part of the leaf mine at all times , as shown in fig . 6 .

nothing is known of the larval biology of elachista acenteta ( fig . 3 ) . the largest numbers of adults have been collected in southeastern canada . as for usa records , kaila ( 1997 ) reported the species as occurring in colorado and nebraska . in illinois , e . acenteta has been collected in a wet sand area in iroquois county , in mid - june ; james vargo has collected it in the same habitat in an adjacent county in indiana , also in mid - june . these represent the first records of this species from these two states , and they provide something of a connecting point between the two geographically - remote areas of previously - known occurrence .

the traditional definition of this group ( elachistidae sensu strictu ) , which is followed here , in accordance with the revision by braun ( 1948 ) and the hodges et al . ( 1983 ) checklist , includes elachista plus a few allied genera ( about 60 described species , in eight genera , in north america as of the 1983 checklist ; moderately well represented in illinois ) . an expanded concept of elachistidae , in which traditional elachistidae was included as a subfamily , elachistinae , was presented by hodges ( 1999 ) . a phylogeny of elachistidae s . s . was published by kaila ( 1999a ) and revisited by kaila and sugisima ( 2003 ) . the former author also has covered nearctic components of elachistidae in several excellent taxonomic papers ( kaila 1995a , 1995b , 1996 , 1997 , 1999b ) .

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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .

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kaila , l . 1999a . phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae . systematic entomology 24 : 139 - 169 .

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larvae of elachistidae are blotch leaf miners , almost always on grasses ( poaceae ) or on sedges / rushes ( cyperaceae ) , but with a few species using dicots , e . g . , wild oregano , cunila origanoides , in the mint family ( lamiaceae ) . active leaf mines of some elachistid species can be found very early in the year ; apparently , these larvae overwinter in the mine and resume feeding as early as february in the second year . the great majority of elachistid species in illinois are insects of deciduous forest , which is where their leaf mines should be sought . despite their grass - mining larval habits , in illinois they are not seen to be a component of grass - dominated communities such as prairies .

elachistid leaf mines on grasses and sedges can be differentiated from those of cosmopterix spp . ( cosmopterigidae ) , which likewise are blotch leaf miners and which use many of the same host plants as elachistidae , by the fact that , in elachistidae , the larval frass is retained within the mine , where it can be seen scattered throughout , whereas in cosmopterix , frass is removed from the mine , where it can be seen as a small blackish accumulation at one end of the mine . also , in general , elachistid mines tend to be whitish , whereas cosmopterix mines tend to be yellow , but exceptions to this may occur .

after it finishes feeding , the elachistid larva leaves the mine to pupate , often in the depressed crease that occurs at the midvein of a leaf of the host plant . some species pupate under a slight lattice - like sheet of silk , whereas others do not spin at all . the articulation between the front and hind parts of the pupal abdomen allows the posterior part of the abdomen to move only in the sagittal plane ; this is similar to the situation seen in certain other microlepidoptera groups ( e . g . , depressariinae ) . the pupa of one species , dicranoctetes brachyelytrifoliella , is adorned laterally with spiky cuticular projections . pupae of typical elachistidae species lack the cuticular projections seen in dicranoctetes , but they present a distinctive appearance via being laterally and dorsally keeled ( fig . 1 ) .

adult elachistidae display distinctive male genital morphology , in which the valve is elongate and apically rounded , and the gnathos is spined ( and sometimes bifid ) . sight recognition of elachistidae is best effected on basis of coloration and pattern , which fall into several categories , shown below ( these groupings are presented here strictly for convenience of recognition ; they are not meant to represent monophyletic units , whether or not they actually do so ) .

, so that both moths sometimes emerge in the same rearing lot . the adult of

( fig . 8 ) . there are also differences in male genital morphology .

the genus onceroptila , which was erected by braun ( 1948 ) to accommodate two western - nearctic elachistid species , was synonymized under perittia by kaila ( 1995b ) .

the only species of this genus that is likely to be encountered in illinois is perittia herrichiella ( fig . 11 ) , which is a european species that has become established in eastern north america . kaila ( 1995b ) reported it from eastern canada . more recently , james vargo , who kindly provided the specimen shown here , has collected a series of adults of p . herrichiella at light in northern indiana ; collection dates range from late may through mid - july , with a concentration in early to mid - june . this apparently is the first usa record for p . herrichiella . given this , the species might reasonably be expected to be found elsewhere in the north - central and northeastern usa . in europe , the larva of p . herrichiella makes a typical elachistid leaf mine ( full depth , with frass retained inside ) on honeysuckle , lonicera sp . ( caprifoliaceae ) . according to dr . george balogh ( who generously provided the mined leaf shown here ) , p . herrichiella has been established for several years in michigan , where it feeds on woody non - native ( eurasian ) species of lonicera , with leaf mines being especially common in disturbed and secondary forests in which exotic honeysuckle occurs as an invasive species . it is not known whether the moth has expanded its host range in north america to include any of the native nearctic species of caprifoliaceae .

figure 11 . perittia herrichiella . left , adult , collected in northern indiana , specimen courtesy of james vargo ; right , leaf mine on invasive eurasian bush honeysuckle , lonicera sp . ( caprifoliaceae ) , collected in michigan by dr . george balogh .

. the forewings of the males are fuscous , but the base of the paler scales is grayish white . females have darker and more evenly dark brown or black forewings than males . the hindwings are fuscous and also darker in females . adults have been recorded on wing nearly year round .

the leaves of their host plant . the mine starts as a fine line , gradually increases in breadth . the larvae are greenish yellow . mining larvae can be found almost year round . pupation takes place beneath a dense white web of silk strands .

this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 20 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .


coleophora haloxyli is a moth of the coleophoridae family .

it is found in turkestan and uzbekistan .

the larvae feed on haloxylon persicum .

they create a leafy case , consisting of six sections of branches which gradually enlarge toward the anterior end .

there is a small tube at the caudal end of the case through which frass is ejected .

the length of the case is 8 – 9 mm and it is chocolate-brown to yellow in color .

larvae can be found from september to october .

coleophora haloxyli

coleophora haloxyli <EOT> coleophora succursella herrich - schäffer , 1855 = casignetella succursella ( herrich - schaffer , 1855 ) = coleophora artemisiae herrich - schäffer 1855 .

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disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

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haloxylon persicum , the white saxaul , is a small tree belonging to the family amaranthaceae .

al - qassim region ( منطقة القصيم , local najdi arabic pronunciation ) , also spelled qassim , al - qaseem , al - qasim , or gassim internationally , is one of the thirteen administrative regions of saudi arabia .

arabic literature ( الأدب العربي / ala - lc : al - adab al - ‘arabī ) is the writing , both prose and poetry , produced by writers in the arabic language .

arabic poetry ( arabic : الشِعْر العَرَبي / ala - lc : ash - shi‘ru al - ‘arabīyu ) is the earliest form of arabic literature .

biodiversity in israel , the west bank , and the gaza strip is about the fauna and flora in the geographical region of israel , the west bank , and gaza strip .

cistanche deserticola is a holoparasitic member of the orobanchaceae family of plants , commonly known as desert - broomrape .

francis bin fathallah bin nasrallah marrash ( arabic : فرنسيس بن فتح الله بن نصرالله مرّاش / ala - lc : fransīs bin fatḥ allāh bin naṣrallāh marrāsh ; june 1836 & ndash ; 1873 ) , also known as francis al - marrash or francis marrash al - halabi , was a syrian writer and poet of the nahda movement—the arabic renaissance—and a physician .

haloxylon is a genus of shrubs or small trees , belonging to the plant family amaranthaceae .

the saxaul , black saxaul , sometimes sacsaoul or saksaul ( saksaul , which is from seksevil , scientific name haloxylon ammodendron ) , is a plant belonging to the amaranthaceae .

the sands of samar , also called the samar sands or samar sand dunes , are an expanse of sand dunes in the arava region of southern israel .

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the sailfin roughshark ( oxynotus paradoxus ) is a species of dogfish shark in the family oxynotidae , found in the eastern north atlantic from scotland to senegal between latitudes 41 ° n and 11 ° n , at depths of between 265 and 720 m ( 869 and 2,362 ft ) .

its length is up to 1.2 m ( 3.9 ft ) .

its reproduction is ovoviviparous .

o. paradoxus is thought to be a slow-moving predator of small benthic animal .

the sailfin roughsharks is found near the eastern atlantic ocean at those depths .

however , it has been reported to be found on the shores of morocco , recently reported in the mid-atlantic ridge , and in the azores water .

this species is an uncommon bycatch of bottom trawls , though there is insufficient information for the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) to assess its conservation status .

sailfin roughshark

sailfin roughshark <EOT> en - sailfin roughshark , fr - humantin , sp - cerdo marino velero .

average size of the sailfin roughshark is 29 . 5 inches . maximum total length recorded was 46 . 4 inches .

posted in creature feature . tags : deep sea , oxynotus paradoxus , sailfin roughshark , shark biologist . leave a comment »

the angular roughshark ( oxynotus centrina ) is a rough shark of the family oxynotidae . [ 1 ]

hurst , richard . " factsheet : angular roughshark . " factsheet : angular roughshark . n . p . , n . d . web . 30 november 2013 . < urltoken > archived december 5 , 2013 , at the wayback machine . .

biologist carl linnaeus described the angular roughshark , o . centrina , in 1758 . this name was later finalized and accepted by the scientific community as the official name for the species in 1976 . [ 2 ]

justification : the sailfin roughshark ( oxynotus paradoxus ) is an uncommon deepwater bottom shark found at depths from 265–720 m . the species reaches a maximum reported size of up to 118 cm total length . moderately abundant in deeper offshore waters off the british isles . the species is probably taken as bycatch of offshore trawling fleets but no information is available on frequency . the species’ known depth range is entirely within the range of deepwater fisheries operating in the northeast atlantic , although the mid - atlantic ridge and southern part of its range probably offer some refuge from fishing pressure . furthermore , it is possible that the sailfin roughshark is continuously distributed along the northeast and eastern central atlantic floor , deeper than presently known . alternatively , separate slope and ridge populations may exist . given the paucity of information available on this species it is assessed as data deficient . research is needed to better define the distribution , population structure and the impact of fisheries on the species .

downward we descend to explore more mysterious creatures in the deep ! the sailfin roughshark ( oxynotus paradoxus ) is another deep water species about which little information has been discovered . what we do know about this deep water shark is based on what scientists have visually observed . their bodies are a triangular shape , short and bluntly snouted with large denticles ( skin teeth ) covering the surface of their skin . the dorsal fins are very noticeable with tall sail - like fins which contains spines . as for the anal fin , well , it doesn’t have one , which is somewhat atypical for a shark . you will find this uncommon species along the atlantic slope from scotland to senegal .

scientific synonyms and common names oxynotus paradoxus frade , 1929 synonyms : oxynotus paradoxus frade , 1929 oxynotus paradoxus frade , 1929 , bull . soc . port . sci . nat . , 10 ( 22 ) : 263 - 267 , fig . 1 - 2 ( off morocco ) . holotype : mb no . t 114 . oxynotus paradoxus : frade , 1932 : pl . xx norman , 1932 : 77 - 79 , fig . 1 , pl . i fraser - brunner , 1935 : 320 tucker & palmer , 1949 : 930 - 931 krefft , 1955 : 158 - 160 , fig . i tortonese , 1956 : 168 bigelow & schroeder , 1957 : 1417 rae & lamont , 1960 : 78 cadenat , 1961 : 232 blacker , 1962 : 264 , 266 rae & pirie , 1967 : 30 ; 1968 : 201 went , 1968 : 36 wheeler , 1969 : 63 - 64 , fig . wheeler & blacker , 1969 : 313 maurin & bonnet , 1970 : 14 - 15 , fig . 9 ledoux , 1970 : 320 - 321 , fig . 3 . centrina paradoxa : cadenat , 1950 : 312 . common names : sailfin roughshark [ en ] humantin [ fr ]

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northeast atlantic : along the atlantic slope from scotland ( including the northern north sea ) , to ireland , southern england , france , spain , portugal , madeira , the canary islands , the azores ( compagno in prep , azevedo , sousa and brum 2003 ) . also recently reported from the mid - atlantic ridge ( hareide and garnes 2001 ) . eastern central atlantic : morocco , mauritania , sahara , senegal , and possibly southwards to the gulf of guinea . not recorded in the mediterranean ( compagno in prep ) . based on the presence of this species in the azores and mid - atlantic ridge , a bathybenthic habitat has been suggested , with spring reproductive migrations to the continental shelf . this represents a significant westward extension of its previously known geographic distribution . it is possible that o . paradoxus is continuously distributed along the north - eastern atlantic floor , deeper than presently known . alternatively , separate slope and ridge populations may exist ( azavedo et al . 2003 ) .

france ; mauritania ; morocco ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) ) ; senegal ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; united kingdom ( great britain ) ; western sahara

moderately abundant off the british isles . catches in the waters of the british isles indicate that o . paradoxus is rare in inshore waters ( three individuals were reported from irish inshore waters by quigley and flannery 1994 ) , but numerous others have been caught in deeper offshore waters ( ni mhurachu and o’connor 1987 , henderson 1996 , quigley and flannery 1996 ) .

an uncommon deepwater bottom shark found on the continental slope at depths from 265–720 m . its maximum size is about 118 cm total length ( tl ) , while size at birth about 25 cm tl . reproduction is ovoviviparous .

this species is an uncommon bycatch of offshore trawling fleets ( compagno 1984 ) . there is a continuing trend for deepwater fisheries in the northeast atlantic , with overall concern for the status of deepwater species . trawl and gillnet fisheries operate throughout the species’ known depth range in areas of the northeast atlantic ( see ices 2006 , 2007 for further information on the fisheries ) , but no information is available on the bycatch of this species . the mid - atlantic ridge and southern part of the species’ range , off the western africa coast , may offer some refuge from fishing pressure , particularly if the species’ is continuously distributed along the northeast and eastern central atlantic floor , deeper than presently known .

no measures are in place . further research is required to determine the true extent of the range of the species . like many poorly known deepwater species , research is also required into life history characteristics .

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greek , oxys = sharp + greek , noton = back ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 265 - 720 m ( ref . 35388 ) . deep - water ; 41°n - 11°n , 13°w - 3°w ( ref . 54694 )

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 120 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35388 ) ; common length : 85 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . )

found on the continental slope . probably feeds on small bottom invertebrates and fishes . ovoviviparous .

compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 60 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 63 of 100 ) .

diagnosis : small sharks with body triangular in cross - section , very deep and very compressed .

bigelow , h . b . ; schroeder , w . c . 1957 . a study of the sharks of the suborder squaloidea . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . , 117 ( 1 ) : 1 - 150 , fig . 1 - 16 , pl . iiv .

blacker , r . w . 1962 . rare fishes from the atlantic slope fishing grounds . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 13 ) 5 : 261 - 271 , fig . 1 - 2 .

cadenat , j . 1950 . note sur les merlus de la côte occidentale d ' afrique . congr . pêches pêcher . un . franc . d ' outre - mer , inst . col . marseille : 128 - 130 .

cadenat , j . 1961b . notes d ' ichtyologie ouest - africaine . xxxiv . liste complémentaire des espèces de poissons de mer ( provenant des cotes de l ' afrique occidentale ) en collection à la section de biologie marine de l ' i . f . a . n . à gorée . bull . inst . fr . afr . noire , ( a ) 23 ( 1 ) : 231 - 245 .

frade , f . 1929 . une nouvelle espèce ou une aberration individuelle de l ' oxynotus centrina ( l . ) . bull . soc . port . sci . nat . , 10 ( 22 ) : 263 - 267 , fig . 1 - 2 .

fraser - brunner , a . 1935 . new or rare fishes from the irish atlantic slope . proc . r . ir . acad . , 42 ( b - 9 ) : 319 - 326 , fig . 1 - 5 .

krefft , g . 1955 . ichthyologische mitteilungen aus dem institut für seefischerei der bundesforschungsanstalt für fischerei . iv . 6 . weitere bemerkenswerte fische aus den gewässern des island - färöer - rückens . zool . anz . , 154 ( 7 / 8 ) : 157 - 164 , fig . 1 - 2 .

ledoux , j . c . 1970 . les dents des squalidés de la méditerranée occidentale et de l ' atlantique nord - ouest africain . vie milieu , 21 ( 2a ) : 309 - 362 , 21 fig .

maurin , c . ; bonnet , m . 1970 . poissons des côtes nord - ouest africaines ( campagnes de la ' thalassa ' , 1962 et 1968 ) . rev . trav . inst . ( scient . tech . ) pech . marit . , 34 ( 2 ) : 125 - 170 , fig . 1 - 26 .

norman , j . r . 1932 . note on a shark , oxynotus paradoxus frade , new to the british fauna . proc . zool . soc . lond . , ( 5 ) : 77 - 79 , fig . 1 , pl . i .

rae , b . b . ; pirie , s . f . 1968 . scottish records of rare fishes 1967 . annls biol . , copenh . , 24 ( 1967 ) : 201202 .

tortonese , e . 1956b . leptocardia , ciclostomata , selachii . fauna ital . , 2 : 334 p . , 163 fig .

tucker , d . w . ; palmer , c . 1949 . new british records of two rare deep - sea fishes : oxynotus paradoxus frade and aphanopus carbo lowe . nature , lond , 146 ( 4178 ) : 930 - 931 , 1 fig .

went , a . e . j . 1968 . rare fishes taken in irish waters in 1967 . ir . nat . j . , 16 : 35 - 39 .

wheeler , a . 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . macmillan , london , melbourne and toronto : i - xvii + 1 - 163 , 5 + 177 fig . , + 392 fig . ( princ . sp . ) + 92 n . num . fig . , 16 pl . , maps .

wheeler , a . ; blacker , r . w . 1972 . rare and little - known fishes in british seas in 1968 and 1969 . j . fish biol . , 4 : 141 - 170 , 1 fig .

very little has been documented on this particular shark . they have a short , blunt snout , high , sail - like dorsal fins with spines , no anal fin . first dorsal spine inclined backward , high , thick , triangular body with large , rough denticles .

this species has lanceolate upper teeth , and lower bladelike teeth in less than 12 rows .

northeast atlantic : scotland to canaries , azores , senegal , and possibly gulf of guinea . they inhabit continental slope , from depths of 869 . 4 feet to 2 , 362 . 2 feet .

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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers

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a female angular rough shark ca . 60 cm of tl , from the sea of marmara . | fishbase link : urltoken learn more about it at urltoken

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dogfish sharks are the second largest of shark orders with 119 species . dogfish come in all shapes , sizes , and colors and they live in almost every ocean habitat and depth . this group of sharks are an exercise in extremes . dogfish are represented by what is thought to be the smallest shark species ( dwarf lantern shark , which only grows to about 6 inches ) and some of the largest ( greenland and sleeper sharks ) .

these sharks can also be found at extreme depths , down to thousands of meters ! some species have nasty - looking spines accessorizing their dorsal fins , while others hardly look like a shark at all with tall sail - like dorsal fins . other species are bioluminescent , with dazzling displays of vivid greenish bands potentially used to attract and confuse prey , or to hide from predators . dogfish sharks are an excellent example of the exciting biodiversity that can be found among sharks !

marine ; most species bottom oriented . widely diversified and wide - ranging , dogfish sharks are in coastal and oceanic waters , from cool temperate to deep tropical waters

diverse as are the species . range from boney fishes , crustacea , to marine mammals

carpet sharks derive their name from both their bottom - dwell [ . . . ]

mackerel sharks include the most famous sharks such as the t [ . . . ]

dogfish sharks are highly diverse with the second largest gr [ . . . ]

bullhead sharks are relatively inelegant for a shark , living [ . . . ]

sawsharks resemble sawfish , with a long , toothy , sword - like [ . . . ]

shark savers is a program of wildaid , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization . copyright © 2018 wildaid . all rights reserved .

our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .

: urltoken contains images of sharks , skates , rays , and a few chimaera ' s from around the world . elasmodiver began as a simple web based

to help divers find the best places to encounter the different species of sharks and rays that live in shallow water but it has slowly evolved into a much larger project containing information on all aspects of shark diving and shark photography .

there are now more than 10 , 000 shark pictures and sections on shark evolution , biology , and conservation . there is a large library of reviewed shark books , a constantly updated shark taxonomy page , a monster list of shark links , and deeper in the site there are numerous articles and stories about shark encounters . elasmodiver is now so difficult to check for updates , that new information and pictures are listed on an elasmodiver updates page that can be accessed here :

the taxonomy of sharks and rays is a subject that remains in hot debate . although the majority of elasmobranch families have been nailed down there will always be individual species that don ' t quite fit the characteristics of their sibling species . consequently species are occasionally reclassified or simply listed as awaiting review . one of the most confusing of families is the potamotrygonidae - the fresh water stingrays of south america . not only do these ray species adopt extremely varied patterns that are sometimes visually indistinguishable from other species , they also produce hybrids in certain parts of their ranges leaving us wondering what exactly a true species is anyway .

among shark taxonomists conservative estimates of the number of known shark species is now approaching 500 . combined with the 700 or more species of rays and skates there are well over a thousand valid species of elasmobranches . in the past many more species were described only to be discounted later as being synonymous with elasmobranches already described from other geographic areas . in recent years this problem has lessened because taxonomic data has become easier to share over the internet . however , taxonomists are as vain as the rest of us and in their efforts to be the first to describe ( and name ) a new species there is often a counterproductive lack of collaboration .

some abyssal species have been described from only one or two specimens captured during deep water trawls . this implies that in all likelihood there are many shark and ray species lurking on the abyssal plain that have not yet been seen or captured . the best example being the relatively recent discovery of the megamouth shark . if this large and slow moving shark could remain hidden until the 1980 ' s , who knows how many other elasmobranches have gone unnoticed .

following is a list ( in need of an update ) of all the described species of elasmobranchs . included at the bottom are the holocephali ( the chimaeras or ghost sharks ) that share many characteristics with modern sharks and rays but are thought to be descended from a different group of cartilaginous fishes that thrived during the late devonian period .

occasionally new species of sharks and rays are described by science . in some cases they have been well known for a while e . g . the western wobbegong but no one has gotten around to describing them . more exciting is when a deep water trawl or a lucky diving expedition uncovers a species that the scientific community was completely unaware of . this page on elasmodiver highlights the discovery of these species . many thanks to helmut nickel who somehow manages to find out whenever a new species is described and diligently informs the rest of the lay community of shark fanatics through shark - l . without his input i wouldn ' t have a clue .

if you have information about a species i have overlooked please email me the information and i will add it to the list .

includes a key to identifying the genus of the dasyatidae ( whiptail stingrays ) .

includes a key to identifying the genus of the potamotrygonidae ( river stingrays ) .

phylum chordata - animals that at some point in their life cycle have the following : pharyngeal slits ( a series of openings connecting the inside of the throat to the outside of the neck . in fish these become gill slits ) , dorsal nerve cord ( a bundle of nerve fibres running down the back , connecting the brain with the organs and extremities , a notochord ( a cartilaginous rod supporting the nerve cord ) , post anal tail ( an extension of the ' back ' past the anal opening ) .

subphylum vertebrata - animals with a vertibral column or backbone and neural crest cells which are released as the nerve cord is forming , these cells move through the body to form major nerves , neural ganglia , and many head and facial features . other features that separate vertebrates from other chordates include : a relatively well - developed brain , paired complex eyes , a muscularized mouth and pharynx , and a well - developed circulatory system with a heart .

class chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes lacking true bone . chondrichthyes can be split into two distinct subclasses elasmobranchii and bradyodonti .

subclass elasmobranchii - sharks , skates and rays ( and some fossil relatives ) . elasmobranchs have an upper jaw that is not fused to the braincase and separate slitted gill openings .

subclass holocephali - includes forms with an upper jaw fused to the braincase and a flap of skin , the operculum , covering the gill slits . the holocephalii includes the chimaeras and ratfishes , which are relatively rare , often deep - water , mollusc - eating forms .

narcine brevilabiata - ( offshore species found on continental tropical waters , known from a depth of 49 m ) .

narcine prodorsalis - ( continental waters both inshore and offshore . known from a depth of 49m ) .

narcine vermiculatus - vermiculate electric ray ( benthic on soft bottoms in protected coastal areas ) .

temera hardwickii - pari karas ( malay / indonesian . found inshore and offshore )

j . p . c . b . da silva & m . r . de carvalho , 2011

tarsistes philippii jordan , 1919 no common name . known from one dried head from chile

rhynchobatus immaculatus peter r . last1 , hsuan - ching ho2 , 3 , * & rou - rong chen3 2013

callorhinchus milii ( elephantfish ) occurs on continental shelves of cool temperate areas of australia and new zealand to depths of at least 200 m . migrates into large estuaries and inshore bays in spring to breed .

chimaera monstrosa ( rabbit fish ) atlantic . upper continental slopes , 40 to 100m .

hydrolagus affinis ( smalleyed rabbitfish , atlantic chimaera ) eastern atlantic , mediterranean . continental slopes to deep - sea plains .

hydrolagus lemures ( blackfin ghostshark ) common and wide - ranging chimaera of the australian outer continental shelf and upper slopes .

hydrolagus mirabilis ( large - eyed rabbitfish ) moderately common on continental slopes . feeds on small fishes and invertebrates . oviparous

harriotta haeckeli ( smallspine spookfish ) north atlantic , taken in 1800 - 2600 m ; specimens collected by russian vessels from submarine seamounts of the indian ocean in 1400 - 1730 m ; off st . helens ( tasmania ) in 1480 - 1700 m .

p . o . box 8719 station central , victoria , bc . , v8w 3s3 , canada

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oxynotus paradoxus frade , 1929 , bull . soc . portugaise sci . nat . , 10 ( 22 ) : 22 , fig . 1 . holotype : in museu bocage , lisbon , apparently lost in a fire that destroyed the museum . type locality : off morocco .

fieldmarks : short , blunt snout , high , sail - like dorsal fins with spines , no anal fin , first dorsal spine inclined backward , high , thick , triangular body with large , rough denticles , lanceolate upper teeth , lower bladelike teeth in less than 12 rows , blackish coloration .

spiracle small and circular . supraorbital ridges not greatly expanded and not forming a knob in front of spiracles . apices of dorsal fins narrowly triangular , posterior margins strongly concave ; first dorsal spine inclined backward . blackish or dark brown , without prominent markings .

an uncommon deepwater bottom shark found on the atlantic continental slope , at depths from 265 to 720 m . moderately abundant off british isles . ovoviviparous .

caught in bottom trawls . used for fishmeal . uncommon as a bycatch of offshore trawling fleets .

fao species catalogue vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . compagno , l . j . v . 1984fao fisheries synopsis . , ( 125 ) vol . 4 , part 1 .

habitat : coral covered and muddy bottoms , deepwater location : southwest pacific , west atlantic , east atlantic , mediterrean , caribbean , and west pacific size : description : their is very little known about roughsharks due to limited studies . they are identified by their triangular fin and large eyes . diet : worms , crustaceans , mollusks , and small fish feeding habits : slow swimmers offspring : 7 - 23 pups per litter lifespan : unknown status : not evaluated threatened by : bycatch

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roughsharks ( oxynotidae ) are a group of small sharks that are mostly bottom - dwellers . they have a stout , laterally - compressed body , no anal fin , and a prominent ridge along the abdomen . their lower teeth point backwards and the upper teeth are larger in the back of the mouth .

kento furui added an unknown common name in an unknown language to " zameus " .

kento furui added the japanese common name " ビロウドザメ " to " zameus squamulosus ( günther , 1877 ) " .

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !

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geonetwork opensource allows to easily share geographically referenced thematic information between different organizations . for more information please contact

the raster dataset of soil drainage has a spatial resolution of 5 * 5 arc minutes and is in geographic projection . information with regard to soil drainage was obtained from the " derived soil propert

créée le 28 janvier 1976 , la société française d’ichtyologie s’est développée et internationalisée rapidement . malgré un changement de statut en 1988 , ses objectifs n’ont pas varié depuis 1976 . c’est pour répondre au quatrième point de ses objectifs – assurer la liaison entre ses membres par la diffusion d’une publication spécifique – que la revue cybium fut créée dès 1977 . la sfi a pris aussi l’initiative de publier ou d’aider à publier certains ouvrages qui ont fait l’objet ou non de numéros spéciaux de la revue .

cybium , éditée par la société française d’ichtyologie , publie des articles originaux , des articles de synthèse , des résumés de thèse , des analyses bibliographiques et des informations intéressant les membres de la société ou l’ensemble des ichtyologistes . les sujets traités doivent avoir un rapport direct avec l’ichtyologie générale , fondamentale ou appliquée , qu’il s’agisse de poissons d’eau douce ou de poissons marins , actuels ou fossiles .

the europeen society of marine biotechnology ( esmb ) and the tunisian association of bioressources valorization ( atvab ) will organize the international congress for marine biotechnology on 17th - . . . lire la suite

vous trouverez ci - dessous le le compte rendu des rif18 ainsi que le livre des résumés et quelques photos .

seminiferous tubule number and surface : validation of objective parameters to estimate reproduction activity of male european anchovy ( engraulis encrasicolus , l . )

physiculus sudanensis paulin , 1989 , a junior synonym of p . dalwigki kaup , 1858 ( teleostei , gadiformes , moridae ) , with a redescription of p . dalwigki

g . prestes - carneiro , p . béarez , k . dillenseger , t . yunoki

found on the continental shelf and upper slope to at least 430 m ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on bony fish , also shrimp , mysids and squid ( ref . 5578 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) , with 5 to 7 young in a litter ( ref . 247 ) . probably uses its saw to stun and kill prey ( ref . 5578 ) . sometimes caught by sports anglers ( ref . 5578 ) .

warm - temperate and subtropical continental shelves and upper slopes from the western cape of south africa to southern mozambique and southeastern madagascar . normally absent from the cold - temperate west coast of south africa , north from cape town . depth range 37 m to at least 500 m . bimodal distribution off the southern cape coast of south africa . most records are from between 20 and 21 on the outer continental shelf of the western cape ( cape agulhas and cape infanta , 60 to 160 m , mostly 70 to 140 m ) and between 25 and 27 longitude on continental shelf and upper slope of eastern cape from port elizabeth to port alfred ( 70 to 290 m , mostly 80 to 120 m ) . few intermediate records between these two areas , no records below 300 m on the cape coast . possible pupping grounds in eastern cape ( near algoa bay ) and off kwazulu - natal . off central kwazulu - natal , occurs at 73 to 430 m , mostly below 110 m . has been taken at 360 m off delagoa bay , mozambique and at 425 to 500 m off southeastern madagascar ( compagno in prep . a ) .

western indian ocean : off madagascar and from southern mozambique to cape agulhas , south africa .

the only shark with a saw - snout and 6 pairs of gill slits ( ref . 5578 ) . pale brown above , white below ( ref . 6587 ) .

offshore benthic and epibenthic species on the warm - temperate and subtropical continental shelves and upper slopes of southern africa and madagascar at 37 m to at least 500 m , with apparent tropical submersion northeastwards along its range and onto the uppermost slopes . bimodal distribution in south african cape waters may be linked to restricted habitat ( possibly related to feeding ) . biology , ecology and behaviour sketchily known . ovoviviparous , with 5 to 7 pups / litter ( but 7 to 17 developing eggs recorded ) . populations partially segregated ; young occur in shallower water than adults off kwazulu - natal , south africa . possible pupping grounds in eastern cape ( near algoa bay ) and off kwazulu - natal . feeds on small fish , crustaceans and squid . predators poorly known but include tiger shark ( compagno in prep . a ) . known life history parameters size at maturity : 110 cm total length ( tl ) ( females ) ; 83 cm tl ( males ) . maximum size : at least 112 cm tl ( males ) and 136 cm tl ( females ) . size at birth : 35 to 37 cm tl . average annual fecundity or litter size : 5 to 7 young per litter in two females ; others with 1 to 17 eggs .

depth range based on 138 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 90 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 42 - 915 temperature range ( °c ) : 8 . 693 - 18 . 507 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 6 . 303 - 21 . 685 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 738 - 35 . 415 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 287 - 4 . 730 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 525 - 1 . 634 silicate ( umol / l ) : 7 . 117 - 24 . 114 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 42 - 915 temperature range ( °c ) : 8 . 693 - 18 . 507 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 6 . 303 - 21 . 685 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 738 - 35 . 415 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 287 - 4 . 730 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 525 - 1 . 634 silicate ( umol / l ) : 7 . 117 - 24 . 114 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .

depth : 60 - 430m . from 60 to 430 meters . habitat : demersal . found on the continental shelf and upper slope to at least 430 m . feeds on small fish ( including @ champsodon @ ) , crustaceans and squids . adults are partially segregated from young by occuring in greater depths . ovoviviparous , with 5 to 7 young in a litter ( others have 7 to 17 developing eggs ) . sometimes caught by anglers ( ref . 5578 ) .

demersal ; marine ; depth range 60 - 430 m ( ref . 5578 ) , usually 60 - ? m

feeds on fish , cephalopods , benthic invertebrates and zooplankton ( ref . 5578 ) .

ovoviviparous , with 5 to 7 young in a litter ( others have 7 to 17 developing eggs ) . size at birth about 35 cm . embryos feed solely on yolk ( ref . 50449 ) .

the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .

below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .

pliotrema warreni is a southern african endemic with a relatively restricted geographic distribution , depth range of 37 m to at least 500 m , and possibly a discontinuous habitat distribution . likely a relatively unproductive species , with fairly small litters and relatively large size at maturity compared with some other sawsharks . vulnerable to net gear because of its morphology . taken as discarded , unmonitored bycatch in demersal trawlers throughout much of its range . although population and trend data are lacking , levels of bycatch of this species are considered likely to be unsustainable . p . warreni is assessed as near threatened due to concerns regarding its vulnerability to this unmonitored fishing pressure and its restricted distribution .

bycatch of demersal bottom trawlers off south africa and southern mozambique . intensive offshore trawl fisheries occur in its known range , but trends in occurrence of this species as bycatch are unmonitored . it is apparently unutilized and discarded ( compagno in prep . a ) . probably not sufficiently common in bycatch to be worth marketing .

the sixgill sawshark , pliotrema warreni , the only member of the genus pliotrema , is a sawshark of the family pristiophoridae . presence of 6 pairs of gill slits highlights this genus among sharks ; outside hexanchiformes order , pliotrema is the only shark with more than 5 gill slits . unlike other sawsharks , the barbs on this shark ' s rostrum continue onto the sides of the head . its barbels are also closer to its mouth than in other species . at maximum , females can reach over 136 cm long , and males can reach over 112 cm long .

, at depths of between 37 and 500 m . this shark lives in the

zones of the continental shelf . adults are partially segregated from juveniles , as they naturally tend to aggregate at lower depths .

, sixgill sawsharks are able to find their prey and then incapacitate them with their rostrum . their known diet includes small fish , crustaceans , and squids . the only observed predator of the sixgill sawshark is the

, though it is likely other large sharks predate this species . these sharks , like other sawsharks , are

. they are thought to breed annually , giving birth to around five to seven pups per litter . it is possible that they come to inshore pupping grounds to give birth . the pups are around 35 cm at birth , and they later mature at around 83 cm if they are male , and around 110 cm if they are female .

. this is because of their restricted geographical range , small litters , high age of maturity , and extreme vulnerability to bottom trawling fishing . though they are not sought after in any market , they are frequently caught as by - catch and disposed . because of their deep habitat , sixgill sawsharks are not considered a threat to people .

fowler , s . l . 2004 . pliotrema warreni . in : iucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 30 december 2013 .

compagno , leonardo , dando , marc and fowler , sarah . sharks of the world . princeton university press . 2005 . pg 131 - 132 .

froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2006 ) . " pliotrema warreni " in fishbase . may 2006 version .

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max length : 120 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35388 ) ; common length : 85 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . )

marine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 265 - 720 m ( ref . 35388 )

deep - water , preferred 18°c ( ref . 107945 ) ; 41°n - 11°n , 13°w - 3°w ( ref . 54694 )

pd 50 = 0 . 5625 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )

low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 )

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how do you become a shark biologist ? first , stay in school ! you would need to study hard and earn a masters or phd . it might seem hard or scary , but it is worth it to be able learn and become an expert in something that interests you . you can do it ! as a shark biologist you will learn all about shark life processes , answering questions about how large they grow , how fast they grow , their mating rituals , the physics of sharks’ movements , behavior , diet , and diseases . there is so much to learn and discover , and if you want to , you can be the discoverer !

as a shark biologist , you generally would focus your studies on one species in great detail , though you may learn lots about other species as well . because sharks in the wild can be hard to observe , it can take many years to collect information and address one question . you may use many different types of technology to help in your exploring endeavors . you would spend time in the field but you would also work in a lab as you experiment and analyze data . then , of course , you would dedicate a good amount of time to reading and studying to further knowledge , helping you on your pathway to understanding .

so if you love the water and you are flexible , hard worker , and outside the box thinker , you might just be a shark biologist in the making . you can practice now by researching your very own question on sharks .

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contrary to popular belief , sharks do occur around the coasts of britain . in fact we have over 40 species ! including some of the fastest , rarest , largest and most highly migratory in the world !

at least 21 species live in british waters all year round . you’re very unlikely to encounter one during a trip to the beach . yet , you may find evidence of smallspotted catsharks or nursehounds . these species reproduce by laying eggs . and you can often find their empty eggcases washed up in the strandline .

help us search the coastline for shark , skate and ray eggcases ! eggcase hunting is great fun for all the family and you’ll be helping shark conservation . ► visit our great eggcase hunt project to find out more .

as well as the 21 resident sharks , there are at least 11 deepwater shark species . including the portuguese dogfish , black dogfish , kitefin shark and gulper shark .

sadly , over 50 % of our british sharks are now under threat . this includes the once common angelshark , which is now rarely encountered . today they ' re listed as critically endangered on the iucn red list . in 2008 , we helped to secure domestic protection for them in uk waters . and now they’re one of the most heavily protected sharks in the northeast atlantic .

in the warmer months you may be lucky enough to spot the world’s second largest fish . the filter - feeding basking shark ! often seen basking in the sun ( thus it ' s name ) and feasting on plankton . basking shark season tends to be may - october . and there are a few hotspots around the british isles where you ' ll most likely spot them . find out more by visiting our basking shark project .

other seasonal visitors include the blue shark and shortfin mako . blue sharks are highly migratory and can travel over 5 , 700 miles ( 9 , 200 km ) in a single trip . the shortfin mako is the fastest shark on record . they can reach speeds of up to 30mph ! enabling them to catch fast - swimming prey such as tuna and swordfish .

some sharks , such as the smooth hammerhead and frilled shark , may occasionally enter our waters .

there ' s much debate about whether white sharks are in british waters . but , as exciting as that would be , it ' s very unlikely . there ' s been no confirmed sightings or strong evidence to suggest they ' re here . yet , british waters do provide good conditions for white sharks , so it ' s not impossible . the closest confirmed report was of a female white shark . captured in 1977 in the northern bay of biscay – 168 miles off land’s end , cornwall . in 2014 , a tagged white shark called lydia was documented as the first of its species to cross the mid - atlantic ridge . although she was still 1 , 000 miles from british shores .

we keep a close eye on such reports . so , if a white shark were to be sighted in uk waters , we’d be the first to know .

shark sightings are all too often sensationalised in the media to generate news . causing unnecessary concern and even fear .

only a few sharks are potentially dangerous to humans . none of these have ever been reported in british waters . there have also been no unprovoked shark bites in british waters since records began in 1847 . with so many shark species under threat we think that seeing a shark in british waters should be a cause for celebration . not alarm .

there are many ways you can help sharks . from getting involved in our projects , becoming a member or adding your voice to one of our campaigns . find out more by visiting our get involved page .

© 2018 shark trust ( unless otherwise attributed ) . registered charity no . 1064185 . registered company no . 3396164 . website by fear of mice .

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at birth , they are less than 25 cm ( 9 . 8 in ) and they mature at about 50 cm ( 20 in ) . most records are of individuals less than 1 m ( 3 . 3 ft ) , but they can reach about 1 . 5 m ( 4 . 9 ft ) . their litter size is seven or eight pups off angola to 23 in the mediterranean . they have ridges over their eyes that expand into large , rounded knobs , which are covered with enlarged denticles – these are absent in other species of rough sharks . they possess very large spiracles that are vertically elongated , being almost as high as the length of their eyes . their first dorsal spine is oriented slightly forward . they feed on worms , crustaceans , and mollusks . [ 3 ]

oxynotus centrina has a compressed body , triangular in cross section , with a broad and flattened head . the snout is flat and blunt . just like all of the oxynotus species , they have two relatively large dorsal fins that are sail - like , and no anal fin . their color scheme is grey ogayr grey - brown dorsally with dark blotched on its head and sides . however , one identifying feature is the light horizontal line below the eyes on the cheek . [ 4 ]

since it shares the northeast atlantic with another species of oxynotus , other distinguishing features include the extremely large spiracles , their dorsal fins , and their large dermal denticles above their eyes . like most of the oxynotus species , o . centrina has lanceolate upper teeth and blade - like lower teeth , with 12 rows of teeth on either side . [ 4 ]

oxynotus centrina usually moves by gliding on the bottom of the sea , sometimes hovering over the sandy or muddy surfaces of the seabed . [ 5 ]

they occur in the eastern atlantic from norway to south africa , including the entire mediterranean . they may also occur off mozambique . they prefer coralline algal and muddy bottoms on continental shelves and upper slopes at depths of 50 to 660 m ( 160 to 2 , 170 ft ) , but occur mostly below 100 m ( 330 ft ) . [ 3 ]

male and female angular roughsharks are reported to mature at about 50–70 cm . although , some studies have shown that females mature at a slightly larger size than males . being an ovoviviparous species , o . centrina produces 10 - 12 pups usually between 21 and 24 cm in length . [ 4 ]

some data has been gathered on this species of oxynotus in the period from 1994 to 1999 in the mediterranean . o . centrina was only present in 0 . 6 % of the tows during this period at a depth of 100 to 200 m . regional indexes indicate this species is more common in the western central mediterranean and lower index in the western and eastern mediterranean . however , o . centrina was completely absent from the eastern central mediterranean . [ 2 ]

in 1948 , trawl surveys indicated that o . centrina was once present , but uncommon , in the adriatic . although , the species has been absent in subsequent studies in the adriatic , suggesting a possible extinction of that species in the area . however , recent studies , done by lipej in 2004 , show that some juveniles have been caught in the central adriatic . also , some data collected during the surveys in the balearic sea and the ionian sea found one specimen at 800 m in the western ionian sea , suggesting that the population of o . centrina , in the east - central mediterranean , has an unknown population . [ 2 ]

however , this species was absent in the northeast atlantic in a study of deepwater longline fishing for sharks near the canary islands . this is important because this species was abundant in this region until 1997 . [ 2 ]

oxynotus centrina in a minor bycatch of offshore fisheries such as trawl fleets . although this can have a negative impact on the species , as stated above , the species had been thought extinct in the adriatic , decreased fishing has led to their rediscovery . [ 2 ]

this species , sometimes caught by fishermen in the mediterranean , has little to no commercial value . also , it is thought to bring bad luck to fisherman if caught and kept . although when released , it has never been reported to survive . [ 2 ]

the iucn red list of threatened species has deemed this species of oxynotus as vulnerable due to consistent landings by fisherman and bycatch by deepsea fisheries . [ 2 ]

froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2006 ) . " oxynotus centrina " in fishbase . july 2006 version .

" oxynotus centrina . " ( angular rough shark ) . n . p . , n . d . web . 1 december 2013 . < urltoken > .

compagno , l . , dando , m . and fowler , s . sharks of the world . princeton field guides isbn 0 - 691 - 12072 - 2

" angular rough shark ( oxynotus centrina ) . " angular rough shark videos , photos and facts . n . p . , n . d . web . 1 december 2013 . < urltoken > .

this page was last edited on 16 february 2018 , at 15 : 12 .

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that give them a " smooth " appearance . both species are slender - bodied with long heads , two

in honor of henry b . bigelow ( who , along with william c . schroeder and

this species may also be referred to as the smooth lanternshark or the blurred smooth lanternshark .

, the blurred lanternshark has a slender body , large head , and short tail . the snout is wedge - shaped and slightly flattened , tapering to a point . the

are large , with short flaps of skin in front . the eyes are oval in shape with a deep anterior notch in the

than the pelvic fins , and bear a straight , grooved spine in front . the second dorsal fin is half again as tall as the first and bears a longer , curved spine . the pectoral fins are rounded at the tips , with the distance between them and the medium - sized , angular pelvic fins about equal to the distance between the dorsal fins . the

with a well - developed lower lobe and a broad upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip . the small , blocky dermal denticles are densely but irregularly arranged , each with a flat , truncate crown . the coloration is brown or gray above , with a pale spot over the

, and black below extending in faint markings over the sides of the head , under the pectoral fins , over the pelvic fins , and below the caudal peduncle .

this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 7 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .


nacaduba cyanea , the tailed green-banded line-blue , is a species of butterfly in the family lycaenidae , and formerly considered a member of the genus danis .

it is found in the indonesia ( irian jaya , maluku ) , papua new guinea , the solomon islands and australia ( queensland ) .

the wingspan is about 30 mm .

adult males are blue with a dark brown wing margin .

there is a pale blue to white patch on the hindwing .

females are white with a broad black border and a row of blue edged black spots .

the larvae feed on entada phaseoloides and entada scandens .

they are bright green with pale brown head .

the larvae are attended by ants of the anonychomyrma genus .

pupation takes place in a brown pupa with dark markings

nacaduba cyanea

nacaduba cyanea <EOT> tennent wj ( 2015 ) a new subspecies of nacaduba cyanea cramer , 1775 , from woodlark island , milne bay province , papua new guinea ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . . nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo n . f . , 36 ( 4 ) : 219 - 220 .

“ across the world , natural - history collections hold thousands of species awaiting identification . in fact , researchers today find many more novel animals and plants by sifting through decades - old specimens than they do by surveying tropical forests and remote landscapes . an estimated three - quarters of newly named mammal species are already part of a natural - history collection at the time they are identified . they sometimes sit unrecognised for a century or longer , hidden in drawers , half - forgotten in jars , misidentified , unlabelled . ” museums : the endangered dead ( c . kemp , nature 518 ( 7539 ) : 292–294 , london , 19 th february 2015 ) a new subspecies of nacaduba cyanea ( cramer , 1775 ) , n . c . sanane ssp . n . , from the indonesian island of buru is described and illustrated . it is compared with nominotypical cyanea ( tl : “west - indiën” [ = west indies ] ; recte : “oost - indiën” [ = east indies ] ) and n . c . obiana ( fruhstorfer , 1915 ) ( tl : obi ) . all eight currently recognised moluccan subspecies of n . cyanea , including n . c . sanane ssp . n . , are illustrated and a map depicting their distribution in the moluccas is presented .

the male adults are blue with a dark brown edge around each wing . the hindwings have a pale blue or even white patch across them , and each hindwing has a tail near the

underneath , both sexes are similar , with white forewings having a wide dark brown edge . the wings underneath are white with wide black

of each hindwing , each spot surrounded by an iridescent green ring . the butterflies have a wing span of about 3 cms .

the eggs are white , round , and flattened , with a finely pitted surface . they are laid singly on tendrils and young growth of a foodplant .

, csiro publishing , melbourne 2000 , vol . 2 , pp . 786 - 787 .

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. a generic classification of the tribe polyommatini of the oriental and australian regions ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae , polyommatinae ) . – bulletin of the university of osaka prefecture ( b ) 44 ( supplement ) : 1–102 .

] ) , buru , bali , and misol . – novitates zoologicae 22 : 105–144 , 209–227 .

g . vierbergen ; h . kucharczyk and w . d . j . kirk

k . - g . heller ; k . m . orci ; g . grein and s . ingrisch

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grose - smith , h . & kirby , w . f . 1896 , vol . 2 , pp . 259 pp . , gurney & jackson , london

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1ade9441 - bef6 - 4292 - a67c - b3c046426aad

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2d7a590f - efd4 - 458c - b687 - c8fa0de25b40

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 504837f2 - 3067 - 4052 - 8113 - 34f9c765e5fc

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 50fef073 - 33b1 - 4229 - ba1c - 45b770ef12c0

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7702b2d6 - b053 - 4a82 - 9c7d - 3e68d39236b3

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ba1292e2 - 4a2a - 4ab2 - 9f8a - ae2906001deb

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 55ac199e - e8f3 - 4603 - 832b - c6886db0ff98

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 400096

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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 14f833ba - cf8f - 4364 - b7e0 - 17f00e8ea0e4

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2a45fc01 - a59b - 4e4d - 9433 - d700faa54ebf

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 578db563 - 50a6 - 4f2a - 904c - ec7a77c9a5d2

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 73e6cf11 - 6cdf - 4bd4 - b597 - e332743d4eea

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ec18b51e - 3c66 - 4ef8 - ab02 - f33808cd2b37

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f1082456 - a628 - 46b5 - 8409 - 0a127bfb2c94

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1cdf4c13 - 67d2 - 4cf9 - 96fe - 75ff364fff14

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 302869

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note : wildlife statistics are based on information that has been submitted to the des wildnet database and converted to a 10km² grid . the grid information has been intersected with the mapping polygons to determine the species lists . click here to view the species grid metadata .

disclaimer : while every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of this product , the queensland government and australian government make no representations or warranties about its accuracy , reliability , completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and disclaim all responsibility and all liability ( including without limitation , liability in negligence ) for all expenses , losses , damages ( including indirect or consequential damage ) and costs which might be incurred as a consequence of reliance on the product , or as a result of the product being inaccurate or incomplete in any way and for any reason .

( 2015 ) the poetry bug . an anthology of writing by poets , entomologists , intellectuals , musicians and more . . . . . . . tennent wj ( eds ) . parthian books : cardigan . 405 .

naba names committee ( 2015 ) interim report of the naba names committee [ 1 ] ( with contributions from braby , m . , edwards , a . , epstein , m . , glassberg , j . , hall , p . w . , heath , f . , hsu , y - f . , larsen , t . , lohman , d . , pierce , n . , scoble , m . , springer , j . , tennent , j . , vane - wright , [ r . i . ] , viloria , a . , west , j . & yen , s . h ) . . american butterflies , 24 ( 4 ) : 20 - 33 .

tennent wj ( 2015 ) african queens and their kin . a darwinian odyssey , by david a . s . smith . entomologist’s gazette , 66 ( 4 ) : 276 - 278 .

tennent wj ( 2015 ) survival stories : storm tossed , in : facing fear ( pioneer edition ) , wedner d ( eds ) . national geographic explorer collection , cengage learning : washington d . c . . 17 .

tennent wj ( 2015 ) a review of cethosia cydippe linnaeus , 1767 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) from the eastern parts of its range ( milne bay province , papua new guinea ) . . butterflies , 68 : 8 - 20 .

tennent wj ( 2015 ) a new subspecies of cupha prosope fabricius , 1775 ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae ) from the trobriands island of kitava , milne bay province , papua new guinea . . butterflies , 68 : 4 - 7 .

tennent wj , clapp g , clapp e ( 2015 ) a checklist of the hawkmoths of woodlark island , papua new guinea ( lepidoptera , sphingidae ) . . nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo ( n . f . ) , 36 ( 1 ) : 55 - 61 .

tennent wj , russell pjc ( 2015 ) notes on some hawkmoths ( lepidoptera : sphingidae ) from the cape verde islands . . zoologica caboverdiana , 5 ( 2 ) : 105 - 110 .

tennent wj , russell pjc ( 2015 ) butterflies of the cape verde islands ( insecta , lepidoptera ) . . zoologica caboverdiana , 5 ( 2 ) : 64 - 104 .

tennent wj ( 2015 ) book review : a naturalist’s guide to the butterflies of peninsular malaysia , singapore and thailand , by laurence kirton . entomologist’s gazette , 66 ( 1 ) : 78 - 79 .

tennent wj ( 2015 ) book review : guide to the butterflies of the palearctic region . pieridae part ii , subfamily coliadinae , tribe coliadini , by josef grieshuber ( edited by g . c . bozano ) . entomologist’s gazette , 66 ( 1 ) : 79 - 80 .

tennent wj ( 2014 ) euploea eurianassa hewitson , 1858 , in milne bay province , papua new guinea with description of a new subspecies from the remote island of nasikwabu ( lepidoptera : danainae ) . butterflies ( teinopalpus ) , 66 : 46 - 49 .

tennent wj ( 2014 ) first record of the invasive lycaenid species chilades pandava ( horsfield , 1829 ) , from papua new guinea ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . nachrichten entomologischen vereins apollo n . f . , 35 ( 1 / 2 ) : 43 - 46 .

tennent wj ( 2014 ) entomologische notiz . correction to : “the butterflies described by bernard d’abrera in three editions of ‘butterflies of the australian region ( 1971 , 1977 , 1990 ) ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) ’ . nachrichten entomologischen vereins apollo n . f , 35 ( 3 ) :

tennent wj ( 2014 ) book review : guide to the butterflies of the palaearctic region . nymphalidae part vi , subfamily limenitidinae , by e . gallo & c . della bruna ( edited by g . c . bozano ) . entomologist’s gazette , 65 ( 3 ) :

tennent wj ( 2014 ) book review : lepidoptera , papilionoidea , by enrique garcia - barros , miguel munguira , constantiní stefanescu & antonio vives moreno . fauna iberica 37 . entomologist’s gazette , 65 ( 4 ) : 255 - 256 .

tennent wj ( 2014 ) two new subspecies of mycalesis terminus ( fabricius , 1775 ) , from the islands of milne bay province , papua new guinea ( lepidoptera , satyrinae ) . tropical lepidoptera research , 24 ( 2 ) : 62 - 66 .

monastyrskii al , tennent wj , o’dell j ( 2014 ) further evidence of disjunctions in ranges of east asian satyrines butterflies : a new subspecies of rhaphicera dumicola ( oberthür , 1876 ) from northern vietnam ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae : satyrinae ) . atalanta , würzburg , 45 ( 1 - 4 ) : 163 - 165 .

müller cj , tennent wj ( 2014 ) a new species of hypochrysops felder & felder , 1860 , from waigeo island , indonesia ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . suara serangga papua , , 8 ( 4 ) : 109 - 115 .

rawlins a , schröder s , cassidy ac , müller cj , tennent wj ( 2014 ) an illustrated and annotated checklist of jamides hübner , 1819 , taxa occurring in the indonesian provinces of north maluku and maluku ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . nachrichten entomologischen vereins apollo n . f . , 35 ( 1 / 2 ) : 5 - 39 .

tennent wj , müller cj , peggie d ( 2014 ) two new butterflies ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) from the collections of the museum zoologi bogor , indonesia . tropical lepidoptera research , 24 ( 1 ) : 10 - 14 .

tennent wj , treadaway cg ( 2014 ) a new subspecies of mycalesis aramis hewitson , 1866 , from the island of mindoro , philippines ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , satyrinae ) . nachrichten entomologischen vereins apollo n . f . , 35 ( 3 ) : 139 - 140 .

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