the plymouth red-bellied turtle ( pseudemys rubriventris bangsi ) , sometimes called the plymouth red-bellied cooter , the first freshwater turtle in the us to be listed as endangered , by the united states fish and wildlife service was found only in plymouth county , massachusetts before the state began trying to establish populations in other areas .

current thinking is that they are not a full subspecies and that they belong in synonymy under pseudemys rubriventris or northern red-bellied cooter .

nevertheless , it is well recognized that the plymouth red-bellied turtle extends the range of the northern red-bellied cooter by 30 – 40 percent .

in 1983 , massasoit national wildlife refuge was established to help conserve the plymouth red-bellied turtle .

this turtle gets its name from its reddish plastron or undershell .

they have flattened or slightly concave vertebral scutes with a red bar on each marginal scute .

their upper shell or carapace ranges from brown to black .

an arrow-shaped stripe runs atop head , between the eyes , to their snout .

adults are 10 – 16 inches ( 25 – 41 cm ) .

males have elongated , straight claws on the front feet .

it lives in the plymouth pinelands of the massachusetts and spends most of its time in freshwater ponds .

in spring and summer , the females nest in sand while the males look for food .

females lay 5 – 17 eggs at a time .

the incubation of the eggs takes 73 to 80 days , and the eggs hatch at around 25 °c ( 77 °f ) .

hatchlings are about 32 millimetres ( 1.3 in ) long .

eggs and young turtles are prey to skunks , raccoons , birds , and fish .

their natural lifespan is 40 to 45 years .

the population had been reduced to 200 – 300 turtles by the 1980s .

by 2007 , there were estimated to be 400 – 600 breeding age turtles across 20 ponds .

this is due to overhunting by its natural predator the skunk and pollution from herbicides dumped into streams and ponds .

loss of habitat , as a result of filling in ponds to create houses is also a major issue .

plymouth red - bellied turtle

plymouth red - bellied turtle <EOT> ( " species turtle , red - bellied , plymouth " , 1996 ; " plymouth rebelly turtle habitat model " , 2001 ; ernst , et al . , 1994 )

1996 . " species turtle , red - bellied , plymouth " ( on - line ) . accessed march 19 , 2003 at urltoken .

glenn , c . r . 2006 . " earth ' s endangered creatures - plymouth red - bellied turtle facts " ( online ) . accessed

the plymouth red - bellied turtle is thought to be limited to about 17 ponds and one river site in plymouth county , massachusetts . the total number of breeding individuals is believed to be about 300 .

the plymouth red - bellied turtle prefers deep , permanent ponds with nearby sandy areas for nesting , and surrounding vegetation of pine barrens or mixed deciduous forest .

" plymouth red - bellied turtle . " beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken

wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article " plymouth red - bellied turtle " .

" plymouth red - bellied turtle . " beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken

u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1985 . " plymouth red - bellied turtle recovery plan . " u . s . fish and wildlife service , newton corner , massachusetts .

u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1994 . " plymouth red - bellied turtle recovery plan , second revision . " u . s . fish and wildlife service , newton corner , massachusetts .

red - bellied turtles are considered endangered according to the endangered species act of 1973 . the subspecies

pseudemys rubriventris bangsi is the scientific name for the common named plymouth red - bellied cooter . these turtles can be found in deep ponds , lakes , streams , rivers , and marshes . they mostly live in freshwater .

2001 . " plymouth rebelly turtle habitat model " ( on - line ) . usfws gulf of maine watershed habitat analysis . accessed march 19 , 2003 at urltoken .

eastern red - bellied turtles act as both predator and prey . their prey include crayfish , snails , fish , and tadpoles . predators of

the plymouth red - bellied turtle is believed to be a subspecies of the eastern red - bellied turtle ( pseudemys rubriventris ) . some biologists argue that the subspecies only exists because of a taxonomic error , and that the plymouth red - bellied turtle is only an isolated population of the eastern red - bellied turtle . nevertheless , the subspecies is classified as endangered throughout its entire range in massachusetts . the eastern red - bellied turtle is a shy pond turtle species . adults grow from 10 to 15 inches in length . their carapaces are brown to black with flat scutes . their heads are arrow - like in shape with stripes that run between the eyes and to the nose . the plastron ( undershell ) is reddish in color , giving the red - bellied turtle its name . males have long claws on their front feet . eastern red - bellied turtles can be found in deep ponds , lakes , streams and rivers . they can often be found basking not too far from the water . diet consists of snails , slugs , crayfish , tadpoles , and aquatic plants . mating occurs in the spring , and nesting from june to july . females lay from 8 to 20 eggs , and the hatchlings emerge 10 to 15 weeks later . the young turtles sometimes remain in the nest throughout the winter . in massachusetts , these turtles are said to be very vulnerable ( as eggs and young turtles ) to predation by skunks , raccoons , birds , and fish , and the population was reduced to 200 to 300 turtles in the 1980s . conservation efforts include preservation of the turtles habitat and protection of the nests . there are also several head start programs in place in massachusetts to help raise hatchlings until they are able to survive on their own .

pseudemys rubriventris bangsi , also known as the plymouth red - bellied turtle , or the northern red - bellied cooter , has been listed as endangered and protected under the endangered species act of 1973 since april 2 , 1980 ( 3 ) . until recently , the turtle was classified taxonomically as a subspecies due to differences in shell morphology ( 4 ) . when it was later found that this species showed no difference in morphology or genetics from the mid - atlantic red - bellied turtles pseudemys rubriventris ( 4 ) , the national wilderness institute filed a petition in 1997 asking that pseudemys rubriventris bangsi be removed from the endangered species list due to taxonomical error at the time of listing ( 2 ) .

eat the hatchlings and eggs . red - bellied turtles escape predators by burying themselves in the mud , swimming aggressively , or by withdrawing into their shells .

the northern red - bellied cooter ( pseudemys rubriventris pop . ) is endemic to ponds in eastern massachusetts [ 1 ] . it formerly occurred in a patchy distribution in most of the state ' s coastal counties including essex , middlesex , plymouth , barnstable , and dukes . the only non - coastal county with a historical record is worcester . today it occurs only in plymouth county .

roy mcdiarmid ( pers . comm . , june 2001 ) indicates that current thinking is that the massachusetts populations previously referred to as pseudemys rubriventris bangsi babcock , 1937 ( plymouth red - bellied turtle ) , which are listed as endangered by the us fish & wildlife service , are not a full subspecies ; they belong in synonymy under p . rubriventris ( leconte , 1830 )

in 1983 , the massasoit national wildlife refuge was established to help conserve the plymouth red - bellied turtles . at the current moment , measures are being taken to preserve the turtle ' s habitats and protecting of the nests . there are many " head start " programs in massachusetts to help raise the hatchlings until they are big and strong enough to survive on their own .

table 1 : number and locations of hs hatchlings in plymouth county , ma from 1984 - 2006 ( 3 ) .

at maturity , the plymouth red - bellied turtle , pseudemys rubriventris bangsii , achieves a carapace ( upper shell ) length of up to 12 in ( 31 cm ) . the carapace is typically black to deep mahogany with reddish vertical bars , but color and patterning vary widely . the male undershell ( plastron ) is pale pink , overlaid with a dark mottling . the female under - shell is a brilliant coral red . the upper jaw is notched and displays distinct cusps .

archaeological evidence suggests that this species occurred in a fairly restricted area of eastern massachusetts defined by ipswich , concord , and martha ' s vineyard . a closely related subspecies , the red - bellied turtle ( pseudemys rubriventris rubriventris ) , ranges from north carolina to southern new jersey .

red - bellied turtles were economically important to humans in the colonial times as a source of food and trade . today , their shells make decorative art . doctors have an interest in the workings of the turtles ' hearts and have performed operations recorded in scientific journals . red - bellied turtles also help control the population of hyacinth , an invasive aquatic plant .

the carapace of the red - bellied turtle can measure from 10 – 16 in and is dark brown or black in color ( 1 , 3 ) . the scutes ( modified scales ) on the carapace are flat and nearly concave ( 1 ) . there is also a red bar on the marginal scutes . the name red - bellied comes from the reddish color of the plastron , which is also accompanied by dark markings ( 1 ) . sexual dimorphism is evident at 5 to 7 years ( 3 ) with males having long , straight claws on front limbs ( 1 ) .

other negative impacts on this turtle include incidental mortality from highway traffic , occasional shooting , and use as pets . another threat could arise in the future if pond levels were subject to extensive draw downs as might occur if the plymouth aquifer were tapped as a water source for metropolitan areas . such draw downs could affect the turtle ' s food supply as well as cover .

red - bellied turtles are diurnal reptiles , spending most of their days basking on logs and swimming . they are most active from april to october . during winter , when water is covered with ice ,

" eastern redbelly turtle " ( on - line ) . enature . accessed 03 / 19 / 03 at urltoken .

the turtles hibernate in mud at the bottoms of rivers during the winter time . the description of a red - bellied turtle , as you can see , is a brown / black carapace and concave scutes . each scute has a red bar and there is a stripe on the head . scutes are lightly marked and the males have straight claws on front feet . dimensions are 10 - 15 inches . these turtles breed during june and july . there are 8 - 20 eggs in a clutch , dimension of egg is 1 inch . time period it takes to hatch is 10 - 15 weeks , but sometimes they don ' t hatch until the following year . their natural lifespan is 40 - 45 years . the red - bellied turtle gets its name from its reddish plastron .

the loss of federal protections and the associated recovery plan could have resulted in drastic population declines . in 1996 , there was new criteria for which a species could be considered endangered ; this was beneficial to protecting the plymouth red - bellied turtle ( 3 ) . the 1996 disjunct / discrete population segment policy allows populations to be considered on their own for extinction risks if there is significant reproductive isolation ( 3 ) . this lack of interbreeding with the rest of the species could be due to physiological , behavioral , ecological and / or physical factors ( 3 ) . in the case of pseudemys rubriventris bangsi , the nearest population is approximately 250 miles south ; this significant isolation distance may have existed for hundreds of years ( 3 ) . isolation and the lack of any migratory evidence have led to the plymouth red - bellied turtle being granted the status of a discrete population segment , under which it maintains its endangered designation under the endangered species act ( 3 ) . many recommend that the name bangsi be retained , even though it is no longer an official subspecies . some experts claim that the extinction of the plymouth population would result in a 40 % reduction in the range of the species ( 3 ) .

to counter habitat loss , the nature conservancy included several turtle ponds in its land registry program in massachusetts . under this system , landowners voluntarily agreed to avoid activities on their lands that would harm the turtle . this voluntary program provided the nucleus for the establishment of a permanent federal wildlife refuge in 1986 . the refuge includes all turtle ponds known to be inhabited and others that were once inhabited .

3 . michael j . amaral . northern red - bellied cooter ( pseudemys rubriventris ) 5 - year review : summary and evaluation may 3 , 2007 u . s . fish and wildlife service new england field office concord , new hampshire urltoken

5 . aquatic oxygen consumption by wintering red - bellied turtles terry e . graham ; robert w . guimond journal of herpetology , vol . 29 , no . 3 . ( sep . , 1995 ) , pp . 471 - 474 .

the carapaces of adult red - bellied turtles are on average 26 to 32 cm in length . the carapace is a mahogany black color with red lines running dorso - ventrally . they have a serrated front upper - jaw . the head is brown and arrow - shaped with a yellow line that extends between the eyes and snout . a series of consecutive thick and thin yellow bands come off the anterior of the eye and travel laterally down the neck . this species exhibits sexual dimorphism . the plastrons of male red - bellied turtles are light pink . they have long , straight claws on their feet and an anal opening that extends beyond the shell . the females are larger than the males with brighter red plastrons containing gray borders . the hatchlings of

the greatest threat to this turtle is its limited distribution . many of the habitat ponds are within an area of only 1 , 500 acres ( 607 hectares ) . in the early 1980s , plymouth county experienced a development boom . pondshore land , in particular , was considered prime for residential development . the massachusetts wetlands protection act provided some protection against alteration of turtle pond habitats . but even when ponds were left intact by construction , houses and roads eliminated nesting and basking sites .

eastern red - bellied turtles inhabit large freshwater lakes , rivers , ponds , and creeks . most of these waters are fast moving , deep - bodied , and contain a muddy bottom where the water depth ranges from 2 - 3 . 5 m . occasionally ,

female eastern red - bellied turtles dig a nest cavity 10 cm wide by 10 cm deep in the sand in early june or july . this nest cavity is found in a well - insulated area 90 m from the water , and 1 m above pond level .

there are currently 20 ponds in plymouth county massachusetts , a region in southeastern massachusetts experiencing increasing land development , that are inhabited by pseudemys rubriventris bangsi ( 3 ) . the ponds are land - locked coastal plain ponds fed by groundwater , springs and connected by an underground aquifer ( 3 ) . as much as 50 % of the population inhabits federal pond , which is owned and utilized by federal furnace cranberry company ( 3 ) . plymouth county is being developed quickly and the cranberry company has been reviewing development opportunities which could endanger the turtle even more ( 3 ) . although southeastern massachusetts cranberry agriculture draws nearly 3 . 5 billion gallons of water per year from local surface waters , red - bellied turtles have a better chance of continuing their existence by depending on the same water as cranberry growers than sharing their ponds with residential development .

turtle taxonomy working group [ van dijk , p . p . , j . iverson , a . rhodin , h . shaffer , and r . bour ]

when listed as an endangered species , the taxon was called the " plymouth red - bellied turtle " and was considered a subspecies ( pseudemys rubriventris bangsi ) [ 1 ] . the subspecies has since been invalidated , but the 1994 federal recovery plan explains that as an ecologically and geographically distinct population , it still qualifies as an endangered species . the nearest individuals of the southern population are 250 miles away in southern new jersey . the northern population is also unique in only being found naturally in ponds . the southern population is often riverine . the taxon ' s status as an endangered species will be reviewed in 2006 in response to a delisting petition [ 2 , 5 ] .

browne , r . , a . haskell , c . griffin , j . ridgeway . 1996 . genetic variations among populations of the redbelly turtle ( pseudemys rubriventris ) .

[ 1 ] u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1994 . plymouth redbelly turtle ( pseudernys rubriventris ) recovery plan , second revision . u . s . fish and wildife service , hadley , massachusetts . 48 pp . [ 2 ] amaral , m . 2006 . personal communication with michael amaral , u . s . fish and wildlife service , concord , nh , february 7 , 2006 . [ 3 ] amaral , m . 2006 . released northern red - bellied cooters , 1985 - 2003 . spreadsheet provided by michael amaral , u . s . fish and wildlife service , concord , nh , february 7 , 2006 . [ 4 ] french , t . 2006 . personal communication with tom french , massachusetts natural heritage and endangered species program , westborough , ma , february 7 , 2006 , and february 8 , 2006 . [ 5 ] gordon , r . 1997 . petition to remove the ' plymouth redbelly turtle ' ( ' pseudemys rubriventris bangsi ' ) from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife and plants . national wilderness institute , february 3 , 1997 .

hibernate in the mud at the bottom of rivers . red - bellied turtles are not territorial . they are shy and wary of humans and predators and swim rapidly and bury themselves in the mud when scared . numerous individuals frequently inhabit the same rocks or logs while sunbathing . however , aggression over basking spots between

there is a dispute over the correct genus of the eastern redbelly turtle . some choose to use pseudemys while others use chrysemys . oftentimes , chrysemys is used only for painted turtles .

predation by raccoons , skunks , and widemouth bass is also considered a serious threat to the turtle population . raccoons and skunks dig out nests and eat the eggs , while bass snatch turtle hatchlings from the water before the shells have a chance to harden . to counter this threat , researchers under the direction of the massachusetts natural heritage and endangered species program began locating turtle nests and fencing sites to exclude predators . at the time of fencing , several eggs are removed from each nest , then hatched and raised in a collaborative captive breeding program .

spans the mid - atlantic coastal waters of the usa from new jersey to north carolina . this includes areas east to the potomac river and west to w . virginia . there is a disjunctive population of eastern red - bellied turtles in massachusetts , as well as a small , introduced population in long island , new york .

lay eggs under 10 cm of sand . the young emerge as hatchlings after 73 to 80 days and quickly make their way to the nearest water source , where they will develop into adults . hatchlings are typically between 29 and 36 mm in plastron length . eastern red - bellied turtles reach sexual maturity after 5 to 9 years .

are found in brackish water at the mouths of rivers . they surround themselves with aquatic vegetation , rocks , and logs for basking in the sun . eastern red - bellied turtles become terrestrial for short periods of time while laying eggs in june or july . they show little evidence of migration and often occupy the same habitat year - round .

red - bellied turtles are omnivores that feed on snails , plants , worms , tadpoles , crayfish , and insect larvae . these turtles are endangered throughout massachusetts . their population had been reduced to 200 - 300 turtles by 1980s . by 2007 , there were estimated to be about 400 - 600 breeding age turtles across 20 ponds . reasons for endangerment are overhunting . skunks , raccoons , birds , and fish eat the turtle ' s eggs and hatchlings . their habitat is threatened by draining of the wetlands . another major issure to endangerment is loss of habitat by filling in ponds with houses .

hatchlings are held over the winter , during which time they develop at a rate five times faster than those remaining in the wild . by spring , these young turtles are able to resist predation and are released into the turtle ponds .

pseudemys rubriventris bangsi must cope with harsh winters that are not experienced by mid - atlantic populations of pseudemys rubriventris ( 3 ) . winter research utilizing scuba has observed plymouth red - bellied turtles sleeping exposed on the bottom of ponds as opposed to being burrowed in the mud . this occurs despite ponds being completely frozen ( 5 ) . pseudemys rubriventris bangsi has also been observed making small jaw movements to draw in water for buccopharyngeal gas exchange ( 3 , 5 ) . other observations included more movement under ice cover than previously thought . radio - telemetry showed movements of 7 . 6 m per week , although during some weeks they remained motionless ( 5 ) . these underwater movements increased to 36 m per week after ice melt ( 5 ) .

the term is used in the 1994 iucn red list of threatened animals to refer collectively to species categorized as endangered ( e ) , vulnerable ( v ) , rare ( r ) , indeterminate ( i ) , or insufficiently known ( k ) and in the 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals to refer collectively to species categorized as critically endangered ( cr ) , endangered ( en ) , or vulnerable ( vu ) .

the headstart program is at the core of the recovery plan for the plymouth red - bellied turtle . due to high predation , one of the main strategies in the recovery plan is to protect nests and take hatchlings from the wild . the hatchlings are raised in captivity in 84ºf water and fed a head of romaine lettuce per day until they grow to be much larger than their non - headstarted counterparts . this strategy allows turtles to reach a size large enough to avoid much of the predation that threatens them in the wild . studies have shown that carapace lengths of 66 - 95 mm and 296 mm increase survival rates to high levels ( 6 ) . sometimes the headstarted turtles are six times larger than they would be if they had been left in the wild as a hatchling ( 6 ) . the first headstarted turtles were taken in 1984 and released in 1985 . since then , 2725 turtles have been headstarted through this recovery effort ( 3 ) . headstarted turtles , along with having a higher survival rate , also reach sexual maturity sooner ( 3 ) .

produce one clutch of eggs yearly containing 8 to 22 eggs . hatching occurs in 73 to 80 days . the hatchlings emerge from august to october . if late nesting occurs , hatchlings do not emerge before the winter . eggs incubated on natural sand are larger and have a better chance of survival than eggs incubated in artificial settings . due to the loss of natural habitats , female red - bellied turtles sometimes lay eggs in homeowner ' s yards . females try to return to the same nesting sights every year .

4 . robert a . browne ; n . alison haskell ; curtice r . griffin ; jeffrey w . ridgeway genetic variation among populations of the redbelly turtle ( pseudemys rubriventris ) copeia , vol . 1996 , no . 1 . ( feb . 2 , 1996 ) , pp . 192 - 195 .

the primary management objective for this turtle is to restore and maintain self - sustaining populations . reclassification to threatened status could occur if the species increases to at least 15 self - sustaining populations with 600 breeding - age individuals . delisting will be considered when numbers increase to 1 , 000 breeding - age turtles in 20 or more self - sustaining populations ( in ponds , lakes and possibly rivers ) . in addition to the population targets , maintenance of sufficient habitat to allow long - term survival of the population and an understanding of the turtle ' s life history and habitat requirements sufficient for management purposes , will be required to meet the full recovery objective .

the main threats to the plymouth population are habitat loss , altered habitat , and high predation ( 3 ) . ponds that previously had sunny shores ideal for egg incubation now are surrounded by a closed canopy due to intentional suppression of forest fires that use to occur naturally due to native american fires and lightning ( 3 ) . cooler temperatures in the shade have resulted in loss of nesting habitat and an unequal sex ratio as described above ( 3 ) .

during the incubation period , and in the first few years of life , pseudemys rubriventris bangsi experiences very high predation . nest predation , which can be as high as 100 % for nests that are not protected at federal pond , is carried out by crows , red fox , skunks , raccoons and coyotes , while hatchlings are preyed on by largemouth bass ( micropterus salmoides ) , chain pickerel ( esox niger ) , snapping turtles , great blue heron and bull frogs ( rana catesbeiana ) ( 3 , 6 ) . analysis of the stomach contents of bull frogs provides evidence that they are one of the main predators of hatchlings ( 6 ) . the survival rate of hatchlings is thought to be very low . similar freshwater turtles , such as blanding’s turtle , may have a hatchling survival rate of only 1 % ( 3 ) . it is difficult to study the survival rate using the current shell notch identifying technique , because the notches are no longer discernable when the turtles are recaptured as adults ( 3 ) .

due to the loss of historic populations , increasing shoreline and between - pond development , and increased predation pressure , the northern red - bellied cooter was placed on the endangered species listed and granted critical habitat in 1980 [ 1 ] . twelve occupied ponds were known at the time . three additional populations , including federal pond , were discovered in subsequent years . federal pond was and is the largest population . an active " headstarting " program introduced the cooter to ten additional ponds and two rivers by 2005 [ 2 , 3 , 4 ] . all nests discovered each year are caged to protect the eggs and hatchlings from predators ( about 95 % of uncaged nests suffer predation ) [ 2 ] . when hatching is complete , 50 % of the hatchlings are released into the same pond and 50 % are moved to headstarting facilities which raise them to a size that is less vulnerable to predation . the headstarted turtles are reintroduced to the same or new sites . between 1985 and 2005 , the program released over 2 , 500 turtles [ 3 , 4 ] . headstarted turtles were first documented to breed in the wild in 2000 [ 5 ] .

this turtle is primarily aquatic , preferring small ponds but is occasionally found on land near the water . it is most active from late march to october . in the winter it rests on the pond bottom beneath the ice in an inactive state similar to hibernation , known as brumation . it feeds on aquatic vegetation , crayfish , and other small pond fauna . in late spring and early summer , the female selects a nesting site in sandy soil close to the pond . after scooping a hole , she deposits 10 - 17 eggs , which incubate between 73 and 80 days . hatchlings are only about 1 in ( 2 . 5 cm ) long . hatchlings may emerge from nests to enter ponds in late summer , or overwinter in the nest chamber and emerge the following spring . females reach sexual maturity in 8 - 15 years ; males may mature earlier .

- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .

itis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .

fws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

range depth 2 to 3 . 5 m 6 . 56 to 11 . 48 ft

have an orange plastron and a green carapace covered with light green markings . the skin is light green as well . a possible subspecies ,

of massachusetts , has a greater height ( by 2 . 4 times ) due to a more domed carapace .

has never been observed . scientists know mating does occur in shallow water in the fall or spring . with regards to a closely related species ,

, the male pursues the female and sniffs her tail after the female releases a pheromone . in the following mating ritual , he then swims above and in front of her in the water and rapidly strokes her face with his claws . if a female

accepts his advances , the male then swims behind the female , mounting her for copulation .

. they frequent the same rocks and logs while sunbathing and often sit on top of each other . regarding

, a closely related species , females communicate by the emission of pheromones and males by tactile contact and a mating dance .

. juveniles are herbivorous and adults are omnivorous . laboratory hatchlings can be fed brine shrimp

. lawn mowers frequently kill turtles resting in grass . housing developments around rivers and ponds result in loss of nesting sights .

include bullfrogs , skunks , raccoons , wading birds , crows , and mice . eastern redbelly turtles play an important role in the middle of the food chain . they also are responsible for controlling the population of hyacinth , an invasive plant .

is considered threatened by the lacey act . this makes it illegal to import , export , transport , sell , or buy any part of the animal , dead or alive . the environmental protection agency is responsible for maintaining water treatment plants that do not harm the turtles . main causes of endangerment include expanding housing developments and a loss of nesting sights , pollutants , pesticides , and predation on eggs and hatchlings . the u . s . fish and wildlife service enacted a plan in 1985 to protect existing populations , to prevent hunting of the turtles , to collect eggs to hatch in captivity , and to educate the local public on the turtles .

kelly clark ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .

living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .

an area where a freshwater river meets the ocean and tidal influences result in fluctuations in salinity .

having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .

the state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced , thus lowering the animal ' s energy requirements . the act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state , typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals .

the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .

reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .

" many forms . " a species is polymorphic if its individuals can be divided into two or more easily recognized groups , based on structure , color , or other similar characteristics . the term only applies when the distinct groups can be found in the same area ; graded or clinal variation throughout the range of a species ( e . g . a north - to - south decrease in size ) is not polymorphism . polymorphic characteristics may be inherited because the differences have a genetic basis , or they may be the result of environmental influences . we do not consider sexual differences ( i . e . sexual dimorphism ) , seasonal changes ( e . g . change in fur color ) , or age - related changes to be polymorphic . polymorphism in a local population can be an adaptation to prevent density - dependent predation , where predators preferentially prey on the most common morph .

referring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody ( usually , but not always , a river or stream ) .

one of the sexes ( usually males ) has special physical structures used in courting the other sex or fighting the same sex . for example : antlers , elongated tails , special spurs .

that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .

a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .

a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .

a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .

2004 . " pseudemys rubriventris " ( on - line ) . natureserve explorer . accessed march 19 , 2003 at urltoken .

1999 . " pseudemys concinna " ( on - line image ) . accessed april 06 , 2003 at urltoken .

2003 . " pseudemys rubriventris study " ( on - line ) . jug bay wetlands sanctuary . accessed march 19 , 2003 at urltoken .

to cite this page : clark , k . 2004 . " pseudemys rubriventris " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

pseudemys rubriventris bangsi has a life expectancy of 40 to 45 years and does not reach sexual maturity until 15 to 20 years in age ( 3 ) . females dig terrestrial nests near ponds and lay one to two clutches per year , although one is more typical ( 3 ) . the incubation period is 73 to 80 days and the temperature required is 25ºc ( 3 ) . sex determination of the offspring is dependent on temperature , with cooler temperatures producing more males ( 3 ) . due to closed forest canopies at nesting areas , an increasing percentage of nests are lacking the required sunlight needed to produce females . in boot pond , this has resulted in a reported ratio of 21 males to every eight females . this unequal sex ratio is limiting to the effective size of the population ( 3 ) .

the mid - atlantic populations of pseudemys rubriventris live in different habitats compared to their northern disjuncts . they inhabit rivers , creeks , interconnected pond habitats , and / or brackish water ( 3 ) . while pseudemys rubriventris bangsi have to travel in upland areas to migrate to another pond , the mid - atlantic population of pseudemys rubriventris can travel huge distances by water ( 3 , 4 ) . not only do they have different pressures in the winter , they also have different dispersal strategies and associated food webs ( 3 ) .

there is very little habitat protected for these turtles . crooked pond is protected in the massasoit national wildlife refuge , and east head pond is in the myles standish state forest , but a neighboring cranberry grower holds the water rights ( 3 ) . there is a nesting beach protected on island pond and gunner’s pond , but the entire pond is not protected ( 3 ) .

the recovery plan lists the criteria necessary for changing the esa status from endangered to threatened as having 600 breeding adults in 15 or more self - sustaining populations of 50 or more turtles . delisting the turtles would require 1000 breeders in 20 self - sustaining populations . the current population estimates suggest that there may be between 400 and 600 breeders in the current population in 20 ponds , but only 10 of these ponds contain more than 20 breeders , and very few are protected ponds . these populations , as you can see from table 1 , have received many turtles through the headstart program . it is not known how the population would respond if the headstart program was stopped . even if the population goals are met in the near future , the sustainability goal of the populations may not be met for some time . in order for the populations to be self - sustainable , a solution to the low survival of hatchlings in the wild is needed .

6 . size related survival of headstarted redbelly turtles ( pseudemys rubriventris ) in massachusetts alison haskell ; terry e . graham ; curtice r . griffin ; jay b . hestbeck journal of herpetology , vol . 30 , no . 4 . ( dec . , 1996 ) , pp . 524 - 527 .

this great blue heron was filmed and photographed on an après work canoe paddle at jacob’s pond in norwell , ma . the great blue heron has great size and stature at 4’ tall . i highly recommend this pond for anyone looking to see wildlife by canoe or kayak .

despite the heron being so large , it easily takes off from the water and doesn’t seem to care that it’s 6’ wide wingspan is pushing though tree branches . they wait motionless on their stick - like legs in the water or slowly stalk their prey before they ambush them . they swallow their prey whole , rather that be fish , frogs , or even rodents . you may find that they show up at your backyard koi pond so beware . .

there is no sexual dimorphism , meaning that the males and females look the same . their backs and wings are a bluish - grey . their neck is brownish - cream and has a scruffy appearance . their face is white . they’ve got two black stripes above their eyes , and the middle of their crown is white .

this bird can be found around freshwater or brackish water habitats all over new england and into atlantic canada . the great white heron in florida was thought to be a separate species , but it is now accepted that they are the same species with different coloration .

i hope that all of you can also add the great blue heron to your own species list . please visit urltoken and click on blue heron to add your own sightings to our range maps or tell us about them in our comment section . check our other pages on species from around new england and atlantic canada .

new england and atlantic canada is home to various beautiful oak tree species . with a little effort , one can learn to identify the difference among these by the leaf shapes .

while an active head start program has introduced turtles to several new ponds and the river site , and has significantly increased the number of turtles in other ponds , the turtles take years to reach breeding status . it is therefore premature to evaluate the ultimate success of this effort .

the potential for recovery is reasonable if nest predation can be prevented and if head starting of young is done on a larger scale than in the past . due to the limited range of this species , delisting may not be possible . reclassification may be possible by the year 2000 , if ongoing recovery efforts continue to be successful .

graham , t . e . 1984 . " pseudemys rubriventris predation . " herpetology review 15 : 19 - 20 .

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due to the difficulty of censusing the species , quantitative population trend data have not been gathered [ 2 ] . however , species experts are in agreement that the number of occupied sites and the number of individuals has increased in size since 1980 , primarily due to the headstarting program and to a lesser extent natural reproduction [ 2 , 4 ] . the 1994 federal recovery plan requires a total of at least 600 breeding - age turtles distributed among at least 15 self - sustaining populations for downlisting to be considered [ 1 ] . delisting will require at least 1 , 000 breeding - age turtles in 20 or more self - sustaining populations .


the sangihe shrikethrush or sangihe whistler ( coracornis sanghirensis ) is a species of bird in the family pachycephalidae .

it is endemic to sangihe island in indonesia .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

originally , the sangihe shrikethrush was described in the genus pinarolestes , and has been classified by some authorities as belonging to the genera dendrocincla .

it was re-classified from the genus colluricincla to coracornis in 2013 .

alternate names include the large tyrannine woodcreeper , sahengbalira shrike-thrush and sangir whistler .

sangihe shrikethrush

sangihe shrikethrush <EOT> select an image : 1 . sangihe whistler 2 . sangihe whistler 3 . sangihe whistler 4 . sangihe whistler 5 . sangihe whistler

the sangihe shrikethrush ( colluricincla sanghirensis ) is a species of bird in the pachycephalidae family . it is endemic to sangihe island in indonesia . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . it is threatened by habitat loss . . . .

needless to say , ross , michael kearns and i were coming to sangihe with a few targets in mind , but not really knowing if seeing them was even a possibility or if they were already gone , never to be seen by anyone ever again . we knew a few were still plausible so we were hopeful for those but had pretty much already written off the likes of sangihe whistler ( aka sangihe shrikethrush ) , sangihe golden bulbul and sangihe white - eye .

“sangihe is one part of an endemic bird area that includes a number of species / forms of birds that have the unfortunate distinction of being incredibly rare and threatened , with a number critically endangered species on sangihe itself : cerulean paradise flycatcher , sangihe shrikethrush , and sangihe white - eye . the forms of dwarf kingfisher and golden bulbul that occur on sangihe are also most likely at the edge of extinction as well , the former not having been recorded for a number of years , and the latter only rarely recorded . ”

with transfer of morningbird to pachycephala from colluricincla the nominate race of sooty shrikethrush reverts to the senior name tenebrosa ( rothschild , 1911 ) from umbrina ( reichenow , 1915 ) .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive photo - sangihe shrike - thrush , ventral view " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive photo - sangihe shrike - thrush , ventral view " title = " arkive photo - sangihe shrike - thrush , ventral view " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

it’s a pretty bleak outlook already but unfortunately this sentiment isn’t exactly accurate as the sangihe white - eye that he mentions as “critically endangered” is already extinct .

sangihe is a small island located north of sulawesi and just south of the philippines . it is among the northernmost islands in indonesia . our ferry from manado to sangihe left port at 7pm and we arrived at our destination at 3 : 30am , a full hour and a half earlier than we expected . i must admit i was somewhat sluggish to want to move at this hour ( especially after some early morning starts the last few days ) and we didn’t officially leave the ship and get on the road until a full 45 minutes later . we found a taxi driver to take us to the town of tomako where we were staying at a homestay known as rainbow losmen , run by the brother of one of the only people on sangihe who is fighting to keep the forest intact . wesley pangimangen is knowledgeable and passionate about the remaining tracts of forest and is one of the only people who knows the trail up the mountain where the birds might still be around . the top of the mountain , where it is most inconvenient to farm , is the only place that forest remains on the island of sangihe .

gareth knass , an english birder who visited the area in 2014 does a great job explaining the situation on sangihe in his recent trip report . because i don’t think i could do a better job of saying it myself , i’ll include an excerpt from that report detailing the sad condition of this particular island’s birdlife .

original forest on sangihe has been almost completely converted to agriculture . the largest habitat tract in which the species has been observed is a mere 225 - 340 ha in size , and is undergoing clearance by shifting cultivators in its lower reaches . in 2009 , it was reported that new government initiatives to plant alien tree species were resulting in the clearance of native forest ( sykes 2009 )

the outlook for endemic wildlife found on the small island of sangihe appears to be quite grim . several species have gone extinct and several others are teetering on the brink of extinction . stop . think about this for a second – there are unique living creatures that currently call our blue planet home that will soon no longer exist . gone . forever . naturally we wanted to see them before they meet this sad , sad fate .

our short trip to sangihe had been extremely successful , but also very sobering . it’s great to see such rare birds , but also depressing to see what little habitat they have left . wesley informed us that the forest that we birded was still privately owned and despite his efforts to convince them otherwise , the people would rather chop it down – it was not protected . unfortunately most of the birds we saw in the past two days won’t be around for much longer .

australasia : south americangihe island . colluricincla sanghirensis is endemic to the island of sangihe , north of sulawesi , indonesia , where it was only known from one historical specimen collected in the late 19th century until its rediscovery in 1995 . it occurs on the mountains gunung sahendaruman and gunung sahengbalira , where the total population is likely to be extremely low ( possibly under 100 birds ) given the tiny area of remaining habitat . in 2009 , reports suggested that numbers of this species were in serious decline owing to forest loss

this species is currently known from only one locality , where habitat is declining in extent and quality such that its tiny population must certainly be dwindling . because of this alarming situation it is classified as critically endangered . original forest on sangihe has been almost completely converted to agriculture . the largest habitat tract in which the species has been observed is a mere 225 - 340 ha in size , and is undergoing clearance by shifting cultivators in its lower reaches . in 2009 , it was reported that new government initiatives to plant alien tree species were resulting in the clearance of native forest . at first , planting was restricted to areas below 500 m ; however , more recent reports indicate that planting is now taking place at higher elevations , in areas at 700 - 900 m . having a montane distribution that is close to the maximum altitude within its range , this species is potentially susceptible to climate change

the hike was technically difficult with having to navigate over mud but it was super straightforward and we gained another 350m in elevation in only about 2 km ! we are often used to climbing in elevation only to go back down and have to climb again , or have to hike a long distance at a gradual climb so the fact that we could get to the crest of the mountain in just 90 minutes was perfect , even if we had to do so via a rather treacherous trail . when we reached 730m in elevation we heard sangihe golden bulbul calling off in the distance . seriously ? just like that ? ross played tape and we had the birds respond by calling again but never had a sighting . this was great news in that one of the birds we thought might be gone was clearly still around ! it also meant that since we now knew the bird was in fact around , we would definitely have to put in a proper amount of effort to see it…

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h & m 4 : 239 . od had two different spellings . h & m 4 action as first reviser . affects species and subspecies .

h & m 4 : 241 . original spelling . affects species and subspecies .

h & m 4 : 167 . unsettled nomenclature . usually attributed to ( vieillot , 1820 ) with spelling caerulescens . predated by ( temminck , 1807 ) with spelling coerulescens but the latter published without a description . in the absence of a consensus , we follow the prevailing usage .

h & m 4 : 56 . restore s . roseogrisea . taxonomic status of s . risoria , referable to domestic barbary dove , relative to wild african collared dove unsettled . ( cf iczn opinion 2215 ) .

h & m 4 : 58 . od spelled with one “i” . emended spelling based on internal information . affects species and subspecies .

h & m 4 : 79 . original spelling . affects species and subspecies .

c . amabilis ( ramsay , ep , 1875 ) has precedence over c . aureicincta ( layard , el , 1875 ) . h & m 4 : 379

new genus name required for gynmoglaux which is a junior synonym of gymnasio which is referable to megascops nudipes . aou 54th supplement 2013 . auk 130 : 563 .

follows correction of original spelling of genus . auk 130 : 566 . aou 54th supplement . 2013 .

revert spelling of ptilogonys to the original spelling ptiliogony s . auk 130 : 566 . aou 54th supplement . 2013 .

change spelling of species name to melanorhamphos in accordance with article 82 . 2 of the code ( scon / iou petition to iczn , case no . 3630 , schodde pers . comm ) .

olsson et al 2013b . transfer to pellorneidae [ change accompanies p . burnesii ( 3 . 4 ) ]

gutturalis ( rüppell , 1835 ) has priority over levalliantoides ( smith , a , 1836 ) when the two are considered conspecific as treated here . h & m 4 .

crested pitohui is related to crested bellbird and rufous - naped warbler . reassign to ornorectes in incertae sedis ; possibly separate to oreoicidae ( jønsson et al 2008 , dumbacher et al 2008 , norman et al 2009 , jønsson et al 2010 , tif )

phylloscopus maforensis ( meyer , ab , 1874 ) has priority over frequently used p . poliocephalus ( salvadori , 1876 ) as the species epithet for island leaf warbler .

change species epithet for cory’s shearwater with split of scopoli’s shearwater ( c . diomedea ) .

payne ms , tebb et al 2008 , rheindt et al ms . ssp aeruginosus reassigned from rusty - breasted cuckoo to moluccan cuckoo . c . aeruginosus salvadori , 1878 has priority over c . heinrichi stresemann , 1931 .

c . dorsti is a junior synonym of c . guinea . dowsett - lemaire , borrow & dowsett 2005

johansson et al 2008a . the basal passeroid branches can not yet be accepted as fully resolved , thus , it is unclear whether promeropidae and arcanatoridae are together or represent two independent basal branches . each of them go further back in time than almost any other extant lineage in the passerida … which would argue for accepting them as two families ( jon fjeldså , july 2012 )

massmann 2012 . sacc # 521 . chlorospingus flavopectus ( lafresnaye , 1840 ) has priority over chlorospingus ophthalmicus ( du bus de gisignies , 1847 ) .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

rozendaal , f . g . ; lambert , f . r . 1999 . the taxomonic and conservation status of pinarolestes sanghirensis oustalet 1881 . forktail 15 : 1 - 13 .

17 cm . medium - sized , drab , thrush - like passerine . olive - brown above , more chestnut on shoulders and lower back . paler brownish below , more rufous on belly . strong black bill and legs .

is larger , more olive - green above , yellow on throat and belly .

loud drongo - like song of c . 10 second phrases containing much repetition . also soft , lisping

critically endangered b1ab ( ii , iii , v ) + 2ab ( ii , iii , v ) ; c2a ( i , ii ) ver 3 . 1

, where it was only known from one historical specimen collected in the late 19th century until its rediscovery in 1995 . it occurs on the mountains gunung sahendaruman and gunung sahengbalira , where the total population is likely to be extremely low ( possibly under 100 birds ) given the tiny area of remaining habitat . a survey in 2004 estimated the population to be between 56 - 205 ( birdlife indonesia 2007 ) and a 2009 survey estimated between 92 - 255 individuals ( burung indonesia 2009 ) . in 2009 , reports suggested that numbers of this species were in serious decline owing to forest loss ( sykes 2009 )

the population size is likely to be extremely low ( possibly fewer than 100 birds ) given the tiny area of remaining habitat . it is estimated to be between 92 - 255 individuals in total and so is placed in the band 50 - 249 mature individuals .

this species is suspected to be declining owing to on - going forest loss within its restricted range . in 2009 , reports suggested that numbers of this species were in serious decline owing to forest clearance ( sykes 2009 ) .

of " protection forest " on gunung sahengbalira as a wildlife reserve , although this process was due to take 2 - 3 years . the wildlife conservation society has also worked on the island since 2007 trying to promote sympathetic land use and development by villages surrounding gunung sahengbalira ( n . brickle

conduct further surveys for the species in remaining forest patches on the island ( e . g . gunung awu ) . ensure effective protection of habitat on gunung sahendaruman . support proposals for the rapid gazetting of remaining forest on gunung sahengbalira as a strict nature reserve . continue education programmes emphasising the value of forest cover to water retention and the benefits of sound farming practices on already cleared slopes . encourage forestry staff to establish a permanent presence on the island . lobby against government initiatives that encourage the clearance of native forest for plantations of exotic tree species .

( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22724568a118587064 .

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rarest bird in the world : the cone - billed tanager , the mystery .

atlapetes blancae , 8 years later , still not found . wish or species ?

medium - sized , drab , thrush - like passerine . olive - brown above , more chestnut on shoulders and lower back . paler brownish below , more rufous on belly . strong black bill and legs . similar spp . golden bulbul ixos affinis platenae is larger , more olive - green above , yellow on throat and belly .

it is resident in lower montane forest between 600 m and 750 m , occurring singly , and perhaps more frequently in small groups , in the middle and upper forest storeys , and also in dense rattan undergrowth . one boulder - strewn slope where birds were observed in 1996 was dominated by huge ginger - like plants ( possibly zingiberaceae ) , and in an area with a high density of large pandanus sp . palms .

one bird was seen to pass an insect to another , presumably young bird ( head pattern slightly different from other birds ) , november . no other data .

orthoptera are taken . the stomach of the single specimen collected in 1985 contained small black and dark brown chitinous insect remains . birds were seen feeding among epiphytic fern fronds and other canopy vegetation , but also keeping close to the ground in slowmoving contour - following parties , with birds turning dead leaves amongst the leaf - litter , foraging on bark and vines , and often gleaning from leaves and mosses .

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rozendaal , f . g . & lambert , f . r . ( 1999 ) the taxonomic and conservation status of pinarolestes sanghirensis oustalet 1881 .

moved to coracornis following jønsson , k . a . , r . c . k . bowie , r . g . moyle , l . christidis , j . a . norman , b . w . benz & j . fjeldså ( 2010 ) historical biogeography of an indo‐pacific passerine bird family ( pachycephalidae ) : different colonization patterns in the indonesian and melanesian archipelagos . ‒ journal of biogeography 37 : 245‐257 .