the short-billed miner ( geositta antarctica ) is a species of bird in the family furnariidae , probably the most southerly breeding passerine in the world .

it weighs around 37 grams ( 1.3 oz ) and is typically around 14 centimetres ( 5.5 in ) in length including the tail , which when in flight is distinctively black with white edges .

geositta antarctica can be distinguished for the more widespread common miner by its much shorter bill and the absence of any rufous in the flight feathers .

its natural habitat is entirely within the patagonian steppe , and it breeds only in areas rain shadowed by the icy andes in santa cruz province and tierra del fuego .

geositta antarctica migrates as far north as mendoza during the autumn and winter seasons , but keeps to arid areas , and it is most numerous on heavily grazed grassland on the leeward side of tierra del fuego .

most of its habitat is in sandy soils where it forages for insects singly or in pairs .

the nest is a woven cup of grass-like material , placed usually in a subterranean burrow and three eggs are laid .

there are reports of mixed-species nesting colonies with other furnariidae species .

short - billed miner

short - billed miner <EOT> the short - billed miner is distributed on the patagonian foothills of the andes in argentina and in tierra del fuego . it is found in grasslands and coastal scrub .

contrary to what the scientific name suggests , the short - billed miner has never been seen in antarctica . however it is one of the two southernmost miners , broadly sympatric with the similar common miner ( geositta cunicularia ) . the short - billed miner is fond of dry and sandy patagonian steppe , and its center of distribution is the north section of tierra del fuego island , although it does breed in low densities on the continent as well . apart from being shorter - billed than the common miner , the short - billed miner is also quite long - winged . the long wings may be an adaptation to migration , as this species is migratory and moves as far north as mendoza in argentina during the non - breeding period . while similar visually to the common miner , molecular data as well as similarities in song clarify that the andean creamy - rumped miner ( geositta isabellina ) is its closest relative .

gently rolling plain with short grass . bird was collected ( zmuc 104195 ) .

15–16 cm ; 34–40 g . moderate - sized miner with relatively short bill , and no prominent wing markings . has pale supercilium , dark line behind eye ; dull greyish - brown . . .

remsen , j . v . , jr ( 2018 ) . short - billed miner ( geositta antarctica ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

it has longer wings and a shorter bill . at rest , the primary projection is considerably longer than that of common miner and is about twice the length of the bill . otherwise there are few distinguishing features apart from indistinct streaking on the breast .

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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :

s argentina ( s santa cruz s to n tierra del fuego ) and s chile ( magallanes ) ; in non - breeding season w & s argentina ( n to mendoza ) .

a series of doubled notes , “weetuk - weetuk - weetuk - weetuk - weetuk” ; flight call a shrill . . .

southern temperate grassland ; barren plains with sparse grassland , scattered shrubs ; also in sandy . . .

breeds in austral summer ; nests with eggs in nov and young in jan in s chile . presumably monogamous . nest at end of tunnel 0·5–1·5 m . . .

mainly resident , e . g . present on tierra del fuego all year round . in argentina , some post - breeding . . .

not globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in southern patagonia eba . abundant to fairly common . habitat occupied appears to be reasonably safe from . . .

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genetic data # r # r support earlier findings that sclerurus and geositta are sisters , and are basal to all other furnariid genera ; in recent years , sometimes treated as a separate family .

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a number of birds foraging and chasing each other on a small beach beside a lagoon , about 50ft away .

various calls from a small flock , about 50ft away on edge of lagoon , foraging .

part of a small flock , about 50ft away on edge of lagoon , foraging .

flushed from ground in patagonian steppe and flying away , initially at about 40ft .

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : geositta antarctica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

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spix 's guan ( penelope jacquacu ) is a species of bird in the cracidae family .

it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , guyana , peru , and venezuela .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

its estimated global range is approximately 5,000,000 km ² and is common in at least parts of this range .

it is therefore considered a least concern species by the iucn .

the common name commemorates the german naturalist johann baptist von spix ( 1782-1826 ) .

spix ' s guan

spix ' s guan <EOT> . the spix’s guan is all brown with pale specks on the neck , upper back , and breast . they have grayish bare skin around the eyes and face . sexes are similar and have a bright red throat and dewlap . the spix’s guan is distinguished from the structurally similar

by much larger size , and larger and more conspicuous red dewlap . the spix’s guan favors mature interior forest while the speckled chachalaca is confined to forest edges and second growth . also see

the spix’s guan can be fairly common in lowland amazonia , but has been recorded at elevations of up to 1700 m along the foothill of the andes . this large guan can be fairly common , but it has been extirpated in forest surrounding human settlements due to subsistence hunting pressure by human .

perhaps the best known member of the cracid family in western south america , the spix’s guan is the prototypical cracid of the amazonian lowlands . it is found in most undisturbed sites in the upper orinoco basin and in the western amazon basin . spix ' s guans primarily feed on fruits in the upper strata of rainforest . its calls are typical sounds of the amazonian dawn chorus .

material published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )

del hoyo , j . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . spix ' s guan ( penelope jacquacu ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

– suriname , guyana and adjacent e venezuela s of r orinoco ( extending as far w as nw amazonas ) .

todd , 1932 – se venezuela ( c & s amazonas ) and nw brazil n of r amazon and r solimões .

– amazonia s of r amazon and r solimões in w brazil , e colombia , e ecuador , peru and n bolivia .

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mostly jan–may in s venezuela ; one nest in apr and one male in breeding condition in aug in colombia ; said to begin in aug–sept . . .

) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :

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schulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 8 . 7 - 10 . 4 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 10 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to hunting and / or trapping , it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .

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closely related to p . purpurascens , p . perspicax , p . albipennis and p . obscura . has been considered conspecific with p . obscura , and formerly with p . purpurascens , but tracheal morphology different . has hybridized with p . pileata in captivity . race granti has been considered a separate species , including orienticola as race , but there is extensive intergradation throughout present species . race speciosa formerly treated as a race of p . obscura . four subspecies recognized .

wing - whirring display given at dawn or dusk , when one bird ( the presumed male ) also gives loud . . .

few detailed , long - term studies of diet , but mainly small fruits , e . g . of palms ( including

not globally threatened ( least concern ) . common in many parts of range , except in densely populated areas or where forest has been cleared . in populated areas has changed its . . .

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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .

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juan sanabria , josep del hoyo , pieter de groot boersma , jonathan , thore noernberg , will carter .

joe tobias , margareta wieser , oswaldocortes , samantha klein , dubi shapiro , agustin carrasco , thore noernberg , ken havard , mauricio rueda , lochfitty , jacqueserard , allan hopkins , josep del hoyo , lars petersson , luis r figueroa , pedro h ramos , holger teichmann , jacob . wijpkema .

for the record ; don ' t like guans . low - pass filtered at 400 hz .

when flushed from ground . humid primary forest . reference : jn1 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .

id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 2 side a track 28 seq . a )

along the union trail in secondary forest undergrowth , not far from the clay lick and near the lake . was about 20m from my position . signal increases later into the recording .

alarm calls . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , flood plain forest . ref : cc11a539

recorded at night . probably the bird was frightened by the presence of lophostrix cristata , and my flashlight .

certainty : 99 % . not seen . a party of several birds . consists of two parts , taped 80 seconds apart . at forest edge .

id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 84 seq . a )

id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 80 seq . a )

id certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 57 side a track 34 seq . a )

id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 5 side a track 42 seq . a )

id certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 392 side b track 36 seq . a )

terra firme forest . calls by one of a pair of birds flushed by my approach but which stayed fairly close and then came closer . probably young were nearby .

perch height 20 m . distance to mike : 45 m . response to playback . bird approached on playback . series of terriorial songs interspersed with alarm calls . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , terra firme forest . ref : nkm03a240

calls by single individual . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , flood plain forest . ref : cc12a574

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

: l . pene = quasi or similar to , and lothos = crest .

: tupi ( native brasilian ) jacu = native name for this bird , and guaçu = large .

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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : penelope jacquacu . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .

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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

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the caspian snowcock ( tetraogallus caspius ) is a snowcock in the pheasant family phasianidae of the order galliformes , gallinaceous birds .

it is found in the mountains of eastern turkey , armenia , azerbaijan and throughout the alborz mountains of northern iran .

it breeds at altitudes from 1,800 – 3,000 m ( 5,900 – 9,800 ft ) on bare stony ground with some alpine scrub .

it nests in a bare ground scrape and lays 6 – 9 greenish eggs , which are incubated only by the female .

its diet consists of seeds and vegetable matter .

it forms small flocks when not breeding .

caspian snowcock

caspian snowcock <EOT> a caspian snowcock walks on a rocky crag near the chromium mine in the aladag mountain area near çukurbag .

a caspian snowcock walks on a rocky crag near the chromium mine in the aladag mountain area near çukurbag . | peter horrell photography

turkey july 21 2011 : a caspian snowcock walks on a rocky crag near the chromium mine in the aladag mountain area near çukurbag . copyright 2011 peter horrell

a pair of caspian snowcock feeding on a slope . vayots dzor mountains , armenia . other birds heard in the background : cuckoo , mistle thrush , black redstart , wren , red - billed chough , red - fronted serin .

some of the rarest western palearctic birds require a lot of effort and determination to see them . russell slack recounts a trip in july to see one of the rarest resident species , caspian snowcock , an denizen of the mountains of turkey and adjoining countries .

the state game reserve of the glinani ( clay ) island was established on an island in the caspian sea near the apsheron peninsula . it is referred to as a fauna type of protected area and serves to protect migratory and wintering waterfowl birds , sea - gull colonies and caspian seal rookeries .

established upon decree of the supreme assembly of the autonomous republic of nakhchyvan of june 22 , 2009 . purpose : conservation of nature complexes or their components , to keep an ecologic balance . location : territories along dereleyi range ( administrative territories of districts of sharur , kangarli , babek and shahbuz ) . area : 68911 ha . vegetation : juniper , himantoglossum formosum , iris . animals : leopard , polecat , bezoar goat , moufflon , caspian snowcock , bearded eagle .

mcgowan , p . j . k . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . caspian snowcock ( tetraogallus caspius ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

description location and general description this ecoregion covers the lenkoran lowland and talysh mountains of southeast azerbaijan and adjoining territories of northwest iran along the caspian shoreline . part of the iranian - turanian biogeographic subregion , this area represents the hyrcanian refuge of tertiary flora representatives .

several hundred bird species are found here . some examples are the graylag goose ( anser anser ) , white - fronted goose ( anser albifrons ) , little bustard ( otis tetrax ) , glossy ibis ( plegadis falcinellus ) , eurasian spoonbill ( platalea leucorodia ) , night heron ( nycticorax nycticorax ) , red - breasted goose ( branta ruficollis ) , peregrine falcon ( falco peregrinus ) , pelecanidae , buff - backed heron ( bubulcus ibis = ardeola ibis ) , squacco heron ( ardeola ralloides ) , greater flamingo ( phoenicopterus roseus ) , white - headed duck ( oxyura leucocephala ) , and caspian snowcock ( tetraogallus caspius ) .

the lenkoran region occupies lowland areas on the southwestern coast of the caspian sea . a peculiar , semi - subtropical climate with prolonged summer draughts and heavy precipitation in other seasons of the year is typical for this region . the annual average temperature is + 140c , and precipitation ranges from 900 - 1600 mm increasing from south to north .

justification of ecoregion delineation this ecoregion includes the south caspian coastal plain and northern slopes of the elburz mountains at lower altitudes . ecoregion boundaries were defined using hyrcanian and sub - hyrcanian mesic forests from zohary’s ( 1973 ) geobotanical map of the middle east . there is a strong correspondence to the hyrcanian forests in davis et al . ( 1994 ) .

has been included with t . caucasicus and t . himalayensis in a “dark - bellied snowcock” group . races intergrade , and all three may be merely extremes of clinal variation # r ; species has been treated as monotypic # r . race tauricus should not be confused with another proposed taxon of identical name ( tauricus buturlin , 1933 ) , but with different type and type locality ( caucasus ; clearly in error ) # r # r . three subspecies recognized .

the caspian tiger ( panthera tigris virgata ) is now extinct . other mammals which still inhabit the area are critically endangered leopard ( panthera pardus ciscaucasica ) , lynx ( lynx lynx ) , brown bear ( ursus arctos ) , wild boar ( sus scrofa ) , wolf ( canis lupus ) , jackal ( c . aureus ) , jungle cat ( felis chaus ) , badger ( meles meles ) , and otter ( lutra lutra ) .

the mixed forests of the southern coast of the caspian sea represent a key habitat for many different species of avifauna . migratory species visit the area on stopovers between russia and africa . other species , such as little bustard ( otis tetrax ) , peregrine falcon ( falco peregrinus ) , and squacco heron ( ardeola ralloides ) use it as breeding grounds . hyrcanian forests are relicts from the tertiary . consequently , they are rich in relic and endemic plant species . several protected areas such as the gizil - agach strict nature reserve , the zuvand conservation area and girkan strict nature reserve have been set up to protect threatened flora and fauna . habitat destruction for agriculture use is the main threat to the ecoregion .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

aerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # .

justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the european population is estimated at 4 , 500 - 10 , 800 pairs , which equates to 9 , 100 - 21 , 700 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . europe forms approximately 55 % of the global range so a very preliminary estimate of the global population is 16 , 500 - 39 , 500 mature individuals although further validation of this estimate is needed . the population is therefore placed in the band 16 , 000 - 39 , 999 mature individuals . trend justification : the population is declining owing to habitat degradation caused by over - grazing and , in azerbaijan , conflict and also over - hunting throughout much of its range ( del hoyo et al . 1994 ) . the population trend in europe is unknown ( birdlife international 2015 ) .

the following information refers to the habitats of the european population only . the species uses meadows in the sub - alpine and alpine zones between altitudes of 2 , 400 and 4 , 000 m ( tucker and heath 1994 ) and occasionally down to 1 , 800 m . birds are found on steep slopes lacking snow cover and gorges and crags with patches of snow and some herb and grass cover ( mcgowan 1994 ) . birds prefer south - facing slopes in summer and north - facing ones in winter . during winter they avoid areas with a covering of snow and use open ground with steppe - like vegetation instead ( tucker and heath 1994 ) . courtship usually begins in april , with laying in late april and may . typically five to nine eggs are laid ( mcgowan 1994 ) . nests are found on steep slopes in the open , beneath overhanging rocks , amongst stones or in tufts of grass ( tucker and heath 1994 ) . birds feed exclusively on plant material , particularly legumes , feeding on bulbs , flowers , fruit and seeds ( baziev 1978 ) . the species is mainly sedentary and in some areas does not even descend to lower altitudes during heavy snowfall . however some altitudinal movement has been observed in turkey ( mcgowan 1994 ) .

in europe its alpine habitat is threatened by overgrazing , which is easily reached by shepherds with guns , and with their sheep and dogs . in 1993 most of the species ' s range in azerbaijan was suffering with intensive military activity , and it was feared that poaching and the spread of long range firearms could have drastic effects ( mcgowan et al . 2015 ) .

conservation actions underway least concern ( fuller et al . 2000 ) . mace - lande : vulnerable . cites i although it is proposed for downgrading to appendix ii ( anon 2012 ) . included on ussr red list in 1978 . considered vulnerable in turkey ( kirwan et al . 2010 ) , as well as georgia , where the population , at the edge of the species ' s range is believed to be very small . the species is found in five important bird areas in armenia , five in azerbaijan , four in georgia and six in turkey ( anon 2012 ) . conservation actions proposed habitat protection is needed and an extensive survey should aim to locate healthy populations in turkey . species does not adapt well to captivity ( mcgowan et al . 1995 ) .

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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tetraogallus caspius . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

( s . g . gmelin , 1784 ) – w azerbaijan and nw iran e to s transcaspia .

55–61 cm ; male 2500–2684 g , female 1800–2344 g ; wingspan 95–105 cm . similar to

territorial call a repeated , far - carrying , drawn - out modulated whistle , “wu - oo - wee - lee - uh” , with a . . .

mountain slopes , mostly from 2400 m up to snowline , but in some places down to 1800 m , and up to . . .

lays in late apr and may ; courtship usually begins in apr . believed to be monogamous . nests in the open or under a rocky overhang , in a . . .

mainly sedentary , but some altitudinal movement recorded in turkey . in some areas does not descend . . .

not globally threatened ( least concern ) . mace lande : vulnerable . cites i . included on ussr red list in 1978 . poorly known : based on extent of available habitat and abundance . . .

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includes , in tetraonini , all taxa that have commonly been separated in families meleagrididae and tetraonidae .

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huge snow partridge found only in alpine and subalpine zones . appears gray overall with fine red - brown , yellow - brown , and black markings on wing coverts and underparts . chin and throat white , with gray cheek stripe and necklace . upper breast bluish - gray sparsely spotted with brown . white wing stripe very conspicuous in flight . females and juveniles smaller , more yellowish - brown on head and neck .

glides rapidly down slopes on stiff wings before landing on broken rocky ground where very difficult to see ; walks slowly back uphill , feeding along the way . sunbathes on huge boulders . usually indicates presence with a loud piercing whistle , audible for up to one kilometer .

steep alpine meadows with numerous rock outcroppings and stony slopes . occurs at 2400 - 3900m , remaining at high elevations even during winter .

cup of dry grass lined with feathers , usually placed under overhanging rock , in crevice , or within tussock of grass .

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status . a vulnerable species of low numbers . listed in the red data book of the former ussr . listed in the iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 3 . 1 ) as least concern . according to iucn criteria categorized as vulnerable vu b1a + 2a ; c2a ( i ) ; d1 .

distribution . the subspecies is distributed in southern and eastern turkey , lesser caucasus and south caucasus , azerbaijan and northwestern iran .

distribution in armenia . occurs in almost all upland landscapes with cliffs and rocks .

habitats . lives in high mountains , on steep slopes with rocky outcrops at 2500–3500 m above sea level .

biological traits . nestles on the ground , beneath the stones . lays eggs once a year , 5–8 / clutch . feeds on plants , searching for them on slopes .

population size and its trends . available information is insufficient to judge about the population size . the population density is 0 . 05 individuals / ha on the zangezur ridge and twice as lower on the vardenis , pambak and bazum ridges .

major threats . overgrazing , disturbance inflicted by plant gatherers and shepherd dogs , poaching .

conservation measures . habitats are partly protected in khosrov forest reserve and shikahogh reserve . listed in appendix i of the cites . it is essential to reconsider the approaches of livestock grazing in uplands , strengthen anti–poaching activities and to raise local awareness . it looks expedient to establish seasonal sanctuaries or temporary safety zones .

the territory of the talysh region is formed from paleogenic volcanic and volcanogenic - sedimentary deposits . sulfate - carbonate and hydrocarbon mineral thermal springs are common in this region . hyrcanian forests are relicts from the tertiary . consequently , they are rich in relic and endemic species .

lowland has been covered by alder ( alnus barbata ) forests : now this areas are almost totally under agricultural and urban lands . characteristic vegetation on the talysh mountain consists of humid oak forests rich in relic and endemic species . for instance , quercus castaneifolia with parrotia persica , zelkova carpinifolia , albizzia julibrissin , diospiros lotus , etc . with shrubs / semi - shrubs ilex hyrcana , ruscus hyrcanus , danaë racemosa , and lianas - smilax excelsa , hedera pastuchowii , etc . are found in the lower mountain zone . these are replaced by oriental beech forests ( fagus orientalis ) in the middle mountains . upper mountain - subalpine elevations are occupied by steppes and xeric dwarf semi - shrubs ( prilipko , 1970 ) and oriental oak ( quercus macranthera ) which is also characteristic for the elburz mountains . alpine meadows occur at the highest elevations .

biodiversity features the distinctive forests of this region include many range - restricted species as quercus castaneifolia , zelkova carpinifolia , parrotia persica , albizzia julibrissin , buxus hyrcana , danaë racemosa , etc . the region is outstanding for its rich agrobiodiversity with numerous endemic cultivated taxa .

current status the natural landscape has been considerably altered by intensive agriculture development . tea , vegetables , subtropical fruit , and vine production are main agricultural activities ( azerbaijan 1997 ) . the most important protected protected areas areas in azarbaijan part of this ecoregion are : the gizil - agach strict nature reserve ( 88 , 400 ha wetlands and marine area , designated to protect waterfowl ) , the zuvand conservation area ( 15 , 000 ha , mountain meadows and forests , designated to protect game birds , bear , leopard , and rare reptiles ) , and the girkan strict nature reserve ( 3 , 000 ha , humid thermophilous hyrcanian forests , designated to protect the unique plant communities rich in relic and endemic species ) ( vinogradov et al . 1990 ; gasanov , 1990 ) .

types and severity of threats the main threats to this ecoregion are agriculture , unsustainable forestry practices , and poaching .

references azerbaijan . 1997 . state of the environment report . state committee for the environment , and undp , baku .

davis , s . d . , v . h . heywood , and a . c . hamilton , editors . 1994 . centres of plant diversity : a guide and strategy for their conservation . volume 1 . wwf and iucn , cambridge , uk . europe , africa , sw asia , middle east

gasanov , kh . n . 1990 . girkan strict nature resrve ( zapovednik ) . zapovedniks of the caucasus . publishing house " misl " , moscow .

millington s . , and r . gokhelashvili . 2000 . biodiversity assessment for azerbaijan . report to usaid . chemonics international inc , washington , dc .

world wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037

the state game reserve of barda established on the base of the ayridjan protected area , which had existed since 1930 on forestry lands . the main purpose of the area is the preservation and restoration of the number of phasianus , francolinus and hare . this protected area is reffered to as a fauna type area .

within the territory of sheki administrative district , at the basin of the river ayrichay , between the roads yevlakh - sheki and sheki - oghuz .

it is referred to as a fauna type of protected area , and serves to protect and restore the number of pheasants ( phasianus ) and other valuable birds .

the state game reserve of bandovan is referred to as of the fauna type and has been established for the protection and restoration of the number of persian gazelle ( gazella sulgutturosa ) , waterfowl birds and little bustard ( otis tetrax ) . it borders the shirvan national park . in its fauna and flora it is similar to the shirvan park .

state game reserve of gerchay was established for the protection of the population of persian gazelle ( gazella sulgutturosa ) .

the state game reserve of lachin создан was established for the preservation and restoration of the number of bezoar goat ( capra aegagrus ) , caucasian brown bear , wild boar and hare . at present the territory of the game reserve is under occupation .

the state game reserve of gusar was established for the preservation and restoration of the number of grey partridge ( perdix perdix ) , pheasants ( phasianus ) , roe , wild boar and hare .

the state game reserve of shamkir was established for the preservation and restoration of the number of pheasants ( phasianus ) , francolinus francolinus , partridge ( alektoris kakelik ) , waterfowl birds .

the state game reserve of zuvand was established for the protection and restoration of the number of pheasant ( phasianus ) , partridge ( alectoris kakelik ) , roe , wild boar , transcaucasian brown bear , leopard and rare reptile species .

the state game reserve of ismailli was established for the protection and restoration of the number of caucasian red deer , chamois , goat , roe , wild boar , transcaucasian brown bear , marten , caucasian black cock , tetraogallus and others . the flora and fauna are similar to those of the ismailli reserve .

the state game reserve of gubadly was established for the preservation and restoration of the number of caucasian brown bear , bezoar goat ( capra aegagrus ) , wild boar , roe and others . at present the territory of the game reserve is under occupation .

within the territory of lankaran administrative district , in the middle and south parts of the small gyzyl - agach bay .

the state game reserve of small gyzyl - agach was established for the portection and restoration of the number of wintering , migrating , and wintering waterfowl - wader and coastal birds , including rare and endangered species . it borders the gyzyl - agach reserve and has similar flora and fauna .

within the territory of gedabey administrative district , in the area of the gyzylja forestry .

the state game reserve of gyzylja was established for the protection and restoration of natural complexes on the eastern slopes of the minor caucasian ridge , also for the restoration of the number of rare and endemic species of plants and animals .

within the territory of shusha administrative district , in the outskirts of shusha city .

the state game reserve of dashalty was established for the preservation of the unique natural complex and landscape of the minor caucasus . from 1992 it is under occupation and was severely damaged during the military operations .

the state game reserve of arazboyu was established for the protection and restoration of the unique natural complexes of the araks tugay forests . at present it is under occupation and is only on the verge of complete degradation .

the state game reserve of gabala was established for the preservation of forest landscapes on the southern slopes of the major caucasus ridge and the restoration of the number of rare and endangered species of flora and fauna .

within the territory of gakh administrative district , on the border with the ilisu state reserve .

the state game reserve of gakh was established for protection of endangered species of animals .

within the territory of agstafa administrative district , in the area of garayazi forests .

the state game reserve of garayazi - agstafa was established for protection of forest landscapes , animals and birds . there are marals , wild boars , wolves , foxes and hares .

restrictions : hunting and fishery of protected fauna species conservation values : endemic species and unique flora and fauna hirkan public game reserve was established in december 2005 within 2252 hectares on the basis of forest fund in administrative territories of districts of lankaran and astara . the key goal is the preservation of forests adjoining hirkan national park , the routes of migration of unique and endangered animals included in the red list of the republic of azerbaijan , integrity of ecosystem and biodiversity in those areas . important species leopard , a large number of endemic species , sub - tropical forests , ironwood .

zagatala public game reserve was established in november 2008 within 6557 hectares on the basis of summer pastures , forest fund of the forest conservation and restoration agency of balakan district in administrative territories of districts of zagatala and balakan . the key objective is coverage of the unified ecosystem in the areas neighboring zagatala public reserve , protection of biodiversity , the routes of migration of unique and endangered animals .

rvarud public game reserve was established by the order of the cabinet of ministers of the republic of azerbaijan of october 2 , 2009 within 510 hectares in the district of lerik .

year of foundation : july 18 , 1969 ( 40 000 ha ) as ordubad state nature sanctuary , in june 16 , 2003 12 131 ha was given to ordubad national park .

established in july 1969 in ordubad district of the autonomous republic of nakhchyvan . 12131 hectares of administrative territory of ordubad district was declared a national park upon the order of the president of the republic of azerbaijan of june 16 , 2003 . the game reserve covers 27869 hectares . the goal is to preserve such unique and precious animals in the area as bezoar goat , chamois , rock squirrel , wolf , jackal , fox , turaj , partridge , pheasant , quail , wood - pigeon . important species black francolin , chucar , wood pigeon , quail , pheasant , bezoar goat , marten , wolf , jackal , fox , leopard .

established on september 23 , 2005 upon order of the speaker of the supreme assembly of the autonomous republic of nakhchyvan . purpose : conservation of nature complexes or their components , to keep an ecologic balance . location : territories along araz river ( administrative territories of districts of sederek , sharur , kangarli , babek , julfa and ordubad ) . area : 9118 ha . vegetation : araz oak , celtis , iris . animals : curly - feather and pink pelicans , spoonbill , bearded eagle , cane cat , manul cat .

it should be noted that two state natural reserves ( beshitchay and gara gol ) and four state reserves ( lachyn , gubadly , dashalty , arazboylu ) ( total area of 44 thousand hectares ) are no longer operating as a result of the armenian aggression .