cryptarius is a genus of catfishes ( order siluriformes ) of the family ariidae .

it includes two species , c. daugeti and c. truncatus .

cryptarius species originate from brackish waters of south and southeast asia .

c. daugeti originates from the mekong river basin and inhabits large rivers .

it is found in brackish and fresh waters of cambodia and vietnam .

this species has a maximum length of 26 centimetres ( 10 in ) tl .

c. truncatus originates from estuaries and lower courses of rivers from the chao phraya to sumatra and java , including the lower mekong .

it inhabits brackish waters of thailand , cambodia , indonesia , and malaysia .

this species has a maximum length of 42 cm ( 17 in ) in length .

this fish species feeds on fishes and crustaceans .

c. truncatus is marketed fresh .

cryptarius

cryptarius <EOT> froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2008 ) . " cryptarius daugeti " in fishbase . jan 2008 version .

froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2008 ) . " cryptarius truncatus " in fishbase . jan 2008 version .

remarks . no specimen of c . daugueti ( chevey , 1932 ) could be obtained for examination and data from descriptions available in the literature do not contain reliable information as to inclusion of the species into any of the genera we recognize . thus , the inclusion of c . daugueti in cryptarius

six species from the ariidae family were also used in this study . the number of specimens per species for training and testing the model were 18 and 10 , respectively . the classification results obtained from this family are shown in table 4 . overall accuracy of the model in this family was ∼93 % which is slightly less than the other two families . the lowest classification accuracy ( 80 % ) in this family was for the nemapteryx caelatus . two specimens of the nemapteryx caelatus species were predicted as the cryptarius truncatus . three species namely arius maculatus , hexanematichtys sagor and plicofollis argyropleuron had 100 % correct prediction results . the accuracy of the model for the cryptarius truncatus and osteogeneiosus militaris species was 90 % . both of these species had one specimen that was misclassified as nemapteryx caelatus .

in each target species ( rows ) , numbers of specimens are indicated in the corresponding predicted species ( columns ) . species are dendrophysa russelli ( 1 ) , johnius belangerii ( 2 ) , johnius carouna ( 3 ) , otolithes ruber ( 4 ) , panna microdon ( 5 ) , nemapteryx caelatus ( 6 ) , arius maculatus ( 7 ) , cryptarius truncatus ( 8 ) , hexanematichtys sagor ( 9 ) , osteogeneiosus militaris ( 10 ) , plicofollis argyropleuron ( 11 ) , coilia dussumieri ( 12 ) , setipinna taty ( 13 ) , thryssa hamiltonii ( 14 ) .

to test the model with more species , all three families were combined ( total number of 14 species ) and the results of the classification are demonstrated in table 5 . from each species , 18 and 10 specimens were used to train and test the model , respectively ( total numbers of 252 images for the training and 140 images for the testing ) . all 14 species were predicted by the proposed model with an overall accuracy of ∾92 % . eight of these species , three from the sciaenidae , three from the ariidae , and two from the engraulidae family , were classified with the accuracy of 100 % . three species showed the identification accuracy of less than 90 % ( dendrophysa russelli : 80 % , nemapteryx caelatus : 70 % , and cryptarius truncatus : 70 % ) . nemapteryx caelatus and cryptarius truncates , both from the ariidae family , had the most numbers of misclassified specimens among the 14 species used in this study . the classification accuracy for otolithes ruber , osteogeneiosus militaris , and setipinna taty was 90 % . it is worth - noting that there was no cross - family misclassification for all six species that had at least one misclassified specimen ( all six species had specimens correctly classified in their families ) . as a result , developing a model that first identifies the family and then species cannot lead to an improvement in the overall accuracy of the system .

found in estuaries and lower courses of rivers from the chao phrya to sumatra and java , including the lower mekong . the species can be quite abundant at times . feeds on fishes and crustaceans . caught with trawls , seines , traps and hook - and - line . marketed fresh . the genus cryptarius can be distinguished by the following exclusive ( 1 to 5 ) characters : ( 1 ) vomer arrow shaped ; ( 2 ) epioccipital posterior process contacting median crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra ; ( 3 ) anterior part of interopercle very long and pointed ( fig . 43 ) ; ( 4 ) anterior part of metapterygoid contacting quadrate through an indented articulation , most of the remaining part of this bone simply contacting the quadrate . ( 5 ) posterior portion of second basibranchial very wide ( fig . 45 ) ; ( 6 ) mesethmoid moderately thick at median portion .

western central pacific : estuaries and lower courses of rivers from the chao phraya to sumatra and java , including the lower mekong .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 42 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12693 )

occurs in estuaries , lower courses of rivers ( ref . 12693 ) . feeds on fishes and crustaceans . marketed fresh ( ref . 12693 ) .

rainboth , w . j . , 1996 . fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fao , rome , 265 p . ( ref . 12693 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00525 ( 0 . 00324 - 0 . 00851 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 99 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 67 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 51 of 100 ) .

420mm or 16 . 5 " sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .

get or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .

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( of arius truncatus valenciennes , 1840 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of tachysurus truncatus ( valenciennes , 1840 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of cephalocassis truncatus ( valenciennes , 1840 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

( of hemipimelodus cochlearis fowler , 1935 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

kailola , p . j . / carpenter , kent e . , and volker h . niem , eds .

fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol . 3 : batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes , part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae )

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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valenciennes in cuvier & valenciennes , 1840b : 64 . type locality : java , indonesia . holotype : mnhn b - 0590 .

fowler , 1935 : 101 , fig . 25 . type locality : paknam , thailand . holotype : ansp 60767 . paratypes : ansp 60768 - 73 .

material examined : ansp 60768 ( 3 al , 166 - 190 mm tl ) ( 1 c & s ) , thailand , paknam , siam , at the mouth of the me nam chao phya , south of bangkok ; ummz 181176 ( 4 al , 227 - 290 mm tl ) ( 1 c & s ) , cambodia , battambang , tonle sap ( great lake ) nw basin , mekung dr ; usnm 103189 ( 2 al , 246 - 283 mm tl ) , thailand , menam chao phya , koh yyai , c . siam .

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south and southeast asia . : thailand , cambodia , indonesia and malaysia . type locality : java , indonesia

rainboth , w . j . 1996 fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fao , rome , 265 p . marceniuk , alexandre p . ; menezes , naércio a . ( 2007 ) . " systematics of the family ariidae ( ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a redefinition of the genera " zootaxa 1416 : 1–126 .

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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .

, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .

, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .

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smallest 420mm , largest 420mm , average 420mm , most commonly 420mm . all sl .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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can be distinguished by the following exclusive ( 1 to 5 ) and shared ( 6 to 14 ) characters : ( 1 ) vomer arrow shaped ; ( 2 ) epioccipital posterior process contacting median crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra ; ( 3 ) anterior part of interopercle very long and pointed ( fig . 43 ) ; ( 4 ) anterior part of metapterygoid contacting quadrate through an indented articulation , most of the remaining part of this bone simply contacting the quadrate ( fig . 44 ) ; ( 5 ) posterior portion of second basibranchial very wide ( fig . 45 ) ; ( 6 ) mesethmoid moderately thick at median portion ( shared with amphiarius , arius caelatus

, potamosilurus , sciades assimilis , s . bonillai , s . felis , s . platypogon , s . sagor and s . seemanni ) ; ( 7 ) anterior part of anterior cranial fontanel indistinct , not limited by a mesial expansion of orbitosphenoid ( shared with galeichthys

, potamosilurus ( with exception of p . velutinus ) and sciades ] ; ( 9 ) posterior projection of epioccipital process contacting a small portion of the diagonal crest associated with neural spine of fourth vertebra ( shared with amphiarius , aspistor

, potamosilurus and sciades ( with exception of s . platypogon ) ] ; ( 11 ) wing - like process of parasphenoid absent ( shared with batrachocephalus

supplementary morphological characters . cephalic shield granulated visible under the skin ; lateral ethmoid and frontal bones limiting a large fenestra clearly visible under the skin ; medial groove of neurocranium very distinct , limited by frontal bones and / or on supraoccipital ; posterior cranial fontanel moderately developed , long and narrow ; fenestra limited by supraoccipital , pterotic and sphenotic absent ; fossa limited by pterotic , supracleithrum and extrascapular very reduced ; epioccipital not invading dorsal portion of cephalic shield ; occipital process triangular , moderately long and wide , narrowing progressively toward its posterior end ; anterior and median nuchal plates fused and indistinct , forming a structure of semi - lunar aspect ; tooth plates associated with vomer absent ; accessory tooth plates small transversely elongated and oval shaped , bearing conical teeth ; maxillary barbels fleshy and cylindrical ; two pairs of mental barbels ; base of adipose fin very short , less than one - half the length of anal - fin base ; lateral line not bifurcated at caudal region , reaching base of caudal - fin upper lobe ; cleithrum narrow , with second dorsal process on its upper portion ; posterior cleithral process moderately long and distinct from second dorsal process of cleithrum .

alexandre p . marceniuk , naércio a . menezes ( 2007 ) : systematics of the family ariidae ( ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a redefinition of the genera . zootaxa 1416 , 1 - 126 : 54 - 55 , urltoken

this species has a maximum length of 42 cm ( 17 in ) in length .

marceniuk , alexandre p . ; menezes , naércio a . ( 2007 ) . " systematics of the family ariidae ( ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a redefinition of the genera " ( pdf ) . zootaxa 1416 : 1–126 .

note that a preprint of this article also exists , first published november 19 , 2015 .

this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .

background . fish species may be identified based on their unique otolith shape or contour . several pattern recognition methods have been proposed to classify fish species through morphological features of the otolith contours . however , there has been no fully - automated species identification model with the accuracy higher than 80 % . the purpose of the current study is to develop a fully - automated model , based on the otolith contours , to identify the fish species with the high classification accuracy .

methods . images of the right sagittal otoliths of 14 fish species from three families namely sciaenidae , ariidae , and engraulidae were used to develop the proposed identification model . short - time fourier transform ( stft ) was used , for the first time in the area of otolith shape analysis , to extract important features of the otolith contours . discriminant analysis ( da ) , as a classification technique , was used to train and test the model based on the extracted features .

results . performance of the model was demonstrated using species from three families separately , as well as all species combined . overall classification accuracy of the model was greater than 90 % for all cases . in addition , effects of stft variables on the performance of the identification model were explored in this study .

conclusions . short - time fourier transform could determine important features of the otolith outlines . the fully - automated model proposed in this study ( stft - da ) could predict species of an unknown specimen with acceptable identification accuracy . the model codes can be accessed at urltoken and urltoken . the current model has flexibility to be used for more species and families in future studies .

fourteen fish species from three different families namely engraulidae , sciaenidae , and ariidae were used in this study . short - time fourier transform ( stft ) is a conventional signal processing technique ( allen , 1997 ; oppenheim , schafer & buck , 1999 ; rabiner & schafer , 1978 ) which to our knowledge has not yet been employed in the area of otolith image processing . stft was applied in this study to extract morphological features of the otolith contours .

images of the right sagittal otoliths were captured using a stereomicroscope ( olympus dp25fw , 6 . 3x magnification ) attached with a digital camera . proximal view of the otolith , dorsal edge facing up and posterior end facing the positive direction , was used in this study . the proposed image identification system was implemented in matlab ( matlab ® release 2013a , the mathworks , inc . , kuala lumpur , malaysia ) . figure 1 illustrates the schematic diagram of the fully - automated image recognition model represented in this study . different stages of this system are detailed as follows .

( a ) shows different stages for training the model , and the testing part of the system is illustrated in the ( b ) .

discrimination among different fish species was based on the 1d representation of the otolith outline . firstly , the external outline of the surface contours of the otolith had to be extracted and then , distances between the center of gravity and the contour points had to be calculated . for this purpose , the grayscale image of the otolith was converted to the binary image with the threshold value of 0 . 1 . choice of this threshold value ( 0 . 1 ) resulted in obtaining the binary images for the otoliths with a wide range of transparency . after clearing the borders and filling the holes , the small objects ( objects that had fewer than 50 , 000 pixels ) were removed from the binary images . then , coordinates of the boundary ( outline ) pixels as well as the center of gravity were calculated . by having these coordinates , characteristic 1d signals , which are the distances between the boundary pixels and center of gravity as a function of the corresponding angles , were determined . figure 2 shows an image of the otolith with its representative 1d signal .

image of an otolith ( a ) with its corresponding 1d signal ( b ) .

1d signal was obtained by calculating the radius , distances between the boundary pixels ( red ) and the center of gravity ( blue ) , as a function of angle .

1d spatial - domain signals obtained from the previous stage were down - sampled to 1 , 000 points ( samples ) by interpolation using fast fourier transform ( fft ) . in this study , short - time fourier transform ( stft ) was applied as a feature extraction method on the resampled signals . stft of the original ( 1d ) signals were determined by using gaussian window function . repeated trials of many combinations of two parameters , the number of points of the window function and the number of overlapped samples , were made to achieve the best classification result . the best match of 100 points of the window and 40 overlapped samples resulted in the division of each signal into 16 segments . the type of windowing function also affected the performance of the identification system . to explore this effect , results obtained using different windowing techniques were compared in the next section . figure 3 shows the spectrogram ( using stft with the sampling frequency ( f s ) of 2 π ) obtained from the 1d spatial - domain signal illustrated in fig . 2 . the color bar in fig . 3 indicates the power spectral density ( psd ) estimate of each segment . each segment of the original signal consisted of 129 frequency components . absolute values and phase angles of the frequency components of each segment were determined and then standardized by calculating the corresponding z - scores ( z _ abss : z - scores of the absolute values and z _ angs : z - scores of the angles ) . in each segment of the signal , two important parameters were determined : maximum of the z _ abss ( max abs ) and maximum of z _ angs ( max ang ) . having 16 segments in each signal , 32 attributes ( 16 max abs + 16 max ang ) were extracted from each representative signal . in this way , each otolith image was converted to a 32 - element vector in which the first 16 elements were max abs values and the rest were the values of max ang . the contribution of each feature type ( absolute and angle ) to the performance of the model was also explored and the obtained results are demonstrated in the next section .

the original signal was resampled to 1 , 000 points before calculating the short - time fourier transform ( stft ) . the color bar indicates estimates of the power spectral density ( psd ) . stft of the spatial - domain signal was calculated with sampling frequency of 2 π .

the characteristic vectors obtained from the previous stage were utilized as inputs to the discriminant analysis ( da ) classifier in order to train and test the identification system . fourteen species from three different families were used in this study ( table 1 ) . all otoliths were extracted from fish obtained from fish landing sites or the wet markets . no ethics clearance was required from the university of malaya—institutional animal care and use committee ( um - iacuc ) .

three different fish families ( sciaenidae , ariidae , and engraulidae ) were used separately to train and test the model . in addition , the proposed image identification model was evaluated for all 14 species combined .

three species namely coilia dussumieri , setipinna taty and thryssa hamiltonii from the engraulidae family were used in this study . from each species , 20 specimens ( otolith images ) were used for training the model . then , the trained model was tested with 10 specimens per species ( total of 30 images for testing the model ) . table 2 demonstrates the confusion matrix obtained from the predicted species in this family .

the predicted species ( columns ) are compared with the species confirmed by an expert ( rows ) .

all of the 10 specimens from the coilia dussumieri and setipinna taty species were classified correctly . for the thryssa hamiltonii species , one specimen was misclassified as the setipinna taty species . overall , 29 out of 30 specimens from the engraulidae family ( ∼97 % ) were correctly predicted as the target species .

five species of the sciaenidae family were also used to evaluate performance of the identification system . in this family , 19 specimens per species ( total number of 95 specimens ) were used to train the system , and then the trained model was tested with 50 specimens ( 10 specimens per species ) . the predicted results of this family are presented in table 3 . among five species in this family , three species ( johnius belangerii , johnius carouna and panna microdon ) were identified with 100 % accuracy . two other species ( dendrophysa russelli and otolithes ruber ) had one misclassified specimen each . in this family , similar to the engraulidae family , there was no species with classification accuracy of less than 90 % . the proposed model identified five species of the sciaenidae family with an overall accuracy of 96 % .

the columns indicate the predicted species by the identification model , while rows indicate the target species .

outputs of the identification model ( columns ) are compared with the target species ( rows ) .

confusion matrix for the identification results obtained from 14 species of three different families .

to explore the contribution of max abs and max ang to the performance of the system , each feature type was separately used to train and test the model . table 6 shows the classification results obtained by using each feature type separately ( 16 - element vector ) and their combined features ( 32 - element vector ) . for all four data sets used in this study , the best identification result was achieved using the 32 - element vector . for the engraulidae , sciaenidae and the combined families , using only the max ang resulted in higher accuracy compared to using only the max abs . however , the performance of the model was better for the ariidae family by using the 16 - element vector obtained from the absolute features ( max abs ) . this result suggests that both phase and absolute features should be taken into account when the model is trained with different fish families .

performance of the model using absolute , phase angle , and combined features ( rows ) for all four data sets ( columns ) used in this study .

using each window function ( rows ) , the model performance was calculated for all four datasets ( columns ) .

as mentioned in the previous section , the windowing function used to calculate stft of the representative signals could influence the performance of the model . to explore this effect , the identification system was trained and tested with several types of the window function . however , the number of points of window ( 100 ) and the number of overlapped points ( 40 ) were fixed for all types of window function tested . the overall accuracy obtained from three families , as well as the combined families , are compared and shown in table 7 .

using the gaussian window function led to the highest classification accuracy ( 97 % ) in the engraulidae family . in the sciaenidae family , the best result ( 96 % ) was achieved by using four functions namely gaussian , hamming , kaiser , and rectangular . the most accurate prediction ( 93 % ) in the ariidae family was obtained by using the gaussian function . in the combined families , using the rectangular function resulted in the highest overall accuracy ( 94 % ) . however , utilizing the rectangular windowing function led to relatively poor performance of the model in the engraulidae ( 87 % ) and ariidae ( 83 % ) families . taking into accounts all the results obtained using these 16 functions , the gaussian window function was selected in this study due to its good performance in all the four data sets .

the identification model proposed in this study could predict the species of an unknown specimen from the engraulidae , sciaenidae , and ariidae family with the overall accuracy of 97 % , 96 % , and 93 % , respectively . even after combining three families the accuracy of the model remained above 90 % ( ∼92 % ) , which is noticeably higher than the results obtained by the identification model proposed in the most related study ( ∼72 % ) ( parisi - baradad et al . , 2010 ) . it is noted that training datasets used in the present study were relatively small ( 19 , 20 , and 18 specimens per species for sciaenidae , engraulidae , and ariidae family , respectively ) . using more samples in the training sets could lead to increasing the accuracy of the model .

two spectral analysis methods namely fourier transform ( ft ) and wavelet transform ( wt ) have been applied in the previous studies as the feature extractors ( castonguay , simard & gagnon , 1991 ; parisi - baradad et al . , 2005 ; parisi - baradad et al . , 2010 ) . short - time fourier transform ( stft ) has been utilized in the present study , for the first time in the area of otolith image recognition , to extract the spectral features of the 1d signal obtained from the fish otolith contour . by using the maximum ( standardized ) values of the absolutes and phase angles of the stft - transformed signal , a relatively low number of features ( 32 ) was extracted which is desired for the classification systems applying machine learning techniques . on the other hand , multiscale decomposition of the 1d signal using wavelet transform ( wt ) as proposed by parisi - baradad et al . ( 2005 ) and parisi - baradad et al . ( 2010 ) resulted in the extraction of a large number of attributes .

as was demonstrated in the previous section ( table 7 ) , the choice of window function had a direct effect on the performance of the system . in addition to the type of windowing function , the number of points of the window function and the number of overlapped samples played important roles in the classification results . the proposed model was also tested with a variety of these two parameters ( not reported here ) , and the best match was selected ( i . e . , 100 window points and 40 overlapped samples ) . each 1d signal was broken into 16 segments by setting these two parameters to the optimized values . these two parameters were however optimized for the gaussian window only . the performance of other window types ( see table 7 ) may be increased by changing the values of these two parameters ( i . e . , changing the number of segments / spatial resolution ) .

in this study , only proximal view of the otolith image was used to develop the identification model . however , adding other views ( e . g . , anterior , dorsal ) could lead to improving the performance of the model . adding other views would be more crucial when other families and species are added to the system . the same procedure , as used for the proximal view , can be applied on the other views of the otolith image . however , other types of the window function , probably with different spatial resolutions , could be more effective in analyzing the other views . in that case , a characteristic vector can be extracted from each view of the otolith . consequently , each specimen can be represented by a combination of up to six vectors ( depending on the number of views ) , rather than only one vector corresponding to the proximal view . by this way , more important morphological features could be extracted from the otolith contour .

two classification techniques namely decision tree and discriminant analysis were tested in this study ( the results obtained by the decision tree are not shown here ) and the latter was selected due to more accurate results . however , there are other classification methods such as naive bayes , nearest neighbors , support vector machine , and neural network which may improve the performance of the model in future studies .

a fully - automated identification system ( stft - da ) has been proposed in this study to classify the fish species based on the morphological characteristics of the otolith outline contour . fourteen species from three families were used to develop and evaluate performance of the model . combining the short - time fourier transform ( stft ) , as the feature extractor , with the discriminant analysis ( da ) , as the classifier , led to improving the accuracy of the species classification in comparison with the existing automated model . the stft windowing as well as classification technique had significant effects on the performance of the model . future enhancements of the proposed model may be needed to include more species into the system .

we would like to thank cecilia chu and suellina binti sulaiman for capturing the otolith images . the university of malaya is acknowledged for providing research facilities .

nima salimi conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables .

kar hoe loh performed the experiments , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , reviewed drafts of the paper .

sarinder kaur dhillon and ving ching chong conceived and designed the experiments , reviewed drafts of the paper .

the following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :

1 . university of malaya - institutional animal care and use committee ( um - iacuc ) .

2 . no approval was required since project was based on dead fish collected from fish landings .

data sets ( otolith images ) as well as matlab codes are available as supplemental information .

this work was supported by university of malaya research grants ( umrg ) , rp008 - 2012c and rp008 - 2012a . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .

changes in the ratio of the sulcus acusticus area to the sagitta area of pomatoschistus minutus and p . lozanoi ( pisces , gobiidae )

a web - based environment for shape analysis of fish otoliths . the aforo database

comparison of different otolith shape descriptors and morphometrics for the identification of closely related species of lutjanus spp . from the persian gulf

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the ruby-topaz hummingbird ( chrysolampis mosquitus ) , commonly referred to simply as the ruby topaz , is a small bird that breeds in the lesser antilles and tropical northern south america from colombia , venezuela and the guyanas , south to central brazil and northern bolivia ; also from colombia into southern panama .

it is the only member of the genus chrysolampis .

it is a seasonal migrant , although its movements are not well understood .

this hummingbird inhabits open country , gardens and cultivation .

it is 8.1 cm long and weighs 3.5 g. compared to most other hummingbirds , the almost straight , black bill is relatively short .

the male has green-glossed dark brown upperparts .

the crown and nape are glossy red , and the throat and breast are brilliant golden-orange .

the rest of the underparts are brown , and the chestnut tail is tipped black .

the male often looks very dark , until he turns and the brilliant colours flash in the sunlight .

the female ruby-topaz hummingbird has bronze-green upperparts and pale grey underparts .

the tail is chestnut with a dark subterminal band and a white tip .

females from trinidad typically have a greenish throat-streak ( it may appear dark ) , but this is not common elsewhere in its range .

juvenile females are similar to adult females , but with a white-tipped dusky-brown tail .

juvenile males resemble the juvenile female , but with a variable amount of iridescent orange to the throat .

the female ruby-topaz hummingbird lays two eggs in a tiny cup nest in the fork of a low branch .

incubation takes 16 days , and fledging another 18 or 19 .

the food of this species is nectar , taken from a wide variety of flowers , and some small insects .

ruby-topaz hummingbird males perch conspicuously and defend their territories aggressively .

the call of this species is a high-pitched tsip .

ruby - topaz hummingbird

ruby - topaz hummingbird <EOT> the ruby - topaz hummingbird is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

information on the ruby - topaz hummingbird ( chrysolampis mosquitus ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - ruby - topaz hummingbird ( chrysolampis mosquitus ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - ruby - topaz hummingbird ( chrysolampis mosquitus ) " title = " arkive species - ruby - topaz hummingbird ( chrysolampis mosquitus ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

flight : as all the hummingbirds , the ruby - topaz hovers forwards and backwards when feeding on nectar .

the beautiful ruby - topaz hummingbird can be heard in this recording from el triunfo , colombia . the buzzing and twittering sounds are similar to those of other hummingbird species . audio by paula caycedo - elkin tenorio , xc289455 . accessible at urltoken

protection / threats / status : the ruby - topaz hummingbird is common in lowlands and coastal regions . it accepts man - made habitats and frequents gardens and cultivated areas . after serious decline due to illegal bird trade in brazil in the 1970s , the species has now stable populations , and the ruby - topaz hummingbird is not threatened at this moment .

the male ruby topaz makes a series of aggressive and rapid chattering calls when another bird enters his feeding territory .

a relatively large hummingbird , bigger than the blue - tailed emerald , the other common hummingbird on bonaire . both male and female ruby - topaz hummingbirds have reddish , rounded tails unlike the blue , forked tail of the blue - tailed emerald . male ruby - topaz hummingbirds have a beautiful orange throat and reddish head , though in poor light it can look dark .

ruby - topaz hummingbird ( depicted above ) has a mostly bronze - green upper plumage and is pale grey below . she has a dark chin stripe . her tail is chestnut - colored with white tips .

diet : the ruby - topaz hummingbird feeds on nectar from flowers of trees , shrubs , cacti and cultivated plant species . it also catches insects by hawking in the air , and forages in foliage for arthropods .

the male ruby topaz performs a courtship display to attract females . he quickly circles the female , flashing his bright colors by fanning widely the chestnut tail and raising the ruby - red crown feathers .

the feeding territories including flowering trees , shrubs or cacti , are defended by the male which gives series of aggressive and rapid chattering . the ruby - topaz hummingbird is often seen alone at the feeding sources , and at variable heights .

range : the ruby - topaz hummingbird breeds in tropical northern south america , from s panama , colombia , venezuela and the guyanas , southwards to c brazil and n bolivia . it also occurs on islands , in the lesser antilles , trinidad and tobago .

voice : sounds by xeno - canto the ruby - topaz hummingbird utters high - pitched chirps and whistles . the calls are very short and given from an exposed perch as advertising sounds “tliii , tliii , tliii…” aggressive calls are series of rapid chattering , uttered by both sexes .

habitat : the ruby - topaz hummingbird can be found in clearings , open country , cultivated areas and gardens where it forages from low down to treetops . it is usually seen from sea - level to shrubby arid hillsides , up to 1700 metres of elevation , but often below 500 metres .

the ruby - topaz hummingbird is migratory . it performs n - s migrations within brazil . it travels along the coastal regions of the guyanas , venezuela and colombia , probably doing an e - w migration , and moves southwards to colombia where it arrives in may , and leaves in september . some migratory movements are suspected on trinidad and tobago .

behaviour : the ruby - topaz hummingbird feeds on nectar from flowers of several plant species . it forages by hovering in front of the flower , and reaches the nectar with the bill , and mainly the tongue . it also catches insects by hawking while feeding on nectar or in the air . it may sometimes forage among the foliage , searching for arthropods .

the breeding season of the ruby topaz hummingbirds differs according to the range they are found in . on the islands of trinidad and tobago it starts in december and goes on until june . in brazil , they breed from september through january .

description : as numerous hummingbirds , the ruby - topaz shows various appearances and colours according to the lighting . when perched in shade , this bird appears dull blackish - brown , but when the sun touches lightly its feathers , it becomes a jewel !

the ruby topaz hummingbirds measure between 3 . 1 - 3 . 5 inches ( ~ 8 - 9 cm ) in length ( including the tail ) and weigh between 0 . 1 - 0 . 2 oz ( 3 . 5 - 5 g ) .

schuchmann , k . l . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . ruby - topaz hummingbird ( chrysolampis mosquitus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

the ruby topazes call is described as very short , high - pitched tsii tsii tsii . they also utter chirps and whistles , and a series of rapid chattering .

this hummingbird shows great variances as far as the color of plumage is concerned . in poor light conditions , the plumage appears dull blackish - brown . in the right light conditions , the brilliant iridescence of its plumage can be seen .

8–9·5 cm ; 2·5–5 g . male has short straight black bill ; crown and nape shining ruby red ( occasionally orange ) , back dark brown glossed dull olive ; . . .

during the breeding season , the male performs some displays . it revolves quickly around the female and displays its rich colours by fanning widely the chestnut tail and raising the ruby - red crown feathers .

the ruby - topaz hummingbirds primarily feed on nectar taken from a variety of brightly colored , scented small flowers of trees , shrubs , epiphytes and cacti . they favor flowers with the highest sugar content ( often red - colored and tubular - shaped ) and seek out , and aggressively protect , those areas containing flowers with high energy nectar . they are particularly fond of the flowers of the samaan tree and the ixora plant .

they may also visit local hummingbird feeders for some sugar water , or drink out of bird baths or water fountains where they will either hover and sip water as it runs over the edge ; or they will perch on the edge and drink - like all the other birds ; however , they only remain still for a short moment .

has an iridescent green dark / brown upper plumage with a brilliant ruby red to orangey crown ( top of the head ) and nape ( back of the neck ) and a shiny golden to emerald - green throat and chest ( depending on light conditions ) . in poor light conditions , the male often looks dark . his under plumage is brown . his chestnut - colored tail is tipped black . the wings are dark grey .

the adult male has dark brown body with dull olive gloss . the wings are dark grey . the tail is bright chestnut with black tip . on the underparts , throat and breast are iridescent golden , or occasionally emerald - green . the head shows shiny ruby - red forehead , crown and nape , sometimes more orange . the black bill is short and straight . the eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are blackish .

the average clutch consists of 1 to 3 white eggs , which she incubates alone for about 15 - 16 days , while the male defends his territory and the flowers he feeds on . the black chicks are born blind , covered in sparse brownish down on the back . the female alone protects and feeds the chicks with regurgitated food ( mostly insects since nectar is an insufficient source of protein for the growing chicks ) . as is the case with other hummingbird species , the chicks are brooded only the first week or two , and left alone even on cooler nights after about 12 days - probably due to the small nest size . the chicks leave the nest when they are about 19 - 22 days old . she usually raises on brood in a season . the young are ready to breed in their second year .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) .

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the taxon “ c . chlorolaema ” , based on a specimen supposedly from bahia ( e brazil ) , is generally considered to represent a hybrid between present species and anthracothorax nigricollis # r . monotypic .

e panama and w , n & c colombia e through venezuela to the guianas , then s through ne & c brazil ( pará to pernambuco and s to mato grosso ) to e bolivia ; also islands off n venezuela coast from aruba , curaçao and bonaire e to trinidad and tobago .

song ( given from high perch ) is reportedly a high - pitched , doubled “tliii . . . tliii . . . tliii . . .

season dec–jun on trinidad and tobago , venezuela , guianas ; sept–mar in brazil . tiny cup - shaped nest of fine plant fibre and . . .

migratory . arrives in s cauca valley , colombia , in may and disappears in sept ; absent or rare in . . .

not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . common resident in the lowlands and coastal ranges , with densities of at least 6–8 pairs / km² in shrub - like . . .

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genus previously thought to be very closely related to , or even congeneric with , orthorhyncus , but recent molecular analysis indicates that the two are genetically well separated # r .

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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : chrysolampis mosquitus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 176 side a track 30 seq . a )

a cluster of hummingbirds around a purple - flowering bignoniaceae - type tree ( 6 - 10m tall ) . the three rich ' tew ' notes are of this species . a subadult male .

sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .

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chrysolampis mosquitus : trop . e panama to colombia , venezuela , e bolivia and brazil

howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

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" - - occur naturally from southern panama ( the southernmost country of central america ) south through the south american countries of colombia , venezuela and the guyanas to north - eastern and central brazil and northern bolivia .

they are also found on the lesser antilles island group and south on the islands of trinidad and tobago in the caribbean sea .

they occur from sea - level to shrubby arid hillsides , up to an altitude of ~ 5 , 600 ft ( 1700 m ) , but are most common below 1 , 600 feet ( 500 m ) .

these aggressive birds are commonly seen in gardens , cultivated areas , open country and along the forest edge , where they forage from low down to treetops .

they appear to be sedentary within parts of their range and seasonally migratory in others .

in brazil , they perform north - south migrations ; travelling along the coastal regions of the guyanas , venezuela and colombia , where they are likely doing an east - west migration , moving southwards to colombia where they arrive in may and leave again in september .

some migratory movements are also suspected to occur on the islands of trinidad and tobago . however , their movements are still poorly understood .

the black bill is short and straight ; the eyes are dark brown , and the legs and feet are blackish .

while perched , the males often spread their tail and ruffle their crown feathers in a display .

look like the adult females . immature males have a white spot behind the eye and the outer tail feathers are violet with white tips .

: specimen from trinidad and tobago occasionally have a greenish - orangey stripe from the chin , down to the chest .

hummingbirds in general are solitary and neither live nor migrate in flocks ; and there is no pair bond for this species - the male ' s only involvement in the reproductive process is the actual mating with the female .

he will separate from the female immediately after copulation . one male may mate with several females . in all likelihood , the female will also mate with several males . the males do not participate in choosing the nest location , building the nest or raising the chicks .

the female is responsible for building the cup - shaped nest out of plant fibers woven together and green moss on the outside for camouflage in a protected location in a shrub , bush or tree - usually in the fork of a small branch about 3 - 13 feet ( 1 - 4 m ) above the ground .

she lines the nest with soft plant fibers , animal hair and feather down , and strengthens the structure with spider webbing and other sticky material , giving it an elastic quality to allow it to stretch to double its size as the chicks grow and need more room . the outside is decorated with lichens and pieces of bark , which present a perfect camouflage for the nest .

they use their long , extendible , straw - like tongues to retrieve the nectar while hovering with their tails cocked upward as they are licking at the nectar up to 13 times per second . sometimes they may be seen hanging on the flower while feeding .

many native and cultivated plants on whose flowers these birds feed heavily rely on them for pollination . the mostly tubular - shaped flowers actually exclude most bees and butterflies from feeding on them and , subsequently , from pollinating the plants .

they also take some small spiders and insects - important sources of protein particularly needed during the breeding season to ensure the proper development of their young . insects are often caught in flight ( hawking ) ; snatched off leaves or branches , or are taken from spider webs . a nesting female can capture up to 2 , 000 insects a day .

males establish feeding territories , where they aggressively chase away other males as well as large insects - such as bumblebees and hawk moths - that want to feed in their territory . they use aerial flights and intimidating displays to defend their territories .

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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …

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a guide to the birds of colombia by steven l . hilty and william l . brown - princeton university press – isbn 069108372x

the female has copper - green upperparts . the tail shows olive - green central rectrices whereas the others are bright chestnut . we can see a dark purple subterminal band and white tips . the underparts are pale grey . the birds from trinidad and tobago have sometimes a greenish - golden stripe from the chin , down to the breast .

the immature resembles adult female . it has a white spot behind the eye . on the tail , the outer rectrices are dark violet with white tips .

reproduction : the breeding season varies according to the range , from december - june on trinidad and tobago , venezuela and guyanas , to september - january in brazil .

the tiny nest is saddled in fork of small branch , at about one to four metres above the ground . the cup - shaped nest is made with fine materials such as plant fibres and spider webs . the outside is decorated with lichens and pieces of bark .

the female lays two eggs , and incubates during 15 - 16 days . at hatching , the black chicks are covered in sparse brownish down on the back . they fledge about three weeks after hatching . they can breed in the second year .

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anacampsis primigenia is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1918 .

it is found in ecuador , colombia and on the galapagos islands .

the wingspan is 14-16 mm .

the forewings are grey , sometimes finely sprinkled whitish , with scattered black specks and with a small black spot on the base of the costa , as well as a cloudy blackish dot or oblique mark above or crossing the fold at one-fourth .

there is a cloudy dark dot on the dorsum at one-fifth .

the stigmata are cloudy and blackish or dark grey , the plical rather obliquely before the first discal .

there is an indistinct pale or whitish obtusely angulated shade from three-fourths of the costa to the dorsum before the tornus , preceded on the costa by some dark suffusion .

there are also marginal blackish dots or marks around the posterior part of the costa and termen .

the hindwings are rather dark grey , lighter in the disc anteriorly .

the larvae feed on croton scouleri and exedeconus miersii .

anacampsis primigenia

anacampsis primigenia <EOT> have a fact about anacampsis primigenia ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

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anacampsis primigenia meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : colombia , cali , 500ft ; ecuador , huigra , 4500ft

anacampsis primigenia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list )

anacampsis malella amsel , 1959 ; bull . soc . ent . egypt . 43 : 65

anacampsis sacramenta keifer , 1933 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 22 : 362

gelechia ( anacampsis ) tristrigella walsingham , 1882 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 181

anacampsis languens meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 142 ; tl : ecuador , duran

anacampsis aedificata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; tl : brazil , para

anacampsis diplodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 76 ; tl : brazil , parintins

anacampsis embrocha meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 192 ; tl : new hanover

anacampsis flexiloqua meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : peru , iquitos

anacampsis idiocentra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , santarem

anacampsis nonstrigella busck , 1906 ; can . ent . 38 ( 4 ) : 121 ; tl : oak station , pennsylvania

anacampsis parviocellatella bruand , 1850 ; mém . soc . doubs 3 ( 3 , livr . 5 - 6 ) : 40

anacampsis petrographa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 79 ; tl : brazil , obidos

anacampsis poliombra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : brazil , parintins

anacampsis cosmia meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 77 ; tl : natal , durban

anacampsis lapidella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , grenada

anacampsis quinquepunctella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 80 ; tl : west indies , grenada

anacampsis conistica walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , sonora

anacampsis lithodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas , iquitos

anacampsis lupinella busck , 1901 ; can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 14 ; tl : high park , toronto , canada

anacampsis perquisita meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , para , teffé

anacampsis insularis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas

anacampsis solemnella ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; [ nhm card ]

anacampsis capyrodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins , teffé

anacampsis rivalis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : s . india , shevaroys ; ceylon , kandy

anacampsis ursula walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , morelos , cuernavaca

anacampsis fragariella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 760 ; tl : pullman , washington

anacampsis argyrothamniella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231 ; tl : palm beach , florida

anacampsis cornifer walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 79 ; tl : west indies , st . croix ; st . thomas

anacampsis paltodoriella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 848 ; tl : mesilla park , new mexico

anacampsis triangularis braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : angeles bay , lower california

anacampsis considerata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos , teffé ; peru , jurimaguas , iquitos

anacampsis phytomiella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 8 ; tl : alhajuela , cabima and porto bello , panama

anacampsis coverdalella kearfott , 1903 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 162 , pl . 9 , f . 13 ; tl : natchitoches parish , louisiana

anacampsis rhabdodes walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 36 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa

anacampsis lagunculariella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 230 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : palm beach , florida

anacampsis psoraliella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 226 , pl . 28 , f . 10 ; tl : iowa , sioux city

anacampsis meibomiella forbes , 1931 ; j . agric . porto rico 15 ( 4 ) : 376 , pl . 42 , f . 16 ; tl : puerto rico , " e . e . a . de cuba "

anacampsis populella ; [ nacl ] , # 2246 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31 ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 173 ; [ fe ]

anacampsis niveopulvella ; busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761 ; [ nacl ] , # 2243 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31

anacampsis ( anacampsini ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list ) ; [ fe ]

anacampsis quinquepunctella ; walsingham , 1910 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; meyrick , 1929 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]

anacampsis lagunculariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 78 ; busck , 1914 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 2240 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31

820x623 ( ~ 87kb ) russia , moscow area , 14 . 8 . 2008 , photo © d . smirnov

the exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .

compsolechia anisogramma meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : china , shanghai

larva on argyrothamnia blodgettii busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231

untomia cenelpis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 77 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa

chlorodecta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197

compsolechia comparanda meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : arizona , palmerlee ; texas , alpine

crypticopa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia ) ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 384

larva on fragaria busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761

= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 14 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30

lita fuscella eversmann , 1844 ; fauna lep . volgo - uralensis . . . : 581

tachyptilia hirsutella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 256 , pl . 10 , f . 17 ; tl : alpes - maritimes

homoplasta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197

gelechia ( tachyptilia ) innocuella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 249 ; tl : texas

agriastis inquieta meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 253 ; tl : british guiana , bartica

aproaerema kearfottella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 842 ; tl : new jersey

compsolechia lacteochrella [ = lacteusochrella ] meyrick , 1925 ; in wytsman , genera insectorum 184 : 123 ( emend . )

larva on laguncularia racemosa busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231

strobisia levipedella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 4

compsolechia lignaria meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 292 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk

larva on lupinus perennis busck , 1901 , can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 15

maculatella ( lucas , 1956 ) ( tachyptilia ) ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 256

gelechia multinotata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 134 ; tl : british guiana , bartica , mallali

gelechia niveopulvella chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 11 ) : 210 ; tl : canada

agriastis nocturna meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 252 ; tl : british guiana , mallali

tachyptilia panormitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 106

agriastis peloptila meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali

gelechia pomaceella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 620 ; tl : ega

larva on populus tremula , salix caprea , s . alba , s . spp .

agriastis prasina meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali

larva on croton scouleri , exedeconus miersii landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 737

larva on prunus salicina park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121

gelechia subactella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 30 : 1026 ; tl : australia ?

larva on salix phylicifolia , s . caprea , s . lapponum , s . repens

gelechia tephriasella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 4 ) : 68 ; tl : kentucky

cathegesis tridentella walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 28 , pl . 1 , f . 24 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft

tachyptila trifoliella constant , 1890 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1889 : cxxv

gelechia ( teleia ) viretella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 340 , pl . 4 , f . 110

[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .

expedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths

icones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae

lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes

die schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten

systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )

the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae

zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

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ogdoconta cinereola , the common pinkband moth , is a moth in the noctuidae family .

it is found in eastern , central , and south-western north america .

it occurs from southern ontario and quebec south to southern florida .

at the western edge of its distribution , it occurs from manitoba southward through the great plains of nebraska and iowa , south throughout most of texas , and westward through southern new mexico to south-eastern arizona ( santa cruz county ) .

the distribution extends south to the state of coahuila in northern mexico .

the length of the forewings is 9.5 – 14.5 mm .

the forewing is light fuscous brown , and the subterminal region ( between the postmedial and subterminal lines ) is suffused with a pinkish tinge .

the medial and basal areas are minutely speckled with white .

the reniform and orbicular spots are obscure but often discernible by fine white outlines .

the claviform spot is absent .

the postmedial line is a white , almost straight , oblique line with a slight basally directed bend .

the hindwings are suffused with brown .

males and females are similar in appearance , although the female hindwing usually is darker .

adults are on wing from may to september in the northern part of the range and from april to october in texas and florida .

the larvae feed on amaranthaceae , asteraceae ( especially ambrosia species ) , fabaceae , labiatae and poaceae species .

ogdoconta cinereola

ogdoconta cinereola <EOT> howell curtis marked " ogdoconta cinereola larva " as trusted on the " ogdoconta cinereola " page .

howell curtis set " image of ogdoconta cinereola " as an exemplar on " ogdoconta cinereola guenée 1852 " .

superficially , ogdoconta margareta and ogdoconta tacna are very similar and key out together in couplet 6 of the key to species in metzler et al . ( op cit . ) . the forewings of ogdoconta margareta have a violet tint whereas those of ogdoconta tacna are greenish . the hindwing of ogdoconta margareta is paler than that of ogdoconta tacna without significant dark suffusion at the anterior margin . ogdoconta margareta can be distinguished from all of the other ogdoconta species that are known to occur in arizona , ogdoconta cinereola ( guenée ) , ogdoconta moreno barnes , and ogdoconta rufipenna metzler , knudson , & poole , by its uniform purplish brown forewing and pale whitish hindwing . the forewings of the other species are either dark red brown or have lighter areas on the distal wing , and their hindwings are darker . modifications to the ogdoconta key to species in metzler ( op cit . ) are given in the discussion , below .

placodes cinereola guenée , 1852 , histoire naturelle des insectes . species general des lépidoptéres , 6 : 316 , pl . 15 , fig . 1 .

1 ogdoconta margareta , holotype male ( abdomen removed subsequently for dissection ) 2 ogdoconta margareta , male genitalia , valves and aedeagus 3 ogdoconta tacna , adult male , texas , usa ( cnc ) 4 ogdoconta tacna , male genitalia , valves and aedeagus ( source image same as in metzler et al . ( 2013 ) , used with permission ) .

i am grateful to the following individuals for help with this project : jocelyn gill photographed the ogdoconta tacna adult and prepared the illustrations ; j . donald lafontaine suggested that this species might be distinct , submitted the ogdoconta margareta dna sample to bold , and shared ogdoconta co1 similarity trees ; eric metzler graciously allowed the use of the images of the ogdoconta tacna genitalia ; merrill peterson took the photographs of ogdoconta margareta ; and b . christian schmidt gave editorial advice and other assistance .

a new species of ogdoconta butler ( lepidoptera , noctuidae , condicinae , condicini ) is described from the patagonia mountains , santa cruz county , arizona , usa . ogdoconta margareta sp . n . , is related closely to ogdoconta tacna ( barnes ) from texas . modifications are proposed to a recently published key to the ogdoconta species north of mexico to allow identification of the new species .

the two known specimens were collected in early september . it is possible that ogdoconta margareta also flies during the spring because the closely related species ogdoconta tacna has two broods ( metzler et al . 2013 ) .

the key to the species of ogdoconta in north america north of mexico in metzler et al . ( op cit . ) can be modified to include ogdoconta margareta by substituting the following couplet 6 for the original and inserting the following couplet 8 after couplet 7 :

ogdoconta margareta is a rarely collected species that is known only from the type locality in southeastern arizona , usa and sonora , mexico .

a review of the genus ogdoconta butler ( lepidoptera , noctuidae , condicinae , condicini ) from north america north of mexico with descriptions of three new species .

a single specimen of a new ogdoconta species resembling ogdoconta tacna ( barnes ) , a species that is known only from texas in the united states , was collected in 2013 near harshaw in the patagonia mountains , santa cruz county , arizona . while the new species and ogdoconta tacna are very similar superficially , their male genitalia are distinct and their co1 barcode sequences differ by nearly 4 % . a second specimen of the new species from sonora , mexico , was identified by its co1 barcode and is included in the type series . this new species is described herein .

the north american noctuid moth genus ogdoconta butler was revised recently by metzler et al . ( 2013 ) . there are approximately 16 species in the genus , of which nine occur north of mexico . the most characteristic feature of the genus is a horizontal cleft in the valve of the male genitalia that divides it into dorsal and ventral components .

crabo lg ( 2015 ) a new species of ogdoconta butler ( lepidoptera , noctuidae , condicinae , condicini ) from southeastern arizona , usa . in : schmidt bc , lafontaine jd ( eds ) contributions to the systematics of new world macro - moths vi . zookeys 527 : 51–56 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 527 . 9771

metzler , e . h . , e . c . knudson , r . w . poole , j . d . lafontaine , m . g . pogue , 2013 . a review of the genus ogdoconta butler ( lepidoptera noctuidae , condicinae , condicini from north america north of mexico with description of three new species . . zookeys , 264 : 165–191 .

diagnosis : ogdoconta cinereola is the only north american species of the genus found outside of the southwestern u . s . - mexico region . it occurs abundantly in the eastern half of the united states and southeastern canada . the species is easy to identify . the forewing is brown and the subterminal region between the postmedial and subterminal lines is suffused with pink . the median and basal areas are minutely speckled with white . the antemedial line is an obscure , scalloped white line . the reniform spot and orbicular spot are obscure but often discernable as fine white lines . the claviform spot is absent . the postmedial line is a white , almost straight , oblique line . the subterminal line is marked primarily as a brown shade terminating the pink suffusion of the subterminal region . the hindwing is suffused with brown . the male genitalia are not particularly remarkable , but this appears to be the only species in the genus with a clasper - like structure near the junction or the saccular and cucullar regions of the valve . the vesica has a complete coil in it , although this feature is shared with other species . likewise there is a complete coil in the appendix bursae of the female genitalia .

the 658 base pair dna “barcode” region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( co1 ) was used to assess molecular variation in the genus odgoconta . a leg of the arizona specimen was submitted to the barcodes of life campaign ( bold ) at the university of guelph ( ontario , canada ) where it was analyzed by standard dna extraction , amplification , and sequencing protocols as described by hebert et al . ( 2003 ) . the barcode sequence was compared to pre - existing ogdoconta material at bold using the kimura - 2 - parameter distance model as implemented on the barcode of life data systems website ( urltoken ) .

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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 52 . 50f ; p . 293 . book review and ordering

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caterpillar foods : ragweed , beans , sunflowers , hedge nettle ( stachys spp . ) ( bugguide )

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miana atomaria walker , 1865 , list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , 32 : 675 .

distribution : this species has a wide distribution in the eastern half of north america . it occurs from southern ontario and quebec in the north to southern florida in the south . the species stretches northward into the great plains as far north as nebraksa and iowa . it has not yet been collected in the dakotas or manitoba . the species occurs throughout most of texas except for the western counties and stretches as far south as the state of coahuila in northern mexico . there is little or no individual or geographical variation in this species .

the adult is generally common . adults have been collected throughout the summer months from may to september in the north to as early as april and as late as october in texas and florida .

the larval material in the usnm is now too faded to give a good description of the markings and coloration of the larvae , so i am repeating crumb ' s original description .

" body green flecked with white , dorsum usually suffused with white . strong , sharply defined white lines middorsally and ventral of ii . spiracles white , included in the subventral white stripe which may be margined dorsally by a purplish red line . setigerous tubercles small to moderately large , but not conspicuous , slightly elevated , white . head greenish with white lateral lines margining the front and faint traces of darker submedian arcs and lateral lines , labrum white . "

foodplants : crumb ( 1956 ) records the larva from ambrosia artemisiifolia ( ragweed ) and a . trifida ( giant ragweed ) , in the asteraceae . there are also adults in the usnm reared from helianthus annuus l . ( sunflower ) and " artichoke " . it is not clear from the labels whether the latter record is the true artichoke or the jerusalem artichoke .

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the male genitalia were prepared using standard methods ( hardwick 1950 , lafontaine 2004 ) . the detached abdomen was boiled in 10 % koh for 40 minutes . dissection was performed initially in water followed by hardening with isopropyl alcohol . the male vesica was everted and inflated . the preparation was stained with orcein and was mounted in euparal on a glass slide .

harshaw , 2 . 9–5 km sw , santa cruz county , arizona , usa .

holotype : male : usa : az : santa cruz co . , harshaw , 2 . 9–5 km sw , 31 . 42– [ 31 ] . 45° - 110 . 72– [ 110 ] . 74° , 1490–1765 m , 1 ix 2013 , l crabo leg . / crabo [ genitalia ] slide 681 / bold cnclep 00113651 . cnc . paratype : one male : mexico , sonora / bold cnclep 83594 . lgc .

i take pleasure in naming this species after my mother , margareta crabo of cave creek , arizona . the holotype was collected three days prior to her 80 th birthday . the name is a noun in apposition .

the valves of both species are unique in the genus in having a broadly triangular cucullus with an irregular outer margin with a series of small knobs . the most prominent structural differences between these species are in the aedeagus , vesica , and sacculus of the valve . in the genitalia of

) the aedeagus has a proximal bend and the proximal and distal portions of the vesica are coiled . the dorsal sacculus of

is rounded with greatest width at the mid - point . the saccular extension of

: antenna filiform with sparse ventral cilia , dorsum with alternating off - white and gray scales ; scape , head , and labial palpus covered with gray , off - white - tipped gray , and sparse off - white scales ; frons smooth , unmodified ; labial palpus with third segment one - third the length of the second segment ; eye smooth , normal sized .

: entire thorax , including prothoracic collar and patagium , covered with off - white - tipped gray and gray scales , appearing uniform purplish brown similar to the forewings ; legs with off - white and gray scales , prothoracic leg palest , tarsal segments gray with distal off - white bands . forewing : length 13 mm excluding fringe ; covered with brown - gray , off - white , and fawn scales , appearing hoary purplish brown , slightly darker gray medial to the subterminal line and terminal area and slightly paler near the postmedial line ; basal and antemedial lines nearly obsolete , evident as a few pale scales on the costa and in the fold ; medial shade dark gray , faint and diffuse ; postmedial line brown gray , double with filling of the adjacent ground color , outer portion weakly dentate with dark and pale scales on the veins lateral to the line , oriented parallel to outer margin , nearly straight ; subterminal line a hoary sinuous row of pale scales ; terminal line dark brown bordered mesially by an incomplete line of pale scales ; fringe gray brown with hoary pale tips ; orbicular and reniform spots hoary , filled with the adjacent ground color , orbicular spot irregularly ovate , lateral portion touching posterior reniform spot ; reniform spot asymmetrically figure - eight shaped with posterior margin extended toward base and touching orbicular spot ; claviform spot absent ; hindwing slightly brownish off white with slight dusting of pale gray scales near anterior margin and darker gray veins ; terminal line dark brown ; hindwing fringe pale tan with scattered gray scales and paler outer margin .

( removed for dissection after photography ) : covered with fuscous scales , slightly darker weak dorsal tufts on the first two segments .

) : uncus cylindrical , 6× as long as thick , apex pointed bluntly ; juxta 1 . 25× as tall as wide with arrowhead - shaped caudal portion ; valve bifid with larger dorsal portion bearing triangular cucullus and small ventral portion comprised of saccular extension ; sacculus 0 . 5× as long as valve , dorsal margin bluntly triangular and extending to near dorsal valve margin distal to mid - point of sacculus near mid - valve , blade - like saccular extensions 0 . 4× as long as sacculus , extending to near ventral cucullus margin , asymmetrical , slightly shorter and more robust on the right than the left ; dorsal margin of mid - valve slightly convex , cucullus large , triangular , 0 . 5× as wide as valve length , with finely crenulate lateral margin and rounded dorsal and truncate ventral margins , mesial surface covered with fine hairs ; aedeagus cylindrical , straight , 10× as long as wide , without ornamentation ; vesica 1× as long as aedeagus with slight expansion at subbasal bend but otherwise similar in width to aedeagus , straight beyond 135° subbasal bend toward left , subapex with two short fields of innumerable short cornuti .

the holotype was collected in one of a series of black light traps placed mostly in a forest of oak and pine , with a few traps in the ecotone between forest and shrub desert . the habitat of this species in mexico is unknown .

hebert pdn , cywindka a , ball sl , dewaard jr . ( 2003 )

the moths of north america including greenland , fascicle 27 . 1 , noctuoideanoctuidae ( part ) noctuinae ( part—agrotini ) . the wedge entomological research foundation .

metzler eh , knudson ec , poole rw , lafontaine jd , pogue mg . ( 2013 )


diastictis fracturalis , the fractured western snout moth , is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by zeller in 1872 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california to south dakota , colorado and louisiana .

it is also found in mexico ( sonora , guerrero , jalisco ) .

the length of the forewings is 9.5-14.5 mm .

the wings are pale tan to dark brown with highly variable silvery markings , ranging from small , isolated spots to elongated , connected spots .

adults are on wing from february to october .

diastictis fracturalis

diastictis fracturalis <EOT> species diastictis fracturalis - fractured western snout moth - hodges # 5256 - bugguide . net

crambid snout mouth diastictis fracturalis beautiful moth found in taylorsville , utah . © carol davis , 9 - 1 - 07 home - utah moths

restriction and revision of the genus diastictis hübner ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . eugene munroe . 1956 . the canadian entomologist 88 : 208 - 228 .

photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .

powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 23 . 44f , 23 . 45f ; p . 180 . book review and ordering

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powell & opler ( 2009 ) described as pale tan to dark brown with highly variable silvery markings , from small , isolated spots to elongated , connected ones .

moth photographers group and bug guide shows california to south dakota , colorado and louisiana .

also found in mexico , northern sonora ( morrison ) , amula in guerrero 6000 feet { h . h . smith ) , jalisco ( schumann ) .

powell & opler ( 2009 ) reported adults fly february through november in coastal california .

" this is the most variable species of the genus , and , although there seem to be geographical differences in norms , the whole gamut of variation is represented in most parts of the range . there is a high proportion of specimens with small spots in texas , and of pale specimens in arizona , but there is nothing approaching a degree of differentiation that would justify the separation of subspecies . i can see no clear seasonal separation between pale and dark individuals " ( munroe , 1956 )

check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .

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= bocchoris ; hampson , 1898 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 649

this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .

a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1

warren , 1892 descriptions of new genera and species of pyralidae contained in the british - museum collection ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 172 - 179 , ( 52 ) : 294 - 302 , ( 53 ) : 389 - 397 , ( 54 ) : 429 - 442

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .