rasbora is a genus of fish in the family cyprinidae .

they are native to freshwater habitats in south and southeast asia , as well as southeast china .

a single species , r. gerlachi , is only known from an old specimen that reputedly originated from africa ( cameroon ) , but this locality is considered doubtful .

they are small , up to 17 cm ( 6.7 in ) long , although most species do not surpass 10 cm ( 4 in ) and many have a dark vertical stripe .

several species are regularly kept in aquariums .

as a common english name , " rasbora " is used for many species in the genus rasbora , as well as several species in genera brevibora , boraras , megarasbora , metzia , microdevario , microrasbora , rasboroides , rasbosoma , sawbwa , trigonopoma and trigonostigma .

some of these related genera were included in the genus rasbora in the past .

in a 2007 analysis , rasbora was found to not be a monophyletic assemblage .

however boraras and trigonostigma were determined to be monophyletic .

rasbora

rasbora <EOT> if you are looking to introduce some rasbora into your aquarium fish tank , we have a collection of stunning rasbora fish available online .

justification : rasbora rasbora is a widely distributed fish which breeds easily . there are no major threats to this species and so assessed as least concern .

type species : phycocharax rasbora , new species , by monotypy and original description .

there’s a reason many rasbora and related families are so small — and it’s evolutionary .

s1 table . characters states of all characidae species analyzed herein plus phycocharax rasbora , new genus .

much of the confusion abounds simply because the name rasbora is an eastern indian word that describes a fish .

etymology : from the bengali word “rasbora” , the common name of the fish rasbora rasbora ( hamilton ) . rasbora is a generic name encompassed a great radiation of small cyprinids from southeastern asia , including the species currently allocated in the genus trigonostigma [ 21 ] , which possess a dark triangular blotch on body sides very reminiscent in shape and position similarly as found in the new species . gender masculine . a noun in apposition .

rasbora kalochroma is a big boy and needs a larger home . at 10cm / 4” in total length and , with a habit of displaying between males , this rasbora does much better in a tank of at least 120cm / 4’ in length .

map of tapajós and xingu rivers and adjoining areas , indicating distribution and type - locality ( square ) of phycocharax rasbora .

it also means that there are many fish trading as rasbora that do not make the grade , even though common names suggest otherwise . examples of ' fraudboras ' include the asian rummynose ( sawbwa resplendens ) , the galaxy rasbora ( danio margaritatus ) as well as microrasbora species .

what is the true rasbora ? just as in the film epic many will make a claim and create even more confusion . nathan hill investigates .

phycocharax rasbora , holotype , mzusp 119843 , 29 . 1 mm sl , male ; mzusp 115341 , 25 . 3 mm sl , paratype , female .

crucially with clown rasbora , the tank needs to be covered as they are prone to launching themselves at first fright . surface cover and floating plants will often help .

the beauty of the clown rasbora biotope is that you can have so many more fish in their tank and they are naturally found with a wealth of other species .

so after much wonderful feedback i will only be getting some rasbora ( mosquito ) in my soon to be purchased 10 gallon fish tank . but i was wanting to know if i could get maybe 6mosquito and 6 emerald eye ( or 8 of both but space may be too small ) or just keep to 10 - 12 mosquito rasbora

although some of them are more slow stream dwellers , the biotope habitat of a peaty swamp is acceptable to the mosquito rasbora and makes for an interesting and unusual project .

if the scientific name boraras urophthalmoides sounds like an anagram of rasbora , it’s because it is . boraras represent truly tiny members of the rasbora grouping and are among some of the most shy . however , given their fiercely bright coloration , they have a large fan base . i’d guess that they are one of the uk’s most popular biotope fish .

newer fishkeepers tend to be greeted by names that conflict from store to store . older fishkeepers will fondly recall species that used to be rasbora now belonging under some other heading .

igarapé do arnaldo , a tributary of rio braço norte , near braço norte hydroelectric dam , guarantã do norte , mato grosso , brazil , type - locality of phycocharax rasbora .

phycocharax rasbora , mzusp 119843 , paratype , 29 . 1 male ( a ) and mzusp 115313 , paratype , 26 . 4 mm sl , female ( b ) , immediately after collection .

mosquito rasbora work best as a species - only shoal , due to their timid nature and small size . it’s quite easy for them to end up in the belly of a normally peaceful tank mate .

rasbora , at least those species commonly called rasboras , seem victims of a taxonomic gold rush , where researchers rush east , jam flags into species old and new , then ruminate over their exact biological origins .

along with other rasbora species , they will also happily co - exist with the icy - eyed brevibora dorsiocellata , some puntius species , chocolate gourami , and even some betta , such as b . pugnax .

rasbora daniconius occurs in the mekong , chao phraya and salween basins , the northern malay peninsula , and westwards to the indus and sri lanka . in indonesia , this species is known from borneo and sumatra .

the harlequin ( trigonostigma heteromorpha ) has been a long - standing favourite in the trade and the rasbora most fishkeepers are likely to keep . they tolerate a wide range of water conditions , are attractive and active .

they struggle to get past 15mm / 0 . 7” in length , which is why mosquito rasbora are appearing in so many nanos , although if kept in too small a set - up you can expect rivalry between males .

of the more than five dozen species of rasbora , the harlequin is arguably the most popular of them all . often referred to as a red rasbora , the body is a reddish copper color which is accented by a striking black wedge covering the rear half of the body , like a characteristic black " pork chop " shaped patch . the distinguishing triangular patch begins near the dorsal fin and comes to a point near the base of the caudal fin .

the harlequin rasbora is a shoaling fish , it should be kept in schools of 8 to 10 individuals . since the fish is rather peaceful , it makes a good community fish . schools of larger numbers make for a beautiful display .

males are more slender than females and exhibit a rounded extension at the bottom edge of the distinctive black wedge covering the posterior of the fish . the black wedge on females is perfectly straight . the female harlequin rasbora is also larger than the male .

citation : ohara wm , mirande jm , de lima fct ( 2017 ) phycocharax rasbora , a new genus and species of brazilian tetra ( characiformes : characidae ) from serra do cachimbo , rio tapajós basin . plos one 12 ( 2 ) : e0170648 . urltoken

super tiny , extremely vibrant , and outgoing , the chili rasbora is an ideal inhabitant for a nano tank . they are one of my absolute favorites and a must have for any nano enthusiast . boraras brigittae - chili rasbora ph : 4 - 7 temperature - 68 - 82 hardness : 2 - 10 dkh adult size : . 7″ maximum behavior : shoaling , keep in groups larger than 6 diet : micropredator , takes prepared foods well compatability : small and timid , does best with other small peaceful fish or invertebrates urltoken urltoken

it’s not uncommon to see shoals of harlequin rasbora ( trigonostigma heteromorpha ) used to devastating effect among thick beds of dense green foliage in the aquarium . aside the often gin - clear tint of aquascape water , such tanks aren’t far off being ideal for these fish .

ecological notes : phycocharax rasbora was collected primarily in dammed portions of the rio braço norte . contrasting from other tributaries of the rio tapajós basin , which are primarily clearwaters rivers , the rio braço norte is a blackwater tributary of the rio teles pires . in the site of occurrence of p . rasbora was build a small hydroelectric dam ( pch braço norte iv ) , and apparently the reservoir condition promoted the proliferation of algae . as consequence of the damming , the species thrived and can be considered as highly abundant at the dammed portion of the rio braço norte . in addition , p . rasbora seems to be uncommon in the lotic stretch of rio braço norte downstream of the dam , where only three specimens were collected . the type locality of the p . rasbora , the igarapé do arnaldo , is a small tributary which was flooded during the damming of river , presenting muddy substrate with a great amount of decomposed organic matter with undergrowth marginal vegetation formed by grasses ( fig 4 ) . in this area , phycocharax rasbora was the most abundant species with 77 % of all specimens collected . the section of the rio braço norte downstream the dam present sandy bottom with pebbles and rocks . phycocharax rasbora occurs syntopically at braço norte reservoir with other characiformes species , such as cyphocharax cf . spilurus ( curimatidae ) , leporinus friderici ( anostomidae ) , serrapinus aff . micropterus , astyanax aff . bimaculatus ( characidae ) , hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus ( erythrinidae ) , gymnotiformes , as gymnotus diamantinensis ( gymnotidae ) , and cichliformes , i . e . , aequidens sp . and apistogramma sp . ( cichlidae ) . although little abundant downstream the dam , p . rasbora was found co - occurring with the following characiformes : leporinus desmotes ( anostomidae ) , hemiodus quadrimaculatus ( hemiodontidae ) , astyanax aff . bimaculatus , bryconops sp . , jupiaba polylepis , jupiaba paranatinga , moenkhausia hasemani , serrapinnus aff . micropterus ( characidae ) , and with a single species of siluriformes , hypostomus sp . ( loricariidae ) .

distribution : phycocharax rasbora is so far known only from its type locality at upper rio braço norte , a right - bank tributary of the rio peixoto de azevedo , part of rio teles pires drainage , rio tapajós basin ( fig 5 ) . the rio braço norte drains the serra do cachimbo at northern mato grosso state , brazilian amazon .

phylogenetic analysis : the analysis gave relatively divergent hypotheses , especially by instabilities of some taxa whose relationships are not in the scope of this paper . however , in a broad range of values of k between 5 . 9 and 23 . 5 , most parsimonious trees ranging from 2750 to 2869 steps ( ci = 0 . 138–0 . 144 , ri = 0 . 652–0 . 669 ) , results are stable concerning the new taxon . in that range of parameters , phycocharax rasbora is recovered as the sister species of [ paracheirodon axelrodi ( schultz ) + hyphessobrycon elachys weitzman ] ( fig 6 ) . although far from conclusive , the clade recovered by p . rasbora disclosed positive gc value , suggesting a well - supported relationship . in most analysis the clade composed of phycocharax rasbora , paracheirodon axelrodi and hyphessobrycon elachys is sister group of clade formed by hyphessobrycon loweae + h . vanzolinii . it is worth noting that this latter clade is relatively little supported compared with its sister clade ( i . e . p . rasbora , p . axelrodi and h . elachys ) . the single synapomorphy found for the phycocharax clade is the abrupt expansion of the maxilla ventrally to the maxillary teeth ( character 107 , state 1 ) . the section of the phylogenetic tree where phycocharax is included , with clade supports and obtained synapomorphies provided ( fig 6 ) . the complete phylogenetic hypothesis including clade supports is available in s1 fig .

justification : rasbora daniconius is assessed as least concern due to its wide distribution , ability to occupy a variety of habitats and the lack of any known major widespread threats . it is only fished locally and thus harvesting does not appear to be a threat to the species over its entire range , and it is a common species in at least one area of its range .

the anal - fin dimorphism observed in phycocharax rasbora , with males possessing a straight distal margin or almost so , is similar to the found in some species of hyphessobrycon durbin , primarily h . bifasciatus ellis , h . heliacus moreira , landim & costa , h . igneus miquelarena , menni , lópez & casciotta , h . kayabi teixeira , lima & zuanon , h . loweae costa & géry , h . peugeoti ingenito , lima & buckup , and h . procyon pastana & ohara [ 27 , 28 ] . between the two hyphessobrycon species examined herein , h . bifasciatus and h . loweae , just this latter was herein recovered as close related to phycocharax rasbora . however , the referred clade includes both species that exhibit sexual dimorphism as those that not .

harlequins are among the more difficult species to breed , however , spawning may be achieved if you provide the proper conditions . select young specimens and condition them with live foods such as daphnia and mosquito larvae prior to the spawning attempt . harlequin rasbora differ from other popular rasboras in the aquarium when it comes to breeding . while other rasboras are egg - scattering spawners , harlequin rasboras are egg layers .

technically , one could quibble that only those fish within the rasbora genus could be classed as such . however , some of us prefer a broader definition that sees numerous genera all carrying the title , so i’ll take the stance of many keepers in classing fish from several genera under the honorary title including , but by no means limited to , fish such as trigonostigma , boraras , and rasboroides all considered to be rasborin fish .

the black triangular blotch on posterior flank portion of the phycocharax is unique among the characids , but a similar - shaped blotch is present in hemigrammus pulcher . in contrast , h . pulcher is easily distinguished from phycocharax rasbora by having , as well as the remaining hemigrammus species , two rows of premaxillary teeth ( vs . single row ) . in addition , the premaxillary teeth of the new taxon are relatively compressed and distally expanded , while those of h . pulcher are relatively cylindrical with parallel lateral margins . furthermore , h . pulcher was obtained by phylogenetic analysis in a clade along with h . haraldi géry and h . aguaruna lima , correa & ota ( fig 6 ) , corroborating the hypothesis that h . pulcher belongs to the hemigrammus ocellifer ( steindachner ) species group [ 29 , 30 ] and , therefore , different from p . rasbora .

fish hobbyists love the harlequin rasbora—it has a beautiful metallic color and it is easy to care for . a large school makes an aquarium vivid and vibrant with movement . this is a great fish for a smaller - sized community tank , and its at peace with most . it is a smaller fish , so keep it with like - sized fish . larger fish might be attracted by its shimmer and make a meal out of it .

phycocharax rasbora was collected during the rainy seasons ( april 2012 ; february 2014 ) and a dry season ( august 2015 ) . males and females presented gonads well developed in both seasons . oocytes with different sizes are present in the gonads , suggesting that females present multiple spawning , as well as several other small characids ( e . g . [ 19 , 20 ] ) . stomach contents of ten examined specimens contained mainly algae and vegetal matter .

the harlequin rasbora is a native of malaysia , singapore , sumatra , and southern thailand . it inhabits streams and waters that are characterized principally by low mineral content , high concentrations of dissolved humic acids , which is typical of water found flowing through peat swamp forests . the waterlogged soils of these forests inhibit the complete decay of leaf litter and result in the formation of peat , which leaches humic acids . these conditions resemble those found on in the blackwater habitats of south america .

water temperature is not critical , however , the ideal range is 74 to 78 f ( 23 to 26 c ) . the ph of the water should be slightly acidic , in the range of 6 . 0 to 6 . 5 . an aquarium intended to house harlequin rasboras should be planted with live plants , with some open areas for swimming provided between stands of plants such as cryptocoryne species , these being among the plants that inhabit the harlequin rasbora ' s native waters .

phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon were supported only by a few characters in many analysis performed here . in most analysis , phycocharax rasbora was recovered as the sister group of paracheirodon axelrodi plus hyphessobrycon elachys , in a clade that also includes hyphessobrycon loweae and hyphessobrycon vanzolinii . the uncertainty about the phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon , in addition to its unique combination of characters , lead us to erect a new monotypic genus in the characidae . the erection of a new generic name when there is a stable and well - supported sister - group relationship with some available genera is undesirable in most cases , mainly when the candidates are morphologically similar . however , in this particular case , neither the phylogenetic relationships are stable or even well supported , nor the candidate genera are similar enough to include this new taxon under a common diagnosis .

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you can keep it with any fish as long it’s not large and a predator .

it will not nip at or quarrel with any other species . some potentially good tankmates may include cardinal tetras , neon tetras , dwarf gouramis , bettas , small barbs , danios , other small rasboras , and cory catfish .

rasboras are a true freshwater fish and are never seen in brackish waters . they prefer the lowland waters of southeastern asia , where the water is soft and acidic . harlequins prefer an environment with areas of dense vegetation , an open area for swimming , a dark substrate , and subdued lighting .

harlequins make excellent community fish and will not nip at or quarrel with any other species .

rasboras are undemanding when it comes to diet ; they will readily accept flake , dried , frozen and live foods . a varied diet will ensure that digestive problems or susceptibility to disease do not occur .

when spawned in groups , keep two males for every female . hobbyists intent upon simulating natural conditions as closely as possible may choose to filter the aquarium water over peat , thus replicating the humic acid concentrations found in the fish ' s native waters , though this is not absolutely necessary if the basic water chemistry parameters ( no higher than 4 dh hardness , ph around 6 . 4 ) are correctly maintained . optimum water temperatures are between 76 and 80 degrees f . you will need cryptocorynes or similar broad - leafed plants in the breeding tank .

once you prepare the breeding tank , introduce the breeding stock late in the day . spawning will usually being in the morning and is initiated by the male dancing and trembling before the female . this spawning behavior is intended to direct the female beneath a suitable plant for depositing the eggs . you may see the male nudging the sides of the female and rubbing his belly against her back in an effort to move her to the spawning location .

when ready to spawn , the female will turn upside down and rub her belly against the underside of a leaf , signaling the male to join her . the male will approach her while continuing to tremble , then wrap himself around her body and fertilize the eggs as they are released . six to 12 eggs are laid at a time . the fertilized eggs rise and adhere to the underside of the leaves . over the course of one to two hours , as many as 300 eggs may be laid . although , 80 to 100 is more typical .

when spawning is complete , remove the breeding stock from the aquarium , as they will consume the fry once they hatch . in water temperatures of about 80 degrees f , the eggs will hatch in approximately 24 hours . the fry is translucent , remain attached to the leaf upon which the eggs were laid for another 12 to 24 hours , during which time the yolk sac is absorbed . once this process is completed , the fishes become free - swimming , and at this stage , require very finely sized food such as live infusoria for a period of seven to 14 days , after which the fry are able to feed upon newly hatched brine shrimp .

if infusoria are unavailable , commercially prepared foods for an egglayer fry may also be used . young harlequin rasboras reach sexual maturity in approximately six to nine months .

say hello to one of those complicated groups of fish where historically there seem to be more arguments over names than there are actual species .

rasboras are cyprinids , that huge group carrying everything from huge koi carp to dinky paedocypris , and much in between . characteristically , rasboras are noted for not having any of the distinctive barbels associated with cyprinid fishes .

rasboras , true or otherwise , are superb aquarium inhabitants and lend themselves to some stunning biotope set - ups .

their typically small size , combined with only limited shyness and shoaling behaviour , makes them stunning additions to many communities , although their water chemistry requirements sometimes prevent them being kept this way .

the tiny boraras species , as well as bearing spectacular colours , require only small systems in which to thrive and are dominating nano tanks and micro - biotopes these days , despite the occasional high price for such a small fish . but when you see one of these close up you’ll be hooked — and you’ll soon be dusting off that old 45 x 25 x 25cm / 18 x 10 x 10” tank .

different species frequent different tank levels , many capitalising on the mid - water layer .

all are easy to feed , with every species adapting to flake foods and life in captivity superbly . they retain their ravenous instincts , despite aquarium life , and dashes of live food always create frenzied activity in the tank at mealtimes .

anything goes , but daphnia , small bloodworms , glassworms , wingless fruit flies , and even insects such as garden ants will never be refused by these fish .

it’s thought there are two species of this fish , depending on the presence of an orange spot on the anal fin , but whichever harlequin you pick up will be rewarding .

wild harlequins are a scarce find nowadays , and the vigilant or purist might want to avoid colourful morphs , such as the blacks and blues you can see around . good harlequins are available in the shops but , like so many mass - farmed fish , there can be runts .

these fish go well in a community , but to see them at their best , try to create a biotope , or perhaps a species - only tank .

found across indonesia , sumatra and thailand , they usually live in acidic but not deeply blackened streams , and sometimes peaty swamps . those streams tend to have a yellowed tinge , and this is something the home aquarist would want to replicate if possible .

decoration is easy and ideally there should be plenty of it . ample pieces of bogwood should litter a sandy base , and that sand should be fine and dark , such as aquarium - grade silica .

leaf litter can be added and will help to release tannins into the water . alder cones may also be used , but be sparing as they can be quite powerful in releasing acid .

these fish prefer softer , acidic waters and although they can cope in a neutral or slightly alkaline community tank , it’s worth remembering that some pathogens fare better in alkaline waters . aim for a ph of between 5 . 0 and 7 . 0 , with a hardness of below 12°dh .

set the temperature somewhere between 22 - 25°c / 72 - 77°f to recreate wild conditions and keep water flow light . harlequins do not thrive in high , rushing water flows and may actively avoid areas in the tank where they get buffeted .

planting works well with harlequins , especially thick beds of cryptocoryne and java fern . don’t be shy about going bonkers with numbers of plants and the harlequins will love you !

to really promote their confidence , add floating plants to the tank . even a handful of duckweed will encourage them to be more brazen .

they only grow to 5cm / 2” as adults but do enjoy being in shoals , so it’s worth thinking of a tank no less than 60cm / 2’ long , with at least 12 harlequins .

these fish are peaceful with everything , but to keep things region authentic , opt for tank mates like acanthopthalmus loaches , puntius species like p . pentazona , or maybe even chocolate gouramis .

clowns prefer more flow , although the water should still be stained with tannins . to this effect , it’s worth considering adding alder cones to a external canister filter , or some peat supplementation if these aren’t available . tannins will help to bring out the red colours of the fish , which can be a washed - out orangey - yellow when kept in water that’s too clear .

unlike with harlequins , planting should be confined to the backs and sides of the tank and ample swimming space should be left in the middle where males will show off to each other . cryptocoryne is a good choice , but dense , bushy plants , like thick mats of java moss , are appreciated . the fish will often be seen ‘rubbing’ themselves in it .

acclimatisation is essential and they are easily shocked as a result of changes in water quality . as imports go , they are riskily high on mortality , which is why they are not as commonly seen as other species .

when adding them to your tank , try to match water parameters to the transport water , but don’t be too surprised if they pale , pant , and rest on the tank base on arrival .

there’s confusion about numbers to keep . some maintain that due to their pugnacious attitude towards each other , low numbers are best . however , it’s generally accepted that these are shoalers and should be kept in groups of 12 or more .

in the wild , these fish get everywhere . from streams and rivers , through pools and lakes , and into rice paddies and even ditches on the side of the road , these are a surprisingly versatile fish that should be given the chance to shine .

aim for a lowish ph between 6 . 0 and 6 . 5 . a hardness level somewhere about 6°dh seems to suit . given a temperature of about 25 - 28°c / 77 - 82°f and access to plenty of live foods and carotenoid rich dry foods , these are fish you’ll quickly come to adore .

b . urophthalmoides inhabit truly acidic waters . in fact , they’re the archetypal swamp dweller , relishing blackened water , low light levels and relentless acid .

acidity and blackness should be high . keepers like to use heavy leaf litter , especially oak and beech leaves , combined with spindly pieces of bogwood , such as the sumatran driftwood from unipac , and low lighting levels .

some keepers don’t even opt for an aquarium light , instead using a small low wattage table lamp . although some plants like java fern might tolerate this , it could be wiser to go for a coating of floating plants instead . these fish are from regions of overhanging foliage and natural light is quite alien .

water chemistry should be completely soft and acidic . a ph value as low as 4 . 0 will be shrugged off , along with hardness levels of zero to 10°dh . aim for a ph of between 5 . 5 and 6 . 5 .

they don’t do well in nitrogenous wastes , so ensure that any tank is established prior to adding the fish .

water flow should be negligible and a tank of b . urophthalmoides is the perfect excuse to dig out that old biofoam 45 air - driven filter , and an air pump .

however , if wanting to keep them with another species , consider the equally timid parosphromenus varieties of tiny liquorice gourami . although you’ll not see too much of either species , you’ll be ecstatic when they do make an appearance through that deep red water .

the fish have gradually become smaller , it is suspected , through environmental pressures .

all miniaturised fish inhabit slow moving or static bodies of water , often devoid of sources of nutrition , such as the conditions you might find in a boggy , peaty swamp .

this evolutionary niche loses its advantage anywhere that water flow is strong and nutrition widely available .

usually , a miniaturised fish will be stunted and small , but perfectly formed .

however some fish , like paedocypris — the world’s smallest — stops short of forming fully adult organs . instead it retains a simplified , or truncated body in which even the skeleton isn’t fully developed .

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asia : mekong , chao phraya and meklong basins ; also from northern malay peninsula .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 30857 )

has 1 / 2 4 scale rows between the dorsal - fin origin and the lateral line ; a conspicuous , narrow , black longitudinal stripe along the sides , widening into a diamond - shaped blotch on the caudal peduncle ( ref . 27732 ) . scale margins outlined by reticulated dark pattern ; black tips on caudal lobes present or absent ; lateral line complete ( ref . 12693 ) .

associated with clear , usually shallow and moderately flowing streams ( ref . 27732 ) . occur near the surface in small to medium - sized streams in upland areas . individuals from high - gradient upland streams have a much darker stripe and often black tips on the caudal fin lobes . feed probably on exogenous insects ( ref . 12693 ) . spawning sites are found in rivers and ponds ( ref . 33813 ) . mature adults probably breed during the rainy season . not seen in the markets , but occasionally imported in the aquarium trade ( ref . 12693 ) .

rainboth , w . j . , 1996 . fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fao , rome , 265 p . ( ref . 12693 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00537 ( 0 . 00245 - 0 . 01178 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 40 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

barbhuiya , a . h . , juffe bignoli , d . , rema devi , k . r . , dahanukar , n . & chaudhry , s .

is known from the gangetic provinces and assam in india ; also present in bangladesh , myanmar , pakistan and thailand .

there is no information on the population and its trends for this species . more research is needed to investigate the population structure and trends .

the species is found in swamps and marshy areas . an attractive little purple - and - orange creature , it spawns readily but , if left to its own devices , will cannabilise its eggs .

this species attains a length of 13 cm . because of its beauty and hardiness , it has proved popular in small aquarium . it is also used for human consumption at a local level .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

mukerji , 1935 was first described from darna river in upper godavari river basin , deolali , nasik district , maharashtra state , india ( hora and mukerji 1935 ) . the species is valid as

rema devi , k . r . , gopalakrishnan , a . , arunachalam , m . , shrikant , j . , johnson , j . a . , rahul , k . & molur , s .

is distributed in maharashtra , karnataka and gujrat with localized threats to some populations . however , the species is assessed as least concern .

. 2004 ) . it is currently known only from darna river in upper godavari river basin , deolali , nasik district , maharashtra state , india ( hora and mukerji 1935 , hora and misra 1937 , jayaram 1999 , menon 1999 ) . extensive surveys in the other tributaries of upper godavari river have not reveled this species indicating that the species is restricted to darna river ( s . jadhav pers . comm . ) . the species is also recorded from baroda ( now vadodara ) in gujarat ( ranade 1953 ) and mula - mutha river of krishna river system ( kharat

, however , the population seems to be declining and it is rarely found in its type locality ( s . jadhav pers . comm . ) .

is recorded from rivers and hill streams and it has a maximum length of 8 . 5 cm total length ( menon 1999 ) . the habitat of this fish , in its type locality , is threatened by organic pollution , agricultural pollution and introduced fishes ( n . dahanukar pers . obs . ) .

but it is caught by local fishermen and sold in the local market . it is also suggested as a good aquarium fish ( talwar and jhingran 1991 , mercy

is recorded is threatened by organic pollution , agricultural pollution , introduced fishes and heavy harvesting ( n . dahanukar pers . obs . ) .

, however , site protection is suggested for conservation of this threatened species . research is needed to understand population trends , life history , ecology and threats to this species .

r . daniconius is reported to be common in the muthurajawela wetland sanctuary , sri lanka , but likely to have a variable abundance over its range .

r . daniconius is a benthopelagic and potamodromous species . it occurs in a variety of habitats : ditches , ponds , canals , streams , rivers and inundated fields , but is primarily found in sandy streams and rivers . it is also found in brackish waters . it sometimes forms large schools .

this fish is often harvested with other smaller fish as food , locally , and for use in poultry feed . when they are small they can make attractive aquarium fish , and thus are captured for the aquarium trade .

threats to this species and its habitat are unknown at present , although it is collected for the aquarium trade and for poultry food but the scale does not appear to be causing a decline in the population .

there are no conservation measures currently known to be in action at habitat or species level .

freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 0 ; dh range : ? - 10 . tropical ; 20°c - 26°c ( ref . 2060 )

asia : mekong , chao phraya and mae khlong basins , malay peninsula to borneo , java and sumatra in indonesia .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6398 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . preserved color yellowish brown with silvery sheen , darker dorsally ; scales margined by brown lines or dots . 12 - 13 scales between nape and dorsal . lateral line complete reaching caudal ; 9 ( rarely 8 ) scale rows between lateral lines over middle of caudal peduncle . origin of dorsal between tip of snout and caudal ; least depth of caudal peduncle 1 . 9 - 2 in its length . maxillary not reaching eye . thin lips , upper moderately protractile ; lower sometimes with external projecting knob at symphysis , fitting the notch on upper one .

occurs mainly in rivers and enters flooded fields ( ref . 12975 ) . feeds on algae ( ref . 12975 ) .

doi , a . , 1997 . a review of taxonomic studies of cypriniform fishes in southeast asia . jap . j . ichthyol . 44 ( 1 ) : 1 - 33 . ( ref . 26580 )

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 ±0 . 00 se ; based on food items .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .

just get one type . they won ' t school together and this tank isn ' t big enough for 2 good sized schools .

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a new genus and species of characid fish is described from rio braço norte , a tributary of rio teles pires , tapajós basin , mato groso , brazil . the new taxa can be diagnosed from the remaining characids by a unique combination of characters that includes the presence of a single row of relatively compressed premaxillary teeth , large teeth with four to nine cusps on premaxillary and dentary , absence of pseudotympanum , incomplete lateral line with 7–13 pored scales , sexually - dimorphic males with distal margin of anal fin approximately straight , and presence of a nearly triangular and horizontally elongated blotch from the posterior half of the body to caudal peduncle . the most parsimonious phylogenetic hypothesis , using morphological data , recovered the new genus and species in a clade including paracheirodon axelrodi and hyphessobrycon elachys .

copyright : © 2017 ohara et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .

data availability : all relevant data are within othe paper and its supporting information files .

funding : part of the type series was collected during an expedition funded by the south american characiformes inventory ( fapesp 2011 / 502827 , urltoken ) . the authors are supported by fapesp ( wmo : grant # 2013 / 22473‒8 ; fctl : grants # 2011 / 51532‒7 and 2013 / 20936‒0 ) , conicet ( jmm : pip‒0301 ) , and foncyt ( jmm : pict 2011‒0992 ) . a travel by the second author to zuec was funded by fapesp [ grant # 2011 / 51532‒7 , " systematics of tetras ( genera hemigrammus , hyphessobrycon , thayeria , parapristella and bryconella ) , with emphasis on the species from northern cis - andean south america " ] . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .

the characidae is one of the richest families among bony fishes , and depending of the alternative proposals followed [ 1 , 2 ] , the family comprise between 1 , 100 to over than 1 , 200 species [ 3 ] . although much advance to understand the relationships within characidae family has been accomplished , it still constitutes in an unsettled issue . a stable classification of the characidae is still far to be established , given the great diversity and complexity of the family and the lack of comprehensive analysis combining morphological and molecular data [ 4 ] . many members of the characidae have low variation either in molecular data [ 2 ] as in morphological [ 5 , 6 ] , and most deep relationships within the family are incongruent between different analysis or have low support .

during recent ichthyological field surveys in the northern of the brazilian state mato grosso , was discovered from the rio braço norte , a tributary of the rio teles pires ( serra do cachimbo , rio tapajós basin ) , an attractively - colored characid tetra that proved to be not assignable to any previously known genus . the new taxon is described herein due to its unusual combination of single row of compressed premaxillary teeth , pseudotympanum absent , and sexual dimorphism with males exhibiting a straight distal margin of the anal fin , while females present the more generalized condition among characids ( i . e . , an anal fin with a distinct anterior lobe ) . in addition , the new taxon shows a remarkable color pattern with a large and elongated triangular blotch extending along middle flanks from vertical through the base terminus of dorsal fin to the caudal peduncle end . such blotch is similar in shape and position to the one present in the neotropical characid hemigrammus pulcher ladiges and the asian cyprinids of the genus trigonostigma kottelat & witte . the aim of the present study is to describe this new taxon , assigned herein to a new genus , due to both phylogenetic position and unique combination of characters .

phylogenetic relationships of the new taxon among characids were assessed by parsimony using tnt software [ 11 ] following the characters of mirande [ 1 , 10 ] and mirande et al . [ 12 , 13 ] . thirty - five additional species were included to the dataset to evaluate possible close relatives to the new taxon or to check its possible inclusion in some genus already known , as well as to have a most comprehensive framework within the characidae phylogeny . the coding of the new taxon plus 212 species analyzed herein are included in s1 table and the dataset is available online at morphobank [ 14 , 15 ] . the complete list of 387 characters analyzed herein , with comments on those added ( two new ) or modified ( 15 ) from mirande et al . [ 12 ] , is provided as s2 appendix .

as in the mentioned papers ( i . e . [ 1 , 10 , 12 , 13 ] ) , analysis were performed under extended implied weighting [ 16 , 17 ] in a broad range of values of k ( concavity constant ) . differing from previous contributions , the phylogenetic analysis in a broad range of values of k was herein performed only to evaluate the possible relationships and generic assignments of the new taxon , rather than to reach to some general phylogenetic hypothesis for the family . support was calculated with symmetric resampling and results are expressed as gc values according to goloboff et al . [ 18 ] .

the electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix “ urltoken ” . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : d0fd20e4 - d2eb - 4e52 - 9094 - ddfe45ee0be0 . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central , lockss .

urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 27e0cd39 - ad63 - 4d08 - be0f - 60670b17406f

, holotype , mzusp 119843 , 29 . 1 mm sl , male ; mzusp 115341 , 25 . 3 mm sl , paratype , female .

, medial view of left side ; premaxilla , 29 . 8 mm sl ; dentary and maxilla , 29 . 1 mm sl , paratypes , both mzusp 115341 .

, mzusp 119843 , paratype , 29 . 1 male ( a ) and mzusp 115313 , paratype , 26 . 4 mm sl , female ( b ) , immediately after collection .


the tonnidae are a family of medium-sized to very large sea snails , known as the tun shells .

these are marine gastropod molluscs in the clade littorinimorpha .

the name " tun " refers to the snails ' shell shape which resembles wine casks known as " tuns " .

while the shells are thin , they are also strong .

there is no operculum .

they are found in all tropical seas , where they inhabit sandy areas .

during the day , they bury themselves in the substrate , emerging at night to feed on echinoderms ( especially sea cucumbers ) , crustaceans , and bivalves .

some larger species also capture fish , using their expandable probosces to swallow them whole .

females lay rows of eggs that become free-swimming larvae for several months before settling to the bottom .

tonnidae

tonnidae <EOT> which taxonomic groups does the family tonnidae belong to and what are the different tonnidae genus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the family tonnidae belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different genus .

kento furui added the japanese common name " ヤツシロガイ科 " to " tonnidae " .

tonnidae there are less than 30 species in this special family of globose , large shells . tonnidae are not successful among collectors because they need a lot of space and they are hard to display in an aesthetic way .

taxonomical research ( incl . hostorical specimen research ) on marine gastropods of the families ficidae , tonnidae and turritellidae .

which are the most common photographed tonnidae genus ? below , you will find the list of genus commonly photographed by underwater photographers .

vos , c . ( 2005c ) notes on tonnidae of the t . variegata complex and t . chinensis complex , with descriptions of four new species ( gastropoda : tonnidae ) . visaya 1 ( 5 ) : 45 - 62 . [ november 2005 ]

family tonnidae on the gladys archerd shell collection at washington state university tri - cities natural history museum website : brief fact sheet with photos .

what made you want to look up tonnidae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .

taxonomy bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) listed cassidae as a synonym of tonnidae suter , 1913 ( 1825 ) , following in this riedel ( 1995 ) . the . . .

although a relatively small family , the tonnidae has not been revised for many years , and there are taxonomic problems with many species . uncertainties of relationships are noted below for the two most common tonna species found in nsw .

2008 . vos , c . tonnidae . in poppe g . t . ( ed . ) philippine marine mollusks , volume 1 : gastropoda 1 : 594 - 611 , pls 242 - 250 . conchbooks , hackenheim , germany

vos , c . ( 2005a ) a new species of tonna brünnich , 1772 ( gastropoda , tonnidae ) ( tonna berthae ) from south - african waters . gloria maris 44 ( 1 - 2 ) : 10 - 17

vos , c . ( 2005b ) a new species of tonna brünnich , 1772 ( gastropoda , tonnidae ) ( tonna oentoengi ) from indonesian and western australian waters . gloria maris 44 ( 1 - 2 ) : 18 - 24

2013 . vos , c . overview of the tonnidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in chinese waters . gloria maris 52 ( 1 - 2 ) ; pp . 22 - 53 ; pls . 1 - 9 ( master article in english ) [ vos , c . ( 2012 ) overview of the tonnidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in chinese waters . shell discoveries 1 ( 1 ) ; pp . 12 - 22 ; pls . 1 - 9 ( partial translation in chinese ) ]

taxonomy bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) listed cassidae as a synonym of tonnidae suter , 1913 ( 1825 ) , following in this riedel ( 1995 ) . the two families are here maintained separate following beu ( 2008 : 272 ) [ details ]

vos , c . ( 1999 ) a new tonna brünnich , 1772 ( gastropoda : tonnidae ) from gulf of aden . gloria maris , vol . 38 , ( 1 - 6 ) , p . 43 - 47 , pl . 8 - 9

vos , c . ( 2013 ) overview of the tonnidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in chinese waters . gloria maris 52 ( 1 - 2 ) ; pp . 22 - 53 ; pls . 1 - 9 page ( s ) : 23 [ details ]

2007 . vos , c . a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany

family tonnidae in the gastropods section by j . m . poutiers in the fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific volume 1 : seaweeds , corals , bivalves and gastropods on the food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) website .

the family tonnidae includes a small number of species with medium - sized to large shells which are thin for their size , and nearly spherical . the spire is small , while the body whorl is large and well inflated , ending in a very wide aperture . the outer surface is usually sculptured by thick spiral ribs . the animals lack the operculum . most tun shells can be found living in sand , in the tropics beyond the edge of the coral reef .

this part comprises a taxonomic revision of 29 tonna - species and for other species of tonnidae in the genera eudolium and malea . tonna hawaiiensis is described new to science . the text gives a detailed description of the animals and shells as well as information on synonymy , distribution ( with detailed maps ) habitat and biology . as far as possible type material an large series of shells covering the whole species range were studies . material from at least 29 museums was included in this monograph . the bibliography includes 173 references .

the family tonnidae is represented in nsw by the genera tonna and eudolium . species of tonna are large , globular lightweight shells , mainly tropical in distribution , that live from the shallow subtidal down to several hundred metres . they live mainly in sandy areas , where they can burrow beneath the sand and leave just the tip of their siphon exposed . they feed on sea cucumbers ( holothurians ) . the two large tuns that occur in nsw belong to this genus ; they are taken by fishing trawlers , tonna cerevisina quite commonly and t . tetracotula less so .

nomenclature family names cited with two dates ( the second one in parentheses ) are those ruled by article 40 ( 2 ) of iczn . " if . . . a family - group name was replaced before 1961 because of the synonymy of the type genus , the replacement name is to be maintained if it is in prevailing usage . a name maintained by virtue of this article retains its own author [ and date , the first date cited ] but takes the priority of the replaced name [ the date cited in parentheses , here alluding to doliidae ] . suter ( 1913 ) placed dolium lamarck , 1801 in synonymy of tonna brünnich , 1772 and replaced doliidae latreille , 1825 with the new name tonnidae . [ details ]

nomenclature family names cited with two dates ( the second one in parentheses ) are those ruled by article 40 ( 2 ) of iczn . " if . . . a . . .

vaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]

( of galeodoliidae sacco , 1891 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]

( of macgillivrayiidae h . adams & a . adams , 1854 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]

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tonna ( dolium complex ) type species : tonna ( dolium complex ) dolium linnaeus , c . , 1758

tonna ( canaliculata complex ) type species : tonna ( canaliculata complex ) canaliculata linnaeus , c . , 1758

tonna ( sulcosa complex ) type species : tonna ( sulcosa complex ) sulcosa born , i . von , 1778

tonna ( galea complex ) type species : tonna ( galea complex ) galea linnaeus , c . , 1758

tonna ( perdix complex ) type species : tonna ( perdix complex ) perdix linnaeus , c . , 1758

tonna ( chinensis complex ) type species : tonna ( chinensis complex ) chinensis dillwyn , l . w . , 1817

tonna ( variegata complex ) type species : tonna ( variegata complex ) variegata lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822

eudolium dall , w . h . , 1889 type species : eudolium crosseanum monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1869

malea valenciennes , a . , 1833 type species : malea latilabris valenciennes , a . , 1833

empty shell . chek jawa , jun 12 photo shared by loh kok sheng on flickr .

empty shell . cyrene , aug 13 photo shared by loh kok sheng on his blog .

tan siong kiat and henrietta p . m . woo , 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore ( pdf ) , raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore .

abbott , r . tucker , 1991 . seashells of south east asia . graham brash , singapore . 145 pp .

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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :

we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .

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click on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .

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the genus eudolium contains smaller shells , up to about 80 mm in length , that occur in deeper water than tonna - specimens have been taken down to 1829 m . two species occur in nsw ; both are widely distributed , one occurring in the atlantic ocean as well as the indo - west pacific . they are both rare , most specimens available for study locally having been trawled during fish surveys by the fisheries research vessel " kapala " .

hedley , c . 1919 . a review of the australian tun shells . records of the australian museum 12 ( 11 ) : 329 - 336 .

marshall , b . a . 1992 . a revision of the recent species of eudolium dall , 1889 ( gastropoda : tonnoidea ) . the nautilus 106 ( 1 ) : 24 - 38 .

tonna allium ( dillwyn , 1817 ) . indo - west pacific to sydney .

tonna cepa ( roeding , 1798 ) . ( synonyms canaliculata linnaeus , 1758 ; testardi , montrouzier , 1863 ) . indo - west pacific . in nsw , known only from " triton " dredging from sydney harbour .

tonna dolium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . indo - west pacific , to sydney . this species was misidentified in iredale & mcmichael ' s checklist as tonna parvula tapparone - canefri , 1878 .

tonna perdix ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . ( synonym rufum blainville , 1829 ) indo - west pacific to sydney .

malea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . indo - west pacific . in nsw , known only from " triton " dredging from sydney harbour .

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jennifer hammock split the classifications by femorale resource from tonna boucheti vos , 2005 to their own page .

jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from tonna galea ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .

jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from tonna perdix ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .

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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9203c208 - e8d9 - 4e66 - b088 - 38131b3c2e44

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 536d7c15 - 1c8a - 4836 - 8374 - e79eab5d3383

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 251567

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genus : eudolium w . h . dall , 1889 ( syn : doliopsis , endolium , galeodolium , simplicodolium , tuberculodolium - db : 10 sp , 7 img )

genus : malea a . valenciennes , 1883 ( syn : quimalea - db : 12 sp , 9 img )

genus : tonna m . t . brünnich , 1772 ( syn : cadium , cadus , dolium , foratidolium , galea , macgillivrayia , parvitonna , perdix , canaliculata complex , chinensis complex , sulcosa complex , variegata complex , canaliculata - complex , chinensis - complex , sulcosa - complex , variegata - complex , galea - complex - db : 30 sp , 35 img )

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2003 . monsecour , d . & vos , c . some notes on tonna rosemaryae vos , 1999 . gloria maris , 42 ( 4 - 5 ) : 104 - 107 .

2010 . ryall p . & vos c . two new species of turritella ( gastropoda : turritellidae ) from western africa . novapex 11 ( 1 ) : 13 - 20 .

note from tom rice : genera used on this page are from the original discription where possible , no genera will be updated to the latest worms info , as this would be an impossible task at hand . thank you for your understanding . - - - in accordance with the gdpr law of may 25 2018 , you can report here a problem / issue / abuse / other . you can also request that yourself will be removed from this list by clicking the button below . report

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australian gastropods of the family bursidae . part 1 . the families of tonnacea , the genera of bursidae , and revision of species previously assigned to tutufa jousseaume , 1881 - australian museum


llallawavis scagliai ( magnificent bird of scaglia ) is a large , extinct predatory bird from pliocene argentina .

its fossil is the most complete fossil of a phorusrhacid ( or " terror bird " ) yet found .

the fossil , discovered in 2010 in sediment among the cliffs above la estafeta beach , contains the complete palate , complete trachea , skull , voice box , and eye bones .

the fossil shows l. scagliai was a medium-sized phorusrhacid around four feet tall and lived in argentina approximately 3.5 million years ago during the pliocene epoch .

l. scagliai likely roamed in grassland and weighed around 40 pounds ( 18 kg ) .

the joints separating the skulls bones were fused , unlike modern birds , and that may have helped it batter prey .

ct scans of its inner ear show that it could only hear frequencies between about 380 and 4230 hertz , and probably had a deep voice to match .

the below cladogram is simplified after the analysis of degrange et al. ( 2015 ) .

llallawavis

llallawavis <EOT> cience - llallawavis - scagliai - terror - bird - argentina - 02684 . html

skeleton of llallawavis scagliai . image credit : m . taglioretti / f . scaglia .

new species of ancient terror bird , llallawavis scagliai , discovered | science 2 . 0

this suggests that llallawavis would have been better at detecting lower frequency sounds than humans are .

drawing showing the skeletal anatomy of llallawavis scagliai . figure 2 from degrange et al . , 2015 .

a reconstruction of llallawavis . the white elements are those that have been discovered . from degrange et al . , 2015 .

they found that llallawavis would have had an average hearing range of around 3 , 800hz and a sensitivity of around 2 , 300hz .

llallawavis scagliai is a medium - sized terror bird with an estimated body mass of 18 kg and estimated height of 1 . 2 m

the newly discovered species is dubbed llallawavis scagliali ( " scaglia ' s magnificent bird " ) after the study ' s senior author fernando scaglia .

based on comparisons with living species , these measurements suggested that the ears of terror birds like llallawavis were most sensitive to low - pitched sounds .

the south american bird has been named llallawavis scagliai - meaning scaglia ' s magnificent bird after one of argentina ' s famous naturalists galileo juan scaglia .

' this seems to indicate that llallawavis may have had a narrow , low vocalization frequency range , presumably used for intraspecific acoustic communication or prey detection . '

[ 2 / 2 ] ♫ . . . tahdon laulaa riemusuulla sävelmän uuden tään : krrääääkh ! art : h . santiago druetta # llallawavis # scagliai urltoken

the scientific name of the bird is llallawavis scagliai . llallawa means magnificent in the quechua language in reference to the nature of the terror bird’s remains , and avis means bird .

' however , based on the hearing frequencies that we know that they were able to hear , it is possible to state that llallawavis may have produced sound of low frequency . '

although smaller than some of the species discovered , llallawavis scagliai , was one of the last terror birds to prowl the earth before they died out around 2 . 5 million years ago .

he said : ' the palate is a big area of jaw muscle attacment in birds . so , we are able to state how much developed were some of the jaw muscles in llallawavis .

one of south america’s top predators in its day , the 1 . 2 - meter - tall “terror bird” llallawavis scagliai ( artist’s representation shown ) lived in what is now northeastern argentina about 3 . 5 million years ago .

scaglia’s terror bird ( llallawavis scagliai ) is the most recently discovered member of the terror bird family ( phorusrhacidae ) . this species known for a single near - complete , fully - articulated skeleton which even includes a preserved windpipe .

paleontologist federico degrange of argentina’s centro de investigaciones en ciences de la tierra and colleagues named the old bird in the latest journal of vertebrate paleontology . drawing from quechua and latin , they’ve called it llallawavis – the “magnificent bird” . it’s an apt title . found in the 3 . 3 million year old rock of argentina , llallawavis is represented by a nearly - complete skeleton that includes the delicate bones of the middle ear , the bony ring of the eye , and ossified rings of the avian’s throat .

aside from giving degrange and coauthors a more detailed look the specific group of terror birds to which llallawavis belonged – called mesembriornithines – the beautiful fossil adds some new details about how this 40 pound , 4 - foot - tall carnivore interacted with the pliocene world .

thanks to the inner ear of llallawavis , for example , the paleontologists were able to estimate that the terror bird had a relatively narrow range of hearing in the neighborhood of 3800 hz . and since birds often vocalize in the lower ranges of what they can hear , degrange and coauthors point out , this hints that llallawavis may have communicated with low - frequency sounds that could travel long distances . unfortunately , despite having part of the throat set in stone , the branches of the bird’s airway critical for sound - making were not fossilized to check what sounds they could have produced . what these impressive avians actually sounded like is still left to our imagination .

“the mean hearing estimated for this terror bird was below the average for living birds . this seems to indicate that llallawavis scagliai may have had a narrow , low vocalization frequency range , presumably used for intraspecific acoustic communication or prey detection , ” said dr federico degrange of the universidad nacional de córdoba , conicet and the centro de investigaciones en ciencias de la tierra , argentina , who is the lead author of the paper published in the journal of vertebrate paleontology .

famed for their large hooked beaks and a presumed taste for meat , flightless phorusrhacids , also known as “terror birds , ” were among south america’s top predators before going extinct about 2 . 5 million years ago . now paleontologists have unearthed one of the most complete fossils of a phorusrhacid to date . the skeleton of the new species , dubbed llallawavis scagliai , is approximately 95 % complete , giving scientists the ability to study a terror bird’s anatomy in unprecedented detail . analyses of the well - preserved remains are already providing insights into the bird’s hearing ability , scientists say .

a 90 % - complete " terror bird " skeleton found on an argentinean beach suggests these big - beaked predators had good low - frequency hearing and deep voices .

it is the most complete skeleton ever discovered for one of these menacing beasts , and represents a new species .

this offers clues about the animal ' s hearing , which was probably lower than that of modern birds and suggests they used low - pitched calls to communicate .

argentinian palaeontologists made the discovery in the cliffs of la estafeta beach , not far from the popular tourist city of mar del plata .

federico degrange , one of the study ' s authors , said dealing with the tide had presented a challenge .

" the sea can actually take the fossil and destroy it in the sea . it ' s a nice place to work , but you have to be fast , " he told bbc news .

terror birds , or " phorusrhacids " , were the top predators on the south american land mass in the era following the dinosaurs ' extinction some 65 million years ago .

the flightless beasts stood up to 3m tall , boasting long legs and devastating hooked beaks . a previous study of this weaponry suggested that the birds could have despatched their prey with a single blow , before setting to work on its flesh .

" they evolved very unique forms , with huge skulls , huge beaks with hooks , and long hindlimbs , " said dr degrange , a terror bird specialist who works at the national university of cordoba .

" they lost their ability to fly and they developed very unusual predatory capabilities that were not present in any comparable animals . "

it stood about 1 . 2m tall and probably weighed 18kg , making it a medium - sized addition to the terror bird family . and it lived towards the end of that family ' s long period of dominance , some 3 . 5 million years ago .

this means it probably ate mammals or other birds ; pretty much anything smaller than itself , dr degrange suggested .

perhaps most intriguing among the well - preserved details of the fossil is its skull , which allowed the researchers to make some educated guesses about the animal ' s sensory capabilities - and even its voice .

" a very interesting thing is that we could reconstruct the shape of the inner ear , " dr degrange said .

" we are able to say that terror birds had low frequency sensitivity - so it seems reasonable to suggest that they also produced low - frequency sounds . "

again , by comparing their anatomy with birds that are alive today , you might imagine that they sounded something like an ostrich or an emu , dr degrange said .

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“it’s rare to find such a complete fossil of anything , let alone a bird , ” says lawrence witmer , a vertebrate paleontologist at ohio university , athens , who wasn’t involved in the new study . “this is a very exciting find . ”

the fossil , which is missing only a few wing and toe bones and the tip of its stubby tail , was excavated in northeastern argentina in 2010 from material laid down as sediment about 3 . 5 million years ago . l . scagliai likely lived in an open environment , possibly a grassland or a sparse forest through which small rivers flowed , says federico degrange , a paleo - ornithologist at the national university of córdoba in argentina and lead researcher on the study .

the new species of terror bird weighed an estimated 18 kilograms ( about 40 pounds ) and stood about 1 . 2 meters ( 4 feet ) tall , degrange’s team reports in the current issue of the journal of vertebrate paleontology . that’s a moderate size for a terror bird , degrange notes ; at least one other species in the group grew more than 2 meters tall and weighed 70 kg or more .

unlike most birds , many of the joints between bones in a terror bird’s skull are typically fused , witmer says . in this species , the joints in the birds’ upper palate , as well as some of those near the beak , are much less flexible than they are in other types of birds , which may have helped them pummel their prey and more effectively rip apart carcasses .

but the most interesting information from the new fossil came from ct scans of its inner ear . the shape and orientation of the semicircular canals in that structure suggest the bird could swivel its head quickly , as it might when tracking or striking at prey , degrange says . moreover , he notes , analyses of the scans even provide information about the bird’s sense of hearing , which was most likely limited to frequencies between 380 and 4230 hertz—approximately the same range as keys on the right half of a standard piano keyboard . that is substantially lower than the range measured for l scagliai ’s closest flightless relatives , the team reports .

“that’s to be expected for a large animal , ” says luis chiappe , a vertebrate paleontologist at the natural history museum of los angeles county in california . “the general rule of thumb is , the bigger you are , the lower the sounds you produce and hear . ”

the emphasis on low - frequency hearing is very interesting , witmer says , because it may suggest something about how the birds tracked prey . “low frequencies tend to propagate across long distances with little attenuation . ”

but in recent years , some scientists have proposed that not all terror birds were good hunters . this suggests that the members of some species may have spent a good fraction of their time scavenging carcasses rather than chasing prey . by measuring the proportions of various carbon and nitrogen isotopes in terror bird fossils , researchers could better assess the birds’ dietary habits , chiappe says . in particular , they could get a better idea about where in the food chain the terror birds’ main sources of nutrition were coming from . “i’m surprised that no one has done a careful study of such isotopes yet , ” he notes .

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the skeleton of a new species of giant predatory bird that terrorised the earth 3 . 5 million years ago has been discovered and is helping to reveal how these creatures would have sounded .

palaeontologists say the four feet ( 1 . 2 metres ) tall bird is the most complete skeletons of a ' terror bird ' - a group of flightless prehistoric meat - eating birds - to be discovered .

it was so well preserved that scientists have been able to study part of the bird ' s auditory system and its trachae .

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they say that while it had a terrifying apperance , its hearing was probably below average compared to birds living today .

a giant prehistoric ‘terror bird’ - once thought to have been a ruthless predator which snapped the necks of mammals with its enormous beak - was actually a vegetarian , according to one study .

the two - metre gastornis was a flightless creature which lived in europe between 40 and 55 million years ago .

because of its size and ominous appearance , it was thought to be a top carnivore .

but a team of german researchers , who studied fossilised remains of the beasts found in a former open cast coal mine , say they believe it was actually not a meat eater .

palaeontologists in the us have also found footprints believed to belong to the american cousin of gastornis , and these do not show the imprints of sharp claws , used to grapple prey , that might be expected of a raptor .

also , the bird’s sheer size and inability to move fast made some believe it couldn’t have preyed on early mammals - though others claim it might have ambushed them .

they claim that the animal probably also had a limited vocal range that was quite low frequency .

it has also raised the prospect that the bird may have even used low frequency sounds to help detect its prey .

dr federico degrange , a palaeontologist at the centre for research in earth sciences and the university of córdoba in argentina , said : ' the mean hearing estimated for this terror bird was below the average for living birds .

terror birds , or phorusracids as they are also known , were a group of carnivorous birds that grew up to 10 feet tall and had large hooked beaks .

they were the dominant predators in south america during the cenozoic age which started with the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago .

it was discovered by fernando scaglia , from the lorenzo scaglia municipal museum of natural sciences , along with matias taglioretti and alejandro dondas at la estafeta beach south of mar del plata city in the buenos aires province of argentina in 2010 .

dr scaglia is the grandson of galileo juan scaglia who was director of the museum between 1940 and 1980 .

due to incoming tides which were damaging the cliff , the team had to work quickly to excavate the entire fossil in one day .

however , despite this they were able to retrieve a skeleton that is around 90 per cent complete .

in a study published in the journal of vertebrate paleontology , the researchers were able to reconstruct the structure of the bird ' s inner ear using 3d computed tomography .

the human ear , by contrast , can detect sounds with frequencies between 20hz and 20 , 000hz , but is best at around 4 , 000 - 5 , 000hz .

dr degrange told mail online the bird had a tracheobronchial syrinx - the structure that produces sound in birds - that was mainly made of cartilage and so it did not survived .

he said : ' it is not possible then through this to know exactly what kind of sounds terror birds were capable of produce .

the researchers have also been able to better understand the some of the birds other features based on the palate and bones around the eye that were also preserved .

dr degrange said the bird would have had powerful muscles around its jaws but they were still conducting studies on the eyes to discover whether the bird was active during the day , at night or in the twilight hours .

' the sclerotic ring will give us an idea of the eye shape and size . this will allow us to infer if terror birds were diurnal , nocturnal or crepuscular . '

he added that the fossil may also help scientists unpick what caused the giant birds to eventually die out .

he said : ' the discovery of this species reveals that terror birds were more diverse in the pliocene than previously thought .

' it will allow us to review the hypothesis about the decline and extinction of this fascinating group of birds . '

dr claudia tambussi , another author of the study at argentina ' s centre for research in earth sciences , added : ' the discovery of this new species provides new insights for studying the anatomy and phylogeny of phorusrhacids and a better understanding of this group ' s diversification . '

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a group of paleontologists has described a new genus and species of phorusrhacidae that lived in what is now argentina during the pliocene epoch , around 3 . 5 million years ago .

phorusrhacidae ( the so - called terror birds ) were a group of extinct terrestrial carnivorous birds that are known mainly from the cenozoic of south america , but also from the plio - pleistocene of north america and the eocene of africa .

these birds had a very large body mass , up to 70 kg , and were 0 . 9 – 2 meters in height .

they were the predominant predators during the cenozoic and certainly one of the most striking groups that lived during that period .

the new species , named the scaglia’s magnificent bird , is the most complete terror bird ever discovered , with almost 100 percent of the skeleton exquisitely preserved .

the species name honors galileo juan scaglia ( 1915–1989 ) , naturalist and director of the museo municipal de ciencias naturales lorenzo scaglia in buenos aires , argentina , during 1940–1980 .

according to the paleontologists , the specimen reveals details of anatomy that rarely preserve in the fossil record , including the auditory region of the skull , voice box , complete trachea , bones for focussing the eye , and the complete palate , allowing an unprecedented understanding of the sensory capabilities of terror birds .

federico j . degrange et al . 2015 . a new mesembriornithinae ( aves , phorusrhacidae ) provides new insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds . journal of vertebrate paleontology , vol . 35 , no . 2 ; doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2014 . 912656

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the name llallawa means “magnificent” in quechua , in reference to the well - preserved nature of the remains . avis is the latin word for “bird” . the species name is after galileo juan scalia , a naturalist and director of the museo municipal de ciencias naturales in mar del plata , argentina . fully translated , the binomial name therefore means “scaglia’s magnificent bird” .

scaglia’s terror bird lived during the late pliocene in what is now argentina . its habitat was likely grassland and open woodland .

this species is known from a single , nearly complete articulated skeleton , the most complete of any terror bird known to date . discovered in 2010 and described in 2015 , the skeleton ( shown above ) was missing only some of the forelimb bones , toe bones , and the pygostyle * . this specimen is particularly valuable in that it includes the only complete trachea known for any terror bird , as well as intact sclerotic rings * .

scaglia’s terror bird was one of the smaller members of its family , with an estimated body mass of 18kg ( 40lbs ) and a hip height of about 90cm ( 3ft ) . when fully erect , it could have stood 120cm ( 4ft ) tall at the top of its head . the body was lightly - built with long , slender legs for fast running . the skull was about 27cm ( 0 . 9ft ) long with a beak that was relatively shallower and with a less prominent hook than that of other terror birds . another notable feature of the bird’s head was its narial knob or bump just above its nostrils .

the structure of the inner ear suggests that scaglia’s terror bird was adapted for very rapid and precise movements of the head and neck in response to visual and audio cues . its low , narrow beak and lightweight body suggests that its diet consisted of relatively small prey items such as cavimorph rodents and other small mammals , as well as smaller birds and reptiles . it probably hunted in a manner similar to modern seriemas ; after a short dash the prey would be pinned down before being picked up and violently slammed into the ground repeatedly . this action not only kills the victim , but also makes it easier to swallow due to the breaking of its bones .

although it is currently impossible to reproduce the types of sounds scaglia’s terror bird could produce , detailed analysis of its hearing capacity has shown that it could detect frequencies ranging from 380 to 4230 hz , with a mean sensitivity of 2300 hz . the bird’s own vocalizations , as well as those of its prey would have fallen within this range .

pygostyle : in birds , the fusion of several caudal ( tail ) vertebrae into a single bone .

sclerotic ring : rings of interlocking bones which support the eyeball in several vertebrate groups .

degrange fj , tambussi cp , taglioretti ml , dondas a , scaglia f ( 2015 ) . “a new mesembriornithinae ( aves , phorusrhacidae ) provides new insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds” . journal of vertebrate paleontology 35 ( 2 ) : e912656 <

the long - nosed peccary ( mylohyus nasutus ) was a large north american peccary that lived from the late pliocene to the early holocene . am . . .

the lion ( panthera leo ) evolved in africa about 3 . 5 million years ago and quickly spread to eurasia , where it remained abundant until his . . .

the steller’s sea cow ( hydrodamalis gigas ) was the largest of the sirenians to have lived in recent times , growing up to 9 meters long a . . .

saber - toothed cat skeleton at the national museum of nature and science in tokyo , japan . wiki one of the most iconic animals of the pl . . .

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the haast’s eagle ( harpagornis moorei ) was the largest and most powerful bird of prey known to have ever existed and was the top predato . . .

the dire wolf ( canis dirus ) is one of the most well - known predators of pleistocene north america and recently made famous by the televisi . . .

the scimitar cat ( homotherium serum ) was a smaller and lesser known cousin of the more famous saber - toothed cat ( smilodon fatalis ) . th . . .

the red panda ( ailurus fulgens ) is the sole surviving representative of a family of small to medium - sized carnivorans * known as the ailur . . .

the oxyaenidae is a family of creodonts first described by renowned american paleontologist edward drinker cope in 1877 . while hyaenodont . . .

when you think of a scary dinosaur , what comes to mind ? the agile , sickle - clawed utahraptor ? a towering tyrannosaurus ? something as alien as the croc - snouted , sail - backed spinosaurus , perhaps ? books and museum halls are well - stocked with such mesozoic nightmares , but scary dinosaurs have also stalked the land in the days after the end - cretaceous mass extinction . there’s an entire group of fossil dinosaurs – technically known as p horusrhacids – that are imposing enough that paleontologists often call them by a more evocative name . these were the terror birds .

there aren’t any terror birds around today . the first evolved around 62 million years ago and the last perished about 2 . 5 million years ago , most of them playing the part of apex predator among the forests and plains of ancient south america . their skeletons are evolutionary works of frightful beauty , and the latest to be described is the best - preserved terror bird ever seen .

degrange , f . , tambussi , c . , taglioretti , m . , dondas , a . , scaglia , f . 2015 . a new mesembriornithinae ( aves , phorusrhacidae ) provides new insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds . journal of vertebrate paleontology . 35 ( 2 ) . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2014 . 912656

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