eudryas brevipennis is a moth in the noctuidae family .

it is found in idaho , utah and california .

the habitat consists of wetlands .

the length of the forewings is 14 – 16 mm .

the forewings are white and the hindwings are bright yellow .

both are edged in red-brown .

adults are on wing in summer .

the larvae feed on oenothera and epilobium species .

eudryas brevipennis

eudryas brevipennis <EOT> eudryas brevipennis is a moth in the noctuidae family . it is found in idaho , utah and california . the habitat consists of wetlands .

eudryas brevipennis bonneville occurs near large rivers and lakes in the northern intermountain region . most specimens have been collected near the snake river in south - central idaho .

eudryas brevipennis stretch , 1872 , illustrations of the zygaenidae and bombycidae of north america , 1 : 151 , pl . 7 , figs . 3 , 4 . new synonomy

eudryas grata and eudryas unio are similar , but do not occur in the west . xerociris wilsonii is also superficially similar , but is restricted to texas and neighboring states .

eudryas brevipennis , including the utah populations , is considered to be conspecific with eudrya unio by poole on the website nearctica . com . these taxa differ in the structure of the genitalia of both sexes indicating that they are distinct species . the identical male and female genitalia of the california and intermountain populations of eudryas brevipennis suggest strongly that they are the same species despite the differences in wing pattern and the 700 kilometer gap that separates them . a single specimen from modesto , california in the cnc resembles subspecies bonneville more than other california populations . eudryas should be sought in riparian habitats in the area between california and the range of eudryas brevipennis bonneville to see if this subspecies has a larger range than is known currently . there is no barcode data for either subspecies of eudryas brevipennis .

the moth flies during late spring and summer and has been collected from late may through early august . the early stages are unknown . california populations of eudryas brevipennis feed on the willowherb epilobium ciliatum raf . and evening primroses ( oenothera spp . ) ( comstock and dammers 1938 ) , all in the evening primrose family ( onagraceae ) . it is likely that eudryas brevipennis bonneville utilizes similar plants in this family .

figures 32–37 . male genitalia of erebidae and noctuidae . ventral or right aspect of aedeagus is shown . 32 cycnia oregonensis tristis crabo , paratype , usa , wa , thurston co . , plumb ( ventral aspect ) 33 drasteria parallela crabo & mustelin , paratype , usa , wa , klickitat co . , simcoe butte 34 drasteria convergens mustelin , usa , ca , mono co . , lee vining 35 drasteria divergens ( behr ) , usa , or , baker co . , burnt river canyon 36 eudryas brevipennis bonneville shepard & crabo , paratype , usa , id , twin falls co . , buhl 37 eudryas unio ( hübner ) , usa , ma , norfolk co . , ponkapoag bog .

figures 45–52 . female genitalia of erebidae and noctuidae . ventral aspect . 45 drasteria parallela crabo & mustelin , usa , ca , siskiyou co . , deadfall meadow 46 drasteria convergens mustelin , usa , ca , mono co . , lee vining 47 drasteria divergens ( behr ) , usa , baker co . , burnt river canyon 48 eudryas brevipennis bonneville shepard & crabo , paratype , usa , id , twin falls co . , kimberly 49 eudryas unio ( hübner ) , usa , wi , st . croix co . , s18 springfield township 50 resapamea diluvius crabo , paratype , usa , wa , adams co . , washtucna 51 resapamea passer ( guenée ) , usa , wa , douglas county , 3 mi . ese of orondo 52 fishia nigrescens hammond & crabo , paratype , usa , or , jefferson co . , warm springs .

several taxonomic issues in the moth families erebidae and noctuidae are addressed for northwestern north america . drasteria parallela crabo & mustelin and cycnia oregonensis tristis crabo in the erebidae and eudryas brevipennis bonneville shepard & crabo , resapamea diluvius crabo , resapamea angelika crabo , resapamea mammuthus crabo , fishia nigrescens hammond & crabo , and xestia perquiritata orca crabo & hammond in the noctuidae are described as new . the following new synonyms are proposed : chytolita petrealis grote with herminea morbidalis guenée ; gortyna columbia barnes & benjamin and gortyna ximena barnes & benjamin with gortyna obliqu a harvey ; and hydroecia pallescens smith with hydroecia medialis smith . the type locality of gortyna intermedia barnes & benjamin is restricted to lundbreck , municipality of crowsnest pass , alberta , canada .

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1 corresponding author . adjunct faculty , dept . of entomology , washington state university , pullman , washington , usa ; 724 - 14 st . , bellingham , washington 98225 - 6302 usa

5 research faculty , dept . of entomology , washington state university ; 6420 barabanoff rd . , nelson , bc v1l 6y1 , canada

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a website devoted to the macromoths ( excluding the geometridae ) of the pacific northwest was recently created by a team that includes the authors of the current paper . the pacific northwest ( pnw ) is defined as all of idaho , oregon , and washington and the western part of montana in the united states and all of british columbia in canada . this site , called pacific northwest moths ( urltoken ) , has been available to the public since july 2012 . the internet format–as opposed to a book or journal article–lends itself to continuous updating of things such as additional species , range extensions and life histories . however , it is not an appropriate format for taxonomic work intended for a larger audience , nor does it satisfy the requirements for the description of new taxa .

we are aware of several undescribed species of erebidae and noctuidae in the pacific northwest ( pnw ) . three of these are described here so that they can be included on the website .

the thorough vetting of pnw moth collections that was part of the website work confirmed that three superficially distinctive populations of previously named moths are isolated segregates . these are sufficiently different to warrant recognition as subspecies , a taxonomic category that we reserve for populations that are both geographically isolated and differ significantly in appearance from other populations of their species . three subspecies are named in this paper .

one of the new pnw species is in the genus resapamea varga & ronkay ( noctuidae ) . this presents an opportunity to name two additional species in this genus even though they are from parts of western north america outside the pnw .

a large number of taxonomic changes in the superfamily noctuoidea have recently been advanced in a new check list for north america north of mexico ( lafontaine and schmidt 2010 ) and in the first update to this list ( lafontaine and schmidt 2011 ) . additional synonyms to those published by these authors were discovered during the website work , usually because a pnw species is known by more than one name . the new synonyms that are discussed in this paper are in the genera chytolita grote ( erebidae ) and hydraecia guenée ( noctuidae ) .

the genus hydraecia is represented by hydraecia perobliqua hampson and the hydraecia obliqua species - group in the pnw . the number of species in the latter group is confusing to collectors , with seemingly more names than species . an attempt by the senior author to revise it in the late 1990s was never published because of difficulties in assigning species boundaries using standard morphological methods . more recent dna data allows many of these issues to be resolved . the pnw species hydraecia obliqua ( harvey ) and hydraecia medialis smith are discussed and illustrated herein , and the type locality of the third north american species in the species - group , hydraecia intermedia ( barnes & benjamin ) , is restricted .

this paper is arranged in check list order following lafontaine and schmidt ( 2010 ) .

genitalia were prepared using standard methods for inflating the male vesica and female bursa ( lafontaine 2004 ) . terminology for wing markings and anatomy also follows lafontaine ( op . cit . ) except in drasteria hübner ( erebidae ) where they are modified from metlevski and zolnerowich ( 2009 ) . the term ductus bursae is used herein for the entire length of the tube connecting the ostium bursae to the corpus bursae . metlevski and zolnerowich ( op . cit . ) divide this structure into two parts–the ductus bursae and antrum–restricting the use of ductus bursae to the anterior sclerotized portion . in resapamea , a stout process extending dorsad from the base of the sacculus is herein named the basal saccular process . this structure was called the clavus by zilli et al . ( 2005 ) , a term that is potentially confusing because the term clavus has been used previously for a rod - like sensory organ with apical setae located adjacent to the base of the valve in some noctuid genera ( forbes 1954 , lafontaine 2004 ) .

the sequence of the 658 base pair “barcode” region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 ( hereafter called co1 or barcode ) were obtained from the barcodes of life initiative through the courtesy of dr . j . donald lafontaine . only pre - existing data were used during this study . the barcode sequences were compared using phylograms constructed using the kimura - 2 - parameter distance model as implemented on the bold systems website ( ratnasingham and hebert 2007 ) .

usnm national museum of natural history ( formerly united states national museum ) , washington , d . c . , usa

family erebidae leach , [ 1815 ] . subfamily arctiinae leach , [ 1815 ] . tribe arctiini leach , [ 1815 ]

holotype male , usa , washington , thurston county , [ wa ] dnr rocky prairie , 4 . 2 mi . n of tenino at plumb , 46 . 92°n , 122 . 85°w , 75 m . , 20 . vi . 1998 , l . g . crabo leg . / barcodes of life # cncnoctuoidea12243 . cnc . paratypes 8 males . usa . washington . thurston county : plumb , n of tenino , tnc rocky prairie , elev 50 m . , 46 . 92°n , 122 . 85°w , 26 . vi . 1990 , l . g . crabo leg . ( 1 male ) ; [ same locality and collector ] , 24 . vii . 1996 ; puget trough prairie ( 1 male ) ; rocky prairie , 12 . vii . 1982 , don frechin leg . ( 1 male ) ; [ same location data and collector as holotype ] , 4 . vi . 1998 ( 1 male ) ; 20 . vi . 1998 ( 1 male ) ; 24 . vii . 1998 ( 1 male ) ; wa dnr mima mounds state natural area , 46 . 907°n , 123 . 049°w , 240’ [ 73 m . ] , 4 . vi . 1998 , l . g . crabo leg . , mounded prairie ( 1 male ) ; mima prairie , thurston county glacial heritage site , 46 . 86°n , 123 . 04°w , 120’ [ 37 m . ] , 10 . vii . 1998 , d . grosboll leg . , prairie ( 1 male ) . cnc , lgcc , wsu .

the name is from the latin tristis meaning sad , a reference to the gray color of this moth and the weather in its western washington distribution .

is distinguished by the uniform medium gray color of both wings . the nominate subspecies of

) , found elsewhere in north america , has lighter yellow - cream to grayish - cream forewings with lighter veins and nearly white hindwings .

( drury ) , an eastern north american tiger moth that occurs west to the eastern great plains . these moths are easily distinguished by locality .

this subspecies is restricted to gravel prairies south of puget sound , washington . these prairies were created by the outwash from the vashon lobe of the pleistocene glaciation , and might have been maintained as open prairies by burning by native humans to promote the growth of camas lilies ( camassia spp . , liliaceae ) as a food source . the moth is associated with dogbane ( apocynum spp . , apocynaceae ) , the known foodplant of camassia oregonensis elsewhere in north america ( tietz 1972 ) . this is almost certainly the larval foodplant of camassia oregonensis tristis , although this has not been confirmed . this moth flies during june and july .

cycnia oregonensis is found in a large part of north america , occurring from coast to coast and from the border with mexico north to central saskatchewan and nova scotia ( covell 1984 , ferguson et al . 2000 ) . this range includes much of the pnw , including western oregon and the area east of the cascade range as far north as south - central british columbia . throughout most of its range it is nearly uniform in color and pattern . cycnia oregonensis tristis is limited to a small area near olympia , washington and is the only known population of this species in washington west of the cascades . it is distinctly grayer and less patterned than all other populations , but has an identical co1 barcode sequence .

the type specimen of euchaetes oregonensis stretch was collected by lord walsingham on a trip through oregon during 1871–1872 ( stretch 1872– [ 1874 ] ) . comparison of his itinerary ( essig 1941 ) with the flight period of the moth suggests strongly that it was collected in the southwestern corner of the state between roseburg and the california border . cycnia oregonensis tristis is separated from the closest west - side populations in western oregon by 225 kilometers . all of the specimens of camassia oregonensis oregonensis examined from near the likely type locality are similar to those from elsewhere in north america .

the puget prairies where camassia oregonensis tristis flies are inhabited by several other distinctive lepidoptera with limited distributions , including the noctuid moth apamea inordinata olympia crabo and several uncommon butterflies .

chytolita petrealis grote 1880 : 219 . type locality : [ usa ] , ohio , illinois , syn . n .

chytolita fulicalis smith 1907 : 143 . type locality : [ usa ] , tennessee , syn . rev .

zanclognatha punctiformis smith 1895 : 37 . type locality : [ usa ] , district of columbia , syn . rev .

two species of chytolita grote have until now been recognized for north america ( lafontaine and schmidt 2010 ) : chytolita morbidalis ( guenée ) and chytolita petrealis grote . both species names have at various times been used for material collected in the pnw ; however , only a single species with slight variation in size and darkness exists in this region . material from eastern north america , the type specimens of the available names , and material previously submitted for co1 sequencing were therefore examined to attempt to elucidate the correct name for the pnw species . it was found that there is virtually no variation in barcodes in this genus despite the fact that the sample is diverse and includes larger light - colored specimens identified as chytolita morbidalis and smaller dark ones submitted as chytolita petrealis from a large portion of eastern north america . the two previously recognized species have been described as “identical in pattern” ( forbes 1954 ) and were only distinguished by size and darkness without structural differences . the dark small forms known as chytolita petrealis are from swamps and acid bogs ( forbes op . cit . ) and are consistent with an ecophenotype . this evidence indicates that chytolita petrealis grote is a synonym of herminea morbidalis guenée .

the two syntypes of herminea morbidalis guenée could not be located and might be lost ; however , the original description is sufficient to identify the species and associate it with the genus chytolita based on features of the labial palpus and the presence of an accessory cell on the forewing . a neotype designation is not necessary since there is only one chytolita species in north america .

urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 1fa8c27b - 2159 - 41ca - bcf5 - 246f99b9f8b5

the name refers to the parallel lines across the pale medial area of the forewing of this species . this name perpetuates the geometry references of the related species drasteria divergens ( behr ) and drasteria convergens mustelin .

) , a species that occurs to the south of its range in california as far north as mono county . both have a medial line comprised of distinct parallel components , but the dorsal hindwing of

) , which is similar in size and has a similarly colored orange hindwing . they can be distinguished without dissection by the pattern of the medial areas of both wings . the forewing medial line of

has a single broader medial line . on the hindwing , the discal spot of

is nearly rectangular and the veins between it and the postmedial line are dark and contrasting . the discal spot of

is joined broadly to the postmedial line giving it a long curved c - shape and the adjacent veins are orange . they also differ in other features of the maculation , including a smoother subterminal line in

by the nearly equal lengths of the two claspers and more rounded valvulae . in

) the right clasper is longer and more slender than the left and the posterodorsal valvulae are angular .

in which it is long and narrow . in the vesica , the posteriorly - directed process arising from the glove - like diverticulum on the left side of the dorsal vesica is conical in

( ratio of width : length 0 . 87 and 0 . 7 , respectively ) .

drasteria parallela is found in the cascade mountains of washington , the klamath and siskiyou mountains of southwestern oregon and northern california , and the northern sierra nevada in california . it is most commonly collected on exposed ridges in forests at middle elevations . it flies during july . the early stages and foodplant are unknown . barcodes suggest a close relationship of drasteria parallela and drasteria convergens to drasteria howlandii ( grote ) , which feeds on eriogonum michaux ( polygonaceae ) ( powell and opler 2009 ) .

the barcode of a single sample of this species from plumas county , california ( boldsystems sample id : cncnoctuoidea7767 ) differs by 1 . 3 % from that of drasteria convergens from mono county , california .

family noctuidae latreille , 1809 . subfamily agaristinae herrich - schäffer , [ 1858 ]

holotype male , usa , idaho , [ twin falls county ] , twin falls , 10 . vii . 1953 , j . r . douglass leg . / database # cnc lep 00094168 / genitalia cnc slide # 15232 male . cnc . paratypes 5 males , 5 females . usa . idaho . gooding county : wendell , 3500’ [ 1067 m . ] , 25 . vii . 1965 , r . e . miller leg . ( 1 female ) ; power county : massacre rocks s [ tate ] p [ ark ] , 4290’ [ 1308 m . ] , 42 . 679°n , 112 . 987°w , 17 . vii . 2010 , j . & s . shepard leg . ( 1 male ) ; twin falls county : buhl , 3500’ [ 1067 m . ] , 29 . vi . 1961 , r . e . miller leg . ( 1 male ) ; kimberly , 1 mi . e . , 10 . vii . 1970 , a . c . antonelli collector ( 1 female ) ; twin falls [ 42 . 57° , - 114 . 47° ] , 10 . vii . 1953 , j . r . douglas leg . ( 1 male ) ; [ same locality and collector ] , 7 . vii . 1945 ( 1 male ) , 9 . viii . 1945 ( 1 female ) , 12 . vii . 1952 ( 1 female ) , [ same locality and collector ] , 3700’ [ 1128 m . ] , 25 . v . 1953 ( 1 male ) ; [ same locality ] , 15 . vi . 1959 , k . e . gibson leg . , genitalia cnc slide # 16535 ( 1 female ) . cnc , jhs , wfbm .

the species name is derived from lake bonneville . this glacial lake covered much of utah and southern idaho during the late pleistocene epoch . the distribution of this moth is in the lake bonneville basin and along its historic flood path along the snake river .

no other pacific northwest noctuid is likely to be confused with this brightly colored moth .

) by the width of the dark marginal borders of both wings and darkness of the discal spots . the red - brown hindwing marginal band is relatively narrow and mottled in

is wider and uniformly darker . the reniform spot and hindwing discal spot are both black in

urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : b5ed782b - 3a1f - 4404 - 92d8 - dbeb0f415656

male genitalia of noctuidae . ventral aspect of aedeagus is shown . distal uncus of fig . 41 is inset . 38 resapamea diluvius crabo , paratype , usa , wa , grant co . , potholes 39 resapamea passer ( guenée ) , usa , wa , douglas co . , 5 km ese of orondo 40 resapamea angelika crabo , holotype , usa , nv , elko co . , angel lake 41 resapamea mammuthus crabo , holotype , canada , yt , old crow 42 resapamea hedeni ( graeser ) , russia , magadan oblast , tenkinsky district , stokovyi 43 fishia nigrescens hammond & crabo , paratype , usa , or , klamath co . , 6 mi . se of klamath falls 44 xestia perquiritata orca crabo & hammond , paratype , usa , wa , clallam co . , neah bay .

dune habitat of resapamea diluvius at potholes , grant county , washington , showing the likely foodplant rumex venosus in flower during may .

holotype male . usa , washington , grant county : potholes , 1110’ [ 338 m . ] , 46 . 982°n , 119 . 451°w , 23 . v . 2001 , l . g . & e . k . crabo leg . / database # cnc lep 00094165 . cnc . paratypes 80 males , 25 females . usa . oregon . sherman county : biggs , 1 vi 1960 , s . g . jewett ( 1 female ) ; biggs junction , 28 iv 1959 , s . g . jewett ( 1 male ) . washington . adams county : sand hills near washtucna , 9 mi . n . of kahlotus , 46 . 78°n , 118 . 53°w , 445 m . , 22 . v . 1999 , l . g . crabo leg . , sand dunes ( 1 male , 1 female ) ; irrigation exper . sta . basin unit [ 47 . 008° , - 118 . 567° ] , 30 . v . 1963 , e . c . klostemeyer leg . ( 1 male ) ; franklin county : white bluffs ferry , 46 . 675°n , 119 . 449°w , 25 . iv . 2002 , strenge / zack leg . ( 1 male ) ; grant county : [ same data as holotype ] ( 30 males , 10 females ) ; [ same locality as holotype ] , 1095’ [ 334 m ] , 1 . vi . 2002 , crabo & troubridge leg . ( 9 males , 2 females ) ; [ same locality and date as previous ] , barcodes of life cnclep70179 ( 1 male ) ; stable dunes s of moses lake , 21 . v . 1994 , j . troubridge leg . ( 1 male ) ; road c se at the potholes , [ same coordinates as holotype ] , 19 . v . 2001 , j . troubridge leg . ( 32 males , 9 females ) ; [ same locality and date as previous ] , barcodes of life cnclep70181 ( 1 female ) ; potholes , 1095’ [ 334 m . ] , 46 . 989°n , 119 . 425°w , 4 . vi . 2005 , e . k . & l . g . crabo leg . ( 1 male , 1 female ) ; vantage , 46°54 ' n , 119°56 ' w , 22 . iv . 1998 , j . troubridge leg . ( 2 males ) . cnc , csuc , jhs , jtt , lgcc , osac , tmc , wsu .

the name is derived from the latin diluvium meaning deluge or flood . the columbia basin where this moth occurs in washington was scoured repeatedly by cataclysmic floods at the end of the ice age .

, which comes in a range in colors and patterns that includes dark brown , reddish brown , dull light yellow brown , or a mixture of light - and dark - brown forms .

on both wings , with a more streaky pattern distal to the cell due to pale - gray veins . a few specimens of

are dark gray under magnification but do not contrast with the ground color ) . most specimens of

have the streaky pattern accentuated by black between the veins in the distal subterminal area and terminal area across the width of the wing . in

, black scaling on the distal wing is uncommon , and is usually limited to the area distal to the cell and in the fold . finally , white or cream in the lateral reniform spot is typical in

: absent , darker yellow or tan if limited to the lateral portion , or filling the entire spot . habitat association with dunes and early flight period are also characteristic of

is found in a variety of wetland and agricultural habitats and usually flies later in the summer with a peak during late june and july .

, especially relative to the width of the valve , and the anal margin is more rounded . in the vesicas , the diverticulum bearing a ridge of spines ( cock’s comb ) on the ventral surface is positioned slightly closer to the base in

this species occurs in the columbia basin in washington and northern oregon . specimens from dunes in northern nevada and the northern great plains have been examined but the limits of its distribution are not well known .

) based on their close association with this plant in the columbia basin . this rue is abundant on the dunes where

) and the moth has not been found in columbia basin dune systems from which the plant is absent . some other

adults fly from late april to early june . no specimens have been found at the type locality during summer or fall , although resapamea passer occurs there during the summer . resapamea diluvius is local but is often abundant where it occurs .

the co1 sequences of resapamea diluvius and resapamea passer are nearly uniform within each species but differ from each other by over 3 . 5 % .

hadena hulstii grote , hadena morna strecker , and hadena virguncula smith are considered to be synonyms of mamestra passer guenée ( lafontaine and schmidt 2010 ) . all were described from colorado . the holotype of hadena hulstii could not be located and is presumed lost ( lafontaine jd pers . comm . 2012 ) . the holotypes of the other two were examined ( hadena virguncula from a photograph ) to exclude the possibility that they refer to resapamea diluvius .

urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 0f672160 - b1c9 - 4a79 - aedc - 0a01c47f6f0d

holotype male . usa , nevada , elko county , angel lake ( s side ) , sw of wells , light trap , 1–2 . viii . 2003 , james k . & eleaner adams leg . / database # cnc lep 00094166 . cnc . paratype female . usa , nevada , elko county , rt 231 , 11 mi sw wells [ angel lake ] , 23 july 2001 , j . troubridge / cncnoctuoidea6305 . jtt .

species due to the combination of large size , even dark red - brown forewing color , small or absent orbicular spot , and narrow reniform spot with well - demarcated thin black outline and prominent cream to light orange filling . it is most likely to be confused with

has a slightly broader distal uncus , a more v - shaped inferior juxta , and a larger and more angular basal saccular process . in the vesica , the ridge of spines with a sclerotized base ( cock’s comb ) adorning a ventral diverticulum is smaller than in

this species is only known from the vicinity of angel lake in the east humboldt range of northeastern nevada . the habitat is sedge meadows along tributaries of angel creek . these meadows appear to lack rumex but harbor dense stands of an iris ( iris spp . , iridaceae ) which might be the larval foodplant . the early stages of resapamea angelika are unknown . the few known specimens have been collected during late july and early august .

the co1 sequence of the female paratype differs from those of all other north american resapamea , including resapamea passer and resapamea innota , by over 3 . 4 % .

the holotypes of luperina innota smith , type locality wyoming , yellowstone park , and luperina enargia barnes & benjamin , type locality california , tulare county , monachee meadows , were examined from photographs to ensure that neither name is referable to resapamea angelika . these specimens are superficially very similar to each other and may represent the same species . somewhat variable resapamea populations resembling these types are found at mid - elevations in a large portion of the western united states and require further study to determine the number of species that are involved . because of this , we feel that it is premature to consider resapamea innota and resapamea enargia to be synonyms .

holotype male . canada , yukon territory , old crow , 5 . vii . 1983 , r . j . cannings leg . / malaise trap . forest edge on s - facing bluff / database cnc lep 0094163 / slide luperina male er8824 . cnc . paratypes none .

the name is derived from the genus of the wooly mammoth– mammuthus . it is befitting of the moth because its beringian distribution and relatively large size for the genus . it is a noun in apposition .

in north america due to its northerly distribution and orange - tan color . it is superficially similar to

) , which occurs in asia and might also occur in alaska ( see remarks , below ) . the male genitalia of these species differ in the shape of the distal uncus . it is truncated in

discussed in this paper in lacking the subbasal diverticulum and medial cornuti . it differs from that of

– antenna of male nearly filiform , with slight constriction at base of each segment , covered ventrally by short fine cilia . antenna of female unknown . scape orange tan , with dorsal tuft . eye rounded , smooth . labial palp covered laterally by short flat tan scales , lengthening to a brush - like fringe on ventral surface of first two segments . frons smooth , covered in narrow orange - tan scales . top of head covered in long narrow orange - tan scales .

– vestiture of collar , thorax , and tegula long , narrow , apically notched orange - tan scales , appearing medium - dark orange - tan [ central thorax of holotype partially mildewed ] . legs light tan ; with three ventral rows of spiniform setae on basitarsus and four irregular rows on other tarsal segments .

– forewing length : male 21 . 5 mm . forewing with a mixture of tan , orange - tan , gray - tan , light - gray , brown - gray , and gray scales , appearing medium - dark orange tan , grayer near anterior and posterior margins and darker gray - brown in terminal area ; veins near costa , distal to postmedial line , and near posterior margin gray but not strongly contrasting ; an ill - defined dark mark in medial area distal to lower reniform spot . basal , antemedial , and postmedial lines faint , ill - defined dark gray with adjacent light orange tan . basal line only evident near costa . antemedial line evident on costa and posterior to claviform spot , forming an oblique dark mark on costa and a zigzag line from claviform spot to posterior margin . medial line absent . postmedial line very faint , ill - defined , smooth , strongly oblique toward base anterior to reniform spot , straight and parallel to outer margin lateral to spot , and slightly angled and concave toward base below spot to meet posterior margin at a right angle . subterminal line light orange tan , faint , undulating ; preceded by a faint indistinct shade of dark gray that is strongest opposite cell and in fold . terminal line thin , dark gray . orbicular spot round , outlined by ill - defined faint gray and filled with light orange tan . reniform spot moderately large , kidney shaped with strong lateral indent , dark gray along medial and lateral sides and open anteriorly and posteriorly , filled with cream , slightly grayer at posterior end . claviform spot black , ill defined , strong anteriorly and weak posteriorly , narrow , filled with ground color . fringe gray tan , with a lighter tan base and gray medial line . hindwing light gray tan with gray suffusion , very faint postmedial line , marginal band , terminal line , veins , and chevron - shaped discal spot . hindwing fringe slightly lighter than hindwing ground color .

) . tegumen with large penicillus lobes . juxta shield shaped , 0 . 5 × as high as wide , with v - shaped ventral margin . valve s - shaped , 5 . 5 × as long as wide ( measured at mid - valve ) , widest at base and cucullus , mid - section 2 / 3 as wide as base and tapering slightly to narrow neck at base of cucullus ; stout sclerotized knob - like basal saccular process extending dorsolaterally from base to just dorsal to costal attachment of valve , medial margin of this process irregular and apex rounded . sacculus reaching 2 / 3 of distance to costal margin and extending distally to mid - valve . clasper a smooth ridge . ampulla short , round . digitus a weak ridge , partially covered by medial cucullus . cucullus well developed with rounded apical and anal ends , 2 × as wide as mid - valve ; mesial surface covered by fine setae ; corona of stout curved setae , dorsal half partially double . aedeagus tubular , 3 . 6 × as long as wide , with short linear extension onto ventral vesica bearing a loose row of very small spines . vesica 0 . 7 × as long as aedeagus , bent 135° toward right at base to project anteriorly and toward right , basal two - thirds bulbous and distal half tapering , with a single conical membranous diverticulum on anterior side of distal vesica projecting anteriorly and a subapical posterior patch of variable - sized spine - like cornuti directed basad .

this species is known only from the type locality at old crow , yukon territory . the habitat is described as forest edge on a south - facing hillside on the specimen label . the holotype was collected during early july . the early stages are unknown .

adults of noctuidae . 21 hydraecia obliqua ( harvey ) , male , usa , ca , sonoma co . , bodega bay dunes 22 hydraecia obliqua ( harvey ) , male , usa , wa , island co . , deception pass state park 23 hydraecia obliqua ( harvey ) , male , usa , or , lane co . , s fork mckenzie river near cougar reservoir 24 hydraecia medialis smith , male , usa , wa , douglas co . , jameson lake 25 hydraecia medialis smith , male , usa , or , grant co . , south fork john day river 26 hydraecia medialis smith , male , canada , bc , princeton , hayes creek 27 fishia nigrescens hammond & crabo , male paratype , usa , or , klamath co . , 6 mi . se of klamath falls 28 fishia nigrescens hammond & crabo , male holotype , usa , nv , lander co . , 3 mi . w of kingston 29 fishia yosemitae ( grote ) , male , usa , or , lake co . , deep creek w of adel 30 xestia perquiritata orca crabo & hammond , male paratype , or , [ lincoln co . ] , newport 31 xestia perquiritata partita ( mcdunnough ) , male , wa , pend oreille co . , salmo mountain .

gortyna obliqua harvey 1876 : 53 . type locality : [ usa ] , california , [ mendocino ] . note : gortyna obliqua was described from a single specimen . poole ( 1989 ) states that the holotype is in the bmnh . this appears to be incorrect because all harvey type material , including that in the bmnh , was examined by barnes and benjamin ( 1924 ) who concluded that a specimen in the amnh labeled “mendocino , california / 4410 / no . 10703 collection hy . edwards / apamea obliqua . harv . ” is the type .

gortyna ximena barnes and benjamin 1924 : 160 . type locality : [ usa ] , california , truckee . syn . n .

gortyna columbia barnes and benjamin 1924 : 161 . type locality : [ canada ] , b [ ritish ] c [ olumbia ] , saanich district . syn . n .

more than a decade ago , prior to the availability of mitochondrial dna , the senior author conducted a study of the genus hydraecia guenée focusing on the western north american species related to hydraecia obliqua ( harvey ) , herein referred to as the hydraecia obliqua species - group for convenience . these moths occur over a large area spanning the pacific coast to the great plains west to east and british columbia , alberta , and saskatchewan to southern california , northeastern arizona , and northern new mexico north to south . this study included examination of all primary types , assembling over 600 specimens from most large institutional and many private north american collections , and examination of over 60 genitalia preparations . the conclusion was that hydraecia intermedia ( barnes & benjamin ) , known only from the holotype from fort calgary , is distinct but that all other populations in the species - group exhibit nearly continuous clinal variation in maculation and genitalia to form a circle of races ( rasenkranz ) from california , across montana , and ending in the montane forests of the southwest . this work was accepted for publication but was withdrawn because of the author’s concern that somewhat distinctive populations on the pacific coast and in the southwest might be different species from the widespread intervening population but that the genitalia structure lacked differences sufficient for resolving the species .

since then , barcodes have demonstrated a consistent 2 % difference between populations from near the pacific coast ( northern california , washington , and british columbia ( n = 6 ) ) and those from farther inland ( colorado , washington , wyoming , alberta , and british columbia ( n = 7 ) ) that along with slight differences in maculation suggest that they are best treated as distinct species . the western species is hydraecia obliqua and the eastern one is hydraecia medialis smith .

occurs east to the sierra nevada in california and the crest of the cascade range in oregon and washington . it occurs continuously on the coast north to southwestern british columbia , with a disjunct northern population at terrace , british columbia . its forewing is warm orange brown , varying considerably in darkness from dark brown on the california coast (

) , and pale yellow brown in the sierra nevada . the hindwing is pale with a yellow tint , usually with dark veins and a gray suffusion in the submarginal area . the forewing pattern is similar to that of

an area of possible intergradation between hydraecia obliqua and hydraecia medialis in oregon is discussed under hydraecia medialis .

hydroecia medialis smith 1892 : 251 . type locality : [ usa ] , colorado .

hydroecia pallescens smith 1899 : 25 . type locality : [ canada ] , alberta , calgary . syn . n .

and usually lacks a slight bend in or near the fold that is found commonly in that species . the hindwing ground color is variable , most commonly off - white , but lacks a yellow tint . gray scaling on the hindwing varies from absent to covering the entire wing . when present on the distal portion , it often forms a band to the outer margin , whereas in

from forests tend to be darker than those from open sage steppe habitats , especially in southern british columbia and western montana . its northern limit in the pnw is at 100 mile house in south - central british columbia .

specimens of hydraecia medialis from the great plains are similar to those in the pnw but tend to be more uniform with dull gray - tan color , smooth lines , and less contrast between the antemedial and medial areas on the inner third of the forewing . populations from the southern rocky mountains have a similar pattern to those from the great plains but are more colorful and variable , with gray or red - brown individuals and paler gray - white subterminal areas . those from utah and arizona are red brown , darkest in arizona .

as mentioned under hydraecia obliqua , the barcodes of hydraecia obliqua and hydraecia medialis differ by 2 % . a third barcode haplotype differing from both of these by slightly more than 2 % exists for a single specimen of hydraecia medialis from wyoming ( boldsystems sample id : cncnoctuoidea6703 ) . this specimen is superficially indistinguishable from two other wyoming specimens with barcodes that match those of other hydraecia medialis and this haplotype is therefore interpreted as a dna polymorphism rather than evidence of a cryptic species .

a discussion of hydraecia intermedia –known only from the holotype–is warranted in this section because its type locality of fort calgary suggests that it should be sympatric with hydraecia medialis near present - day calgary in southwestern alberta . its forewing is warm yellow brown unlike those of hydraecia medialis , with markings that are more like those of hydraecia obliqua than hydraecia medialis . structurally , its digitus is shorter and more bluntly rounded than those of all other populations in the hydraecia obliqua species - group ( n = 45 ) . the following discussion regarding its type locality is contributed by b . c . schmidt :

the holotype of hydraecia intermedia resembles the single specimen of hydraecia obliqua in the cnc from terrace in west - central british columbia . this locality is far north of the continuous distribution of hydraecia obliqua , which ends near vancouver , british columbia . this specimen is structurally similar to other hydraecia obliqua populations , not hydraecia intermedia . all british columbia hydraecia obliqua species - group specimens from east of the cascade mountains and british columbia coast ranges are typical hydraecia medialis , including from cranbrook which is the closest locality to the crowsnest pass locality of hydraecia intermedia . nonetheless , it is interesting to speculate that hydraecia intermedia could be an eastern population of hydraecia obliqua . we retain hydraecia intermedia as a species because of the structural differences between it and hydraecia obliqua , and because there are no records of similar specimens in central british columbia between terrace and crowsnest pass .

although the present reduction of this species - group to three species– hydraecia intermedia , hydraecia medialis , and hydraecia obliqua –is best supported by the available data there are two remaining issues that cannot be solved with the information at hand . a large series of specimens from the east slope of the cascades at camp sherman , jefferson county , oregon at osac show possible intergradation between hydraecia obliqua and hydraecia medialis , with some specimens that are difficult to assign to either species . this raises the possibility that the original hypothesis that hydraecia obliqua and hydraecia medialis are the same species could be correct despite the different barcodes in coastal and interior populations . barcode or other dna data from this population might help to elucidate its significance but is not available .

similarly in the southwest , at the other end of the rasenkranz , more dna samples from colorado , utah , and arizona would be helpful to exclude the presence of an undiscovered species amongst the colorful populations that occur there . of these , a dusky red - brown population from east - central arizona is the most distinctive .

urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : b23f75ca - e5ea - 4891 - aefc - 19c4de6035cd

holotype male . [ usa ] , nevada , lander co . , 3 mi w of kingston , kingston cr . , 7150’ [ 2179 m . ] , 30 . ix . 2000 , laurence l . crabtree leg . / database for noctuoidae [ sic ] 14832 / genitalia cnc # 15215 / barcodes of life project , leg removed , dna extracted . cnc . paratypes 7 males , 1 female . usa . california . mono county : dunes ne of mono lake , 23 . ix . 1995 , r . robertson leg . barcodes of life noctuoidea 14834 ( 1 male ) ; [ same data as previous ] , barcodes of life noctuoidea 14833 ( 1 male ) ; riverside county : pinyon crest , 4000’ [ 1219 m ] , 5 . xi . 1966 , r . h . leuschner leg . genitalia slide cnc 15223 ( 1 male ) . oregon . deschutes county : cline falls state park , j . c . miller coll . , larva 25 . v . 1995 on chrysothamnus nauseosus , pupa 19 . vi . 1995 , adult 28 . ix . 1995 ( 1 male ) ; grant county : john day fossil bed n . m . , sheep rock unit u . c . , 2 . x . 2003 , u . s . natl . park service leg . ( 1 male ) ; jefferson county : warmsprings , 27 . x . [ 19 ] 52 , s . g . jewett jr . ( 1 female ) ; lake county : hwy . 20 at glass butte , 23 . x . 2009 u . s . d . a ( 1 male ) ; klamath county : 6 mi . se of klamath falls , 14 . x . 1964 , kenneth goeden , blk . light trap ( 1 male ) . cnc , osac .

the type series is restricted to california , nevada , and oregon . two additional specimens from mt . lemmon highway , pima county , arizona at the cnc are excluded from the type series .

the name is derived from the latin niger meaning black or dusky . it refers to the forewing color of the moth .

species by the charcoal - gray forewing without warm brown or reddish shades . other western north american species are either much lighter gray (

in the male genitalia , the valve of fishia nigrescens can be told from that of fishia yosemitae by the shape of the digitus . in fishia nigrescens the two prongs of the bifid digitus are unequal in length with a long dorsal and short ventral process . in fishia yosemitae these processes are shorter and of similar length .

the female genitalia of fishia nigrescens differ from those of fishia yosemitae in the shape of the left posterior projection of the corpus bursae , blunter and more conical in fishia nigrescens and rounder in fishia yosemitae . the bursa of fishia nigrescens has five signa whereas that of fishia yosemitae has three , lacking two small signa at the anterior end .

fishia nigrescens occurs in central and eastern oregon , nevada , eastern california , and arizona . its flight season is late fall , usually during october . the habitat is sage steppe , often in open juniper forest in oregon . a specimen of this species was reared from rabbitbrush ( ericameria nauseosa ( pallas ex pursh ) g . l . nesom & baird ) ( asteraceae ) in oregon . the larva was collected in may , pupated in june , and emerged in late september of the same year . it was described as green with a white lateral band .


dichomeris chalcophaea is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1921 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .

the wingspan is 10 – 11 mm .

the forewings are rather dark bronzy-fuscous , obscurely irrorated grey-whitish .

the stigmata is cloudy , obscure , dark fuscous , the discal approximated , the second transverse , the plical rather obliquely before the first discal .

there is a distinct angulated thick dark coppery-fuscous line from three-fourths of the costa to the tornus , edged anteriorly by a faint line of whitish irroration .

the apical edge is coppery-bronze .

the hindwings are fuscous .

dichomeris chalcophaea

dichomeris chalcophaea <EOT> vad betyder dichomeris ? här finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan även lägga till betydelsen av dichomeris själv

dichomeris är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av hübner 1818 . dichomeris ingår i familjen stävmalar .

dichomeris - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .

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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

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littorina scutulata is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family littorinidae , the winkles or periwinkles .

this species lives lower on rocks than does l. planaxis , and migrates up and down rocks with the tide .

it crawls out of tidepools at night .

often , it hides at low tide in cracks or barnacle shells .

the waves on both sides of the foot are out of phase with one another ( ditaxic ) .

it feeds mainly on diatom films , microscopic algae , lichens , etc. , and will also feed on pelvetia , ulva , and other larger algae .

l. scutulata breeds in all seasons except summer .

eggs are laid underwater , individually packaged in flattened capsules within a sausage-shaped gelatinous mass coiled in a spiral and holding over 2000 eggs .

its eye anatomy is similar to that of the land snail helix aspera .

in oregon , over 10 % of individuals harbor parasitic flukes.leptasterias hexactis feeds on this snail .

it is distributed from kodiak island , alaska , to bahia de tortuga , baja california .

littorina scutulata

littorina scutulata <EOT> dana campbell marked " file : littorina scutulata 2881 . jpg " as trusted on the " littorina scutulata gould , 1849 " page .

dana campbell set " file : littorina scutulata 2881 cropped . jpg " as an exemplar on " littorina scutulata gould , 1849 " .

dana campbell marked " file : littorina scutulata 2881 cropped . jpg " as trusted on the " littorina scutulata gould , 1849 " page .

littorina _ scutulata _ 2881 . jpg : walter siegmund . derivative work : wsiegmund

field observations on the feeding habits of littorina scutulata gould and l . sitkana philippi ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) of southern vancouver island ( british columbia , canada ) | springerlink

( of littorina lepida gould , 1849 ) reid , d . g . ( 1996 ) . systematics and evolution of littorina . the ray society . 463p . [ details ]

the microdistribution of littorina scutulata and l . sitkana on the rocky shores of vancouver island can be related to their feeding characteristics . their gut contents , studied with light and fluorescence microscopy , showed that both species are opportunistic herbivores . however , l . scutulata can feed on the sparse epi - and endolithic microflora of the supralittoral zone , while l . sitkana is confined to special microenvironments , with abundant epilithic growth .

ty - jour ti - the role of behavior in determining the intertidal zonation of littorina planaxis philippi , 1847 , and littorina scutulata gould , 1849 t2 - the veliger . vl - 10 ur - urltoken pb - california malacozoological society . cy - berkeley , ca : py - 1967 sp - 42 ep - 54 sn - 0042 - 3211 au - bock , carl e au - johnson , richard e er -

@ article { bhlpart93434 , title = { the role of behavior in determining the intertidal zonation of littorina planaxis philippi , 1847 , and littorina scutulata gould , 1849 } , journal = { the veliger . } , volume = { 10 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { berkeley , ca : california malacozoological society . 1958 - } , author = { bock , carl e and johnson , richard e } , year = { 1967 } , pages = { 42 - - 54 } , }

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references carefoot , t . littorina plena ( gould , 1849 ) in klinkenberg , brian . ( ed . ) e - fauna bc : electronic atlas of the fauna of british columbia . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . accessed 2015 - 10 - 30 . harbo , r . m . ( 1997 ) shells & shellfish of the pacific northwest . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . p . 200 . lamb , a . , and hanby , b . ( 2005 ) . marine life of the pacific northwest [ electronic version ] . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . authors and editors of page beatrice proudfoot and kelly fretwell ( 2015 )

reid , d . g . ( 1989 ) . the comparative morphology , phylogeny and evolution of the gastropod family littorinidae . philosophical transactions of the royalsociety of london , series b . 324 : 1 - 110 . [ details ]

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periwinkle with height decidedly greater than the diameter , spire usually has 4 whorls , aperture is purplish inside but has no white band inside the aperture . shell has no umbilicus , columella is narrow . shell height to 1 . 5 cm , shell is dark brown , purple , or black , often with lighter bands or a checkerboard pattern of whitish areas .

how to distinguish from similar species : l . sitkana has a diameter almost equal to the height , has spiral ridges .

often aggregate in the very high intertidal , inside tidepools or on the bare rock . photo by dave cowles at little corona del mar , ca march 2005

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !

, has been introduced within the past few years likely via imports for the shellfish trade . except for this one , which is large in size and easy to distinguish , the other 4 indigenous species are difficult to separate out . however , if you are keen to learn the different species you can check out

in a snail ' s odyssey website . all indigenous species are relatively small in size , live in the high reaches of the intertidal zone , and feed on various seaweeds , including diatoms . " winkle - picking " connoisseurs from the atlantic coast of north america or europe and disappointed at the small sizes of our local species may be gratified to learn that their big , tasty favourites have been located on several vancouver beaches . thus far these introductions are restricted in numbers but , judging from the success of

in colonizing most of the east coast and lately the west coast ( from california north to washington , and now present in b . c . ) , chances are they are here to stay . the 5 species differ in their reproductive modes , with

producing several small eggs in capsules that are spawned into the ocean . the eggs hatch into swimming larvae that feed for several weeks on phytoplankton and then settle out onto rocky shorelines . the other species

also encapsulate their eggs , but do so singly and deposit them directly onto the substratum . the embryos of these 2 species feed on yolk and emerge from their capsules as crawl - away juveniles . you can learn more about life cycles and reproductive behaviour at

in the odyssey website . for protection from predatory birds , fishes , and crabs , these small snails mostly have only their shells to rely on . however , for protection from drying they have an unusual strategy . if you look carefully on pilings around the shore on a dry day you may see

attached on its shell edge by a blob of mucous glue . the operculum is similarly glued shut , and the animal can survive like this for many days until once again wetted by spring tides or waves . within a few moments of wetting , the snail pops out and crawls off to find food .

bc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .

recommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .

[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :

disclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .

castenholz , r . w . , 1961 . the effect of grazing on littoral diatom populations . ecology 42 : 783–794 .

( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) as they relate to resource partitioning . veliger 23 : 333–338 .

( gray ) sur la gréve de roscoff . cah . biol . mar . 18 : 499–505 .

sacchi , c . f . , a . occhipinti ambrogi & d . voltolina , 1981 . recherches sur le spectre trophique comparé de

( gray ) ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) sur la gréve de roscoff . cas de populations vivant au milieu d ' algues macroscopiques . cah . biol . mar . 22 : 83–88 .

sacchi , c . f . & d . voltolina , 1987 . recherches sur l ' ecologie comparée des littorines ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) dans l ' ile de vancouver . atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 128 : 209–234 .

steneck , r . s . & l . watling , 1982 . feeding capabilities and limitations of herbivorous molluscs : a functional group approach . mar . biol . 68 : 299–319 .

identification this species is distinguished by a checkered white pattern on a dark brown to black - purple shell . in some individuals , however , this pattern is absent . the height of the shell ( up to 15 mm ) is greater than the diameter , giving the shell a more slender appearance . the interior of the shell is somewhat purple , and some individuals have orange bands with white markings on the exterior of the shell . similar species the checkered periwinkle is similar to the sitka periwinkle ( l . sitkana ) – another common intertidal grazer . however , sitka periwinkles have a squatter shell shape , lack the white checkered pattern , and often have pronounced spiral ridges on the exterior of the shell .

checkered periwinkles . note the obvious white markings on the exterior of the shell . photo by jenn burt .

habitat and range this species inhabits rocky shorelines in sheltered waters from northern alaska to southern oregon . its range also includes japan and siberia . it migrates within the intertidal zone as the tide fluctuates , often aggregating in moist , shady bedrock crevices during low tide . this species is also known to occupy tidepools during the day . intriguing information this species feeds primarily on diatoms , microalgae , some species of macroalgae , and lichens using its rasping radula . the checkered periwinkle is able to survive long periods without moisture by attaching itself to the substrate using a glue - like mucus . this essentially seals the operculum shut to preserve moisture until the next high tide or wave re - moistens the substrate . this species reproduces throughout the whole year except summer . eggs are deposited underwater in unique egg capsules that are enveloped in a coiled , sausage - like gelatinous mass . larvae of this species are pelagic , and feed on phytoplankton for several weeks before settling .

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turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .

turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .

common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

the race rocks taxonomy is a collaborative venture originally started with the biology and environmental systems students of lester pearson college uwc . it now also has contributions added by faculty , staff , volunteers and observers on the remote control webcams .

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