it was last recorded in the 1950s , has not been recorded since and is presumed extinct .

drought , pollution and water extraction may have destroyed its habitat .

this taxon is considered to be a subspecies of t. simonis in fishbase and considered a synonym of t. simonis by catalogue of fishes .

this species reached a length of 13 centimetres ( 5.1 in ) sl .

tristramella magdelainae

tristramella magdelainae <EOT> tristramella magdelainae is an extinct species of cichlid fish . it was endemic to the vicinity of damascus in syria . it was last recorded in the 19… | pinteres…

you selected tristramella simonis intermedia steinitz & ben - tuvia , 1959 . this is a synonym for :

original scientific description : lortet , l . ( 1878 ) . poissons et reptiles du lac de tibériade et de quelques autres parties de la syrie . archives du musée d’histoire naturelle du lyon 2 : 99 - 189 , pls . 6 - 18 . species bibliography : fricke , ronald . ( 2005 ) . types in the fish collection of the staatliches museum für naturkunde in stuttgart , described in 1845–2004 . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde serie a ( biologie ) , number 684 : 1 - 95 . goren , m . ( 2006 ) . tristramella magdelainae . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 1 . ( urltoken ) . downloaded on 09 july 2011 . weber , claude . ( 1998 ) . catalogue revise des types primaires de la collection ichthylogique de museum d ' histoire naturelle de la ville de geneve ( mhng ) . revue suisse de zoologie 105 ( 1 ) : 3 - 14 .

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bogutskaya , n . & pollock , c . m . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )

justification : the species was described from collections made in the 1950s . the species has not been reported since . presumed extinct .

this fish is likely to now be extinct ( m . goren , pers . comm ) .

drought , pollution and water extraction may have resulted in destroying available habitat for this species .

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occurs in swamps and pools . feeds on algae , other plants and detritus ( ref . 12251 ) .

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a database of " missing " and recently extinct species of plants and animals .

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3234f3f4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 324ac511 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33317dee - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

asia : lakes tiberias and muzairib in the jordan system . has apparently disappeared from lake hula .

froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 8656d665 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

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diaphania elegans is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by möschler in 1890 .

it is found in puerto rico , hispaniola , jamaica , cuba , costa rica , panama , guatemala , honduras , mexico and southern texas .

it is also found in south america , where it has been recorded from venezuela , trinidad , ecuador , peru , brazil , paraguay and argentina .

the length of the forewings is 11 – 14 mm for males and 12.5 – 15 mm for females .

there is a brown costal band , as well as an external brown band on the forewings .

there is also a translucent white area , with a light purple gloss and with a group of yellow scales on the anal margin .

the hindwings have an external brown band .

larvae have been recorded feeding on the flowers of cucurbita maxima .

diaphania elegans

diaphania elegans <EOT> home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » pyralid and crambid snout moths ( pyraloidea ) » crambid snout moths ( crambidae ) » spilomelinae » diaphania » diaphania elegans - hodges # 5207 . 1 ( diaphania elegans )

diaphania elegans ( möschler , 1890 ) is now recognized within the north american fauna ( texas ) , news lepd . soc . , 42 ( 1 ) : 3 .

diaphania hyalinata has abdomen mostly white and black border of forewing is narrower than d . indica .

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

the brown outer band of the forewing has an enlarged area at the inner margin .

with black border of forewing is narrower . per capps in kimball ( 1965 )

möschler , h . b . 1890 : die lepidopteren - fauna der insel portorico . abhandlungen herausgegeben von der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft . 16 ( 1 ) : 229 , 1 pl .

the lepidoptera of florida : an annotated checklist . charles p . kimball . 1965 . florida dept . of ag . gainesville , fl . v + 363 pp .

contributed by maury j . heiman on 10 july , 2013 - 12 : 16am additional contributions by steve nanz , robert lord zimlich last updated 12 october , 2016 - 11 : 08am

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knudson , e . & c . bordelon . , 2008 . illustrated checklist of the lepidoptera of the lower rio grande valley , texas , vol . 3c : micro - moths and geometroids . . texas lepidoptera survey , houston . 30 pp

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method of identification : illustrated in black and white by amsel ( 1954 ) pl . 96 , fig . 11 .


sphaeridium is a genus of beetles in the family hydrophilidae , the water scavenger beetles .

they occur in europe , and some species have been introduced to north america .

the adults are 4 to 7.5 millimeters long .

they have short antennae with hairy clubs at the tips .

these beetles live in cow dung .

the adults feed on the dung and other organic matter , but the beetle larvae are predators of the maggots of the flies that breed in the dung , such as the face fly ( musca autumnalis ) .

two or more sphaeridium beetle species may coexist in one pat , and the larvae may feed on each other .

the female beetle deposits several eggs encased in a cocoon .

species include : sphaeridium bimaculatum sphaeridium bipunctatum sphaeridium bipustulatum sphaeridium inquinatum sphaeridium lunatum sphaeridium marginatum sphaeridium pellucidum sphaeridium plagiatum sphaeridium punctiforme sphaeridium rubrum sphaeridium ruficolle sphaeridium rufipes sphaeridium scarabaeoides sphaeridium substriatum sphaeridium testudineum sphaeridium vaccarium

sphaeridium

sphaeridium <EOT> what made you want to look up sphaeridium ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .

part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of webster’s dictionary , which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain . the imported definitions may be significantly out of date , and any more recent senses may be completely missing . ( see the entry for sphaeridium in webster’s revised unabridged dictionary , g . & c . merriam , 1913 . )

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

the family is mostly a water - dwelling group , but some species are modified for " swimming " in dung , or otherwise living in relatively moist habitats .

a manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .

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length 5 to 7 mm . quite a distinctively marked beetle : the blackish coloured elytra have a dark red blotch and fade to a pale yellow - brown in the rear third .

fairly frequent in leicestershire and rutland . there were a total of 34 vc55 records for this species up to march 2015 .

length 5 . 5 to 7 . 5 mm . a very smooth , blackish dome shaped beetle with pale yellow tips to the lytra and faint reddish blotches on its sides .

adults feed on the fresh dung of herbivorous animals ; their young are predators of small insect larvae .

fairly frequent in leicestershire and rutland . there were a total of 32 vc55 records for this species up to march 2015 .

this page was last edited on 28 july 2016 , at 16 : 27 .

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the water scavenger beetles ( hydrophilidae ) are of oblong or rounded body shape , most of them are small - sized , but there are also very large representatives , e . g . up to 50 mm in the genus hydrophilus . the species in the subfamily hydrophilinae live in water , whereas the representatives of the subfamily sphaeridiinae are usually found on the land in dung or vegetable detritus . a distinguishing feature of the scavenger beetles are their 6 - 9 - membered antennae and the extended maxillar palps , which are designed to perform the normal task of the antenna ( smelling and tasting ) . the antennae in turn are used for respiration . upon surfacing fresh air is passed along the antennae to the elytra , where it is stored . worldwide more than 2000 species have been described , in germany 110 species are found .

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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .

the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;

the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .

this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :

this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .

particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as " no probable or definite " ) .

in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .

warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .

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chalcid wasps ( / ˈkælsɪd / , from greek khalkos , meaning ' copper ' , for their metallic colour ) are insects within the superfamily chalcidoidea , part of the order hymenoptera .

the superfamily contains some 22,500 known species , and an estimated total diversity of more than 500,000 species , meaning the vast majority have yet to be discovered and described .

the name " chalcid " is often confused with the name " chalcidid " , though the latter refers strictly to one constituent family , the chalcididae , rather than the superfamily as a whole ; accordingly , most recent publications ( e.g. , ) use the name " chalcidoid " when referring to members of the superfamily .

most of the species are parasitoids of other insects , attacking the egg or larval stage of their host , though many other life cycles are known .

these hosts are to be found in at least 12 different insect orders including lepidoptera ( butterflies and moths ) , diptera ( true flies ) , coleoptera ( beetles ) , hemiptera ( true bugs ) , and other hymenoptera , as well as two orders of arachnida , and even one family of nematodes .

when the host is itself a parasitoid , they are referred to as hyperparasitoids .

a small percentage are phytophagous and the larvae feed inside seeds , stems , and galls , including some that act as pollinators ( e.g. fig wasps ) .

generally beneficial to humans as a group , chalcidoids help keep various crop pests under control , and many species have been imported as biocontrol agents .

copidosoma floridanum is one such species , whose genome is being sequenced by the human genome sequencing center as part of the i5k project , which aims to sequence the genomes of 5,000 arthropods .

chalcidoids are tiny , dark-coloured wasps , typically black or brown , but often metallic blue or green , with complex sculpturing on the body .

they are also recognized by the characteristic reduced wing venation , similar to that seen in other superfamilies of parasitic wasps .

chalcid wasp

chalcid wasp <EOT> get to know the beneficial insect chalcid wasp that preys on the eggs of garden predators .

the species of chalcid wasp my homeowner encountered " swarming " in her attic this spring appeared identical to other similar wasp pictures i ' ve received recently . these turned out to be

a chalcid wasp , order hymenoptera , family chalcidae . it ' s microterys nietneri , thanks to dan for the id .

could you identify this insect from this picture ? brachymeria podagrica is a chalcid wasp parasitoid that attacks filth flies , like those that feed on carrion .

an obscure critter . i ' m guessing that not one in 100 pmps has ever heard of a chalcid ( chal sid ) wasp before . but chalcid wasps are common natural enemies of many insect pests . identified by their small size and giant hind femurs , the chalcididae family makes up one of the dozen or so " parasitoid " wasp families within the bee / wasp / ant order hymenoptera .

fig wasp , ( family agaonidae ) , any of about 900 species of tiny wasps responsible for pollinating the world’s 900 species of figs ( see ficus ) . each species of wasp pollinates only one species of fig , and each fig species has its own wasp species to pollinate it . this…

to learn more about monarch butterflies and chalcid wasps , click on this sentence .

rappaport n , mori s , roques a . estimating impact of a seed chalcid

the alfalfa seed chalcid is attracted by flowering alfalfa and oviposits into immature seed in young developing pods . once the seed starts to swell it is not susceptible to oviposition by the chalcid . this wasp requires a flat , soft pod through which to oviposit . the wasp larva requires the duration of the seed - filling period to develop into a pre - pupa and pupa , and it feeds on the seed endosperm . once the seed ripens the pupa hatches and the wasp chews out of the seed and pod . the wasp will stay in a pre - pupal stage in the ripened seed if it is late in the season and is induced into a winter diapause .

single and double infections with wolbachia in the parasitic wasp nasonia vitripennis - effects on compatibility . genetics143 : 961 - 972 .

to learn more about chalcid wasps and how they infect chrysalises , click on this sentence .

parasitoid wasps are certainly one of the most fascinating and wonderful , yet horrifying , of all creatures . so seemingly cruel in its behavior that theologians and biologists argued over the last 200 years whether the mere existence of insects like the ichneumon wasp ( a cousin of the chalcid wasp ) served as proof against the christian belief in a loving creator - god . *

in combination with alterations in crop closure timing , both sanitation and closing date operate synergistically to diminish seed wasp populations . with a sanitation and closing date management programme in operation , the population of seed wasp in the area will decline over a period of seasons . seed producers need to assess the economics of management decisions that influence the susceptibility of seed crops to seed wasp damage in conjunction with net returns (

chalcid wasps are small insects that lay eggs in soft moth and butterfly chrysalises . wasp larvae hatch from the eggs . the larvae drink the hemolymph ( blood ) of the chrysalis . the chrysalis continues to live and mature for quite a few days . the chrysalis dies and the wasp larvae form pupae . when the wasp pupae mature , adult wasps emerge from the pupae and eat a tiny hole in the chrysalis . the wasps , from a few to hundreds , emerge from the chrysalis from the one or two holes they have eaten in the chrysalis .

hi , i came searching for identification of the same wasp ! my search words were : “small black wasp with strong hind legs” . i found this pupa on a mint leaf ( part of a bunch i had bought from the market ) . i wondered what butterfly / moth caterpillar would like to eat mint leaves which have such strong smell . so i kept the pupa in a jar with ventilation , and after two weeks , today morning i saw a wasp ! now i think i can connect the dots . some lepidoptera caterpillar on the mint got parasitised by this chalcid wasp either at larval or pupal stage . i will release it in my garden so that it can do some pest control : ) thanks a lot .

artokhin ks , 1983 . natural enemies of the lucerne seed chalcid . zashchita rasteni , no . 12 : 45

collecting and preserving chalcid wasps ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea . ) journal of natural history 16 : 315 - 334 .

a sweep net should be swept through the alfalfa and the contents inspected . the seed wasp will be present in the net if any are in the field (

research indicates that eradication of the seed wasp is not possible . insecticide application is not a means of permanent control . the wasp will always be present where alfalfa is grown and the key to management is to live with the presence of the pest but make changes to the management in order to reduce its impact on seed yield (

some significant natural enemies of the alfalfa seed chalcid are reported . all of them are larval parasitoids from the order hymenoptera .

the records of the wasp in trifolium ( clover ) seed are probably a mistake . clover seeds are damaged by bruchophagus gibbus . the larvae of both species are morphologically similar .

to round out this discussion of chalcids , i should mention two species that display atypical habits — one beneficial , the other harmful . the first of these two oddball chalcids is the fig wasp ( family agaonidae ) , to which nature has given the responsibility of pollinating the commercially important smyrna fig — a tree that can produce fruit only after being pollinated by the wild fig , or caprifig . and because of the peculiar nature of the smyrna fig flower , the fig wasp is the only creature that can accomplish this feat . the black sheep of the chalcid family is the clover seed chalcid ( bruchophagus phatyptera ) , which infests the seeds of several varieties of legumes and is one of the very few harmful members of the chalcid clan .

[ 1880–85 ; < new latin chalcid - , s . of chalcis a genus < greek chalk ( ós ) copper , brass ]

peterson s , 2003 . seed chalcid damage to alfalfa seed in california . international pollination systems , visalia , california , usa . urltoken

. other important references to the chalcid taxonomic literature , with emphasis on the north american fauna , are given in the sections below .

the adult female of the alfalfa seed chalcid has a needle - like structure ( ovipositor ) that is used to insert eggs into immature alfalfa seeds . a single larva ( grub ) develops within each seed and destroys all the contents , leaving only the seed coat . when the wasp emerges from the seed , a hole is visible .

* an interesting discussion of the ichneumon wasp controversy can be found in stephen jay gould ' s essay on non - moral nature in the book hen ' s teeth and horse ' s toes .

de barro j , 2001 . living with the enemy : managing lucerne seed wasp in lucerne seed crops . publication no . 01 / 135 . rural industries research and development corporation , australia . urltoken

de barro j , 2001 . evaluating and managing lucerne seed wasp in lucerne seed crops . a report for the rural industries research and development corporation . rirdc publication no 01 / 136 , australia . urltoken

about 12 mm in length , this leucospidid wasp is a parasite on the raspberry horntail , as well as being one of the largest chalcids and a superb mimic of the yellow jacket . photo : ron west

, chemical control of the seed wasp is not a viable or sensible option and does not form part of its management strategy . the wasp is exposed for 6 months of the year ( through the dryland and irrigated seed production season ) to insecticides that are used in commercial seed production to manage other pests . resistance of the seed wasp to insecticides including malathion , chlorpyrifos , and a range of synthetic pyrethroids is commonly reported in the seed - producing areas of south australia and new south wales . a similar scenario exists in the alfalfa seed - producing areas of north america , where district - wide sanitation practices are encouraged .

chalcid wasps are not likely to enter an account over and over by accident . if you find chalcids indoors , get a sample and have them identified .

cupressus sempervirens vs cypress seed chalcid , megastigmus wachtli : genetic and evolutionary relationships , iufro s7 . 01 symposium physiology and genetics of trees . phytophage interactions .

brewer gj , 1980 . a survey of the alfalfa seed chalcid in central kansas . journal of the kansas entomological society , 53 ( 3 ) : 538

. the following publications that include keys to chalcid families are listed in alphabetical order by area covered ; those with an asterisk also include keys to genera .

in australia , it is known that the wasp is more active in february than earlier in the seed crop season and that the presence of volunteer alfalfa in the area surrounding the seed crop can augment the seed wasp population . the wasp does not develop populations in defined intervals . it has continuing , overlapping generations , which means that all the stages of the life cycle are present at any one time , in any one area and in any one paddock . a spray that kills the adults will have no effect on the pupae , which will hatch straight after the spray has been applied , and almost immediately mate and continue the life cycle (

on the other hand , another chalcid phenomenon — known as hyperparasitism — can work against the gardener , and occurs when a chalcid uses another parasitic insect for its host , thus negating the beneficial effect of the victim parasite . ( in one species of chalcid , this hyperparasitism takes on a bizarre twist in that while the females are parasites of scale insects , the males are hyperparasites that attack the parasites of scale insects . . . including the females of their own species ! )

resulting emergence of males and females of the cypress seed chalcid , megastigmus wachtli , from eggs laid in seeds of cupressus sempervirens by unfertilized female m . wachtli .

compared pod - wall characteristics with seed damage and resistance to the alfalfa seed chalcid in medicago species . the findings suggested that pod - wall lignification may reduce seed losses due to chalcid damage . the highest levels of resistance to the eurytomid are found in the annual species , which also had highly lignified pod - walls .

the adult alfalfa seed chalcid is a minute , jet - black wasp . only some parts of the legs ( on the tibia and tarsus ) are yellow - brown . the male is 1 . 2 - 1 . 7 mm and the female is 1 . 3 - 1 . 8 mm long . the thorax protrudes and the abdomen is egg - shaped with a plain ventral part (

from hungary suggested a simple method for separating beneficial parasitoids ( b . bruchophagi , i . perplexus and pteromalus medicaginis ) of the alfalfa seed chalcid from alfalfa chaff .

thoenes sc ; moffett jo , 1990 . infestation patterns of the alfalfa seed chalcid in oklahoma alfalfa fields . southwestern entomologist , 15 ( 1 ) : 15 - 25

it is extremely difficult to briefly characterize or present a key to chalcid families on a world basis , particularly with current uncertainty and controversy over membership of some families .

the chalcidoidea is a widely distributed group that is divided into about 19 families , chief among which are the mymaridae ( fairyfly ) , trichogrammatidae , eulophidae , encyrtidae , eupelmidae , perilampidae , agaonidae ( fig wasp , q . v . ) , torymidae , pteromalidae , eurytomidae ( seed chalcid ) , and chalcididae . some of the leucospidae , largest of the chalcids , reach 15 mm in length .

i found this tiny wasp ( 2 - 3mm ) in leaf litter . black with a bluish iridescence and pointed abdomen . can anyone help with id please . also , is its host likely to be a leaf - litter dweller ?

" chalcid " is usually used to refer to any member of this superfamily , rather than only members of the family chalcididae . using " chalcidoid " instead removes any ambiguity .

thoenes sc ; moffett jo , 1987 . emergence from overwintered seeds of hymenoptera parasitizing the alfalfa seed chalcid in oklahoma . southwestern entomologist , 12 ( 1 ) : 33 - 43

if anything , higher level relationships within chalcidoidea are even less well resolved than are relationships of chalcidoidea with other hymenoptera . a comprehensive historical review of chalcid higher classification was given by

the number of described chalcidoid taxa in the world that are currently regarded as valid . pages 9 - 10 in chalcid forum no . 13 . 31 pp . unpublished newsletter .

for a long time this species was identified as bruchophagus gibbus , which damages the seeds of clover and other leguminous plants . gussakovskii described the alfalfa seed chalcid as b . roddi (

nielson mw , 1976 . diapause in the alfalfa seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi ( gussakovsky ) in relation to natural photoperiod . environmental entomology , 5 ( 1 ) : 123 - 127

strong fe , 1962 . laboratory studies of the biology of the alfalfa seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi guss . ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) . hilgardia , 32 : 229 - 249 .

many australian seed producers stop the seed production of alfalfa in december so that the crops flower in january and february when the warm / hot weather is optimal for pollination . however , this management strategy permits maximum wasp damage . the producers need to assess their management concepts . by closing a crop 2 - 4 weeks earlier than usual ( e . g . in november ) , harvesting at 100 % ripeness is permitted as opposed to 80 - 90 % ripeness , later in the season and prior to the autumn rainfall . seed wasp damage is reduced by earlier crop closure due to lower wasp populations being present at the time of flowering and seed set . the net return from a seed crop that is closed in the traditional december period is often the same or less than the net return from a similar standard seed crop that is closed earlier . in december , the crop is not permitted to reach complete ripeness prior to desiccation , whereas the crop that is closed earlier reaches full ripeness and has less seed wasp damage .

kral ' ovic j , 1971 . the ecology of the lucerne seed chalcid bruchophagus roddi guss . ( hymenoptera , eurytomidae ) . biologicke prace , 17 ( 3 ) : 2 - 75

tingey wm ; nielson mw , 1975 . developmental biology of the alfalfa seed chalcid on resistant and susceptible alfalfa clones . journal of economic entomology , 68 ( 2 ) : 167 - 168

brewer gj ; horber e , 1984 . field infestation and alfalfa seed chalcid ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) development in different medicago clones . environmental entomology , 13 ( 4 ) : 1157 - 1159

prashar hk ; dhaliwal js , 1984 . biology of lucerne seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi gussakovsky ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) . indian journal of agricultural sciences , 54 ( 10 ) : 935 - 940

chalcidoid or chalcid wasps are one of the most diverse groups of hymenoptera ( bees , ants , wasps ) numerically , structurally , and biologically . they range in size from the smallest insect known ,

wasp , any member of a group of insects in the order hymenoptera , suborder apocrita , some of which are stinging . wasps are distinguished from the ants and bees of apocrita by various behavioral and physical characteristics , particularly their possession of a slender , smooth body and legs with…

there is no doubt that molecular analysis of chalcid relationships is an exciting new frontier that holds promising rewards for our understanding of the evolution of the group . however , such analyses seem likely to add to the instability of chalcid classification , at least in the short term , and by themselves seem unlikely to provide a fully resolved pattern of chalcid relationships . in order to fully resolve the evolutionary history of the chalcidoidea it will also be necessary to develop a comprehensive , accurate , morphological - based character matrix for the superfamily . this is an extremely complex and daunting task considering the enormous diversity of the group , but must be done in order to advance chalcid classification beyond the level of personal preference . although no cladistic hypotheses of family relationships based on analysis of morphology have considered the chalcidoidea in its entirety , noyes ( 1990 ) presented a tree diagram illustrating one set of potential chalcid family relationships ( see reproduction in " a word on chalcidoid classification " or dendrogram 1 in heraty et al . 1997 ) . gibson et al . ( 1999 ) reviewed current concepts of chalcid phylogenetics and classification , and this paper should be consulted for a comprehensive list of relevant publications . however , some of the more major molecular or morphological analyses that have investigated monophyly and relationships of chalcid families or subfamilies through explicit character state analysis are listed below . references are given under the primary family or families investigated though the papers often include discussion of other families .

in jhansi , uttar pradesh , india , the chalcid damage resulted in an economic loss of rs . 12 , 000 / ha in 2001 - 2002 and rs . 9300 / ha in 2000 - 2001 (

thoenes sc ; moffett jo , 1987 . emergence of alfalfa seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) , from overwintered seeds in oklahoma . environmental entomology , 16 ( 3 ) : 774 - 778

all in all , though , chalcid wasps are among the most valuable insects you can have in your garden , packing one heck of a lot of pest control wallop in a very small , totally natural package .

the alfalfa seed wasp is a small insect ( less than 2 mm long ) that can be spread through flight . the larvae develop within a single alfalfa seed and they are easy to spread through the world in the seed trade . it is difficult to find all the stages . . . .

in california , usa , when the fields are divided into two groups ( based on the number of insecticide applications : one to two applications versus three to five applications ) , there are 2 . 3 times more chalcid - damaged seeds found in the three to five insecticide application group , compared to the one to two application group . increased insecticide applications may reduce the predator and parasitoid populations that would normally suppress the seed chalcid populations (

brewer gj ; sorensen el ; horber ek , 1983 . laboratory techniques to evaluate resistance of alfalfa clones to the alfalfa seed chalcid ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) . environmental entomology , 12 ( 5 ) : 1601 - 1605

another particularly beneficial chalcid species is encarsia formosa , which has proven helpful in controlling stubborn infestations of the greenhouse whitefly ( trialeurodes vaporariorum ) . because this little wasp lays its eggs under the skins of whitefly larvae , its young will hatch right in the midst of an ample supply of food . ( tests have shown that . this control measure works best in greenhouses with temperatures averaging 75 degrees fahrenheit or higher . in cooler conditions , the whiteflies may develop faster than the chalcids and thus lessen the parasite ' s effectiveness . )

many small wasps and flies that exist in an alfalfa seed crop can be confused with the alfalfa seed chalcid . most of the small wasps are good predators of aphids and heliothis spp . and have long tail - like features ( ovipositors ) , which the seed wasps lack . many small flies such as midges are common in alfalfa , especially in irrigated crops . these midges are most often misidentified as seed wasps because they are the same size and shape . however , midges do not have a shiny jet - black abdomen but have a dull , grey - white one . the other feature that makes them distinct to the untrained eye is that the midge flies away quickly when captured , whereas a seed wasp tends to curl up and ' play dead ' . the midge also flies around people and animals on warm , humid days . the seed wasp keeps at a distance from people (

it is important that the control programme for the seed chalcid starts in the spring , as this species cannot be controlled by insecticide applications during the production of the seed crop . the adult wasp inserts eggs inside the pods , and the larval and pupal stages develop inside the alfalfa seeds . the pest over - winters as pupae in the seeds that were spilled in the previous season or in seeds that were produced by the alfalfa grown in field border areas and roadsides . the adults emerging in may and june lay eggs in the alfalfa seeds wherever they are available , with the most common seed source being the plants growing outside of the fields . several generations of the chalcid are completed each year , with the levels of seed infestation becoming progressively higher as the chalcid populations increase in mid - and late summer . that is why the insecticide treatment has to be directed against the adults before oviposition . the next application is when it is necessary . two treatments , one applied at budding and the other at the green - pod stage , reduce the percentage of infested seeds and almost double the yield (

springer tl ; kindler sd ; sorensen el , 1990 . comparison of pod - wall characteristics with seed damage and resistance to the alfalfa seed chalcid ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) in medicago species . environmental entomology , 19 ( 5 ) : 1614 - 1617

the wasp is an excellent parasite of alfalfa and develops its populations in response to the availability of the host rather than any particular environmental cue such as temperature or day - length . however , the wasp will hibernate ( diapause ) in the winter in response to cues in the autumn . irrigated seed crops within a 5 km radius of dryland seed crops ( or significant pasture or wasteland seed - producing alfalfa ) are infested unless they mature within 4 weeks of the maturity date of the dryland crop . the areas outside the 5 km radius are not significantly affected regardless of the crop maturity date , especially if the crops in this region mature at a similar time . the dryland seed crops and the presence of feral and pasture lucerne in the areas near to irrigated seed crops can be hosts for population development . research has shown that the seed wasp can be found everywhere in the presence of flowering alfalfa : around sheds , gardens , stock yards , fence lines , irrigation channels , check banks , stock raceways , along roadsides and grazing pastures (

arbab a , 2006 . spatial distribution pattern of immature stages of alfalfa seed weevil , tychius aureolus ( keiswetter ) ( col . curculionidae ) , and alfalfa seed wasp , brochophagus roddi , ( hym . eurytomidae ) ( gussakovski ) in alfalfa seed fields . journal of agricultural sciences - islamic azad university , 12 ( 2 ) : pe263 - pe269 .

padmavathi c ; pandey k ; rakesh s ; seth r , 2003 . assessment of losses caused by seed chalcid , bruchophagous roddi guss . ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) in lucerne grown for seed . indian journal of plant protection , 31 : 152 - 153 .

] . about 80 chalcid species are known to be pests of agriculture ( mostly seed - feeders in the families eurytomidae and torymidae ) and some chalcids are considered harmful because they are hyperparasitoids , but most are economically and environmentally beneficial . the large majority of chalcid species are primary parasitoids of other insects and arachnids and as such they are important participants in nature ' s own control system for regulating arthropod populations . in addition to the largely unappreciated role of most species in helping to control what might otherwise be pest species , over 800 chalcid species have been associated with targeted biological control programs . this represents about two - thirds of all biocontrol programs involving hymenoptera , and about one - third of all biocontrol programs in which partial or complete economic control of an insect pest was achieved (

hi folks , finally , i think i have discovered the mysterious source of my chalcid friends ! i was up in the attic this morning . we had a dead rat in one of the traps . all around the carcass of the rat were these brown little pupae . after doing some research , i discovered that these were fly pupae . then , on one site , i came across a photo of a chaclid wasp ( or parasite fly ) depositing an egg into a fly pupa : from : urltoken and here is the likely story : rat comes in and gets caught in the trap , dies . as it decomposed , flies lured to the stench flew in through the roof vents in the attic and did what they do best . later , after the fly maggots went into their pupal stage , the chalcid wasps came and did what they do best . mystery solved ! thanks for your help ! doon

dhaliwal js ; prashar hk , 1985 . varietal resistance and effect of date of last cut and insecticidal application on the control of lucerne seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi gussakovsky ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) . indian journal of agricultural sciences , 55 ( 5 ) : 354 - 357

erdélyi c ; szentkiralyi f ; manninger s , 1979 . data to the interrelationship of damages caused by the lucerne seed chalcid ( bruchophagus roddi ) and the lucerne seed weevil ( tychius flavus ) . acta phytopathologica academiae scientiarum hungaricae , 14 ( 12 ) : 201 - 207

butler gd jr ; ritchie pl jr ; werner fg , 1968 . the effect of temperature on the life cycle of the alfalfa seed chalcid and its parasites . technical bulletin , agricultural experiment station , college of agriculture , university of arizona , no . 185 : 17 pp .

the alfalfa seed wasp is a small insect ( less than 2 mm long ) that can be spread through flight . the larvae develop within a single alfalfa seed and they are easy to spread through the world in the seed trade . it is difficult to find all the stages . the pest only damages the seeds and where alfalfa is used in non - seed production it passes unnoticed . however , it can be found everywhere that flowering alfalfa is available : around sheds , gardens , stock yards , fence lines , irrigation channels , check banks , stock raceways , along roadsides and in grazing pastures . the seed wasp has continuing , overlapping generations , which means that all stages of the life cycle are present at any one time , in any one area and in any one paddock . a spray that is used to kill the adult will have no effect on the pupae and they will emerge immediately after the spray has been applied , and almost immediately mate and continue the life cycle . the wasp is exposed to insecticides , which are used in commercial seed production to manage other pests , for 6 months of the year through the dryland and irrigated seed production season . the resistance of the seed wasp to insecticides is commonly reported in the seed - producing areas of south australia and new south wales . a similar scenario exists in the alfalfa seed - producing areas of north america , where district - wide sanitation practices are encouraged . up to 80 - 90 % of the harvested seed may be infested and this can cause great financial losses .

szocs g ; erdélyi c ; makranczy g ; bus a , 1998 . a simple method for separating beneficial parasitoids of the alfalfa seed chalcid ( bruchophagus roddi ) from alfalfa chaff . acta phytopathologica et entomologica hungarica , 33 ( 3 / 4 ) : 357 - 365 ; 14 ref .

aeschlimann jp ; vitou j , 1989 . observations on the lucerne seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi ( hym . , eurytomidae ) , and its parasitoids in mediterranean france : a promising candidate for classical biological control in australia . acta oecologica , oecologia applicata , 10 ( 2 ) : 129 - 133

soroka jj ; spurr dt , 1998 . geographic incidence and damage levels of alfalfa seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) , in saskatchewan , and its relationship to weather and agronomic variables and production practices . canadian entomologist , 130 ( 1 ) : 1 - 11 ; 23 ref .

adults longevity of a cypress seed chalcid , megastigmus wachtli , emerged from seed yield of 2 - year - old cones cupressus sempervirens in september ( a ) in field , placed into rearing boxes stored in an outdoor insectary at baïnem and nourished with honey water ; ( b ) breeding under laboratory conditions .

research indicates an average total of irrigated seed loss of 67 . 39 kg / ha . a value of a $ 3 / kg to the producer equates to a financial loss of a $ 202 . 16 / ha . approximately 9700 ha of irrigated seed production in south - east australia is susceptible to infestation by the seed wasp . losses to producers in the area are approximately a $ 2 million per season . in 1999 / 2000 , a total of 4993 tonnes of alfalfa seed at a value of a $ 3 . 63 / kg was exported , equating to a value in excess of a $ 18 . 2 million . a $ 5 . 18 million of potential seed exports are lost due to the alfalfa seed chalcid (

trichogrammatid , ( family trichogrammatidae ) , any of a group of tiny , parasitic chalcid wasps , particularly of the genus trichogramma , in the order hymenoptera . adults of trichogramma species are less than 1 mm ( 0 . 04 inch ) long , with pear - shaped wings having a single vein and fringing hairs and…

the relationship between colonization by a cypress seed chalcid and the tortricid was characterized by their presence / absence ratio in 1000 colonized 2 - year - old cones of c . sempervirens . 10 cones were collected from each of 100 trees . cones attacked by m . wachtli and p . tessulatana were identified on the basis of their external appearance , as they dried and opened precociously when compared to cones containing healthy seed . for each attacked cone , the presence or the absence of attack of the chalcid and the tortricid was noted to see whether m . wachtli prefers , rejects or is indifferent to the previous attack of the cones by p . tessulatana .

in my last column ( in mother earth news n0 . 97 ) , i mentioned that one natural , effective means of controlling cutworms and other caterpillars in your garden is to introduce a tiny parasitic wasp species — known scientifically as trichogramma — whose larvae feed upon the eggs of harmful insects . this time around , i ' d like to expand on the use of trichogramma and other chalcids as a natural means of controlling insect pests in your garden .

seed wasps develop populations where alfalfa is flowering and setting seed . sanitation practices such as mowing , grazing and herbicide spraying significantly reduce the presence of the wasps in the seed crops by reducing the availability of the alfalfa outside the seed crop for population development . australian alfalfa seed producers can individually and in co - operation with the adjacent landowners / seed producers , implement simple sanitation practices on a wide scale level to reduce seed wasp populations and damages to the seed crops .

the chalcid fauna of the ussr ( chalcidoidea ) . keys to the fauna of the ussr . zoological institute of the academy of sciences of the ussr , no . 44 , moscow , ussr . 574 pp . ( in russian ) . [ english translation : israel program for scientific translations , jerusalem , israel , 1963 . 593 pp . ]

the tortricid pseudococcyx tessulatana staudinger ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) and the seed chalcid m . wachtli also found in algeria ( bouaziz 1993 ; bouaziz and chakali 1997 ) seemed to cause significant damage ( guido et al . 1995 ; roques and raimbault 1986 ; zocchi 1963 ) . however , their exact distribution , and their biology , remains unstudied in algeria .

variety was centralized on two scales , a lower and a medium . the medium cone scale was significantly more colonized than the lower one ( number of holes = 40 , f 7 , 30 = 28 . 24 , p = 0 . 00 ) . thus , attack strategy by both the chalcid and tortricid varied according to the cypress species and location of attack on the cone .

research has shown that by reducing the presence of flowering alfalfa around sheds , gardens , stock yards , fence lines , irrigation channels , check banks , stock raceways , along roadsides and in grazing pastures , the presence of the seed wasp in seed crops is reduced . the best results are obtained by maintaining those sanitation efforts from the time that the alfalfa first flowers through to when the seed crops have finished flowering . in practice this may require a combination of grazing , spraying and mowing two or three times in a single season .

de barro ( 2001a , b ) in australia named two species of parasitic wasps that were collected from the reared wasps . i . perplexus and p . sequester hatched in late november at a ratio of 2 : 1 females to males . these wasps were collected from offal from across the district , providing evidence that they are widespread but in low populations . they have also been detected in forbes and deniliquin in new south wales . according to the author , very little is known about the biology of these wasp parasites but they are worth investigating as a biological control option .

cultural practices are important in managing this pest . in the spring , the cultivation of the soil using a disc cultivator and irrigation kills infested seeds on the soil surface . clipping - back established stands helps to delay bloom , provides a shorter pollination window and reduces the time that the green pods are available for egg laying . the elimination of volunteer alfalfa along roadsides and ditch banks is also important in minimizing seed chalcid populations (

) , but are beneficial as the obligate pollinators of figs . some members of five other families ( eulophidae , eurytomidae , pteromalidae , tanaostigmatidae and torymidae ) are seed - feeders or gall - formers on plants , though for many chalcids reared from galls it is not known whether they are primary gall - formers , or inquilines or parasitoids in the galls . john noyes provides a concise summary of known chalcid biology by family in

in addition to their devouring other insects in the embryonic or larval forms , certain chalcid species display a number of unusual , and therefore interesting , habits . for example , some chalcids are well known for polyembryony , in which anywhere from ten to over a thousand larvae develop from each egg . . . good news for the gardener who ' s plagued with insect pests and wants to introduce a large number of beneficial parasites quickly and with little effort .

the green cypress ( cupressus sempervirens l . , pinales : cupressaceae ) is of great interest for ornamental , reforestation and windbreak use in the entire mediterranean basin . it is well adaptated to the various mediterranean conditions and resists long dry periods as well as cold extremes . the entomological fauna that exploits cupressaceae seeds is well known . roques and battisti ( 1999 ) mention nine insects and acarina species found in cypress seeds and cones in natural forests , and in plantations , seedbeds , seed orchards or urban trees of the mediterranean area . these authors showed how insects specialized in seed exploitation . the seed chalcid , megastigmus wachtli seitner ( hymenoptera : torymidae ) , and seed bugs , orsillus ( dallas ) ( heteroptera : lygaeidae ) , limit seed yields , particularly in seed orchards . a total of 21 megastigmus seed chalcid species are recognized in europe , north africa and asia minor ( roques and skrzypczynska 2003 ) . battisti et al . ( 2003 ) affirmed that more than 60 % of cypress cones were colonized either by a seed chalcid , m . wachtli , or by the seed bug , orsillus maculatus ( fieber ) . a survey of the oviposition behavior of orsillus depressus carried out in algeria suggested that this seed bug lays eggs in emergence holes excavated through the cone scale by a seed chalcid , m . wachtli ( bouaziz 2003 ) . similarly , a survey of the oviposition behavior of o . maculatus carried out in france and italy suggested that this seed bug lays eggs preferentially in the emergence holes of m . wachtli ( rouault 2002 ) . in addition , the relationship between the exotic pathogenic fungus seiridium cardinale ( wagener ) sutton and gibson and species of the genus orsillus on c . sempervirens was shown to be essentially based on the availability of m . wachtli oviposition sites ( battisti et al . 1997 , battisti et al . 1999 ; battisti et al . 2000 ; bouaziz 2003 ; rouault et al . 2000 , rouault 2002 ) .

reported five species of larval parasites of the alfalfa seed chalcid . up to 93 % of the pest larvae were parasitized . the dominant species are pteromalus sequester and baryscapus bruchophagi , which cause 33 and 31 % parasitism , respectively . two had three generations per year and their flight began earlier than that of the host . idiomacromerus perplexus parasitized up to 18 % of the larvae ; it has two generations per year and its flight begins at the end of the flight period of the first generation of the host .

radiography of the seeds allowed the examination of later development of larvae during cone maturation . larval development proceeded entirely in a single seed . the larva initially developed at the expense of the cotyledons and it started to consume seed endosperm the following spring . similar results were observed previously ( roques 1983 ; roques et raimbault 1995 ; guido et al . 1995 ) . larvae of m . wachtli seemed able to develop in non - fertilized ovules as guido et al . ( 1995 ) suggested , but we could not experimentally infest non - fertilized ovules in order to test this assumption ( bouaziz and roques , unpublished results ) . rouault et al . ( 2004 ) hypothesize that all species of megastigmus associated with pinaceae can oviposit in unfertilized ovules , whereas those exploiting cupressaceae cannot , and thus oviposit only in already fully developed fertilized seeds . infested megagametophytes of unpollinated ovules did not degenerate as would have been expected , but continued to develop ( aderkas et al . , 2005 ) . niwa and overhulser ( 1992 ) and rappaport et al . ( 1993 ) showed that the m . spermotrophus larvae were able to lay eggs on non - fertilized ovules of the pseudotsuga species and that the larva could complete its development there . the chalcid lays its eggs in seeds of douglas fir ( pseudotsuga menziesii ( mirbel ) franco ) before fertilization has taken place in the plant . oviposition not only prevents the expected degeneration and death of unfertilized ovules , but it induces energy reserve accumulation ( aderkas et al . , 2005 ) . following oviposition by m . spermotrophus in unpollinated megagametophytes , larvae hatched and began consuming the central zone . eggs were laid in megagametophytes that were differentiating archegonia which would eventually house the plant eggs . ( aderkas et al . , 2005 ) . the torymid chalcid wasp was able to induce identical nuclear behavior in infested , unfertilized megagametophytes , as occurred in uninfested , fertilized megagametophytes ( aderkas et al . , 2005 ) .

stated that seed yields and infestation levels were correlated with temperature , rain and degree - day data from the year of and the year preceding seed collection . the infestation level of b . roddi was most closely correlated with the temperature and rainfall in july and august of both years . the proportion of damaged seed is highest in the years following warm and dry summers . alfalfa cultivar also influences the infestation levels ; winter - hardy cultivars that become dormant early in the autumn have lower levels of chalcid - damaged seeds than less hardy cultivars that maintain growth later in the season .

, at about 130 microns ( 0 . 13 mm ) , to over 30 mm , including bizarre as well as beautiful winged and wingless forms . about 22 , 000 valid species have been described in about 2 , 100 genera world - wide , but these numbers represent only a fraction of true chalcid diversity and estimates of 60 , 000 to 100 , 000 species world - wide do not seem unreasonable . there are over 2 , 600 described species in over 700 genera in north america . illustrated keys to the families and genera of chalcids known from north america are given in

collected five hymenopterous parasitoids of the alfalfa seed chalcid . over 99 % of the parasitoids were either i . perplexus ( 90 . 4 % ) or b . bruchophagi . the other three species were eupelmus allynii , idiomacromerus insuetus and lyrcus maculatus . most parasitoid emergence occurred from early june to mid - july , the actual time depended on parasitoid species and where the seeds had been collected . emergence peaks of the parasitoids followed those of the pest by 1 to 2 weeks . small numbers of i . perplexus and b . bruchophagi emerged in the second year ( 1984 ) from seeds that were collected in the autumn of 1982 .

the percentage of cones colonized by megastigmus were compared among tree , stand , and species using analysis of variance ( anova , statsoft statistica / w package ) . anova was used to compare the percentage of m . wachtli and p . tessulatana emergence holes on the colonized cones , and to test localization of the colonization per cone shape , insect pests and cypress species . the percentages data were transformed by arcsin √ p to achieve homogeneity of the variance before statistical analysis . anova was followed by tukey ' s test to look for differences between locations and species . the results of the longevity of m . wachtli were analyzed by the χ 2 test . the relationship between the colonization by the seed chalcid and by the tortricids was subjected to a pearson correlation test ( r ) .

diapause in b . roddi is one of the principal mechanisms for the survival and perpetuation of this multivoltine species in alfalfa seed . the chalcid diapauses in the pre - pupal stage . diapause begins on approximately 1 september and is completed on approximately 1 december , when 100 % of the population is in diapause . the day - length for induction ranges from 10 . 5 - 13 h ; only approximately 40 % of the population diapauses at a day - length of 10 . 25 - 11 h . diapause lasts for approximately 5 . 5 months , from 1 december to 15 april . termination of the diapause and emergence of the population occur over a period of approximately 2 months , from 15 april to 15 june . a day - length of 13 - 14 . 5 h terminates diapause (

observations on the adults of b . roddi in oklahoma , usa from mid - may until the end of september show that maximal population densities generally occur in august . the adults emerge earlier at lower elevations and at more southern locations than at higher elevations or at the most northern location . the males emerge earlier and in greater numbers than the females , until early june . thereafter , more females emerge . overall , 60 % of the emerging adults are female . the females in the alfalfa fields outnumber the males by ratios of 1 . 5 : 1 to 2 : 1 . peaks of adult emergence in different fields range from three to six per year . the chalcid infests alfalfa seed throughout the growing season , with an infestation rate of 3 . 7 % in june , increasing to 38 . 6 % in august . diapausing chalcids are found in nearly every sample , and the percentage in diapause ranges from 0 in june to 81 . 9 in august (

. historically , family classification has been based primarily on external morphology rather than phylogenetic relationships . because of this , and because of the extreme structural diversity that characterizes the group , there have been a comparatively large number of families recognized within the superfamily as well as instability in the number of families recognized . anywhere from 9 to 24 families have been recognized since about 1950 , with 19 or 20 families generally being recognized at present . however , monophyly of many if not most of the families is in doubt . chalcid families often seem to intergrade into each other , with ' family level ' features sometimes working for only one sex , not being possessed by all members of the family , or being possessed by some members of other families . consequently , at least some families appear to be more taxa of convenience than monophyletic evolutionary lineages . as one might suspect , the classification of some subfamilies to one family or another is controversial and there is even uncertainty about the proper family classification of some genera .

quicke et al . ( 1994 ) also provided evidence that chalcids other than mymaridae ( and mymarommatidae ) have a structure of the female ovipositor that differs from all other hymenoptera — the fused second valvulae have asymmetrical dorsolateral portions that overlap medially to a greater or lesser extent [ sem ] . furthermore , they have a transversely striated band of notal membrane , the laminated bridge near the base of the second valvulae . quicke et al . proposed that both the unique structure of the second valvulae and the laminated bridge were synapomorphies uniting all chalcids except mymarids . this would support an hypothesis that mymaridae is the sister group of all other chalcidoidea . gibson and huber ( 2000 ) subsequently showed that females of at least one of two known genera of rotoitidae have an ovipositor structure that is intermediate between the mymarid - like and other chalcid - like structures . the rotoitid ovipositor has about the basal half of the second valvulae structured like mymarids and most other hymenoptera , but the apical half with asymmetrical overlapping portions similar to other chalcids . this intermediate structure could be evidence that rotoitidae is the second - most basal lineage of chalcidoidea after mymaridae .

unlike in southern europe , the seed bug o . depressus seems more abundant than o . maculatus on cypress species growing in north africa ( bouaziz and chakali 1997 ) . in europe and in the mediterranean basin , trees of the cupressaceae family host several seed bug species of the genus orsillus , especially o . maculatus and o . depressus . detailed information about natural history is available for o . maculatus ( guido et al 1995 ; battisti et al 1997 ; ramos and abrantes 2000 ) . this seed bug develops essentially on the evergreen cypress , c . sempervirens , where it lays eggs in cone openings , such as emergence holes of a cypress seed chalcid , m . wachtli , or at inner side of partly detached cone scales ( battisti et al 2000 ) . both nymphs and adults feed on mature seeds inside the cones , causing considerable damage to seed crops in seed orchards as well as in natural stands ( roques et al . 1999 ; battisti et al 2000 ) . information on the biology of o . depressus is much less detailed but this bug has been observed on several species of juniperus , chamaecyparis and thuja as well as on cupressus ssp and pinus ( cleu 1953 ; dupuis 1965 ; dioli 1991 ; stichel 1962 ) . in addition , it was reported to severely affect seed production on a plantation of cupressus lusitanica mill . in portugal ( ramos and abrantes 2000 ) . the seed bug o . maculatus is associted with pathogenic fungi affecting cypress , such as s . cardinal which is responsible for the cypress bark canker , and pestalotiopsis funerea ( desm . ) the adult bugs may disseminate the fungi conidia among trees whereas the nymphs may find a suitable development site in fungus - infested cones ( battisti et al 1999 ; ramos and abrantes 2000 ) . in algeria , a fungus - infected cone can be inhabited by the nymphs of the seed bug o . depressus , the adults of which may carry a heavy spore load at emergence . cones are infected when eggs are laid within the cone , most frequently via the emergence holes of m . wachtli ( bouaziz 2003 ) .

although still at what might be called an embryonic stage , molecular analyses have now started to provide independent evidence to test and refine family concepts that are widely acknowledged to be less than satisfactory . rasplus et al . ( 1998 ) concluded from analysis of the d1 and d2 regions of the 28s rrna gene that agaonidae sensu boucek ( 1988a ) is not monophyletic . they redefined the family to include only the pollinating agaoninae sensu boucek ( 1988a ) , reassigning some subfamilies to the pteromalidae and excluding other subfamilies that they left unassigned to family . more recently , gauthier et al . ( 2000 ) analysed the d2 region of the 28s rdna gene and concluded that the family elasmidae deserved only tribal status within the subfamily eulophinae of eulophidae . as for the previous study , they also excluded some taxa from eulophidae and left them unassigned to family . campbell et al . ( 2000 ) provided the first comprehensive analysis of chalcid subfamily and family relationships based on analysis of the d2 region of 28s rdna . they included 85 taxa , representing 18 families and 32 subfamilies , and concluded that their analysis placed 80 % of the taxa ( including outgroup taxa ) " into some form of realistic grouping ( generic or family group taxon ) based on morphological evidence " . of 12 families with more than one taxon represented , only three were indicated as monophyletic ( eucharitidae , mymaridae and trichogrammatidae ) , though eulophidae was monophyletic with the inclusion of elasmus ( = elasmidae ) . more unrealistic or intriguing results included none of the three genera of eunotinae ( pteromalidae ) grouping together , and neither eupelminae nor calosotine ( eupelmidae ) being indicated as monophyletic or showing any affinities with cleonyminae , tanaostigmatidae or encyrtidae . interestingly , their analysis indicated mymaridae as the sister group of all other chalcidoidea , whereas most analyses of dowton and austin ( 2001 ) retrieved mymaridae as an apical clade within chalcidoidea . resolving the relationships of mymaridae with other chalcidoidea is critical for establishing the ancestral life history of the group . traditionally , chalcids have been considered as most likely evolving from some ectoparasitoid of wood - boring beetles . if mymarommatoidea is the sister group of chalcidoidea and if mymaridae is truly the sister group of all other chalcidoidea then parsimony would indicate the immediate ancestor was an endoparasitic egg parasitoid dowton and austin ( 2001 ) .


neocirrhites armatus , the flame hawkfish , is a species of hawkfish native to tropical reefs of the pacific ocean at depths of from 1 to 10 metres ( 3.3 to 32.8 ft ) .

this fish reaches a length of 9 centimetres ( 3.5 in ) tl .

this species is also found in the aquarium trade .

it is the only known member of its genus .

it is bright red with black dorsal markings .

like most hawkfishes , the flame hawkfish lacks a swim bladder .

it is a percher and a bottom-dweller , living on and about coral heads and stony reefs .

neocirrhites armatus

neocirrhites armatus <EOT> neocirrhites armatus , the flame hawkfish , perched in a saltwater aquarium . ( image credit : ben young landis / cc - by )

flame hawkfish ( neocirrhites armatus ) are so named because of their brilliant red color . they also have a black stripe that runs along the base of their dorsal fin , as well as black circles around their eyes .

this is a flame hawkfish ( neocirrhites armatus ) , a small , tropical marine fish no bigger than a cosmetic compact mirror . that night dining out , i happened to be seated next to one of the restaurant’s saltwater aquariums .

sadovy , y , tj donaldson . 1995 . sexual pattern of neocirrhites armatus ( cirrhitidae ) with notes on other hawkish species . environmental biology of fishes 42 ( 2 ) : 143 - 150 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00001992

neocirrhites armatus is widespread in the pacific and commonly seen in parts of its range . neocirrhites armatus is closely associated with particular corals , however it is not known if this species is a coral obligate . very substantial declines in abundance of its host coral species could then lead to reductions in populations of this species . it is unlikely that this is a major threat to the species at this time , and there are no other known major threats . the species is listed as least concern .

there are no known conservation measures in place for neocirrhites armatus . the species does occur in marine protected areas in some parts of its range - for example the phoenix islands protected area in kiribati and the great barrier reef marine park in australia .

larger hawkfishes might eat small fish , shrimps etc . in the aquarium . species of the cyprinocirrhites and neocirrhites genera are least likely to eat shrimps etc .

neocirrhites armatus is not common in museum collections , having only 109 records worldwide ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2015 - 02 - 23 ) . it is very commonly seen in parts of micronesia , especially in guam and the northern mariana islands ( i . williams pers . comm . 2015 ) .

neocirrhites armatus is a solitary species that inhabits seaward reefs at depths down to 25 metres . it is usually found perching among branches of pocillopora ( for example p . eydouxi and p . elegans ) and stylophora coral heads which it inhabits for shelter as protection . this species has a maximum total length of 9 cm ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .

( of neocirrhitus armatus castelnau , 1873 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

neocirrhites armatus is distributed in the western pacific , from japan ( the ryukyu and ogasawara islands ) , micronesia , papua new guinea ( the louisiade group ) , across melanesia and polynesia to the pitcairn islands , south to the great barrier reef , australia ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) . this species is found to depths of at least 25 m , but more commonly in 10 - 15 m ( i . williams pers . comm . 2015 ) .

there are no known major threats at this time . neocirrhites armatus is collected for the aquarium trade , but this is not thought to have a substantial impact on populations of this species . as this species is closely associated with corals , any threat to these corals could eventually impact this species . for example , such corals could be affected by climate change ( bleaching or acidification ) or destruction of coral habitat . very substantial declines in abundance of its host coral species could then lead to reductions in populations of this species ; however , it is unlikely that such impacts would threaten this species within three generation lengths .

donaldson replies : “i am still investigating the question you raised but can offer a bit of insight . with neocirrhites and probably oxycirrhites typus , both obligate coral - dwelling species , sex - change is probably driven by environmental / behavioral cues , e . g . the loss of the male in a mating group . ”

greek , neos = new + latin , cirrus = curl ( ref . 45335 )

marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 10 m ( ref . 9710 ) . tropical ; 30°n - 28°s

pacific ocean : ryukyu islands to the line islands and mangaréva , south to the great barrier reef and the austral islands ; caroline , mariana , and the wake islands in micronesia .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )

common along surge - swept reef fronts and submarine terraces to a depth of about 11 m . usually seen hiding among branches of live corals ( stylophora mordax , pocillopora elegans , p . eydouxi , or p . verrucosa ) . retreats deep into the coral when approached ( ref . 9710 ) . feeds on small crustaceans ( ref . 89972 ) . oviparous , monogamous ( ref . 52884 ) . highly priced aquarium fish , requires well - oxygenated water and fades in captivity ( ref . 37816 ) .

pelagic spawners ( ref . 31569 ) . monogamous mating is observed as both facultative and social ( ref . 52884 ) . also ref . 103751 .

randall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene , 1990 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p . ( ref . 2334 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01585 ( 0 . 00631 - 0 . 03980 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 79 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 50 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .

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a hardy marine , suitable for reef or fish - only systems , but will prey on small ornamental fish and motile invertebrates—this is not restricted to animals small enough to be ingested whole , as they will dismember larger prey items . highly oxygenated water

a hawkfish wants a high perch from which it can keep an eye on the scene below , and down from which it can swoop onto its prey . in the wild it is an obligate resident of coral branches , and in the aquarium it needs a suitable habitat into which it can div

carnivorous . despite the fact that their natural behaviors are centered around a highly predatory lifestyle , flame hawks are usually easy to wean over to prepared foods and will then greedily accept all regular aquarium fare .

believed to be a protogynous hermaphrodite , with the male generally being slightly larger . although captive spawnings occur , no successful rearing of the fry , which have a long planktonic stage , has been reported .

bright red with a broad , arc - shaped black dorsal band and a black eye ring .

a bit pricier than other hawkfishes , the flame hawk is still less expensive than many other popular marines . its color and personality ensure its steady popularity . lacking a swimbladder , these animals stay motionless on their perch until prey is sighted , at which point they swoop down onto their meal like their avian namesakes . because a hawkfish can be extremely territorial about its perch , it is recommended that other species be stocked in the aquarium first to allow them to establish territories before the hawkfish arrives to claim what it wants . the flame hawk is a beautiful and fascinating fish that certainly deserves its continued popularity .

this little fish was my dinner date on a recent night out . though it turns out she has quite the complicated love life .

native to the coral reefs of the western pacific ocean , the flame hawkfish is a sought - after species in the aquarium fish trade . hobbyists enjoy its inquisitive nature , darting about the fish tank and peering at visitors with muppet - like , googly eyes . hawkfish are called such because of their habit of perching atop coral branches like hawks — then bursting off for circling swims to patrol their patch of territory , before returning to their favorite perching branch .

while our date that night was brief , the flame hawkfish has no shortage of romantic intrigue .

the flame hawkfish favors a specific type of coral and is highly preferential in terms of territory — some individuals have been observed to reside continuously on the same coral head for more than two years ( donaldson 1989 ) .

within their little homefront , flame hawkfish often live in monogamous pairs , defending their territory against intruding males and large females . couples engage in frequent courtship year - round , and courtship takes place — you guessed it — around sunset ( donaldson 1989 ) .

but like many other reef fish species , the “relationship status” of flame hawkfish has dizzying twists , many of them described by biologist terry donaldson in a 1989 study .

it seems that flame hawkfish monogamy depends on the size and number of their coral head habitat . on reefs where suitable coral heads are located sufficiently apart , flame hawkfish are likely to form monogamous pairs , presumably because the chance of males finding and meeting female mates is much lower .

but on coral heads large enough to support the territories of multiple females , or on reefs where suitable coral heads are located close enough together , males will “acquire” additional females — and a small harem forms .

donaldson observed two of these relationship structures . in one , “a male living with a female often made visits to a second adjacent female during courtship periods , but returned to the coral where the first female resided . ”

in another , a single male living alone will have visited “each of the females in adjacent coral heads during courtship periods but returned to its own coral head when courtship had been completed . ”

to use american english vernacular , some male flame hawkfish , it would appear , are “playahs” .

but wait , there’s more ! it turns out that flame hawkfish are “protogynous hermaphrodites” — all flame hawkfish are born female , but as they grow larger , their gonads will change from egg - producing ovaries into sperm - producing testes . the sex change is permanent and males can’t change back into females — although there are other species of hawkfish that can do so ( sadovy and donaldson 1995 ) .

this expected sex change might explain why on smaller coral heads where mates are hard to come by , flame hawkfish couples will chase away intruding males and and large females .

a resident female has an obvious incentive to chase away intruding females , to prevent them from stealing her man , so to speak . but a resident male has an incentive to chase away large females because a large female could be ready to change into a male — one that could subsequently steal his woman .

so , it was probably for the better that my hawkfish date didn’t get too serious . even if we had hit it off , i might have come home one day to find all my possessions thrown out of my house , with my hawkfish bride - turned - groom possibly on the prowl and sleeping around with my neighbors . my life ruined because of some pint - sized , tomato - colored sleazeball…

addendum october 27 , 2013 : professor terry donaldson followed up with me by email , and offered even more fascinating observations about the breeding ecology of the flame hawkfish . i asked him whether flame hawkfish changed sex simply as they grew larger , or whether females changed sex when a resident male is lost .

donaldson adds he suspects flame hawkfish are capable of bidirectional sex change — unlimited gender switches between male / female states — and he hopes to conduct further studies .

“bidirectional sex change might occur also , but again this would be driven by a behavioral cue . if a larger male succeeds in gaining entry into a coral head , it might force the smaller resident male to change back into a female , so as to make the best of a bad situation without losing available microhabitat and mating opportunities . ”

donaldson , tj . 1989 . facultative monogamy in obligate coral - dwelling hawkfishes ( cirrhtidae ) . environmental biology of fishes 26 ( 4 ) : 295 - 302 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00002466

fish are amazing and underrated creatures . join me as i geek out and explore the amazing diversity of fish species on our planet . read more about our journey or look up our index of species featured so far .

ben young landis is a science writer and consultant by day , amateur cook by night , and fish geek 24 / 7 . drop a line at @ younglandis or via email .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 6 october 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 6 october 2014 ) .

american samoa ; australia ; cook islands ; fiji ; french polynesia ; guam ; japan ; kiribati ( kiribati line is . , phoenix is . ) ; korea , republic of ; marshall islands ; micronesia , federated states of ; new caledonia ; northern mariana islands ; papua new guinea ; pitcairn ; samoa ; solomon islands ; tokelau ; tonga ; tuvalu ; united states minor outlying islands ( wake is . ) ; vanuatu ; wallis and futuna

this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .

( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t67997836a115452899 .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

this species can be kept in a small tank , if it is specifically equipped to meet its needs .

it is recommended however , to keep it in an aquarium which is larger then described above .

this species can be a threat for small fishes , crustaceans , worms , snails etc .

food with plenty of pigment and generally a varied diet of high quality can help alleviate colour loss .

when a male is needed , a female changes sex and takes on the role .

this species can be aggressive when kept together with fish that are very similar , or if they are not provided with adequate space .

hawkfish stay still and wait for food most of the time , they are therefore suitable for smaller aquaria .

very aggressive genera the very aggressive species will sometimes attack many different types of fish , even the ones that are larger than themselves .

semi aggressive genera the semi aggressive species are most threatening towards fish whose behaviour mimcks their own , and fish which are introduced after they have settled in .

less aggressive genera the less aggressive species are rarely threatening towards fish that which do not resemble them .

hawkfish do not place many demands on their surroundings or water quality , as they are fairly hardy .

it is possible to keep several hawkfish together , but sometimes they will suddenly begin to fight after some time in the aquarium . this may be due to them changing gender so one can end up with two males .

scott w . michael . 2001 . basslets , dottybacks & hawkfishes : v . 2 ( reef fishes ) - tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) james w . fatherree . the hawkfishes - reefs magazine - ( english ) bob fenner . hawkfishes , family cirrhitidae part i , part ii , part iii - wet web media - ( english )

froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2014 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken , version ( 08 / 2014 ) .

" minimum volume " indicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .

this is based on a medium size animal , which you want to keep for several years . it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank . a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .

" hardiness " indicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general . some species doesn ' t handle transportation very well , but that doesn ' t mean that the species isn ' t hardy under the right conditions .

in this case , a " normal " aquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1 . 026 ( sg ) and a temperature close to 26°c . species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .

special aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity , sub - tropical temperature , deep sand bed , sea grass etc .

always reef safe : no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .

often reef safe : only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .

reef safe with caution : this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .

reef safe with luck : most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates , but you might be lucky .

not reef safe : this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

in their natural environment , flame hawkfish are often found in living in pairs in the shallow waters of the pacific ocean . they are usually found along coral reefs .

flame hawkfish are bottom - dwelling fish and they often hide among hard corals . you should also provide lots of live rock in their aquarium .

although flame hawkfish do best when living among hard corals , they often eat the other inhabitants in a reef tanks , such as small crustaceans and molluscs . they will eat your ornamental shrimps and hermit crabs , and sometimes even smaller fish and some sessile invertebrates .

in fact , their natural diet consists of small molluscs and other crustaceans . in captivity , flame hawkfish sometimes lose their brilliant red color due to dietary deficiencies . to prevent this , feed them meaty marine foods , chopped up sea food ( crab , shrimp , squid ) as well as other meaty marine fish foods ( mysid shrimp , vitamin enriched brine shrimp , frozen marine fish food ) . they enjoy eating marine snails and feeder shrimp .

flame hawkfish are small fish , reaching only about 3 . 5 - 4 inches ( 9 - 10 cm ) in length . despite their small size they can become territorial toward other bottom - dwelling fish . they are generally peaceful with non bottom - dwellers .

image of flame hawkfish © marc atkins , image from urltoken - may not be copied .

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it existed during the middle carnian age of the late triassic ( around 216.5 to 228.0 million years ago ) .

gornogomphodon is known only from a fossil jaw fragment with three transversely elongate teeth preserved .

the scant fossil material and the locality they were collected from ( the gorno formation were once shallow lagoons ) lead to initial uncertainty over the nature of the fossil .

it was proposed to be the remains of a pycnodont fish but further studies eventually made this hypothesis unlikely .

the overall morphology of the teeth suggests they are the upper postcanines of the right maxilla of a gomphodont ( herbivorous cynodonts ) , but they also possess unique characteristics that make their taxonomic assignment difficult .

gornogomphodon was named after the gorno formation ( literally ' gorno gomphodont ' ) .

the specific name for its only species gornogomphodon caffi was named in honor of enrico caffi , the first director of the museo di scienze naturali enrico caffi .

gornogomphodon

gornogomphodon <EOT> this is the place for gornogomphodon definition . you find here gornogomphodon meaning , synonyms of gornogomphodon and images for gornogomphodon copyright 2017 © urltoken

here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word gornogomphodon . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word gornogomphodon and , of course , gornogomphodon synonyms and on the right images related to the word gornogomphodon .

how can i put and write and define gornogomphodon in a sentence and how is the word gornogomphodon used in a sentence and examples ? 用gornogomphodon造句 , 用gornogomphodon造句 , 用gornogomphodon造句 , gornogomphodon meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .

" gornogomphodon " was named after the gorno formation ( literally ' gorno gomphodont ' ) .

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have a definition for gornogomphodon caffii ? write it here to share it with the entire community .

" gornogomphodon " is known only from a fossil jaw fragment with three transversely elongate teeth preserved .

gornogomphodon is an extinct genus of synapsid from the gorno formation of bergamo , italy . it existed during the middle carnian age of the late triassic ( around 216 . 5 to 228 . 0 million years ago ) . it contains only one species : gornogomphodon caffi . gornogomphodon is known only from a fossil jaw fragment with three transversely elongate teeth preser . . .

the specific name for its only species " gornogomphodon caffi " was named in honor of enrico caffi , the first director of the museo di scienze naturali enrico caffi .

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a jaw fragment with three teeth preserved , collected from the gorno formation ( carnian , upper triassic ) of lombardy ( italy ) is described . the teeth are transversely elongated , three - cusped and bear anterior and posterior cingula . their overall morphology supports their identification as postcanines of a gomphodont cynodont . the unique tooth morphology of the new specimen supports its attribution to a new genus and species , while at the same time precluding positive assignment to already known gomphodont families . there is a fairly small record of gomphodont cynodonts in europe , so that the described specimen adds to the knowledge of the distribution and diversity of european gomphodonts and it also represents the first ever collected in italy .

silvio renesto [ silvio . renesto @ urltoken ] , dipartimento di biologia strutturale e funzionale , università degli studi dell’insubria , via dunant 3 , 21100 varese , italy ; spencer g . lucas [ spencer . lucas @ urltoken ] , newmexico museum of natural history and science , 1801 mountain road n . w . albuquerque , new mexico , 87104 usa .

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