ctenosaura bakeri , also known as the utila iguana , baker 's spinytail iguana , swamper or wishiwilly del suampo , is a critically endangered species of spinytail iguana endemic to the island of utila , one of the islas de la bahía off the coast of honduras .

the utila iguana is the only species of iguana and one of only two species of lizard to exclusively inhabit brackish mangrove swamps , forced there due to competition from larger species .

it is the smallest of the three species of iguana found on utila , and unique among spiny-tailed iguanas as it is born a dark color as opposed to bright green or yellow .

it is arboreal and primarily herbivorous , although it can be an opportunistic carnivore .

males may grow up to 76 centimeters ( 30 in ) in length , while females are smaller , with a length of up to 56 centimeters ( 22 in ) .

eggs are laid in sandy beaches and hatch about 60 – 76 days later , with the hatchlings returning to live in the mangrove forests .

brought to the brink of extinction by the 1990s due to hunting , it was brought back to international attention by german herpetologist dr. gunther köhler and his book reptiles of central america .

although several zoos and wildlife associations have instituted programs for the iguanas on utila , the species still finds itself threatened due to overhunting and may face more of a threat in the form of habitat loss .

extreme conservation efforts are in place to try to prevent this species from going extinct .

ctenosaura bakeri

ctenosaura bakeri <EOT> the spiny - tailed iguanas are composed of the following species : ctenosaura acanthura , ctenosaura alfredschmidti , ctenosaura bakeri , ctenosaura clarki , ctenosaura conspicuosa , defensor , ctenosaura flavidorsalis , ctenosaura hemilopha , ctenosaura macrolopha , ctenosaura melanosterna , ctenosaura nolascensis , ctenosaura oaxacana , ctenosaura oedirhina , ctenosaura palearis , ctenosaura pectinata , ctenosaura praeocularis , ctenosaura quinquecarinata , and ctenosaura similis .

kento furui added the japanese common name " ベイカートゲオイグアナ " to " ctenosaura bakeri stejneger 1901 " .

köhler , g . ( 1998 ) ctenosaura bakeri stejneger , 1901 . : sauria 20 suppl . : 417–420

reproductive and dispersal behaviour of the critically endangered utila spiny - tailed iguana ctenosaura bakeri on the island of utila , honduras .

zoerner s , köhler g ( 2004 ) ctenosaura bakeri . in : iucn 2006 . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species .

gutsche , a . ( 2005 ) distribution and habitat utilization of ctenosaura bakeri on utila . : iguana 12 ( 3 ) : 142–151

gutsche , a . ( 2006 ) population structure and reproduction in ctenosaura bakeri on isla de utila . : iguana 13 ( 2 ) : 109–115

gutsche , a . ( 2005 ) ctenosaura bakeri ( utila spiny - tailed iguana ) . predation . : herpetological review 36 ( 3 ) : 317

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - utila spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - utila spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) " title = " arkive species - utila spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

dirksen , l . & gutsche , a . ( 2006 ) beobachtungen zur saurophagie bei ctenosaura bakeri ( squamata : iguanidae ) . : elaphe 14 ( 3 ) : 51 - 52

this is a male san esteban island spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura conspicuosa ) .

hallmen , m . & hallmen , s . ( 2011 ) notiz über eine beobachtung zur saurophagie beim utila - schwarzleguan ctenosaura bakeri . : elaphe 19 ( 3 ) : 11 - 13

morphological and demographic analyses of the blackchested spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura melanoste . . .

diener , e . ( 2007 ) die erdspitznatter oxybelis aeneus und die lianennatter leptophis mexicanus als prädatoren der schwarzleguane ctenosaura similis und c . bakeri . : elaphe 15 ( 3 ) : 59 - 62

dirksen , l . ( 2004 ) beobachtung eines paarungsversuchs zwischen einem hybrid - männchen ( ctenosaura bakeri x similis ) mit einem iguana iguana - weibchen . : iguana rundschreiben 17 ( 2 ) : 15 - 17

gutsche , a . & streich , w . j . ( 2009 ) demography and endangerment of the utila island spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura bakeri . : journal of herpetology 43 ( 1 ) : 105–113

the goal of the project is the long - term conservation of ctenosaura bakeri in its natural environment on utila . the primary activities of the project are to develop a broad education and information program for the local community , investigate the natural history and reproductive ecology of c . bakeri , establish and maintain a headstart program , and protect iguana habitat on utila .

gutsche , alexander ; mutschmann , frank ; streich , wolf jurgen ; kampen , helge ( 2012 ) ectoparasites in the endangered utila spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) . : the herpetological journal 22 ( 3 ) : 157 - 161

ctenosaura bakeri and other ctenosaura populations are under threat from habitat destruction and the effects of overhunting . little is known of the basic biology of the species ( pasachnik et al . 2012 ) . many of the natural behaviours and reproductive habits for c . bakeri have not been documented . to date no studies have been carried out on female breeding migration routes , the natural sex ratio of hatchlings as well as wild hatchling success . this information is vital to understanding how the iguana uses the island .

bailey jw ( 1928 ) a revision of the lizards of the genus ctenosaura . proc us nat mus 73 : 1–69

natural history of the black - chested spiny - tailed iguanas , ctenosaura melanosterna ( iguanidae ) , on c . . .

the utila spiny tailed “swamper” iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) lives in the mangrove forests on the honduran island of utila . the conservation work carried out at the utila iguana conservation project aims to ensure the survival of the endangered swamper iguana , which is endemic to utila .

of the species depicted in our species chart , the yucatan spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura defensor ) comes in the smallest at roughly 10 inches whereas ctenosaura similis , commonly known as the black spiny - tailed iguana , can ascertain lengths of 5 feet .

gutsche , a . & köhler , g . ( 2004 ) a fertile hybrid between ctenosaura similis ( gray 1831 ) and c . bakeri stejneger 1901 ( squamata : iguanidae ) on isla de utila , honduras . : salamandra 40 ( 3 / 4 ) : 201 - 206

since 1994 , the frankfurt zoological society and the senckenberg nature research society have worked jointly to preserve the endangered lizard ctenosaura bakeri , the utila spiny - tailed iguana . several other organizations , e . g . honduran ngos , have pro . . . [ view charity profile ]

dirksen , l . ; blome , t . ; pérez , h . & köhler , g . ( 2004 ) zur nachzucht des utila - schwarzleguans ( ctenosaura bakeri ) bei unterschiedlichen inkubationstemperaturen in der iguana research and breeding station im jahr 2004 . : iguana rundschreiben 17 ( 2 ) : 7 - 13

the island endemic ctenosaura bakeri was listed as critically endangered by the iucn redlist assessment in 2004 , 7 years after it was recognized as a distinct species . c . bakeri occupies a portion of utila , a small continental island located off the northern coast of honduras . habitat destruction and over - harvesting are among the top threats facing this species . in addition , morphological evidence of hybridization was recently documented , raising the concern that gene flow from the common and widely distributed c . similis could threaten the genetic distinctiveness of c . bakeri . we show that hybridization occurs only at low levels and is not a current threat to c . bakeri . all ctenosaurs captured for this study were identified to species level without difficulty ; none had intermediate or mosaic phenotypes . sequence analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear markers revealed only two individuals with introgressed genotypes . molecular analysis of the previously described hybrid showed it to be heterozygous for c . bakeri and c . similis alleles . hybridization between these two species is possible and occurs occasionally in the wild , and the rate of hybridization could increase if habitat destruction or changes in relative abundance increase the probability of interbreeding . however , the level of gene flow indicated by current data is too low to threaten c . bakeri with genetic swamping or deleterious fitness effects .

goals are to estimate the population size , collect biometric data and investigate the breeding behaviours of c . bakeri . the project also aims to educate local school children and increase awareness … " [ more ]

the útila spiny - tailed iguana is known only from the island of útila , bay islands , honduras . the extent of occurrence is 41 km 2 . however , suitable mangrove habitat available for ctenosaura bakeri estimated at less than 8 km 2 ( d . maryon , d . lee and e . higgins unpublished data 2017 ) . this iguana occurs from sea level up to 20 m asl .

köhler g , schroth w , streit b ( 2000 ) systematics of the ctenosaura group of lizards ( reptilia : sauris : iguanidae ) . amphib - reptil 21 : 177–191 . doi :

. . . fig . 20 . bahía , honduras ( pasachnik 2013 ; pasachnik et al . 2015 ) . comment : this species was considered part of ctenosaura bakeri ( meyer and wilson 1973 ; wilson and hahn 1973 ) , but was recognized as a separate species by de queiroz ( 1987b ) ; the two species appear to be sister taxa ( pasachnik et al . 2010 ) . . . .

utila spiny - tailed iguanas , ctenosaura bakeri , are listed as critically endangered by the iucn redlist assessment and are listed under appendix ii of cites . this species occupies a portion of utila , a small continental island located off the northern coast of honduras , in the bay islands chain . habitat destruction and overharvesting for consumption and the pet trade are among the top threats . . . [ show full abstract ]

once considered one of the rarest iguanas in existence , the utila spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) is named after the single island it inhabits and the whorls of enlarged spiny scales that encircle the tail ( 2 ) . the colour of adult utila spiny - tailed iguanas varies from light grey to dark grey - brown , often with an attractive turquoise tinge ( 3 ) . all juveniles , however , are a uniform grey - brown ( 3 ) .

gutsche , alexander ; frank köhler ( 2008 ) phylogeography and hybridization in ctenosaura species ( sauria , iguanidae ) from caribbean honduras : insights from mitochondrial and nuclear dna . : zoosystematics and evolution 84 ( 2 ) : 245 - 253

the utila iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) is a large iguanid lizard that is restricted to the small caribbean island of utila ( islas de la bahia , honduras ) and threatened by extinction due to overhunting and loss of habitat . the " research and conservation project utila iguana " was established in 1994 as a joint project by the frankfurt zoological society and the senckenberg nature research society . as originally planned , in 2008 , the responsibility and leadership of the project was transferred to the bay islands foundation .

spiny - tail iguanas have become more popular over recent years and can be ordered online and purchased at reptile shows . some specialty reptile shops can aquire varying species upon request . occasionally the big box pet stores will carry a ctenosaura .

ctenosaura bakeri is a critically endangered iguana endemic to the island of utila . it is known to broadly occur throughout utila ( 41km² extent of occurrence ) , however it likely occupies less than 25 % ( 10 km² ) of the island as it is found only within certain habitat areas ( pasachnik et al . 2013 ) . the current population size is not known but estimated to be fewer than 5 , 000 individuals and is likely declining due to habitat loss and fragmentation , hunting of adults and eggs , invasive species , and predation ( pasachnik et al . 2013 ) . destruction of habitat is also linked with a reported declining body condition of iguanas in the population ( pasachnik et al . 2012 ) . ctenosaura bakeri is listed as critically endangered by the iucn since 2004 ; it is protected under honduran national law and , since 2010 , listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) . hunting of the iguana has been banned since 1994 but is rarely enforced .

the least vulnerable reptilian species , by this measure , are norops tropidonotus , enulius flavitorques , imantodes cenchoa , and ninia sebae . they are 1 - 1 - 2 , 1 - 1 - 3 , or 1 - 3 - 2 species ( widespread geographically , occurring in six or eight forest formations , and semifossorial or terrestrial / arboreal , sometimes escaping human notice ) . the most vulnerable reptile is ctenosaura bakeri , 5 - 8 - 6 species ( known only from the vicinity of the type locality , in one forest formation , and used for its meat and eggs locally ) . the next most vulnerable is ctenosaura oedirhina , a 4 - 8 - 6 species ( a honduran endemic , occurring in one forest formation , and used for its meat and eggs locally ) .

kelly paul is a hobbyist with a lifelong interest in reptiles . he has bred more than two dozen species , including six ctenosaura . he has been a guest speaker at several events , including the international herpetological symposium . email him at blueghostreptile @ urltoken .

utila iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) is the only species of iguana and one of only two species of lizard to exclusively inhabit brackish mangrove swamps , due to competition from larger species . also commonly known as baker ' s spinytail iguana , swamper or wishiwilly del suampo , the species occurs to the island of utila , one of the islas de la bahía off the coast of honduras . the utila iguana is critically endagered . if you enjoy reading about weird and bizarre animals you may want to check my strange animals site and my youtube channel : urltoken urltoken

a prerequisite for breeding spiny - tailed iguanas , of course , is healthy animals . ctenosaura as young as 14 months have laid fertile eggs , but i wouldn’t recommend breeding spiny - tailed iguanas that are that young . i recommend waiting until they are at least 2 years old .

our mission is : to help the honduran community to conserve their unique natural resources so that they are protected for future generations to benefit . we will do this by : • protecting the country ' s endangered fauna and flora through conservation projects • delivering a dynamic environmental education program • developing sustainability based on scientific assessment . our general objectives is : • to contribute with the national efforts of honduras in order to achieve the human sustainable development . our main specific objectives are : • to support , guarantee and reinforce the continuity of the iguana research and breeding station . this project concentrates its efforts for the conservation of the endemic iguana of utila , ctenosaura bakeri . • cooperate with the local and national authorities in order to reinforce the conservation of flora and fauna that is endemic or is of special interest and the conservation of their natural habitats . • promote , develop and participate in formal and informal programs for environmental education . • encourage and support the scientific research with biological , ecological or social focus . • cooperate with governmental or private institutions in the management of protected terrestrial or marine areas . • enforce the respect of the honduran environmental laws and support the creation of new environmental laws . • promote and support the development of projects that improve the quality of life and living conditions of the community . date it was established : the irbs was born in 1997 with the main purpose of protecting and preserving the spiny tailed iguana of utila , ctenosaura bakeri , a species that is endemic to utila and is presently in danger of extinction due to illegal hunting and the uncontrolled development and destruction of the mangrove forest where they live . after a systematic process in the search of autonomy , since 2008 , the irbs became the main project of the bay islands foundation ( fib ) an ngo legally recognized by the honduran government as a non - profit conservation organization , that has neither political nor religious ties . our geographic area covers : utila , a 42 km² island , located 30 km off the northern coast of honduras in the bay islands . the fib in the near future is intended to cover more geographic areas . target species : ctenosaura bakeri , which inhabit the mangrove swamps of utila island and is in the red list of the iucn .

clutch size varies with species , size and age of the female . smaller ctenosaura and younger animals lay approximately four to 10 eggs . large , mature female mexican ( c . pectinata ) and black ( c . similis ) spiny - tailed iguanas may lay 40 to 55 eggs . the eggs of most species are about the size of bearded dragon eggs .

currently , there is no species action or recovery plan in place for c . bakeri , though actions such as these were discussed at the iucn iguana specialist group meeting held on utila in 2009 . monitoring , and recovery and management plans require quantifiable ecological data . demographic data on this species have not been collected in several years ; thus an update is needed in addition to filling in the gaps of knowledge . this project will contribute to and inform these priority requirements for the species . specifically these data will provide a clearer understanding of how c . bakeri utilizes key and threatened habitats on the island , as well as how uncontrolled harvesting may be impacting the status and health of the iguanas , particularly females . this increased ecological understanding can help inform current outreach environmental awareness programs , consequently , the project will contribute directly to the survival of this critically endangered iguana and its habitats .

spiny - tailed iguanas have been considered ill tempered , but this is not true for all ctenosaura , especially in regard to captive - born - and - bred animals that behave differently than their wild - caught counterparts . captive - born - and - bred mexican spiny - tails ( c . pectinata ) and baker’s iguanas ( c . bakeri ) can make great pets with very little effort . the san esteban island spiny - tailed iguana ( c . conspicuosa ) , sonoran black iguana ( c . macrolopha ) and honduran black - chested iguana ( c . melanosterna ) can also tame down quite nicely with a little effort and patience . wild - caught guatemalan spiny - tailed ( c . palearis ) and club - tailed ( c . quinqucarinata ) iguanas can make great display animals , and with time they will often take food from your hand .

abstract : ectoparasites of adult spiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura bakeri ) from isla de utila , honduras , an endemic lizard listed as critically endangered under iucn criteria , were studied for the first time . three ectoparasitic species were identified : amblyomma dissimile , ornithodorus talaje , and hirstiella boneti ; the latter two are reported from honduras for the first time . of 125 iguanas examined , 60 % were infested : a . dissimile occurred on 2 . 4 % , o . talaje ( larvae only ) on 43 . 2 % and h . boneti on 40 % of individuals . preferred attachment sites of h . boneti were the ear openings ( 18 . 4 % ) and the limbs ( 16 % ) , while the nidicolous o . talaje larvae occurred only in the nostrils . male iguanas were significantly more often infested than females when considering all three parasites ( 77 . 2 % and 45 . 6 % , respectively ) , o . talaje ( 61 . 4 % and 28 % , respectively ) and h . boneti ( 56 . 1 % and 26 . 5 % , respectively ) ; infestation prevalence of both species increased significantly with body size in males . heavily infested animals or visual evidence for direct pathogenic effects in c . bakeri were not observed , suggesting that ectoparasites currently do not pose a serious risk to this endangered iguana .

there is a recorded sex ratio bias within the population , with one female to every 1 . 7 males , and female numbers are declining ( pasachnik et al . 2012 ) . this is thought to be due to illegal hunting pressure , with gravid females being specifically targeted for consumption ( pasachnik et al . 2012 , 2013 ) . while young iguanas and eggs are naturally predated on by , for example , eagles and snakes , feral dogs , cats and rats create additional predator pressures on the species ( pasachnik et al . 2013 ) . other potential threats include hybridization which has been found to occur between c . bakeri and its widespread congener , the common spiny - tailed iguana c . similis ( pasachnik et al . 2009 ) . while hybridization is not currently thought to be a major threat , increasing habitat degradation and loss will likely have an impact on the genetic health of the c . bakeri population as both species come into increased contact .

we examined aspects of natural history and ecology of the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura melanosterna , on cayo cochino menor , honduras , over 6 years to provide baseline data to assist in management of this critically endangered species . size of territory is resource - dependent , and the species seems to prefer habitats with open canopy . mating occurred between march and june , with . . . [ show full abstract ]

roatán spiny - tailed iguanas , ctenosaura oedirhina , are assessed as endangered by the iucn red list of threatened species and listed in appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) . occurring in less than 1 % of the available habitat on roatán , due primarily to hunting pressure , this species faces severe fragmentation . herein we used . . . [ show full abstract ]

the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura melanosterna , is listed as endangered by the iucn redlist assessment and under appendix ii of cites . the species has two evolutionarily significant units ( esus ) , found in the valle de aguán and the cayos cochinos archipelago , honduras . each esu has been shown to be genetically distinct and each is listed , for differing reasons , as critically . . . [ show full abstract ]

spiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura spp . ) are native to hot and dry areas of mexico and central america . they can make great pets or display animals . despite laws to protect them , most spiny - tailed iguana populations are declining in the wild due to hunting , loss of habitat and poaching for the pet trade . every effort should be made to purchase captive - born - and - bred animals because they generally are hardier and less skittish , and purchasing them helps take pressure off wild populations .

thirty - five free - ranging healthy spiny - tailed iguanas ( 31 ctenosaura bakeri , 4 c . similis ) and 14 green iguanas ( iguana iguana rhinolopha ) were caught and held in captivity for 2 days . blood was collected from all animals and their sera were evaluated for antibody titres against reptilian reoviruses , reptilian paramyxoviruses , and avian paramyxovirus - 1 ( pmv - 1 ) . cloacal and pharyngeal swabs also were collected and examined for viral content by incubation on chicken embryo fibroblasts ( cef ) and terrapene heart cells ( th - 1 ) . no virus was isolated from the pharyngeal and cloacal swabs on cef and th - 1 . twenty - three ( 47 % ) of 49 sera samples tested positive for reptilian reoviruses by virus neutralization tests . twenty ( 41 % ) of 49 samples had antibodies against one reptilian pmv isolate by virus neutralization tests and 3 ( 9 % ) of 34 by hemagglutination inhibition tests . no antibodies were detected against the other pmv isolate of reptilian origin nor against avian pmv - 1 . this is the first description of serum antibodies against reptilian reoviruses and pmv in wild iguanas .

to date no studies have been conducted to identify and quantify female migration routes between nesting and breeding sites , and how development of the island and associated habitat losses may impact these routes , and therefore the species . furthermore , nothing is known about home range , the hatchling success rates , natural sex ratio of hatchlings , and nest characteristics . population estimates of c . bakeri have varied significantly ( gutsche & streich , 2009 ; pasachnik et al . 2013 ) highlighting the need for more quantifiably robust work in this area . this information is integral to the effective and active conservation management and protection of the species .

roatan spiny - tailed iguanas , ctenosaura oedirhina , are listed as endangered by the iucn redlist assessment and under appendix ii of convention on international trade of endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) . these iguanas occur primarily on roatan and barbaretta , off the caribbean coast of honduras . habitat destruction associated with development , small - scale agriculture , and exploitation for food and the pet trade are contributing to the decline of these iguanas . this species was described in 1987 ( de queiroz ) when it was split from the sister taxon c . bakeri , found on the island of utila , honduras . since its description little has been done to understand its biology or protect this narrow - range endemic . herein , i examined the morphology and body condition of this species across its range and report on its reproductive biology and diet . similar to many members of the iguaninae , males are larger on average and have relatively longer tails than females . likewise , reproductive and dietary data are consistent with those for closely related species . the body condition of both males and females was lower in more pristine study sites , indicating that supplemental feeding in developed areas may be having an effect . a female - biased sex ratio was found in sites protected by grassroots efforts , where the populations were large enough to be studied . conservation measures should focus on alleviating the threats of harvesting and habitat destruction through increased law enforcement , outreach , and education .

i incubate all my ctenosaura eggs at 86 to 88 degrees fahrenheit with about 70 percent humidity . i have used perlite , vermiculite and sand as incubation mediums , though recommend vermiculite . mix it with enough water so that if you squeeze it with your hand as hard as you can , only a few drops of water will fall out . i live in phoenix , where it is hot and dry , and i check the moisture content of the incubation medium about every 15 days . if it is too dry the eggs will collapse , and if it’s too wet mold and fungal growth will develop . following these guidelines , eggs should hatch after 65 to 80 days .

. . . sexual size dimorphism of the head could be related to a social mating system ( vitt and cooper 1985 ; hews 1990 ) or sexual selection , for example , larger heads may have an advantage in male - male combat ( carothers 1984 ; gier 1997 ) . the frequency of broken tails observed in c . alfredschmidti was extremely high ( ~ 80 % ) , when compared to congenerics : < 50 % in c . oedirhina ( pasachnik 2013 ) and < 40 % in c . bakeri ( pasachnik et al . 2012b ) . in addition , there was no sex bias in tail breaks , as there was in cyclura cornuta , with 46 % and 27 % for males and females , respectively ( buitrago et al . 2010 ) . . . .

. . . the divergence of hw as adults grow is expected because many male reptiles that exhibit male - male combat demonstrate larger head sizes than females ( alberts et al . 2002 ; gienger and beck 2007 ) . tail break frequencies for this arboreal species ( up to 7 . 3 % ) were lower than reported for terrestrial iguana species from other genera such as cyclura ( up to 64 . 5 % ; reviewed in hayes et al . 2012 ) and ctenosaura ( up to 51 . 9 % ; pasachnik et al . 2012 ; pasachnik 2013 ) and similar statistically between sexes in this study . the lower break be associated with reduced predation pressure on an arboreal insular iguana species or more resource allocation on the island ( ) . . . .

. . . roatán spiny - tailed iguanas , ctenosaura oedirhina ( de queiroz 1987 ) , exemplify a narrow - range insular endemic whose population may be suffering the effects of human - mediated fragmentation . these iguanas are endemic to roatán , barbareta , and a few satellite cays located within the bay islands , honduras ( mccranie et al . 2005 ; pasachnik 2013 ) . this species has been recognized as the second most vulnerable reptile species in honduras ( wilson and mccranie 2003 ) , is endangered by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ; ) , and listed in appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ; species in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival ; pasachnik and ariano 2010 ) . . . .

feed adult spiny - tailed iguanas a wide range of food , such as mixed greens , shredded carrots , mulberry and hibiscus leaves , and edible wild plants such as purslane , clover , dandelions , greens and flowers . seasonal fruit and vegetables can also be offered ( mine love figs ) . i feed baby and juvenile spiny - tails the same as the adults , except i also give them some insects , particularly crickets about half the size of the young lizards’ heads . i have also offered zoophobas , tomato hornworms and silk worms . i have never fed vertebrate prey such as mice to my ctenosaura , but know keepers who have with no harmful effect . calcium and vitamin supplements should be provided two to three times a week ( gravid females should receive supplemental calcium every day ) . dry commercial iguana diets are also available .

a great way to build trust and calm new ctenosaura is by hand - feeding them . once they are comfortable with your presence and are taking food from your fingers , you can begin to pick them up . when picking up a pet spiny - tailed iguana , it is best to approach slowly and place your hand palm side up in front of the lizard . try putting your other hand behind it and gently coax the spiny - tail onto your hand . never restrain your animal by the tail , as it can break off . every spiny - tailed iguana is different . some are so tame and inquisitive they seem to enjoy human interaction . others are a little flighty and require a bit more patience when interacting . any spiny - tailed iguana that does not like to be handled will still make a fine display animal .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

critically endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ver 3 . 1

justification : the útila spiny - tailed iguana is known only from the island of útila , honduras . total known extent of occurrence is 41 km 2 . the iguana and its eggs are harvested heavily and sold both locally and on the adjacent mainland . other primary threats to the population are habitat loss and fragmentation associated with development for tourism ; decreasing quality of habitat from introduced invasive vegetation and degradation of nesting habitat due to local and oceanic pollution . the population is currently thought to be declining due to the above threats .

the total population size is unknown but analyses are currently underway and it is likely to be less than 6 , 000 individuals ( d . maryon and d . lee unpublished data 2017 ) . although more rigorous data are needed , observations suggest the population has continually declined in association with increased habitat degradation and destruction over the last 15 years . the population has also been severely affected by harvesting for human consumption ( d . maryon pers . obs . 2017 ) . effects of this practice are exacerbated by hunters specifically targeting gravid females , and thus dramatically impacting annual reproduction rates . genetic variation in the population does not follow a specific geographic pattern indicating that this iguana appears to have been mating randomly across the island ( pasachnik et al . 2009 ) . however , with ever - increasing habitat loss , further fragmentation of local subpopulations appears imminent , and a reassessment is currently underway to establish whether these subpopulations are becoming genetically isolated .

the útila spiny - tailed iguana is found primarily in mangrove forests and vegetated sandy shores , though occasionally they can be found in disturbed areas such as coastal / beachfront developments and gardens . they are typically most active during the morning , when adults can be seen basking from 0–15 m above ground in black ( avicennia germinans ) , white ( laguncularia racemose ) , and red ( rhizophora mangle ) mangrove trees , as well as on the ground . individuals are commonly observed hiding in the hollows of black and white mangrove trees , which they use as retreats . juveniles occur in both small and large mangrove trees , on the mangrove forest floor , and within coastal beach vegetation shortly after hatching ( schulte and köhler 2010 , d . maryon pers . obs . 2017 ) . this iguana makes special use of mangrove roots and lagoons by diving into them and swimming or submerging themselves to avoid predation ( d . maryon pers . obs . 2017 ) . the main breeding season occurs from january to late july and mating occurs on or near the ground in the mangrove forests . females then migrate from the mangroves to beachfronts to nest in a variety of areas , including those with full sun exposure , under piles of leaf litter and oceanic litter , beneath large beachfront trees , and within short shrub vegetation ( d . maryon pers . obs . 2017 ) . nesting takes place from february to august . females lay an average of 11 to 16 eggs in nests that can be up to a few metres long but not more than 60 cm deep ( gutsche 2006 , d . maryon pers . obs . 2017 ) . double - clutching has been observed in some individuals . the incubation period is approximately 85 days and hatching occurs from april through october . upon emerging , hatchlings seem to spend little time inhabiting coastal vegetation before dispersing into the mangrove forests , where they are active on the ground , volcanic coralline rocks , and on the branches of trees as they mature ( d . maryon pers . obs . 2017 ) .

iguanas and their eggs continue to be sought for human consumption year - round and are sold both locally and on the adjacent mainland . groups of hunters with dogs are reported in mangrove habitats between february and may ( d . maryon pers . obs . 2017 ) , coinciding with the presence of gravid females which are often selectively targeted . females containing eggs are cooked and eaten as a traditional cultural delicacy , especially throughout the easter period . from 2006 to 2011 , the sex ratio of iguanas became increasingly more male - biased , which may be indicative of increasing hunting pressure on adult females ( pasachnik et al . 2012 ) .

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male utila spiny - tailed iguanas are not only larger than females , but also have larger spines running down the back and a small fold of loose skin hanging below the throat ( the dewlap ) ( 3 ) .

the utila spiny - tailed iguana feeds on plant matter and small invertebrates that inhabit the mangroves . while mangrove habitat is perfect habitat for feeding and resting , it is not ideal for nesting , and so when the time comes , female utila spiny - tailed iguanas migrate to the island’s beaches , where they lay their eggs in the sand ( 3 ) .

the utila spiny - tailed iguana is endemic to the island of utila in the bay islands , honduras . on this island , the utila spiny - tailed iguana occurs in just one small area of mangrove forest , covering only eight square kilometres ( 1 ) .

the utila spiny - tailed iguana inhabits mangroves and nests on the beaches of utila , where females select areas largely free of vegetation to nest ( 1 ) ( 3 ) . adults are often found in mangrove trees , while juveniles inhabit the mangrove forest floor and smaller mangrove trees and shrubs ( 1 ) .

the utila spiny - tailed iguana is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

the tiny distribution of the utila spiny - tailed iguana makes it incredibly vulnerable to any threats . currently , those threats come in the form of habitat degradation and hunting . as tourism on the island of utila increases , the mangrove forest habitat of the spiny - tailed iguana is being cleared for the construction of houses and marinas , and used as a garbage dump site ( 1 ) . beaches are also being affected , with some beaches being sold for the development of houses , hotels and road construction , and other beach areas becoming covered with introduced invasive plants , creating a habitat unsuitable for egg - laying ( 1 ) . in addition , despite being protected by honduran law , this rare reptile is still hunted locally for its meat ( 1 ) .

tremendous conservation efforts have been initiated for the utila spiny - tailed iguana in an attempt to prevent its extinction . in 1994 , the frankfurt zoological society and the senckenberg nature research society together initiated work to preserve the utila spiny - tailed iguana . as well as conserving the iguana and its mangrove habitat , the project aimed to promote the sustainable development of the island and create environmental awareness among the local inhabitants ( 3 ) .

in 1998 , the iguana station was constructed , providing a centre for environmental education efforts , ecological research and captive breeding ( 3 ) . pregnant females are brought to the iguana station to lay their eggs , which are then artificially incubated . incubation in this protected , controlled environment ensures the greatest possible number of eggs hatch . the young are raised in captivity for two years before being released back into the swamps ( 4 ) .

the captive breeding programme has been extended to other zoos around the world , for example , in 2007 , nine utila spiny - tailed iguanas hatched at zsl london zoo ( 5 ) . this helps ensure the long - term survival of the species , should something devastating occur in the wild . these incredible efforts need to continue if the future of this species is to be secured .

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endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . incubation incubation is the act of keeping eggs warm so that development is possible . invertebrates animals with no backbone .

bartlett , r . d . and bartlett , p . ( 2003 ) iguanas : everything about selection , care , nutrition , diseases , breeding and behaviour . barron’s educational series , new york , usa .

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the utila spiny - tailed iguana feeds on plant matter and small invertebrates that inhabit the mangroves ( 2 ) . while mangrove habitat is perfect habitat for feeding and resting , it is not ideal for nesting , and so when the time comes , female utila spiny - tailed iguanas migrate to the island ' s beaches , where they lay their eggs in the sand and leave them to be incubated by the sun ( 4 ) .

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jimena castillo canales bay islands foundation bo . jerico , ctgo . jungle cafe utila bay islands n / a honduras tel : landline : 504 - 2425 - 3946 mob : mobile : 504 - 99 - 937836 fax : 504 - 2425 - 3946

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my interests focus on the conservation and management of threatened and endangered taxa and the ecosystems in which they exist . i have found that the most successful conservation programs are those that encompass a variety of different adaptive approaches , coupled with implementation from the community level . as such i create holistic programs that focus on ecology and molecular biology studies . the results of which then guide outreach and education initiatives and policy from grassroots to international levels . in order to achieve these goals flagships species , such as iguanas , have been incorporated .

e rupp . one island , two rock iguanas : modeling potential habitats to inform conservation in hispaniola . journal of nature conservation .

, ml miemiller , ar puente - rolonm lj revell . 2016 . ecological specialization and morphological diversification in greater antillean boas . evolution 70 : 1882 - 1895 .

auliya , m et al . 2016 . trade in live reptiles and its impact on reptile diversity : the european pet market as a case study . biological conservation .

r carreras de leon , ym leon . 2016 . protected only on paper ? three case studies from the dominican republic . caribbean naturalist .

, cl stephen ( iguana taxonomy working group ) . 2016 . a checklist of the iguanas of the world ( iguanidae ; iguaninae ) . herpetological conservation and biology . pp . 4 - 46 .

( eds . ) . 2016 . iguanas : biology , systematics , and conservation . herpetological conservation and biology 11 ( monograph 6 ) .

) and its implications for conservation . herpetological conservation and biology . pp . 79 - 89 .

kn hines , l pieper . 2016 . growth , coloration , and demography of an introduced population of the acklins iguana (

) in the exuma islands , bahamas . herpetological conservation and biology . pp . 139 - 153 .

le ruyle , ja frazier , s green . 2014 . natural history of the honduran spiny - tailed iguana ,

, on cayos cochinos menor , honduras . southwestern naturalist 59 : 280 - 285 .

in the valle de aguán , honduras . herpetological conservation and biology 9 : 436 - 447 .

böhm , m , et al . 2013 . the conservation status of the world’s reptiles . biological conservation 157 : 372 - 385 .

, c montgomery , s hudman . 2012 . characterization of 22 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the black - chested spiny - tailed iguana (

r carreras , vh reynoso , e rupp , ym leon , sj inchaustegui . 2012 . green iguanas ,

in the dominican republic . reptiles and amphibians : conservation and natural history 19 : 132 - 134 .

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, cl stephen . 2011 . iucn ssc iguana specialist group . iguanas of the world . version 2011 . 2 . iucn . isg . org .

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) in monroe county , tennessee . journal of the tennessee academy of science 86 : 53 - 55 .

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, bm fitzpatrick , ac echternacht . 2010 . gene trees , species , and species trees in the

, bm fitzpatrick , tj near , ac echternacht . 2009 . gene flow between an endangered endemic iguana , and its wide spread relative , on the island of utila , honduras : when is hybridization a threat ? conservation genetics 10 : 1247 - 1254 .

g ruthig . 2004 . habitat versatility in three sympatric species of plethodontid salamanders . journal of herpetology 38 : 434 - 437 .

, s rasalato , b thman , e seniloli , t tuamoto , t yanuya , p harlow . 2016 . captive breeding and re - introductions of the monuriki island creasted iguana in fiji . pp 76 - 81 .

: soorae , ps ( ed . ) . global re - introduction perspectives : 2016 . case - studies from around the globe . gland , switzerland : iucn / ssc re - introduction specialist group and abu dhabi , uae : environment agency - abu dhabi . xiv + 276 pp .

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. 2014 . lost iguanas : trouble in paradise . reptile and amphibian conservation and natural history 21 : 1 - 8 .

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. 2002 . sun , students , and scratches : research on allen’s cay iguanas . iguana times 9 : 12 - 17 .


haimbachia placidellus , the peppered haimbachia moth , is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by haimbach in 1907 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from new york and massachusetts to south carolina , west to tennessee .

the wingspan is about 17-18 mm .

the forewings are pale tan to whitish with dark speckling .

the hindwings are pale yellowish with a darker terminal line .

adults are on wing from may to july .

the larvae probably feed on grasses .

haimbachia placidellus

haimbachia placidellus <EOT> haimbachia dyar , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 1 ) : 28 ; ts : crambus placidellus haimbach

crambus placidellus haimbach , 1907 ; ent . news 18 ( 2 ) : 44 ; tl : wenonah , new jersey

haimbachia prestonella ; capps , 1965 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 634

haimbachia quiriguella ; capps , 1965 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 636

haimbachia maroniella ; capps , 1965 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 640

haimbachia quiriguella schaus , 1922 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 24 ( 6 ) : 137 ; tl : quirigua , guatemala

haimbachia dumptalis schaus , 1922 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 24 ( 6 ) : 137 ; tl : cayuga , guatemala

haimbachia prestonella schaus , 1922 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 24 ( 6 ) : 138 ; tl : venadio , sinaloa , mexico

haimbachia pallescens capps , 1965 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 637 ; tl : redington , arizona

haimbachia indistinctalis capps , 1965 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 638 ; tl : kerrville , texas

haimbachia floridalis capps , 1965 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 641 ; tl : everglades , florida

haimbachia gloriella schaus , 1922 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 24 ( 6 ) : 137 ; tl : venadio , sinoloa , mexico

haimbachia cochisensis capps , 1965 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 645 ; tl : douglas , arizona

haimbachia diminutalis capps , 1965 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 646 ; tl : brownswille , texas

i know these aren ' t the best pictures , but i didn ' t know if this was a specimen i hadn ' t seen so i didn ' t take as many pictures . the lighting was also very in and out . i think this may be peppered haimbachia ( haimbachia placidella ) .

haimbachia maroniella dyar & heinrich , 1927 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 71 ( 2691 ) : 36 ; tl : french guiana

haimbachia albescens capps , 1965 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 642 ; tl : sioux city , iowa

haimbachia discalis dyar & heinrich , 1927 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 71 ( 2691 ) : 37 ; tl : jalapa , mexico

haimbachia discalis ; capps , 1965 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 640 ; [ nacl ] , # 5486

haimbachia arizonensis capps , 1965 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 635 ; tl : baboquivari mtns , pima co . , arizona

haimbachia dumptalis ; dyar & heinrich , 1927 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 71 ( 2691 ) : 36 ; capps , 1965 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 638

haimbachia gloriella ; dyar & heinrich , 1927 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 71 ( 2691 ) : 34 ; capps , 1965 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 643

haimbachia squamulella ; dyar & heinrich , 1927 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 71 ( 2691 ) : 35 ; capps , 1965 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 634 ; [ nacl ] , # 5482

haimbachia placidella ; dyar & heinrich , 1927 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 71 ( 2691 ) : 35 ; capps , 1965 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3520 ) : 644 ; [ nacl ] , # 5489

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generic epithet in honor of frank haimbach . he also had gypsonoma haimbachiana ( kearfott , 1907 ) and zelleria haimbachi busck , 1915 named for him and described several species himself , including pyrausta plagalis haimbach , 1908 , heliades huachucalis ( haimbach , 1915 ) , platynota wenzelana ( haimbach , 1915 ) .

new species of american lepidoptera . harrison . g . dyar . 1909 . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 11 ( 1 ) : 19 - 29 .

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cite : 1163775 - click here to go directly to the globiz website search . from " welcome page " : " globiz is an online platform for specialists working on pyraloidea ( snout moths ) , one of the most species rich groups of lepidoptera ( butterflies and moths ) . information edited in globiz is freely provided at this website via the search options . the abbreviation globiz is based on the german title globales informationssystem zünslerfalter , which could be translated as global information system on pyraloidea . the title goes back to the originally in germany initiated and funded project ( see acknowledgments ) .

sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , errichtet von jacob hübner in augsburg ( 1793–1841 ) : updated plates legend .

seachable database with information on the general classification and the diet and feeding behaviour of the orders of insects and arachnids found in canada’s forest environments . cite : 1463600

an invaluable site for synonyms , links to original descriptions , literature , and other information . covers the entire world , but tends to have more complete information for european and north american species . a great place to begin literature searches . cite : 1329955

the best online resource for moths of great britain and ireland . cite : 1329952

includes data formerly on the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) / the northern prairie wildlife research center ( npwrc ) website . cite : 1178378

[ cite : 1114858 important resource for rare lep . records . . . " the lepidopterists ' society season summary [ sometimes : lepsoc - ss ] is an annual compilation of lepidoptera records from canada , mexico , and the united states . each year our members submit information regarding range extensions , host plant associations , population dynamics , etc . automated in 1995 , the database contains all records since that time plus saturniidae and sphingidae records since 1971 . " .

florida , texas , north carolina , new jersey , tennessee , na . georgia , district of columbia , . . . . see [ maps ]

chilo squamulella zeller , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 : 158 ; tl : bosque co . , texas

this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

zeller , 1881 columbische , chiloniden , crambiden und phycitideen horae soc . ent . ross . 16 : 154 - 256

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