new world orioles are a group of birds in the genus icterus of the blackbird family .

unrelated to old world orioles of the family oriolidae , they are strikingly similar in size , diet , behaviour , and strongly contrasting plumage , a good example of convergent evolution .

as a result , the two have been given the same vernacular name .

males are typically black and vibrant yellow or orange with white markings , females and immature birds duller .

they moult annually .

new world orioles are generally slender with long tails and a pointed bill .

they mainly eat insects , but also enjoy nectar and fruit .

the nest is a woven , elongated pouch .

species nesting in areas with cold winters are strongly migratory , while subtropical and tropical species are more sedentary .

the name " oriole " was first recorded ( in the latin form oriolus ) by albertus magnus in about 1250 , which he stated to be onomatopoeic , from the song of the european golden oriole .

the genus name icterus as used by classical authors , referred to a bird with yellow or green plumage .

in modern times this has been identified as the golden oriole .

brisson re-applied the name to the new world birds because of their similarity in appearance .

new world oriole

new world oriole <EOT> the remaining old world and new world species of caprimulgus represent two separate lineages . the new world species

here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word new world oriole .

" new world oriole . " definitions . net . stands4 llc , 2018 . web . 9 jul 2018 . < urltoken world oriole > .

are we missing a good definition for new world oriole ? don ' t keep it to yourself . . .

buru oriole ( oriolus bouroensis ) is split into two species , buru oriole ( oriolus bouroensis ) and tanimbar oriole ( oriolus decipiens ) , following rheindt and hutchinson ( 2007 ) .

change the english name of emberizidae from buntings , sparrows and allies to buntings and new world sparrows .

new zealand robin ( north island ) – > new zealand robin ( north i . )

new zealand robin ( south island ) – > new zealand robin ( south i . )

before the discovery of the americas there was the known world of europe , africa and asia . then came the new world , with its promise , its riches , its plenty .

are repositioned at the end of the sequence of caprimulgus , since the new world species are more closely related to other new world genera ( such as hydropsalis ) than they are to old world caprimulgus . future revisions to the nomenclature and to the sequence of genera and species of these nightjars are almost guaranteed .

the new world orioles occur naturally in the americas , from canada south to southern america ; as well as the caribbean islands .

ferguson - lees , j . and d . a . christie . 2001 . raptors of the world . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts , and new york , new york .

taylor , p . b . 2006 . family muscicapidae ( old world flycatchers ) . pages 56 - 163 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 11 . old world flycatchers to old world warblers . lynx edicions , barcelona .

könig , c . , and f . weick . 2008 . owls of the world . second edition . yale university press , new haven , connecticut .

correct the scientific name of the polytypic group hooded oriole ( eastern ) from icterus cucullatus [ cucullatus group ] to icterus cucullatus cucullatus / sennetti .

onley , d . j . , and p . scofield . 2007 . albatrosses , petrels and shearwaters of the world . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .

appendix a . new subspecies groups as we mentioned above , a very large number of new subspecies groups were added this year , thanks to a global review of phenotypic characters conducted as part of the handbook of the birds of the world project .

revise the range statement from “known from 2 specimens ca 1900 from mts . of se new guinea” to “patchily distributed in central and eastern new guinea . ”

dickinson , e . c . ( editor ) . 2003 . the howard and moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . third edition . princeton university press , new jersey .

the enigmatic ( and extinct ) piopio ( turnagra capensis ) long has defied classification . recent editions of clements checklist have included it in petroicidae ( australasian robins ) , but new research ( zuccon and ericson 2012 ) reveals that in fact piopio is an oriole ( oriolidae , old world orioles ) . position this species at the end of the oriolidae .

sibley , c . g . , and b . l . monroe , jr . 1990 . distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press , new haven , connecticut .

the brown - headed cowbird may lay its eggs in the oriole nest . this practice is commonly referred to as " brood parasitism . " many birds will raise those as their own ; however , the oriole will eject the eggs of the brown - headed cowbird from its nest ( sealy and neudorf 1995 , condor 97 : 369 - 375 ) .

separate the two species of ground - hornbills ( bucorvus ) into a new family , bucorvidae .

genetic evidence indicates that these two species are not embedded within old world buteo , but instead are sister to old world species . consequently we reposition ferruginous and rough - legged hawks between red - tailed hawk ( buteo jamaicensis ) and common buzzard ( buteo buteo ) .

coates , b . j . , g . c . l . dutson , and c . e . filardi . 2006 . family monarchidae ( monarch - flycatchers ) . pages 244 - 329 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 11 . old world flycatchers to old world warblers . lynx edicions , barcelona .

the altamira oriole ( icterus gularis ) is a new world oriole . the bird is widespread in subtropical lowlands of the mexican gulf coast and northern central america , the pacific coast and inland . it also can be found in the extreme south of texas ( locally called the rio grande valley ) . at 25 cm ( 9 . 8 in ) and 56 g ( 2 . 0 oz ) , this is the largest oriole of the icterus genus . this bird nests in open woodlands . the nest is a very long woven pouch , attached to the end of a horizontal tree branch , sometimes to telephone wires . this bird forages high in trees , sometimes in the undergrowth . they mainly eat insects and berries . these birds are permanent residents , and unlike the migratory orioles that breed in the us , the species is sexually monomorphic—both the males and the females have elaborate coloration and patterning .

horned parakaeet eunymphicus cornutus is split into two species , with horned parakeet eunymphicus cornutus occurring through most of the rage on new caledonia and ouvea parakeet eunymphicus uvaeensis being restricted to the island of ouvea off new caledonia’s north coast .

we have harvested some of that bounty to create a distinctive and original range of cocktails that evoke a once - distant world just beyond the horizon .

delete subspecies melidectes fuscus gilliardi ; this is a synonym of melidectes fuscus fuscus . revise the range of subspecies fuscus from “se new guinea ( scratchley and wharton mts . ) ” to “mountains of central and southeastern new guinea . ”

delete subspecies melidectes rufocrissalis gilliardi ; this name is preoccupied , and is replaced by melidectes rufocrissalis thomasi . revise the range of thomasi from “mts . of e new guinea” to “southern slopes of the eastern highlands of new guinea . ”

they are often seen feeding at hummingbird feeders . oriole feeders are similar to hummingbird feeders , except they are orange instead of red and have larger perches since orioles perch while feeding , while hummingbirds mostly hover in front of it .

range : santa cruz is . and vanuatu ( including torres and banks is . ) , new caledonia and loyalty islands

kemp , a . j . 1995 . the hornbills . bucerotiformes . oxford university press , oxford and new york .

weller ( 2011 ) reviewed variation in purple - throated sunangel , and described a new species , brilliant sunangel ( heliangelus splendidus ) . he further proposed that there was an additional new subspecies , pyropus , in the new species . brilliant sunangel is very similar to purple - throated sunangel , and , although weller reported some apparent overlap between the two , we are not certain that this proposed new species will be accepted by sacc . provisionally we enter these two taxa as subspecies of purple - throated sunangel , and also as a new polytpic group , purple - throated sunangel ( brilliant ) ( heliangelus viola splendidus / pyropus ) .

dutson , g . 2011 . birds of melanesia : bismarcks , solomons , vanuatu , and new caledonia . princeton university press .

robson , c . 2000 . a guide to the birds of southeast asia . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .

the sequence of genera within thraupidae ( tanagers and allies ) is revised , to agree with that currently adopted by sacc . this sequence perhaps is provisional . thraupidae recently has been expanded considerably by the inclusion of many new genera previously classified in emberizidae ( buntings and new world sparrows ) ( see families ( composition ) ) , but the sequence adopted here does not yet completely reflect phylogenetic relationships within the expanded version of thraupidae .

it signified a bird in the plumage of which yellow or green predominated , and hence brisson did not take an unhappy liberty when he applied it in a scientific sense to some birds of the new world of which the same could be said . these are now held to constitute a distinct family ,

in view of the many changes in recent years to the composition of sylviidae , change the english name of the family from old world warblers to sylviids , parrotbills and allies .

dutson , g . 2011 . birds of melanesia . the bismarks , solomons , vanuatu and new caledonia . christopher helm , london .

to correct this , we add one new monotypic group , green - backed camaroptera ( green - tailed ) ( camaroptera brachyura harterti ) .

rocamora , g . j . , and d . yeatman - berthelot . 2009 . family dicruridae ( drongos ) . pages 172 - 226 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 14 . bush - shrikes to old world sparrows . lynx edicions , barcelona .

gill , f . & donsker , d . ( eds ) . 2017 . ioc world bird list ( v 7 . 1 ) . available from urltoken ( accessed january 2017 ) .

murphy , r . c . 1936 . oceanic birds of south america [ page 754 ] . american museum of natural history , new york .

holmes , d . , and k . phillipps . the birds of sulawesi . oxford university press , oxford , singapore , and new york .

zuccon , d . 2011 . a new name for the monserrat forest thrush . bulletin of the british ornithologist’s club 131 : 199 - 200 .

frith , c . b . , and d . w . frith . 2009 . family paradeisaeidae ( birds - of - paradise ) . pages 404 - 492 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 14 . bush - shrikes to old world sparrows . lynx edicions , barcelona .

north island robin is split from south island [ new zealand ] robin p . australis ( gill et al . 2010 , h & m4 ) .

to download a copy of the irish list in pdf format click here . document will open in a new window . note : file size : 79kb

they are not related to the old world orioles which are in the family oriolidae , but are somewhat strikingly similar in plumage coloration ( yellow / orange and black ) , size , diet and behavior .

lack , d . 1958 . a new race of the white - rumped swift . journal of the bombay natural history society 55 : 160 - 161 .

diamond , j . m . 1969 . preliminary results of an ornithological exploration of the north coastal range , new guinea . american museum novitates number 2362 .

deignan , h . g . 1957 . a new flycatcher from southeastern asia , with remarks on muscicapa latirostris raffles . ibis 99 : 340 - 344 .

sinclair , i . , and p . ryan . 2003 . birds of africa south of the sahara . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .

carduelis sp . : the genus carduelis has been slowly eroded , with first all new world species being moved to other genera ( mostly spinus ) and also old world taxa mostly being moved ( e . g . , greenfinches to chloris , linnet and twite to linaria , etc . ) . the only remaining species are now european goldfinch carduelis carduelis , citril finch carduelis citrinella , and corsican finch carduelis corsicana , which are not species that are particularly similar or sources of common confusion . because of this , the entry for carduelis sp . is removed . in the new world , records of carduelis sp . are moved to spinus sp . , but since it is not clear what is intended for european entries , most of these records are moved to finch sp . fringillidae sp . if you know , for example , that your records refer to linaria sp . , you can move your records to twite / eurasian linnet linaria flavirostris / cannabina .

revise the range of subspecies accipiter albogularis gilvus from “central solomon islands” to “central solomon islands ( vella lavella , kolombangara , new georgia , and rendova ) ” .

revise the range statement for pachycephala caledonica littayei from “new caledonia and loyalty islands ( lifou and maré ) ” to “loyalty islands ( lifou and maré ) . ”

magnificent riflebird ptiloris magnificus is split into two species , which differ primarily in vocalizations : magnificent riflebird ptiloris magnificus , which occurs in ne . australia ( n cape york peninsula ) and lowlands of w and w - central new guinea , and growling riflebird ptiloris intercedens , restricted to lowlands of central and se papua new guinea .

new species described on the basis of morphology and vocalizations from the island of rote in the lesser sundas ( eaton et al 2016 , prawiradilaga et al . 2017 )

fry , c . h . , and k . fry . 1992 . kingfishers , bee - eaters , & rollers . princeton university press , princeton , new jersery .

baltimore oriole ( icterus galbula ) french : oriole de baltimore german : baltimoretrupial spanish : turpial de baltimore other common names : northern oriole ( when treated as conspecific with i . bullockii ) taxonomy : c . [ oracias ] galbula linnaeus , 1758 , america = virginia , usa . dna data indicate that this is sister - species of i . abeillei . formerly treated as conspecific with latter and with i . bullockii ; hybridizes extensively with i . bullockii in a belt from s canada ( alberta and saskatchewan ) s in great plains to s usa ( oklahoma and texas ) , but assortative mating ( or selection against hybrids ) evident at several locations . monotypic . distribution : breeds in s canada from ne british columbia and alberta e to s ontario , s quebec and nova scotia , s in c & e usa to c texas , c mississippi , nw georgia , w virginia and n delaware ; winters mostly in florida , coastal california , cuba and jamaica , and mexico s to n colombia and venezuela .

the three north american species of carpodacus are not closely related to old world species of carpodacus , and are transferred to the genus haemorhous . this action is based on nacc proposal 2011 - c - 12 , following arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2007 ) , lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) . move haemorhous to a new position , immediately preceding carpodacus .

lerner , h . r . l . , and d . p . mindell . 2005 . phylogeny of eagles , old world vultures , and other accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial dna . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 37 : 327–346 .

superb bird - of - paradise is split into three species , including vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise lophorina niedda ( restricted to far western papua ) ; greater superb bird - of - paradise lophorina superba ( of central new guinea ) , and a lesser superb bird - of - paradise lophorina minor ( of easternmost papua new guinea ) . note also that the name superba , previously applied to the population in the mountains of the bird’s head peninsula , instead should refer to the population of the central highlands of new guinea .

souza’s shrike is closely related to the recently split southern fiscal ( lanius collaris ) , and is moved to a new position between southern fiscal and newton’s fiscal ( lanius newtoni ) .

these two species of campephaga cuckooshrikes are transferred to the genus lobotos , following jønsson et al . 2010 ( and note the change in the english name , from “cuckoo - shrike” to “cuckooshrike” ) . the species name changes from lobata to lobatus ( ghana cuckooshrike ) , and from oriolina to oriolinus ( oriole cuckooshrike ) , to match the gender of the genus .

the critically endangered and poorly known new zealand storm - petrel is not a member of the genus oceanites , but rather belongs with the genus fregetta . change the scientific name of new zealand storm - petrel to fregetta maoriana , and position this species between white - bellied storm - petrel ( fregetta grallaria ) and black - bellied storm - petrel ( fregetta tropica ) .

the order falconiformes is moved to a new position , immediately following cariamiformes and preceding psittaciformes ; all three of these orders occupy new positions , adjacent to each other and immediately preceding passeriformes . this rearrangement is based on recent phylogenetic analysis of dna sequence data , especially ericson et al . ( 2006 ) and hackett et al . ( 2008 ) , which is summarized in sacc proposal 491 .

ridgely , r . s . , and p . j . greenfield . 2001 . the birds of ecuador : status , distribution , and taxonomy . cornell university press , ithaca , new york .

fry , c . h . , d . j . pearson , and p . b . taylor . 1992 . motacillidae , wagtails , pipits and longclaws . pages 197 - 263 in s . keith , e . k . urban , and c . h . fry ( editors ) , the birds of africa . volume iv . academic press , london and new york , new york .

original file name : baltimore oriole , icterus galbula _ male . jpg resolution : 1158x1464 file size : 247160 bytes date : 2007 : 05 : 04 03 : 51 : 02 camera : nikon d50 ( nikon corporation ) f number : f / 5 . 7 exposure : 10 / 2000 sec focal length : 4000 / 10 upload time : 2007 : 09 : 27 03 : 30 : 28

a suite of subspecies ( whitneyi , bougainvillei , orioloides , cinnamomea , sanfordi , pavuvu , centralis , melanoptera , melanonota , and christophori ) , all previously classified as subspecies of golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , are split as a separate species , oriole whistler ( pachycephala orioloides ) , following galbraith ( 1956 ) , dickinson ( 2003 ) , and jønsson et al . ( 2010 ) .

mayr , e . 1967 . family muscicapidae , subfamily pachycephalinae . pages 3 - 51 in r . a . paynter , jr . ( editor ) , check - list of birds of the world . volume xii . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .

arnaiz - villena , a . , j . moscoso , v . ruiz - del - falle , j . gonzalez , r . reguera , m . wink , and j . i . serrano - vela . 2007 . bayesian phylogeny of fringillinae birds : status of the singular african oriole finch linurgus olivaceus and evolution and heterogeneity of the genus carpodacus . acta zoologia sinica 53 : 826 - 834 .

references : hekstra , g . p . 1982 . description of twenty four new subspecies of american otus ( aves , strigidae ) . bulletin zoologisch museum , universiteit van amsterdam 9 : 49 - 63 .

krabbe , n . , and r . s . ridgely . 2010 . a new subspecies of amazilia hummingbird amazilia amazilia from southern ecuador . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 130 : 3 - 7 .

formerly considered one of the many call “types” of red crossbill loxia curvirostra , the recently described monotypic group , red crossbill ( south hills or type 9 ) loxia curvirostra sinesciuris is elevated to species rank as cassia crossbill loxia sinesciuris . this split is based on evidence for premating reproductive isolation in the face of sympatry with red crossbill and on genomic differences . this new species is endemic to just two counties in idaho ( its namesake cassia county , and also twin falls county ) and is already of high conservation concern . although this is the predominant crossbill in the south hills of idaho , other red crossbills occur there as well ( especially type 5 ) so any identifications should ideally include sound recordings of the flight call to confirm the species . it seems safe to say that more surprises can be expected in the red crossbill complex , which is just as diverse in call types and habitats in the old world as it is in the new world .

the order psittaciformes is moved to a new position , immediately following falconiformes and preceding passeriformes ; these two orders , as well as cariamiformes , occupy new positions , adjacent to each other and immediately preceding passeriformes . this rearrangement is based on recent phylogenetic analysis of dna sequence data , especially ericson et al . ( 2006 ) and hackett et al . ( 2008 ) , which is summarized in sacc proposal 491 .

bretagnolle , v . , and h . shirihai . 2010 . a new taxon of collared petrel pterodroma brevipes from the banks islands , vanuatu . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 130 : 286 - 301 .

donegan , t . m . 2012 . geographical variation in immaculate antbird myrmeciza immaculata , with a new subspecies from the central andes of colombia . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 132 : 3 - 40 .

mayr , e . 1967 . family zosteropidae , white - eyes . indo - australian taxa . pages 289 - 325 in r . a . paynter , jr . check - list of birds of the world . volume xii . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .

zuccon , d . , and p . g . p . ericson . 2102 . molecular and morphological evidences place the extinct new zealand endemic turnagra capensis in the oriolidae . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 62 : 414–426 .

thiollay , j . m . 1994 . family accipitridae ( hawks and eagles ) . pages 52 - 205 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( editors ) . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 2 . lynx edicions , barcelona .

pyle , p . , a . j . welch and r . c . fleischer . 2011 . a new species of shearwater ( puffinus ) recorded from midway atoll , northwestern hawaiian islands . condor 113 : 518–527 .

may perhaps be named as the most remarkable . they are nearly all gregarious birds , many of them with loud and in most cases , where they have been observed , with melodious notes , rendering them favourites in captivity , for they readily learn to whistle simple tunes . some have a plumage wholly black , others are richly clad , as is the well - known baltimore oriole , golden robin or hangnest of the united states ,

van balen , s . 2008 . family zosteropidae ( white - eyes ) . pages 402 - 485 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 13 . lynx edicions , barcelona .

deignan , h . g . 1964 . subfamily timaliinae , babblers . pages 240 - 427 in e . mayr and r . a . paynter , jr . ( editors ) , check - list of birds of the world . volume x . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .

o’neill , j . p . , d . f . lane , and l . n . naka . 2011 . a cryptic new species of thrush ( turdidae : turdus ) from western amazonia . condor 113 : 869–880 .

woodall , p . f . 2001 . family alcedinidae ( kingfishers ) . pages 130 - 249 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 6 . mousebirds to hornbills . lynx edicions , barcelona .

fry , c . h . 2001 . family coraciidae ( rollers ) . pages 342 - 376 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 6 . mousebirds to hornbills . lynx edicions , barcelona .

remsen , j . v . , jr . 2003 . family furnariidae ( ovenbirds ) . pages 162 - 357 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 8 . lynx edicions , barcelona .

paynter , r . a . , jr . 1970 . subfamily emberizinae , buntings and american sparrows . pages 3 - 214 in r . a . paynter , jr . ( editor ) , check - list of birds of the world . volume xiii . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .

shiridai , h . , g . m . kirwan , and a . j . helbig . 2011 . a new taxon in the mourning wheatear oenanthe lugens complex . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 131 : 270 - 291 .

ouvea parakeet , eunymphicus uvaeensis is a newly - split species that occurs on a small remote island ( ouvea ) off the north side of a larger , extremely remote island ( new caledonia ) . only a few intrepid ebirders have made the trek to find this species , but their efforts are now rewarded with an addition to their life list ( presuming they also saw the more widespread horned parakeet on new caledonia itself ) . photo tommy pedersen / macaulay library .

each year , a few newly described species or populations newly recognized for their distinctiveness are named and added to the ebird / clements taxonomy . this just goes to show how much remains to be learned about the birds of the world ! full details for can be seen at the clements updates & corrections page .

carantón - ayala , d . , and k . certuche - cubillos . 2010 . new species of antpitta ( grallariidae : grallaria ) from the northern sector of the western andes of colombia . ornitología colombiana 9 : 56 - 70 .

bravo , g . a . , r . t . chesser , and r . t . brumfield . 2012 . isleria , a new genus of antwren ( aves : passeriformes : thamnophilidae ) . zootaxa 3195 : 61 - 67 .

note : this review list will be updated periodically as new species are added to the provincial and / or provisional lists , and as our understanding of annual occurrences increases . check the bcfo website to ensure you have the latest version .

within ebird , we also have forms for taxa that are field identifiable ( or likely potential species ) and worth tracking , but are not formally described . these include undescribed species and undescribed subspecies groups ( both noted with “undescribed form” ) , slashes at a level between subspecies group and species ( e . g . , “whimbrel ( white - rumped ) ” below ) and miscellaneous other options . this year’s update includes a number of unique birds from new guinea ( many illustrated in the new field guide ) , as well as new taxa for great cormorant and subalpine warbler which will be useful in eurasia and africa . forms are unique to the ebird taxonomy ; they are not found in the clements checklist .

collar , n . j . 2006 . family turdidae ( thrushes ) . pages 514 - 807 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 10 . cuckoo - shrikes to thrushes . lynx edicions , barcelona .

northern shrike lanius excubitor is split into two species . as with harriers , the familiar common names are retained for the new world and old world , with the species of europe and western asia referred to as great gray shrike lanius excubitor and also retaining the scientific name . the species of the new world , northern shrike lanius borealis has a scientific name change but shows no change in english name , retaining the preferred name in the americas . however , northern shrike is very much a species of the old world too , since it breeds west of central siberia and northern mongolia and winters widely in northern china , japan , and korea . exact movements of the two species are complex and not well known , and field identification is very challenging , so great gray / northern shrike lanius excubitor / borealis should be used liberally in siberia , eastern kazakhstan , and nearby areas . to add to the complexity , northern shrike has occurred as a trans - atlantic vagrant to western europe ( e . g . , the azores ) and also as a vagrant or rare winter visitor ( lanius borealis sibiricus ) to ukraine at least . [ note : for those that prefer “grey” over “gray” , just change your ebird language to english ( malaysia ) , which shows the exact names from clements with this spelling conversion . other languages include other local modifications , but also spell it “grey” , such as english ( india ) , english ( united kingdom ) , or english ( australia ) . see more in this story ) — if you make this change in your preferences , all bird names will be spelled in that way , including the below links . in this text story , we obviously use the american english names ( e . g . , great gray shrike ) .

reference : weller , a . - a . 2011 . geographic and age - related variation in the violet - throated sunangel ( heliangelus viola , trochilidae ) : evidence for a new species and subspecies . ornitología neotropical 22 : 601 - 614 .

add the newly described subspecies myrmeciza immaculata concepcion donegan 2012 , with range “both slopes of the central andes of colombia” . this subspecies is inserted immediately after myrmeciza immaculata immaculata , and also represents a new monotypic group , immaculate antbird ( concepcion ) .

taylor , p . b . 2005 . family campephagidae ( cuckoo - shrikes ) . pages 40 - 122 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 10 . cuckoo - shrikes to thrushes . lynx edicions . barcelona .

gregory , p . a . 2008 . family melanocharitidae ( berrypeckers and llongbills ) . pages 322 - 338 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 13 . penduline - tits to shrikes . lynx edicions , barcelona .

taylor , p . b . 2005 . family campephagidae ( cuckoo - shrikes ) . pages 40 - 122 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 10 . cuckoo - shrikes to thrushes . lynx edicions , barcelona .

the order cariamiformes is moved to a new position , immediately following picidae ( woodpeckers ) . this rearrangement is based on recent phylogenetic analysis of dna sequence data , especially ericson et al . ( 2006 ) , which is summarized in sacc proposal 491 .

krabbe , n . , and d . c . cadena . 2010 . a taxonomic revision of the paramo tapaculo scytalopus canus chapman ( aves : rhinocryptidae ) , with description of a new subspecies from ecuador and peru . zootaxa number 2354 : 56–66 .

collar , n . j . , and c . robson . 2007 . family timaliidae ( babblers ) . pages 70 - 291 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume12 . picathartes to tits and chickadees . lynx edicions , barcelona .

peters , j . l . , e . mayr , and h . g . deignan . 1960 . family campephagidae . pages 167 - 221 in e . mayr and j . c . greenway , jr . ( editors ) , check - list of birds of the world . volume ix . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .

ebirders who do not speak english as their first language will see updated names to reflect the new taxonomy . remember that the language you choose for bird names needs to be selected separately from the language of the website ( read more about common name translations ) .

norman , j . a . , w . e . boles , l . christidis , l . 2009b . relationships of the new guinean songbird genera amalocichla and pachycare based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences . journal of avian biology 40 : 640 - 645 .

collar , n . j . , and c . robson . 2007 . family timaliidae ( babblers ) . pages 70 - 291 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 12 . picathartes to tits and chickadees . lynx edicions , barcelona .

the following new subspecies groups are now available for data entry . when you are certain you have seen representatives of these groups , and ideally have identified them critically based on their field marks , please report them to ebird . please do not guess based on the name , such as “northern” and “southern” or “african” and “asian” ; make sure you understand the differences being represented before reporting at so specific a level . many new subspecies groups were added this year , largely because we reviewed the work by nigel collar and the birdlife international team , who assessed a large number of avian taxa based on morphological and acoustic information and scored their relative distinctiveness ( also known as the tobias criteria ) . while we don’t necessarily follow the species - level splits from handbook of the birds of the world , these were useful for helping identify distinctive subspecies groups , resulting in the large number of additions this year .

a suite of subspecies ( littayei , cucullata , chlorura , intacta , and vanikorensis ) , all previously classified as subspecies of golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , are transferred to new caledonian whistler ( pachycephala caledonica ) , following galbraith ( 1956 ) and dickinson ( 2003 ) .

these two species are not members of the genus myrmotherula , as summarized in sacc proposal 518 ; they are classified in the newly described genus isleria , and moved to a new position between spiny - faced antshrike ( xenornis setifrons ) and spot - winged antshrike ( pygiptila stellaris ) .

kennedy , r . s . , p c . gonzalez , e . c . dickinson , h . c . miranda , jr . , and t . h . fisher . 2000 . a guide to the birds of the philippines . oxford university press , oxford and new york .

subspecies balim , previously classified as a subspecies of black - tailed whistler ( pachycephala melanura ) , is transferred to golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , following dickinson ( 2003 ) . this subspecies also forms a new monotypic group , golden whistler ( balim valley ) ( pachycephala pectoralis balim ) .

shrike identification in the old world has never been easy , and recent taxonomic revisions have added to the challenge . great gray shrike used to be considered one widespread species , breeding as far south as northern africa , but now great gray shrike is restricted to northern areas of europe and western asia , with southern gray shrike being the species of southern europe , northern africa , and much of the middle east . a new challenge is the separation of northern shrike from great gray shrike . this adult great gray shrike in germany shows classic and crisp gray , black , and white plumage , without the buff or ochre tones usually present on northern shrike . photo by christoph moning / macaulay library .

vaurie , c . h . , c . m . n . white , e . mayr , and j . c . greenway , jr . 1960 . family motacillidae . pages 129 - 167 in e . mayr and j . c . greenway , jr . ( editors ) , check - list of birds of the world . volume ix . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .

the clements checklist 2017 updates & corrections provides details ( including references ) for all species splits and lumps , new species descriptions , revisions to subspecies groups ( issfs ) or subspecies , and other changes relevant to the clements checklist . we refer anyone wishing to learn more about these splits to that page .

gray - headed whistler ( pachycephala griseiceps ) is lumped with gray whistler ( pachycephala simplex ) , following dickinson ( 2003 ) and christidis and boles ( 2008 ) . we continue to recognize this group of subspecies as a new polytypic group , gray whistler ( gray - headed ) pachycephala simplex [ griseiceps group ] .

seeholzer , g . f . , b . m . winger , m . g . harvey , d . cáceres a . , and j . d . weckstein . 2012 . a new species of barbet ( capitonidae : capito ) from the cerros del sira , ucayali , peru . auk 129 : 551 - 559 .

unitt , p . , and a . m . rea . 1997 . taxonomy of the brown creeper in california . pages 177 - 185 in r . w . dickerman ( editor ) , the era of allan r . phillips : a festshrift . r . w . dickerman , privately printed , albuquerque , new mexico .

lara , c . e . , a . m . cuervo , s . v . valderrama , d . calderón - f . , and c . d . cadena . 2012 . a new species of wren ( troglodytidae : thryophilus ) from the dry cauca river canyon , northwestern colombia . auk 129 : 537 - 550 .

urrao antpitta ( grallaria urraoensis ) is a newly described species , with range “northern part of western andes of colombia ( antioquia ) . ” remarkably , this species was described in two different publications , by separate teams of investigators , so there are two competing names for this new species . this kind of complication has happened many times before in the history of ornithology , but is rare in the modern era . we follow sacc in adopting the names urrao antpitta ( grallaria urraoensis ) ; see sacc proposal 479 for one discussion of the nomenclatural issues . these names also were adopted by the ioc world bird list , but birdlife international uses a different name , antioquia antpitta grallaria fenwickorum . insert urrao antpitta between tawny antpitta ( grallaria quitensis ) and brown - banded antpitta ( grallaria milleri ) .

the ebird taxonomy update is essentially complete . all major changes have occurred , and we have only a small number of minor changes yet to make . this may affect the lists of a very small number of users as we implement these over the next few days . we do this update once each year , taking into account the past 12 months worth of recent taxonomic knowledge on splits , lumps , name changes , and changes in the sequence of the species lists as of this point , all ebird data will be reflecting the new taxonomy . this includes your my ebird lists , range maps , bar charts , region and hotspot lists , and data entry . ebird mobile should also be updated to the new taxonomy . if you see unfamiliar bird names in the list , please refer to the story below to understand the change and why it happened . in addition , we list a number of new options for data entry ( hybrids , spuhs , slashes , etc . ) , all of which are listed below .

carneiro , l . s . , l . p . gonzaga , p . s . rêgo , i . sampaio , h . schneider , and a . aleixo . 2012 . systematic revision of the spotted antpitta ( grallariidae : hylopezus macularius ) , with description of a cryptic new species from brazilian amazonia . auk 129 : 338 - 351 .

kundu et al . ( 2012 ) demonstrated that the extinct mascarene parrot ( mascarinus mascarinus ) is embedded within the genus coracopsis ; since mascarinus is the older name , the scientific name for the combined genus is mascarinus . resequence mascarene parrot to a new position immediately following vasa parrot ( coracopsis vasa ; now greater vasa - parrot mascarinus vasa ) .

range : n moluccas , n sulawesi , sangihe , siau , talasea and talaud islands , central and southern sulawesi , banggai and sula islands , south moluccas ( to kai islands ) , and aru islands , salayar , bonerate , tanahjampea and kalao is . ( n flores sea ) , new guinea and adjacent islands , bismarck archipelago , and solomon islands

the sequence of genera within paradisaeidae ( birds - of - paradise ) is revised , following irestedt et al . ( 2009 ) . in some cases , the sequence of species within a genus also is revised , and one new genus ( drepanornis ) is recognized . the current sequence of genera within paradisaeidae ( birds - of - paradise ) is :

ebird’s rarities alert together with narba and the facebook aba rare bird alert meant that i heard about rarities very quickly . perhaps the greatest advantage came with non - rarities . without ebird i could have spent days trying to track down gray vireo , american three - toed woodpecker , spot - breasted oriole , crissal thrasher , sprague’s pipit… using ebird not only meant i could find birds faster , but i’m sure also resulted in my not missing some . and that saved time also meant that i could be home for christmas . so – thank you ebird for giving me some time off last year and for putting me within sight of the record . maybe i should split my prize money with you guys ?

this year , for the first time , corrections are super easy to make with our new “ change species ” functionality . if we miss a correction , or you want to assign a record to a certain species , you can do this with a single button now . since it changes all media and notes , these changes are easier than ever before .

an extinct species piopio turnagra capensis is split into two species , each of which was formerly an endemic to each of the two main islands of new zealand . the north island piopio turnagra tanagra was last seen 1902 and south island piopio turnagra capensis just three years later in 1905 . sadly , with both species extinct , the entire genus was also lost .

all species of penelopoides formerly were included within a single species , tarictic hornbill ( penelopides panini ) . when tarictic hornbill was split into six species , most species took new english names but “tarictic hornbill” was retained for penelopides panini . to stem the inevitable confusion that this has caused , change the english name of penelopides panini from tarictic hornbill to visayan hornbill .

northern fantail subspecies groups are revised : the polytypic group northern fantail ( plain ) rhipidura rufiventris [ rufiventris group ] , which included subspecies cinerea , assimilis , and gularis , is partitioned . subspecies assimilis and subspecies finitima , formerly included in the polytypic group northern fantail ( cream - bellied ) rhipidura rufiventris [ rufiventris group ] , form a new group , northern fantail ( kai ) rhipidura assimilis / finitima . subspecies gularis is transferred , with subspecies vidua ( formerly included in the polytypic group northern fantail ( slaty ) rhipidura rufiventris vidua / kordensis ) to the polytypic group northern fantail ( melanesian ) rhipidura rufiventris [ setosa group ] . subspecies cinerea is recognized as a new monotypic group , northern fantail ( seram ) rhipidura rufiventris cinerea .

dumbacher et al . ( 2008 ) documented that the genus pitohui , formerly of the pachycephalidae ( whistlers and allies ) , contains several different , unrelated clades ( lineages ) . jønsson et al . ( 2010 ) showed that the “true” pitohuis ( hooded pitohui , pitohui dichrous , and the type species for the genus , variable pitohui , pitohui kirhocephalus ) belong with the oriolidae ( old world orioles ) , not with the pachycephalidae . position these two species at the beginning of oriolidae .

the sequence of genera within maluridae ( fairywrens ) is revised , to bring the sequence closer in line with the results of recent genetic evidence on the phylogenetic relationships of these birds ( driskell et al . 2011 , lee et al . 2012 ) . the sequence of species within some genera ( amytornis , malurus ) also is revised . the new sequence of genera is

includes albicapilla , albiceps , atrata , sanghirensis , sedecima , balim ( ng et al . 2016 ) . “sultan’s” is proposed as a fitting name with a historic connection for a range of new splits from the northern moluccan archipelago , which has historically been known best as the seat of the powerful sultanate of ternate ( to the present day ) ( eaton & rheindt ) .

magnificent hummingbird eu genes fulgens is split into two allopatric species : rivoli’s hummingbird eugenes fulgens occurs from arizona and new mexico to n . nicaragua , while talamanca hummingbird eugenes spectabilis is found in costa rica and western panama . talamanca hummingbird has also been known recently ( e . g . , by the ioc ) as admirable hummingbird . no overlap in their ranges is known .

sharp - shinned hawk ( madrensis ) is a new subspecies group for ebird , with its very pale throat and upper breast and washed out underparts coloration establishing it as a unique and field - identifiable form , as compared to the “northern” group in sharp - shinned hawk , which has a uniform breast that is barred with reddish . photo by nigel voaden / macaulay library .

bullfinches ( pyrrhula ) are sister to the genus pinicola and are moved to a new position between pinicola and haemorhous ( a newly recognized genus , the species of which formerly were included in carpodacus : see below ) . this action is based on nacc proposal 2011 - c - 13 , following lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) .

irestedt , m . , j . fuchs , k . a . jønsson , j . i . ohlson , e . pasquet , and p . g . p . ericson . 2008 . the systematic affinity of the enigmatic lamprolia victoriae ( aves : passeriformes ) —an example of avian dispersal between new guinea and fiji over miocene intermittent land bridges ? molecular phylogenetics and evolution 48 : 1218–1222 .

the genus buteogallus is expanded to include two species formerly classified in the genus leucopternis , and both species of harpyhaliaetus ; also , the sequence of species within buteogallus is revised slightly . these rearrangements follow nacc ( proposal 2011 - b - 5 ) and sacc ( proposal 492 ) , and are based primarily on raposo do amaral et al . ( 2009 ) . the new sequence of species within buteogallus is

before this update , if you observed a northern harrier circus cyaneus from attu island , alaska , or other areas right at the contact zone , it would be considered in ebird as hen / northern harrier–the only difference now is that the taxa involved are now considered species instead of subspecies . if you know which one you saw , we encourage you to update your records . if you are not sure ( and this is one of the tougher identification issues in the world , so don’t feel bad ! ) , then your observation is best listed as the slash option .

black - billed thrush : we remove turdus ignobilis murinus from black - billed thrush ( drab ) turdus ignobilis [ ignobilis group ] and recognize it as a new monotypic group , the polytypic group black - billed thrush ( drab ) changes includes only black - billed thrush ( drab ) turdus ignobilis ignobilis / goodfellowi . thus , any reports from the range of murinus should be reported as that group , not as black - billed thrush ( drab ) .

following jønsson et al . ( 2010 ) , new guinea cuckoo - shrike ( coracina melas ) is removed from coracina , and repositioned . jønsson et al . ( 2010 ) proposed placing this species in the genus lalage , but that would result in a large and heterogenous assemblage . therefore , we place this species in the genus edolisoma , for which marescoti [ = melas ] is the type species ( peters et al . 1960 ) ; the species name changes from melas to melan .

subspecies chilensis originally was described by murphy ( 1936 ) , but long has been dismissed as a synonym of nominate oceanicus . recent authors regard chilensis as a valid subspecies , however , with range “range incompletely known . breeds tierra del fuego ; ranges north to peru” . this subspecies also constitutes a monotypic group , wilson’s storm - petrel ( fuegian ) ( oceanites oceanicus chilensis ) . the two other subspecies form a new polytypic group , wilson’s storm - petrel ( wilson’s ) ( oceanites oceanicus oceanicus / exasperatus ) .

the bc bird records committee solicits information on the following 157 species on the review list , as well as species unrecorded in the province . in general , review species average two or fewer occurrences per year over the past ten year period . given that the committee is relatively new , some species exceed this threshold , but are included so that we can get a better idea of occurrence in the province . documentation should be sent to nathan hentze , brc chair , by email to bcbrc dot chair at gmail dot com

the irish list to the most recent irish rare bird report on 31st december 2015 is available to download as a pdf by following the link in the right - hand panel . the irish list consists of all species included in categories a , b & c ( see below for a description of the category system ) . the sequence and scientific nomenclature largely follows the ioc world list version 7 . 1 ( gill & donsker 2017 ) , replacing the previously referenced bou british list ( british ornithologistsâ€™ union 2013 ) . new species are added to the irish list following their publication in the irish rare bird report . species may occasionally be removed from the list when the evidence no longer supports their inclusion . in addition , new data emerges from time to time which can recommend the splitting or lumping of existing species as well as revising the list order . details of any changes in the irish list are included in the announcement pages . please note that the list includes four records which are not specifically identified , i . e . madeiran , monteiro & apos ; s or cape verde storm - petrel , zino & apos ; s , fea & apos ; s or desertas petrel , frigatebird species and black or white - crowned wheatear . when known , the relevant subspecies is included in the list . monotypic species are indicated by a dash in the ' subspecies ' column . at sea records are those that are observed outside of 30 km ( approx . 16 . 2 nautical miles ) from the nearest point of land but within the exclusive economic zone which extends to approximately 370 km ( 200 nautical miles ) offshore or where relevant , the median point between ireland and great britain are assessed and published by the irbc in the irish rare bird report , but are excluded from the main list .

buff - vented bulbul iole olivacea was formerly considered monotypic , but recent studies show that the borneo form is unique and should be split . adding to confusion , the name iole olivacea was not valid , and the correct name before the split should have been iole charlottae . after the split , the name iole charlottae is applied to the borneo species , charlotte’s bulbul iole charlottae and the species of the malay peninsula , sumatra , and adjacent islands retains its english name , but uses a new scientific name : buff - vented bulbul iole crypta

almost all south american subspecies of american kestrel now are included in a single polytypic group . consequently , the group american kestrel ( colombian ) ( falco sparverius ochraceus / caucae ) is expanded to also include subspecies isabellinus , aequatorialis , peruvianus , fernandensis , cinnamonimus , and cearae ; the english name for this group changes to american kestrel ( south american ) ; and the scientific name is revised to falco sparverius [ cinnamonimus group ] . the sole exception , fernandensis , forms a new monotypic group , american kestrel ( juan fernandez ) ( falco sparverius fernandensis ) .

the species below were split in ebird . to see a map of the new species , click “map” . to see your personal lists in my ebird , just make sure you are logged in and click “my records” . if you have seen the species but don’t have any records shown , then please enter your sightings ! full details for all below accounts can be seen at the clements updates & corrections page . we encourage all birders to carefully review the below splits and check your personal records and to update them if you think we made an error . below are the splits for this update :


the cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel or cumberland monkeyface , scientific name theliderma intermedia , is a species of freshwater mussel in the family unionidae , the river mussels .

this aquatic bivalve mollusk is native to tennessee and virginia in the united states , where it occurs in the duck and powell rivers .

it is a federally listed endangered species .

this species is yellow-green or greenish yellow in color .

it can reach at least 35 years old .

like other mussels , it has larvae called glochidia that lodge in the gills of fish to develop into juvenile mussels .

hosts for this species include the streamlined chub ( erymystax dissimilis ) and blotched chub ( erymystax insignis ) .

this mussel has been extirpated from the elk river .

there is still a population in the powell river , and the population in the duck river appears to be viable .

cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel

cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel <EOT> cover title : recovery plan , cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel ( quadrula intermedia ) .

recovery plan for the cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel , quadrula intermedia ( conrad , 1836 ) / .

" jul 9 1984 " - - stamped on t . p . cover title : recovery plan , cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel ( quadrula intermedia ) .

u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1982 . " cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel recovery plan . " u . s . fish and wildlife service , atlanta .

recovery plan for the cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel , quadrula intermedia ( conrad , 1836 ) / prepared by steven ahlstedt for the united states fish and wildlife service , southeast region .

catalog record : recovery plan for the cumberland monkeyface . . . | hathi trust digital library

the monkeyface pearlymussel was historically restricted to the headwaters of the tennessee river and probably the upper cumberland river . it is a cumberlandian species

" cumberland monkeyface . " beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken

u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) ( ahlstedt , s . ) . 1984 . recovery plan for the cumberland monkeyface pearly mussel ; quadrula intermedia ( conrad , 1836 ) . u . s . fish and wildlife service , region 4 , atlanta , georgia . 35 pp .

" cumberland monkeyface . " beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken

was not present in the headwaters of the cumberland river ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) .

the shell of the cumberland monkeyface pearly - mussel ( quadrula intermedia ) is medium in size ( 2 . 8 in [ 7 . 1 cm ] ) , triangular to quadrangular in outline , and marked with numerous tubercles or knobs . the valves are flat and display a deep beak cavity . the outer shell surface is greenish - yellow with green spots , chevrons , zigzags , and sometimes broken green rays . the inner shell surface is white , straw - colored , or salmon .

and the cumberland plateau . of the 90 species of freshwater mussels found in the tennessee river , 37 are cumberlandian ; of 78 species found in the cumberland river , 27 are considered cumberlandian . together , these mussels represent the largest number of freshwater mussel species found in any of the world ' s rivers .

simpson , c . t . 1914 . a descriptive catalogue of the naiades or pearly fresh - water mussels . bryant walker : detroit , michigan . 1540 pp .

surveys conducted by the tva in 1988 and 1989 revealed that mussel populations in the duck river ( which flows into the tennessee river ) had stabilized . the status of mussel populations in the elk and powell rivers ( which flow into the tennessee and clinch rivers , respectively ) has not yet been determined . sections of the powell river appear eligible for " scenic river " status under the national wild and scenic rivers act . such a designation would provide additional protection for the cumberland monkeyface and its habitat .

ahlstedt , steven a . 1986 . activity 1 : mussel distribution surveys . cumberlandian mollusk conservation program . tva .

from the cumberland river are therefore also included with historical records for q . sparsa ( usfws 1984 ) but if these are distinct species , then

was also reported there ( usfws 1984 ) . it is likely that ortmann ' s 1918 - 1925 records for the cumberland river system were probably

a list of synonyms for this species can be found on the mussel project web site ( graf and cummings 2011 ) .

a medium - size freshwater mussel or bivalve mollusk with a greenish - yellow to yellowish - green shell that darkens with age .

contact jay cordeiro ( jay _ cordeiro @ natureserve . org ) for a complete list of freshwater mussel taxa sorted by flow regime .

if the columbia dam was completed , most of the cumberland monkeyface ' s habitat in the duck river would have been lost . the dam project was stalled by controversy . whenever the tva has expressed an opinion that the columbia dam should be abandoned , powerful local interests have continued to push for its completion . the dam was never completed . demolition started in june 1999 .

watson , s . n . , jr . 1998 . lillard mill mussel survey , 1997 . triannual unionid report , 14 : 7 - 8 .

dennis , s . d . 1981 . " mussel fauna of the powell river , tennessee and virginia . " sterkiana 71 : 1 - 7 .

to reproduce , males discharge sperm , which are dispersed by stream currents . in the process of feeding , females nearby or downstream take in sperm , which fertilizes eggs stored in their gills . the gills serve as brood pouches ( marsupia ) , where the glochidia hatch and begin to develop . after a time , these glochidia are released into the stream . a few mussels have inner parts that resemble a tiny minnow and can be manipulated to lure host fish . when a fish gets close to the shell , the mussel expels its glochidia . the fish hosts for this particular pearly - mussel are unknown .

a short - term ( or tachytictic ) breeder , this mussel produces glochidia in the spring and releases them by mid - to late summer of the same year .

unaltered stream conditions , clean water , and an undisturbed stream bottom . the cycle also depends upon the abundance of suitable fish hosts to complete the mussel ' s larval development .

this mussel is typically found in shallow , fast - flowing water with a stable , clean substrate of sand or coarse gravel . it requires highly oxygenated water and , therefore , does not survive in still pools .

strayer , d . 1983 . the effects of surface geology and stream size on freshwater mussel ( bivalvia , unionidae ) distribution in southeastern michigan , u . s . a . freshwater biology 13 : 253 - 264 .

isom , b . g . , and p . yokley , jr . 1968 . " the mussel fauna of duck river in tennessee , 1965 . " american midland naturalist 80 ( 1 ) : 34 - 42 .

ahlstedt , s . a . 1984 . twentieth century changes in the freshwater mussel fauna of the clinch river ( tennessee and virginia ) . m . s . thesis , the university of tennessee , knoxville , tennessee . 102 pp .

( 1000 - 5000 square km ( about 400 - 2000 square miles ) ) historically , this species was widespread in the upper tennessee river system ( tennessee , elk , duck , holston , north and south fork holston , nolichucky , french broad , tellico , clinch , powell rivers ) ( simpson , 1914 ; ortmann , 1918 ) in tennessee , alabama , and virginia , and possibly in the cumberland river system ( cumberland , big south fork cumberland , caney fork ) where its former occurrence remains uncertain because the closely related quadrula tuberosa was also reported there ( usfws , 1984 ) . it is likely that ortmann ' s 1918 - 1925 records for the cumberland river system were probably quadrula tuberosa , here recognized as a synonym of quadrula intermedia ( usfws , 1984 ) . since 1960 , it has been found in large tributaries of the tennessee river including the duck , clinch , elk and powell rivers . since 1970 , it has been found only in the clinch , powell and tellico rivers ( usfws , 1984 ) . it was recently found alive in the duck river in tennessee ( louis levine , pers . comm . 10 / 7 / 1997 ) . it appears to be extirpated from alabama , although reintroduction efforts are underway ( mirarchi et al . , 2004 ) .

johnson , m . s . 2011 . a quantitative survey of the freshwater mussel fauna in the powell river of virginia and tennessee , and life history study of two endangered species , quadrula sparsa and quadrula intermedia . m . s . thesis , virginia polytechnic institution . 171 pp .

as part of a recovery program effort , on june 18 , 1997 , the u . s . fish and wildlife service proposed to reintroduce this mussel ( along with 15 other federally listed mussels and one snail ) to the free - flowing reach of the tennessee river below wilson dam in colbert and lauderdale counties in alabama .

this pearlymussel was apparently never abundant , and the reasons for its decline are not fully understood . impoundments , siltation , and pollution are presumed to be the major causes . the tennessee valley authority ( tva ) has constructed 36 dams in the tennessee river basin . these dams and reservoirs have inundated mussel shoals upstream , disrupted stream flow , and altered downstream habitat with sporadic cold - water discharges . siltation caused by strip - mining and poor agricultural practices often covers the substrates of gravel and sand and smothers mussel beds . because mussels must siphon gallons of water each day to feed , the effects of water pollutants such as herbicides and pesticides are intensified .

glochidia have tiny bean - or spoon - shaped valves that attach to the gill filaments of host fish . glochidia can only progress to the juvenile stage while attached to the fish ' s gills . those that do not fortuitously encounter a host fish do not survive when released by the female mussel . they sink to the bottom and die .

most freshwater mussel species display seasonal variations in activity associated with water temperature and reproduction . metabolic rate is , in part , positively correlated with temperature . many ectothermic species have the capacity to adjust their metabolic rates in response to long - term changes in temperature . thus , metabolic rates do not continue to rise as temperatures rise in the summer , and they do not continue to fall during the winter as temperatures decline .

quadrula intermedia has been synonymized in the past with quadrula tuberosa and quadrula sparsa ( ortmann , 1918 ) . the relationship to quadrula tuberosa , quadrula intermedia , and quadrula sparsa is questionable ; however , both q . tuberosa and q . sparsa have been found historically within the range of q . intermedia and no intergrade specimens have been found ( usfws , 1984 ) . q . tuberosa may be the form of q . intermedia occurring in big rivers , where a more obese form typically occurs in many unionid species . quadrula sparsa is currently recognized by turgeon et al . ( 1998 ) . distributional records became confused when ortmann ( 1914 ; 1918 ) lumped quadrula sparsa and quadrula tuberosa under quadrula intermedia ( bogan and parmalee , 1983 ; parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . historical records for q . tuberosa from the cumberland river are therefore also included with historical records for q . sparsa ( usfws , 1984 ) but if these are distinct species , then q . sparsa was not present in the headwaters of the cumberland river ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . at muscle shoals , morrison ( 1942 ) described a more inflated form as quadrula biangulata and shells similar to this form have been recovered from archaeological remains in the lower clinch river , tennessee , and identified as quadrula sparsa ( parmalee and bogan , 1986 ) . parmalee and bogan ( 1998 ) placed q . biangulata in the synonymy of quadrula quadrula . whether or not the biangulata form represents a valid species is unclear as it is conchologically different from typical q . intermedia but appears to represent one extreme in range of variation of the species . williams et al . ( 2008 ) tentatively place it in synonymy with q . sparsa .

based on the separation distances outlined herein , for freshwater mussels in standing water ( or backwater areas of flowing water such as oxbows and sloughs ) , all standing water bodies with either ( 1 ) greater than 2 km linear distance of unsuitable habitat between ( i . e . lotic connections ) , or ( 2 ) more than 10 km of apparently unoccupied though suitable habitat ( including lentic shoreline , linear distance across water bodies , and lentic water bodies with proper lotic connections ) , are considered separate element occurrences . only the largest standing water bodies ( with 20 km linear shoreline or greater ) may have greater than one element occurrence within each . multiple collection or observation locations in one lake , for example , would only constitute multiple occurrences in the largest lakes , and only then if there was some likelihood that unsurveyed areas between collections did not contain the element . for freshwater mussels in flowing water conditions , occurrences are separated by a distance of more than 2 stream km of unsuitable habitat , or a distance of more than 10 stream km of apparently unoccupied though suitable habitat . standing water between occurrences is considered suitable habitat when calculating separation distance for flowing water mussel species unless dispersal barriers ( see separation barriers ) are in place . several mussel species in north america occur in both standing and flowing water ( see specs notes ) . calculation of separation distance and determination of separation barriers for these taxa should take into account the environment in which the element was collected . juvenile mussels do not follow this pattern and juveniles are typically missed by most standard sampling methods ( hastie and cosgrove , 2002 ; neves and widlak , 1987 ) , therefore juvenile movement is not considered when calculating separation distance .

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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .

the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .

a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .

turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .

this species has been extirpated from nearly all of its former range . a few extant occurrences exist on the duck , elk , and powell rivers , and these do not appear to have healthy populations with possibly the only viable one left on the powell river ( a small 0 . 8 km linear stretch ) . the species is very close to global extinction and is continually threatened with habitat degradation and pollution .

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listed endangered throughout its range , except in the free - flowing reach of the tennessee river from the base of wilson dam downstream to the backwaters of pickwick reservoir and the lower 5 rm of all tributaries to this reach in colbert and lauderdale counties , alabama . here it is listed as an experimental , non - essential population . ( federal register , 14 june 2001 ) . the usfws , in cooperation with the state of tennessee and conservation fisheries , inc . , announced a final rule to reintroduce this species into its historical habitat in the free - flowing reach of the french broad river below douglas dam to its confluence with the holston river , knox county tennessee , and in the free - flowing reach of the holston river below cherokee dam to its confluence with the french broad river ( federal register , 12 september 2007 ) . the proposed rule for this action was published on june 13 , 2006 .

extant populations are scattered and have typically supported low numbers ( bogan and parmalee , 1983 ) . an august 1997 survey of the duck river population in tennessee only found two very old individuals , previously one was found in 1995 , and none in 1993 and 1994 surveys ( watson , 1998 ) . a 210 km survey of the elk river from the alabama border through tennessee in 1980 found this species at a few sites in lincoln co . , tennessee ( only a few specimens total ) ( ahlstedt , 1983 ) .

barr et al . ( 1994 ) determined ( based on 1981 survey data ) that viable populations exist in powell river at buchanan ford ( pop . est . 115 ) and at fletcher fork ( pop . est . 90 ) . the only remaining viable population is likely that in the upper powell river but that population is declining ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) .

threats include impoundment ( for flood control , navigation , hydroelectric power production , and recreation ) including norris dam and columbia dam , siltation ( due to strip mining , coal washing , dredging , farming , logging , and road construction ) , and pollution ( municipal , agricultural , and industrial ) from sawdust ( logging ) , coal mine acids , toxic wastes , gravel dredging , fertilizers , pesticides , chemical spills and discharges ( usfws , 1984 ) .

hubbs ( 2002 ) reported relict shells only in the elk river ( rm 105 . 4 ) , tennessee . it appears since 1989 , range in the powell river has expanded by 3 . 8 linear km and overall the species occurs in portions of a 100 km reach of the river , however age studies indicate little recruitment outside a small 0 . 8 km linear stretch of the river in recent years ( johnson , 2011 ) .

the range of this species was formerly restricted to the upper tennessee river system but was never abundant ( simpson , 1914 ; usfws , 1984 ) . it was reported from the upper elk river , tennessee ( isom et al . , 1973 ) . it is extirpated from the upper clinch , and north and south fork holston rivers ( usfws , 1984 ) and has not been seen in alabama in the tennessee river downstream of muscle shoals since the river was impounded in the early 1900s ( mirarchi , 2004 ; williams et al . , 2008 ) . still , it has declined significantly throughout its range now found in only 2 or 3 rivers ( most not viable ) .

this species inhabits shallow riffle and shoal areas of headwater streams and bigger rivers . it prefers clean , fast - flowing water in shoal conditions , and has never been found in the ponded stretches of rivers , nor is it known from small streams ( usfws , 1984 ) . it has been found living in a sand and gravel substrate in 6 inches to 2 feet of water ( bogan and parmalee , 1983 ) .

glochidial hosts include streamlined chub ( erymystax dissimilis ) and blotched chub ( erymystax insignis ) ( hill , 1986 ; yeager and saylor , 1995 ) .

1 . determine aspects of life history in regard to spawning period and fish host identification . 2 . determine if culturing is a viable means of conservation . 3 . determine if fish host is in need of similar culturing . 4 . assess potential sites for reintroduction should culturing prove successful .

occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached and / or nacre still glossy and iridescent without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .

separation barriers within standing water bodies are based solely on separation distance ( see separation distance - suitable , below ) . separation barriers between standing water bodies and within flowing water systems include lack of lotic connections , natural barriers such as upland habitat , absence of appropriate species specific fish hosts , water depth greater than 10 meters ( cvancara , 1972 ; moyle and bacon , 1969 ) or anthropogenic barriers to water flow such as dams or other impoundments and high waterfalls .

use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .

cordeiro , j . ( 2011 ) ; shelton , douglas n . ( 1997 )

zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .

ahlstedt , s . a . 1983 . the molluscan fauna of the elk river in tennessee and alabama . american malacological bulletin 1 : 43 - 50 .

bogan , a . e . and p . w . parmalee . 1983 . tennessee ' s rare wildlife . vol . 2 : the mollusks . tennessee wildlife resources agency and the tennessee conservation department : nashville , tennessee . 123 pp .

hill , d . m . 1986 . cumberlandian mollusk conservation program , activity 3 : identification of fish hosts . office of natural resources and economic development , tennessee valley authority , knoxville , tennessee . 55 pp .

howard , a . d . 1915 . some exceptional cases of breeding among the unionidae . the nautilus 29 : 4 - 11 .

isom , b . g . , p . yokley , jr . , and c . h . gooch . 1973 . mussels of elk river basin in alabama and tennessee - 1965 - 1967 . american midland naturalist 89 ( 2 ) : 437 - 442 .

lefevre , g . and w . t . curtis . 1912 . studies on the reproduction and artificial propogation of fresh - water mussels . bulletin of the bureau of fisheries 30 : 102 - 201 .

mirarchi , r . e . , j . t . garner , m . f . mettee , and p . e . o ' neil . 2004b . alabama wildlife . volume 2 . imperiled aquatic mollusks and fishes . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa , alabama . xii + 255 pp .

mirarchi , r . e . , et al . 2004a . alabama wildlife . volume one : a checklist of vertebrates and selected invertebrates : aquatic mollusks , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , and mammals . university of alabama press : tuscaloosa , alabama . 209 pp .

morrison , j . p . e . 1942 . preliminary report on mollusks found in the shell mounds of the pickwidk landing basin in the tennessee river valley . bureau of american ethnology bulletin , 129 : 339 - 392 .

moyle , p . and j . bacon . 1969 . distribution and abundance of molluscs in a fresh water environment . journal of the minnesota academy of science 35 ( 2 / 3 ) : 82 - 85 .

ortmann , a . e . 1914 . studies in naiades ( in partim ) . the nautilus , 28 : 28 - 34 .

ortmann , a . e . 1918c . the nayades ( freshwater mussels ) of the upper tennessee drainage . with notes on synonymy and distribution . proceedings of the american philosophical society 57 : 521 - 626 .

parmalee , p . w . and a . e . bogan . 1986 . molluscan remains from aboriginal middens at the clinch river breeder reactor plant site , roan county , tennessee . american malacological bulletin 4 ( 1 ) : 25 - 37 .

parmalee , p . w . and a . e . bogan . 1998 . the freshwater mussels of tennessee . university of tennessee press : knoxville , tennessee . 328 pp .

strayer , d . l . 1999a . use of flow refuges by unionid mussels in rivers . journal of the north american benthological society 18 ( 4 ) : 468 - 476 .

strayer , d . l . and j . ralley . 1993 . microhabitat use by an assemblage of stream - dwelling unionaceans ( bivalvia ) including two rare species of alasmidonta . journal of the north american benthological society 12 ( 3 ) : 247 - 258 .

u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 2001 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; establishment of nonessential experimental population status for 16 freshwater mussels and 1 freshwater snail ( anthony ' s riversnail ) in the free - flowing reach of the tennessee river below the wilson dam , colbert and lauderdale counties , alabama . federal register , 66 ( 115 ) : 32250 - 32264 .

u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 2006 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; establishment of nonessential experimental population status for 15 freshwater mussels , 1 freshwater snail , and 5 fishes in the lower french broad river and in the lower holston river , tennessee ; proposed rule . federal register , 71 ( 113 ) : 34195 - 34230 .

van der schalie , h . 1938a . the naiad fauna of the huron river in southeastern michigan . miscellaneous publication of the museum of zoology , university of michigan 40 : 7 - 78 .

watters , g . t . 1992a . unionids , fishes , and the species - area curve . journal of biogeography 19 : 481 - 490 .

williams , j . d . , a . e . bogan , and j . t garner . 2008 . freshwater mussels of alabama & the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi , & tennessee . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa , alabama . 908 pages .

williams , j . d . , m . l . warren , jr . , k . s . cummings , j . l . harris , and r . j . neves . 1993b . conservation status of freshwater mussels of the united states and canada . fisheries 18 ( 9 ) : 6 - 22 .

yeager , b . l . and c . f . saylor . 1995 . fish hosts for four species of freshwater mussels ( pelecypoda : unionidae ) in the upper tennessee river drainage . american midland naturalist , 133 ( 1 ) : 1 - 6 .

barr , w . c . , s . a . ahlstedt , g . d . hickman , and d . m . hill . 1993 - 1994 . cumberlandian mollusk conservation program . activity 8 : analysis of macrofauna factors . walkerana 7 ( 17 / 18 ) : 159 - 224 .

hubbs , d . 2002 . monitoring and management of endangered mussels . 2001 - 02 annual report project 7365 , tennessee wildlife resources agency , nashville , tennessee . 3 pp .

williams , j . d . , a . e . bogan , and j . t . garner . 2008 . freshwater mussels of alabama & the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi & tennessee . university of alabama press : tuscaloosa , alabama . 908 pp .

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occurring in big rivers , where a more obese form typically occurs in many unionid species .

( bogan and parmalee 1983 , parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . historical records for

. however , it is thought by some that further justification is needed before this change can be confirmed .

endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , iv ) ver 3 . 1

dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , kasthala , g . , mcguinness , s . , milligan , ht , de silva , r . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . , collins , a . , offord , s . , duncan , c . & richman , n .

has been assessed as endangered under criterion b1ab ( i , ii , iii , iv ) as it has been extirpated from large parts of its former range . it has an extent of occurrence of between 2 , 000 - 5 , 000 km

. extant populations exist on the duck , elk , and powell rivers ( equalling three locations ) , but it is questionable whether these have healthy populations ; the population in the powell river is likely to be viable . the species is continually threatened with habitat degradation and pollution .

( usfws 1984 ) . since 1960 , it has been found in large tributaries of the tennessee river including the duck , clinch , elk and powell rivers . since 1970 , it has been found only in the clinch , powell and tellico rivers ( usfws 1984 ) . it was recently found alive in the duck river in tennessee ( l . levine pers . comm . 1997 ) . it appears to be extirpated from alabama , although reintroduction efforts are underway ( mirarchi

this species inhabits shallow riffle and shoal areas of headwater streams and bigger rivers . it prefers clean , fast - flowing water in shoal conditions , and has never been found in the ponded stretches of rivers , nor is it known from small streams ( usfws 1984 ) . it has been found living in a sand and gravel substrate in six inches to two feet of water ( bogan and parmalee 1983 ) .

threats include impoundment ( for flood control , navigation , hydroelectric power production , and recreation ) including norris dam and columbia dam , siltation ( due to strip mining , coal washing , dredging , farming , logging , and road construction ) , and pollution ( municipal , agricultural , and industrial ) from sawdust ( logging ) , coal mine acids , toxic wastes , gravel dredging , fertilisers , pesticides , chemical spills and discharges ( usfws 1984 ) .

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justification : reports from 1984 onwards suggest that populations from the powell river ( 31 miles ) are declining due to decreasing water quality . the duck river subpopulation has too few specimens to maintain a viable population .

u . s . a . ( tn - specified portions of the french broad and holston rivers ; see 17 . 85 ( b ) ( 1 ) )

u . s . a . ( al ; the free - flowing reach of the tennessee r . from the base of wilson dam downstream to the backwaters of pickwick reservoir [ about 12 rm ( 19 km ) ] and the lower 5 rm [ 8 km ] of all tributaries to this reach in colbert and lauderdale cos . , see 17 . 85 ( a ) )

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medium - sized , triangular to quadrangular , greenish - yellow shell with numerous markings .

female stores sperm in gills ; glochidia ( larvae ) are released into streams after hatching .

when the juvenile has developed a shell and is large enough to survive on its own , it detaches from the host fish and falls to the stream bottom , beginning a long association with a single stretch of stream . maturing mussels bury themselves in riffles and shoals with only the shell margins and feeding siphons exposed to the water . some mussels live as long as 50 years or more .

freshwater mussels feed by siphoning phytoplankton and other plant matter from the water . indigestible particles are expelled from the shell by reverse siphoning . silt in the water can kill mussels by clogging their feeding siphons .

there are no known interspecific differences in feeding among freshwater mussels . the glochidia are obligate parasites on the gills or fins of fish . adult mussels are filter - feeders and consume particulate matter in the water column . identifiable stomach contents almost invariably include desmids , di - atoms , algae , protozoa , and zooplankton .

some freshwater mussels also show diurnal changes in metabolic rates that indicate a tendency toward nocturnal activity patterns . mussels may move to the surface to feed at night and move deeper into the substrate during the day ; this is one way to avoid predators that hunt by visual contact .

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recovery plan for the alabama beach mouse ( peromyscus polionotus ammobates ) , perdido key beach mouse ( p . p . trissyllepsis ) , and choctawhatchee beach mouse ( p . p . allophrys ) /

by : u . s . fish and wildlife service . region 4 . published : ( 1987 )

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