the golden-headed lion tamarin ( leontopithecus chrysomelas ) , also the golden-headed tamarin , is a lion tamarin endemic to brazil .

it is found only in the lowland and premontane tropical forest fragments in the state of bahia , and therefore is considered to be an endangered species .

it lives at heights of 3 – 10 metres ( 9.8 – 32.8 ft ) .

its preferred habitat is within mature forest , but with habitat destruction this is not always the case .

several sources seem to have different information on the number of individuals within a group , and the type of social system that may be apparent .

the golden-headed lion tamarin lives within group sizes ranging from 2 to 11 individuals , with the average size ranging from 4 to 7 .

according to various sources , the group may consist of two adult males , one adult female , and any immature individuals , one male and one female and any immature individuals , or there may be one producing pair and a varying number of other group members , usually offspring from previous generations .

there is not much known on its mating system , but according to different sources , and information on the possible social groups , it can be assumed that some may practice monogamous mating systems , and some may practice polyandrous mating systems .

both males and females invest energy in caring for the young , and all members of the group also help with juvenile care .

golden - headed lion tamarin

golden - headed lion tamarin <EOT> pinto lpd , rylands ab . geographic distribution of the golden - headed lion tamarin ,

golden - headed lion tamarin geographic range . map courtesy of oona räisänen & iucn red list

golden - headed lion tamarin climbing a tree - trunk . courtesy of arkive . org .

play behavior of the golden - headed lion tamarin in brazilian cocoa agroforests . - pubmed - ncbi

play behavior of the golden - headed lion tamarin in brazilian cocoa agroforests - abstract - folia primatologica 2014 , vol . 85 , no . 3 - karger publishers

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golden - headed lion tamarins are one of four species of lion tamarins , all of which are from the rainforests of brazil , and all are endangered species . our golden - headed lion tamarins came to us from the brevard zoo in florida . in the wild a golden - headed lion tamarin’s diet mainly consists of fruit , flowers , and insects . when you visit the zoo you may hear high - pitched trills and whines coming from these small creatures .

this fragmentation of the forest threatens loss of genetic diversity in small isolated populations , and collection golden - headed lion tamarin for the pet trade also used to be a big problem .

not to be confused with the golden lion tamarin , the golden - headed lion tamarin - - also called the golden - headed tamarin , and the gold and black lion tamarin - - is only found in the state of bahia in brazil . preferring tall evergreen broadleaf forests and semi - deciduous forests along the atlantic coast , they live in the food - rich forest canopy at 10 to 33 feet ( 3 to 10 meters ) . this small monkey thrives in the mature forest habitats that are quickly diminishing and becoming ever more fragmented , thereby impacting the viability of the species .

cite this page as : cawthon lang ka . 2005 july 20 . primate factsheets : golden - headed lion tamarin ( leontopithecus chrysomelas ) behavior . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .

when threatened , the golden - headed lion tamarin raises its mane and fluffs it body hair to appear larger . at the same time , it flicks its tongue to frighten away the threat .

cite this page as : cawthon lang ka . 2005 july 20 . primate factsheets : golden - headed lion tamarin ( leontopithecus chrysomelas ) conservation . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .

golden - headed lion tamarins were once found much more widely across eastern brazil . today , surviving populations are scattered and thinly distributed .

raboy be , dietz jm ( 2004 ) . diet , foraging , and use of space in wild golden - headed lion tamarins .

an estimated 2 % of the golden - headed lion tamarin ' s original habitat remains in brazil’s atlantic forest , one of the most endangered ecosystems on earth . the majority of the original forest has been cleared for farming , mining , ranching & expanding urban centers . most golden - headed lion tamarins are confined to the protected una biological reserve .

cite this page as : cawthon lang ka . 2005 july 20 . primate factsheets : golden - headed lion tamarin ( leontopithecus chrysomelas ) taxonomy , morphology , & ecology . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .

golden lion tamarins move quadrupedally through the trees and can spring and leap between branches and vines .

golden lion tamarins were upgraded from critically endangered to endangered in 2003 following these extensive conservation efforts . about one - third of the wild population today originated from golden lion tamarins raised in human care . about 3 , 200 golden lion tamarins live in the wild , most in or near the

raboy be , neves lg , zeigler s , saraiva n , cardoso n , santos g , ballou j , leimgruber p ( 2010 ) . strength of habitat and landscape metrics in predicting golden - headed lion tamarin presence or absence in forest patches .

information about wild golden - headed lion tamarin ecology primarily comes from research that has been conducted at una biological reserve by raboy and dietz since 1991 . comparative research on the ecology of golden - headed lion tamarins and golden lion tamarins ( l . rosalia ) is unfolding and preliminary results suggest that the two are not as similar as expected given their taxonomic relationship . care should be taken to avoid assuming the two exhibit identical ecological behaviors such as foraging , diet , and ranging patterns ( dietz 1997 ; raboy & dietz 2004 ) .

some of the problems contributing to their status in the wild include massive deforestation for commercial agriculture crops , habitat fragmentation , and encroaching human populations . export for the international pet trade may also be a factor contributing to declining golden - headed lion tamarin populations .

thirty years ago , fewer than 200 golden lion tamarins could be found in their native habitat in brazil .

striking manes around their head is what gives them the name lion tamarin . all lion tamarins are endangered because of the serious level of destruction of the atlantic rain forest where they are found .

golden - headed lion tamarins are found only in brazil . due to habitat destruction , they are confined to the southern part of the state of bahia , brazil ( mitchell and erwin 1986 ) .

in tamarin society , males and females mate for life and take equal part in raising their young .

because of their relatively large home range sizes , golden - headed lion tamarins encounter other groups less frequently than golden lion tamarins , but when they do , they exhibit territorial behavior . intergroup behavior is aggressive and includes bouts of vocalizing , chasing , and fighting between individuals ( dietz et al . 1996 ; raboy & dietz 2004 ) .

there is scant data available on accidental mortality but there have been some unpublished reports of golden - headed lion tamarins getting caught in snare traps set for other animals and accidentally being killed ( oliver & santos 1991 ) .

following this important meeting , the zoo made a major commitment to the captive breeding and conservation of the golden lion tamarin and launched a long - term investigation into the reproduction , social behavior and husbandry of the species in human care . for many years , golden lion tamarins were free - ranging at the zoo to help them prepare for eventual reintroduction to the wild in brazil .

the zoo played an important role in creating the golden lion tamarin conservation program , which is still active today in field research , reintroduction , environmental education and habitat restoration . currently , the international committee for the conservation and management of lion tamarins advises the brazilian government on the research and conservation activities for these species .

in the early 1970s , there were as few as 200 golden lion tamarins in the wild . they were upgraded from critically endangered to endangered in 2003 following intensive conservation efforts . about one - third of the wild population today originated from golden lion tamarins raised in human care .

the zoo population of golden lion tamarins has been managed globally since 1973 . in 1981 , golden lion tamarins became one of the first species to be designated as part of the association of zoos & aquariums’ species survival plan , with 143 zoos participating in the captive breeding program .

the rapid rate of habitat destruction within the range of the golden - headed lion tamarins indicates that their numbers will not remain high for long and suggests that forest fragmentation will continue to whittle away at the existing population much like the pattern seen in golden lion tamarins ( l . rosalia ) ( oliver & santos 1991 ; rylands 1993 - 1994 ; de s . pinto & rylands 1997 ) . actions must be taken immediately to stop habitat destruction and begin to reconnect patches of forest that still harbor golden - headed lion tamarins ( oliver & santos ; de s . pinto & rylands 1997 ) .

cool animal fact : golden - headed lion tamarins also communicate using smell . they have scent glands which they use to mark their territory and pathways to food sources . individuals can be identified by one another based on their scent .

as with other lion tamarins , golden lion tamarins are a social species . in the wild , they live in groups of two to eight family members . the groups comprise a breeding pair , offspring of one or two litters and possibly other relatives . golden lion tamarins groom much like other primates . the juveniles play , chasing and wrestling with each other .

both male and female golden - headed lion tamarins have well - developed scent glands on their chest and around their genitals which secrete chemicals used to communicate information about the individual including sex and reproductive status as well as territory demarcation . unfortunately , no work has been done to analyze the chemical composition of these secretions and therefore little information is understood about the mechanism by which these work to signal other golden - headed lion tamarins ( ruiz - miranda & kleiman 2002 ) .

the limited data available on fecundity and mortality in golden - headed lion tamarins suggests that the population grows more slowly and is subject to higher levels of predation compared to golden lion tamarins ( l . rosalia ) ( dietz 1997 ) . wild golden - headed lion tamarins have never been seen producing more than one litter per year , so population growth is relatively slow . furthermore , disappearance rates are high within the population at una biological reserve and may be attributed to density of predators . mammalian and avian predators are a threat to these small animals , and when forest conditions are right , the predator population can thrive and have a negative effect on golden - headed lion tamarins ( dietz 1997 ) . unidentified disease is another contributor to mortality at una . certain illnesses can sweep through a group and kill all of the members within a few days ( dietz 1997 ) .

the nature of habitat fragmentation throughout the golden - headed lion tamarin ' s range will probably lead to problems associated with inbreeding including inbreeding depression , genetic drift , lack of genetic diversity , and lower recruitment rates . the total population at una is estimated to be between 240 and 460 individuals . though there is a wide discrepancy between estimates , the population is still thought to be less than the 500 breeding individuals necessary to maintain genetic diversity over the long term ( dietz et al . 1996 ) . additionally , the population at una represents the largest population in the most intact forest in the entire range of the golden - headed lion tamarin , so it is clear that other subpopulations are subject to loss of genetic diversity over time .

with a long , golden lion - like mane around its face the golden - headed lion tamarin is suitably named . about the same size as a squirrel , they can grow up to 30 cm long ( females are usually slightly larger ) plus a tail of approx . 35 cm ; the body is predominantly black with golden - orange limbs and males and females are similar in appearance . they have sharp claws ( unusual in primates as most others have nails ) , and they use these for climbing and catching prey . their food consists mainly of insects and lizards , as well as soft fruit .

golden - headed lion tamarins are diurnal and spend most of their time in tropical forests at heights of 3 to 10 meters . they do not even come down to sleep at night . leontopithecus chrysomela sleeps in tree holes , vines , or epiphytes .

key research on golden - headed lion tamarins began with adelmar coimbra - filho in the early 1970s and revolved around taxonomic history , geographic distribution and habitat type . he was the first to set up a captive breeding colony of the species and was instrumental in getting the land set aside for una , where long - term research on golden - headed tamarins is still being conducted ( rylands et al . 2002b ) . russell mittermeier , james dietz , anthony rylands , and becky raboy have also contributed greatly to the current base of knowledge about wild golden - headed lion tamarins while kristel de vleeschouwer and linda van elsacker have been driving forces behind captive research ( rylands et al . 2002b ) .

generally hunters in this region are either leisure hunters or subsistence hunters and though golden - headed lion tamarins are seldom hunted for food , there are a few reports that hunters kill and eat them ( oliver & santos 1991 ; dos santos & blanes 1997 ) .

the golden - headed lion tamarin lives only in the altantic rainforest of coastal brazil . the primary ( undisturbed ) forest is now extremely fragmented , and while these monkeys will use forest regrowth and rubber plantations where some native trees remain , they depend on old growth forest for sleeping sites . home ranges can be from 40 to 100 hectares , depending on how rich the forest is in food .

golden - headed lion tamarins are primarily insectivorous and frugivorous . however , they have been known to eat invertebrates such as spiders and snails . there are also records of this species eating lizards , bird eggs , and even small birds ( nowak and paradiso 1983 ) .

conservation status and threats the iucn red list categorized the golden - headed lion tamarin as endangered in 1982 , and it remains so today . as previously stated and worth repeating , just 2 % of its original habitat remains in brazil’s atlantic forest , one of the most endangered ecosystems on earth . the majority of the original forest has been cleared for farming , mining , ranching & expanding urban centers . most golden - headed lion tamarins are confined to the protected una biological reserve . surviving populations are scattered and thinly distributed . conservation efforts in 1980 the brazilian government created the una biological reserve for the protection of the golden - headed lion tamarin and its habitat . over the years the park has been slowly growing as the government acquires more land . the population at una is the largest population in the most intact forest . there is also a captive breeding colony of 25 golden - headed lion tamarins at the rio de janeiro primate center . in the early 1990s , the landowner ' s environmental protection plan was created to educate the community about the importance of protecting the forest and the tamarins . the protection plan included conservation activities on over 70 % of the neighboring farms , educating farmers on how to use sustainable agriculture in order to preserve the tamarins ' habitat . the plan also educates school children , hunters and forest guards on conservation , property rights and land use . this method of educating and involving the community has had great success for preserving the tamarin and their habitat .

appearance , size , & weight the golden - headed lion tamarin is a beautiful little monkey with a long , thick golden to orange mane around the face , as their name implies . the body is shiny black with golden to orange limbs , hands , and feet . its long tail is black and golden . weighing in at about 17 to 25 ounces ( 500 to 700 grams ) and measuring 8 to 13 inches ( 20 to 34 centimeters ) in body length plus a 12 to 15 inch ( 32 to 40 centimeter ) long tail , females are typically the larger gender , a rather uncommon occurrence in primates . with arms and legs of similar size to each other , the golden - headed lion tamarin comfortably moves through the forest canopy quadrupedally ( on all fours ) . as all callitrichids ( the family of new world monkeys that includes marmosets and tamarins ) , their fingers are long and dexterous , and they have claws rather than nails on all but the big toe . this clawed adaptation allows them to cling to and climb trees as easily as squirrels do .

translocation program , where they may pose a risk to both translocated animals and the local animals ( although there was no golden - lion tamarin in the release site , there are other primate species ) . alternatively , in cases of zoonosis , potentially presenting a risk to the human population living in the area [

the iucn classes the golden - headed lion tamarin as endangered . once found widely across eastern brazil , today it only survives in pockets of eastern brazil , with total numbers estimated at 6 , 000 - 15 , 000 individuals . the primary threat is the ongoing destruction of the atlantic rainforest , with an estimated 2 - 5 % of their original habitat surviving as a result of deforestation for timber , charcoal and agriculture .

historically , collection for the pet trade , severe habitat loss and fragmentation were the primary threats to golden lion tamarins . habitats were destroyed to make way for sugar cane and coffee production , cattle grazing , logging , charcoal and urbanization . as a result , in the early 1970s , there were as few as 200 golden lion tamarins in the wild .

some information about social behaviors must be extrapolated from studies of captive golden lion tamarins ( l . rosalia ) simply because there is not enough data from wild or captive studies on golden - headed lion tamarins . though the two species are closely related and likely share a repertoire of similar behaviors , using data from golden lion tamarins should be done prudently as new research on golden - headed lion tamarins will likely reveal similarities and differences between the species . among golden lion tamarins , grooming is a major form of social activity and occurs between all family members either as they huddle in close contact during the day or evening or between pairs of individuals throughout the day ( kleiman et al . 1988 ) . adult females groom males more frequently than the reverse , and this may indicate that adult males are dominant over adult females within the group . juveniles and subadults have high frequencies of grooming neonatal infants as they are interested in the youngest group members and attempt to make contact with them as often as possible . they will also groom the infants ' mother in an attempt to get closer to the newborn ( kleiman et al . 1988 ) .

vocalizations among golden - headed lion tamarins are based on activity and behavior . trills are used when activity is solitary . clucks can be heard while an animal is foraging . long calls indicate vigilance . whines are made when two individuals are making contact with one another ( nowak and paradiso 1983 ) .

like most primates , golden - headed lion tamarins are a social species , typically living in family groups of 4 to 8 individuals . they breed once a year . when threatened they will fluff up their fur to make themselves appear bigger than they really are , and this helps them ward off predators .

oliveira cr , ruiz - miranda cr , kleiman dg , beck bb ( 2003 ) . play behavior in juvenile golden lion tamarins ( callitrichidae : primates ) : organization in relation to costs .

at the smithsonian ' s national zoo , golden lion tamarins eat fruits , carrots , sweet potatoes , green beans , hard - boiled eggs , mealworms , crickets , and a marmoset gel .

just 2 - 5 % of the golden - headed lion tamarin’s original habitat remains in brazil ( 3 ) . this species is now only found in the east of brazil , in the southern portion of bahia ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 7 ) . here , the majority are confined to the protected una biological reserve ( 3 ) . they were originally found much more widely across eastern brazil ; today , surviving populations are scattered and thinly distributed ( 7 ) .

in the eastern half of their range , golden - headed lion tamarin habitat is characterized by wet conditions throughout the year , but in 1995 , a severe drought occurred and resulted in a serious wildfire that threatened una biological reserve ( anonymous 1995 ) . the fire was started when neighboring farmers lost control of a fire they started to help clear their fields , a common technique used in south america to clear land of growth and add nutrients to the soil before planting crops .

a striking species , golden lion tamarins are small social south america primates with a magnificent reddish - gold coat and a long , backswept mane . once down to 200 individuals in the wild , intensive conservation efforts have helped the population recover . still an endangered species , there are about 3 , 200 in the wild—about a third of which are descendants of golden lion tamarins raised in human care .

their sleep patterns are regular , meaning that they sleep from dusk until sunrise , oftentimes with a midday nap . golden lion tamarins sleep in tree holes for warmth and protection from predators at night .

golden - headed lion tamarins live in family groups of 10 or more . multi male and female groups occur in the wild . following a gestation of between 125 - 130 days the female will normally give birth to twins and as with many tamarins , older siblings and the male will take turns in baby - sitting .

golden - headed lion tamarins have a pretty broad communications repertoire . their vocalizations are based on activities and social interactions . long calls maintain pair bonds and signal a group ' s presence in their territory . trills are used when activity is solitary , and they cluck while foraging . when two individuals make contact , they whine .

like other lion tamarins , the golden - headed lion tamarin is diurnal , that is , it sleeps at night and is active during the day . they live in groups ranging from 2 to 11 individuals , averaging at 5 to 8 . groups typically consist of 2 adult males , 1 adult female , and their offspring . although less is known about the mating habits of this tamarin species , scientists assume that , like other tamarin species , they are primarily monogamous . only one female in the group breeds and , like other callitrichids , she usually gives birth to twins . any other females’ reproduction is suppressed by the pheromones and dominant behavior of the breeding female . both males and females care for the young , and all group members assist in childcare . at night , they sleep in holes in trees that were created by woodpeckers and they may occupy the same nest for 6 days before moving on .

information about visual communication in golden - headed lion tamarins in also limited and therefore what is known about visual signals in golden lion tamarins must be applied to the former species ( ruiz - miranda & kleiman 2002 ) . the repertoire of visual signals is limited compared to the other communication forms , but includes both postural and facial expressions that act as signals to nearby individuals ( kleiman et al . 1988 ; kinzey 1997 ) . golden lion tamarins exhibit tongue - flicking , arch - walking , tail thrashing , rump displays and piloerection in sexual and social contexts ( kinzey 1997 ; ruiz - miranda & kleiman 2002 ) . most visual signals are used during territorial encounters , social interactions , and reproductive events ( ruiz - miranda & kleiman 2002 ) .

li z , rogers e ( 2004 ) . habitat quality and activity budgets of white - headed langurs in fusui , china .

golden - headed lion tamarins are one of four species of lion tamarins in the genus leontopithecus that have similar body shapes and share several common features including a lionlike mane of hair surrounding their dark brown , or black , hairless faces ( rowe 1996 ) . the golden - headed lion tamarin has black fur over its entire body except for on its head and mane , where the fur is a light to deep golden color . it also has golden fur on part of its tail , hands , feet , and forearms ( rowe 1996 ; groves 2001 ) . males and females are about the same size and weight , though a female ' s weight fluctuates more than a male ' s during certain times in the reproductive cycle . in captivity , males weigh between 540 and 700 g ( 1 . 19 and 1 . 54 lb ) and average 620 g 1 . 37 lb ) and measure , on average , 250 mm ( 9 . 84 in ) while females weigh between 480 and 590 g ( 1 . 06 and 1 . 30 lb ) and average 534 . 8 g ( 1 . 18 lb ) and measure , on average 236 . 3 mm ( 9 . 30 in ) ( rosenberger & coimbra - filho 1984 ) . based on a few specimens , wild male golden - headed lion tamarins weigh 550 g ( 1 . 21 lb ) , and the average weight of wild females is 591 g ( 1 . 30 lb ) ( leigh 1994 ; raboy 2002 ) .

blumstein dt ( 1998 ) . quantifying predation risk for refuging animals : a case study with golden marmots .

the first year of life is the most difficult for golden lion tamarins ; 50 percent of infants die during this time . the remaining individuals usually live for eight years and up to 15 years in human care .

diet primarily a frugivore , or fruit eater , the golden - headed lion tamarin has a fairly broad diet , consuming plants , fruits , flowers , nectar , insects and small invertebrates , including include insect larvae , spiders , snails , frogs , lizards , bird eggs and small snakes . they find animal prey in the leaf litter of the forest floor , in the holes and crevices of trees , and by breaking open rotting wood to find large insects . their long hands and slender fingers are well adapted to this method of foraging . only occasionally do they supplement their diets with less nutritious gum and tree sap since their preferred foods are available year round . the golden - headed lion tamarin , like all marmosets and tamarins , plays an important role in seed dispersal . the seeds of the fruits that they consume pass through the monkeys’ digestive tracts unharmed and are defecated far enough away from the parent plant to result in greater distribution of the plant species . this , in turn , regrows the forest ' s resources and ultimately feeds more animals .

golden - headed lion tamarins are endemic to brazil and are found in small and disjunctive areas of forest in the coastal states of bahia and minas gerais ( rylands et al . 2002a ) . they are the northernmost species of lion tamarins and are found in the very southeastern area of bahia and the extreme northeast of minas gerais within 150 km ( 93 . 2 mi ) of the atlantic coast and at altitudes below 500 m ( 1640 ft ) . the range is bound by the rio de contas in the north , the rio jequitinhonha in the south , the atlantic ocean in the east , and a change in altitude and vegetation in the west ( de s . pinto & rylands 1997 ) . the total area extends over about 19 , 000 km² ( 7336 mi² ) , but the forests in which they are found are highly fragmented because of land use activities including cattle ranching and cocoa cultivation . they are found in over 100 sites throughout their range , but are protected only in bahia at una biological reserve , a 94 km² ( 36 . 3 mi² ) area that has a golden - headed lion tamarin population of 450 individuals as of 2000 ( de s . pinto & rylands 1997 ; rylands et al . 2002a ; cruz pers . comm . ) . there are more golden - headed lion tamarins than all of the other three species combined ( l . rosalia , l . chrysopygus , and l . caissara ) , with the total wild population estimated to be between 6 , 000 and 15 , 000 individuals ( de s . pinto & rylands 1997 ) . there are about 600 golden - headed lion tamarins in captivity around the world ( rylands et al . 2002a ) .

continued conservation efforts ( such as reforestation and the creation of wildlife corridors ) are essential to sustain and grow the overall population , and to ensure all of the hard work put into saving golden lion tamarins is not undone .

another important behavior of cooperative infant care is food provisioning . for the first four weeks , the infants exclusively nurse , but food sharing begins during week five ( tardif et al . 2002 ) . by week 12 , young golden - headed lion tamarins are being provisioned at the highest rates , and sharing will decrease over time such that by about five months of age , they are no longer being provisioned by group members ( tardif et al . 2002 ) . though there is no data from wild golden - headed lion tamarins , wild golden lion tamarin juveniles ( l . rosalia ) are provisioned until 21 months of age , and the pattern may be similar across species ( tardif et al . 2002 ) . sharing food with infants may teach them an appropriate diet and provide them with important nutrients . in younger infants , foods that are high in lipids and protein that they are unable to acquire on their own , such as insects , are shared more frequently than other types of foods . older juveniles receive a wider variety of foods , probably as a way to learn about appropriate foods ( tardif et al . 2002 ) .

the golden - headed lion tamarin’s name describes its striking appearance perfectly . the thick , long golden to orange mane around its face is indeed reminiscent of a male lion’s mane ( 3 ) . when in danger or defending its territory , this tamarin raises its fantastic mane and fluffs up its fur to give it the appearance of being bigger than it really is , whilst flicking its tongue at the intruder to scare them away ( 5 ) . females and males are very similar in appearance , as are the young , but unlike most other primates , it is the adult female that is usually larger than the adult male ( 6 ) . the body is predominantly shiny and black , with golden to orange limbs and paws , and a black and golden coloured , long tail ( 7 ) . its fore and hind limbs are similar in size , allowing it to move quadrupedally through the forest ( 6 ) . their fingers are long and dextrous and , like all callitrichids , the nails have evolved into claws on all but the big toe , which has a flattened nail , allowing them to climb in a squirrel - like fashion through the trees ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .

other characteristics shared by lion tamarins include the presence of claw - like nails ( called tegulae ) instead of flat nails ( called ungulae ) as seen in humans and other primates , and the tendency to give birth to twins more frequently than singletons ( sussman 2000 ) . the claw - like nails seen in golden - headed lion tamarins aid in their locomotion patterns of quadrupedal running , clinging , and leaping between trees . having nails at the ends of their fingertips instead of on top of their fingertips allows them to efficiently grip vertical surfaces and may help stabilize them on small branches ( sussman 2000 ) . the pattern of twinning that is common among golden - headed lion tamarins is an unusual characteristic for primates because of the high time and caloric investment necessary to carry and care for two infants at once . lion tamarins and other callitrichines that exhibit this pattern have evolved social organizations and behaviors that include cooperative breeding to decrease the energetic strain on the mother and increase infant survival ( sussman 2000 ) .

the only significant protected area in which golden - headed lion tamarins are found is una biological reserve , a 94 km² ( 36 . 3 mi² ) park created specifically for their protection in 1980 . though the original governmental decree was for an area of 114 km² ( 44 . 0 mi² ) , this amount of land was not purchased immediately and for the last 25 years , the park has been growing incrementally as the government continues to acquire land ( de s . pinto & rylands 1997 ; cruz pers . comm . ) . forests surrounding una are still relatively intact and it should be a priority to purchase them and integrate them into the biological reserve because , as it exists now , una is not large enough to support a self - sustaining population of golden - headed lion tamarins ( rylands 1993 - 1994 ; de s . pinto & rylands 1997 ) . if purchase and integration is not possible , it will be essential to work with land owners to persuade them to initiate tamarin - friendly land use patterns . existing programs to educate private land owners in the areas around the reserve should continue while corridors should be grown connecting remaining old growth forests on private lands with una forests . ( de s . pinto & rylands 1997 ; mallinson 2001 ) . the landowners ' environmental education programme began in the early 1990s and focused on educating the community surrounding the reserve about the importance of protecting not only the reserve itself but contiguous forests . on over 70 % of the farms in the area , conservation activities have been undertaken including sustainable agricultural practices that focus on preserving forests and golden - headed lion tamarin habitat ( mallinson 2001 ) . school children , farm workers , hunters , and forest guards have been involved in the education program focusing on conservation , property rights , and land use as well as developing alternative sustainable economic undertakings ( mallinson 2001 ) . as land is purchased for more forest reserves or protected areas in areas other than una , programs like this should certainly be part of the transition from private to reserve land so that communities neighboring new reserves understand the importance of their actions on the golden - headed lion tamarin ' s habitat and ultimate survival .

interesting fact : all lion tamarins have long fingers and sharp claws to help them catch grubs and bugs in the trees .

following the drop in cocoa prices and the spread of witch ' s broom disease , unemployment rates soared in the region surrounding una biological reserve . displaced workers swarmed to the forests , both protected and unprotected , clearing the land for subsistence agriculture because of their lack of economic prospects ( padua et al . 2002 ) . additionally , cocoa plantation owners began to cut the primary forests of the cabruca and sell the lumber to supplement income . this resulted in an increased rate of forest fragmentation both within una and in the surrounding areas and directly impacting the golden - headed lion tamarin ( padua et al . 2002 ) .

while the estimate of golden lion tamarins living in the wild has continued to rise in recent years , they are still classified as endangered because their habitat remains fragmented in to small , unconnected areas , each only capable of supporting a small number of groups . this has decreased the quality of tamarin habitat and limited their ability to grow populations . without intervention , inbreeding will contribute to the local extinction of many of these small populations , and eventually the entire species .

golden lion tamarins live in the heavily populated atlantic coastal regions of southeastern brazil . they live in humid forests with many vines , bromeliads , and other epiphytes . they occupy the closed canopy , often remaining 29 to 100 feet ( 10 to 30 meters ) off the ground .

the landowners ' environmental education programme needs to incorporate information about burning fields and the potential harm that can be done to neighboring forests , especially under certain environmental conditions . while the newly established buffer zone between the reserve and other lands might decrease the chance of a fire spreading too quickly to the center of the reserve , in some situations , una , and the golden - headed lion tamarins that live there , might be subject to serious natural disasters .

in 1972 , the zoo held a ground - breaking conference bringing together 28 european , american and brazilian biologists to save the golden lion tamarin . long - term recommendations for husbandry were developed for research and conservation activities , including support for the breeding program in brazil , studies of breeding biology , protocols for captive husbandry and management , medical programs , hand - rearing guidelines , inter - institutional cooperation and the establishment of a studbook and a data bank to record all aspects of their propagation in human care .

both vocal and chemical communication are important to golden - headed lion tamarin groups . because they live in tropical forests , visual communication is less important in long - distance interactions but is important in interactions between individuals that are in proximity ( ruiz - miranda & kleiman 2002 ) . the only available information about vocal and visual communication in lion tamarins is for the golden lion tamarin ( l . rosalia ) , but it is believed that similarities exist among all species of leontopithecus ( ruiz - miranda & kleiman 2002 ) . there are six discrete categories of vocalizations in golden lion tamarin communication : tonal , clucks , trills , atonal , multisyllable , and combination ( ruiz - miranda & kleiman 2002 ) . tonal vocalizations include the " whine " and " peep " calls and serve as alarm and affiliation calls . " whines " are given in reaction to the presence of predators while " peeps " are sounded by solitary young after being reunited with the group or by any group member upon finding food ( kleiman et al . 1988 ; boinski et al . 1994 ; ruiz - miranda & kleiman 2002 ) . " clucks " signal reaction to the presence of a novel item or are giving during foraging bouts . they also can signal aggression when golden lion tamarins encounter neighbors or intruders and are given while chasing or mobbing predators ( kleiman et al . 1988 ; boinski et al . 1994 ) . " trills " have multiple purposes but mainly serve to indicate the location of the caller to other individuals over long distances . atonal calls such as " rasps " or " screeches " are heard mostly during playing or as playing escalates to fighting ( kleiman et al . 1988 ; boinski et al . 1994 ) . multisyllable calls include the most important vocalizations for group cohesion , the " short " and " long calls . " these are typically heard as golden lion tamarins leave their sleeping sites in the morning to locate their neighbors and are heard throughout the day as individuals keep in vocal contact with other group members ( peres 1991 ; ruiz - miranda & kleiman 2002 ) . combination calls also serve multiple purposes and include " trill - rasps , " " trill - whines , " and " cluck - whines . " these are used by juveniles begging for attention , protection , or food or by group members as they defend their territory against intruders or predators ( ruiz - miranda & kleiman 2002 ) .

each group has one breeding pair . the breeding season is between september and march , the warmest and wettest time of year . after a gestation period of about four and a half months , the female usually gives birth to twins . golden lion tamarins are born fully furred with their eyes open . they cling to their mothers for the first few weeks . all members of the group will carry and care for the infants , but the adult male usually does the largest share . the mother only takes the babies to nurse them . after about five weeks , babies begin to explore on their own ; they are weaned at 3 months . as with golden - headed lion tamarins , sexual maturity is reached at 18 months for females and 2 years for males .

golden - headed lion tamarins are sympatric with three other species of primates , the black tufted - ear marmoset ( callithrix kuhli ) , the yellow breasted capuchin ( cebus xanthosternos ) , and the northern masked titi ( callicebus personatus melanochir ) . the tamarins do not compete for resources with these other species because of differences in foraging techniques at different heights of the forest and the exploitation of different animal prey ( rylands 1989 ; 1993 ) . they form mixed - species groups with the black tufted - ear marmosets and often travel together with them for the entire day . during these associations , individuals of both species use the same pathways in the canopy , forage side - by - side in fruit trees , and coordinate periods of travel and rest ( raboy 1998 ) . golden - headed lion tamarins and black tufted - ear marmosets both utilize fruit as a major food resource and both are small and vulnerable to a number of predators . this interesting pattern of association is probably beneficial to both species in foraging benefits and increased detection of , and safety from , predators ( raboy 1998 ) . because of their excellent skills as insect foragers , golden - headed lion tamarins often facilitate the capture of insects by other species as well . birds like the white - fronted nunbird and the woodcreeper follow behind the tamarins as they forage in microhabitats and capture insects that are flushed out of bromeliads ( raboy 1998 ; hankerson et al . in press ) .

golden lion tamarins are small monkeys , weighing 17 to 24 ounces ( 482 to 680 grams ) and measuring 6 to 10 inches ( 15 to 25 centimeters ) in length with a tail of about 12 to 15 inches ( 32 to 40 centimeters ) . males and females are similar in appearance and size .

with records of over 100 localities where l . chrysomelas still occur through the region bounded by the rio de contas in the north and the rio jequitinhonha in the south , more populations remain than of all the other three lion tamarin species combined . however , the remaining forests are being destroyed at an unprecedented rate for the region and the populations surviving are seriously depleted and fragmented . an important aspect which has contributed to the more favourable situation of the golden - headed lion tamarin is the traditional and fairly widespread use of the “cabruca” system for shading cacao trees . some of the original canopy trees are left standing , and this allows for connectivity between forest patches . if well managed , this could be an important management tool for future conservation efforts . threats to golden - headed lion tamarins come from socio - economic transformations resulting from the difficulties of the cocoa industry ( low prices and disease epidemics ) , that have dominated the region over the last 15 years , resulting in the expansion of alternative crops , notably african palm oil and coconuts ( alger and caldas 1994 ) . in the west of its range , the forest is increasingly destroyed and fragmented as a result of cattle ranching ( pinto 1994 ; pinto and rylands 1997 ) . a study by dietz et a l . ( 2000 ) examined inbreeding depression in small ( 50 or less ) isolated populations of l . rosalia . they concluded that it reduced probability of long - term survival by about one - third . there is every reason to believe that inbreeding depression is likewise prejudicial to the isolated populations of l . chrysomelas , most especially in the western half of its range where forest fragmentation is extreme ( pinto and rylands , 1997 ) .

in the early 1980s , large numbers of golden - headed lion tamarins were illegally exported from brazil to countries like belgium , france , french guiana , and japan in order to supply the booming pet trade and exotic animal collectors ( mallinson 2001 ; rylands et al . 2002a ; b ) . the brazilian environmental agency ibama concentrated efforts on recovery of illegally exported tamarins and , in 1986 , was able to begin a captive breeding colony with seized animals ( mallinson 2001 ) . the large numbers of recovered animals helped establish a genetically diverse founder population from which to begin captive breeding programs in brazil , europe , japan , and the united states ( ballou et al . 2002 ) . seizures of golden - headed lion tamarins continue today , though not nearly at as high of a rate as was seen in the 1980s . the international demand for these animals as pets still exists , and though it is not nearly as high , coupled with the other threats to the population , it may affect the future potential of the population to survive .

like other lion tamarins , golden - headed - lion tamarins are diurnal . they feed mainly on fruits , and play an important role in seed dispersal . they also feed on flowers and nectar ( 2 ) , and prey on small animals such as frogs , snails , lizards and spiders , and may opportunistically feed on gums , saps and latex from trees ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . animal prey is found in the forest floor litter and in the trees , in holes and crevices , and by breaking rotting wood to find large insects ( 6 ) ( 8 ) . their long hands and slender fingers help with this method of foraging ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .

administrators of una biological reserve continue to confiscate illegally kept golden - headed lion tamarins and , in 1999 , the captive population was over 600 individuals ( ballou et al . 2002 ) . one effort to decrease the number of animals taken as pets or killed for food is education . when poachers or hunters are encountered , they receive information about the importance of conservation and the brazilian laws that forbid the activity ( padua et al . 2002 ) . this simple message has been successful in decreasing hunting rates by 50 % according to ibama ( dos santos & blanes 1997 ; padua et al . 2002 ) . not only are hunters directly confronted if caught , education programs for all land owners and community members have been aimed at educating people about the endemism present in nearby the forests ( dos santos & blanes 1997 ) . armed with information about conservation of their unique surroundings , community members begin to see golden - headed lion tamarins not as food or a potential source of income , but as an important part of the ecosystem and part of the local heritage .

there are no external signs of ovulation , therefore reproductive females attract attention from breeding males by presenting their rumps toward the male and slightly lifting the tail . the male responds to this behavior by inspecting and sniffing the female ' s genitals , evaluating her attractiveness and reproductive status ( de vleeschouwer et al . 2000 ) . the highest occurrence of sexual behavior is during the peak of female receptivity , and once a female conceives , gestation lasts about four months ( 129 days ) ( french et al . 2002 ) . golden - headed lion tamarins exhibit birth seasonality even though they live in an area in which resources are equally abundant year - round . most births occur from october through april and there is a significant absence of births from may to september ( bach et al . 2001 ) . most primates that exhibit birth seasonality do so because reproductive events are energetically expensive , and to maximize likelihood of infant survival , breeding , birth , and lactation occur during times of high resource abundance ( sussman 2000 ) . golden - headed lion tamarins seem to exhibit birth seasonality in accordance with photoperiod . this may be an adaptation because there may be behavioral advantages of raising offspring during longer days ( bach et al . 2001 ) . in captivity , golden - headed lion tamarins can have one or two litters per year but in the wild they usually only have one per year ( de vleeschouwer et al . 2001 ) . rates of twinning are similar in captivity and in the wild , with more than half of the births resulting in twins rather than singletons ( bach et al . 2001 ) .

having a healthy predator population within una is essential for the functioning of the ecosystem , but other efforts to decrease golden - headed lion tamarin mortality have been undertaken . current studies require that habituated animals be captured every six months to replace radio transmitter batteries . at this semiannual event , veterinary care is provided for the animals as a routine way to check their health and evaluate any concerns ( dietz et al . 1996 ) . by monitoring the health of the animals over time , changes can be noted and care can be provided in certain circumstances . monitoring and attempting to provide care for sick tamarins is an expensive and relatively futile process compared to eliminating sources of inbreeding depression that might cause certain individuals to be at higher risk for health problems . it is essential that una does not become an island of forest , cutting off dispersing golden - headed lion tamarins from entering new territories , starting new groups , or immigrating into the breeding position of existing groups . efforts to connect patches of forest throughout the range will increase the likelihood of gene flow in the population and will help to decrease the chances of the loss of genetic diversity ( dietz et al . 1996 ) . currently , studies to evaluate and prioritze areas for forest linkage are underway and will hopefully lead to management strategies and eventual reconnection of forest fragments ( raboy pers . comm . ) .


scrobipalpa obsoletella , the summer groundling , is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found in most of europe , turkey , the caucasus , from iran to asian russia ( transbaikal ) and mongolia .

it has also been recorded from south africa and north america , where it is probably an introduced species .

the habitat consists of coastal salt marshes and sandy beaches .

the wingspan is 12 – 14 mm .

adults have been recorded on wing from may to august .

the larvae feed on atriplex glabriuscula , atriplex halimus , atriplex litoralis , atriplex tatarica and chenopodium species .

the larvae bore in the pith of the stem .

the frass is ejected through a hole in the stem , located at the base of the leaf or a side branch .

the larvae can be found from june to july and again in september .

they are light green when young , turning yellowish green later .

the head is light brown .

the species overwinters in the larval stage .

scrobipalpa obsoletella

scrobipalpa obsoletella <EOT> scrobipalpa obsoletella ( summer groundling ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .

euscrobipalpa obsoletella ( fischer von roslerstamm 1841 ) ( euscrobipalpa povolný 1967 is a junior synonym of scrobipalpa janse 1951 . )

scrobipalpa obsoletella - those with the forewing a pale greyish colour lacking any red - brown colouration and appearing paler in the final one - third due to a pale postmedial fascia .

scrobipalpa suaedella - those with an obvious clear pale ochreous dorsal quarter to the forewing .

one pre 1900 record from hunstanton ( barrett ) may not be distinguishable from scrobipalpa nitentella .

s . nitentella was only distinguished from s . obsoletella in britain in 1935 and as a consequence there is some uncertainty as to the true identity of some of the older records .

scrobipalpa ocellatella - those with the prominent angled fascia at three quarters on the forewing and dark markings contrasting with the surrounding paler ground colour .

because of the sometimes considerable variation within most saltmarsh inhabiting scrobipalpa species , identification by wing markings alone will often not be possible . caution and care are the watchwords for this group .

those more readily identifiable when freshly emerged by the forewing markings are listed below . however all of these also have variation in their wing markings which , when the obvious features are obscured or worn , will then resemble some other scrobipalpa species .

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a new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .

a new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa ünal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !

a new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog—the famous fictional spider from “harry potter” book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film “harry potter and the chamber of secrets” , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series . "

mariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel

identification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley

widely scattered but local over much of england with a strong preference for coastal eastern and southern regions but has been found regularly inland ; locally common on scilly isles ; rare in scotland , wales and ireland and apparently absent from the channel islands .

atriplex spp . ( orache ) including atriplex prostrata ( spear - leaved orache ) , see distribution map , atriplex glabriuscula ( babbington ' s orache ) and supposedly chenopodium spp . ( goosefoot ) .

in europe on atriplex littoralis ( grass - leaved orache ) , a . halimus ( sea orache ) , a . tatarica and also on chenopodium spp . ( goosefoot ) , both on ruderal and halophytic ( salt - loving ) species .

dry whitish frass extruding from a small hole in the stem will indicate a larva within the stem and has been found feeding within or between spun fruits of babbington ' s orache .

saltmarshes , sea banks and other coastal locations where the foodplants occur . information relating to inland sites where larvae have been found do not appear to have been documented .

larva : feeds within the stem , leaving a small hole with dry whitish frass . on babbington ' s orache it has been found feeding in a single fruit or , more usually , two spun together .

adult : flies at night and comes to light often some miles from its nearest foodplant site .

usually the palest of the saltmarsh species and greyer than most , often lacking any sign of red - brown colouration on the wings . similar species such as s . nitentella and s . atriplicella usually have darker forewings .

if a moth has been bred from a known foodplant , and therefore also time of year when the larva feeds and the nature of its feeding methods have been observed , this information , plus a freshly emerged moth , will allow the number of possibilites to be reduced considerably . if the bred or caught moth is a very fresh specimen and displays the distinctive markings of some species ( see below ) then an identification without more detailed examination should be possible in many cases .

in cases where there is any doubt , particularly where worn light - trapped specimens are concerned , dissection will be essential to obtain an accurate identification until a good familiarity is built up with the range of species and their markings at a particular site .

even genitalia differences are often small but are constant between the various species . it is advisable to seek confirmation of identifications by genitalia until familiarity is built up with this genus .

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recorded in 3 ( 4 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2002 .

underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018

upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

godart & duponchel ( 1832 ) reported the wingspan as " 5 lignes " or about 10 . 5 mm .

is a european species that was first reported in washington in 1932 and has spread throughout the western states .

godart , j . b . & p . a . j . duponchel , 1832 . histoire naturelle des lépidoptères ou papillons de france , 1 : 261 .

. university of california press , p . 99 , pl . 10 , fig . 10 .

checklist of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) in america north of mexico lee s . , hodges r . w . , brown r . l . 2009 . zootaxa 2231 : 1–39 .

check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .

contributed by maury j . heiman on 24 june , 2011 - 2 : 07pm additional contributions by terry harrison last updated 31 may , 2014 - 9 : 52am

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huemer , p . & karsholt , o . - gelechiidae 2 ( gelechiinae : gnorimoschemini . in microlepidoptera of europe 6 . stenstrup . i n prep . 2010

ponomarenko , m . - gelechiidae in pp . 87 - 106 , 327 - 329 . in : s . yu sinev ( ed . ) , 2008 . katalog cheshuekrylykh ( lepidoptera ) rossii ( catalogue of the lepidoptera of russia ) . - kmk scientific press ltd . , st . petersburg - moscow . 424 pp . 2008

museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


scoparia acropola is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1885 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from tasmania .

the wingspan is 25 – 28 mm .

the forewings are light ochreous-fuscous , finely irrorated with dark reddish-fuscous and with a few whitish scales .

the first line is indicated only by a suffused dark posterior margin .

the second line is pale .

the hindwings are ochreous-grey-whitish with a faintly indicated postmedian line .

adults have been recorded on wing in december .

scoparia acropola

scoparia acropola <EOT> vad betyder scoparia ? här finner du 2 definitioner av scoparia . du kan även lägga till betydelsen av scoparia själv

scoparia antarcticalis staudinger , 1899 ; naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 106

scoparia är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av adrian hardy haworth 1811 . enligt catalogue of life ingår scoparia i familjen crambidae , men enligt dyntaxa är tillhörigheten istället fam [ . . ]

scoparia pusilla dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 320 ( ? preocc . scoparia pusilla rosenstock , 1885 ) ; tl : cabima

scoparia dubitalis var . ivanalis krulikovsky , 1909 ; rev . russ . ent . 9 ( 1 - 2 ) : 113

scoparia glauculalis hampson , 1897 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1897 : 233 ; tl : falkland is .

scoparia atropicta hampson , 1897 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1897 : 233 ; tl : u . s . a

scoparia stereostigma dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 369 ; tl : jalapa , mexico

scoparia anagantis dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 370 ; tl : zacualpan , mexico

scoparia cyclophora dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 370 ; tl : zacualpan , mexico

scoparia anadonta dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 369 ; tl : real del monte , hidalgo , mexico

scoparia ichinosawana matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 186 , pl . 11 , f . 9 ♂ ; tl : sakhalin , ichinosawa

scoparia sachalinensis matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 185 , pl . 11 , f . 25 ♀ ; tl : sakhalin , ( ichinosawa , kiminai , kawakami )

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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322dd07d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32504564 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32504772 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33596f78 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

beccaloni g . , scoble m . , kitching i . , simonsen t . , robinson g . , pitkin b . , hine a . & lyal c . ( 2018 ) . lepindex : the global lepidoptera names index ( version 12 . 3 , jan 2012 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .

urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 50f47b9f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626

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the exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .

400x640 ( ~ 104kb ) female russia , moscow area , 5 . 7 . 2006 © d . smirnov

platytes oxycampyla turner , 1937 ; proc . r . soc . qd 48 ( 10 ) : 66 ; tl : queensland

gonodiscus australiensis hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 606 , pl . 49 , f . 1 ; tl : w . australia , sherlock r . ; queensland , coomoo

platytes contempta turner , 1927 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasm . 1926 : 120 ; tl : tasmania

platytes erythroneura turner , 1937 ; proc . r . soc . qd 48 ( 10 ) : 66 ; tl : victoria

tetraprosopus meyrickii butler , 1882 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 97 ; tl : australia

platytes pediopola turner , 1937 ; proc . r . soc . qd 48 ( 10 ) : 66 ; tl : queensland

crambus biradiellus mabille , 1885 ; bull . soc . philom . paris . ( 7 ) 9 : 70

crambus biradiellus ; staudinger , 1899 , naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 107

crambus ignicola staudinger , 1899 ; naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 108 , f . 9 ; tl : uschuaia

eudorea granitalis moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 235 ; tl : s . e . of chiklik , yarkund

this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

new genera and species of tropical crambinae ( studies on the crambinae , lepidoptera , pyralidae . part 48 )

a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1

lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes

descriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873

turner , 1937 new australian pyraloidea ( lepidoptera ) proc . r . soc . qd 48 ( 10 ) : 61 - 88

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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

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austria , belgium , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , greece , ireland , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , romania , sicily , slovakia , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland sweden , estonia .

regions of the russian federation : european north - west , central european , european southern taiga , the western caucasus , kaliningrad , karelia , mid - volzhsky , south ural .

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[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )

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the black-fronted dotterel ( elseyornis melanops ) is a small , slender plover that is widespread throughout most of australia , to which it is native , and new zealand , where it self-introduced in the 1950s .

it is common in freshwater wetlands , around the edges of lakes and billabongs , and in shallow , temporary claypan pools .

it is also found occupying saline mudflats and estuaries , but rarely .

they are generally sedentary , with a single bird , a pair , or a family group occupying a stretch of habitat on a more or less permanent basis .

however , some individuals appear to travel considerable distances , and flocks will sometimes congregate in food-rich areas .

unlike many other wading birds , black-fronted dotterels retain the same plumage all year round , which makes identification easier .

they forage in a series of short running motions , holding the body horizontal , stopping to peck from time to time with a rapid bobbing motion .

their diet consists of mostly insects and other small creatures , supplemented by a few seeds .

eggs gestation period : 4-5 weeks .

up to 3 eggs have been observe on nest .

24 hours after they hatch chicks leave the nest to hide in less exposed areas , at the same time both parents look after them .

black - fronted dotterel

black - fronted dotterel <EOT> i saw my first black - fronted dotterel recently near boggy pond , lake wairarapa .

scarlett , r . j . 1957 . black - fronted dotterel in canterbury . notornis 7 : 112 .

black - fronted dotterel . adult . napier , hawke ' s bay , december 2009 . image © neil fitzgerald by neil fitzgerald urltoken

andrew , i . g . 1956 . black - fronted dotterel ( c . melanops ) near palmerston north . notornis 6 : 185 .

mackenzie , n . b . 1963 . the black - fronted dotterel in hawke ' s bay . notornis 10 : 202 - 206 .

the adult and immature black - fronted dotterel are unmistakable , though the juvenile could be confused with the juvenile and immature red - capped plover .

armitage , i . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . black - fronted dotterel . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken

pierce , r . j . 1971 . black - fronted dotterels nesting near timaru . notornis 18 : 133 .

the black - fronted dotterel is found in the shallow margins of wetlands , lakes , rivers , sewage farms , storm drains and marshes . it is normally always near freshwater and is not often seen on the coast .

the black - fronted dotterel lays its eggs in a shallow scrape , often on pebbly ground and quite close to water . it may have more then one brood per year . both parents incubate the eggs and look after the young .

the black - fronted dotterel eats small molluscs as well as aquatic and terrestrial insects . when it forages , it keeps its body horizontal while bobbing its head to look for food , often running then stopping suddenly to peck at food items .

the black - fronted dotterel is a small wader with a distinctive black face - mask and breast - band and prominent chestnut scapulars ( shoulder feathers ) . in juveniles , the breast - band is initially absent but a brown band slowly appears as the bird develops . legs are pink orange , and the bill is red with a black tip . the dark eye is ringed with red . in flight the wings look broad and the tail short , while the black and white contrast is striking . flight is slow with almost hesitant wing beats . this species is also called the black - fronted plover .

sibson , r . b . ; medway , d . g . ; smuts - kennedy , c . ; drew , j . ; grant , g . j . 1972 . the spread of the black - fronted dotterel . notornis 19 : 83 - 85 .

mackenzie , n . b . 1962 . a new breeding bird for new zealand : black - fronted dotterels in hawkes bay . notornis 9 : 269 - 270 .

similar species : black - fronted dotterels are smaller and slimmer with quite different facial , breast and wing markings . rare vagrant red - kneed dotterel ( recorded once in new zealand ) is larger with longer legs , has a solid black cap extending well below the eye , and has a broad white trailing edge to the wing ( both upper and lower ) .

a small plover with black - tipped red bill , orange legs , and prominent black bands on the breast and face contrasting the rest of the white and light brown plumage . young birds have mostly white on the breast with black bands developing with adulthood .

lovely bird , the bright red orbital ring its most distinguishing feature . unlike many other wading birds , black - fronted dotterels retain the same plumage all year round , which makes identification easier .

the black - fronted dotterel is a small dainty plover with striking plumage markings . in adults , prominent black bands on the breast and head contrast sharply with the otherwise white plumage . young birds have a mostly white breast , the black bands developing with adulthood . it occurs mostly in small numbers in east coast north and south island localities , also in the manawatu . they are found on or beside inland or coastal waterways ( but not the coast itself ) , estuaries , farm ponds , lagoons , on stony river beds and at sewerage sedimentation ponds , but not on coastlines . the plumage colouration provides good camouflage when on shingle sites and stony riverbeds . black - fronted dotterels are smaller and more slightly built than banded dotterels .

close up of a sub - adult , yet to aquire the black frontal ' bib ' .

17cm , 33g ; forehead black , crown brown , white band in front of and above the eye , a black line from nape to eye and a black band extending backwards from eye , around the neck and across breast ; bill orange tipped with black ; iris brown with bright red orbital ring ; feet flesh coloured ; bill 15 , wing 106 , tail 56 , tarsus 25mm .

black - fronted dotterels are mainly found at fresh water or brackish estuaries , on gravel riverbeds , and the muddy edges of inland and coastal lakes and ponds , including sewerage ponds . they are rarely seen on coasts .

the new zealand range of the black - fronted dotterel has expanded considerably since the 1960s and is probably still expanding , including in western localities . the main threat to adults and young is during breeding . nests and chicks are vulnerable especially where nests are placed close to roads , tracks or livestock , or are at risk from predators , including cats and stoats . some losses on riverbeds are caused by flooding where nests are close to watercourses .

wiersma , p . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . black - fronted dotterel ( elseyornis melanops ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

black - fronted dotterels are uncommon in new zealand but may be increasing slowly . the current population is probably fewer than 3 , 000 birds . they occur mostly in small numbers ( 1 to 4 birds together is typical ) , but favoured wintering sites can have up to 50 birds .

b . d . heather describes the black - fronted dotterel ' s feeding habits as observed around the greytown sewerage ponds at the juncture of the waiohine and ruamahanga rivers : “ ( it ) is a freshwater feeder which prefers the fine silty mud freshly exposed by falling river and pond levels . normally it feeds in the typical plover manner by picking from the surface , with its legs straight , pivoting from the hips . in some mud conditions it probes to a depth about half the length of its bill , which corresponds roughly to the extent of the black tip of its bill . while feeding , it walks carefully and quietly , picking as it goes , without the conspicuous run - and - stop , pick , run - and - stop , pick , of the commonest new zealand plover , the banded dotterel . ”

black - fronted dotterels are smaller and more dainty than banded dotterels and are recognisable by the striking y - shaped black plumage on the chest contrasting with white plumage above and below , and a conspicuous black stripe through the eye that extends back to the hind neck . the crown is streaked light brown . the plumage below the eye stripe and bill and on the lower foreneck and remaining undersides is white . the back and lower wings are streaked buff to light - brown . there is a wide whitish bar on the inner upperwing ; the rest of the inner wing is dark - brown mottled with white and grey . the outer upperwing is dark brown to black . the underwing is mainly white , with blackish flight feathers forming a broad dark trailing edge . the bill is red with a black tip , the eye - ring is red , and the legs are pinkish to light red . the sexes are similar with no seasonal variation in plumage . juveniles have a mostly white chest . black - fronted dotterels are usually solitary or in pairs or in small groups . they tend to run in short bursts but walk slowly when feeding . in flight they have a jerky , lapwing - like wing action and reveal their bold wing markings .

the black - fronted dotterel is widespread in many parts of australia , where it usually inhabits the muddy margins of a variety of shallow terrestrial freshwater wetlands , walking over the soft mud , all the while pecking at its surface to take small invertebrate prey . as well as natural habitats , they also regularly occur at man - made wetlands , and are often seen at the muddy margins of farm dams . they are also often recorded in less salubrious artificial habitats , such as beside sewage treatment ponds and at sludge ponds in abattoirs .

the black - fronted dotterel - elseyornis melanops - is a small ( 16 to 18 centimetres long ) , plover with white chin , breast and underside with black y - shaped breast band . face is white ; bill is red with a black end ; there is a red eye - ring in a broad black band from the base of the bill to behind the head . feet are pink . a small black patch above the bill and between the eyes merges with the streaky brown crown . white line over eye extends back to nape . back is grey - brown with dark horizontal shoulder bar of purplish brown . male and female similar . immatures are paler than adults and lack the breast band . inhabits the firm wet edges of fresh water streams , dams , swamps and lakes . short legs and short bill suit it for running and pecking food from damp shoreline surfaces without wading . rarely found in coastal saline waters or tidal mudflats . much of the water it relies on is temporary and the bird is necessarily nomadic . when foraging the body is horizontal and the head bobs ; it runs quickly , stops briefly to peck at food then runs again .

black - fronted dotterels consume small invertebrates including insects , small earthworms , snails , crustaceans , spiders and mites . seeds form a small part of diet , including clover and small grasses . food is mostly found on damp ground by walking , running , stopping and bobbing and pecking at the water’s edge , often retracing the area that has been worked over .

16–18 cm ; 27–42 g ; wingspan 33–35 cm . strikingly coloured , slim plover ; black eyestripe and lores continuing onto forecrown ; white supercilia join on nape ; . . .

black - fronted dotterel are generally not gregarious , with birds usually seen singly , in pairs or groups of up to 4 - 5 birds . after breeding most birds stay on rivers , but some form flocks at lagoons , lakes , estuaries and sewage ponds in winter . they have cryptic colouration when on shingle or stony substrate . birds feed throughout the day at the water’s edge of slow moving streams , rivers , estuaries or at still ponds . when a bird walks the body is often held in a nearly horizontal posture . flights are mostly short . birds tend to run for short periods , then stop and walk when feeding .

left ; white underside and grey - brown back makes the bird difficult to see from behind . right ; the black v - front is more visible in front view . lake bindegolly , sw qld .

the black - fronted dotterel is a solitary nesting species , between august and march , peaking between september and december . nests are in open ground , fields , gravel pits , river beds , stony or shingle land , not far from fresh water . the nest is usually a depression in the ground and is mostly unlined or is surrounded by a few twigs , stones or grass . both sexes share in incubation of the 2 - 3 eggs , which are pale white or yellowish with dark spots or lines . incubation takes 22 - 26 days . young are speckled dark grey - and - white and are well camouflaged . adults shade the young on hot days , and perform distraction displays when alarmed . second and third clutches are common after the first brood has fledged , and may commence even before fledging of an earlier brood has occurred .

black - fronted dotterels are mainly found in lowland eastern regions from auckland to southland , especially in hawke’s bay , wairarapa , canterbury and otago ; also in the manawatu and at tokaanu ( lake taupo ) . they colonised new zealand from australia from the 1950s , with early records from hawke’s bay ( 1954 ) , manawatu ( 1955 ) and north canterbury ( 1956 ) . the first nest was found in hawke’s bay in 1962 , and at least 109 birds were present there in 1962 . breeding was first reported in the south island in 1970 , on the opihi river , south canterbury . by 2016 they were known to be breeding on the wairau , awatere , hurunui , ashburton , orari and opihi rivers , as well as at numerous sites in the lower north island .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

turbott , e . g . 1990 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .

justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

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brathwaite , d . h . 1955 . waders on ahuriri lagoon , napier . notornis 6 : 145 - 150 .

heather , b . d . ; robertson , h . a . 2005 . the field guide to the birds of new zealand . 2nd edition . penguin : rosedale , auckland .

marchant , s . ; higgins , p . j . ( eds ) 1993 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 2 , raptors to lapwings . oxford university press , melbourne .

medway , d . g . 2010 . charadriiformes ( waders ) . pp . 191 - 223 . in : checklist committee ( osnz ) 2010 . checklist of the birds of new zealand , norfolk and macquarie islands , and the ross dependency , antarctica ( 4th edn ) . ornithological society of new zealand & te papa press , wellington .

robertson , c . j . r . ; hyvonen , p . ; fraser , m . j . ; pickard , c . r . 2007 . atlas of bird distribution in new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , inc . , wellington .

robertson , h . a ; baird , k . ; dowding , j . e . ; elliott , g . p . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; miskelly , c . m . ; mcarthur , n . ; o’donnell , c . f . j . ; sagar , p . m . ; scofield , r . p . ; taylor , g . a . 2017 . conservation status of new zealand birds , 2016 . new zealand threat classification series 19 . wellington , department of conservation . 27 p .

sagar , p . m . ; shankar , u . ; brown , s . 1999 . numbers and distribution of waders in new zealand , 1983 - 1994 . notornis 46 : 1 - 49 .

shallow depression in shingle , mostly unlined or lightly lined but maybe surrounded by sticks , grass or pebbles .

most - frequently heard call a repeated short , emphatic “pit” . on breeding grounds , several reedy . . .

bare or sparsely vegetated margins of wetlands , freshwater or sometimes brackish , on areas with mud . . .

water snails , crustaceans , earthworms and insects , such as crickets , grasshoppers , flies , ants , water beetles and larvae , occasionally . . .

season sept–feb in australia , aug–mar in new zealand , but can occur earlier or later owing to variable conditions , e . g . of rain . . .

poorly known in australia , but apparently mainly sedentary , although there is evidence of . . .

not globally threatened ( least concern ) . has recently expanded range due to development of new suitable habitat resulting from construction of artificial wetlands , such as . . .

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unmodified recording . bird heard pipping at secs 0 : 1 . 5 , 0 : 5 . 5 , 0 : 14 , 0 : 21 , 0 : 24 , 0 : 29 , 0 : 38 to distinguish from other background noises / birds .

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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : elseyornis melanops . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

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birds do keep on coming here from australia , this one , apparently a bird of inland australia , where they are quite widespread , arriving here in the 1950s . they first colonised the hawkes bay , the first sighting being in 1954 , then spread to the manawatu , the wairarapa and across cook strait to marlborough and south canterbury in the late 1960s . it is a welcome addition to our native fauna .

they have come to breed here on the shingle river beds of the eastern and southern north island , south of wairoa and wanganui , and are found in increasing numbers on the shingle beds of the rivers of the south island . some birds remain on their territory all year round while others form large groups over the winter . eggs are laid from august to february , the nest being a shallow depression often lined with pebbles and other detritus . the eggs are stone coloured closely marked all over with fine spots and lines of umber and grey .

heather & robertson field guide , 2000 . oliver , w . r . b . , new zealand birds , 1955 . heather , b . d . , notornis , volume 24 , part 1 , 1977

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temminck , c . j . in temminck , c . j . & laugier de chartrouse , m . 1821 , vol . 1 , pp . livr . 7e , g . levrault , paris

mathews , g . m . 1912 , " a reference - list to the birds of australia " , novitates zoologicae , vol . 18 , pp . 171 - 455

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 216624ad - b51a - 4250 - 8f6b - 55b739677237

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 359968

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : afb3f913 - 5924 - 4a98 - b3ae - 5b2541029af5

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although many dotterels may live in a swamp or around a lake , they are not communal , feeding alone or in pairs . they nest in solitary territories . found over most of australia , including tasmania , except for parts of inland western australia . nesting takes place from september to december in the south and may to september in the north ; any time inland after rain . the nest is a small depression on bare caked mud or on a small bank , often among stones in a riverbed ; nest is lined with mud pellets , stones , shells or broken twigs . two or three eggs are laid ; dull green - grey or stone - coloured , speckled dusky , oval , about 29 mm by 20 mm . incubation ( by both parents ) takes about 26 days .