anelosimus eximius is a species of social spider in the genus anelosimus , native to the lesser antilles and the area from panama to argentina .

colonies can comprise several thousand individuals .

anelosimus eximius are classified as a social spider species because they engage in shared brood care and cooperate to capture prey within their web , which allows them to capture prey much larger than a single individual would be able to .

their webs do not capture a lot of prey , but the prey that are caught are significantly larger than most prey captured in the webs of other individual social or antisocial spider species .

thus , their techniques provide more nutrients than other social spider colonies may obtain .

these techniques are most efficient in anelosimus eximius colonies of about 1,000 individuals .

the sociality of anelosimus eximius aids in the increased fitness of the species .

one potential cost of sociality in anelosimus eximius is that they produce fewer egg sacs .

however , each egg sac holds more individual offspring than most arachnid egg sacs would normally hold .

thus , the benefits seem to outweigh the costs .

it is difficult to explain how sociality has evolved from a typically solitary animal .

one trait that has facilitated this shift is the lack of discrimination against foreign offspring .

it has also been questioned whether the alloparental behavior of anelosimus eximius was an ancestral trait or if the species had to overcome discrimination in order to gain their trait of sociality .

through studies on social and sub-social species that observed reactions to foreign offspring , scientists discovered that the species did not need to overcome discrimination ; both sub-social and social species of arachnids showed no discrimination towards foreign offspring .

anelosimus eximius

anelosimus eximius <EOT> colony size and individual fitness in the social spider anelosimus eximius . - pubmed - ncbi

exploratory recruitment plasticity in a social spider ( anelosimus eximius ) . - pubmed - ncbi

smith , d . 1986 . population genetics of anelosimus eximius ( araneae , theridiidae ) .

view image of anelosimus eximius are social spiders ( credit : aaron pomerantz / perunature . com )

view image of anelosimus eximius live in dense colonies ( credit : aaron pomerantz / perunature . com )

view image of anelosimus eximius colonies can be massive ( credit : bernard dupont , cc by 2 . 0 )

aviles , l . 1986 . sex - ratio bias and possible group selection in the social spider anelosimus eximius .

vollrath , f . 1985 . eusociality and extraordinary sex ratios in the spider anelosimus eximius ( araneae : theridiidae .

nentwig , w . 1985 . social spiders catch larger prey : a study of anelosimus eximius ( araneae : theridiidae .

aviles , l . , p . tufino . 1998 . colony size and individual fitness in the social spider anelosimus eximius .

vollrath , f . 1986 . environment , reproduction and the sex ratio of the social spider anelosimus eximius ( araneae , theridiidae ) .

saffre , f . , a . mailleux , j . deneubourg . 2000 . exploratory recruitment plasticity in a social spider ( anelosimus eximius ) .

ebert , d . 1998 . behavioral asymmetry in relation to body weight and hunger in the tropical social spider anelosimus eximius ( araneae , theridiidae ) .

vakanas , g . , k . bertrand . 2001 . coordination of behavioral sequences between individuals during prey capture in a social spider , anelosimus eximius .

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to cite this page : carrell , s . 2016 . " anelosimus eximius " ( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken

agnarsson i ( 2006 ) a revision of the new world eximius lineage of anelosimus ( araneae , theridiidae ) and a phylogenetic analysis using worldwide exemplars . zool j linnean soc 146 ( 4 ) : 453–593

settepani , v . , l . grinsted , j . granfeldt , j . jensen , t . bilde . 2013 . task specialization in two social spiders , stegodyphus sarasinorum ( eresidae ) and anelosimus eximius ( theridiidae ) .

a . eximius is perhaps the best known of the social spiders , but that is not saying much .

fowler , h . , e . venticinque . 1996 . interference competition and scavenging by crematogaster ants ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) associated with the webs of the social spider anelosimus eximius ( araneae : theridiidae ) in the central amazon .

view image of this bee got stuck in an a . eximius colony ( credit : aaron pomerantz / perunature . com )

in species like a . eximius , spiders are essentially clones . brothers and sisters mate with each other , generation after generation , so that colonies become highly inbred .

these two processes together help to explain why a . eximius colonies tend to be found in clusters , sometimes as many as 40 related colonies within just a few kilometres .

among the thousands of species of spiders ( 40 , 000 arachnids ) , there are only about 23 species that live in social groups . anelosimus eximius is most commonly found in south american countries from panama to argentina . the massive spider webs that are created by these spiders can contain spiders in excess of 50 , 000 with females outnumbering men 10 to 1 .

these spiders , like a . eximius with its massive funnel pits of doom , may superficially seem to behave like social insects . but in truth they could hardly be more different .

aviles , l . , w . maddison . 1991 . when is the sex ratio biased in social spiders ? : chromosome studies of embryos and male meiosis in anelosimus species ( araneae , therididae ) .

majer , m . , i . agnarsson , j . scenning , j . bilde . 2013 . social spiders of the genus anelosimus occur in wetter , more productive environments than non - social species .

anelosimus eximius is a species of spider that is also known as “social spider” because it socializes with its fellow spiders and builds colossal spider webs that have the potential of reaching up to 25 feet ( 7 . 6m ) in height and 5ft ( 1 . 5m ) in width . according to the journal of arachnology , this brazilian spider species is a very cooperative and group - living spider .

viera c , ghione s , costa , fg ( 2007 ) mechanisms underlying egg - sac opening in the subsocial spider anelosimus cf . studiosus ( araneae theridiidae ) . ethol evol ecol 19 ( 1 ) : 61–67

anelosimus eximius , the species i encountered in the rainforest , is not the only kind of social spider in the world , but it does construct the biggest webs . some can reach more than 25ft ( 7 . 6m ) feet long and 5ft ( 1 . 5m ) wide . a web that size could contain as many as 50 , 000 individual spiders . that is a lot of legs , eyes and fangs .

but these cases aside , social spiders just about always build webs . and most of these webs have complex , three - dimensional structures , like the cone - shaped a . eximius webs i encountered in the jungle .

a . eximius was first discovered more than a century ago by a french arachnologist named eugène simon . more social spiders have been discovered since . one was found as recently as 2006 , in ecuador , by entomologist leticia avilés .

for example , an a . eximius colony contains adult males and females as well as youngsters , but the majority of spiders on the web are females . in the early 1980s , researchers found that males comprise only between 5 % and 22 % of any colony ' s populace .

a . eximius was first discovered more than a century ago by a french arachnologist named eugène simon . an interesting advantage that these social spiders acquire by building giant webs is that they can capture prey which can be much larger in size than what a solitary spider would have been able to catch . these communal spiders work together to build , maintain and clean their webs .

exploratory recruitment was investigated in an artificial experimental set - up on location in french guyana . groups of 200 freshly collected spiders of the neotropical social theridiid anelosimus eximius were released on an open circular surface and offered a choice between two accessible shelters . results indicated that a clear - cut collective decision was not always reached , unlike what we found using a different set - up in another set of experiments . simulations were conducted using available information in order to explore the potential causes for this difference . theoretical projections fit experimental data and strongly suggest that variability in the collective response results from a combination between modifications of the environment ' s properties and alteration of the recruitment procedure . multiple variants of the theoretical set - up ( including external bias ) are investigated and emphasize plasticity in the collective response . new experimental studies are suggested and adaptative value of exploratory recruitment in social spiders is briefly discussed .

funding was provided by a natural sciences and engineering research council of canada ( nserc ) discovery grant to l . a ( 261354 - 2008 rgpi ) . k . s . was additionally supported by an nserc canada graduate scholarship ( master’s ) award ( 2009–2010 ) . the staff of simbioe and el ministerio del ambiente de ecuador assisted greatly with logistics and obtaining permits . the associates of reserva ecólogica antisana , estacion biológica jatun sacha , and bellavista cloudforest reserve all provided fantastic general assistance and field support . maurico vega and gabriel iturralde provided valuable field and spider identification assistance . members of the zoology department at ubc provided valuable comments on the manuscript . two anonymous reviewers provided many detailed suggestions that improved the manuscript greatly .

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department of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of arizona , tucson , arizona 85721 , usa .

it is like a scene from a horror film : spider webs several metres wide that are home to thousands of spiders . why did these spiders turn social ?

eight legs , eight eyes and a pair of venomous fangs – the average spider is so well - equipped that it ' s easy to see why arachnophobes are terrified . but there is one saving grace : at least spiders are solitary , so they are usually encountered in small numbers .

but then i found myself trudging along a muddy path in the peruvian amazon jungle , face to face with a spider colony several thousand strong . their funnel - shaped web arched from tree to tree , a structure containing too many of the creepy crawlies to count .

these were spiders but not as i knew them : they appeared to function as a society , just like ants or bees .

most spiders are indeed lone wolves , but a scant handful have evolved a level of sociality to rival ant colonies , bee hives , or even primate societies .

sociality shows up in at least seven spider families . in all we know of around 25 social species among the 45 , 000 described spider species on the planet . sociality evolved at least a dozen separate times among them .

while the details vary from species to species among the social spiders , many of their features are similar .

communal spiders work together to build , maintain , and clean their webs . they cooperate in capturing prey , and dine together when they snare a large feast .

the females feed their offspring by vomiting up food for them , just like mother birds . they even regurgitate food for juveniles other than their own . in other words , they work together to care for the youngest in the colony . it is a sort of spider day - care .

nearby colonies tend to be related to each other , because new colonies form in one of two ways .

sometimes , a large web is broken in half , perhaps by heavy rainfall or falling branches , or even a falling monkey . in its place , two smaller colonies are left behind .

other times , individual females will strike out on their own , setting up a new web . eventually other dispersing females will join the group ; perhaps ones who tried to set up their own webs but failed . survival is more likely in groups , after all .

gregarious arachnids are not much studied – perhaps because so few of them exist in the first place . " my students know more about social spiders than your average arachnologist , " says linda rayor , an entomologist at cornell university in ithaca , new york , who studies australia ' s social huntsman spiders .

" most animals are solitary , " she tells me , " whether you ' re looking at mammals , or birds , or whatever . social behaviour in otherwise solitary animals is cool . "

as i watched the social spiders go about their day deep in the jungle , a bee found itself stuck in the giant web . suddenly , dozens of the eight - legged predators descended en masse onto the struggling black - and - yellow striped insect . it was impossible to see through the writhing mass of tiny spider legs , but one thing was certain : that bee was done for .

if death by one spider seems bad enough , it must be nothing compared to an attack by a whole swarm of them .

the first spider , the proto - spider , was probably solitary . so the spiders that gave rise to today ' s truly social species must have been too . but then they did something remarkable : they turned sub - social : they learned to tolerate each other , at least for a time – even if they did not exactly enjoy hanging out in groups .

that early tolerance could have come about as a result of parental care . in some spiders alive today , that is just defending an egg sac , but in others – the ones that are poised to evolve sociality – it looks more familiar to our mammal brains .

in those species , females provide food and protection for their developing offspring , and occasionally even to other juveniles . in some species , mothers even make the ultimate sacrifice , allowing themselves in their last moments to become a meal for their brood . sub - social spiders can still be cannibals , after all .

" they ' re the spiders that already have cooperation as juveniles , " says arachnologist jonathan pruitt of the university of california , santa barbara . " but as they mature , they become intolerant of each other . "

in other words , juvenile tolerance alone is not enough to turn spiders fully social . the environment in which the spiders live also has to be right . researchers have discovered three ecological elements that often lead to cooperative living among arachnids .

solitary spiders living in places where it is difficult to subdue large or more profitable prey alone may eventually figure out that it is in their interest to work together . it is a smaller step from tolerance to cooperation than from aggression to cooperation .

another common feature is heavy rain . rain does not have to be frequent , but when it is really intense , it has the potential to seriously damage spider webs . when a tempest takes out the web and threatens a spider ' s survival , the ones with just a glimmer of social behaviour might fare just a little better than their isolationist peers .

as a result , some have hypothesised that rough weather favours cooperation , since in those conditions it is the spiders that share the task of maintaining and repairing their webs that fare best . " many hands make light work of web repair , " says pruitt .

then there is the web itself . there are only a couple of instances in which spiders that do not build webs have evolved to be sub - social . these web - less social spiders , living in places like the australian deserts or in african scrub habitat , have to cope with unusual circumstances – like enormous prey or particularly aggressive raiding ants .

pruitt thinks that could be a simple matter of mechanics . it is easier for two spiders just on the cusp of evolving sociality to join their webs together if they exist in three dimensions than if they weave flatter , two - dimensional ones , like charlotte ' s eponymous web .

some combination of tolerance , prey size , rough weather , and web geometry combine to create the perfect storm for social behaviour to emerge in spiders .

add in the fact that it is easier to defend yourself against predators in a group , and that communal webs offer spiders the relative safety of staying in one place rather than risking travelling away from the web onto which you are born to live somewhere else , and for some species , cooperation is a good deal .

bees and ants sort into separate castes . some are workers , some are soldiers ( or drones ) , and then there is a reproductive class . those not included in the reproductive class are sterile ; they could not reproduce even if they wanted to .

social spiders , meanwhile , are more egalitarian . anyone can do any job , and all are capable of reproduction .

view image of driver ants are divided into strict castes ( credit : redmond o . durrell / alamy stock photo )

it is not that spider societies do not rely on the division of labour . it is just that those roles are not strictly governed as they are for the social insects .

and while some female social spiders do not wind up reproducing , it is not because they are physically or genetically incapable . instead , it is usually just because they have not lived successful enough lives . it takes a lot of nutrition to make a few hundred spider babies , and a spider that does not have a rich enough diet is not really up to the task .

instead , roles in spider colonies are usually sorted on the basis of age and sex . researchers are increasingly coming to realise that social spiders also sort themselves according to their individual personalities . " they ' re incredibly well organised , " says pruitt .

by paying close attention to individual spiders , he and others have discovered that certain spiders are more likely to spend their days attacking predators , while others are more likely to repair the webs , help keep parasites away , clean the web , rear the young , and so on .

" spider vocations are intimately tied to their efficiency at those vocations , " he says .

though it is not yet clear whether those skills develop through experience or because of innate aptitude , some spiders are clearly in the construction business , some are hunters , others are on janitorial duty , and still others offer childcare services .

since adolescent spiders do not go off in search of new colonies , there is no influx of new genetic material . for that reason , some suspect that spider personalities develop as a result of early life experiences , not genetics . " in spite of a lack of genetic diversity , they exhibit this exquisite diversity in terms of their personalities , " pruitt says .

view image of stegodyphus sarasinorum spiders have personalities ( credit : dinesh rao , cc by 2 . 0 )

in 2013 , he and his colleagues looked at a social spider called stegodyphus sarasinorum , native to india , sri lanka , and nepal . they found that individual personality traits predict which job each spider performs .

s . sarasinorum is found in dry scrubland . but like the spiders i found in the rainforests of peru , these arachnids work cooperatively to build and maintain their webs and to capture food .

using tiny dabs of paint applied to the spiders , pruitt and his team were able to track 40 from each of two different wild colonies . individuals that were bolder were more likely to be involved in attacking prey – but other characteristics , like body size or a spider ' s level of aggression , did not factor into their vocation .

" responding to stimuli from a prey caught in the web elicits different responses according to a set of individual characteristics , " they concluded .

in other words , social spiders have distinct personalities , which in turn help to define their roles in the community .

in a way , that is not so different from human societies . bold , risk - taking people might be more likely to wind up fighting fires or enrolling in a police academy , while the more calculating , deliberative types wind up as lawyers or architects .

despite lacking a backbone , invertebrates like insects and arachnids lend themselves well to studying complex social behaviour . " when it comes to a behaviour that any sort of animal can do , insects [ and arachnids ] can do it , if not do it better , " says entomologist phil torres .

after all , they have been evolving on our planet for a lot longer than any bird or mammal has .

sometimes , as many as 40 colonies can be found within a distance of 1 km . to put that into perspective , check out the below image

in the below picture , a colonized spider web was discovered in a north texas park in 2007 . the people in the below picture - mike mccord , left , and freddie gowin - the lake tawokoni state park rangers , monitor a giant communal spider web at the park .

in 2013 in santo antonio da platina , brazil , these spider webs housing large quantities of spiders were eradicated by strong winds that detached the webs from their anchors , thereby , carrying the spiders and their ruined home to new sites . this event led to a “spider rain” in which people in santo antonio da platina observed spiders raining from the sky .

within the built colonies , roles are segregated for all the spiders - males and females alike . some work as “warriors” - those who act as predators and attack the prey - while some work to clean and maintain the webs .

social spiders are likely to have evolved from subsocial ancestors via the subsocial route .

it has been suggested that the transition from subsocial to social living requires a change in three behavioural traits : from premating dispersal ( wherein juveniles are dispersed from the colonies before breeding ) to postmating dispersal ( wherein juveniles are dispersed from the colonies after breeding ) , from outbreeding to inbreeding mating system , and from maternal care to cooperative breeding .

romanian workers accidentally discover 5 . 5 million - year - old sealed cave teeming with freakish , bizarre looking creatures .

information on the south american social spider is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken

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published online 4 august 2008 | nature | doi : 10 . 1038 / news . 2008 . 1007

for many people it ' s the ultimate nightmare : thousands of spiders collaborating to form a well organized society . a new study published this week in

reveals how colonies of one spider species grow to an enormous size , and the surprising factors that ultimately limit their expansion .

spiders are usually thought of as lone hunters . however , a few dozen species do live cooperatively , building collective webs and sharing food - gathering and child care between them . one example is the neotropical species

researchers based in the university of arizona , tucson , and university of british columbia , vancouver , have now examined colonies of the spiders in the jatun sacha biological reserve and cuyabeno nature reserve in ecuador , measuring the sizes of colonies and recording the prey captured in their communal webs .

the team discovered that as colonies grew larger , they actually caught fewer prey per spider than smaller colonies . to explain this , they turned to allometry , the study of the relationship between size and shape in biology . this is usually applied to single organisms , but the researchers found that it was equally relevant for the whole colony of spiders .

as the number of occupants grows , the volume of the webs they construct increases - but the surface - area - to - volume ratio declines . the area of web is the all - important determinant of numbers of prey caught , so bigger colonies catch proportionally fewer prey items .

at first , researcher leticia avilés was puzzled by the finding : “it begged the question of why the spiders lived in groups in the first place . ”

but she and her colleagues found a factor that compensated for the numbers effect . when they estimated the biomass – the dry weight - of prey caught , they found that larger webs spun by bigger colonies are able to capture larger prey items . larger portion sizes compensated for the falling number of prey - at least , up to a certain point .

combining both of these factors , they found that the amount of food available for each spider peaked in colonies containing around 500 spiders . “previous work had shown that social spiders are able to capture prey several times their body size . no previous work , however , had shown the relationship between colony size and the number and size of insects captured or between colony size and biomass captured per capita , ” notes avilés .

it was previously known that above a certain size the colonies break up , with the occupants dispersing to form new colonies . this research now seems to provide an explanation . although the study found many colonies larger than the optimum size , none was found with more than 9 , 000 spiders . below this size the occupants are better off staying put than starting a new , much smaller colony .

" this is an exciting new perspective for thinking about how social web - spinning spiders have evolved , " says todd blackledge at the university of akron , ohio , who studies web - weaving spiders . " in the past the focus has been on the genetic effects of inbreeding in colonies . this tells us a lot more about the ecological factors governing colony size . "

is a social spider found in the neotropical region , specifically in central and south america . in particular , it inhabits as far north as panama and then sthrough eastern ecuador to peru . this spider is found patchily in locations such as suriname as well as eastern and southern brazil . colonies can also be found on islands such as trinidad and the lesser antilles .

is found in the lowland rainforest . in particular , this social spider is found in the interior forest floor and forest edge . therefore this species of spider is rarely ever found in the canopy levels of the rain forest . typically , they are found in cleared areas or around tree falls . the webs can be found as low as a meter off the ground to 20 meters in the canopy .

colonies decrease in web area size altitude decreases . according to volrath ( 1986 ) , this is due to seasons generally being harsher at lower altitudes and damaging the webs .

( majer , et al . , 2013 ; smith , 1986 ; vollrath , 1986 )

size can range from 4 . 4 to 6 millimeters . guevara and aviles ( 2011 ) report the female weight ranges from 2 . 55 to 11 . 82 mg . females are reported to be larger in weight and length than males although no specific measurements have been published for males . the size and weight of juvenile spiders have not yet been recorded in any published studies .

the social spider , like other arachnids , begins as an egg . here in this first stage , the spider goes through its first molt . the incubation period within the egg sac is 20 to 30 days . after the first molt the spiders emerge from the egg sacs . after emerging the social spiders then go through 5 to 6 developmental stages , depending on sex . each time period in between molts is numbered as an instar , or stage . the third instar is when the spiders begin to take part in colony duties . the males reach reproductive maturity in their 5th instar while females reach reproductive maturity in their 6th instar . reaching these maturity stages can take up to 2 to 3 months .

males can attract females through patterned vibrations with the strings that make up their web , as well as visual cues , such as swaying of the legs . in addition males can lay down a scent of pheromones on a line of thread to direct the female towards them . in some cases , the males use both methods of vibration and pheromone communication .

in most cases males seek out the female because the females stay with the nest to invest in the web and eggs . this social spider is considered polygynandrous .

is aseasonal , meaning the spiders do not have a particular season . furthermore , the social spider can breed more than once in its life span . depending on the resource factor , such as food , each egg sac can carry 17 to 53 eggs . the eggs hatch after an incubation period of 20 to 30 days .

females reach maturity in the 6th instar while males mature in the 5th instar . when spiders reach their 3rd instar they become involved in colony tasks , such as hunting , maintenance , and mating .

aviles ( 1986 ) suggests that both parents invest an equal amount in the offspring . however , according to vollrath ( 1985 ) , females invest significantly more into the young . vollrath says the males contribute little to nothing beyond the mating process .

the spiderlings are cared for by the female until the 3rd instar . the female protects , feeds , and hunts for the young . the adult social spiders invest in the spiderlings until they can interact in colony duties .

according to avilés ( 1986 ) , female spiders have an average life span of 76 ± 13 days while males have an average of 71 ± 13 days . the maximum lifespan of sexes are close in range . a single female was reported to have lived 94 - 103 days in the wild , while there are recordings of three males living 103 ± 13 days in the wild . these spiders are not kept in captivity .

these particular social spiders perform tasks that are shared through the colony . the tasks include web maintenance and construction , brood care , defenses , along with attacking prey for when insects hit their trap . furthermore , the spiders cooperate when capturing the trapped insects . according to settepani et al . ( 2013 ) , these tasks are often separated by age and sex . females after the third instar are more likely to perform the colony tasks as well as hunt . researchers believe

performs these tasks to be more efficient in the idea of maintaining a successful colony .

the social spiders are sedentary . emigration is very rare . however , according to smith and hagen ( 1996 ) , when the spiders do relocate it occurs when the nests are by the roadside . this may be due to the nests being more open or vulnerable to trucks driving or having less cover from the weather .

( agnarrson , 2005 ; kim , et al . , 2005 ; powers and aviles , 2007 ; settepani , et al . , 2013 ; smith and hagen , 1996 )

home range and territory size is the size of their web . rarely , does

travel out of its own web . therefore its home range is a 3 - d area with the range of volume from 0 . 0001 to 1 , 000 meters cubed .

nentwig ( 1985 ) records area of the social spiders ' webs being from 20 to 28 meters squared .

according to vakanas and bertrand ( 2001 ) and kraft and cookson ( 2012 ) , there is no observable direct communication between the spiders . however , there does appear to be organization and cooperation , leading to the ability to catch larger prey . the spiders appear to adjust their behavior to match the situation or the prey .

in terms of perception , these social spiders perceive their surroundings through their web . the span of their web acts as a visual perception of depth of their environment .

utilizes the strings by vibration of the legs and abdomen to communicate with another spider . in addition , they can also communicate through attaching pheromones to threads for sexual communication .

creates its web to act as a net trap . above their main net they have a vertical non - stick web . this part acts as a net to trap and cause insects to fall into a bowl shaped nest below to be bombarded by the thousands of spiders ( vollrath , 1986 ) . although they are small organisms this technique allows them to catch much larger prey . reported by nentwig ( 1994 ) , the diet of

was studied in two sites . the first was cerro galera , panama where their prey - capture made up of 19 . 9 % of formicoidea ( ants ) , 17 . 8 % of coleoptera ( beetles ) , 17 . 2 % of heteroptera ( true bugs ) , and 12 . 7 % of blattodea ( roaches ) . the second was el valle , panama where their diet composed of 9 . 1 % of formicoidea , 35 . 0 % of coleoptera , 10 . 6 % of heteroptera , and 10 . 6 % of blattodea . the authors concluded that the spiders are consuming these groups in larger percentages than what is naturally available .

, the spider has kleptoparasites that thrive within their web . these are organisms that are also referred to as food stealers . the social spiders ' main kleptoparaiste is

. according to cangialosi ( 1990 ) due to the parasitic spiders , the social spiders can lose up to 26 % of their food resource . consequently , the social spiders address this problem through avoiding , tolerating , and fighting off the kleptoparasites .

the conservation status of this spider has not yet been reported . this spider is not recognized by the iucn red list , is not protected by cites , and is not federally or state listed . because no scientific publications suggest its populations are in peril , no conservation measures are currently in place .

skyler carrell ( author ) , radford university , karen powers ( editor ) , radford university , april tingle ( editor ) , radford university , emily clark ( editor ) , radford university , cari mcgregor ( editor ) , radford university , jacob vaught ( editor ) , radford university .

living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .

used loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies . more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous , modular society ) - as in clonal organisms .

offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .

the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .

reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .

the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .

rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .

a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water , often dominated by woody vegetation .

the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .

2014 . " iucn red list " ( on - line ) . accessed march 23 , 2015 at urltoken .

aviles , l . 1997 . causes and consequences of cooperation and permanent - sociality in spiders .

breene , r . 2014 . " arachnid developmental stages : current terminology " ( on - line ) . welcome to the american tarantula society headquarters . accessed march 01 , 2015 at urltoken .

guevara , j . , l . aviles . 2011 . influence of body size and level of cooperation on the prey capture efficiency of two sympatric social spiders exhibiting an included niche pattern .

kim , k . , k . bertrand , j . choe . 2005 . cooperative prey capture by young subsocial spiders : ii . behavioral mechanism .

krafft , b . , l . cookson . 2012 . the role of silk in the behaviour and sociality of spiders .

powers , k . , l . aviles . 2007 . the role of prey size and abundance in the geographical distribution of spider sociality .

salomon , m . , d . mayntz , y . lubin . 2008 . colony nutrition skews reproduction in a social spider .

yip , e . , l . rayor . 2013 . the influence of siblings on body condition in a social spider : is prey sharing cooperation or competition ? .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

center for nonlinear phenomena and complex systems , université libre de bruxelles , c . p . 231 , bvd , du triomphe , brussels , b - 1050 , belgium .


brachmia sigillatrix is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1910 .

it is found in southern india .

the wingspan is 11-12 mm .

the forewings are deep ochreous-yellow , irregularly mixed with light brown suffusion .

the hindwings are ochreous-whitish .

brachmia sigillatrix

brachmia sigillatrix <EOT> this is the place for sigillatrix definition . you find here sigillatrix meaning , synonyms of sigillatrix and images for sigillatrix copyright 2017 © urltoken

here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word sigillatrix . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word sigillatrix and , of course , sigillatrix synonyms and on the right images related to the word sigillatrix .

brachmia sigillatrix is a moth in the gelechiidae family . it was described by meyrick in 1910 . it is found in southern india .

brachmia sigillatrix meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 222 ; tl : ernaculam , cochin state , malabar coast ; karwar , kanara

brachmia dimidiella ( denis & schiffermuller , 1775 ) = brachmia costiguttella zeller 1846 = brachmia kneri nowicki 1865 .

brachmia infixa meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17

brachmia leucopla meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 16

brachmia leucospora meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17

brachmia neuroplecta meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17

brachmia fuscogramma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 209

brachmia insuavis meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 51 ; tl : kankau

brachmia tholeromicta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84

brachmia circumfusa ; [ nhm , [ ref . on card incorrect ] card ] ; [ afromoths ]

brachmia antichroa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 156 ; tl : ceylon , kandy

brachmia brunneolineata legrand , 1966 ; mém . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 81

brachmia ioplaca meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 453 ; tl : taiwan , alikano

brachmia obfuscata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 436 ; tl : queensland , brisbane

brachmia obtrectata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : china , shanghai

brachmia perumbrata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 113 ; tl : bengal , pusa

brachmia resoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 113 ; tl : bengla , pusa

brachmia tepidata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 505 ; tl : china , shanghai

brachmia autonoma meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 369 ; tl : chagos islands

brachmia circumfusa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : french guinea , konakri

brachmia liberta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 291 ; tl : madagascar , antananarivo

brachmia ( cladodes ) procursella rebel , 1903 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 53 : 97

brachmia velitaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 295 ; tl : barberton

brachmia deltopis meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 79

brachmia ditemenitis meyrick , 1934 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 14 ( 82 ) : 408

brachmia infuscatella rebel , 1940 ; soc . sci . fenn . , comm . biol . 8 ( 1 ) : 38

brachmia melicephala meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : burma , lashio , 3000ft

brachmia strigosa meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 450 ; tl : borneo , kuching

brachmia torva meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 278 ; tl : nyassland , mt mlanje

brachmia craterospila meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 46 ; tl : assam , shillong

brachmia syntonopis meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 48 ; tl : bombay , belgaum

brachmia apricata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 295 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder

brachmia cenchritis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 721 ; tl : khasis

brachmia hedemanni caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 112 ; tl : darjeeling

brachmia ptochodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 46 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft

brachmia custos meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 725 ; tl : nilgiris , 6000ft

brachmia robustella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 , f . 1 ; tl : herzegovina

brachmia amphisticta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : portuguese east africa , e of mt . chiperone

brachmia vecors meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 112 ; tl : s . india , palnis and gooty , madura , hampsagaram

brachmia insuavis ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 232 ( unrecognized )

brachmia ioplaca ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 233 ( unrecognized )

brachmia ( dichomeridinae ) ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ] ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343

anacampsis anisopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 140 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6000ft

ballotellus ( amsel , 1935 ) ( hypsolophus ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 298

apethistis carphodes meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 459 ; tl : khasi hills

aulacomima ceramochroa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 150 ; tl : queensland , brisbane

dilutiterminella ( gerasimov , 1930 ) ( cladodes ) ; ann . mus . zool . acad . sci . leningr . 31 ( 1 ) : 33 , pl . 7 , f . 3

dryotyphla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123

gelechia inornatella douglas , 1850 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( n . s . ) 1 : 65 ; tl : charlton

gelechia ( ceratophora ? ) japonicella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 365 , pl . 5 , f . 124

dichomeris japonicella ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )

monotona caradja , 1927 ; mem . sect . stiint . acad . rom . ( 3 ) 4 ( 8 ) : 420

murinula turati , 1930 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 69 : 80

opaca meyrick , 1927 ; bull . acad . ( 3 ) 4 : 421 [ ? ] 9

orthomastix meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84

philochersa meyrick , 1938 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 87 : 514

philodema meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 7

ceratophora radiosella erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 102 , pl . 6 , f . 115

stactopis meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84

subsignata diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 61

lecithocera triophthalma meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 220 ; tl : tenmalai , w . ghats , travancore

aulacomima trinervis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 395 ; tl : sydney , new south wales

xeronoma meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 591

[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv

zur lepidopteren - fauna mittel - asiens . 1 . microheterocera aus dem distrikt kaschka - darja ( so - buchara )

die schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten

the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae

h . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )

voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . résultats scientifique . insectes lépidoptères . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,

the percy sladen and godman trusts expedition to the islands in the gulf of guinea , october 1932 march 1933 . iii . micro - lepidoptera

zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

the wingspan is 11 - 12 mm . the forewings are deep ochreous - yellow , irregularly mixed with light brown suffusion . the stigmata is black , edged with white , the plical obliquely before the first discal . the hindwings are ochreous - whitish .

austria , belgium , bulgaria , hungary , germany , denmark , spain , italy , latvia , lithuania , the netherlands , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .

regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , the european north - west , central european , european southern taiga , trans - baikal , karelia , krasnoyarsk , of baikal , seaside , mid - volzhsky , south ural .

albania , austria , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , bosnia and herzegovina , hungary , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , macedonia , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) poland , romania , russia , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .

[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )

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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .

species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .

the gelechiidae is similar to other gelechioid families in that its members have a scaled proboscis and strongly recurved labial palpus , but differs from other gelechioid families by having a combination of the following characters : 1 ) hindwing subrectangular to trapezoidal with sinuous or concave termen and prominent apex , 2 ) forewing lanceolate to elongate–ovate with cup absent , 3 ) the retinaculum of the wing–coupling mechanism on the radial vein of the female forewing , 4 ) labial palpus long , second segment often with ventral brush , third segment long , acute , rarely with short dorsal brush of rough scales , 5 ) male gnathos forming a pair of lateral , articulated , symmetrical sclerites with an articulated , mesial hook ( hodges , 1986 , 1999 ) .


the asiatic glassfishes are a family , ambassidae , of freshwater and marine fishes in the order perciformes .

the species in the family are native to asia , oceania , the indian ocean , and the western pacific oceans .

the family includes eight genera and about 49 species .

the family has also been called chandidae , and some sources continue to use the name .

because ambassidae was used first , in 1870 , it has precedence over chandidae , which was first used in 1905 .

the largest species reaches a maximum size of about 26 cm ( 10 in ) .

many of the species are noted for their transparent or semi-transparent bodies .

a number of species are used as aquarium fish , noted for their transparent bodies .

the indian glassy fish , parambassis ranga , is a colorful fish , but showier specimens that had been injected with artificial coloring were sold as novelty pets in the 1990s .

since then these " painted fish " have become much less popular , with more fishkeepers seeking naturally pigmented specimens .

ambassidae

ambassidae <EOT> kottelat , m . ( 2003 ) parambassis pulcinella , a new species of glassperch ( teleostei : ambassidae ) from the ataran river basin ( myanmar ) , with comments on the family - group names ambassidae , chandidae and bogodidae . ichthyological explorationbof freshwaters , 14 ( 1 ) , 9–18 .

ambassidae , or asiatic glassfish , are a family of around 40 species belonging to the order of perciformes . the species in the family are native to the waters of asia and oceania and the indian and western pacific oceans . the family was formerly known as the chandidae , a name which itis continues to use . fishbase notes that ambassidae , which was named by klunzinger in 1870 , has priority over chandidae , which was created by fowler in 1905 .

roberts , t . r . ( 1994 ) systematic revision of tropical asian freshwater glassperches ( ambassidae ) , with descriptions of three new species . natural history bulletin of siamese society , 42 ( 1994 [ 1995 ] ) , 263–290 .

allen , g . r . & burgess , w . e . ( 1990 ) . a review of the glass - fishes ( ambassidae ) of australia and new guinea . rec . west . aust . mus . suppl . 34 : 139–206

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distribution : asia and oceania , indo - west pacific oceans . dorsal fin usually with 7 - 8 spines and 7 - 11 soft rays ; anal fin with three spines and 7 - 11 softrays . pelvic fin with 1 spine and 5 softrays ; 24 - 25 vertebrae . many species with semi - transparent body . maximum length about 26 cm . formerly known as chandidae .

the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .

rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .

but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .

unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .

this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .

in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .

when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .

type genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .

type species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .

use the table to access images and fact sheets of the ambassid fishes on the site . these fishes are also called chanda perches and perchlets

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description asia and oceania , indo - west pacific oceans . dorsal fin usually with 7 - 8 spines and 7 - 11 soft rays ; anal fin with three . . .

description asia and oceania , indo - west pacific oceans . dorsal fin usually with 7 - 8 spines and 7 - 11 soft rays ; anal fin with three spines and 7 - 11 softrays . pelvic fin with 1 spine and 5 softrays ; 24 - 25 vertebrae . many species with semi - transparent body . maximum length about 26 cm . family named chandidae in nelson , 1994 . [ details ]

( of chandidae fowler , 1905 ) van der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]

( of chandidae fowler , 1905 ) eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]

this page was last edited on 23 july 2010 , at 12 : 20 .

content is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .

the glassfishes of australia were recently reviewed by allen & burgess ( 1990 ) . this work includes a key and diagnostic illustrations for all species . the family contains approximately 40 species belonging to about eight genera ; 14 species and three genera are known from australia . one undescribed species is known from the lake eyre basin and northern australia ( allen et al . , 2002 ) . that species was previously referred to as ambassis muelleri . a number of species are figured in whitley ( 1935 ) and lectotypes selected for several species .

the family is confined to the tropical indo - west pacific , although about two - thirds of this total dwell in fresh waters of india , southeast asia and the indo - australian archipelago . five of the australian species are restricted to fresh water . the remainder are estuarine dwellers which are sometimes found in the lower reaches of freshwater streams . glassfishes are apparently nocturnal , and congregate amongst plants or other shelter during daylight hours .

most species are small in size , usually under 100 mm , with the exception of parambassis which may grow in excess of 250 mm .

the diet includes micro - crustaceans , aquatic insects , small arachnids , terrestrial insects and small amounts of fishes and algae .

whitley , g . p . ( 1935 ) . fishes from princess charlotte bay , north queensland . rec . s . aust . mus . 5 ( 3 ) : 345–365 figs 1–11

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .

to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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mayanglambam dishma department of life sciences , manipur university , canchipur–795003 , manipur , india .

waikhom vishwanath department of life sciences , manipur university , canchipur–795003 , manipur , india .

parambassis serrata , a new species of glassperch from the kolo river , kaladan drainage , mizoram , india is described . it is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of characters that includes : presence of a faint , vertically - elongated brown humeral blotch ; posterior margin of most spines of first dorsal fin proximally blackish ; 14−16 dorsal and anal - fin branched rays ; a black longitudinal stripe on ventral surface of caudal peduncle ; absence of predorsal scales ; a serrated preopercular ridge ; 51−56 scales in lateral series ; and 11 pectoral - fin rays .

fraser - brunner , a . ( 1955 ) a synopsis of the centropomid fishes of the subfamily chandidae , with description of a new genus and two new species . bulletin of the raffles museum , 25 ( 1954 [ 1955 ] ) , 185–213 .

greenwood , p . h . ( 1976 ) a review of the family centropomidae ( pisces : perciformes ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , 29 ( 1 ) , 1–81 .

hollister , g . ( 1934 ) clearing and dyeing fish for bone study . zoologica 12 , 89–101 .

kar , d . & sen , n . ( 2007 ) systematic list and distribution of fishes in mizoram , tripura and barak drainages of north eastern india . zoos’ print journal , 22 , 2599–2607 . urltoken

kottelat , m . ( 2013 ) the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement , 27 , 1−663 .

if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .

yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 , " codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases " , pp . 15 pp . + appendices

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3c4a157c - a149 - 4796 - b3b5 - e8c14c22fee8

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c5397f67 - deec - 47f1 - 8481 - 029ef2b0d9d6

urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 257633

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phocides belus , the beautiful beamer or belus skipper , is a skipper in the hesperiidae family .

it is found from mexico to costa rica .

strays have been reported as far north as texas .

the wings have a powder-blue hue .

last instar larvae reach a length of 38 mm .

they are mostly uniform white with a light brown head capsule .

they feed on thouinidium decandrum .

phocides belus

phocides belus <EOT> phocides belus ; ypm ent 445471 ; north america ; mexico ; monte ; don b . stallings , j . e . turner

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skippers are big - headed , thick - bodied , stubby - winged butterflies that quickly dart or " skip " about . with more than 3500 species worldwide , mostly in the american tropics , the skipper family , the hesperiidae , is huge . we ' ve seen lots of them , and they ' re mostly brownish , rather plain , and often hard to identify . and then there are some like the one shown above .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .

species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .

erora gabina ; ypm ent 755852 ; central america ; panama ; canal zone ; francis r . arnhold ; 1972 - 05 - 02

iophanus pyrrhias ; ypm ent 755944 ; central america ; guatemala ; chimaltenango quisache , acatenango ; eduardo c . welling ; 1966 - 11 - 04


macroglossum saga is a moth of the family sphingidae .

it is known from nepal , north-eastern india , southern china , northern vietnam , taiwan , south korea , japan , and northern and western thailand .

the wingspan is 54 – 66 mm .

the head and thorax upperside have a darker mesial streak .

the abdomen upperside has two yellow lateral patches , with a further vestigial patch on the second segment and a double series of dark dorsal spots .

the thorax underside is greyish wood-brown and the abdomen underside is uniform in colour .

the forewing upperside has well contrasted pale and dark areas .

both wing undersides are dark russet , somewhat shaded with grey on the hindwing .

larvae have been recorded on daphniphyllum macropodum in korea .

macroglossum saga

macroglossum saga <EOT> minden pictures stock photos - hummingbird hawk moth ( macroglossum saga ) feeding on rosy periwinkle ( catharanthus roseus ) , japan - satoshi kuribayashi . . .

macroglossa saga butler , 1878 , entomologist ' s mon . mag . 14 : 206 . type locality : japan : [ honshu , kanagawa , ] < < yokohama > > .

wingspan : 54 - - 66mm . forewing upperside with pale and dark areas well contrasted ; antemedian lines curved , filled in with brownish black to form a band that is dilated basad at the hind margin ; median area grey ; first and second discal lines angled at vein m1 , concave between m1 and hind margin , the space between dark except posteriorly ; first line not usually prominent posteriorly ; grey costal area extended to apex of wing , the subapical rufous patch between veins rs3 and rs4 shaded with grey ; the grey postdiscal line here conspicuous , and vein m1 grey between the second and third discal lines ; the grey area limited by the apical chevron , by the subapical patch behind vein rs4 , and by the grey line of vein m1 ; the area behind the grey patch blackish . both wings undersides dark russet , somewhat shaded with grey on hindwing . hindwing upperside yellow band of variable width , barely half the width of the black border at vein m2 ; fringe reddish cinnamon . hindwing underside yellow anal area not sharply defined distally .

head and thorax upperside with darker mesial streak ; no white line above eye . abdomen upperside with two yellow lateral patches , with a further vestigial patch on second segment ; a double series of dark dorsal spots ; tail blackish - brown dorsally ; side tufts of posterior segments with dark buff tips , those of the proximal segments white tipped . palpi long , white speckled with black scales ventrally . thorax underside greyish wood - brown . abdomen underside uniform in colour .

in the male genitalia , uncus somewhat prism - shaped , truncate apically . gnathos rounded apically . valve with stridulatory scales . harpe very short , obtusely pointed , conical . aedeagus with process variably dentate only basally , slightly extending onto the aedeagus itself ; internal rods obtuse apically .

a species of woodland meadows and open areas of burnt and logged woodland in the russian far east , where it generally flies in the afternoon ( izerskiy , 1999b ) .

china : i - iii ( hong kong ) ; urltoken ( yunnan ) ; vii ( sichuan ) ; x ( hong kong ) . taiwan : 19 . ii ( taoyuan hsien ) ; urltoken ( nantou hsien ) ; japan : v ( ryukyu archipelago ) ; 27 . v - 28 . vii ( hokkaido ) ; vi - vii ( honshu ; kyushu ; ryukyu archipelago ) ; 28 . viii ( hokkaido ) ; ix - x ( kyushu ; honshu ) ; 28 . ix - 7 . x ( hokkaido ) . russia : 23 . viii ( primorskiy kray ) .

park et al . ( 1999 ) give late june until late october as the flight period in korea .

ovum : although mell ( 1922 ) bred this species , no details were recorded .

larva : full - fed 43 - - 46mm . although mell ( 1922 ) bred this species , no details were recorded .

pupa : although mell ( 1922 ) bred this species , no details were recorded .

larval hostplants . recorded in japan and korea on daphniphyllum macropodum ( daphniphyllaceae ) ( nagano , 1904 ; park et al . , 1999 ) .

china : ? nei mongol ( urad qianqi ) ; beijing ( baihua shan ) ; sichuan ( emei shan ) ; yunnan ( nr . yingjiang , 2080m ; gaoligong shan ) ; south xizang / tibet ( mutu , namjagbarwa region , 1600m ( wang , 1988 ) ) ; guangdong ; hong kong ( tai lung ; ho piu ) .

taiwan : nantou hsien ( tienchi , 1860m ; tatachia ) ; taipei hsien ( fushan ) ; kaohsiung hsien ( shanping , 640m ) ; taoyuan hsien ( taoyuan city ) .

south korea : seoul ; kyonggi prov . ( asan bay ) ; kangwon prov . ( gubong - san ) ; south cholla prov . ( baekyang temple ; mudeung - san ; hong - do ; gwangyang ) ; south kyongsang ( jinju ; geoje - do ; goseong ; namhae ; sancheong ; jinyang ; hadong ; hamyang ; hapcheon ) ; cheju prov . ( cheju - do ; halla - san ; youngsil ; sungpanak ; sinsan ; topyung ; ara - dong ; ora - dong ; cheonjiyun ; donnaeko ; gyolae - ri ; isidol ; ipseok - dong ; suakbong ) .

japan : hokkaido ; honshu ( karuizawa ; norikura kogen , 1500m ; sejogahara ; kiyosato , 1300m ; tokyo ; dorokawa ; kyoto ; kobe ; fujiwara , gunma pref . ) ; shikoku ( matsuyama ) ; kyushu ( hikosan ) ; hachijojima ; ryukyu archipelago ( okinawa ; awashima ; yakushima ) .

nepal , northeastern india , southern china , northern vietnam ( sa pa ) , taiwan , south korea , japan , and northern and western thailand . the single record from the russian far east is of a vagrant .

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lectotype [ ♂ ] japan : [ honshu , kanagawa , ] «yokohama ( jonas ) » [ nhmuk ] ; implicitly designated by wang , 1995 , guide book insects of taiwan 9 : 245 . the lectotype has not been found in nhmuk ( 1 . viii . 2017 ) .

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the larvae feed on opuntia lindheimeri var . lindheimeri .

young larvae hollow out a small cell under the epidermis near the margin of the cladode .

they remain in this cell during winter .

in april , they tunnel farther into the cladode .

pupation takes place in late august and september within hollow stems of their host plant .

melitara texana

melitara texana <EOT> melitara texana neunzig , 1997 n . sp . , mona fascicle . 15 . 4 .

melitara texana is a species of snout moth in the genus melitara . it was described by neunzig in 1997 , and is found in southern texas and adjacent mexico .

home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » pyralid and crambid snout moths ( pyraloidea ) » pyralid moths ( pyralidae ) » phycitinae » phycitini » pricklypear borer ( melitara ) » melitara texana - hodges # 5971 . 2 ( melitara texana )

the destruction of so many prickly pears has spurred me to action . no , i am not going to spray chemicals to save the cactuses . but i have collected a few larvae with the intent to rear them and determine , if i can , the identity of the moth . in a quick search of the web to determine the identity of the caterpillars , i found that there are at least six prickly pear borer moths , including melitara prodenialis and melitara dentata that are native to several states in the united states . neither of these two moths along with melitara texana have been documented in texas . i could find no images of melitara texana or its larvae .

moved from moths . ann , these are very closely related to alberada . i get m . texana and there is m . dentata from n . and western tx . i need to check collection records to see which you get . they are determined by genitalia and range .

moved from melitara dentata . after revisiting my bold results this may be m . doddalis . although my results came back 100 % m . dentata , bold did not make a species choice and my coi was only 586 . there is a lot of m . dentata dna available but all of it was from canada and mine were the only ones from texas . there is only one bold tested m . doddalis ( coi 658 ) and was from uvalde and looks similar to mine . several bold identified m . doddalis were from texas but did not have dna .

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neunzig , h . h . , 1997 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 4 : p . 54 ; pl . 3 . 14 - 15 . order

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

the moths of north america north of mexico . fascicle 15 . 4 . pyraloidea , pyralidae , phycitinae ( part ) h . h . neunzig . 1997 . the wedge entomological research foundation .

contributed by maury j . heiman on 31 october , 2012 - 5 : 39pm

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well , they are back and up to their old tricks . this time i intend to find out the name of the rascals and add it to the official list of residents or visitors in kendall county . to borrow and paraphrase a few of the lines from that doc watson song “muskrat , … they have been lying around eating up all the owners’ prickly pear… but i found out where they been usin’” .

when we moved to boerne a few years ago , the small acreage where we built our home had several large prickly pear cactus plants at various locations . the plants were 3 - 4 feet tall and up to 5 feet across . each spring i enjoyed seeing the variety colors that they produced . some had beautiful , deep peach blooms , some had yellow blooms with red centers and some blooms were entirely yellow .

two years ago i noticed that there was a sawdust - like substance on some of the pads of a few plants . i broke off one of the tops and saw a few larvae in the stem . i assumed that this was just another example of a moth and a host plant and didn’t pursue it more than taking a few pictures .

now there are only two or three of those large plants left . the others , including many on adjoining lots , have been decimated by those moths , which deposit their eggs on the prickly pear . when the larvae eclose ( emerge from the eggs ) , they eat the interior of the pads and excrete their frass ( poop ) through small holes in the pads leaving a sawdust - like residue . all that remains of those large cactus plants are the skeletal veins of the pads and stems , decaying like fallen logs

surely i am not the only person in texas that has lost and regretted the loss of a prickly pear , our state cactus . i can only assume that when others lost that plant , they just decided it was easier to get another . but i am now about naming the culprit . i want to make sure that this moth is listed as being present in texas and in kendall county . i will bring you a report if i am successful .

even so all is not lost . the native plants that grow in our area are survivors . so far each has changed to meet every challenge that the climate , insects and the environment have provided . i have no doubt that the prickly pears will overcome the attack of the moths . in some of those piles of debris , small green pads are visible . it will take a few years , but hopefully those beautiful blooms will return .

on a more pleasant subject , a couple of weeks ago , i had the opportunity to join donna taylor , patty leslie pasztor and an out of town botanist on a ride through a small portion of the 500 plus acres of the cibolo preserve . as you probably know the cibolo preserve is adjacent to the cibolo nature center and has been set aside by its owner , bill lende , for restoration , research , education and conservation . what a pleasure it was to take that ride .

even though we are entering the month of august in a continuing period of drought , albeit with some late spring rain , the condition of the land was spectacular . grasses of all kinds was at least knee high . the big bluestem , vigorous and in bloom , was 5 ½ to 6 feet tall . the fields were filled with butterflies ; and ducks rose from the creek as we crossed . a night heron flew into a tree from its hunting spot along the creek and flew to the same tree when we returned along the same route . hawks were circling in the sky .

plants that have passed their bloom time along the county roads were still in bloom in the fields . a skeleton plant , still producing nectar , was visited by a pipevine swallowtail butterfly and narrowly avoided my camera lens . ( ernesto has skeleton plants for sale at medina garden nursery in medina , if you are interested ) .

although native plants have evolved to survive nature’s challenges , loss of habitat , which is mainly our doing , may prove a hill too high . it is a pleasure to see what bill has accomplished with this vision of the past and oasis of hope .

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this species is native to australia .

the myrmecia ferrguinea has been notably distributed in queensland .

being described in 1876 by mayr , the myrmecia ferruginea has a similar identity to the m. nigriceps .

the appearance of the myrmecia ferruginea is mostly a reddish like colour .

it was once assumed to be a colour variant of the m. nigriceps as well .

myrmecia ferruginea

myrmecia ferruginea <EOT> myrmecia ferruginea - urdu meaning and translation of myrmecia ferruginea , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of myrmecia ferruginea and more .

myrmecia ferruginea is an australian ant which belongs to the myrmecia genus . this species is native to australia .

richness of myrmecia species ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . for a list of species and subspecies see the checklist of myrmecia species or for valid names only see myrmecia species .

the following myrmecia species groups are based on ogata & taylor ( 1991 [ 1 ] ) .

die gattung myrmecia ist unterteilt in 9 artengruppen damit sich die vielen arten dieser gattung leichter klassifizieren lassen .

the genus myrmecia is sub - divided in 9 species groups for an easier classification of the many species .

ogata , k . , taylor , r . w . ( 1991 ) ants of the genus myrmecia fabricius : a preliminary review and key to the named species ( hymenoptera : formicidae : myrmeciinae ) . journal of natural history , 25 , 1623–1673 .

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .

disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .

this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .