the stone loach ( barbatula barbatula ) is a species of fresh water ray-finned fish in the balitoridae family .

it is one of seventeen species in the genus barbatula .

it is found in baltic states , eastern europe , austria , belgium , bulgaria , czech republic , denmark , finland , france , germany , hungary , ireland , italy , liechtenstein , luxembourg , moldova , the netherlands , poland , romania , serbia and montenegro , slovakia , slovenia , spain , sweden , switzerland , and the united kingdom .

stone loaches live amongst the gravel and stones of fast flowing water where they can search for food .

the most distinctive feature of this 14 cm fish is the presence of barbels around the bottom jaw , which they use to detect their invertebrate prey .

the body is a mixture of brown , green and yellow .

stone loach

stone loach <EOT> the stone loach is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .

information on the stone loach ( barbatula barbatula ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .

descriptive osteology of a newly described stone loach , oxynoemacheilus chomanicus ( kamangar et al . , 2014 ) ( cypriniformes , nemacheilidae )

along a stream , we investigated whether the abundance of stone loach ( barbatula barbatula , l . ) was related to the presence of brown trout ( salmo trutta , l . ) and instream habitat variables . first , a field survey was carried out where different habitat variables and the densities of both species were quantified and subjected to principal components analysis . then the abundance of stone loach was related to the scores of the retained axes ( eigenvalues > 1 ) . the abundance of stone loach was positively correlated to substrate particle size , amount of shade , temperature , discharge and current velocity , but negatively correlated to brown trout abundance . secondly , a month - long field enclosure experiment in a stream was performed to test for any negative effects of brown trout on stone loach growth . four treatments were used : intraspecific competition ( stone loach at double density ) , interspecific competition ( stone loach + small trout ) , predation ( stone loach + large trout ) and a control ( stone loach alone ) . the results showed that large trout tended to have negative effects on final stone loach biomass . the absence of a negative effect of large trout on resource density suggests that nonlethal effects rather than resource competition caused this trend .

embed this arkive thumbnail link ( " portlet " ) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href = " urltoken " title = " arkive species - stone loach ( barbatula barbatula ) " > < img src = " urltoken " alt = " arkive species - stone loach ( barbatula barbatula ) " title = " arkive species - stone loach ( barbatula barbatula ) " border = " 0 " / > < / a >

the effect of interaction between the stone loach noemacheilus barbatulus ( l . ) and the bullhead cottus gobio ( l . ) on prey and habitat selection

the effect of interaction between the stone loach noemacheilus barbatulus ( l . ) and the bullhead cottus gobio ( l . ) on prey and habitat selection | springerlink

do instream habitat variables and the abundance of brown trout salmo trutta ( l . ) affect the distribution and growth of stone loach , barbatula barbatula ( l . ) ?

@ article { c7137605 - fdeb - 4889 - bf4e - 7097b2f95108 , abstract = { along a stream , we investigated whether the abundance of stone loach ( barbatula barbatula , l . ) was related to the presence of brown trout ( salmo trutta , l . ) and instream habitat variables . first , a field survey was carried out where different habitat variables and the densities of both species were quantified and subjected to principal components analysis . then the abundance of stone loach was related to the scores of the retained axes ( eigenvalues & gt ; 1 ) . the abundance of stone loach was positively correlated to substrate particle size , amount of shade , temperature , discharge and current velocity , but negatively correlated to brown trout abundance . secondly , a month - long field enclosure experiment in a stream was performed to test for any negative effects of brown trout on stone loach growth . four treatments were used : intraspecific competition ( stone loach at double density ) , interspecific competition ( stone loach + small trout ) , predation ( stone loach + large trout ) and a control ( stone loach alone ) . the results showed that large trout tended to have negative effects on final stone loach biomass . the absence of a negative effect of large trout on resource density suggests that nonlethal effects rather than resource competition caused this trend . } , author = { nilsson , erika and persson , anders } , issn = { 0906 - 6691 } , language = { eng } , number = { 1 } , pages = { 40 - - 49 } , publisher = { wiley - blackwell } , series = { ecology of freshwater fish } , title = { do instream habitat variables and the abundance of brown trout salmo trutta ( l . ) affect the distribution and growth of stone loach , barbatula barbatula ( l . ) ? } , url = urltoken volume = { 14 } , year = { 2005 } , }

along a stream , we investigated whether the abundance of stone loach ( barbatula barbatula , l . ) was related to the presence of brown trout ( salmo trutta , l . ) and instream habitat variables . first , a field survey was carried out where different habitat variables and the densities of both species were quantified and subjected to principal components analysis . then the abundance of stone loach was related to the scores of the retained axes ( eigenvalues > 1 ) . the abundance of stone loach was positively correlated to substrate particle size , amount of shade , temperature , discharge and current velocity , but negatively correlated to brown trout abundance . secondly , a month - long field enclosure experiment in a stream was performed to test for any . . .

p . mafakheri , s . eagderi , h . farahmand , and h . mousavi - sabet , “osteological structure of kiabi loach (

p . mafakheri , s . eagderi , h . farahmand , and h . mousavi - sabet , “descriptive osteology of persian loach (

j . freyhof , f . erk ' akan , c . özeren , and a . perdices , “an overview of the western palaearctic loach genus

stone loach and bullhead were given a choice of chironomus and asellus prey in experiments using solitary fish and fish in company . solitary fish ate more than fish in company . the effect of light and substratum type on feeding was investigated . both species ate more prey items on gravel than silt when a significant difference was observed . bullhead ate more than loach in the light on both substrata . the only experiment in which loach ate more than bullhead was on a silt substratum in the dark . it is concluded that these two species utilise different components of the available food resources in chalk streams by adopting different habitats .

b . b . kamangar , a . m . prokofiev , e . ghaderi , and t . t . nalbant , “stone loaches of choman river system , kurdistan , iran ( teleostei :

appearance : a small , elongate , bottom - dwelling fish with three pairs of mouth barbels 3 - 5 mm in length . small eyes located almost on top of the head . body shape more cylindrical , forebody somewhat fatter than the spined loach , in which the body is laterally more flattened . tips of dorsal and caudal fins rounded , posterior margins may be slightly notched . fins of spined loach are more rounded .

topmouth gudgeon ( pseudorasbora parva ) is one of the most invasive aquatic fish species in europe and causes adverse effects to ecosystem structure and functioning . knowledge and understanding of the species’ interactions with the environment and with native fish are important to stop and prevent the further spread of the species . creating species distribution models is a useful technique to determine which factors influence the occurrence and abundance of a species . we applied three different modelling techniques : general additive models , random forests and fuzzy habitat suitability modelling ( fhsm ) to assess the habitat suitability of topmouth gudgeon . the former two techniques indicated that the abundance of native fish ( i . e . biotic variables ) was more important than environmental variables when determining the abundance of topmouth gudgeon in flanders ( belgium ) . bitterling ( rhodeus amarus ) , stone loach ( barbatula barbatula ) , three - spined stickleback ( gasterosteus aculeatus ) and predator abundance were selected as the most important biotic variables and implemented in the fhsm to investigate species interactions . depending on the preferred food source and spawning behaviour , either coexistence or interspecific competition can occur with bitterling , stone loach and three - spined stickleback . in contrast , the presence of predators clearly had a top down effect on topmouth gudgeon abundance . these findings could be applied as a biological control measure and implemented in conservation strategies in order to reduce the abundance of earlier established populations of topmouth gudgeon .

usually found in flowing stretches of streams and medium - sized rivers with gravel to stone bottom , but also in a variety of other habitats , including sandy canals and lake shores . larvae are benthic . larvae and small juveniles prefer sand bottom and slow current , shifting to gravel bottom and fast current when growing . adults prey on relatively large benthic invertebrates such as gammarids , chironomids , insect larvae . they breed on gravel , sand or among aquatic vegetation . tolerate moderate organic pollution and stream canalization and very sensitive to pollution by heavy metals ( ref . 59043 ) . sensitive to pollution and low oxygen levels , therefore , its presence in a river can be taken as an indication of good water quality ( ref . 6111 ) .

stone loaches , the family nemacheilidae , are small benthic fishes [ 1 ] found in fresh waters of asia and its islands , europe , and northeast africa [ 2 ] . this family have a great diversity in iranian inland waters [ 1 , 3 , 4 ] , with more than 40 reported species , including 24 endemic species [ 3 – 9 ] . they are less known due to small size and low economic value [ 10 , 11 ] and their classification is still complicated ; therefore , ichthyologists are trying to reveal their phylogenetic status [ 12 ] . given that , the osteological characteristics can play an important role in this regard [ 13 ] , since osteology is a useful tool to study the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships among fishes [ 14 , 15 ] .

colouring : generally yellowish brown with darker bands and mottling . indistinct dark line joining eye to snout .

distribution and habitat : a freshwater species found throughout finland as far north as the lower reaches of the river kemijoki . avoids brackish water because of its salinity and occurs in the sea only in freshwater estuaries and in the easternmost part of the gulf of finland close to finland’s eastern border . inhabits stony bottoms in well - oxygenated water . uses its barbels to hunt for food , foraging under stones . unable to tolerate oxygen deficiency in eutrophic lakes but copes with eutrophication better in rivers because of the higher oxygen levels .

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often erroneously called nemacheilus barbatulus , cobitis barbatula or orthrias barbatula . several species are apparently confused under the name b . barbatula . recent molecular studies suggest that several species are lumped under this name and a taxonomic revision is needed to settle this problem .

justification : a widespread species with no known major widespread threats . european union 27 = lc . rationale same as above .

europe north of caucasus , pyrénées and alps , from loire and rhône drainages eastward ; british isles ( except northern scotland ) , southern sweden and finland ( northward to about 66°n ) ; danube and vardar drainages . several similar species in asia , as far as japan ( including

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department of fisheries , faculty of natural resources , university of tehran , p . o . box 4314 , karaj , iran

copyright © 2016 parvin mafakheri et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .

oxynoemacheilus chomanicus is a newly described species of the family nemacheilidae from the choman river drainage of the tigris basin . this study was conducted to provide the detailed osteological characteristics of this species and comparing them with those of other endemic species of the genus oxynoemacheilus from inland water basins of iran , namely , kiabii , o . persa , o . brandtii , o . kermanshahensis , and o . bergianus . for this purpose , nine specimens of o . chomanicus were collected , cleaned , and stained for osteological examination . then , a detailed description of their skeletal structure was provided . the results showed that o . chomanicus can be distinguished from other studied species of the genus oxynoemacheilus due to possessing an orbital shelf , number of the vertebrae , number of the hypurals , number of the unbranched rays in anal fin , features of the hemal and neural spines , and connection pattern of the parietal and frontal .

the genus oxynoemacheilus is a species rich genus of the family nemacheilidae known from albania eastwards to central iran [ 16 ] and has 11 reported species from iran of which three include o . chomanicus , o . kurdestanicus , and o . zagrodensesis recently described from the choman river drainage of the tigris basin [ 4 ] . the newly described species of o . chomanicus is found in the choman river drainage ( baneh , kurdistan province ) . identification of this species is based on the morphological features that show many similarities to other members of this genus [ 4 ] .

regarding high diversity and morphological similarity of the members of the family nemacheilidae , using combined data , including osteological and molecular data , can help to better understand their taxonomical relationship . therefore , this study was conducted to provide detailed osteological characteristics of o . chomanicus and comparing them with those of other species of the genus oxynoemacheilus from the inland water basins of iran that their osteological data are available . the finding of this study can provide the osteological features of this species that can help to discrete this species from others and be used as a basis for further phylogenetic study of the members of this genus based on the osteological data .

nine specimens of o . chomanicus with standard length of ( mean ± sd ) were collected using electrofishing device from the choman river ( kurdistan province , iran ) . then , specimens were anesthetized with 1 % clove solution and fixed in 4 % formaldehyde . for osteological examination , the specimens were cleared and stained using alcian blue and alizarin red based on taylor and van dyke [ 17 ] . pictures of the stained skeletal structures were obtained using an epson v600 scanner equipped with a glycerol bath . the skeletal structures of each sample were observed and studied by an ms5 leica stereomicroscope . the scanned images were illustrated by coreldraw x6 software . nomenclature and abbreviation of the skeletal elements follow prokofiev [ 12 , 18 ] . detailed descriptions of the osteological features of o . kiabii , o . bergianus , o . persa , o . brandtii , and o . kermanshahensis were provided by mafakheri et al . [ 19 ] , jalili and eagderi [ 20 ] , mafakheri et al . [ 21 ] , and mafakheri [ 22 ] , respectively .

the anterior part of the neurocranium is narrow with wider posterior part and its maximum width is about 60 % of its length . the ethmoid region consists of the paired lateral ethmoids and unpaired supraethmoid - ethmoid and prevomer . the elongated supraethmoid - ethmoid bone is vertically fused to the prevomer and posteriorly sutured with the frontal ( figures 1 ( a ) and 1 ( b ) ) . the anterior part of the prevomer is heart - shaped ( figure 1 ( b ) ) and is posteriorly connected to the orbitosphenoid ( figure 1 ( c ) ) . the lateral ethmoid is medially attached to the orbitosphenoid ( figure 1 ) . the anterior part of the lateral ethmoid is projected and its posterior part is convex in shape ( figure 1 ) .

figure 1 : ( a ) dorsal , ( b ) lateral , and ( c ) ventral views of the neurocranium of oxynoemacheilus chomanicus . pr - bo : basioccipital process ; bo : basioccipital ; epo : epiotic ; exo : exoccipital ; fon : fontanelle ; fr : frontal ; fr - exo : foramen exoccipital ; let : lateral ethmoid ; orb : orbitosphenoid ; pa : parietal ; pe : prevomer ; pro : prootic ; ps : parasphenoid ; pto : pterotic ; pts : pterosphenoid ; se : supraethmoid - ethmoid ; soc : supraoccipital ; spo : sphenotic .

the orbital region includes the paired frontal , pterosphenoid , and sclerotic , and the unpaired orbitosphenoid and parasphenoid . the frontal is the largest bony element of the neurocranium’s roof . this bone is laterally connected to the orbitosphenoid , pterosphenoid , and sphenotic and posteriorly to the parietal ( figures 1 ( a ) and 1 ( b ) ) . the frontal is connected to the lateral ethmoid via the orbital shelf ( figure 1 ( a ) ) . the two frontals are connected medially but they are separated posteriorly and form the anterior part of the fontanelle ( figure 1 ( a ) ) . the orbitosphenoid is posteriorly connected to the heavy bone of the pterosphenoid . in the ventral plan , the parasphenoid is connected to the prevomer , orbitosphenoid , pterosphenoid , prootic , and basioccipital ( figure 1 ( c ) ) . the parasphenoid , orbitosphenoid , and pterosphenoid enclose the orbital foramen ( figure 1 ( b ) ) . the parasphenoid meets the prootic and pterosphenoid via its lateral wings and form a large foramen in ventral plan of the neurocranium ( figure 1 ( c ) ) . two small bones of the sclerotic enclose the orbits .

the otic region consists of the parietals , epiotics , pterotics , prootics , and sphenotics ( figure 1 ) . the parietal is located between the frontal and supraoccipital ( figure 1 ( a ) ) . this bone is anterolaterally connected to the sphenotic and posterolaterally to the epiotic ( figures 1 ( a ) and 1 ( b ) ) . the pterotic is almost triangle in shape that it locates between the sphenotic and epiotic dorsally , and the prootic and exoccipital ventrally ( figures 1 ( a ) and 1 ( c ) ) . connection of the epiotic and sphenotic avoids the relationship between the pterotic and parietal ( figure 1 ( b ) ) . the pterosphenoid , sphenotic , and prootic form the anterior articulatory facet for articulating the anterior condyle of the hyomandibular and the sphenotic and pterotic form the posterior articulatory facet for articulating the posterior condyle of the hyomandibular ( figures 2 ( b ) and 2 ( c ) ) .

figure 2 : ( a ) anterior part of the ethmoid region and ( b ) lateral plan of kinethmoid and autopalatine of oxynoemacheilus chomanicus . apl : autopalatine ; ke : kinethmoid ; mx : maxilla ; pe : prevomer ; peth ii : preethmoid ii ; pmx : premaxilla ; ppl : prepalatine ; ses : sesamoid .

the occipital region consists of both unpaired supraoccipital and basioccipital and the paired exoccipital ( figure 1 ) . the supraoccipital forms the posterior part of the fontanelle . this bone is connected to the sphenotic by its anterolateral wings and posteriorly to the exoccipitals ( figure 1 ( a ) ) . the exoccipital bears a large foramen and it is connected to the prootic anteroventrally ( figure 1 ( c ) ) . the basioccipital is posteriorly narrower having a ring - shaped process ( figure 1 ( c ) ) . this bone is situated between the exoccipitals and connected to the prootics anteriorly ( figure 1 ( c ) ) . the basioccipital is posteriorly articulated to the first centrum . in a ligamentous space anterior to the ethmoid region , the paired preethmoid ii , prepalatine , and sesamoid and unpaired kinethmoid are present ( figure 2 ) . the prepalatine is located between the autopalatine and maxilla . the prepalatine is medially connected to the preethmoid ii ( figure 2 ( a ) ) . the rod - shaped preethmoid ii is anteriorly connected to the maxilla and posteriorly to the prevomer . the cylindrically shaped kinethmoid is vertically located between jaws ( figure 2 ( a ) ) .

the upper jaw consists of the premaxilla and maxilla ( figure 3 ) . the premaxilla has two processes , that is , pr . ascenden and pr . alveolar . the premaxilla is ligamentously connected to the kinethmoid . the maxilla is a large laminar bone which has a small anteroventral process connecting to the preethmoid ii and prepalatine and an anteroventral process that is tilted downwardly reaching its counterpart ( figure 2 ( a ) ) . the lower jaw is composed of the dental , articular , retroarticular , and coronomeckelian . the large dental has two processes , including narrow ramus dentalis and wide coronoid processes . the articular is overlapped with the dental and posteriorly articulated to the quadrate . the small bone of the coronomeckelian is attached to the medial face of the articular . the small bone of the retroarticular is articulated to the posteroventral part of the articular .

figure 3 : ( a ) upper jaw and ( b ) medial view of lower jaw in oxynoemacheilus chomanicus art : articulare ; cm : coronomeckelian ; den : dental ; mx : maxilla ; pmx : premaxillary ; rar : retroarticular .

the branchial arch consists of the basibranchials , hypobranchials , ceratobranchials , epibranchials , and infrapharyngobranchials ( figure 4 ) . there are four basibranchials , which locate between the hypobranchials . the two first basibranchials are similar in shape . the hypobranchials are three pairs and almost square - shaped . in each side , there are five ceratobranchials of which the last one has different shape possessing pharyngeal teeth ( figure 4 ) . the four paired epibranchials situate between the rectangularly shaped ceratobranchials and the small infrapharyngobranchials . the infrapharingobranchials are horizontally arranged on the epibranchials .

figure 4 : branchial apparatus of oxynoemacheilus chomanicus . bbr : basibranchial ; cbr : ceratobranchial ( cbr5 : pharyngeal bones ) ; ebr : epibranchial ; hbr : hypobranchial ; pbr : infrapharyngobranchials .

the hyoid arch is composed of the basihyal , dorsal hypohyal , ventral hypohyal , ceratohyal , epihyal , interhyal , urohyal , extra urohyal , and branchiostegals ( figure 5 ) . the large cylindrical ceratohyal intervenes between the hypohyals and the epihyal ( figure 5 ) . the epihyal is triangular in shape . a small rod - shaped interhyal fits in a small groove on the posterodorsal part of the epihyal ventrally . the dorsal hypohyal and ventral hypohyal are connected firmly . two small rod - shaped extra urohyals are located between the hypohyals and ligamentously connected to the urohyal and basihyal . the laminar bone of the urohyal bears a depression anteriorly and wings anterolaterally ( figure 5 ) . the unpaired basihyal is t - shaped . there are three curved branchiostegals of which the first one is attached to the ceratohyal , the connection point of the second one is located between ceratohyal and epihyal , and the third one is connected to the epihyal .

figure 5 : hyoid arch of oxynoemacheilus chomanicus . bhy : basihyal ; br : branchiostegal ; chy : ceratohyal ; dhy and vhy : dorsal and ventral hypohyal ; ehy : epihyal ; ihy : interhyal ; uhy : urohyal ; uhye : extra urohyal .

the suspensorium consists of the autopalatine , endopterygoid , ectopterygoid , metapterygoid , hyomandibular , quadrate , and symplectic ( figure 6 ) . the autopalatine is a heavy bone articulating to the endopterygoid posteriorly ( figure 2 ( b ) ) . there is a strong ligamentous attachment between the endopterygoid , ectopterygoid , metapterygoid , and quadrate . the triangle - shaped bone of the symplectic is inserted into the depression of the quadrate . a condyle for articulation to the articular presents in the anteroventral part of the quadrat . the hyomandibular bears two articular heads dorsally for the craniohyomandibular articulations .

figure 6 : medial view of the suspensorium of oxynoemacheilus chomanicus . apl : autopalatine ; ect : ectopterygoid ; end : endopterygoid ; hm : hyomandibular ; io : interopercle ; mtp : metapterygoid ; op : opercle ; po : preopercle ; q : quadrate ; so : subopercle ; sym : symplectic .

this series consists of the opercle , subopercle , interopercle , and preopercle ( figure 6 ) . the opercle is the largest element of the opercular series and its dorsal margin is concaved . this bone has a large condyle , which is articulated to the hyomandibular . the opercle covers the paddle - shaped subopercle ventrally ( figure 7 ) . the narrow curved preopercle almost locates at the rear of the interopercle ( figure 6 ) . the interopercle is not completely ossified and connected to the subopercle posteriorly ( figure 6 ) .

figure 7 : medial views of the pectoral girdle of oxynoemacheilus chomanicus . cl : cleithrum ; cor : coracoid ; mcor : mesocoracoid ; ptt : posttemporal ; rad : ossified pectoral radial ; sc : scapula ; scl : supracleithrum ; stt : supratemporal .

the pectoral girdle includes the cleithrum , coracoid , scapula , mesocoracoid , supratemporal , posttemporal , supracleithrum , and radials ( figure 7 ) . the cleithrum is the largest bony elements of the pectoral girdle possessing the vertical and horizontal sections . its vertical section is connected to the supracleithrum , whereas the horizontal one is connected to the scapula and coracoid . the coracoid is narrow anteriorly . the scapula is located between the cleithrum and coracoid . there is a large foramen on its middle face . the mesocoracoid is a small rod - shaped bone , which is medially located between the cleithrum and coracoid . the mesocoracoid indirectly connects these two bones ( figure 7 ) . the supracleithrum bears a ridge on its lateral face . the elongated posttemporal is situated in the anterolateral depression of the supracleithrum . this bone is posterolaterally fused to the supratemporal . the supratemporal is a small tubular - shaped bone . there are four radials of which first two ones are narrow and elongated and the most medial one is the smallest and widest one .

the pelvic girdle consists of the paired pelvic bones and radials . the pelvic bones are horizontally located in belly area . the pelvic bones are firmly connected by a strong ligament medially . they have posterolateral processes , that is , pr . iliacus that along with the posterior process , that is , pr . ischiadicus , forms a depression for positioning the rays and radials . the pelvic bone is anteriorly narrow ( pubic process ) . there are three small radials . there are one unbranched ray , seven branched rays , and one small curved pelvic splint in the pelvic fin .

there are 37 centra of which first four centra form the weberian apparatus and bony capsule . the hemal and neural spines are narrow . the dorsal fin has 9 pterygiophores and one stay and the first pterygiophore is the largest reaching the 11th or 12th vertebra . there are five unbranched and 8 1 / 2 branched rays in dorsal fin ( figure 8 ( a ) ) . the number of the pterygiophores in anal fin is six with one stay in which first pterygiophore reaches the 24th centrum . the number of unbranched and branched rays in anal fin is 4 and 5 1 / 2 , respectively ( figure 8 ( b ) ) .

figure 8 : ( a ) dorsal fin and ( b ) anal fin of oxynoemacheilus chomanicus . dr : distal radial ; mr : medial radial ; pr : proximal radial ; sty : stay .

the caudal complex consists of the second preural centrum and its neural and hemal processes , first preural centrum , ural - 1 + ural - 2 , pleurostyle , hypurals , parhypural , epural , and principal caudal rays , and procurrent rays ( figure 9 ) . the hemal process of the second preural is articulated to its centrum and its neural process is fused to its centrum . the last centrum is formed by the fused ural - 1 , ural - 2 , and preural - 1 . the wide rectangularly shaped parhypural along with the hypural - 1 is articulated to the last centrum . the parhypural is dorsally connected to the hypural - 1 . there are six hypurals of which first two ones are large . the hypural - 2 is fused to the centrum and others are inserted into the groove of the pleurostyle . the last hypural is small . the small epural is located between the pleurostyle and neural rudimentary . the pleurostyle is elongated and fused to the centrum . the principal caudal rays are supported by the hypurals .

figure 9 : caudal skeleton of oxynoemacheilus chomanicus . epu : epural ; hp : hypural ; hpu2 : hemal process of the second preural centrum ; npu - 2 : neural process of the second preural centrum ; ph : parhypural ; ust : pleurostyle .

the members of the genus oxynoemacheilus , with 11 reported species , are distributed in the most of the inland waters basins of iran and their identification is difficult based on their external morphology . hence , the osteological features are suitable characteristics for their distinction [ 12 , 18 ] . in addition , the osteological data can be well interpreted in taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of fish species even in higher level [ 23 ] . there are various works on the phylogenetic relationships of the superfamily cobitoidea using osteological characteristics containing important information [ 12 , 13 , 18 , 24 – 27 ] . therefore , the present study provided detailed osteological characteristics of o . chomanicus for further taxonomical studies of these taxa .

prokofiev [ 12 ] has pointed out that the coronomeckelian is located on the base and dorsal edge of the coronoid processes in the genus oxynoemacheilus , whereas it is attached to the articular in o . chomanicus as mentioned by sawada [ 13 ] . in addition , prokofiev [ 12 ] mentioned that the lateral ethmoid is stationarily jointed with the supraethmoid - ethmoid , while such a feature was not observed in o . chomanicus . in o . chomanicus , similar to other compared species of this genus , the prootic , pterosphenoid , and sphenotic form the anterior articulatory facet , and the pterotic and sphenotic form the posterior articulatory facet , whereas prokofiev [ 12 ] mentioned that , in the members of the genus oxynoemacheilus , the anterior articulatory facet is restricted by the sphenotic and prootic , and the posterior articulatory facet is restricted by the sphenotic , prootic , and pterotic .

based on the results , this species shows some osteological features that can be considered as its osteological identification key in comparison to o . kiabii [ 19 ] , o . persa [ 21 ] , o . brandtii , o . kermanshahensis [ 22 ] , and o . bergianus [ 20 ] . there is an orbital shelf of the frontal in o . chomanicus , whereas such shelf is not present in o . persa [ 21 ] . the posterior process of the orbitosphenoid in o . persa is well developed [ 21 ] unlike that of o . chomanicus .

in o . kiabii , the supraethmoid - ethmoid is shorter and wider [ 19 ] than that of o . chomanicus . the connection pattern of the frontal and parietal in o . kiabii had a zigzag pattern [ 19 ] versus straight one of o . chomanicus . furthermore , there is a small bone between the frontal and parietal in o . persa [ 21 ] . the shape of the metapterygoid in o . chomanicus is rectangular , while it is square - shaped in o . kiabii [ 19 ] . furthermore , the hypohyals’ processes of o . kiabii are well developed [ 19 ] unlike that of o . chomanicus . in o . brandtii and o . bergianus , the hemal and neural spines are wider and well developed [ 20 , 22 ] , while those of o . chomanicus are thin and narrow similar to o . kiabii , o . persa , and o . bergianus .

oxynoemacheilus chomanicus has six hypurals , whereas o . kiabii , o . brandtii , o . persa , and o . kermanshahensis have five hypurals . the number of the vertebrae in o . chomanicus is 37 , whereas o . persa and o . kermanshahensis have 34 - 35 and 39 - 40 vertebrae , respectively [ 21 , 22 ] . the dorsal margin of the maxilla in o . chomanicus is smooth , whereas it is convex - shaped in o . kermanshahensis [ 22 ] .

in o . chomanicus , the number of unbranched rays in dorsal and anal fins is five and four , respectively , which is different from the original description of this species ( three and three ) by kamangar et al . [ 4 ] . these extra unbranched rays were visible only in cleared and stained specimens . the number of branched rays in dorsal and anal fins of o . chomanicus is 8 1 / 2 and 5 1 / 2 , respectively , corresponding to description of this species by kamangar et al . [ 4 ] . the branched rays of the dorsal fin in o . chomanicus are more than those of o . kermanshahensis [ 19 ] .

some species of the genus oxynoemacheilus were previously placed in other genera , including barbatula and triplophysa , but osteological investigations revealed their differences and ascribed them to related genera [ 12 , 13 ] . of the most important differences of the genus oxynoemacheilus with the members of the genera barbatula and triplophysa are lack of the preethmoid - i and the number and shape of the radials of the pectoral fin . in the examined species , including o . persa , o . bergianus , o . brandtii , o . kermanshahensis , o . kiabii , and o . chomanicus , the preethmoid - i is absent . the numbers of the radials in the pectoral fins of triplophysa is 3 and barbatula is 4 with different shape compared to the members of the genus oxynoemacheilus . the members of the genus oxynoemacheilus bear two small sesamoid bones , whereas this bone is absent in triplophysa and barbatula [ 12 , 13 ] . in oxynoemacheilus , the number of the branched rays of the anal fin is 5 , whereas this number can be higher in barbatula and triplophysa .

based on the results , the presence of the orbital shelf , number of the vertebrae , number of the hypurals , number of the unbranched rays in anal fin , features of the hemal and neural spines , and connection pattern of the parietal and frontal can be offered as identified keys for o . chomanicus from other examined species of the genus oxynoemacheilus from inland water of iran .

the authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper .

a . abdoli , k . golzarianpour , b . kiabi , m . naderi , and r . patimar , “status of the endemic loaches of iran , ”

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phylogenetic of iranian genus oxynoemacheilus ( nemacheilidae ) using morphological characters [ m . s . thesis ]

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freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 7 . 7 ; dh range : 10 - 15 ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . temperate ; ? - 18°c ( ref . 13371 ) ; 67°n - 39°n , 6°w - 59°e

eurasia : europe north of caucasus , pyrénées and alps , from loire and rhone drainages eastward ; british isles ( except northern scotland ) , southern sweden and finland ( northward to about 66°n ) ; northeastern italy ; danube and vardar drainages ( ref . 59043 ) ; asia to china ( ref . 6111 ) .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 21 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1441 ) ; common length : 12 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5504 ) ; max . published weight : 200 . 00 g ( ref . 5504 ) ; max . reported age : 7 years ( ref . 6111 )

dorsal spines ( total ) : 3 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 6 - 8 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 - 6 . distinguished from its congeners in europe by the following combination of characters : caudal fin usually slightly emarginate ( truncate in a few populations ) ; pelvic origin beneath dorsal origin or under branched dorsal rays 1 - 2 ; caudal peduncle depth 1 . 4 - 2 . 2 ( usually 1 . 6 - 2 . 0 ) times in its length , 1 . 2 - 1 . 8 times in body depth ; often lacking dark blotches along back between nape and dorsal ( ref . 59043 ) . body elongated , anteriorly somewhat depressed , posteriorly laterally compressed . three pairs of mouth barbels . no erectile spine below eye . posterior margin of caudal fin slightly notched . caudal fin with 15 - 17 rays ( ref . 2196 ) .

spawns once a year for several years in low productivity streams , but exhibits multiple spawning within a season in high productivity environments ( ref . 40290 , 40756 ) . releases eggs in open open water , often close to surface . eggs drift and adhere to different substrates and are often covered by sand or detritus . individual females may spawn daily for a short period ( ref . 59043 ) .

kottelat , m . and j . freyhof , 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol and freyhof , berlin . 646 pp . ( ref . 59043 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00386 - 0 . 02592 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 82 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 - 3 ) .

prior r = 0 . 69 , 2 sd range = 0 . 35 - 1 . 38 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 37 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 34 , based on : 2 k , 8 tgen , 1 tmax , 1 fec records

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .

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the general appearance is of a slim , long bodied pale brown fish dappled with darker patches of brown . it has six barbels on the mouth .

very clean , unpolluted stony streams . it will not tolerate even mildly polluted waters .

spawns once a year in low productivity streams , but exhibits multiple spawning within a season in high productivity environments . eggs are a dull white and laid among stones and water plants .

widespread and fairly frequent in all of britain except in the north of scotland .

fairly common in leicestershire and rutland . widely distributed in smaller rivers and streams . including the swift , rothley brook , gaddesby brook , wreake , mease / gilwiskaw , eastern and western sence , soar , chater and charnwood streams .

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robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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azimi , hoda ; mousavi - sabet , hamed ; eagderi , soheil ; vatandoust , saber .

international journal of aquatic biology ; karaj vol . 3 , iss . 5 , ( oct 2015 ) : 290 - 300 .

copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved

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pieterjan verhelst is a recipient of a ph . d . grant financed by the agency for innovation by science and technology in flanders ( iwt ) and is affiliated with ghent university and the research institute for nature and forest ( inbo ) . pieter boets was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the research foundation flanders ( fwo - vlaanderen ) . this work was supported by the interreg iia two seas project rinse . the author would like to thank the fishing team of inbo groenendaal and tom de boeck for data extraction .

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chlamydotis is a genus of large birds in the bustard family .

the genus name is from ancient greek khlamus , a horseman ’s cloak with weights sewn into the corners , and otis , bustard .

members of this genus show very little sexual dimorphism in their plumage .

the clade consisting of two species , formerly considered to be conspecific forms a sister group within the clade that includes the genus otis .

houbara bustard , chlamydotis undulata c. u. undulata in north africa c. u. fuertaventurae in the canary islands macqueen 's bustard , chlamydotis macqueenii of asia the genus was established by the french naturalist rené primevère lesson in 1839 and included only one species which was formerly described in the genus otis .

the genus name of houbara was used by charles lucien bonaparte but this was dropped , being a nomen nudum , as not following the requirements for zoological names .

macqueen 's was split on the basis of distinctive display , differences in feather colours and on the basis of well established genetic differences .

the two species are thought to have separated during a period of extreme aridity around 0.9 million years ago .

houbara bustard breeds in the canary islands and north africa .

macqueen 's bustard occurs in southwestern asia and along the dry region between the caspian sea and the gobi desert .

the more northern populations have many birds migrating south in winter and macqueen 's has historically been known for its vagrancy and individuals have been found well outside their usual range .

they breed in deserts and other arid sandy areas and are sensitive to human disturbance .

populations of both these bustards have been greatly reduced by hunting , falconry and human-induced habitat changes .

chlamydotis

chlamydotis <EOT> artificial insemination in houbara bustards ( chlamydotis undulata ) : influence of the number of spermatozoa and insemination frequency on fertility and ability to hatch .

artificial insemination in houbara bustards ( chlamydotis undulata ) : influence of the number of spermatozoa and insemination frequency on fertility . . . - pubmed - ncbi

chlamydotis undulata and c . macqueenii ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as c . undulata following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : chlamydotis macqueenii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

idaghdour , youssef ; broderick , damien ; korrida , amal ; chbel , faiza ( 2004 ) . " mitochondrial control region diversity of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata complex and genetic structure along the atlantic seaboard of north africa " . molecular ecology 13 ( 1 ) : 43–54 . doi : 10 . 1046 / j . 1365 - 294x . 2003 . 02039 . x .

aurelio martin ; juan antonio lorenzo ; miguel angel hernandez ; manuel nogales ; félix manuel medina ; juan domingo delgado ; josé julián naranjo ; vicente quilis and guillermo delgado ( 1997 ) . " distribution , status and conservation of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae rothschild & hartert , 1894 , in the canary islands , november–december 1994 " . ardeola 44 ( 1 ) : 61–69 .

collar , n . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . african houbara ( chlamydotis undulata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

the houbara bustard or north african houbara ( chlamydotis undulata ) is a large bird in the bustard family . this bustard is found in arid habitats spread across northern africa with a population on the canary islands . they are dull brown with black markings on the wings with a greyish neck and a black ruff along the side of the neck . males and females appear very similar but males are larger and heavier . this species formerly included macqueen ' s bustard , sometimes known as the asian houbara as a subspecies .

there are three subspecies of houbara bustard : chlamydotis undulata macqueenii is found in the deserts of russia and the middle east , c . u . undulata is found in north africa and c . u . fuertaventurae is found in the eastern canary islands . they differ slightly in their size and colouration , but are not consistent in their migratory tendencies ( 4 ) . north african and middle eastern birds are resident or partially migratory , moving short distances to find fresh vegetation , whereas other asian populations are fully migratory ( 5 ) .

between 1989 and 1992 , artificial insemination was used in the reproduction of two subspecies of houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii and chlamydotis undulata undulata ) at the national wildlife research center , taif . the laying period was between january and july and the mean annual egg production in c . undulata macqueenii was 10 . 2 and in c . undulata undulata was 7 . 6 . no differences were found in sperm production between the two subspecies : the mean volume of ejaculate was 0 . 08 ml ; the mean sperm concentration was 350 x 10 ( 6 ) spermatozoa ml - 1 ; and the mean number of spermatozoa per ejaculate was about 20 x 10 ( 6 ) . large intra - and inter - individual variation was found in sperm parameters . intra - individual variation in number of spermatozoa per ejaculate was due mainly to seasonal variation . the mean quantity of spermatozoa produced per week by fully sexually mature houbara bustards was 165 x 10 ( 6 ) . there was no significant difference in fertility or in ability to hatch between the two subspecies . overall , in 1992 , mean fertility was 69 . 3 % and 49 . 2 % of eggs hatched . females showed a median sperm storage duration of 10 days and a maximum sperm storage duration of 22 days . a positive correlation was found between fertility and quantity of spermatozoa inseminated ( r = 0 . 99 , p < 0 . 001 ) . sperm storage duration was related to the number of spermatozoa inseminated . the best results ( 85 % fertile eggs ) were obtained when more than 10 ( 6 ) spermatozoa were inseminated between 3 and 6 days before laying . analysis of hatching showed that embryo mortality increased when inseminations were performed more than 10 days before laying .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .

c . 65 - 75 cm . a striking pale sandy bustard with black - tipped white crest and black neck stripe , blue - grey foreneck and breast , and white underparts . in display the male erects the long feathers of the crest and neck and withdraws his head into his chest while performing a blind run in various directions . similar spp . the present species was previously included within c . undulata , which has a completely white crest and lacks any white in the ornamental neck plumes , and has the neck finely peppered black and white rather than smoothly blue - grey . voice . mostly silent , but the males display ends in a series of high - pitched notes .

allinson , t , butchart , s . , collar , n . , derhé , m . , gilroy , j . , khwaja , n . , martin , r , symes , a . , taylor , j . , ashpole , j , wheatley , h .

this newly split species is subject to considerable over - exploitation and declines have been estimated in a large proportion of its total population , thus globally it is estimated and projected to be in rapid population decline over three generations , starting in the past and continuing into the future . however , rates of population decline may be very rapid , and if hunting pressure is not reduced the species could soon warrant uplisting to a higher threat category . conversely , if on - going reintroduction and reinforcement strategies succeed in stabilising the population , future downlisting to a lower threat category may be justified .

. in addition , there may still be limited or sporadic occurrence of the species in azerbaijan and armenia , and perhaps also in southern russia and turkey ( goriup 1997 ) . the population has recently been estimated at between 78 , 960 and 97 , 000 individuals globally ( o . combreau

2014 ) . it must be emphasised , however , that accurately establishing the global population is extremely challenging , and this range of figures should be treated as a tentative best estimate . more generally , the population is expected to fall within the population band of 50 , 000 - 99 , 999 individuals . the breeding population in kazakhstan has been estimated at c . 49 , 000 individuals ( riou

the most robust population trend data come from extensive studies coordinated by the national avian research center ( narc ; now part of the international fund for houbara conservation , abu dhabi , u . a . e . ) . since 1998 , narc has undertaken biannual surveys across the five principal population centres in southern kazakhstan ( tourenq

2011 ) . given that this country hosts a significant proportion ( > 50 % ) of the global population and is the source of most migrants to arabia , pakistan and iran , where hunting pressures are most intense , information from here provides an indication of the status of the global population . the initial published analysis of the first four years of data ( 1998 - 2002 ) suggested alarming declines across all five regions , most severely in the vicinity of the kyzylkum desert ( tourenq

( 2011 ) confirmed on - going declines in some regions , but also suggested stabilising and even increasing populations in others . assessed collectively , the population in kazakhstan declined by 26 - 36 % between 2000 and 2009 ( riou

. 2016a ) , with no sign of a prominent population decline within the last five years ( m . koshkin

2016 ) . anecdotal evidence from iran suggests that between 2004 and 2012 the population there has declined , with apparently substantial declines noted in protected areas ( r . ayé

. 2013 ) . in recent years the species has been heavily hunted in iraq , as the country has opened up to visits by hunters from other countries ( r . porter

. 2013 ) . thousands of individuals of this species are hunted and trapped each year in pakistan ( s . khan

the population has recently been estimated at between 78 , 960 and 97 , 000 individuals globally ( o . combreau

. 2014 , birdlife international 2014 ) . it must be emphasised , however , that accurately establishing the global population is extremely challenging , and this figure should be treated as a tentative best estimate . the population is therefore expected to fall within the population band for 50 , 000 - 99 , 999 individuals , which is assumed to equate to c . 33 , 000 - 67 , 000 mature individuals .

2011 ) , which holds over 50 % of the global population . the initial published analysis of the first four years of data ( 1998 - 2002 ) suggested alarming declines across all regions surveyed ( tourenq

( 2011 ) confirmed on - going declines in some regions , but also suggested stabilising and even increasing populations in others . overall , the population in kazakhstan is estimated to have declined by 26 - 36 % between 2000 and 2009 ( riou

. 2011 ) . anecdotal evidence indicates that there have been recent declines in iran ( r . ayé

. 2013 ) , and that hunting pressure has been very high in iraq ( r . porter

. 2013 ) in recent years . based on these data and observations , the population is estimated and projected to be declining by 30 - 49 % over a three - generation ( 20 - year ) window , stretching from the past into the future .

. 2003 ) . it favours scattered shrubby vegetation , typically comprising xerophytic or halophytic plants ( collar 1996 ) . those wintering in iran have been shown to prefer more densely vegetated bush - steppe to sparser shrub - steppe ; however , within those bush - steppe habitats they favour areas with reduced vegetation cover ( aghanajafizadeh

2010 ) , more open , unvegetated areas are often favoured as night - time roosts in order to minimise the risk of ambush by nocturnal predators ( combreau and smith 1997 ) . on the breeding grounds , nesting females may also favour sites away from vegetation patches , which could provide cover for predators ( yang

the species feeds throughout the day , but is most active at dawn and dusk ( combreau and launay 1996 ) . it has an eclectic diet , mainly comprising plants and invertebrates ( especially ants formicidae and beetles tenebrionidae : tigar and osborne 2000 ) , but also including vertebrates such as rodents , lizards , small snakes and even young birds ( collar 1996 , tourenq et al . 2003 ) .

males attract their mates with an extravagant courtship display which they perform at the same site each year . the display begins with a period of strutting and culminates with the male retracting his head within an ornamental shield of erected neck feathers and then running at speed in either a straight or curved line . the display is often accompanied by a series of subsonic booming calls ( gaucher et al . 1996 ) . males play no part in rearing the young , and a brood may contain young sired by several different individuals ( lesobre et al . 2010 ) . females create a shallow scrape in the ground in which they typically lay 3 - 4 eggs , and occasionally up to six eggs in long - distance migrants ( collar 1996 , combreau et al . 2002 ) . the incubation period is typically 24 days , whilst fledging takes around 35 days .

2009 ) . large numbers are also trapped , mainly in pakistan and iran , and shipped to arabia for use in the training of falcons ( combreau 2007 ) . in 2014 an illegal shipment of 240 birds was intercepted en route from pakistan to bahrain ( shafaeipour

. 2015 ) . in parts of the region , fast - paced development related to the growth of the petroleum industry has reduced the availability of undisturbed habitats and further exacerbated the species ' s decline . oil exploration , road building , oil and water pipelines , mining and quarrying activities , powerlines and the general disturbance caused by four - wheel drive vehicles have all been identified as significant auxiliary threats . powerlines in particular may be a significant threat ( m . koshkin

livestock grazing is reported to have a negative impact on the species , both indirectly , by degrading the desert vegetation on which birds rely for food and concealment , and directly , through the trampling of nests and disturbance of nesting females ( lavee 1988 ) . recent research on the effects of pastoralism on this species in the kyzylkum desert in uzbekistan , however , has found that low intensity livestock grazing may not widely degrade rangelands at a landscape scale ( koshkin

. 2010 ) . in saudi arabia , eggs and nests are predated by a range of mammalian predators ( m . zafar - ul islam

cites appendix i . cms appendix ii . the species is considered critically endangered on the european red list of birds ( birdlife international 2015 ) . studies have been conducted into the status , ecology and migration of the species in various parts of its range , most notably kazakhstan ( combreau

. 2014 , 2016a , b ) . through its network of breeding facilities in the u . a . e . , morocco and kazakhstan , the international fund for houbara conservation ( ifhc ) has a long - term goal to produce 35 , 000 asian houbaras each year for reintroduction into the wild ( ifhc 2014 ) . the first releases were made in mahazat as - sayd protected area in central saudi arabia in 1991 . this population is currently estimated to number 250–300 individuals . further releases have taken place elsewhere in saudi arabia ( including at saja umm ar rimth with c . 50 individuals [ m . zafar - ul islam

. 2016 ] ) and also in u . a . e . , qatar , kuwait , yemen , jordan , kazakhstan and uzbekistan . it is not yet clear what impact the releases of captive - reared birds have on the demographics and genetic integrity of the overall population , however according to burnside

( 2016 ) , in order to compensate for the loss of wild adults to hunting , the number of released birds may need to be as much as 10 times higher than hunting quotas . at least three birds have been satellite tracked from saudi arabia to the breeding grounds in kazakhstan ( zafar - ul islam

the most urgently needed conservation measures are those that will reduce exploitation to a biologically sustainable level . this will require precautionary and scientifically determined limits on the number of birds that can be harvested legally and stricter enforcement of bans on illegal forms of trade and hunting ; it also requires in - depth studies of natural productivity in asian houbaras in relation to habitat selection and predator abundance . carry out further surveys to gain an improved estimate of the overall population size and trend ; continue research to determine the migration routes , schedules and strategies of all populations . survey the species throughout the wintering range ( m . zafar - ul islam

. 2016 ) . produce a range - wide action and recovery plan , based on agreement under the convention on migratory species . develop and implement national and regional species action plans ( m . zafar - ul islam

. 2016 ) . create managed protected areas . where they can be shown to be detrimental , reduce grazing and other farming pressures ( goriup 1997 , combreau

2004 , f . launay pers . comm . 2004 ) . establish long - term , range - wide population monitoring studies . study the overall demographic and genetic consequences of releasing captive - reared birds .

map edited : removed wintering range in ne china , added resident areas and changed remainder of range to non - breeding . eoo updated .

( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22733562a118585210 .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

ayé , r . , collar , n . , combreau , o . , gonzález , c , , hingrat , y . , islam , z . , iñigo , a . , launay , f . , lewis , a . & lorenzo , j .

allinson , t , ashpole , j , burfield , i . , butchart , s . , collar , n . , derhé , m . , gilroy , j . , khwaja , n . , pople , r . , symes , a . , taylor , j . , westrip , j .

this recently split species is listed as vulnerable because it is suspected to be in rapid decline owing mainly to hunting pressure and habitat loss and degradation . releases of captive - bred birds may buffer the overall population against these threats ; however , further research is required into the demographic consequences of such releases , and surveys are needed to assess the population trend . if it can be demonstrated that these releases have bolstered the breeding population , without detrimental genetic effects , and slowed or halted declines , then the species may warrant downlisting in future .

, where its population in the mid - 1990s was estimated at 527 birds , with 241 on fuerteventura , 268 on lanzarote and 18 on la graciosa . more recent estimates place the population at 108 - 252 birds on fuerteventura , 272 - 801 on lanzarote and 3 - 10 on la graciosa ( carrascal

in the mid - 1990s was estimated to be at least 9 , 800 individuals , of which over 50 % were in algeria , 30 % in morocco and 10 % in libya ( goriup 1997 ) . in more recent discussions , however , a reliable estimate for the number of individuals in north africa has not been considered achievable ( without huge confidence limits ) .

although this species showed a steady decline of c . 25 % in the 20 years preceding 2004 ( f . launay pers . comm . 2004 ) , this trend may since have been reversed by a captive breeding and release programme in eastern morocco and western algeria , and the overall population of

2012 ) . however , research is required into the efficacy of such releases at improving the demographic trends of the entire population without compromising its genetic integrity . furthermore , the species has become extremely rare in tunisia , and declines are suspected in other range states ( r . ayé

. 2013 ) . until further information is available , the global population is suspected to be in rapid decline owing to continued hunting and pressures on its habitats .

algeria ; egypt ; libya ; mauritania ; morocco ; spain ( canary is . ) ; sudan ; tunisia ; western sahara

in the mid - 1990s , this species ' s population was estimated to number at least 9 , 800 individuals ( goriup 1997 ) . it had been roughly estimated that north africa held around 30 % of the total population of

when lumped , which has been estimated at c . 106 , 000 - 110 , 000 individuals . on the basis of these estimates , the population of

) is placed in the band for 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals , assumed to equate to c . 13 , 000 - 33 , 000 mature individuals .

the species had been in decline prior to 2004 ( f . launay pers . comm . 2004 ) , but this rate may have now slowed or been reversed as a result of a captive breeding and release programme ( o . combreau

2012 ) . the canary islands was reported to be fluctuating over the period 2001 - 2012 ( birdlife international 2015 ) . until evidence of the demographic impacts of these releases is available , the overall population is suspected to be in rapid decline owing to the on - going threats of hunting pressure and habitat loss and degradation .

2012 ) . it feeds on invertebrates , small vertebrates and green shoots , and typically lays 2 - 4 eggs in a scrape on the ground . eggs and young are susceptible to ground predators . north african populations may be sedentary or partially migratory , moving relatively short distances to find recent plant growth ( snow and perrins 1998 ) .

. 2005 ) . eggs are susceptible to trampling by livestock and collection by humans . disturbance can be caused by oil exploration activities , along with disturbance associated with other threats . locust control programmes can lead to direct and indirect poisoning of birds and a reduction in food supply . floods and droughts cause additional pressures ( azafzaf

is considered threatened by collisions with powerlines ( lowen 2007 , c . gonzález and j . a . lorenzo

, as well as habitat degradation caused by tourist facilities , off - road vehicles , military exercises , overgrazing , sand extraction and road development , and possibly also nest predation by introduced mammals and illegal hunting ( martín .

1997 , martín and lorenzo 2001 , martí and del moral 2003 ) . recent evidence suggests that the impact of military exercises and hunting have reduced considerably in recent years , but mortality from powerlines may still be significant ( c . gonzález and j . a . lorenzo

cites appendix i . eu birds directive annex i . bern convention appendix ii . national legislation protects the species or controls hunting in most range states ; however , hunters are often able to circumvent these laws ( azafzaf

1997 , martín and lorenzo 2001 , martí and del moral 2003 ) . seo / birdlife purchased a 209 - ha reserve to protect the species on fuerteventura in 2005 . the nominate subspecies in north africa was the subject of an action plan ( azafzaf

2012 ) , although the demographic consequences of this for the entire population have not yet been established . captive breeding is carried out by the international fund for houbara conservation ( ifhc ) at the emirates centre for wildlife propagation ( ecwp ) , at missour and enjil in morocco . the numbers bred and released each year have increased regularly , with 20 , 310 individuals bred in 2013 ( ifhc 2014 ) .

carry out comprehensive and coordinated surveys to establish the total population size and quantify the overall trend . establish robust , workable systems for the sustainability of hunting throughout range . create hunting preserves and other types of managed protected areas . reduce grazing and other farming pressures ( goriup 1997 , o . combreau and m . lawrence

2004 , f . launay pers . comm . 2004 ) . study the impacts of releasing captive - reared birds on the demographics and genetic structure of the whole population .

: designate new and expand existing special protected areas under european law . increase wardening of key areas . ensure safe powerline positions ; conduct a rigorous census every five years . undertake local awareness campaigns ( martín

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a largely solitary bird , the houbara bustard feeds alone or in small groups on beetles , ants and plants . in the breeding season , males and females meet only to choose a mate and to breed . courtship takes place between december and march and involves a sophisticated display ( 4 ) . the male ruffles the feathers of his crest , neck and head and raises the wings . he walks steadily and calmly in a large circle or straight line , with the tail raised and fanned out , occasionally lowering the wings . abruptly , the male then begins to leap back and forth as he attempts to attract the attention of the female . once the female has made her choice and mated with a male , neither bird will mate again that season ( 2 ) . the female leaves the male after mating and both sexes remain solitary for the remainder of the breeding season . between february and april the female lays two or three eggs in a small scrape ( 4 ) . after hatching , the chicks follow the female for protection as she feeds , as they are vulnerable to predators , including eagles , falcons , foxes , wolves , monitor lizards , snakes and kestrels ( 5 ) .

a striking bird resembling a turkey in shape , the houbara bustard is at its most magnificent during the courtship display . it has a long neck and tail , narrow wings , and long black and white feathers drooping over the neck . the head is small with a short , black and white crest and large eyes . males are slightly larger and have ornate bristles on the head and neck . the body is brown with wavy , black barring on the back and white on the underside . juveniles resemble adult females ( 2 ) .

occurs across a wide range in north africa . the nominate subspecies occurs in northernmost

, where its population in the mid - 1990s was estimated at 527 birds , with 18 on la graciosa , 268 on lanzarote and 241 on fuerteventura . more recent estimates place the population at 108 - 252 birds on fuerteventura , 272 - 801 on lanzarote and 3 - 10 on la graciosa ( carrascal

it inhabits sandy and stony semi - desert and is specialised to arid conditions where trees are absent and both shrub cover and herb layer are sparse ( collar 1979 , goriup 1997 , snow and perrins 1998 , mart and del moral 2003 ) . it feeds on invertebrates , small vertebrates and green shoots , and typically lays 2 - 4 eggs in a scrape on the ground . eggs and young are susceptible to ground predators . north african populations may be sedentary or partially migratory , moving relatively short distances to find recent plant growth ( snow and perrins 1998 ) .

adapted to arid conditions with little vegetation , the houbara bustard is found in sandy and stony semi - desert regions ( 5 ) .

this newly split species is listed as vulnerable because it is suspected to be in rapid decline owing mainly to hunting pressure and habitat loss and degradation . releases of captive - bred birds may buffer the overall population against these threats ; however , further research is required into the demographic consequences of such releases , and surveys are needed to assess the population trend . if it can be demonstrated that these releases have bolstered the breeding population , without detrimental genetic effects , and slowed or halted declines , then the species may warrant downlisting in future .

the houbara bustard is classified as vulnerable ( vu a2bcd + 3bcd ) on the iucn red list 2004 ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) . it is also listed on appendix ii of the berne convention on european wildlife and natural habitats ( 6 ) and on annex i of the ec birds directive ( 7 ) .

is considered threatened by collisions with powerlines ( lowen 2007 , c . gonzlez and j . a . lorenzo

, as well as habitat degradation caused by tourist facilities , off - road vehicles , military exercises , overgrazing , sand extraction and road development , and possibly also nest predation by introduced mammals and illegal hunting ( martn .

1997 , martn and lorenzo 2001 , mart and del moral 2003 ) . recent evidence suggests that the impact of military exercises and hunting have reduced considerably in recent years , but mortality from powerlines may still be significant ( c . gonzlez and j . a . lorenzo

the traditional practice of hunting for houbara bustards by middle eastern falconers has reduced populations significantly , mainly on the wintering grounds . this over - hunting has been compounded by habitat loss and degradation . the subspecies c . u . fuertaventurae has been particularly affected by habitat degradation as a result of tourist activities and associated development , as well as by military exercises , over - grazing , sand - extraction , and road - development . further threats include collisions with power lines , and nest - predation by introduced mammals ( 5 ) .

1997 , martn and lorenzo 2001 , mart and del moral 2003 ) . seo / birdlife purchased a 209 - ha reserve to protect the species on fuerteventura in 2005 . the nominate subspecies in north africa was the subject of an action plan ( azafzaf

: designate new and expand existing special protected areas under european law . increase wardening of key areas . ensure safe powerline positions ; conduct a rigorous census every five years . undertake local awareness campaigns ( martn

c . u . fuertaventurae has benefited from improved protection from poaching and improved habitat management within protected areas . c . u . macqueenii has been the subject of several studies into its status , ecology and migration routes . it has also been involved in captive breeding programmes for restocking areas where it is heavily hunted . no conservation measures are known to have been put into action for c . u . undulata . a whole species action plan has yet to be produced although there is a european action plan for c . u . fuertaventurae . managed hunting preserves are crucial to the recovery of the houbara bustard ( 5 ) .

this article is about the north african species . for the asian houbara that was considered a subspecies , see macqueen ' s bustard .

the houbara bustard is a small to mid - sized bustard . it measures 55–65 cm ( 22–26 in ) in length and spans 135–170 cm ( 53–67 in ) across the wings . it is brown above and white below , with a black stripe down the sides of its neck . in flight , the long wings show large areas of black and brown on the flight feathers . it is slightly smaller and darker than macqueen ' s bustard . the sexes are similar , but the female , at 66 cm ( 26 in ) tall , is rather smaller and greyer above than the male , at 73 cm ( 29 in ) tall .

the body mass is 1 . 15–2 . 4 kg ( 2 . 5–5 . 3 lb ) in males and 1–1 . 7 kg ( 2 . 2–3 . 7 lb ) in females .

. based on the rates of divergence of mitochondrial dna sequences , the two subspecies are thought to have separated from a common ancestor around 20 to 25 thousand years ago . the separation from macqueen ' s bustard is older at 430 thousand years ago .

the committee responded to this scepticism , by explaining that there are differences in both courtship and pre - copulation displays .

the houbara bustard is found in north africa west of the nile mainly in the western part of the sahara desert region in mauritania , morocco , algeria , tunisia , libya and egypt . some old records exist from sudan . a small population is found in the canary islands . the asian houbara or macqueen ' s bustard which was earlier included in this species occurs east of the sinai peninsula . the north african species is sedentary unlike the northern populations of macqueen ' s bustards .

like other bustards , this species has a flamboyant display raising the white feathers of the head and neck and withdrawing the head . two to four eggs are laid on the ground . it hardly ever uses its voice .

of the canary islands is highly restricted and endangered . a 1997 survey found a total population of about 500 birds .

the north african houbara bustard declined in populations in the two decades before 2004 , but unlike its near relative the asian houbara or macqueen ' s bustard , has been on the increase since . although hunted both by falconers and by hunters with guns , the extent is much less than that faced by macqueen ' s bustard in the middle east and west asia .

the international foundation for conservation and development of wildlife ( ifcdw ) is a major conservation and breeding project established with funds from prince sultan bin abdul aziz al saud and based near agadir , morocco . the centre releases captive bred populations to boost wild populations . similar projects breed macqueen ' s bustards using artificial insemination are also carried out in the united arab emirates .

ali , s . ( 1993 ) . the book of indian birds . bombay : bombay natural history society . isbn 0 - 19 - 563731 - 3 .

crc handbook of avian body masses by john b . dunning jr . ( editor ) . crc press ( 1992 ) , isbn 978 - 0 - 8493 - 4258 - 5 .

stone , richard . " the houbara : headed for oblivion ? " science , vol . 321 , 12 september 2008 , p . 1441 .

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until recently considered conspecific with c . macqueenii but differs in its all - white vs black - tipped white crown with all - black vs white - based black ornamental neck plumes ( 3 ) ; finely peppered black - and - white vs pale blue - greyforeneck base and breast in mature male ( 2 ) ; position of crown feathers in display , sweeping up and back vs falling forward over bill # r ( 2 ) ; vocal differences in display ( sequence ends in one single note rather than a series of notes ) # r ( 2 ) . two subspecies recognized .

( rothschild & e . j . o . hartert , 1894 ) – e canary is .

male 65–75 cm , 1800–3200 g ; female 55–65 cm , 1200–1700 g . upperparts pale sandy buff , mottled and lined with darker brown , clear and paler on folded . . .

virtually silent . displaying males may utter 3–5 low , deep , booming notes at 2 second intervals .

arid sandy semi - desert with tussock grass , flat bare stony plains dotted with xerophytic and . . .

variable and opportunistic , with no clearly discernible seasonal or geographical pattern . vegetable matter such as fruits , seeds , shoots , . . .

the mating system appears to fulfil the definition of an ‘exploded - lek’ , in which males form loose aggregations where they . . .

vulnerable . cites i . status everywhere very difficult to gauge owing to birds ' highly cryptic coloration , elusive behaviour , and remote and inhospitable habitat . the . . .

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reported as apparently close to neotis in hbw , but molecular evidence suggests it is closest to otis # r .

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chalcoela iphitalis , the sooty-winged chalcoela , is a member of the crambidae family that occurs throughout north america .

they are seen as far south as california and south carolina and as north as ontario .

adults can be seen from may to august .

the head , body and front portion of the forewings are yellow-orange while the hindwing and back portion of the forewings are grey and silver .

the back edge of the hindwing has black spots .

the larvae are parasitoid , feeding on the larvae of paper wasps , including species such as polistes dominulus .

polistes exclamans , polistes metricus , and mischocyttarus flavitarsis .

for example , m. flavitarsis nests are often invaded by these moths at night because the wasps can not see them .

the moths migrate among the cells , consuming wasp larvae and pupae .

they will then lay their larvae , which spin cocoons in empty cells .

m. flavitarsis do not attempt to rid the nest of the parasite .

instead , they will continue as a nest or abandon and renest elsewhere .

chalcoela iphitalis

chalcoela iphitalis <EOT> species chalcoela iphitalis - sooty - winged chalcoela - hodges # 4895 - bugguide . net

chalcoela iphitalis ; ypm ent 717490 ; north america ; usa ; connecticut ; new haven county ; bethany , 25 brookwood road ; douglas i . relyea ; 1999 - 08 - 26

chalcoela iphitalis ; ypm ent 717489 ; north america ; usa ; connecticut ; new haven county ; bethany , 25 brookwood road ; douglas i . relyea ; 1999 - 07 - 14

chalcoela iphitalis ; ypm ent 717474 ; north america ; usa ; connecticut ; new haven county ; bethany , 25 brookwood road ; douglas i . relyea ; 2005 - 08 - 21

chalcoela iphitalis ; ypm ent 717475 ; north america ; usa ; connecticut ; new haven county ; bethany , 25 brookwood road ; douglas i . relyea ; 2007 - 08 - 24

chalcoela iphitalis ; ypm ent 717492 ; north america ; usa ; connecticut ; new haven county ; bethany , 25 brookwood road ; douglas i . relyea ; 2002 - 07 - 08

chalcoela iphitalis ; ypm ent 721026 ; north america ; usa ; connecticut ; new haven county ; bethany , 25 brookwood road ; douglas i . relyea ; 2002 - 08 - 24

zeller , p . c . 1872 . beiträge zur kentniss der nordamericanischen nachtfalter besonders der microlepidopteren . verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 22 : 529 , pl . 2 , f . 2 ( chalcoela aurifera }

this research was supported by a tufts institute of the environment fellowship from tufts university to a . a . m . and a usa national science foundation - reu site award to tufts university ( dbi - 0649190 ) . the authors would like to thank codman farms for allowing for the collection of their nests ; j . soriano for his assistance with observations ; m . a . metz ( usda ) for his assistance in identifying c . iphitalis ; and two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on an earlier version of this manuscript . the recent data capture efforts of j . a . lewis facilitated in the relocation of specimens in alcohol .

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

adult - head and body yellowish - orange ; large silvery - gray patch covers almost the distal half of the forewing and hindwing ; hindwing rear edge has several black spots .

california , arizona , texas to south carolina , north to michigan and ontario .

. larvae make visable webs on the nest and early instars often can be seen on the web . they overwinter as pupae in the wasp nest pupal chambers .

powell , j . a . & p . a . opler 2009 . moths of western north america . university of california press . pl . 22 . 12m , p . 172

rau , p . 1941 . observations on certain lepidopterous and hymenopterous parasites of polistes wasps . ann . ent . soc . america 34 ( 2 ) : 355 - 366

first detailed report of brood parasitoidism in the invasive population of the paper wasp polistes dominulus . . . a . a . madden , m . m . davis , p . t . sparks . 2010 . insectes sociaux 57 : 257 - 260 .

contributed by robin mcleod on 27 august , 2005 - 3 : 59am additional contributions by cotinis , chuck entz , maury heiman , marcie oconnor , randy hardy , robert h . biagi last updated 24 april , 2017 - 12 : 43pm

disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .

contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .

photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .

powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 22 . 12m ; p . 172 . book review and ordering

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the european paper wasp polistes dominulus ( christ ) is a model system in the fields of behavioral ecology , ecological immunology , and invasion biology . since its introduction to the us in 1978 , its invasion success has been attributed , in part , to a lack of parasites or parasitoids infecting this population . this is despite the number of parasites which infest the native population and the generalist polistine parasites and parasitoids documented in sympatric north american species . multiple studies have cited low parasite pressure as evidence that the invasive population of p . dominulus is benefiting from a post - invasion release from enemies . here , we present the first well documented case of parasitoidism of the invasive population of p . dominulus in north america .

( hymenoptera , vespidae ) invading north america : some hypotheses for its rapid spread .

gamboa g . j . , noble m . a . , thom m . c . , togal j . l . , srinivasan r . and murphy b . d . 2004 . the comparative biology of two sympatric paper wasps in michigan , the native

giovanetti m . , cervo r . and turillazzi s . 1996 . comb reutilization in

( le moli f . , mori a . and grasso d . , eds )

hughes d . p . , beani l . , turillazzi s . and kathirithamby j . 2003 . prevalence of the parasite

liebert a . e . , gamboa g . j . , stamp n . e . , curtis t . r . , monnet k . m . , turillazzi s . and starks p . t . 2006 . genetics , behavior and ecology of a paper wasp invasion :

nannoni a . , cervo r . and turillazzi s . 2001 . foraging activity in european

queller d . c . and strassmann j . e . 1988 . reproductive success and group nesting in the paper wasp ,

( clutton - brock t . h . , ed ) , university of chicago press , chicago usa . 76 - 96 pp

riley c . v . 1893 . annual address of the president : parasitism in insects .

( christ ) ( hymenoptera , vespidae , polistinae ) to the host distribution .

sambaraju k . r . and phillips t . w . 2008 . responses of adult

( hubner ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) to light and combinations of attractants and light .

( fia fsp project no . y073001 ) . british columbia : ministry of forests and range publication . retrieved from

( hymenoptera : vespidae ) and possible limitation of multiple foundress associations by parasitoids .

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( turillazzi s . and m . j . west - eberhard , eds ) , oxford university press , new york usa . 75 - 97 pp

bc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .

recommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .

[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :

disclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .

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