marsupials are any members of the mammalian infraclass marsupialia .

all extant marsupials are endemic to australasia and the americas .

a distinctive characteristic common to these species is that most of the young are carried in a pouch .

well-known marsupials include kangaroos , wallabies , koalas , possums , opossums , wombats , tasmanian devils , and the recently extinct thylacines .

others include the numbat , the bandicoot , the bettong , the bilby , the quoll , the quokka , and the potoroo .

marsupials represent the clade originating from the last common ancestor of extant metatherians .

like other mammals in the metatheria , they give birth to relatively undeveloped young that often reside with the mother in a pouch , for a certain amount of time .

close to 70 % of the 334 extant species occur on the australian continent ( the mainland , tasmania , new guinea and nearby islands ) .

the remaining 100 are found in the americas — primarily in south america , but thirteen in central america , and one in north america , north of mexico .

marsupial

marsupial <EOT> ‘the production of a marsupial genetic linkage map is perhaps one of the most important objectives in marsupial research . ’

nilsson ma , arnason u , spencer pbs , janke a . marsupial relationships and a timeline for marsupial radiation in south gondwana .

‘dental development also occurs throughout the period of attachment in other marsupial species . ’

‘now the tasmanian devil is the largest meat - eating marsupial existing today . ’

wood jones , f . ( 1948 ) . the study of a generalized marsupial

( didelphidae : marsupialia ) : contribution to the reconstruction of the marsupial morphotype .

, 1955 . studies on marsupial reproduction . iii . normal and delayed pregnancy in

seasonal changes in the reproductive tract of the male marsupial bandicoot , isoodon macrourus .

also possibly important to marsupial sex lives : kangaroos can unhinge their lower jaws .

, 1952 . the tasmanian or marsupial devil . its habits and family life .

, 1955b . studies on marsupial reproduction . 3 . normal and delayed pregnancy in

the marsupial mitochondrial genome and the evolution of placental mammals . - pubmed - ncbi

marsupial young are born relatively underdeveloped . in some but not all marsupial species , the mother develops a special pouch on her body in which to nurse her young .

the team then compared the wallaby and opossum data to the dna of 20 other marsupial species , including the wallaroo , the common wombat , and the marsupial mole , to find out which marsupial lineages are more closely related and which split off first .

systematics and evolution of the dasyurid marsupial genus sminthopsis : i . the macroura species group

systematics and evolution of the dasyurid marsupial genus sminthopsis : ii . the murina species group

) , ranges through the united states into canada . the largest living marsupial is the

‘the marsupial family tarsipedidae contains a single species , the honey possum or noolbender . ’

kean , r . i . ( 1961 ) . the evolution of marsupial reproduction .

rattner , j . b . ( 1972 ) . nuclear shaping in marsupial spermatids .

) : evidence for multiple , topographically organized and interconnected representations in an australian marsupial .

numbats are small marsupial anteaters that eat termites . one species became extinct in 1960s .

embryo - endometrial interactions during early development after embryonic diapause in the marsupial tammar wallaby .

living marsupial are divided into about 16 families representing about 250 species . these include :

‘this was catastrophic for some of the local animals , especially the big marsupial carnivores . ’

‘tooth replacement in marsupial mammals differs from the condition generally believed to characterize eutherian mammals . ’

sharman , g . b . ( 1974 ) . marsupial taxonomy and phylogeny . aust .

christensen jl , hill rm . receptive fields of single cells of a marsupial visual cortex of

christensen jl , hill rm . response properties of single cells of a marsupial visual cortex .

frappell pb , mortola jp . respiratory function in a newborn marsupial with skin gas exchange .

gemmell rt , little gj . the structure of the lung of the newborn marsupial bandicoot ,

mla citation : " marsupial reproduction . " urltoken . 09 jul 2018 < urltoken > .

moir , r . j . , somers , m . and waring , h . ( 1956 ) . studies on marsupial nutrition . i . ruminant - like digestion in a herbivorous marsupial

nilsson m , arnason u , spencer p . b . s , janke a ( 2004 ) marsupial relationships and a timeline for marsupial radiation in south gondwana . gene 340 : 189–196 .

‘the marsupial wolf , now probably extinct , was once widespread in australia and new guinea . ’

‘many of the extinct marsupial megafauna were large , herbivorous browsers , some weighing several tons . ’

dasyurus viverrinus , a small class of marsupial with a gray or brown coat spotted with white .

an australian marsupial , which somewhat resembles a small bear in appearance . the legs are short and…

1962b . role of the corpus luteum in marsupial reproduction . nature 194 : 890 - 891 .

results of the archbold expeditions . no . 104 . systematic revision of the marsupial dasyurid genus sminthopsis thomas

when a deputy arrived at the scene there was indeed a marsupial wandering around rural palmetto state county .

hughes , r . l . ( 1965 ) . comparative morphology of spermatozoa from five marsupial families .

tioughton , e . leg . ( 1959 ) . the marsupial fauna : its origin and radiation .

tyndale - biscoe , c . h . ( 1968 ) . reproduction and postnatal development in the marsupial

magalhaes - castro b , saraiva pe . sensory and motor representation in the cerebral cortex of the marsupial

szalay x . a new appraisal of marsupial phylogeny and classification . in : archer m , editor .

clements f , hope p , daniels c , chapman i , wittert g . thermogenesis in the marsupial

gemmell rt , selwood l . structural development in the newborn marsupial , the stripe - faced dunnart ,

the antechinus is a small nocturnal marsupial mouse with a pointy nose . it hunts for small insects .

and o ' donoghue , c . h . , 1913 . the reproductive cycle in the marsupial (

seasonal changes in the reproductive tract of the male marsupial bandicoot , isoodon macrourus . - pubmed - ncbi

godthelp h , wroe s , archer m ( 1999 ) a new marsupial from the early eocene tingamarra local fauna of murgon , southeastern queensland : a prototypical australian marsupial ? j mammal evol 6 : 289–313 .

“ marsupial ” in diccionario de la lengua española , vigésima tercera edición , real academia española , 2014 .

‘the homology of the teeth in the marsupial dentition has been controversial and there are several alternate nomenclatures . ’

horovitz i , sanchez - villagra mr . a morphological analysis of marsupial mammal higher - level phylogenetic relationships .

" opossum , of the marsupial family . some species have pouches while others do not , and will therefore…

a class of marsupial mammals native to america . they include a large number of species , ranging in size…

loudon a , rothwell n , stock m . brown fat , thermogenesis and physiological birth in a marsupial .

embryo - endometrial interactions during early development after embryonic diapause in the marsupial tammar wallaby . - pubmed - ncbi

the search for diagnostic south american or australidelphian marsupial morphological characters has been so far confounded by the lack of a resolved marsupial phylogeny [ 21 ] , [ 22 ] , [ 28 ] . the newly established marsupial tree can now be applied not only to morphological and paleontological studies but also to clearly distinguish genomic changes .

the dna comparisons clearly showed that the mountain monkey belongs to the south american group on the marsupial evolutionary tree .

“ marsupial ” in le trésor de la langue française informatisé ( the digitized treasury of the french language ) .

martin , g . f . and megirian , d . ( 1972 ) . corticobulbar projections of the marsupial phalanger

pak poy , r . k . f . ( 1957 ) . electron microscopy of the marsupial renal glomerulus .

sharman , g . b . ( 1955 ) . studies on marsupial reproduction . ii . the oestrus cycle of

tyndale - biscoe , c . h . ( 1965 ) . the female urogenital system and reproduction of the marsupial

haight jr , neylon l . an analysis of some thalamic projections to parietofrontal neocortex in the marsupial native cat ,

johnson ji , haight jr , megirian d . convolutions related to sensory projections in cerebral neocortex of marsupial wombats .

( phalangeridae ) , with a comparative commentary on the organization of the posterior thalamus in marsupial and placental mammals .

rose rw , kuswanti n . thyroid function and the development of endothermy in a marsupial , the tasmanian bettong ,

marsupial moles of the australian dessert have no eyes or ears and have a horny shield to protect their noses .

this small omnivorous marsupial became extinct in 1950 due to rabbits and introduced predators such as feral cats and foxes .

the ultrastructure of the lung of two newborn marsupial species , the northern native cat , dasyurus h . . .

1892 , the american naturalist , page 125 : showing that this animal is marsupial , consists of the following characters .

around 23 million years ago , during the late oligocene era , this marsupial lion roamed in northwestern queensland , australia .

but the tasmanian tiger , the marsupial lion and megalania ( a 1 , 300 - pound lizard ) are gone .

family † thylacinidae : thylacine ( a . k . a . marsupial wolf , tasmanian wolf , tasmanian tiger ) .

kathiresan , s . ( 1969 ) . morphological studies on the thymus . part i . thymus of the marsupial -

moss , m . l . and applebaum , e . ( 1963 ) . the fibrillar matrix of marsupial enamel .

kudo m , aitkin lm , nelson je . auditory forebrain organization of an australian marsupial , the northern native cat (

" a genus or subgenus of marsupial quadreupeds of the family phalangistdæ , peculiar to australia . " - whitney , …

renfree mb . marsupial reproduction : the choice between placentation and lactation . in . in : finn ca , editor .

spotted tailed quolls are the size of a large cat . they are the second largest carnivorous marsupial and are endangered .

, 1834 . on the generation of the marsupial animals , with a description of the impregnated uterus of a kangaroo .

quincy the queensland koala has been equipped with the latest blood sugar monitor , hopefully quelling a quandary for the diabetic marsupial .

the new species include microbes , plants , animals and even the confirmation of an extinct marsupial , based on its fossil .

‘unlike the large cats that have two enlarged canines , marsupial lions had enlarged incisors that were used to stab prey . ’

‘small mammals such as bush rats and marsupial carnivores survived the fires by hiding under boulders and in damp rock crevasses . ’

‘this marsupial family is restricted to wooded areas of eastern australia and contains a single living species , the familiar koala . ’

neylon l , haight jr . neocortical projections of the suprageniculate and posterior thalamic nuclei in the marsupial brush - tailed possum ,

. marsupial and placental mammals are very different , and diverged from each other a long time ago on the evolutionary tree .

officials later released the graphic images of the marsupial , before and after it underwent surgery for the arrows to be removed .

were examined between 0 and 21 pp . due to the slow postnatal development of the marsupial offspring , the investigation periods in

runciman sic , baudinette rv , gannon bj . postnatal development of the lung parenchyma in a marsupial : the tammar wallaby .

( 1945 and later ) papers have contributed greatly to knowledge of the comparative anatomy of the marsupial reproduc - tive system .

the primers used for amplification of single copy marsupial introns containing retroposed elements . the primers used for amplification of single copy marsupial introns containing retroposed elements . the location of each marker on the chromosomes ( chr . ) in the monodelphis genome is listed .

the marsupial mode of reproduction is very complex , and the evolution from placental to marsupial would require the simultaneous alteration of several independent systems not to mention the development of the pouch and the physical capability necessary for the fetus to crawl to the pouch .

what makes a marsupial , a marsupial ? a discussion on the historical biogeography and biological evolution of marsupial mammals . dr . robert voss is a professor at richard gilder graduate school and the american museum of natural history . his primary research interests are the evolution of marsupials and the systematics and biogeography of other neotropical mammals that inhabit moist - forest habitats in amazonia and the andes .

" at the earliest evolutionary split between marsupial relatives and placentals , you would expect two fossils like this to be geographically close .

most marsupial females , like this red kangaroo mom , have an upward - opening pocket called a pouch , for their young .

‘‘this new fossil provides precious new information , and sheds light on the evolution of all marsupial mammals , ’ he said . ’

‘placental and marsupial mammals are more closely related to one another than to the third living group of mammals , the monotremes . ’

in marsupial species the young are born live , and the mother has a placenta but it is not considered a true placenta .

hollis , d . e . and lyne , a . g . ( 1974 ) . innervation of vibrissa follicles in the marsupial

aitkin lm , nelson je , shepherd rk . hearing , vocalization and the external ear of a marsupial , the northern quoll ,

haight jr , neylon l . the organization of neocortical projections from the ventroposterior thalamic complex in the marsupial brush - tailed possum ,

ibbotson mr , mark rf . orientation and spatiotemporal tuning of cells in the primary visual cortex of an australian marsupial , the wallaby

a strange carniovorous marsupial that lived around 15 million years ago in australia had an insatiable appetite for escargot , shell and all .

hughes r . l . , hall l . s . ( 1988 ) structural adaptations of the newborn marsupial . in : tyndale - biscoe c . h . , janssens p . a . ( eds ) the developing marsupial . springer , berlin , heidelberg

tasmanian tigers were marsupial wolves that had stripes like a tiger . people hunted them to extinction . the last died in 1936 .

because of this multiple - offspring strategy and other adaptabilities unique to the marsupial , populations can increase rapidly when food is plentiful .

marsupial reproductive strategies are based primarily on the lactation phase , which is in contrast with eutherian mammals where intrauterine development of the young is the primary reproductive investment . the marsupial neonate is born at an extremely early stage of development ( most weigh < 0 . 01 % of the mother ' s body weight at birth ) relative to the neonate of eutherian mammals , even compared with bears and insectivores whose newborn are more developmentally advanced than any marsupial neonate . newly hatched monotreme young are roughly as immature as the newborn marsupial .

1952 , the motor , page 520 : it seemed to me , meandering around earls court , that motors should be more marsupial .

about 23 million years ago in australia , a marsupial lion lived in the open forest and spent part of its life in trees .

but fair warning — in some cases , these packs can make their wearers look like marsupial moms carrying their little joeys to term .

‘so the extension of the term ‘marsupial’ is the set of all marsupials : kangaroos , wallabies , wombats , and so on . ’

flynn , t . t . ( 1911 ) . notes on marsupial anatomy . ii . on the female genital organs of a virgin

krause , w . j . ( 1972 ) . the distribution of brunner’s glands in 55 marsupial species native to the australian region .

wade , o . and neely , p . ( 1949 ) . the heart and attached vessels of the opossum , a marsupial .

bravo h , olavarria j , martinich s . patterns of interhemispheric and striate - peristriate connections in visual cortex of the south american marsupial

haight jr , sanderson kj , neylon l , patten gs . relationships of the visual cortex in the marsupial brush - tailed possum ,

renfree mb , tyndale - biscoe ch . manipulation of marsupial embryos and pouch young . in . in : daniel jc , editor .

springer ms , kirsch jaw , case ja . the chronicle of marsupial evolution . in : givinish t , sytsma k , editors .

important observations ended a controversy , about the route taken by the marsupial foetus during parturition , which had continued for over 100 years .

however , molecular data also suggests none of the living marsupial orders are much older than 65million years old , and that all the orders had diverged 50 - 55 million years ago . also , whilst all extinct marsupial orders are gondwanan , none are known that existed before the palaeocene . this suggests few marsupials survived the kt mass extinction , and that post - kt marsupial evolution mostly occurred in gondwana .

dunnart ( sminthopsis ) , a marsupial mouse . the species can be found in australia and new guinea , in grassland and dryland habitats .

dennis , b . j . and kerr , d . i . b . ( 1961a ) . somaesthetic pathways in the marsupial phalanger ,

martin , g . f . , megirian , d . and roebuck , a . ( 1971 ) . corticobulbar projections of the marsupial phalanger

among the first is another bizarre carnivorous marsupial that looks like a younger and far more powerful cousin of the earlier snail - eating malleodectids .

burri ph , haenni b , tschanz sa , makanya an . morphometry and allometry of the postnatal marsupial lung development : an ultrastructural study .

pilton , p . e . and sharman , g . b . , 1959 . oestrous cycle , gestation period and parturition in the marsupial

werdelin l ( 1987 ) jaw geometry and molar morphology in marsupial carnivores : analysis of a constraint and its macroevolutionary consequences . paleobiology 13 : 342–350

the tasmanian tiger , known to science as the thylacine , was the only member of its genus of marsupial carnivores to live to modern times .

one pooch found antechinus species in the scenic rim , an area that hadn ' t seen the marsupial since the late 1980s , baker says .

what made you want to look up marsupial ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .

martin , g . f . , megirian , d . and roebuck , a . ( 1970 ) . the corticospinal tract of the marsupial phalanger

shorey , c . d . and hughes , r . l . ( 1972 ) . uterine glandular regeneration during the follicular phase in the marsupial

heath cj , jones eg . interhemispheric pathways in the absence of a corpus callosum . an experimental study of commissural connexions in the marsupial phalanger .

weller wl , haight jr , neylon l , johnson ji . a re - assessment of the mechanoreceptor projections to cerebral neocortex in marsupial wallabies (

, 1961 . the evolution of marsupial reproduction . tech . pap . for . res . inst . n . z . no . 35 .

nonetheless , many extant marsupials resemble placentals in appearance . for example , the marsupial tasmanian " wolf " ( thylacinus ) resembles its placental counterpart , the wolf ( canis ) , the marsupial " mouse " ( dasycerus ) resembles the placental mouse ( mus ) , and the marsupial " anteater " ( myrmecobius ) resembles the placental anteater ( myrmecophaga ) ( mayr 2001 ) . evolutionists hold this to be an example of independent , convergent evolution .

‘named akidolestes , the extinct animal had jaws , teeth , and forelimbs that identify it as a close relative of modern placental and marsupial mammals . ’

‘when we studied all the patterns of amino - acid replacement and silent substitution , we discovered several replacements that all placental and marsupial mammals share . ’

biggers , j . d . and de lamater , e . d . ( 1965 ) . marsupial spermatozoa pairing in the epididymis of american forms .

adey wr , kerr di . the cerebral representation of deep somatic sensibility in the marsupial phalanger and the rabbit ; an evoked potential and histological study .

makanya an , sparrow mp , warui mp , mwangi dk , burri ph . morphological analysis of the postnatally developing marsupial lung , the quokka wallaby .

bartholomew , g . a . , 1956 . temperature regulation in the macropod marsupial setonix brachyurus . physiol . zool . 29 : 26 - 41 .

berger , p . j . , 1966 . eleven - month ‘embryonic diapause’ in a marsupial . nature 211 ( 5047 ) : 435 - 436 .

moir , r . j . , somers , m . and waring , h . , 1956 . studies on marsupial nutrition . i . ruminant - like digestion in a herbivorous marsupial ( setonix brachyurus quoy and gaimard ) . aust . j . biol . sci . 9 : 293 - 304 .

springer m . s , westerman m , kavanagh j . r , burk a , woodburne m . o , et al . ( 1998 ) the origin of the australasian marsupial fauna and the phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic monito de monte and marsupial mole . proc r soc lond b 265 : 2381–2386 .

goin fj ( 1989 ) late cenozoic south american marsupial and placental carnivores : changes in predator - prey evolution . abstracts v internatl ther congr 1 : 271–272

bolliger , a . and macindoe , n . m . ( 1950 ) . eye changes in a marsupial experimentally infected with kala - azar and trypanosomiasis .

, 1947 . some problems of marsupial phylogeny . rep . aust . n . z . assn . adv . sci . 25 : 71 - 102 .

bennett , verity . 2012 . fossil focus : marsupial evolution – a limited story ? palaeontology online , volume 2 , article 10 , 1 - 9 .

horovitz i , sánchez - villagra m . r ( 2003 ) a morphological analysis of marsupial mammal higher - level phylogenetic relationships . cladistics 19 : 181–212 .

the animals that migrated into australia after the flood were all exposed to similar conditions and potentially the same environmental extremes which would be necessary to trigger the obligatory convergent evolution of the trait in all local mammals . the mammals that migrated to australia were either all marsupial by coincidence or there exists the ability for the placentals to evolve to a marsupial mode of reproduction if it is advantageous . the existence of the marsupial / placental twins makes the latter seem a possible explanation

in another picture , a shorts - clad tourist found himself on the receiving end of a marsupial ' s powerful kick , as two other kangaroos looked on .

blair , d . m . , davies , f . and francis e t . b . ( 1942 ) . the conducting system of the marsupial heart .

shorey , c . d . and hughes , r . l . ( 1973 ) . development , function , and regression of the corpus luteum in the marsupial

" the pelvis of the echidna ; sa , sacrum ; il , illum ; is , ischium ; p , pubis ; m , marsupial bone . " —…

these include the articulated skeletons of the ram - sized , sloth - like nimbadon - an extinct marsupial that fell in while moving overhead in the tree tops .

2002 , fiction fix : first injection , page 58 : but there ' s this pouch just below my belly button , very marsupial , where the kangaroo lives .

‘once the female hip - pocket frog , an australian species also known as the marsupial frog , lays up to 20 white eggs , her work is done . ’

the arrows , described in news release from the department as ' crossbow arrows ' , struck the marsupial the the side of its body and near its right eye .

baudinette rv , runciman sic , frappell pf , gannon bj . development of the marsupial cardiorespiratory system . in : tyndale - biscoe ch , janssens pa , editors .

‘the tasmanian devil is the world ' s largest marsupial predator but its very survival is at stake as an horrific cancer threatens up to 90 % of its population . ’

aitkin lm , irvine dr , nelson je , merzenich mm , clarey jc . frequency representation in the auditory midbrain and forebrain of a marsupial , the northern native cat (

the most famous marsupial is the kangaroo , but there are many others , such as wallabies , opossums , koalas , and wombats . what makes marsupials different from primates or rodents ( who are also mammals ) is that the mothers have pouches to hold their young . this is because when marsupial babies are born , they ' re not quite ready for the world , so the pouch gives them a chance to grow and be safe before having to live on their own . when you think marsupial , think " pouch . "

guiler , e . r . and heddle , r w . l . ( 1970 ) . testicular and body temperatures in the tasmanian devil and three other species of marsupial .

convergent evolution is the appearance of similar traits in distantly related lineages . examples of convergent evolution between placentals and marsupials are the extinct tasmanian “wolf” ( a very wolflike marsupial ) , marsupial “moles” ( living molelike marsupials that burrow in the sandy deserts of australia ) , and kangaroo rats ( north american rodents that hop on their hind legs like kangaroos ) .

while making a stop in australia during his 24k magic world tour , mars cuddled up alongside a koala and shared a few flirty puns that would make any marsupial - lover blush .

the tasmanian tiger , or thylacine , was a striped , wolf - like marsupial now likely extinct . it was hunted by ranchers and farmers because it often attacked sheep and chickens .

there are 235 species of australian marsupial and 99 species of american ones . american marsupials are often called opossums and aren ' t as large and as varied as the australian ones .

given this particular developmental scenario , several questions may be examined to determine if the changeover to marsupial reproduction is possible , or if the differences between the two systems are irreducibly complex .

coleman gt , zhang hq , murray gm , zachariah mk , rowe mj . organization of somatosensory areas i and ii in marsupial cerebral cortex : parallel processing in the possum sensory cortex .

bentley , p . j . , 1960 . evaporative water loss and temperature regulation in the marsupial setonix brachyurus . aust . j . exp . biol . 38 : 301 - 306 .

the earliest known marsupial , sinodelphys szalaya , has been found in deposits in northeastern china dating to about 125 ma ( luo et al . , 2003 ) . this was a small insectivore / carnivore that had adapted for tree - climbing . it is the earliest known member of the metatheria , the group that living marsupials belong , though it was not strictly a marsupial .

after watching the last surviving tasmanian - tiger walking around in a pen on film , i began to wonder how significant the difference was between the marsupial and placental reproductive system . this marsupial wolf appeared and behaved just like any other dog . is it possible for it to belong to the same biblical kindship group as the dingo who later replaced him ? the marsupial counterparts are in many cases identical to a placental twin , and distinguishing them as unrelated is not possible without a much closer inspection than necessary for the differences we typically use to distinguish the biblical kinds .

the virginia opossum is north america ' s only marsupial . there ' s an old folk tale that opossum young were born in their mother ' s nose , then sneezed into the pouch .

mikkelsen t . s , wakefield m . j , aken b , amemiya c . t , chang j . l , duke s , et al . ( 2007 ) genome of the marsupial

waring , h . , sharman , g . b . , lovat , d . and kahan , m . ( 1955 ) . studies on marsupial reproduction . i . general features and techniques .

since there is no apparent reason for differences in the placement of marsupial and placental wolffian ducts in males , the positions of the wolffian ducts seem to have been determined by the respective female requirements .

in addition to the wolf , there are numerous other marsupials which are essentially identical to a placental counterpart . there is a marsupial squirrel , anteater , mole , mouse , and others which are indistinguishable from placental mammals with the exception of the differences in their mode of gestation . the evolutionists propose that the marsupial and placental mammals diverged from one another about 100 million years ago and the similarities that exist between these species have evolved coincidently as a result of common environmental exposures . the creationists on the other hand , generally assume each marsupial is a unique kind from each other and from their placental twin .

mass specific rates of oxygen consumption ( v̇o 2 ) in the two marsupial species m . domestica and m . eugenii during the postnatal development . both marsupial species were characterized by low v̇o 2 at birth and did not reach v̇o 2 levels predictable from the allometric curve of adult marsupials ( hayssen & lacey , 1985 ) until 42–56 days in m . domestica and until 111 days in m . eugenii .

marsupial babies are nourished with milk supplied by their mothers through teats inside their pouches . because their young are born relatively underdeveloped these young animals lactate for a very long time compared to equivalent placental animals .

munemasa m , nikaido m , nishihara h , donnellan s , austin c . c , et al . ( 2008 ) newly discovered young core - sines in marsupial genomes . gene 407 : 176–185 .

at times when survival has become difficult and the death rates of mothers and children are high , the marsupial mode of reproduction may prevent high mortality rates from affecting the death of the other . under severe environmental stress when giving birth earlier becomes advantageous for the success of the population , then the marsupial reproductive mode may be selectable from the natural variation that exists within the timing and developmental rates of these events .

there are no marsupials that are highly specialized runners and none that live in water or have powered flight . however , some fill very similar ecological niches to some placental mammals , and look superficially similar . for example , notoryctes is called the marsupial mole ; the sugar glider , petaurus , glides between trees in the same way as the placental flying squirrel ; the numbat , myrmecobius , is a marsupial anteater ; and the thylacine , which sadly went extinct in the 1980s , is called the marsupial wolf . despite the limited geographical range of modern metatherians , they are found in the fossil record on every modern continent .

like all marsupial females , the wombat has a pouch—but it opens toward the mother’s rear , rather than toward her head . this keeps dirt from filling up the pouch when the mother wombat is busy digging !

the order dasyuromorphia includes myrmecobius , the numbat or marsupial ant - eater . myrmecobius is interesting because no similar forms are known in the fossil record before the occurrence of still - living species in the pleistocene .

szalay f . s ( 1982 ) a new appraisal of marsupial phylogeny and classification . in : archer m , editor . carnivorous marsupials . sydney : royal zoological society of new south wales . pp . 621–640 .

beck r . m . d , godthelp h , weisbecker v , archer m , hand s . j ( 2008 ) australia ' s oldest marsupial fossils and their biogeographical implications . plos one 3 : e1858 .

phillips m . j , pratt r . c ( 2008 ) family - level relationships among the australasian marsupial “herbivores” ( diprotodontia : koala , wombats , kangaroos and possums ) . mol phylogent evol 46 : 594–605 .

the relationship among the four australasian orders is not resolved , and of special interest is the phylogenetic position of the marsupial mole , notoryctes typhlops , which has been debated for a long time [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 14 ] , [ 17 ] – [ 19 ] , [ 21 ] , [ 23 ] . the marsupial mole is the only burrowing marsupial and is found in the deserts of australia . the eyes of the marsupial mole are vestigial and the fore - and hind limbs are morphologically derived due to the burrowing lifestyle . the derived morphology and the fact that the marsupial mole is the single species in the order notoryctemorphia have complicated attempts to resolve its phylogenetic position relative to the other three australian orders . most analyses of molecular sequence data find the marsupial mole closely related to the orders dasyuromorphia and peramelemorphia , but the support values are generally weak [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 14 ] , [ 17 ] – [ 19 ] , [ 23 ] , and the exact phylogenetic position relative to the other two orders is yet to be determined . during the retroposon screening one marker was found supporting a grouping of notoryctes , dasyuromorphia , and peramelemorphia ( p = 0 . 3333 [ 1 0 0 ] ) . the single retroposon marker is in agreement with the results from the sequence data . extended screening of retroposons can provide additional evidence for the position of the marsupial mole among marsupials and which of the orders , dasyuromorphia or peramelemorphia , is the sister group .

adey , w . r . and kerr , d . i . b . ( 1954 ) . the cerebral representation of deep somatic sensibility in the marsupial phalanger and the rabbit ; an evoked potential and histological study .

clezy , j . k . a . , dennis , b . j . and kerr , d . i . b . ( 1961 ) . a degeneration study of the somaesthetic afferent systems in the marsupial phalanger ,

' although it is very different from the others , it appears to have been related to the dasyures - marsupial carnivores such as tasmanian devils and the extinct tasmanian tigers that are unique to australia and new guinea . '

increasing body size and species numbers also took place in the wombats ( vombatidae ) and the diprotodonts ( diprotodontidae ) . the large predators , thylacines ( thylacinidae ) and marsupial lions ( thylacoleonidae ) also increased in size .

as the time approaches for the young marsupial to be born the female marsupial cleans out its pouch by sticking her head into her pouch licking the inside of it clean . it then takes up a " birthing position " by sitting on its back with its tail between its legs and the hind legs extended straight forward . it also leans the trunk of its body forward . it then licks its birth canal opening possibly to stimulate the birth .

tyler cj , dunlop sa , lund rd , harman am , dann jf , beazley ld , lund js . anatomical comparison of the macaque and marsupial visual cortex : common features that may reflect retention of essential cortical elements .

singer d , zeller u , hehenkamp e , schmidt h , kuhn h - j . suppression and activation of kleiber ' s rule in the neonatal period : a comparative calorimetric investigation in preterm human and small marsupial neonates .

thanks to marsha bundman for editorial assistance . pontus lindén , petra berkes , and erin m . arms assisted with lab work . axel janke provided samples . the marsupial paintings in figure 2 were provided by jón baldur hlíðberg .

meredith r . w , westerman m , case j . a , springer m . s ( 2008 ) a phylogeny and timescale for marsupial evolution based on sequences for five nuclear genes . j mamm evol 15 : 1–26 .

although the advantages of marsupial vs . placental birth may not be obvious , upon further examination several trade - offs become apparent . the placenta is extremely beneficial for many reasons , and allows the organism enough advantage to replace its marsupial counterpart if introduced into the same area . however , for everything there is a trade - off , and the gestation length may represent a direct exchange between what ' s advantageous for the child as opposed to the mother .

green b ( 1997 ) field energetics and water flux in marsupials . in : saunders nr , hinds la ( eds ) marsupial biology : recent research , new perspectives . university of new south wales press , sidney , pp 143–162

but the rescue 11 crew from st . tammany parish ' s fire district 1 noticed more than just a dead marsupial on monday morning . ( april 2 ) there were three baby opossums trying to nurse off their dead mother .

malleodectes mirabilis ( artist ' s impression pictured ) was a carnivorous marsupial with an ' insatiable appetite ' for snails , according to researchers . they say it had hammer - like premolars that allowed it to crack and crush snail shells

what is a marsupial ? a marsupial is an animal belonging to the order marsupiala , infraclass metatheria . members include the kangaroo , koala , tasmanian devil and the virginia opossum . marsupials give birth to fetal - like young following a brief gestation period . the young then nurse for an extended period of time . it is generally accepted that a marsupial is a non - placental mammal whose female carries her young in a pouch , or marsupium , which provides the developing young with the proper environment , warmth , possess a placenta , although the placenta is non - invasive and functions in nutrient and waste transfer for a very short period of time , about 3 days in the virginia opossum .

while most marsupials can swim , there are no marine marsupials . they reason for this is the fact that marsupial babies are carried in a pouch outside the body and would drown if their mother was to submerge herself in water .

sharman g . b . ( 1959 ) marsupial reproduction . in : keast a . , crocker r . l . , christian c . s . ( eds ) biogeography and ecology in australia . monographiae biologicae . springer , dordrecht

though marsupials today do not have as many species as do the placental mammals , they are quite structurally diverse . they range from small four - footed forms like the marsupial mole , notoryctes , to the large two - legged kangaroos .

these example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' marsupial . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .

a feature of the gestation period of marsupials is its short duration . the foetal marsupial may spend as little as twelve to thirteen days in the reproductive tract . why is the gestation period so short and what happens in this time ?

mackerras , m . j . and smith , r . h . , 1960 . breeding the short - nosed marsupial bandicoot , isoodon macrourus gould ) , in captivity . aust . j . zool . 8 : 371 - 382 .

marlow , b . j . , 1961 . reproductive behaviour of the marsupial mouse , antechinus flavipes ( waterhouse ) ( marsupialia ) and the development of the pouch young . aust . j . zool . 9 : 203 - 218 .

however , whilst the vast majority of post kt marsupial evolution occurred in the southern continents , they almost certainly first evolved in the northern continents . with a complete absence of south american cretaceous marsupial fossils , the oldest south american marsupials are 63 - 61 million years old fossils found in the tiupampian levels in argentina and bolivia . it is therefore argued that marsupials only migrated to south america from north america by the end of the cretaceous , between 70 and 65 mya .

they found that all of the species had common retroposons , and thus a common ancestor . closer analysis revealed that the south american opossum order , didelphimorphia , was the oldest living marsupial order , indicating that all marsupials originated in south america .

the pattern of the marsupial vagina is varied by differences in expansions either of the lateral canals anteriorly , or of the median sac . lateral canals are long in the caenolestidae and the whole vagina tends to be long in the australian marsupials .

citation : nilsson ma , churakov g , sommer m , tran nv , zemann a , brosius j , et al . ( 2010 ) tracking marsupial evolution using archaic genomic retroposon insertions . plos biol 8 ( 7 ) : e1000436 . urltoken

phillips m . j , mclenachan p . a , down c , gibb g . c , penny d ( 2006 ) combined mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences resolve the interrelations of the major australasian marsupial radiations . syst biol 55 : 122–137 .

aplin k . p , archer m ( 1987 ) recent advances in marsupial systematics with a new syncretic classification . in : archer m , editor . possums and opossums : studies in evolution . sydney : surrey beatty . pp . xv–lxi .

previous studies had tried to tackle the question by comparing small bits of dna or physical differences between marsupials , such as ankle joint characteristics , phillips said . the new study , in contrast , examines large chunks of marsupial genomes for evolutionary clues .

the female reproductive system is generally similar to the placental system , although it does have more differences than the male systems . there is also a larger variation in size and shape between different marsupial species , although all share the same basic morphology .

three different search strategies ( see materials and methods ) revealed ∼217 , 000 retroposon - containing genomic loci . highly conserved exonic primers were generated for 228 loci and experimentally tested on a small set of species . after carefully screening the sequences , we selected 32 loci based on criteria outlined in the materials and methods section for amplification in 20 marsupial species ( table s2 ) . we carefully aligned and analyzed approximately 440 marsupial sequences to reveal 53 informative markers ( figure 2 , table 1 ) .

waring , h . , sharman , g . b . , lovat , d . and kahan , m . 1955 . studies on marsupial reproduction . i . general features and techniques . aust . j . zool . 3 : 34 - 43 .

during this period , north american marsupials became extinct , with marsupial extinctions occurring during the miocene in europe . this pattern of extinction in the north contrasts to that observed in the south , where marsupials underwent adaptive radiation and continued to migrate throughout gondwana .

) is an example of a marsupial that has readily adapted to changing conditions brought about by people and is even plentiful in some urban centres . its adaptability to different locales is attributed to its tolerance for a variety of food , including household refuse . the

) and is considered to have retained many primitive features of the australian common ancestor . the order peramelemorphia consists of two families of bandicoots , both of which have been found in a wide range of habitats . notoryctemorphia only contains one species of marsupial mole (

wombat ( family vombatidae ) . the three living species of wombats are marsupial mammals found only in australia and tasmania . with a remaining population of only about 100 individuals , the northern hairy - nosed wombat ( lasiorhinus krefftii ) is considered to be critically endangered .

abstract – the 3 - d skeletal images obtained from reconstruction of ct scans and x - rays , and soft - tissue images produced by mri , provide invaluable information of the internal and gross anatomy of the north - western marsupial mole ( notoryetes caurinus ) .

time - course of lung structural changes ( top panel ) and metabolic development ( bottom panel ) in one marsupial species ( m . domestica ) and eutherian species ( altricial : s . murinus , m . auratus ; precocial : t . belangeri , c . aperea ) . in eutherian species alveolized lung structure and adult metabolic rate were reached at the latest within 1 week after birth ( closed arrow ) , whereas the marsupial species did not reach the same developmental stage until 6–8 weeks after birth ( dashed arrow ) .

most males and females breed with different partners and then go their separate ways . females raise their joeys on their own . most females have some type of pouch for their young . but not all marsupial pouches are as deep as a kangaroo’s pouch . unlike the koala or kangaroo , most marsupial mothers give birth to several joeys at one time . their pouch is shallow . when the joeys are old enough , they can climb onto mom’s back instead of creating a lot of weight for her to carry around in her pouch .

the phylogenetic relationship between marsupial orders is unresolved . for example , the relationship between the order microbiotheria ( boxed ) and other marsupial orders changes depending on what type of data is used to construct the phylogenetic tree . the six phylogenies shown are based on dna sequencing ( a , b ) , dental and skeletal morphology ( c , d ) , mitochondrial genome ( b , e ) , and a meta - analysis that combined numerous phylogenetic relationships described in the literature ( f ) . ( a ) is the same tree shown in

the marsupial egg descends from the female ' s ovary into an uterus where it is fertilized . once fertilised the eggs is encased in a very thin shell similar to that of birds and reptiles . this shell is just a few microns thick and disintegrates when the egg reaches the third phase of gestation . a remnant from the evolutionary past this unusual characteristic is common amongst marsupial mammals . marsupials only develop a very ' primitive ' choriovitelline placenta where the egg , with its embryo inside , is attached to the mother ' s uterine wall for only a very short period and doesn ' t develop into a chorioallantoic placenta like in placental mammals . ( the only exception is in bandicoots ) . the gestation period for a marsupial is between 12 to 30 days and varies amongst the different types of marsupials .

there exists a mystery concerning the origin or migration of the marsupials ( pouched mammals ) following the great biblical flood of noah . prior to the modern introduction of placentals into australia , the continent was inhabited by only marsupial and monotreme mammals . most of the 140 species of marsupials in australia are found nowhere else in the world . the only naturally occurring marsupial in the united states is the possum , didelphis marsupialis . this overwhelming presence in australia should be explained through natural affects upon these animals during their reoccupation of the postflood world .

on most marsupial females , the pouch is like a pocket opening upward . but the pouch of the virginia opossum of north america and the wombat of australia opens toward the tail . all marsupials have good hearing and a good sense of smell . most walk on the ground or are good climbers , and one , the water opossum or yapok of south america , can swim ! bandicoots , kangaroos , wallabies , and possums have two toes fused together . the numbat is the only marsupial active during the day—all others are nocturnal or crepuscular .

a single functional oviduct is present in birds and monotremes . probably analogous development of a median vagina occurred in oviparous therians during some 50 million years preceding separation of marsupials and placentals . eggs were hard shelled according to the vestigial evidence of a caruncle on the marsupial embryo .

van kampen , p . n . , 1905 . die tympnelgegend des saügetierschadels . morph . jahrb . 34 : 321 - 722 . ( cited by patterson , b . , 1965 . the auditory region of the borhyaenid marsupial cladosictis breviora 217 : 1 - 9 . )

marsupials are non - placental mammals belonging to the infraclass ( or order ) marsupialia . marsupial females typically have an external pouch ( called the marsupium , from which the name ' marsupial ' derives ) in which the immature young are raised after birth until early infancy . the newborn typically crawl to this pouch after birth , and attach themselves to milk - secreting teats ( nipples ) , and are nursed until they can survive outside the pouch . this time period in the pouch is similar to the later stages of a placental mammal ' s development in the womb .

early lineage specification in this marsupial suggests mechanisms that differ from and challenge mammalian paradigms established from studies on mouse development . these new data , together with emerging information on cow , pig and even human show that early developmental mechanisms in mammals are more evolutionarily plastic than was previously recognised .

figure 1 — cleared - and - stained post - natal marsupial ( grey short - tailed opossum , monodelphis domestica ; left ) and pre - natal placental ( four - striped grass mouse , rhabdomys pumilio ; right ) , showing differences in development at time of birth . bony elements are highlighted in pink . ( image modified from goswami , a . , weisbecker , v . and sánchez - villagra , m . r . . 2009 . developmental modularity and the marsupial - placental dichotomy . journal of experimental zoology part b , molecular and developmental evolution 312b , 186–195 .

the exclusive presence of marsupials in australia following the flood , and the fact that numerous marsupial / placental counterparts exist forces the creation theorist to reach out for a new explanation . if it was possible for the marsupial mode of reproduction to evolve from the placental mammal , then the exclusive existence of the marsupials in australia might be explained through the evolution of placental mammals to marsupials . convergent evolution occurs when several distinct kinds exist in the same biotype , and are all exposed to the same selection . this results in the evolution of similar traits or behaviors in unrelated organisms .

calaby , j . h . 1958 . studies on marsupial nutrition ii . the rate of passage of food residues and digestibility of crude fibre and protein by the quokka , setonix brachyurus ( quoy and gaimard ) . aust . j . biol . sci . 11 : 571 - 580 .

two marsupial species ( monodelphis domestica , macropus eugenii ) and four eutherian species ( mesocricetus auratus , suncus murinus , tupaia belangeri and cavia aperea ) were examined to compare and contrast the timing of lung and metabolic development during the postnatal maturation of the mammalian respiratory apparatus . using light , scanning and transmission electron microscopy , the lung structural changes were correlated with indirect calorimetry to track the metabolic development . marsupial and eutherian species followed the same pattern of mammalian lung development , but differed in the developmental pace . in the two newborn marsupial species , the lung parenchyma was at the early terminal sac stage , with large terminal air sacs , and the lung developed slowly . in contrast , the newborn eutherian species had more advanced lungs at the late terminal sac stage in altricial species ( m . auratus , s . murinus ) and at the alveolar stage in precocial species ( t . belangeri , c . aperea ) . postnatal lung development proceeded rapidly in eutherian species . the marsupial species had a low metabolic rate at birth and achieved adult metabolism late in postnatal development . in contrast , newborn eutherian species had high metabolic rates and reached adult metabolism during the first week of life . the time course of the metabolic development is thus tightly linked to the structural differentiation of the lungs and the timing of postnatal lung development . these differences in the neonatal lung structure and the timing of postnatal lung maturation between marsupial and eutherian species reflect their differing reproductive strategies .


the grey-tailed mountaingem or gray-tailed mountaingem ( lampornis cinereicauda ) is a hummingbird which breeds only in the mountains of southern costa rica .

until recently it was believed to be a subspecies of the white-throated mountaingem .

this bird inhabits forested areas in hilly terrain , and is found at altitudes from 1850 m to the timberline in the talamanca range .

it is 10.5 cm long .

the male weighs 6.2 g and the female 5 g .

the shortish black bill is slightly curved .

the adult male grey-tailed mountaingem has bronze-green upperparts and underparts except for a brilliant green crown , pure white throat and grey tail .

the female lacks the bright crown and throat , and has rich cinnamon underparts .

young birds resemble the female but have buff fringes to the upperparts plumage .

the female grey-tailed mountaingem is entirely responsible for nest building and incubation .

she lays two white eggs in a deep plant-fibre cup nest 1 – 3 m high in a scrub .

incubation takes 15 – 19 days , and fledging another 20-26 .

the food of this species is nectar , taken from a variety of small flowers , including epiphytic ericaceae and bromeliads .

like other hummingbirds it also takes small insects as an essential source of protein .

male gray-tailed mountaingems defend flowers and scrubs in their feeding territories , and are dominant except at higher levels where the range overlaps with fiery-throated hummingbird .

the call of this species is a sharp pick or zeet .

the species is rated as least concern by the iucn .

grey - tailed mountaingem

grey - tailed mountaingem <EOT> white - throated mountaingem ( lampornis castaneoventris ) ; or gray - tailed mountaingem ( l . c . cinereicauda ) . male . threat posture .

white - throated mountaingem ( lampornis castaneoventris ) ; or gray - tailed ( l . c . cinereicauda ) . female . savegre . costa rica .

white - throated mountaingem ( lampornis castaneoventris ) ; or gray - tailed ( l . c . cinereicauda ) . male . savegre , southern costa rica .

male gray - tailed mountain - gem hummingbird ( lampornis cinereicauda ) hovering at a flower .

female gray - tailed mountain - gem hummingbird ( lampornis cinereicauda ) about to land , costa rica .

female gray - tailed mountain - gem hummingbird ( lampornis cinereicauda ) about to land on a flower bush , costa rica .

female gray - tailed mountain - gem , lampornis cinereicauda , is a hummingbird which breeds only in the mountains of southern costa rica .

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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .

lampornis castaneoventris and l . cinereicauda ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as l . castaneoventris following sacc ( 2005 ) , which in turn was previously lumped with l . calolaemus as l . castaneoventris following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .

justification : although this species may have a small range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .

the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) and ' over most parts of range one of the commonest mountain hummingbirds ' ( del hoyo et al . 1999 ) . trend justification : the population trend is difficult to determine because of uncertainty over the impacts of habitat modification on population sizes .

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