hayesiana triopus is a moth of the family sphingidae .

it is known from nepal , north-eastern india , southern china and thailand .

the wingspan is 64 – 78 mm .

the metanotum is dark brown with creamy white stripes .

the abdomen upperside is black with an interrupted belt of red and lateral orange spots .

the underside of the thorax and abdomen is reddish-orange .

the forewing upperside is dark grey-green with six narrow transverse blackish bands .

the discal spot is large , rectangular and translucent .

the hindwing upperside is black with a conspicuous white costal patch and tornal area .

the hindwing underside is reddish orange .

it is a diurnal species with a fast but bumbling flight .

adults are attracted to the flowers of agapanthus africanus in hong kong .

the larvae have been recorded feeding on adina globiflora in india .

hayesiana triopus

hayesiana triopus <EOT> macroglossa triopus westwood , 1847 , cabinet oriental ent . : [ 14 ] , pl . 6 , fig . 4 . type locality : [ india , ] assam .

transferred to rhodosoma by butler , 1876 , trans . zool . soc . lond . 9 : 534 ; then to hayesiana by fletcher & nye , 1982 , in nye ( ed . ) , generic names moths of the world 4 : 74 . erroneously transferred implicitly to rhodosoma by zhu & wang , 1997 , fauna sinica insecta 11 : 317 . implicitly transferred back to hayesiana by kitching & cadiou , 2000 , hawkmoths of the world : 47 .

wingspan : 64 - - 78mm . an unmistakeable species . forewing upperside dark grey - green ( fading to greyish - brown ) with six narrow transverse blackish bands ; discal spot large , rectangular and translucent . hindwing upperside black with conspicuous white costal patch and tornal area . hindwing underside reddish orange ( as abdomen underside ) . metanotum dark brown with creamy white stripes . abdomen upperside black with an interrupted belt red and lateral orange spots . underside of thorax and abdomen reddish - orange .

a diurnal species with a fast but bumbling flight - - has difficulty pinpointing flowers . attracted to the flowers of agapanthus africanus in hong kong . will fly during damp , overcast conditions and in hot , sunny weather , generally during the the late morning and early afternoon ( r . kendrick , pers . comm . , 2000 ) . the resting position is the same as for those of the genus macroglossum ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .

china : vi ( guangdong ; hong kong ) ; 10 . viii ( simao / pu ' er , yunnan ) ; ix ( hong kong ) .

ovum : broadly ovoid ; surface smooth and shiny ; colour pale grass - green ; size larger than those of macroglossum and cephonodes ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .

larva : full - fed 70mm , width 11mm , horn 14mm . according to bell & scott ( 1937 ) , in the final instar head round , surface smooth . body tapering sharply frontad from segment 5 ; horn long , stout , laterally compressed , ending in a sharp point , basal half gently upcurved , distal half gently down - curved . surface of body dull and smooth except for four small tubercles on the front half of each of segments 6 to 11 , on the dorso - lateral stripe , those on 7 and 8 larger than the rest . horn with tubercles on dorsal and ventral surface .

in colour , head green , with a white stripe separating face from cheek . body pale green , the divisions between the secondary rings white . there is an indistinct dark green dorsal stripe and a white dorso - lateral stripe , the latter clearly defined on 2 to 4 , faint on 5 to 11 , and with white tubercles on 6 to 11 , edged above with dark green on these segments . there are bluish - white oblique lateral stripes , which are clearest on 7 to 9 . horn bluish - green with a small , triangular , bluish latero - basal patch , the tubercles green . true legs pale flesh - colour , outer faces red ; shanks of prolegs dull terracotta . spiracles pure white with a broad transverse brick - red band across the middle of all except those on segments 11 and 12 , which are immaculate white and twice as large as the rest ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .

pupa : 42 - - 52mm , breadth 11 - - 14mm . very like that of cizara sculpta in shape . in colour , tongue greyish - green , darker at tip ; thorax and wing - case greyish - green ; two pale chestnut spots on segment 2 . legs dark chestnut barred with pale orange , abdomen pale ochreous - brown above , reddish - brown with short longitudinal chestnut lines below ; bevels of free abdominal segments dark chestnut . there are broad blackish patches and short black lines between the spiracles of segments 3 to 10 . tongue - case projecting slightly beyond the frons ; antenna equal to fore leg , coxal piece absent or rudimentary . surface smooth and shiny . cremaster conical , tapering gently to a short , widely bifid tip ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .

larval hostplants . adina globiflora ( rubiaceae ) in india ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .

china : yunnan ( simao / pu ' er ) ; guangdong ( longtou shan ) ; hong kong ; guangxi ( longmen ) .

nepal , bhutan , northeastern india , southern china , thailand and northern vietnam . also recorded from fraser ' s hill , peninsular malaysia ( cheongweei gan , pers . obs . 2015 )

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en "

except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .

encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

copyright © 2013 www . sphingidae - museum . com . all rights reserved .


gnophaela clappiana is a moth of the erebidae family .

it was described by holland in 1891 .

it is found from arizona and new mexico to colorado .

the length of the forewings is 21 – 25 mm .

adults are on wing from late july to early august .

the larvae have a shining dark maroon head .

in the mid-dorsal line of the body , there is a row of bright yellow triangles .

lateral to this is a row of large warty double tubercles of a glistening steel-blue colour , each with a tuft of hairs .

between these tubercles is a patch of velvety dull black .

there are also a number of yellow lines and steel-blue tubercles .

gnophaela clappiana

gnophaela clappiana <EOT> gnophaela clappiana ; [ nacl ] , # 8033 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 14 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 440

gnophaela epicharis druce , 1896 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 18 ( 103 ) : 40 ; tl : guatemala

gnophaela baileyi laguerre & monzon , 2014 ; j . ins . biodiv . 2 ( 2 ) : 3 ; tl : guatemala , huehuetenango , todos santos , villa alicia

gnophaela discreta ; [ nacl ] , # 3036 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 14 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 440

gnophaela latipennis ; [ nacl ] , # 8034 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 14 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 440

gnophaela vermiculata ; [ nacl ] , # 8037 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 , f . 27 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 14 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 439

gnophaela aequinoctialis ; godman & salvin , 1885 , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 115 ; [ nacl ] , # 3035 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 , f . 28 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 14 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 440

photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .

powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 48 . 3m ; p . 271 . book review and ordering

upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .

contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .

the information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors . range and date information may be incomplete , overinclusive , or just plain wrong .

hover over black occurrence boxes to see number of images submitted . log in to make states , months and boxes clickable .

contributed by maury j . heiman on 16 august , 2013 - 9 : 39pm

contributed by maury j . heiman on 4 july , 2013 - 12 : 52am

phylogeny of milkweed tussocks ( arctiidae : arctiinae : phaegopterini ) and its implications for evolution of . . .

by michelle a . dacosta , paul larson , julian p . donahue , susan j . weller

annals of the entomological society of america 99 ( 5 ) : 723 - 742 . , 2006

contributed by maury j . heiman on 7 may , 2013 - 12 : 35am

six species of tiger moths ( arctiidae : lithosiinae , ctenuchinae ) new to the united states fauna , with notes on their . . .

contributed by maury j . heiman on 28 april , 2013 - 12 : 04am

contributed by maury j . heiman on 26 april , 2013 - 7 : 42pm

tiger moths and woolly bears : behavior , ecology , and evolution of the arctiidae .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .

following lafontaine and schmidt ( 2010 ) , the traditional arctiidae have been transferred to the family erebidae as a subfamily ( arctiinae ) , with former subfamilies such as lithosiinae now treated as tribes . the circumscription of arctiinae remains virtually identical to recent circumscriptions of arctiidae , but circumscriptions of some taxa within the arctiinae have changed .

due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to

use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .

zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .

lafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .

lafontaine , j . d . and m . fibiger . 2006 . revised higher classification of the noctuoidea ( lepidoptera ) . canadian entomologist 138 : 610 - 635 .

schmidt , b . c . and p . a . opler . 2008 . revised checklist of the tiger moths of the continental united states and canada . zootaxa 1677 : 1 - 23 .

the small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .

note : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on

trademark notice : " natureserve " , natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .

copyright notice : copyright © 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .

natureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :

ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

" data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace . "

patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

" data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace . "

iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .

" data developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve . "

no graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .

all documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided " as is " without warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .

) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .

gonophaela [ sic ] morrisoni druce , 1885 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 3 : pl . 12 , 7

larva on cynoglossum grande , c . occidentale , hackelia californica , mertensia sp . , myosotis sp . godfrey & crabtree , 1986 , j . lep . soc . 40 ( 3 ) : 206 - 213

josiomorpha cathetozosta becker , 2013 ; j . res . lepid . 46 : 61 , 54 ( list ) ; tl : guatemala , quetzaltenango , aguas georninas

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera

watson & goodger , 1986 catalogue of the neotropical tigermoths occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 1 - 71

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

sources : specimens in the ua insect collection , michael singer ( eeb , u of a ) , ray nagle ( u of a medical school ) , ferguson et al . 2000 .

lafontaine , , j . d . , and b . c . schimdt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea of north american north of mexico .

ferguson , d . c . and p . a . opler . 2006 . checklist of the arctiidae of ontiental united states and canada .

ferguson , d . c . , p . a . opler , m . j . smith , and j . p . donahue . 2000 .

moths of western north america . 3 . distribution of arctiidae of western north american .

contributions of the gillette arthropod diveristy museum , colorado state university . also see moths of north america ' s

ferguson , d . c . 1985 . contributions toward reclassification of the world genera of the tribe arctiini , part 1 - - introduction and a revision of the neoarctia - grammia group ( lepidoptera : arctiidae ; arctiinae ) .

franclemont , j . g . 1966 . two new species of arctiidae from southern arizona . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 68 : 250 - - 257 .

knowlton , c . b . 1967 . a revision of the species of cisthene known to occur north of the mexican border . transactions of the american entomological society 93 : 41 - - 103 .

record in richers database : rustler park 8500 ' , cochise co 17 aug 1998 . leuscher id

reported ( madera cyn , 1 aug 1965 ) by donahue ( 1993 , j . lep . soc 47 : 199 - 210 ) .

record in richers database : cave creek , cochise co . 26 august 1976 , leuschner id

( mona 8253 ) has black antennae and the wings have a glossy sheen .

has white - to - pale - grayish antennae and the wings are dull .

reported ( douglas : 7 oct 1945 , 4 may 1986 [ uv light ] ) by donahue ( 1993 , j . lep . soc 47 : 199 - 210 ) .

bruce walsh . jbwalsh @ urltoken . comments , correction and additions most welcome . to get to my home page .


it is found in africa .

the habitat consists of forests .

the wingspan is 44 – 55 millimetres ( 1.7 – 2.2 in ) for males and 44 – 53 mm ( 1.7 – 2.1 in ) for females .

adults are on wing year-round .

the larvae feed on drypetes gerrardi , drypetes ugandensis , ritchiea fragrans , phyllanthus , and boscia species

appias sabina

appias sabina <EOT> appias ( glutophrissa ) bicolor appias ( glutophrissa ) defecta appias ( glutophrissa ) divisapex appias ( glutophrissa ) latimarginata appias ( glutophrissa ) reversa appias haendeli appias isokani var . dubia appias sabina f . absyrtus appias sabina f . divisapex appias sabina f . epaphioides appias sabina f . euphrosyne appias sabina f . reversa appias sabina f . semiepaphia appias sabina f . thalia appias sabina sabina f . bicolor appias sabina var . defecta appias sabina var . latimarginata appias udei appias weberi belenois confusa belenois coniata mylothris majungana papilio hecyra phrissura phoebe pieris ( phrissura ) coniata f . hemichlora pieris sabina

appias ( glutophrissa ) bicolor ( talbot , 1943 ) appias ( glutophrissa ) defecta ( gaede , 1916 ) appias ( glutophrissa ) divisapex ( hulstaert , 1924 ) appias ( glutophrissa ) latimarginata ( gaede , 1916 ) appias ( glutophrissa ) reversa ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias haendeli ( suffert , 1904 ) appias isokani var . dubia ( aurivillius , 1899 ) appias sabina f . absyrtus ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias sabina f . divisapex ( hulstaert , 1924 ) appias sabina f . epaphioides ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias sabina f . euphrosyne ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias sabina f . reversa ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias sabina f . semiepaphia ( strand , 1911 ) appias sabina f . thalia ( stoneham , 1957 ) appias sabina sabina f . bicolor ( talbot , 1943 ) appias sabina var . defecta ( gaede , 1916 ) appias sabina var . latimarginata ( gaede , 1916 ) appias udei ( suffert , 1904 ) appias weberi ( suffert , 1904 ) belenois confusa ( butler , 1872 ) belenois coniata ( butler , 1879 ) mylothris majungana ( grose - smith , 1891 ) papilio hecyra ( mabille , 1880 ) phrissura phoebe ( butler , 1901 ) pieris ( phrissura ) coniata f . hemichlora ( mabille , 1898 ) pieris sabina ( c . & r . felder , 1865 )

appias sabina ( albatross white ) male , ngoye . [ photo steve woodhall © ]

appias sabina ( albatross white ) female , ngoye . [ photo steve woodhall © ]

appias sabina ( albatross white ) male , ngoye . [ photos steve woodhall © ]

at first glance appias sabina can be mistaken for certain mylothris species , but in appias the apex on the forewing is more acute . in sabina the black spots are small and do not extend onto the costa of the forewing . in similar mylothris species , e . g . poppea and rhodope , there is a flush of bright yellow at the base of the underside forewings , but in appias sabina the yellow is restricted to the costa of the hindwing .

appias sabina , the sabine albatross or albatross white , is a butterfly of the pieridae family . it is found in africa . the habitat consists of forests .

appias sabina is a common and widely distributed species found across most of sub - saharan africa from sierra leone to western kenya , and south to the northern parts of south africa . it also occurs on madagascar and the comoro islands .

there are about 23 - 28 species that are currently accepted as members of appias , comprising 7 - 8 species from the australian region , 16 - 20 from the oriental region , and 6 in africa . it is difficult to be precise about numbers as there is uncertainty regarding the taxonomic status of some species .

© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .

this is a forest species , often seen along logging roads , but is migratory in behaviour so can turn up in savannah / woodland habitats , botanical gardens and city parks .

males are usually seen singly or in two ' s and three ' s amidst aggregations of belenois , eurema and mylothris , imbibing mineralised moisture around the edges of puddles on forest tracks .

all photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

the website uses cookies to allow us to better understand how the site is used . by continuing to use this site , you consent to this policy . click to learn more .

notification will be sent to your e - mail address every time the item price is decreased .

copyright © 2012 insect designs . all rights reserved . abn : 75141197423 | ecommerce website by online visions

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

javascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .

our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .

right now the scientific names on some species do not show on the site - we are working to fix this problem which should be solved after the back - up this morning .

upload tip : if your photo does not get uploaded properly , try to resize it to less than 3 mb .

would you like to see your friends photos in the igoterra gallery ? invite them and get 2 months free subcription extension for every new friend who joins . click here to get to the invitation page

* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .

curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .

species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .

the wingspan is 44–55 millimetres ( 1 . 7–2 . 2 in ) for males and 44–53 mm ( 1 . 7–2 . 1 in ) for females . adults are on wing year - round .


cinara pilicornis , the spruce shoot aphid or brown spruce shoot aphid , is an aphid species in the genus cinara found on norway spruce ( picea abies ) and sitka spruce ( picea sitchensis ) .

it is a quite large aphid species with a plump , dull brown body .

it seems to have little effect on the tree .

it is a european species but it has also been reported in spruce forests in new zealand , together with the spruce aphid ( elatobium abietinum ) .

c. pilicornis , which is attended by the honeydew-collecting ants formica polyctena , is seldom attacked by the parasitoid wasp pauesia pini .

it is also a host for entomophthora fungi .

c. pilicornis produces the trisaccharide melezitose .

citronellol , cis – trans-nepetalactone and cis – trans-nepetalactol are stress-induced compounds released by the host plant .

these compounds originated from the aphids and they are assumed to be pheromone components for this aphid species .

cinara pilicornis

cinara pilicornis <EOT> [ cinara pilicornis , syn . : c . hyalinus , c . piceicola , c . pinicola , aphis pilicornis , cinaropsis pilicornis , lachnus piceicola ]

zhang , guangxue , wanyu zhang & tiesen zhong . 1993 . sinozoologia 10 : 134 > > cinara pilicornis

eastop & hille ris lambers . 1976 . survey of the world’s aphids 73 , 153 , 236 - 238 > > cinara pilicornis

of the 31 aphid species blackman & eastop list as feeding on sitka spruce ( picea sitchensis ) baker ( 2015 ) lists 16 as occurring in britain : adelges abietis , adelges cooleyi , adelges laricis , adelges viridis , aphis fabae , cinara costata , cinara piceae , cinara piceicola , cinara pilicornis , cinara pruinosa , elatobium abietinum , mindarus obliquus , neomyzus circumflexus , pachypappella lactea , pineus similis , and prociphilus xylostei .

gittins , bishop , knowlton & parker . 1976 . research bulletin of the idaho agricultural experiment station 96 : 11 > > cinara pilicornis

semiochemicals related to the aphid cinara pilicornis and its host , picea abies : a method to assign nepetalactone diastereomers . - pubmed - ncbi

eastop , miyazaki & sorin . 1998 . miscellaneous publication of the national institute of agro - environmental sciences 22 : 3 > > cinara pilicornis

zhang , guangxue , lijuan liu , he & tiesen zhong . 1988 . acta entomologica sinica 31 ( 2 ) : 228 > > cinara pilicornis

pashtshenko & lobkova . 1990 . in lelej [ ed . ] . news of insect systematics of the soviet far east 7 > > cinara pilicornis

ghosh , a . k . 1982 . the fauna of india and adjacent countries . homoptera , aphidoidea . part 2 . subfamily lachninae 51 > > cinara pilicornis

hottes . 1953 . proceedings of the biological society of washington 66 : 158 > > cinara pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 16086

the cinara pilicornis alate ( see above , second ) is greyish - brown with transverse waxy bars and little sclerotization . the apterous males are green with an elongate flattened body .

inouye . 1970 . bulletin of the government forest expereriment station 228 : 80 > > cinara ( cinaropsis ) pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 16089

danielsson . 1987 . population structure , genetics and taxonomy of aphids and thysanoptera . proceedings of the international symposium , smolenice , czechoslovakia , 9 - 14 september 1985 340 > > cinara pilicornis

zhang , guangxue , xiaolin chen , tiesen zhong & jinghua li . 1999 . in zhang , guangxue [ ed . ] . fauna of agricultural and forestry aphids of northwest , china : insecta homoptera aphidinea 198 > > cinara pilicornis

stadler , b ( 1997 ) . egg distribution and survival of cinara pilicornis ( hartig ) on damaged and undamaged norway spruce ( picea abies ) ( l . ) karst . , journal of applied entomology , 121 , 71 - 75 . abstract

spruce aphid , elatobium abietinum forest and timber insects in new zealand no . 54 : spruce aphid . revised 2009 based on r . zondag ( 1983 ) insect : elatobium abietinum ( walker ) ( hemiptera : aphididae ) * * one other aphid , cinara pilicornis…

mamontova . 1972 . fauna ukraini 20 ( 7 ) : 147 > > cinaria pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 16090

börner . 1952 . mitteilungen der thüringischen botanischen gesellschaft supplement 3 : 43 > > cinaropsis ( cinaropsis ) pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 16087

hartig . 1841 . zeitschrift für die entomologie , herausgegeben von ernst friedrich germar 3 : 369 > > aphis pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 184956

pašek . 1954 . conifer aphids in czechoslovakia ( homoptera - aphidoidea ) 207 > > cinaria ( cinaropsis ) pilicornis urn : lsid : aphid . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 501976

steffan . 1972 . in schwenke [ ed . ] . die forstschädlinge europas . ein hanbuch in fünf bänden . erster band : würmer , schnecken , spinnentiere , tausendfüssler und hemimetabole insekten 364 > > cinaropsis pilicornis

volatiles released by seedlings of norway spruce infested with the aphid cinara pilicornis were analyzed using spme–gc–ms . among the stress - induced compounds released by the host plant , citronellol , cis–trans - nepetalactone and cis–trans - nepetalactol was found . these compounds originated from the aphids and they were assumed to be pheromone components for this aphid species . to determine the relative stereochemistry of the nepetalactone , a diagnostic method was developed . the method was based on multivariate analysis of tabulated relative intensities of mass fragments of the four nepetalactone diastereomers . in the practical method described , a few pairs of fragments in the mass spectra were compared and , in combination with the kovat ' s index , were used to unambiguously identify the relative stereochemistry of the nepetalactone .

volatiles released by seedlings of norway spruce infested with the aphid cinara pilicornis were analyzed using spme - gc - ms . among the stress - induced compounds released by the host plant , citronellol , cis - trans - nepetalactone and cis - trans - nepetalactol was found . these compounds originated from the aphids and they were assumed to be pheromone components for this aphid species . to determine the relative stereochemistry of the nepetalactone , a diagnostic method was developed . the method was based on multivariate analysis of tabulated relative intensities of mass fragments of the four nepetalactone diastereomers . in the practical method described , a few pairs of fragments in the mass spectra were compared and , in combination with the kovat ' s index , were used to unambiguously identify the relative stereochemistry of the nepetalactone .

javascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .

copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .

protecting our eucalyptus trees wednesday , june 20 , 2018 scion are undertaking community pre - consultation on a proposed biological control of the eucalyptus tortoise beetle . eucalyptus plantations are a recognisable part of new zealand’s diversified forestry industry . they provide pulp and…

forest industry reputation damaged by mobilisation of forest harvest residues sunday , may 27 , 2018 the successful prosecution of a forest management company by the marlborough district council has been endorsed by the forest owners association . merrill and ring has been fined $ 39 , 000 and ordered…

biosecurity levy proposal tuesday , may 15 , 2018 as it affects plantation forest owners . consultation document : the new zealand forest owners association ( foa ) and the nz farm forestry association ( ffa ) acting on behalf of new zealand plantation forest…

forest industry backing judgment against forest companies monday , april 23 , 2018 forest industry associations are supporting penalties imposed in the district court against bay of plenty forest owner whitikau holdings and two harvesting contractors . the companies pleaded guilty to charges laid…

new free online forest productivity calculator for small growers sunday , march 25 , 2018 a new online calculator for radiata pine and douglas - fir productivity is now available , free of charge . the forecaster calculator was built for owners and advisors of small forests , who…

consultation starts on fumigant for forest industry to replace methyl bromide tuesday , february 27 , 2018 a significant milestone has been reached in replacing methyl bromide as the standard fumigant for export logs and timber . the environmental protection authority has just released application details for approval…

billion tree planting timetable gives industry confidence wednesday , february 21 , 2018 forest owners say the announcement of the timetable for the government’s billion tree ten year project will give confidence that the massive afforestation is a serious proposition . the forestry minister…

cutting rights proposal jeopardising government’s billion tree and climate change mitigation goals saturday , february 03 , 2018 the forest owners association is against the proposal the overseas investment office should approve or decline sales of forest cutting rights . the foa says it would jeopardise the government’s ambitions…

jim anderton’s legacy contribution to forest industry sunday , january 07 , 2018 the forest owners association is paying tribute to jim anderton for his contribution to the forest industry . president peter clark says jim anderton had a keen eye for the significance…

government recognises forestland and farmland different cases for overseas investment wednesday , november 29 , 2017 the forest owners association says the government would be jeopardising its billion - tree target if it hadn’t separated forest and farmland in its ministerial directive to the overseas investment office . the…

farm foresters says foresters should check all selling options for best returns monday , november 27 , 2017 new zealand farm forestry association president neil cullen recommends small - scale forest owners check what offers might be available from local timber processors when they go to sell their woodlots . nzffa , …

( see section below for colour forms ) . the whole aphid is clothed with

, or at least paler basally and medially than at apex . most of hairs on the outer side of the middle section of the hind tibia

which has the hairs on the outer side of the hind tibiae all less than 0 . 12 mm long ) . the second hind

which have the second tarsal segment shorter than the maximum diameter of the cones ) . the siphunculi are

is found throughout europe through to china and japan and it has been introduced to australia , new zealand , north and south america .

lays its eggs in autumn on current year needles . the eggs begin hatching early the next march before bud burst . initially small colonies develop on undersides of the previous year ' s twigs , but these move on to new growth after bud - burst as shown below . the

the mealy covering becomes more apparent ( see picture below ) . the species is usually not ant attended .

( see first picture below ) which are larger and somewhat darker than their eventual offspring .

species . numerous alatae are produced in may - july ( see picture below ) .

there are two colour forms - orange brown or greyish green . an apterous adult of the orange - brown form is pictured below , together with immatures of the green form ( or possibly green males ) .

report that in some years it is extremely abundant among young spruce plantations . they also comment that it was far less common in the 1950s and 1960s than it was in the 1980 ' s . our own impression is that it is now less common than at the time carter & maslen were writing , possibly because of a decline in the planting of spruce .

looked at factors affecting the low temperature survival of the eggs on sitka spruce . glycerol and mannitol were present in the eggs but neither appeared to be related to their supercooling ability which was related to the temperature in the period preceding collection .

looked at the effect of high levels of pollution on the spruce shoot aphid . under experimental conditions aphid populations were found to be higher on seedlings exposed to pollutants ( gaseous sulphur dioxide , sodium fluoride , calcium nitrate and ammonium sulphate ) than on those not exposed . fluoride had a stronger positive effect on aphid numbers than sulphur dioxide or nitrogen .

) . host trees showing either heavy symptoms of needle - yellowing or looking green and healthy were compared . host plant quality did not seem to influence the proportion of eggs surviving to spring . also , the biomass of developing first instar larvae of the fundatrices was independent of the degree of needle - yellowing . damaged or stressed trees did

provides an important source of honeydew for bee populations . hence bee keepers view this aphid very favourably , although it can damage young trees . moulds growing on honey dew may stain shoots black . there is some evidence that the aphid can cause the current year ' s needles to turn yellow and fall from the lower side of the shoots that have supported colonies .

we have made provisional identifications from high resolution photos of living specimens , along with host plant identity . in the great majority of cases , identifications have been confirmed by microscopic examination of preserved specimens . we have used the keys and species accounts of blackman & eastop ( 1994 ) and blackman & eastop ( 2006 ) supplemented with blackman ( 1974 ) , stroyan ( 1977 ) , stroyan ( 1984 ) , blackman & eastop ( 1984 ) , heie ( 1980 - 1995 ) , dixon & thieme ( 2007 ) and blackman ( 2010 ) . we fully acknowledge these authors as the source for the ( summarized ) taxonomic information we have presented . any errors in identification or information are ours alone , and we would be very grateful for any corrections . for assistance on the terms used for aphid morphology we suggest the figure provided by blackman & eastop ( 2006 ) .

except where otherwise specified , all text and images on this page are copyright influentialpoints under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license on condition that a link is provided to urltoken

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .

contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .

aphid species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki

" display . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the " change items displayed " button in the header .

if you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .

copyright © 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .

in continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .

corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .

the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;

the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .

this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :

this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .

particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as " no probable or definite " ) .

in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .

warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .

national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers

warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .

pettersson m 1 , unelius cr , valterová i , borg - karlson ak .

kth , school of chemical science and engineering , department of chemistry , ecological chemistry group , se - 100 44 stockholm , sweden .

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !

copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved

enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user


the biak scops owl is an owl endemic to the twin islands of biak-supiori in geelvink bay , papua ( formerly irian jaya ) , indonesia .

it is classified as vulnerable due to its very small range and destruction of its habitat .

biak scops owls ( scops beccarii salvadori ) are 20 – 25 cm birds from the genus outs contain 45 other species .

biak scops are frequently seen as dark brown and dark rufous forms with long ear tufts and pale a whitish brown facial disc .

baik 's are very small creatures , but have hoarse , corvid - like voices .

their diet mostly consist of small vertebrates or insects , although due to being an ongoing decline they are seldomly seen ; however , most are found in blaik island in heavy wooded areas near villages in supiori islands off northwest new guinea .

however , the reproducing of biak scops owls is unknown and is still in the process of studying .

biak scops owl

biak scops owl <EOT> the biak scops owl is a small owl with moderately long ear - tufts . it is also known as the beccari scops owl .

owl information . . . index of owl species . . . photos of various owl species for identification

the biak scops owls measure about 8 - 10 inches ( 20 - 25 cm ) in length .

the biak island scops owls ( otus beccarii ) - also known as beccari scope owls , moluccan scops owls or papuan scops owls - are endemic to the twin islands of biak - supiori in geelvink bay , off northwestern new guinea papua ( formerly irian jaya ) in indonesia .

biak scops owls have a very small range and are endangered due to destruction of their forest habitats , and their numbers are suspected to be declining .

australasia : biak island . otus beccarii is endemic to the twin islands of biak - supiori in geelvink bay , papua ( formerly irian jaya ) , indonesia

25 cm ; no data on body mass . medium - sized scops - owl ; said to occur in dark and rufous - brown and tawny and dark grey - brown forms ; almost certainly morphs , but sometimes . . .

( gibbs 1993 , poulsen and frolander 1994 , eastwood 1996b ) . one was heard in and around biak - utara reserve in 1997

. 2012 ) . subsequently , it has been suggested that this species is widespread in forested habitats around biak and supiori ( b . beehler

2000 ) . however , more recently , the species has been encountered regularly in remnant forest patches in southern biak ( k . d . bishop

tawny - brown owl with short , inconspicuous ear - tufts . yellow eyes . rather distinct , pale whitish eyebrows and facial disc . densely barred brown upperparts with some white on scapulars . brown or rich rufous underparts , probably colour morphs but possibly sex dimorphism , with very fine barring . similar spp . the only owl on biak - supiori . papuan frogmouth podargus papuensis and large - tailed nightjar caprimulgus macrurus have different habits and long tails . voice probably a harsh croak , rasping at close range but sounding more like a deer’s bark at long range . hints calling birds can usually be stalked and seen in the beam of a torch

members of the genus otus are the scops and screech owls . they are relatively small owls , with short , rounded wings . most have erectile ear - tufts . otus is a worldwide genus , containing some 45 species .

holt , d . w . , berkley , r . , deppe , c . , enríquez rocha , p . , petersen , j . l . , rangel salazar , j . l . , segars , k . p . , wood , k . l . , de juana , e . , sharpe , c . j . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . biak scops - owl ( otus beccarii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

25 cm . tawny - brown owl with short , inconspicuous ear - tufts . yellow eyes . rather distinct , pale whitish eyebrows and facial disc . densely barred brown upperparts with some white on scapulars . brown or rich rufous underparts , probably colour morphs but possibly sex dimorphism , with very fine barring .

identify and record the species ' s vocalisations to aid detection . conduct surveys on both biak and supiori , using tape - playback of vocalisations , to establish its current distribution , population status and assess its habitat requirements . investigate further its taxonomic status and relationship to other

czech : výrecek beccariuv , výre ? ek beccari ? v . . . danish : papuadværghornugle . . . dutch : biak - dwergooruil . . . estonian : biaki päll . . . finnish : biakinpöllönen . . . french : petit - duc de beccari . . . german : beccarieule , beccari - zwergohreule . . . indonesian : celepuk biak . . . italian : assiolo di beccari . . . japanese : biakukonohazuku . . . norwegian : biakugle . . . polish : syczek papuaski . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : výrik biacky . . . spanish : autillo de biak . . . swedish : biakdvärguv . . . chinese : ? ? ? ?

there are very few records of this species , which is classified as endangered on the basis of its very small range and apparent restriction to tall lowland forest , which is severely fragmented and declining . however it may prove to be more common and widespread , and justify reclassification as vulnerable . its status is unclear , as it is a nocturnal species with poorly - known calls and only recently considered to be a separate species . a 1973 survey of the island found only one pair , it was not recorded during three 1990s visits to biak and just one was heard in and around biak - utara reserve in 1997 . however , two were heard one morning in 1995 , and it was suspected to be fairly widespread in moderate numbers in 1982 , based on vocalisations and local reports , although not actually observed .

the population is estimated to number 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . it is assumed that all mature individuals are in a single sub - population ( g . dutson in litt . 2013 ) . trend justification : the widespread loss of forest on the island of biak suggests that the species has declined , but parts of supiori are virtually impenetrable and as such may provide a refuge . based on this information , the population is suspected to be declining at a moderate rate .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

holt , d . w . ; berkley , r . ; deppe , c . ; enriquez rocha , p . l . ; olsen , p . d . ; petersen , j . l . ; rangel salazar , j . l . ; segars , k . p . ; wood , k . l . 1999 . strigidae ( typical owls ) . in : del hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; sargatal , j . ( ed . ) , handbook of the birds of the world , pp . 76 - 242 . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain .

probably a harsh croak , rasping at close range but sounding more like a deer ' s bark at long range .

calling birds can usually be stalked and seen in the beam of a torch .

vulnerable b1ab ( ii , iii , v ) ; c2a ( ii ) ver 3 . 1

beehler , b . , bishop , k . , dutson , g . , holmes , d . , ripley , s . , van balen , b . & van beirs , m .

allinson , t , benstead , p . , bird , j . , dutson , g . , symes , a . & taylor , j .

this species has been downlisted to vulnerable on the basis that its habitat is not as fragmented as once thought , along with evidence that it is more widespread than previously thought . nevertheless , its population is estimated to be small and inferred to be in on - going decline .

1999 ) . its status is uncertain , as it is a nocturnal species with poorly - known calls and only recently considered to be a separate species . a survey of the island in 1973 found only one pair

2000 ) . furthermore , forest does not regenerate easily on areas of raised coralline limestone . much of supiori comprises virtually impenetrable forest on limestone mountains , which is likely to be safe from habitat degradation .

species . afford formal protection to key sites supporting the species , as appropriate .

to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .

original description : salvadori , tommaso . 1876 . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova , 7 ( 1875 ) , p . 906 - 907 .

könig , claus & weick , friedhelm . 2008 . " owls : a guide to the owls of the world ( second edition ) " . yale university press .

mikkola , heimo . 2013 . " owls of the world : a photographic guide ( second edition ) " . bloomsbury .

recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : otus beccarii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .

sometimes treated as conspecific with either o . manadensis or o . magicus ; song similar to latter’s , but significant differences from both in plumage . monotypic .

hoarse , corvid - like croak , repeated in series ; at close range , described as “a quite . . .

dense forest and forest edge ; locally near villages . occurs from near sea - level to 1000 m elevation .

only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !

only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !

sequence of species in this genus is adopted in an attempt to conform to the findings of several recent molecular - phylogenetic studies # r # r , notwithstanding difficulty that a considerable number of taxa have not yet been sampled . relationships of many species remain uncertain . includes genus mimizuku . previously incorporated genus megascops .

get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .

also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )

supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .

view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .

also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )

there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .

if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .

this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .

their primary habitats are forests , including partially logged forests , up to at least 1 , 000 feet ( 300 m ) and coastal swamp forests bounded by heavily forested limestone cliffs . they appear to avoid heavily logged or degraded forests

they have short , inconspicuous ear - tufts and densely barred brown upperparts with some white on the scapulars ( shoulder feathers ) . the plumage below is brown or rich rufous , with fine barring .

the only other owls occurring within their range - - the papuan frogmouth podargus papuensis and large - tailed nightjar caprimulgus macrurus - - can easily be differentiated by their long tails .

for updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )

the articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .

; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please

throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …

please note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .

there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .

there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .

howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .

avibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 274 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

rarest bird in the world : the cone - billed tanager , the mystery .

atlapetes blancae , 8 years later , still not found . wish or species ?

it inhabits forest , including partially logged forest , up to at least 300 m , including coastal swamp - forest bounded by heavily forested limestone cliffs . it may be poorly tolerant of habitat degradation , as there have been no records from heavily logged or degraded forest .

all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair

all records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .

have you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .

© 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15


pygopristis denticulata is a species of piranha .

it is a rare south american fish found in the orinoco river basin , north and eastern guiana shield rivers , and tributaries of the lower amazon river .

specimens of this species is frequently found in acidic clear or black waters .

they usually feed on aquatic insects , small fish , and fruits .

p. denticulata has pentacuspid teeth and a middle cusp that is usually only slightly larger than the other cusps .

this is unlike the piranhas , which have tricuspid teeth with a larger middle cusp , making the teeth appear triangular .

p. denticulata grows to about 20.0 cm ( 7.9 in ) in tl .

it has 62 chromosomes .

this fish possesses powerful dentition that can cause serious bites .

it has scales .

pygopristis denticulata

pygopristis denticulata <EOT> species is sexually dimorphic based on a lobed anal fin on male p . denticulata .

pygopristis antoni ( fernández - yépez ) from venezuela is a synonym of pristobrycon striolatus . what i found interesting is the photograph of serrasalmus punctatus schomburgk ( pg . 9 ii . 1 . el género pygopristis müller y troschel , 1844 . figura 4 . los peces caribes de venezuela , 1996 ) resembles a very peppery spotted p . denticulata from brazil .

pygopristis müller & troschel 1844 : 95 . fem . pygopristis fumarius müller & troschel 1844 . type by subsequent designation . type designated by eigenmann 1910 : 441 . synonym of serrasalmus lacepède 1803 , but a valid subgenus - - ( géry 1972 : 209 , géry 1976 : 52 ) . valid as pygopristis müller & troschel 1844 - - ( taphorn 1992 : 312 ) . pygopristis müller & troschel 1844 . characidae : serrasalminae . the proper scientific species name is denticulata not denticulatus . there is mounting evidence to suggest that this species and catoprion mento are genetically more related to each other than other piranha species ( orti , 2000 et al ) .

pygopristis fumarius from müller and troschel , o . c . : 21 . 35 . lam ix . fig . 2 .

pygopristis denticulatus müller and troschel , 1844 , horae jehth , 1 : 21 . 34 , lam . ix . fig . 1 .

pg . 241 . pygopristis denticulatus ( cuvier ) . serrasalmo denticulatus cuvier , mem . mus . d ' hist . nat . , v , 1819 , 371 . —gunther , catalogue , v , 1864 , 367 ( british guiana ) .

the diagnosis of this kind is the same one that is established for serrasalmus . the species of serrasalmus are transformed imperceptibly inside pygopristis , and the distinction among the two , based on the number of tubercles in the teeth seems to be of doubtful generic rank . "

pygopristis fumarius muller and troschel , horse ichth . , i , 1848 , 21 , 35 , pi . 9 , fig . 2 ; in schomburgk , reisen , iii , 1848 , 637 ( rupununi ; essequibo ) . —kner , " familie der characinen , " ii , 1859 , 27 ( rio branco ) .

i first purchased p . denticulata ( then classified as s . brandtii in an old piranha book ) in 1964 . i also foolishly tested its weak jaw muscles by sticking my finger in a 3 inch specimens mouth ! interestingly , the fish was not able to draw blood or flesh . but i would never try it with a larger specimen nor should you ! the map to the left is based on the jégu & dos santos exploration ( 1988 ) . rev . hydrobiol . trop . 21 ( 3 ) : 239 - 274 .

a single species placed in genus pygopristis , is ( in my opinion ) absolutely one of the prettiest of the serrasalminae this non - dangerous piranha feeds principally on fins , seeds , fruits and such that fall into the water ( click here to view ) . when opefe brought this to the attention of a neo - tropical division at a local state college , there was snickering and skepticism that a piranha would feed on seeds or fruits instead of whole flesh . since then , opefe provided documented proof of the seed and fruit eating behavior and their skepticism is no longer the case . other field researchers have since confirmed the eating habits of this species in the wild .

pygopristis derdiculatus muller and troschel , horse ichth . , i , 1845 , 21 , 34 , pi . 9 , fig . 1 ( guiana ) ; in schomburgk , reisen , iii , 1848 , 637 ( essequibo ; takutu ; rupununi ) . —cuvier and valenciennes , hist . nat . poiss . , xxii , 1848 , 297 ( essequibo ) . —eigenmann and eigenmann , proc . u . s . nat . mus . , xiv . 1891 , 59 . —ulrey , ann . n . y . acad . sci . , vii , 1895 , 296 ( lower amazon ) . - eigenmann , repts . princeton univ . exp . patagonia , iii , 1910 , 441 .

greek , pyge = rump + greek , pristis = saw ( ref . 45335 )

south america : orinoco river basin , north and eastern guiana shield rivers ; tributaries of the lower amazon river .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12225 )

rare ( ref . 12225 ) . possesses powerful dentition that can cause serious bites .

jégu , m . , 2003 . serrasalminae ( pacus and piranhas ) . p . 182 - 196 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 39031 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02042 ( 0 . 01151 - 0 . 03622 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .

urltoken website : urltoken facebook : urltoken documentaries : urltoken / video _ gallery _ . . . tropical aquarium fish documentaries

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 strict file : / / en "

a monotypic genus this pirambeba is predaceous but to a much lower degree than previously thought . there seem to be different forms in terms of coloration and other unique features ; possess dark bands along the flank with some lightly peppered spotting . these are sometimes erroneously imported as p . striolatus from peru .

hobbyists can consider this species somewhat harmless in the aquarium . but they do have sharp if not the smallest teeth of the pirambeba - like fish . they will eat small fishes . care is still required in handling them , they have weak jaws , but do not assume that a large specimen cannot lacerate you ! the species may be kept with its relatives the silver dollars ( genus metynnis ) . it is not uncommon to find them mixed up together in pet stores when juvenile , since they externally resemble that genus .

i do not recommend mixing this species with any other piranha or pirambeba . the main reason is because they likely would get eaten by their more opportunistic sisters . i consider them to be an excellent specimen for the home aquarium and worth collecting .

serrasalmus denticulatus cuvier , 1819 . mem mus . hist . nat . paris , v : 371 .

serrasabno punctatu s schomburgk , fishes brit . guiana , i , 1841 , 223 , pi . 17 . twenty - three specimens , 151 - 234 mm . lama stop - off . ( c . m . cat . no . 1118a - d ; i . u . cat . no . 11637 . ) head 3 . 5 ; depth 1 . 66 ; d . 18 or 19 ; a . 34 - 38 ; scales with pores 87 - 95 ; eye 4 in head , 2 in interorbital ; abdominal serrse 36 + 4 , 33 + 3 , 38 + 4 , 31 + 4 in four individuals respectively .

pumpkin - seed shaped ; snout rounded , lower jaw heavy , truncate , its anterior profile forming a continuous oblique line with the snout . second suborbital leaving four - tenths of the cheeks naked ; opercular bones and suborbitals but little striate ; mouth small ; teeth nearly symmetrical , with a central lobe and two much smaller lobes on each side ; six teeth on each premaxillary , in a single series , the third tooth much smaller than the rest . gill - rakers 9 + 9 , small . dorsal broadly rounded , its base equal to its distance from the caudal ; adipose short ; caudal lobes pointed ; anal with its first two or three developed rays slightly prolonged , the rest of the margin of the fin nearly straight ; ventrals reaching anal groove , pectorals not quite to ventrals . lateral line decurved ; anterior scales of the lateral line largest ; rows of scales along the middle of the sides more numerous than the pores in the lateral line , the pores corresponding to the rows of scales on the caudal peduncle and over the posterior fourth of the anal ; a wide naked area from the dorsal to the occipital .

dorsal faintly spotted . iridescent steel - blue above . pectorals , ventrals , and most of the anal brick - red ; opercle orange ; a narrow margin of the caudal and anal colorless ; caudal submarginally orange , ranging to lemon - yellow and olive .

gosline published the origin and evolution of the serrasalminae ( 1951 : 54 ) and indicated . . . "

orinoco river basin , north and east guiana shield rivers ; tributaries of lower amazon : brazil , french guiana , guyana , suriname and venezuela .

machado - allison , a . & fink , william . 1996 , los peces caribes to venezuela diagnosis , claves , aspectos ecologicos y evolutivos .

machado - allison , a . 2002 los peces caribes de venezuela : una aproximación a su estudio taxonómico . bol . acad . c . fis . mat . nat . v . 62 ( no . 1 ) : 35 - 88 .

reis , r . e . , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . 2003 check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . check list freshw . fishes south & cent . amer . 2003 : i - xi + 1 - 729 .

cuvier , g . , memoires du museum national d ' histoire naturelle , publishing date ; 1819 , sur les poissons du sous - genre «hydrocyn , sur deux nouvelles espèces de «chalceus» , sur trois nouvelles espèces de «serrasalmes» , et sur l ' «argentina glossodonta» de forskahl , quiest l ' «albula gonorhynchus» de bloch . cuvier , g . 1819 mem . mus . natl . hist . nat . . 5 : 351 - 379 .

müller , j . and f . h . troschel 1844 synopsis generum et specierum familiae characinorum . ( prodromus descriptionis novorum generum et specierum ) . arch . naturgeschichte v . 10 ( pt 1 ) : 81 - 99 + zu pag . 99 ( foldout ) .

eigenmann , c . h . 1910 ( 12 feb . ) catalogue of the fresh - water fishes of tropical and south temperate america . in : reports of the princeton university expeditions to patagonia 1896 - 1899 . zoology . catalogue v . 3 ( pt 4 ) : 375 - 511 . [ also as a separate , issued 12 feb . 1910 as : catalog and bibliography of . . . ; contr . zool . lab indiana univ . no . 76 ( 2 ) . ]

géry , j . 1972 ( 19 dec . ) poissons characoïdes des guyanes . i . généralités . ii . famille des serrasalmidae . zool . verh . ( leiden ) no . 122 : 1 - 250 , pls . 1 - 16 .

géry , j . 1976 ( 18 mar . ) les genres de serrasalmidae ( pisces , characoidei ) . bull . zool . mus . univ . amst . v . 5 ( no . 6 ) : 47 - 54 .

taphorn , d . c . 1992 the characiform fishes of the apure river drainage , venezuela . biollania edición especial - no . 4 . monografias cientificas del museo de ciencias naturales , unellez - - guanara , estado portuguesa , venezuela . 1 - 537 .

freeman , b . , nico , l . g . , ostentoski , m . jelks , h . j . & collins , t . m . 2007 . molecular systemics of serrasalmidae : deciphering the identities of piranha speceis and unraveling their evoluntionary histories . zootaxa 1484 : 1 - 38 .

the opefe web site and its contents ; is disclaimed for purposes of zoological nomenclature in accordance with the international code of zoological nomenclature , fourth edition , article 8 . 3 and 8 . 4 . no new names or nomenclature changes are available from statements at this web site .

copyright© 1994 - 2012 oregon piranha exotic fish exhibit ( the opefe fish exhibit is permanently closed as of 2000 ) sutherlin , oregon . information posted on this web site is archival data on fish scientific classifications and other information . disclaimer : the copyrighted material may not be used for any purpose other than private study , scholarship or research . cited information requires credit and this link www . opefe . com . all rights reserved . all images shown ( unless otherwise noted ) is property of opefe .

eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .

to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !

this article is a stub . we can not complete the encyclopaedia without your help . you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article . dont be shy ! .

this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 02 : 42 .

content is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .

< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href = " / manual / evidences " > more . . . < / a > < / p >

help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .

you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .

< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >

< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href = " / help / sequence - searches " > more . . < / a > < / p >

we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .

we parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .