kootenichela deppi is an extinct arthropod described from the middle cambrian of the kootenay national park , canada .

it belongs to the " great appendage arthropods " .

kootenichela appears to be the sister taxon of worthenella , from cladistic analysis .

the species name deppi comes from the actor johnny depp , after his role as edward scissorhands in the film of the same name .

david legg , the discoverer of kootenichela , said : " when i first saw the pair of isolated claws in the fossil records of this species i could not help but think of edward scissorhands .

even the genus name , kootenichela , includes the reference to this film as ' chela ' is latin for claws or scissors .

in truth , i am also a bit of a depp fan and so what better way to honour the man than to immortalise him as an ancient creature that once roamed the sea ? " kootenichela appears to be a primitive arthropod .

it has an elongated body composed of at least 29 segments of similar shape and appearance .

on the head , there are large eyes supported by stalks and an appendage resembling an antenna .

the appendages bound to the trunk are poorly sclerotised .

it was approximately 4 centimetres ( 1.6 in ) long .

most prominent are the claw-like , spinose cephalic appendages , which seem to suggest affinities with the " great appendage " arthropods .

kootenichela

kootenichela <EOT> this 505 - million - year old extinct arthropod was named kootenichela deppi for actor johnny depp .

the 505 - million - year - old fossil , named kootenichela deppi , is a distant ancestor of lobsters and scorpions .

the latest species to be named after hollywood royalty is a 505 - million - year old extinct arthropod now called kootenichela deppi for actor johnny depp .

the 505 million - year - old ' kootenichela deppi ' - a nod to lead actor johnny depp - is an ancestor of lobsters and scorpions .

“just imagine it : the prawns covered in mayonnaise in your sandwich , the spider climbing up your wall and even the fly that has been banging into your window and annoyingly flying into your face are all descendants of kootenichela deppi . current estimates indicate that there are more than one million known insects and potentially 10 million more yet to be categorized , which potentially means that kootenichela deppi has a huge family tree , ” dr legg said .

dr legg believes that kootenichela deppi would have been a hunter or scavenger . its large edward scissorhands - like claws with their elongated spines may have been used to capture prey , or they could have helped it to probe the sea floor looking for sea creatures hiding in sediment .

“when i first saw the pair of isolated claws in the fossil records of this species i could not help but think of edward scissorhands . even the genus name , kootenichela , includes the reference to this film as ‘ chela ’ is latin for claws or scissors . in truth , i am also a bit of a depp fan and so what better way to honour the man than to immortalize him as an ancient creature that once roamed the sea ? ” explained dr legg , who has described kootenichela deppi in a paper published in the journal of paleontology .

kootenichela deppi belongs to a group known as the ‘great - appendage’ arthropods , or megacheirans , which refers to the enlarged pincer - like frontal claws that they share . the ‘great - appendage’ arthropods are an early relation of arthropods , which includes spiders , scorpions , centipedes , millipedes , insects and crabs .

" even the genus name , kootenichela , includes the reference to this film as ‘chela’ is latin for claws or scissors . in truth , i am also a bit of a depp fan and so what better way to honour the man than to immortalise him as an ancient creature that once roamed the sea ? ”

" even the genus name , kootenichela , includes the reference to this film , as ' chela ' is latin for claws or scissors , " legg added . " in truth , i am also a bit of a depp fan and so what better way to honour the man than to immortalise him as an ancient creature that once roamed the sea ? "

kootenichela deppi lived in very shallow seas , similar to modern coastal environments , off the cost of british columbia in canada , which was situated much closer to the equator 500 million years ago . the sea temperature would have been much hotter than it is today and although coral reefs had not yet been established , the creature would have lived in a similar environment consisting of sponges .

kootenichela deppi was about 1 . 5 inches ( 4 cm ) long with an elongated trunk for a body and millipede - like legs , which it used to scuttle along the sea floor with the occasional short swim . it also had large eyes composed of many lenses like the compound eyes of a fly . they were positioned on top of movable stalks called peduncles to help it more easily search for food and look out for predators .

“when i first saw the pair of isolated claws in the fossil records of this species i could not help but think of edward scissorhands . even the genus name , kootenichela , includes the reference to this film as ‘chela’ is latin for claws or scissors . in truth , i am also a bit of a depp fan and so what better way to honour the man than to immortalise him as an ancient creature that once roamed the sea ? ”

a scientist has discovered an ancient extinct creature with scissor hand - like claws in fossil records and named it in honour of a movie star .

the 505 million year old fossil called kooteninchela deppi ( pronounced koo - ten - ee - che - la depp - eye ) , which is a distant ancestor of lobsters and scorpions , was named after the actor johnny depp for his starring role as edward scissorhands - a movie about an artificial man named edward , an unfinished creation , who has scissors for hands .

kooteninchela deppi is helping researchers to piece together more information about life on earth during the cambrian period when nearly all modern animal types emerged .

kooteninchela deppi lived in very shallow seas , similar to modern coastal environments , off the cost of british columbia in canada , which was situated much closer to the equator 500 million years ago . the sea temperature would have been much hotter than it is today and although coral reefs had not yet been established , kooteninchela deppi would have lived in a similar environment consisting of sponges .

the researcher believes that kooteninchela deppi would have been a hunter or scavenger . its large edward scissorhands - like claws with their elongated spines may have been used to capture prey , or they could have helped it to probe the sea floor looking for sea creatures hiding in sediment .

kooteninchela deppi was approximately four centimetres long with an elongated trunk for a body and millipede - like legs , which it used to scuttle along the sea floor with the occasional short swim .

the researcher discovered that kooteninchela deppi belongs to a group known as the ‘great - appendage’ arthropods , or megacheirans , which refers to the enlarged pincer - like frontal claws that they share . the ‘great - appendage’ arthropods are an early relation of arthropods , which includes spiders , scorpions , centipedes , millipedes , insects and crabs .

david legg adds : “just imagine it : the prawns covered in mayonnaise in your sandwich , the spider climbing up your wall and even the fly that has been banging into your window and annoyingly flying into your face are all descendants of kooteninchela deppi . current estimates indicate that there are more than one million known insects and potentially 10 million more yet to be categorised , which potentially means that kooteninchela deppi has a huge family tree . ”

in the future , david legg intends to further his research and study fossilised creatures from the ordovician , the geological period that saw the largest increase in diversity of species on the planet . he hopes to understand why this happened in order to learn more about the current diversity of species on earth .

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dr david legg , a paleontologist with the department of earth science and engineering at imperial college london , has discovered an ancient creature with scissor hand - like claws and named it after the actor johnny depp for his portrayal of edward scissorhands in the 1990 film about an artificial man who has scissors for hands .

bibliographic information : david legg . 2013 . multi - segmented arthropods from the middle cambrian of british columbia ( canada ) . journal of paleontology 87 ( 3 ) : 493 - 501

juvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows

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celebrity names will be preserved for posterity in film reels , heaps of tabloid magazines and taxonomy textbooks , too .

a fossil of the organism , a distant ancestor of lobsters and scorpions , has pinchers that recalled edward scissorhands , the misunderstood monster played by depp in the eponymous 1990 tim burton movie , according to the researcher who named it . [ starstruck : species named after celebrities ]

" when i first saw the pair of isolated claws in the fossil records of this species i could not help but think of edward scissorhands , " david legg , who studied the creature as part of his doctorate research at the imperial college london , said in a statement .

the fossil was found in kootenay national park in british columbia , canada , which would have been much closer to the equator 500 million years ago , during the cambrian period .

legg believes kooteninchela deppi , which measured just 1 . 5 inches ( 4 centimeters ) in length , would have scuttled across the sand in a shallow sea environment , hunting or scavenging for food . its large claws have elongated spines , which may have been used to capture prey or probe the seafloor for meals hiding under the sediment .

it also had large , fly - like eyes with many lenses nestled atop movable stalks to look out for food and avoid predators , the researcher said .

depp is far from the first celebrity to get a taxonomic tribute . from beyonce to arnold schwarzenegger to roy orbison , the rich and famous have sometimes had entire species named after them , an honor once reserved for scientists .

kooteninchela deppi is a primitive relative of today ' s arthropods , a group that includes spiders , scorpions , centipedes , millipedes , insects and crabs .

" just imagine it : the prawns covered in mayonnaise in your sandwich , the spider climbing up your wall and even the fly that has been banging into your window and annoyingly flying into your face are all descendants of kooteninchela deppi , " legg added .

his description of the species was published this month in the journal of paleontology .

follow megan gannon on twitter and google + . follow us @ livescience , facebook & google + . original article on live science .

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full reference : d . legg . 2013 . multi - segmented arthropods from the middle cambrian of british columbia ( canada ) . journal of paleontology 87 ( 3 ) : 493 - 501

smarter homes are better for the planet . here ' s how to get on board

an ancient species has been named after edward scissorhands because of the shape of its claws .

an artist ' s impression has been released of the newly - discovered creepy - crawly by imperial college london .

its fossilised remains show it had sharp claws , triggering comparisons with the 1990 film .

the animal would have lived in shallow seas similar to modern coastal environments off the coast of british columbia in canada .

phd student david legg said : " when i first saw the pair of isolated claws in the fossil records of this species i could not help but think of edward scissorhands .

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the cuban bullfinch ( melopyrrha nigra ) is a songbird species of the monotypic genus melopyrrha .

sometimes classified in the bunting and american sparrow family ( emberizidae ) , more recent studies have shown it to be part of the tanager family ( thraupidae ) .

therein , it belongs to the lineage of tholospizan " finches " , which also includes the famous darwin 's finches .

it is found in the cayman islands , there only on grand cayman , and cuba .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , and heavily degraded former forest .

it is not considered a threatened species by the iucn .

cuban bullfinch

cuban bullfinch <EOT> cuban bullfinch is an inquisitive species . he / she will seek you out . i recorded this song on the mastic trail and was met by multiple cuban bullfinch . it seemed that everytime i rested that quietly a cuban bullfinch would chek me out .

rising , j . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . cuban bullfinch ( pyrrhulagra nigra ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .

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ioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) , website ( version 5 . 3 )

gill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2015 . ioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) . available at urltoken [ accessed 04 september , 2015 ]

zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2015 . 02 . 01 , website ( version 01 - feb - 15 )

disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

authors : xochitl ayón güemes , edwin ruiz rojas , and eduardo e . iñigo - elias

ayón güemes , x . , e . ruiz rojas , and e . e . iñigo - elias ( 2013 ) .

) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .

treated in melopyrrha in hbw ( see genus pyrrhulagra ) . usually considered conspecific with p . taylori . monotypic .

cuba ( including some larger cays in sabana - camagüey archipelago , cayo saetía , and cayo cantiles and cayo arenoso in los canarreos archipelago ) and i of pines .

14–15 cm ; male 9–18·4 g , female 10·2–18·3 g , unsexed 9–22 g . small , dark finch with curved bill and white band on edge of wing . . . .

song ( given from male atop a low tree ) a thin melodious trill that ascends or descends in pitch , . . .

semi - deciduous , evergreen and open woodland , second growth , coastal vegetation ( including . . .

feeds on insects , seeds and fruit . incidental observations during breeding season in w cuba recorded birds taking fruit (

season mar–aug , usually until jul , with display noted from jan . both pair members construct a large spherical bulky mass with . . .

not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . restricted - range species : confined to the cuba eba . population size has not been quantified . reasonably common . . .

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newly constituted subfamily ( “dome - nesting tanagers” ) that includes nectarivores , seed - eaters and insectivores , with a high proportion of insular species ( including “darwin’s finches” ) , all of them with the exception of coereba treated in emberizidae in hbw ; all build covered or domed nests with side entrances .

this name ( type portoricensis ) has priority over melopyrrha # r ( type nigra ) , which in hbw was used for a single species ( nigra ) .

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greg baker , josep del hoyo , eduardo tejeda lima , pascal vagner , adolfo aragüés .

david lingard , holger teichmann , hal and kirsten snyder , dusan m . brinkhuizen , ken havard , yvonne stevens , dubi shapiro , greg baker , petemorris .

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established status : species were formerly present in florida , but are no longer present .

3 seen in 2 years , unknown if it is an escaped caged bird or a vagrant .

robertson , w . b . , and g . e . woolfenden . 1992 . florida bird species : an annotated list . florida ornithological society , gainesville , florida , usa .

fwc facts : some snook can change sex from male to female . as a result , larger and older specimens are more likely to be female .

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tomeguin de la tierra - galltio de canto - tiaris olivacea cantando , yellow faced grassquit singing .

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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :

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agonopterix rotundella is a moth of the depressariidae family .

it is found in most of europe , except the fennoscandia and most of the balkan peninsula .

the wingspan is 14 – 17 mm .

adults are on wing from september to may , overwintering as an adult .

the larvae feed on daucus carota and laserpitium gallicum .

they initially mine the leaves of their host plant .

the mine has the form of a small , irregular full depth corridor .

older larvae vacate their mines and continue feeding among spun leaves .

larvae can be found from june to august .

they are green with darker length lines and a brownish black head .

agonopterix rotundella

agonopterix rotundella <EOT> valter jacinto marked " borboleta noturna / / moth ( agonopterix rotundella ) " as trusted on the " agonopterix rotundella " page .

two new species of agonopterix ( depressariidae , lepidoptera ) from europe . - pubmed - ncbi

wingspan c . 15 mm . a relatively uniform - looking agonopterix , with buffish forewings broken by two or three black dots and occasional scattered blackish scales . the specific name rotundella refers to the rather rounded termen of the forewing .

the species agonopterix tripunctaria sp . nov . and agonopterix medelichensis sp . nov . are described . a . tripunctaria , previously misidentified as agonopterix nodiflorella ( millière , 1866 ) , was recognized as specifically different by the distinctive male genitalia . 19 specimens have been examined , dna - barcoding yielded full 658 bp fragment of coi from two specimens and a 639 bp sequence from a third , confirming the impression of a rather isolated species . specimens from italy , slovenia , croatia and greece had been checked , among them one reared from ferulago campestris . a . medelichensis was misidentified as agonopterix rotundella ( douglas , 1846 ) in nhmv ; its male genitalia are erroneously depicted as a . rotundella in hannemann ( 1953 ) and ( 1995 ) . 20 specimens have been examined , from one a 555 bp fragment of coi was obtained , confirming that it is not closely related to a . rotundella . specimens from austria , italy , hungary , slovakia , croatia and greece have been checked , among them one reared from trinia glauca , which had been misidentified as a . hippomarathri . a report of a . rotundella from russia also belongs to this species .

enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .

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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken

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notes : nationally scarce ( na ) on downland and coastal cliffs in england and wales , from cornwall to kent , northwards along the western coast as far as cheshire ; the isle of man , yorkshire and northumberland ( mbgbi vol 4 part 1 ) ; uncommon in wales and scotland . very rare on the isle of wight , with just 13 records prior to the present century ; however , increased recording since 2010 has turned up single records in most years . not recorded from hampshire to date . wingspan 14 - 17 mm . larva mines leaves of wild carrot , subsequently living within a leaf - roll .

the adult lives from september to may , overwintering among low vegetation . it will come to light positioned near its habitat .

the larva feeds , june to august , on wild carrot ( daucus carota ) , from a thickly folded leaf sewn with white silk . it appears to prefer short plants in full sun on coastal downs and cliffs in england , wales , southern scotland and ireland . recorded inland in the past , it now appears to be confined to coasts .

ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .

the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .

looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .

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in modern times only recorded from friston and holywell although more widespread in the victorian era . the larvae feed on wild carrot ( pratt , 2011 ) . nationally , adults fly from september to may ( mbgbi ) .

a maximum of five species may be selected . the data for each species can be then viewed on the same page . tick the box below to select this species .

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first for dumfries & galloway was found at an unknown site by person unknown prior to 2001 ( mogbi data ) .

warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .

mag . peter buchner , scheibenstraße 335 , 2625 schwarzau am steinfeld , austria . ; email : buchner . 324 @ tele2 . at .

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for the county , we have a total of 1 records from 1 sites . first recorded in 1986 .

vc61 . south landing , flamborough , 13 . 5 . 1986 det . heb ( ase ) .


the wingspan is about 6 – 7 mm .

the hindwings are grey .

adults have been recorded on wing from march to april and from july to september in three generations per year .

the larvae feed on polymnia uvedalia .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

larvae of the first generation mine only in the lowest pair of leaves .

larvae of the second generation can be found in august and the third generation feeds in october and overwinters in the pupal stage .

the mine is winding , with a fine central line of frass .

pupation takes place in a white cocoon .

bucculatrix polymniae

bucculatrix polymniae <EOT> bucculatrix polymniae is a moth in the bucculatricidae family . it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from kentucky and ohio . the wingspan is about 6–7 mm . the forewings are brown , darkest brown between the silvery streaks . the hindwings are grey . adults have been recorded on wing from march to april and from july to september . . .

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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .

the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .

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attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .

all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .

created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .

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symmetrischema capsica , the pepper flowerbud moth , is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by bradley and povolný in 1965 .

it is found mexico , the west indies , the caribbean ( trinidad and tobago ) and the south-eastern united states , where it has been recorded florida and texas .

the length of the forewings is 3-3.5 mm .

the forewings are ash-gray , mottled with dark gray and yellowish-orange and with two or three grayish-black longitudinal dashes .

the hindwings are gray .

the larvae feed in the flower buds of capsicum annuum and physalis species .

symmetrischema capsica

symmetrischema capsica <EOT> ecology and natural control of symmetrischema capsica bradley & povolny ) a pest of peppers ( capsicum spp . )

" ecology and natural control of symmetrischema capsica bradley & povolny ) a pest of peppers ( capsicum spp . ) "

ecology and natural control of symmetrischema capsica bradley & povolny ) a pest of peppers ( capsicum spp . ) [ 1981 ]

" ecology and natural control of symmetrischema capsica bradley & povolny ) a pest of peppers ( capsicum spp . ) [ trinidad ] "

" biology and description of stages of symmetrischema capsica ( bradley and povolny ) [ a pest of peppers ( capsicum spp . ) ] . "

biology and description of stages of symmetrischema capsica ( bradley and povolny ) [ a pest of peppers ( capsicum spp . ) ] . [ 1979 ]

species symmetrischema capsicum - pepper flowerbud moth - hodges # 2032 - bugguide . net

gnorimoschema capsica bradley & povolný , 1965 ; bull . ent . res . 56 ( 1 ) : 58 ; tl : lesser antilles

symmetrischema inexpectatum povolný , 1967 ; acta ent . mus . natn . pragae 37 : 60

symmetrischema capsicivorum povolný , 1973 ; acta ent . bohemoslov . 70 : 209 ; tl : peru , lambayeque

symmetrischema kendallorum blanchard & knudson , 1982 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 84 ( 3 ) : 628 ; tl : texas , nueces co . , north padre island

symmetrischema striatellum ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 27

symmetrischema ( gnorimoschemini ) ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 27 ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 730 , 699 ( list )

symmetrischema escondidella landry , 2010 ; revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 730 , 699 ( list ) ; tl : galapagos , santa cruz , est . cient . charles darwin , el barranco , s 00°44 . 291 ' , w 90° 18 . 107 ' , 22m

symmetrischema capsicum can be separated from other species in this tool by the lack of a dark band on the posterior margin of the prothoracic shield , the trisetose l group on a9 , the rounded head , pale thoracic legs , the eastern united states distribution and the host being pepper or physalis . the legs of p . operculella are pigmented .

symmetrischema tangolias ; hodges & becker , 1990 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 92 ( 1 ) : 84 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 12 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 27

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adults are about 3 . 0 - 3 . 5 mm in forewing length . they are ash gray , mottled with dark gray and yellowish - orange with two or three grayish - black longitudinal dashes from median to preapex . the labial palpus is upturned . the hindwing is gray without hair - pencils in males . the abdomen has hair - pencils arising laterally from near the base of the eighth sternum in males . the male genitalia have a hood - shaped uncus with small lateral stubs , sagittate gnathos , valva short and thin with spatulate apex , and phallus with a short lateral process without numerous fine spines at the tip . females have an ostium with strongly sclerotized sclerites , with the caudal margin very slightly undulate , a stout funnel - shaped antrum leading into a very short ductus bursae , the colliculum well developed , and signum absent .

the prothoracic shield is uniformly brown or black . the line joining setae l1 and s2 is tangent to or passing through stemma i . the lateral setae of abdominal segment 9 are in a nearly vertical line . the legs are pale .

this species is superficially similar to keiferia gudmanella ( walsingham ) , but it differs by the hindwing not having hair - pencils in males of s . capsicum , whereas males of k . gudmanella have hair - pencils arising from near base of costa of the hind wing . also it can be differentiated by the male genital characters : the uncus is hood - shaped with small lateral stubs in s . capsicum , whereas the uncus is sickle - shaped in k . gudmanella .

eggs are laid on the youngest shoots near flower buds . after eclosing , larvae enter the bud . pupation is in the ground or debris but outside the flower bud in pepper . pupation in physalis occurs inside the fruit .

native to the west indies . usa ( florida , texas , in states bordering the gulf of mexico ) , mexico , west indies , caribbean ( trinidad , tobago ) .

= ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 730

phthorimaea altisona meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 46 ; tl : peru , huancayo , 10650ft

ardeola ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) ; j . linn . soc . lond . ( zool . ) 37 : 280

phthorimaea atrifascis meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 45 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800ft

borsaniella ( köhler , 1939 ) ( gnorimoschema ) ; an . soc . cient . argent . 128 : 370

gnorimoschema cestrivora clarke , 1950 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 40 : 288 , f . 4 - 4d ; tl : tucuman , argentina

chelaria conifera meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft

gnorimoschema fercularia meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 492 ; tl : texas , fort davis ( 5000ft ) , alpine ( 5000 - 8000ft )

insertum povolný , 1988 ; revta inst . cienc . nat ecol . 1 : 77

larva on physalis virginiana var . spathulaefolia blanchard & knudson , 1982 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 84 ( 3 ) : 630

gnorimoschema lectulifera meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 493 ; tl : texas , fort davis and alpine , 5000ft

phthorimaea loquax meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 45 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800ft

depressaria pallidochrella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 7 ) : 126 ; tl : kentucky

eucatoptus striatella murtfeldt , 1900 ; can . ent . 32 ( 6 ) : 163

larva on ( berries ) solanum nigrum murtfeldt , 1900 , can . ent . 32 ( 6 ) : 164

peru , new south wales , . . . , california . see [ maps ]

= ; hodges & becker , 1990 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 92 ( 1 ) : 84 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 27

= ; hodges & becker , 1990 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 92 ( 1 ) : 84 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28

larva on ( for _ gnorimoschema tuberosella ) solanum tuberosum busck , 1931 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 33 ( 3 ) : 60 , solanum nigrum powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 13

gelechia ( teleia ? ) ventralella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 348 , pl . 4 , f . 116

sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;

[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .

zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6

if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .

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larvae feed in the flower buds of capsicum annuum l . ( cayenne pepper ) , physalis spp . ( groundcherry ) .

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parambassis ranga , commonly known as the indian glassy fish , indian glassy perch or indian x-ray fish , is a species of freshwater fish in the asiatic glassfish family ambassidae of order perciformes .

it is native to an area of south asia from pakistan to malaysia .

the indian glassy fish has a striking transparent body revealing its bones and internal organs ; the male develops a dark edge to the dorsal fin .

the fish grows to a maximum overall length of 80 mm ( 3.1 in ) .

it occurs in standing water , especially in impoundments , and it breeds prolifically during the rainy season .

the species feeds on crustaceans , annelid worms , and other invertebrates .

it is , in turn , prey for larger fish , including snakeheads ( family channidae ) .

the indian glassy fish is not important as a food fish for humans , but is very common in the aquarium trade .

formerly classified as chanda ranga , the species is also known as the indian glassfish , indian glass perch , and siamese glassfish .

parambassis ranga

parambassis ranga <EOT> glassfish under the acropora . pesci vetro sotto un acropora . ( parambassis ranga ) by omar flumignan

our first encounter with dyed fish was back in the late 1980s . thousands of artificially coloured glassfish , parambassis ranga ( formerly chanda ranga ) were imported into the uk .

a . k . a . , parambassis ranga - - seen at the california academy of sciences in golden gate state park , san francisco .

giant glassfish ( parambassis gulliveri ) , darwin , northern territory , australia . by michael j barritt

glass fish ( parambassis ranga ) at the sydney aquarium . this type of fish is often sold in pet stores with neon stripes painted on them . they are much more attractive in their natural state .

considered valid as pseudambassis ranga ( hamilton , 1822 ) by eschmeyer and fricke ( 2012 ) .

macro of a tiny glass fish a . k . a . indian glassy fish ( scientific name : parambassis ranga ) . this one measured only a mere 1 . 2 centimeters from head to tail . the fish was laid on a glass bowl that ' s pretty old , hence all the scratches .

ambassis ranga : day , 1878 ; day , 1889 ; shaw and shebbeare , 1937 ; ahmad , n . 194 ; bhuiyan , 1964 .

species name : parambassis ranga synonym : ambassis alta , ambassis barlovi , ambassis notatus , ambassis ranga , chanda ranga , pseudambassis notatus , pseudambassis ranga common names : glassfish , indian glassfish family : ambassidae order : perciformes class : actinopterygii max . size : 8 cm / 3 inches environment : fresh water origin : asia . pakistan , india , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , and malaysia . temperament : peaceful , timid company : other small peaceful fish . water parameters : ph 7 . 0 - 8 . 2 , temperature 20 - 30°c / 68 - 86° f aquarium setup : parambassis ranga ( indian glassfish ) can be kept in small aquariums . decorate aquarium with free areas to swim in the middle and heavily planted areas around the sides . use rocks to create caves and hiding places . fish are easier to keep healthy if a small amount of salt is added to the water . feeding : accepts most foods including flakes . breeding : easy . raising the temperature and conducting water changes may trigger spawning . eggs are laid on broad leaved plants . the fry can be hard to raise .

the indian glassfish ( parambassis ranga ) is a lovely and unusual fish , that has been in the hobby / industry for many years . unfortunately , most of the indian glassfish that you will see in local fish stores are the “painted” or “dyed” ones , which should be avoided like the plague ; more on that later , i assure you .

the humphead glassfish tetra or the parambassis pulcinella come from the rivers and streams of myanmar and thailand . it apparently was not scientifically described till 2003 . i haven ' t found why it has a hump though .

nonetheless , this fish does best when kept in a dark , thickly planted tank alongside neons , cardinals , and other small , blackwater fish . while this fish resembles parambassis lala , the males are distinguished by their elongated dorsal and anal fin rays .

no fewer than three species are imported as common or indian glassfish , and in general , no attempt is made by the retailers to separate them . fortunately , all require much the same conditions to do well . the only difference between them is size  at 3cm / 11 / 3 " when fully grown , the smallest species , parambassis lala , is less than half the size of the largest , p . ranga . the third , p . siamensis , is somewhere between the two , averaging 5 - 6cm / 2 " - 21 / 4 " .

this fish is found in the clear streams , beels and canals . most abundant found during rainy season . it feeds on larvae and pupae of mosquito ( bhuiyan , 1964 ) . iqbal , et . al . ( 1995 - 96 ) also described about feeding habit of chanda ranga .

glassfish can be susceptible to fungal infections , and keeping them in slightly brackish water can prevent this . however , adding salt is not essential , and in the case of species that are strictly confined to freshwater , such as g . filamentosa and parambassis pulcinella , keeping them in brackish water over the long term will probably do more harm than good .

besides being muddled up by importers and retailers , glassfish have laboured under a variety of scientific names . older books consign all of them to the genus chanda , and many people still refer to them as such . more recently they were moved to another genus , ambassis , and this name remains common in literature . finally , some of the glassfish were divided up between two new genera , pseudambassis and parambassis .

iqbal , s . m . , mortuza , m . g . , parween , s . and hossain , m . a . 1995 - 1996 . length - weight relationship and condition factor of chanda nama ( hamilton ) and chanda ranga ( hamilton ) . rajshahi university studies ( part - b ) . 23 - 24 : p . 238 - 242 .

the situation is still far from resolved , but the three species of interest here are all in parambassis . thankfully , recent aquarium books , magazines and web sites tend to describe these fish under this name . as if the fact that you could have any one of three difficult - to - tell - apart species of glassfish in your tank wasn ' t enough , things get even more complicated when it comes to settling on their ideal water conditions .

omnivorous ( with preference for proteins ) : in the wild , this species feeds on crustaceans , earth worms and other invertebrates . in aquaria , p . ranga does best on a mix of live and frozen foods , including bloodworm , tubifex , brine shrimp , mysis shrimp and insect larvae such as glassworm . flake foods are also eagerly accepted , but shouldn ' t be fed exclusively . feed small amounts once or twice daily .

it is not inconceivable that a combination of the brackish myth , the susceptibility of the painted fish to disease and the fact that this is quite a short - lived species have given rise to the commonly held belief that this fish is hard to keep . in reality , it is a pretty and peaceful species , well - suited to many community tanks . one final point to note is that there are several other species in the genus which are often imported as p . ranga , as they look very similar . the most common of these are p . lala and p . siamensis . lala can be distinguished by it’s small ( 1 1 / 2″ ) adult size and the presence of three vertical bars behind it’s eye . ranga has a dark area behind the eye , whilst siamensis has no patterning here . p . siamensis is also a more elongate fish than the other 2 species .

previously known as chanda ranga , the common name of this species arose because it’s translucent skin means that the bone structure and internal organs are clearly visible . for many years it has been artificially injected with luminous dyes on fish farms in asia and then sold as “painted” glass fish or “disco fish” . this abhorrent act involves injecting the fish repeatedly with a large needle and most fish do not survive more than a few months afterwards . whilst painted fish of this and other species are still available in many countries , protracted campaigning has seen them virtually removed from uk stores .

there are two fish commonly referred to in the trade as glassfish ; the chanda ranga , and the chanda baculis . of these two southeast asian fish , the one most commonly used for painting would be the latter , chanda baculis . and true , in and of itself , this is no spectacular fish . obviously it’s got to be an easy catch for importers in the confines of its natural range , india , myanmar and thailand . i would speculate the initial fascination with this fish was its transparent body . you could see right inside , organs , bones , and everything . neat !

brackish or freshwater : because this fish is found in both slightly brackish and freshwater conditions , the fishkeeper may choose to replicate either habitat ( however more fish are found in freshwater distributions . ) it ' s recommended to ask the seller whether the fish has been kept in brackish or freshwater . in this way , if a change from brackish to freshwater needs to be made , it can be done gradually and without harm to the fish . clean , well - oxygenated water heated consistently to 68 – 86°f ( 20°c - 30°c ) best replicates riverine and lacustrine habitats p . ranga is native to .

p . ranga is peaceful and shy and should not be combined with vigorous or aggressive species . the choice of tankmates is also governed by the type of water in which it is being kept . in freshwater conditions , it can be kept with barbs , livebearers , smaller rainbowfish , loaches and many other small tropicals . in the brackish aquarium , mollies , bumblebee gobies and chromides are all possibilities . the indian glass fish is a shoaling species and will not do well if kept singly or in pairs . aim for a group of at least 6 . males do become somewhat territorial when spawning but physical damage is rare .

many books suggest that in an aquarium , p . wolffii does not grow any bigger than the ' dwarf ' species like p . ranga . this appears to be the result of confusion over which species was actually imported , with p . siamensis often being sold as p . wolffii . recent imports of p . wolffii have brought them in at around 10cm / 4 " , and it is probably safe to say that if looked after well , these fish will continue to grow . in other words , this species shouldn ' t be bought on the hope that it will stay small if kept in a small aquarium .

glassfish have a reputation for being delicate and tricky to keep  is this because brackish water is harmful to them ? most likely not since p . lala and p . ranga are found in brackish water , albeit rarely . of the three , only p . siamensis is entirely restricted to freshwater . adding too much salt may stress them over the long term , and these fish certainly don ' t need strongly brackish conditions like scats or monos . a specific gravity of 1 . 005 or less is probably safe , which means that these fish could be mixed with bumblebee gobies , pipefish and other fish that do well in slightly brackish conditions .

body length is comparatively short from other chanda species and body is deeply compressed . head is also short and compressed and the snout is sharp . lateral line is partly distinct and partly absent . lower jaw is longer than the upper jaw . caudal forked . in shape and colour this fish resembles chanda nama but it is rather deeper in the body and shorter in length than the chanda nama . the chief distinction is in teeth which are all small in chanda ranga . the general body colour transparent yellowihs white . outer edge of both dorsals , anal and caudal tinged black . in young specimens which are locally known as “lal chanda” the body is brightly coloured with red and yellow . dorsals , anal and caudal scarlet is red . first dorsal and pelvic black tipped . the morphological description of this species is quite similar to rahman ( 2005 ) , bhuiyan ( 1964 ) , yadav ( 1997 ) and talwar and jhingran ( 2001 ) .

greek , para = near + greek , ambassis , anabasis = climbing up ( ref . 45335 )

freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 9 - 19 ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 20°c - 30°c ( ref . 1672 ) ; 38°n - 1°n

asia : pakistan , india , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , malaysia ( ref . 4833 ) and nepal ( ref . 9496 ) .

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1479 )

found in sluggish and standing water . a common species proliferating in impoundments . most abundant during the rainy season . feeds on invertebrates ( ref . 12693 ) , worms and crustaceans ( ref . 7020 ) . breeds everywhere during the rains . builds a nest and guards its young . rare in markets and often found in the aquarium trade ( ref . 12693 ) . aquarium keeping : in groups of 5 or more individuals ; minimum aquarium size 60 cm ( ref . 51539 ) .

roberts , t . r . , 1994 . systematic revision of tropical asian freshwater glassperches ( ambassidae ) , with descriptions of three new species . nat . hist . bull . siam soc . 42 : 263 - 290 . ( ref . 10429 )

phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .

bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01479 ( 0 . 00728 - 0 . 03004 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .

trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 39 se ; based on food items .

resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . fec = 500 . ) .

vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 20 of 100 ) .

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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .

justification : the species is common or uncommon fish throughout its range and no threat recognized recently , it is assessed as least concern .

the species has an enormous range , from pakistan ( north west frontier province , punjab , sinh and azad kashmir ; mirza 2002 ) , the nepalese terai , india ( most of india , including the ganges drainage , the western ghats rivers , and chilka lake in orissa ; ( talwar and jhingran 1991 ) to the ayeyarwaddy and sittaung drainages in myanmar . records of the species from the salween basin in myanmar and thailand ( where it has also been recorded from the pai river , mai hong song province , and songkhla in peninsular thailand ) probably refer to other species ( c . vidthayanon pers . comm . 2012 ) . introduced elsewhere ( e . g . , japan ) .

common in suitable habitats throughout its range , less common in middle reaches and tributaries of the salween in thailand .

there is little fishery interest , though it is sometimes mixed with small foodfishes . this species is rarely found in the aquarium trade .

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india , pakistan , nepal , bangaldesh , myanmar , thailand , malaysia , cambodia , japan .

a dark substrate will help to make this shy species less nervous and encourage it to display its best colours . provide cover by planting some areas of the tank densely , along with some floating vegetation . rocks and driftwood can also be used . the fish can live in both freshwater and slightly brackish conditions .

males have blue edging to the dorsal and anal fins and are a slightly deeper yellow on the body than females . these differences are more apparent when the fish are breeding , as the colours become more intense . the swim bladder ( which is clearly visible ) has a pointed back edge in males .

not too difficult , although the fry are difficult to raise . provide the fish with a heavily planted aquarium of around 30″ x 12″ x 12″ . stock it with 6 - 8 adult fish . it is an advantage if the tank is situated so that it recieves direct sunlight in the morning . condition the group with a high quality , varied diet . during this period , maintain them at a temperature of around 70 - 75°f . a ph around neutral should be fine .

when the fish are inbreeding condition ( look for an intensifying of the colours of the males , and round bellies on the females ) , perform a large water change with warmer water ( around 80 - 84°f ) in the evening . the fish should spawn the following morning . each pair may deposit up to 200 eggs , and these will be found amongst the vegetation , stuck to plant leaves and stems . the adult fish can be removed at this point .

the eggs are very sensitive to fungussing and the entire tank should be dosed with a weak solution of methylene blue , or similar , in order to prevent this . they will hatch in around 24 hours and will be seen hanging from the plants . they become free swimming in another 3 - 4 days . they are quite difficult to raise , as they do not actively seek food . instead they wait for morsels to drift by . we suggest feeding quite heavily with brine shrimp nauplii and creating a slow current in the tank . regular small water changes will be required in order to keep the water conditions perfect .

now to dispel a myth about glass fish . according to most resources ( including the majority of internet sites ) , this species requires the addition of salt to its water to keep it at it’s best , often stating that it is susceptible to fungal infections when kept in freshwater . this is simply not true . whilst the fish can indeed be acclimatised to mildly brackish water ( and are found in brackish conditions in some of their habitats in nature ) , it is found most often in freshwater . additionally , many of these freshwater habitats actually contain quite soft , acidic water . when purchasing this fish , ask your dealer what conditions they are being kept in . if they are in freshwater , don’t be tempted to add salt to the tank when you get home , as there is no need .

this page will give a completely detailed profile of the selected fish , from a to z . the profiled fish will be chosen randomly by badman , and will come from the complete genre of tropical fish . new profiles are added on a regular basis . if you would like to submit a profile for the site please contact me . don ' t forget to let us know you experiences with this fish by filling out the

comment form . this profile was written by bunny an active contributor to the site .

these beautiful and delicate fish have the distinction of being so transparent that their bones and internal organs can be easily seen . when kept in groups of 6 or more , their timid personalities are replaced by bold and curious natures . they can be easily kept in freshwater , and also have the option of being kept in very mild brackish environment .

school of 6 : 25 gallons ( 94 . g liters ) or larger .

1 –1 . 010 ( can be kept in very mild brackish or freshwater . )

asia : pakistan , india , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , malaysia in rivers , lakes , standing water and reservoirs ; both brackish and freshwater .

this delicate fish is deep - bodied and laterally compressed . fins are long and rounded with the exception of two separate , pointed dorsal fins ; caudal fin is moderately long and forked . back is arched . mouth is small and dorsally - located . forehead is indented slightly . eyes are relatively large .

body and fins are primarily silvery transparent with a pale amber to green iridescence . spine and other bones and internal organs are clearly visible . dorsal and anal fins of males are edged in greyish - blue . when males are in spawning condition , their amber color intensifies and fins may display a coral color proximally .

indian glassy fish have often been sold as having been " dyed " or " painted , " a process by which numerous injections of colored dye are made into the fish ' s transparent tissue to make them more brightly colored . the process is cruel , far from painless , opens the fish up to opportunistic diseases such as fin rot , ich and lymphocystis , and has been shown to shorten their lives considerably ( from 6 months instead of their natural lifespan of approximately 5 – 8 years . )

please remember that the following comments are personal experiences and may or may not apply to your setup . use them as guide to help better understand your fish , like us all individuals will behave differently under different circumstances .

from : carol h date : 10 / 01 / 2015 timid fish ? ha ! i bought six and placed them in a 75 gallon tank that also contained a male betta i was quarantining because he was a bully . the glass fish took very little time to school together and promptly start following the betta , even taking a nip at his tail ! i tried to distract them with frozen bloodworms , and they left off . however , the betta began avoiding them whenever possible , staying under the powerful filter current that he had such a hard time swimming under . it ' s true the glass fish swim away when i approach the tank , but they are bold and curious otherwise . and they are positively rapacious when i feed them . unfortunately , they seem picky . they don ' t care for brine shrimp or freeze dried tubifex , and never notice pellets whether they float or sink . they also won ' t scavenge the bottom , even if there ' s juicy bloodworms on it . even the betta isn ' t so picky !

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breeding time of this species is may - october . it breeds in confined water ( talwar and jhingran , 2001 ) .

this species is popular small indigenous species of fish of bangladesh . most of them are taken for drying in northern region of bangladesh . it is very much famous food in rural bangladesh . good source of nutrition but low price in the market . though it is small and bony people like it as food ( rahman , 2005 ) .

ahmad ( 1943 ) states that the fish breeds freely in confined water . in confinement , on an average it feeds on about 120 larvae and pupae of mosquito a day during the first few days but this number continues to decrease as time passes .

ahmad , n . 1943 . “fauna of lahore . 5 fishes of lahore . ” bull . dep . zoo1 punjub univ . lahore . pp . 253 - 374 .

bhuiyan , a . l . 1964 . fishes of dacca . asiatic soc . pakistan , publ . no . 13 , dacca . pp . 101 - 102 .

day , f . 1878 . fishes of india . william dowson and sons . , london . p . 51 .

day , f . 1889 . fishes . fauna . brit . india . william dowson and sons . , london . 1 - 2 : p . 484 .

hamilton , f . 1822 . fishes of the ganges . archibald constable and company , edinburgh . pp . 113 - 114 .

menon , a . g . k . 1974 . fishes of the himalayan and indo - gangetic plains . inland fisheries society of india sp . publ . 1 . p . 136 .

rahman , a . k . a . 2005 . freshwater fishes of bangladesh . the zoological society of bangladesh , dhaka . pp . 340 - 341 .

shafi , m . and quddus , m . m . a . 1982 . bangladesher matshya sampad ( in bengali ) . dhaka . pp . 268 - 269 .

shaw , g . e . and shebbeare , e . o . 1937 . fishes of northern bengal . j . royal asiat . soc . bengal science . p . 110 .

talwar , p . k . and jhingran , a . g . 2001 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . oxford and ibh publishing co . pvt . ltd . new delhi . 2 : pp . 805 - 806 .

yadav , b . n . 1997 . fish and fisheries . daya publishing house , calcutta . p . 320 .

ex - student , department of fisheries , university of rajshahi , rajshahi - 6205 , bangladesh . more . . .

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native fish : north - west glassfish ( ambassis sp . ) , finniss river catchment , northern territory

male has a pointed swimbladder , whereas females ' are rounded . males also have blue edging on the dorsal and anal fins and have slightly deeper yellow colouration on the body than females . these colours are at their most vibrant when the fish are spawning .

in a freshwater set up . male indian glassfish can become territorial when spawning but physical damage is rare . males can be identified by their pointed swim bladder , whereas females have a more rounded one , a slight yellow tinge to their bodies and a blue edging on their dorsal and anal fins . the males ' colors are much more vibrant when they are in spawning condition .

will not live on flake alone , and live and frozen foods should be offered regularly .

this is not actually a brackish water species despite popular belief and does best in freshwater that is slightly acidic to slightly alkaline , ph 6 . 5 to 7 . 5 . should be provided areas of cover in the from of plants and other décor .

. these fish traditionally have a transparent high - sided body with visible skeleton . if they are found with any hint of unnatural looking colour , they have been dyed and should not be purchased .

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freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 9 - 19 ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 20°c - 30°c ( ref . 1672 ) , preferred ? ; 38°n - 1°n

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obviously named for its translucent flesh , the glassfish is an interesting , slightly odd addition to the right aquarium . glassfish are a schooling fish , and prefer to be kept in groups of five or more . they can be kept in smaller numbers , but they will be shy and will spend much of their time hiding . even when kept in larger numbers , they tend to not be aggressive , though they can get to be very bold and energetic .

glassfish have a reputation for being difficult to keep alive , but this belief largely stems from the myth that they require brackish water to survive . in nature , these fish live in standing water such as bodies created from dammed mountain streams , not estuaries or other areas of brackish water . if they are kept in true freshwater , they seem to be fairly hardy fish , no more difficult to keep than many tetras .

i am currently unaware of the difficulty of breeding glassfish in the aquarium . in the wild , they breed prolifically during the rainy season . if the tank ' s water temperature is raised to 85° and the fish are fed a healthy diet of high protein food , they may be induced to breed in an aquarium .

one particular note about glassfish is that , due to their transparent flesh , they are often injected with fluorescent dye . the result is a glassfish with fluorescent dots floating in its body . most of these fish do not survive the dyeing process , and those that do are four times as likely to develop certain viral infections as undyed glassfish . for more information on this , check out the article on dyed fish .

to induce spawning they need slightly brackish water conditions with elevated temperatures . they may place eggs on plant leaves . raising the fry is another story all together . considered difficult .

a few specimens could likely be kept in a species - only 10g . 20g and at least five glassfish is preferable .

many . would likely make excellent dither fish in groups of five or more . would also make good " target " fish for species that get aggressive during mating . glassfish are very fast swimmers , and also seem to be playful . obviously , avoid predators large enough to eat the glassfish . purely aggressive tank mates may not be the best choice , though glassfish may do well in a tank with semi - aggressive fish and plenty of hiding places .

page includes symptoms , diagnosis and treatment info . only painted glassfish seem to be particularly susceptible to any particular disease . painting seems to encourage ich and fin rot immediately after paining , and makes the fish more likely to develop lymphocystis , a viral infection that causes white cysts on the body and fins , throughout its life .

frozen or fresh , mostly carnivorous diet . generally do not eat dry food , according to several sources . that being said , i have fed my glassfish nothing but flakes and freeze - dried bloodworms , and they are always eager to eat .

supposedly mid to bottom . this may be a result of lethargy induced by brackish water . in purely freshwater tanks , they range across the entire depth of the aquarium .

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neale monks explains how to keep the many varieties of glassfish on sale at specialist aquatic shops . here is an extract of the complete article .

glassfish are a regular fixture in tropical fish stores , though often not for the right reasons .

for many years they were almost always imported as ' disco fish ' , with fluorescent paints injected into their bodies to create brightly coloured fish that appealed to inexperienced fishkeepers .

however pretty these disco fish might be , the process of dyeing is known to harm their health , as well as being cruel and unnecessary . in particular , dyed glassfish are significantly more likely to contract lymphocystis than undyed fish .

since 1996 , practical fishkeeping has encouraged retailers not to stock these dyed fish , and disco fish are now far less frequently offered for sale than before . a knock - on effect has been that glassfish have slipped off the radar as far as many fishkeepers are concerned , and finding them can sometimes be tricky .

which is a pity as undyed glassfish have a subtle beauty that is easily overlooked when kept with brightly coloured , showier fish like fancy livebearers and neon tetras .

traditionally these were viewed as brackish fish , and most books suggest adding an amount of salt to their aquarium . however , collectors say these fish are found primarily in freshwater habitats , sometimes even soft and acidic ones .

however , the ideal water conditions are much more like those of other south - east asian freshwater fish : a neutral ph , not too hard , a steady but not overbearing water current , and plenty of oxygen . although not fussy about water chemistry , glassfish can be awkward when it comes to feeding . they rarely , if ever , accept flake , and even some frozen foods are rejected .

my glassfish don ' t show any interest in frozen bloodworm or mosquito larvae , though they enjoy both as live food . frozen lobster eggs , by contrast , are readily accepted and make an inexpensive and convenient staple food . frozen lobster eggs are sometimes difficult to find  look for them in stores specialising in marine invertebrates since they ' re primarily used to feed corals and giant clams . each egg is tiny , but they ' re rich in fat and protein , and the glassfish seem to go wild for them , darting about , snapping up the eggs .

a newcomer to the hobby is the hump - head glassfish , p . pulcinella . only discovered in 2003 , it has already become something of a staple and while expensive , is relatively easy to obtain . a classic oddball , this fish not only retains the silvery transparency of the smaller glassfish species , but also sports a spectacular nuchal hump .

males have more strongly developed humps than females , and by any standards , these are extraordinary fish . p . pulcinella is a schooling fish , and given that this species grows to around 20cm / 8 " , it is obviously best suited to a large aquarium . not much is known about the health of this fish in captivity , but since the fish normally inhabits fast - flowing waters , good filtration and plenty of oxygen are probably crucial to long - term health .

in terms of social behaviour , p . pulcinella is a bit problematic . as with many schooling fish , there is a definite pecking order within the group and if too few are kept , dominant specimens will harass weaker individuals . you probably want to keep at least six specimens , ideally ten or more . if you only have the option of keeping three or four specimens , the safest approach is to keep just a single male in the tank , on the assumption that the most aggressive fish within a school tend to be the males .

another giant glassfish is p . wolffii . like p . pulcinella , it is an inhabitant of fresh , not brackish , water and is very widely distributed in slow - moving rivers throughout south - east asia . an adult p . wolffii is an impressive fish despite not being particularly transparent , with sturdy , spiny fins and a rather menacing face !

these fish probably have most appeal to those with an interest in oddball predators , which these most definitely are . at an adult length of 20 / 8 " cm , it can easily swallow fish as large as platies and small barbs . on the other hand , it is completely peaceful with gouramis , catfish and barbs of comparable size .

by far the most infrequently imported glassfish , though many would say also the most beautiful , is gymnochanda filamentosa .

this fish is an inhabitant of acidic , blackwater streams similar to those associated with discus , though it does tolerate hard or slightly brackish water surprisingly well .

of all the glassfish , this species is generally considered the most delicate , and it is best left to advanced hobbyists .

keeping glassfish generally presents no problems once the fish are settled in and feeding properly . the main problem is that many fish may not have eaten much over the weeks that they have been in the fish shop .

since glassfish usually refuse flake or dried foods , if they have not been provided with live or frozen foods , they can quickly become weak and disease prone . ask the retailer what the glassfish have been fed on : if the answer is flake food , you can assume that the fish will be underweight and will need to be looked after especially well once you bring them home .

they are not particularly disease - prone , though whitespot can be a problem . some glassfish , most notably gymnochanda filamentosa , do not have any scales on their bodies and are in fact very sensitive to skin parasites . fortunately , glassfish respond well to commercial whitespot treatments .

glassfish are generally not aggressive , and the smaller species prefer to be kept with quiet tankmates . persistently aggressive species like the larger cichlids , pufferfish and some of the sharks and loaches are bad choices , even for the larger species of glassfish . on the other hand , the small species get along very well with small community fish , and since they are fast - moving midwater fish , they manage to keep out of the way of territorial dwarf cichlids like microgeophagus ramirezi and pelvicachromis pulcher .

in short , glassfish are ideal for the peaceful community , much misunderstood over the years , but beginning to be truly appreciated by those looking for something a bit different .

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indian glassfish are found in nature , as the first name of the fish suggests , in the region of india and other countries such as pakistan and malaysia . as the second name would indicate , the indian glassfish has a totally transparent body – “clear as glass . ” all of the bones can be clearly seen , as can the organ sac and some individual organs . the fish has a slightly yellowish cast to the body overall , but it is the fact that the body is transparent that really defines the fish .

indian glassfish have had a bad reputation as being a difficult fish to keep . most of this is because of a myth that has been powerful in the aquarium hobby / industry for many years that indian glassfish require salt in their water ; often it is erroneously stated that they require “brackish” water . a small amount of salt is fine for almost any fish . keeping a freshwater fish in brackish water will , in fact , lead to their difficulty in keeping . please note : this topic of whether indian glassfish require salt in their water , or even brackish water , is somewhat controversial . i base my statement that they do not need salt on talking with suppliers in the far east , and on my own experience . i freely acknowledge that others take the “they need salt” point of view .

once we have established that the indian glassfish does not need salt in its water , the other water parameters it requires are very simple to achieve , as they are wide ranges . ph should be in the range from 6 . 5 to 7 . 5 , with moderate hardness . they do well at a wide temperature range from 70 to 85 degrees f . indian glassfish do best in schools of five or more fish , and they like to have some thickets of plants where they can hide . they can be a bit nippy toward each other , but will usually not bother any other tank mates . indian glassfish are not , however , above eating any small tetra or other fish that can fit into their mouth .

for regular feeding they initially may require frozen , freeze - dried or live brine shrimp , mysis shrimp or bloodworms , but usually they will accommodate to dry prepared foods as they become accustomed to their surroundings . when you buy your indian glassfish it is a good idea to ask the local fish store what they are eating – and ask them to feed the indian glassfish before you purchase them .

indian glassfish are typical egg scatterers , although they are not frequently bred by hobbyists . this may be because of the reputation that these fish have for being difficult to keep , let alone breed . or it may simply be because there are so many other interesting fish to devote your tanks , time and money to getting to breed . if you do successfully breed indian glassfish i am sure that your local fish store would be pleased to buy the babies from you when they are up to a reasonable size .

unfortunately , the original form of indian glassfish ( how they are in nature ) are not what is seen most often in local fish stores . instead , what many stores offer are the “painted” or “dyed” indian glassfish , which they sell under various names . these fish are the natural indian glassfish that has either been injected with dyes in small spots in a pattern on the fish , or where the entire fish has been dyed some horrific purple , green or other color .

this is a painted indian glass fish . these are injected with a dye and should be avoided . photo by quatermass / wikipedia

if my bias is coming through on this issue – good ! i feel very strongly that painted and dyed fish have no place in our hobby / industry . many store owners who i know well , and respect , carry painted and dyed fish . their argument is “if i don’t carry painted glassfish my customers will go to joe’s fish store to buy them . ” sorry , but i do not buy that line of reasoning . there are , in fact , many stores who will have nothing to do with painted or dyed fish , and their business are thriving . please – do not buy painted or dyed fish of any kind , including when fish with a tattooed heart on them are available around valentine’s day . please note : painted and dyed fish must be distinguished from the glofish – the brightly colored zebra fish , tetras and other fish that are being produced by the industry . glofish are a genetic variation ( albeit with a gene for the colors introduced from a different animal ) , and i have no problem with them at all . in fact , glofish have probably brought more kids into the hobby than we can imagine , and that is a good thing , and i don’t think they are any different from fancy goldfish or guppies , that bear little semblance to the wild fish , but were achieved by the breeders’ art – not women in indonesia injecting fish with dyes .

natural indian glassfish are terrific fish , and they are not at all as difficult to keep as they have the reputation for . painted and dyed fish – be they indian glassfish , black tetras or any other fish – should not be encouraged . i will end by relating something that i saw a couple of years ago when i was wholesaling and delivering fish . i was dropping off the fish order for a good store ( one that has been in business many years , where the owners and staff all really know fish ) . a woman asked the owner if she could have two of the painted glassfish . the owner said of course , but he wanted her to know that the colors would fade in six weeks or so . the woman’s response was “oh , i don’t expect them to live that long ! ”

perhaps this burned my disapproval for painted and dyed fish deeper into my mind – as it is surely not what we want to hear from anyone keeping tropical fish .

keep the natural indian glassfish – and please do not keep the painted or dyed ones . in fact , please tell any store that carries them that you do not approve of this practice .

for this , my inaugural piece for the conscientious aquarist , i have to go back to where it all started . i don’t mean genesis . i don’t mean the ice age . i don’t even mean the frameless aquarium . and what do i mean by " it ? "

" it , " is what i believe is the causal effect that should have opened our eyes to the fact that we need to start looking into the role within the hobby we have to take as hobbyists . in this case , i believe , is the appearance / emergence of “painted” glassfish . now i hear you hollering out , “oh , come on glass , ( no pun intended , or maybe there is ) there have been worse problems to deal with before that . what about releasing oscars and piranha into floridian waters ? what about cyaniding philippine coral reefs ? what about this , what about that ? ” they are all legitimate concerns . ( especially the “what about thats” )

what i’m talking about here is when the envelope was pushed way too far . once we started accepting dyed fish into our hobby , we’d done just went too dang far . i can’t help but imagine some seedy fish exporter looking over his bottom line , exclaiming , “we’re just not selling enough glassfish . . . we must sell more glassfish ! ” in an effort to make 3 more cents a day , some cerebral little boy meekly shimmies over to the fishlord and mumbles , “we should paint them , sir . ”

the boy , a little stronger in voice articulates , “we should paint them sir . . . bright colors , then people would buy them” .

the fishlord twirls his feathery beard , and shouts , “everyone , stop what you’re doing ! ” the little boy smiles , sensing a full loaf of bread for dinner tonight .

the fishlord kicks him in the rear , sends him away boisterously glowering , “mind your manners , you little impish slug . how dare you make my idea your own ! now git . you’re fired”

yes , i have a way of letting my imagination run away with me , but you do get a glimpse of the picture here , don’t you ? so let’s talk about the “glassfish” before the world of fluorescence brandished it’s nasty brush on the scaly canvas .

i must admit when i re - entered the hobby , post - childhood around 1986 , my eyes fell upon a tank labeled “painted glassfish” . they were transparent with a spinal stripe , colored either pink , or yellow , or orange , or blue , or purple , or green . wow ! they were pretty neat . i wondered why i never saw them as a kid . i woulda bought a bunch of them . i asked the store employee if they were real . it was a dumb question and i got a dumber answer . “uh , yeah they’re real . all the fish here are real . ”