heliconius demeter , the demeter longwing , is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family .

it was described by otto staudinger in 1897 .

it is found in the amazon basin , from guyana to peru and bolivia .

the habitat consists of sand forests .

the larvae are gregarious and feed on dilkea and mitostemma species .

full-grown larvae have a yellow body with black spots or bands and a black head .

they reach a length of about 20 mm .

heliconius demeter

heliconius demeter <EOT> andrew brower marked " file : heliconius demeter bouqueti mhnt . jpg " as trusted on the " heliconius demeter staudinger , 1896 " page .

andrew brower marked " file : heliconius demeter bouqueti mhnt ventre . jpg " as trusted on the " heliconius demeter staudinger , 1896 " page .

andrew brower marked " file : heliconius demeter bouqueti mhnt dos . jpg " as trusted on the " heliconius demeter staudinger , 1896 " page .

heliconius demeter , the demeter longwing , is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family . it was described by otto staudinger in 1897 . it is found in the amazon basin , from guyana to peru and bolivia . the habitat consists of sand forests .

the helicomans of brazil ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) part vi . aspects of the biology and ecology of heliconius demeter , with description of four new subspecies

the heliconians of brazil ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae ) . part iv . aspects of the biology and ecology of heliconius demeter , with description of four new subspecies

" demeter . " encyclopedia mythica from encyclopedia mythica online . urltoken [ accessed may 22 , 2008 ] .

host plant : h . demeter larvae feed primarily on plants from the genera dilkea and mitostemma ( brown , 1981 ) .

etymology : demeter is the greek earth goddess , who brings forth the fruits of the earth , particularly the various grains . she taught mankind the art of sowing and ploughing so they could end their nomadic existence . as such , demeter was also the goddess of planned society . she was very popular with the rural population . as a fertility goddess she is sometimes identified with rhea and gaia ( demeter ) .

adaptive polymorphism associated with multiple müllerian mimicry in heliconius numata ( lepid . nymph . )

semispecies relationships between heliconius erato cyrbia godt . and h . himera hew . in southwestern ecuador

the heliconians of brazil ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . part iii . ecology and biology of heliconius nattereri , a key primitive species near extinction , and comments on the evolutionary development of heliconius and

the heliconians of brazil ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . part iii . ecology and biology of heliconius nattereri , a key primitive species near extinction , and comments on the evolutionary development of heliconius and eueides

heliconius demeter is distributed in the amazon basin . the map below shows an approximate representation of the geographic distribution of this species . the original data used to draw these maps is derived from brown ( 1979 ) which is available at keith s . brown jr . ( 1979 ) . ecological geography and evolution in neotropical forests .

heliconius butterflies with proboscis bearing pollen collected from flowers . the diets of most lepidoptera are very limited in nitrogenous compounds , and pollen feeding is thought to increase longevity and egg production in heliconius butterflies . images © mathieu joron

the heliconians of brazil ( lepidoptera nymphalidae ) . part vii . evolution in modern amazonian non - forest islands : heliconius hermathena

brown k . s . 1981 the biology of heliconius and related genera . annual review of entomology 26 , 427 - 456 .

the heliconius genome consortium . 2012 . butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species . nature ( 2012 ) vol . 487 .

heliconius sapho male sitting on a female pupa . mating takes place as the female begins to eclose , and females mate only once . © jamie walters

holzinger , h and holzinger , r , 1994 . heliconius and related genera . sciences nat , venette , pp . 1–328 , pl . 1–51 [ 1 ]

h . demeter occurs from sea level to 1 , 100 m in sand forest . the males sit on female pupae a day before emergence , and mating occurs the next morning , before the female has completely eclosed . adults roost at night in loose groups 2 - 10 m above ground and under leaves ( brown , 1981 ) .

a cryptic species discovered in heliconius ! it is not always the case that mtdna ' barcode ' differences correctly delimit separate species . however , we recently found two cryptic heliconius species that co - occur in sympatry in a narrow zone of overlap in amazonia , initially via barcoding . furthermore , the two taxa are co - mimics , so no mimicry switch led to speciation here , although we had thought that mimicry switches typically accompanied speciation in the genus heliconius . rosser et al . 2018 .

joel smith and marcus r . kronforst . “do heliconius butterflies species exchange mimicry alleles ? ” bio . lett . 2013 9 , 20130503 , published 17 july 2013 .

gilbert l . e . 1972 . feeding and reproductive biology of heliconius butterflies . proc . nat . acad . sci . 69 ( 6 ) : 1403 - 1407

staudinger o . 1897 . neue heliconius - arten und formen . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift " iris " 9 ( 2 ) : 284 - 317 , pls . 6 - 7 .

a widespread neotropical species . h . sara is a relatively small heliconius , and member of one of the few sister - taxon mimetic pairs ( with h . leucadia ) .

the heliconius butterflies are the most speciose genus within the heliconiini , displaying a dramatic diversity of colour patterns at species and sub - species level . they are also famous for müllerian mimicry , with many species converging on a common wing pattern where they live together . heliconius communities commonly consist of several ‘mimicry rings’ , groups of species that share a common pattern .

mavarez j , c salazar , e bermingham , c salcedo , c jiggins , m linares . 2006 . speciation by hybridization in the heliconius butterflies . nature 441 : 868 - 871

sourakov , andrei . ( 2008 ) . pupal mating in zebra longwing ( heliconius charithonia ) : photographic evidence . news of the lepidopterists ' society 50 ( 1 ) : 26 - 32 .

heliconius are recognized by their large eyes , long antennae , characteristic elongate wing - shape , teardrop - shaped hindwing discal cell , and distinctive colour patterns . the hostplants are all passifloreae , and there is some phylogenetic association between species groups of passiflora and the heliconius species that feed on them ( benson et al . , 1976 ; brower , 1997 ) ( see each species for more details ) .

nahrstedt a , r . h . davis . 1980 . the occurrence of the cyanoglucosides linamarin and lotaustralin , in acraea and heliconius butterflies . comp . biochem . physiol . 68b : 575 - 577 .

kronforst , m r , young , l g , blume , l m and gilbert , l e , 2006 . multilocus analyses of admixture and introgression among hybridizing heliconius butterflies . evolution , 60 , 1254–68 .

mavarez , j , salazar , c a , bermingham , e , salcedo , c , jiggins , c d and linares , m , 2006 . speciation by hybridization in heliconius butterflies . nature 441 : 868–71 .

brower a v z ( 2011 ) . " hybrid speciation in heliconius butterflies ? a review and critique of the evidence " . genetica 139 ( 2 ) : 589–609 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10709 - 010 - 9530 - 4 .

rosser n , freitas avl , huertas b , joron m , lamas g , mérot c , simpson f , willmott k , mallet j , dasmahapatra kk . a new cryptic species of heliconius ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . submitted . 2018 .

joron , m , papa , r , beltran , m , chamberlain , n , mavarez , j , baxter , s and abanto , m , 2006 . a conserved supergene locus controls color pattern diversity in heliconius butterflies . plos biology 4 : 1831–40

mallet , j . , gilbert , l . 1994 . why are there so many mimicry rings ? correlations between habitats , behaviour , and mimicry in heliconius butterlies . 1994 . biological journal of the linnean society ( 1995 ) , 55 : 159 - 180 .

baxter , s w , papa , r , chamberlain , n , humphray , j s , joron , m , morrison , c and ffrench - constant , r h , 2008 . convergent evolution in the genetic basis of müllerian mimicry in heliconius butterflies . genetics 180 : 1567–77

mavarez , j . ; salazar , c . a . ; bermingham , e . ; salcedo , c . ; jiggins , c . d . ; linares , m . ( 2006 ) . " speciation by hybridization in heliconius butterflies " . nature 441 ( 7095 ) : 868–71

for discussion of the monophyly of the genus as presented here and relationships among heliconiine genera , see the heliconiini page . within heliconius the relationships presented here are based on molecular sequence data for 3 mtdna and 4 nuclear gene regions ( beltran et al . 2007 ) . there is also a highly supported monophyletic ‘pupal - mating clade’ suggesting that pupal mating behaviour evolved only once in the heliconiina ( see tree above ) . within heliconius , the absence of a signum on the female bursa copulatrix is a morphological character that defines the pupal - mating group ( penz , 1999 ) .

we generated a comprehensive gene orthology analyses spanning 23 genomes ( 21 species , but with two sets of genomes / gene - predictions for heliconius erato and plutella xylostella ) . rather than using the ensembl compara pipeline as is , we used current best practices in gene - tree reconstruction such as :

one puzzling thought with mullerian mimicry / convergence is it would be predicted the butterflies would all eventually converge on the same color and pattern for the highest predator education . instead heliconius butterflies are greatly diverse , and even form multiple ‘mimicry rings’ within the same geographical area . additional evolutionary forces are likely at work .

counterman , b a , araujo - perez , f , hines , h m , baxter , s w , morrison , c m , lindstrom , d p and papa , r , 2010 . genomic hotspots for adaptation : the population genetics of müllerian mimicry in heliconius erato . plos genetics 6 : - .

gilbert ( 1991 ) suggested that pupal - mating might play an important role in the radiation of heliconius as well as in the packing of heliconius species into local habitats . pupal - mating might enhance the possibility of intrageneric mimicry because in many cases , mimetic species pairs consist of a pupal - mating and a non pupal - mating species . the strikingly different mating tactics of these groups could allow phenotypically identical species to occupy the same habitats without mate recognition errors . second , this mating tactic may influence host - plant specialisation , as it has been suggested that pupal - mating species may displace other heliconiines from their hosts by interference competition ( gilbert , 1991 ) . males of these species sit on , attempt to mate with , and disrupt eclosion of other heliconius species of both mating types encountered on the host plant . this aggressive behaviour may prevent other heliconiine species from evolving preference for host plants used by pupal - mating species .

a second unusual trait found in some heliconius species is a unique mating behaviour known as pupal - mating . males of certain species search larval food plants for female pupae . the males then sit on the pupae a day before emergence , and mating occurs the next morning , before the female has completely eclosed ( gilbert , 1976 ; deinert et al . 1994 ) . various kinds of pupal - mating occur scattered across several insect orders ( thornhill & alcock , 1993 ) ; in passion - vine butterflies almost half the heliconius species ( 42 % ) are pupal - maters ( gilbert , 1991 , pupal mating clade marked in the cladogram above ) .

heliconius sara is widespread throughout central america and south america . this map shows an approximate representation of the geographic distribution of this species . the original data used to draw these maps are derived from brown ( 1979 ) which is available at keith s . brown jr . ( 1979 ) . ecological geography and evolution in neotropical forests .

the heliconius genome consortium has released 24 new heliconiine genome assemblies using the w2 - wrap contigger and a - scaff tools , courtesy jim mallet and bernardo clavijo’s group at earlham institute . some of the samples are species crosses or were contaminated , but we decided to host them as separate genome assemblies to make them easier to search against :

heliconius female butterflies also disperse their eggs much slower than other species of butterflies . they obtain their nutrients for egg production through pollen in the adult stage rather than the larval stage . due to nutrient collection in the adult rather than larval stage , adult females have an extensively longer life compared to others species which allows them to better disperse their eggs for survival and speciation .

supple , m . , hines , h . , dasmahapatra , k . , lewis j . , nielsen d . , lavoie , c . , ray , d . , salavar , c . , mcmillan , o . , counterman , b . 2103 . genomic architecture of adaptive color pattern divergence and convergence in heliconius butterflies . genome research ( 2013 ) : gr - 150615 .

heliconius comprises a colorful and widespread genus of brush - footed butterfly commonly known as the longwings or heliconians . this genus is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the new world , from south america as far north as the southern united states . the larvae of these butterflies eat passion flower vines ( passifloraceae ) . adults exhibit bright wing color patterns to signal their distastefulness to potential predators .

brought to the forefront of scientific attention by victorian naturalists , these butterflies exhibit a striking diversity and mimicry , both amongst themselves and with species in other groups of butterflies and moths . the study of heliconius and other groups of mimetic butterflies allowed the english naturalist henry walter bates , following his return from brazil in 1859 , to lend support to charles darwin , who had found similar diversity amongst the galapagos finches .

heliconius butterflies have been a subject of many studies , due partly to their abundance and the relative ease of breeding them under laboratory conditions , but also because of the extensive mimicry that occurs in this group . from the nineteenth century to the present - day , their study has helped scientists to understand how new species are formed and why nature is so diverse . in particular , the genus is suitable for the study of both batesian mimicry and müllerian mimicry .

each page contains information about a particular group , e . g . , salamanders , segmented worms , phlox flowers , tyrannosaurs , euglenids , heliconius butterflies , club fungi , or the vampire squid . tol pages are linked one to another hierarchically , in the form of the evolutionary tree of life . starting with the root of all life on earth and moving out along diverging branches to individual species , the structure of the tol project thus illustrates the genetic connections between all living things .

heliconius butterflies have two unique , derived ecological traits that may have facilitated rapid adaptive radiation : pollen feeding and pupal - mating behaviour ( gilbert , 1972 ) . adult butterflies systematically collect pollen from flowers , which they masticate on the proboscis to dissolve out amino acids . this allows caterpillars to develop relatively rapidly ( since they do not need to store nutrients for egg and sperm production ) , and allows adults to have a greatly extended lifespan – up to 8 months – in the wild .

etymology : heliconius signifies dwellers on mount helicon ( turner , 1976 ) ( see each species for more information ) . helicon is a mountain in southern greece , in boeotia , regarded in ancient greece , as the source of poetry and inspiration . from it flowed the fountains of aganippe and hippocrene , associated with muses . the nine muses are daughters of zeus and mnemosyne , the goddess of memory . the muses sat near the throne of zeus , king of the gods , and sang of his greatness and of the origin of the world and its inhabitants and the glorious deeds of the great heroes . from their name words such as music , museum , mosaic are derived ( muses ) . the nine muses are :

the biology of heliconius butterflies has provided a rich source of data to test theories of ecological genetics , coevolution and community ecology . many putatively adaptive characters have been discussed with reference to a phylogenetic hypothesis based on a variety of morphological and life - history traits interpreted from an evolutionary taxonomic perspective . here , alternate interpretations of characters on the traditional tree and a more recent mitochondrial dna cladogram with a substantially different topology are compared and contrasted . it is shown that many characters ostensibly providing support for the traditional phylogenetic hypothesis are almost equally parsimoniously distributed and in some cases more parsimoniously distributed on the mtdna tree than on the tree inferred from those characters . discussion of alternate evolutionary scenarios based on the mdna - based topology is presented for pupal mating , pollen feeding , foodplant coevolution , and other ecologically significant features .

the process of adaptive radiation and convergence , usually regarded as a feature of macro - evolution , can be seen in the mimetic colour patterns of the butterflies within the confines of the south american genus heliconius . this can be shown by dividing the genus into subgroups on the basis of adult , pupal and larval morphology : the theory that the mimicry between species results solely from close systematic relationships is thereby refuted , as members of the same morphological group can display widely divergent mimetic patterns , and conversely mutual mimics may belong to several different morphological groups . various forms of parallel and convergent evolution are thought to account for the present pattern of mimicry , the process is known to start even before full speciation has taken place . a new subgenus ( neruda ) is created to contain three atypical members of the genus .

heliconius butterflies show a continuum of geographic divergence and speciation ; they are unpalatable and exhibit inter - and intraspecific diversification of colour and patterns . bates’ classic paper ( bates , 1862 ) , reflecting observations during his stay in the amazon , showed a geographical pattern for the different colour forms : similar between species within any one area of the amazon basin , but the mimetic colour patterns themselves changed every 100 - 200 miles . beside this geographic divergence , closely related species within an area often belonged to mimicry “rings” ( groups of unpalatable species , together with some palatable species , that have converged on the same warning colour pattern ) ( brower et al . , 1964 ; mallet and gilbert , 1995 ) . bates’ system has all the intermediate stages between local varieties , geographic races , and sympatric species that make it an excellent biological model to study selection , hybridization and gene flow at the species boundary . see maps attached to each species .

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early stages : eggs are yellow and approximately 1 . 3 x 0 . 7 mm ( h x w ) . females usually place 1 to 15 eggs on growing shoots of the host plant . mature larvae have a yellow body with black spots or bands , and whit black scoli and head ; length is around 2 cm . caterpillars are gregarious ( brown , 1981 ) .

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version 4 of lepbase , the hub for lepidopteran genomes , not only includes several new genome assemblies and annotations , but also showcases a re - engineered infrastructure that will enable other groups to easily set up their own ensembl - based genome hubs in the future .

previously , lepbase v3 had hosted ncbi refseq annotations for papilio xuthus and papilio polytes . refseq annotations are independent gene predictions generated by the ncbi , but may include sequence data that are not present in the genome assemblies because they use additional information from independent transcripts . in lepbase v4 we have also included the original gene predictions from the fujiwara lab that sequenced these genomes :

papilio xuthus pxut 1 . 0 papilio xuthus pxut 1 . 0 refseq papilio polytes ppol 1 . 0 papilio polytes ppol 1 . 0 refseq

genome assembly version remains the same ( hmel2 ) , but the annotation has now been updated to include braker 1 . 0

predictions based on several independently sequenced rnaseq libraries , in collaboration with chris jiggins’ lab . manual annotations and old gene names have been retained where the overlap is unambiguous .

several new assembly - only species were also added to lepbase v4 . although no gene prediction sets are available for these species , you can download the genome fasta files at urltoken and do blast searches against them at urltoken .

we are also planning to make these assemblies more useful by running a comparative gene prediction across all the heliconiines . the first step towards this is to compute a whole - genome alignment using progressive cactus

over 12 , 000 orthofinder clusters were processed into gene trees which can be accessed from their constituent gene pages in the lepbase ensembl browser .

the goal of this analysis was to provide a context for each gene . however , as with all automated analyses , it may contain artifacts due to differences in gene prediction methods or due to generic parameters used in the pipeline . if you are interested in a highly accurate reconstruction of a specific gene family , you can download all the sequence and alignment data for a given gene and its homologues , and redo the tree using your preferred phylogenetic pipeline . the specific steps and evaluations for each part of our gene - tree pipeline will be described in forthcoming technical notes .

one of the key features of lepbase is that we provide consistent analyses across all genomes using the same software and database versions and parameters . all genome sequences were masked using repeatmasker 4 . 0 . 6 with the built - in arthropod repeat database . previous lepbase releases used repeatmodeler to generate species - specific repeat libraries . however , we found that repeatmodeler risks masking recently expanded gene families , therefore we took a more conservative approach and did not use repeatmodeler for this v4 release .

we also provide functional annotations for protein - coding genes in all species with gene models using blastp against the swissprot database , and using all the tools provided by interproscan .

urltoken previously ran on linux virtual machines because of the complex dependencies of the various software programs involved . for lepbase release v4 , we have successfully migrated all the services , including the import and annotation pipelines for new genomes , to a docker - based container infrastructure .

none of this affects how the service looks to the outside world , but it makes it much easier for us to upgrade the software as new versions of ensembl and other software are released . we will also be able to easily scale up individual services to meet the growing number of users .

although all our code is public already ( see urltoken and urltoken ) , we plan to document it extensively in the coming weeks , so that other groups can rapidly and easily set up their own taxon - specific ensembl - based genome hubs using our docker infrastructure .

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the larvae are gregarious and feed on dilkea and mitostemma species . full - grown larvae have a yellow body with black spots or bands and a black head . they reach a length of about 20 mm .

colour pattern diversity of h . numata ( top two rows ) , and h . melpomene ( third row ) with its co - mimic h . erato ( bottom row ) .

mechanitis polymnia ( l . ) , 1758 ( ithomiini ) ( a variant spelling of polyhymnia )

members of the genus are found from the southern united states throughout central and south america and the west indies , with the greatest diversity of species in the amazon basin ( emsley , 1965 ; devries , 1987 ) .

many pairs or groups of co - mimetic species such as h . erato ( top ) and h . melpomene ( bottom ) have evolved a diversity of geographic races or subspecies . the two species look identical in any one locality but their patterns change in concert across their geographic range ; localities left to right : zamora , ecuador ; puyo , ecuador ; tarapoto , peru ; guayaquil , ecuador ; yurimaguas , peru . © 1999 james mallet

" crenis " redirects here . for another genus of brush - footed butterfly with the same ( invalid ) name , see sevenia .

caterpillars favor and the resulting poisons they store in their tissues , the adult butterflies are usually unpalatable to predators .

, has revealed that homologous genomic regions in the species are responsible for the convergence in wing patterns .

having no shared single nucleotide polymorphisms ( snps ) , which would be indicative of introgression , and hypothesized the same regulatory genes for color / pattern had comparably changed in response to the same selective forces .

shares the same patterning homologues , but that these loci are locked into a wing patterning supergene that results in a lack of recombination and a finite set of wing pattern morphs .

, it was found that gene sequences around mimicry loci were more recently diverged in comparison with the rest of the genome , providing evidence for speciation by hybridization over speciation by ancestral polymorphism .

. results from supple and his team have revealed showed snp’s being polymorphic mostly around hybrid zones of a genome , and they claimed this supported the mechanism of introgression over ancestral variation for genetic material exchange for certain species .

selection factors can drive introgression to revolve around genes correlated with wing pattern and color .

to see its mating habits in regards to preference between other hybrids and its parental species . the results showed

, while the parental species were highly unlikely to reproduce with the backcrosses . this is significant , because hybrids’ mating behavior would relatively quickly isolate itself from its parental species , and eventually form a species itself , as defined by lack of gene flow . his team also hypothesized that along with a mixed inheritance of color and pattern , the hybrids also obtained a mixed preference for mates from their parental species genes . the

likely had a genetic attraction for other hybrids , leading to its reproductive isolation and speciation .

butterflies are an example of homoploid hybrid speciation , i . e . hybridization without changing the number of chromosomes .

in order for the aposematism and mimicry to be successful in the butterflies they must continually evolve their colors to warn predators of their unpalatability . sexual selection is important in maintaining the aposematism as it helps to select for specific shades of colors rather than general colors . a research team used techniques to determine some the color qualities of a set of butterflies . they found that color was more vivid on the dorsal side of the butterflies rather than on the ventral . also , for the comparison of sexes , females appeared to have differing brightness in specific spots .

it is important to select for specific colors to avoid subtle shades in any of the species involved in the mimicry . if any colors are not successful in their warning it will negatively affect the success of the aposematism because it cannot warn predators as efficiently . in order to select for specific colors , neural receptors in the butterflies’ brains give a disproportionate recognition and selection of those shades .

in order to test the importance of these neural and visual cues in the butterflies , researchers conducted an experiment where they eliminated colors from butterflies’ wings . when a color was eliminated , the butterfly was less successful in attracting mates and therefore did not reproduce as much as its counterparts

has evolved two forms of mating . the main form is general sexual reproduction . some species of

however , have converged evolutionarily in regards to pupal mating . one such species to exhibit this behavior is

finds a female pupae and waits until a day before she is moulted before he mates . with this type of mating there is no sexual selection present .

this form of egg production is helpful because larva are much more vulnerable than adult stages , although they also utilize aposematism . because many of the nutrients needed to produce eggs are obtained in the adult stage the larval stage is much shorter and less susceptible to predation .

butterflies use cyanic characteristics , meaning they produce substances that have a cyanide group attached to them , ultimately making them harmful . research has found that the amino acids needed to make the cyanic compounds come from feeding on pollen .

although feeding on pollen takes longer than nectar feeding , the aposematic characteristics help to warn predators away and give them more time for feeding .

larvae feed on the passifloraceae plant , which also has cyanic characteristics , the larvae have evolved the ability to neutralize the cyanic molecules to protect them from the negative effects of the plant .

species . these are listed alphabetically here , according to gerardo lamas ' ( 2004 ) checklist .

note that the subspecific nomenclature is incomplete for many species ( there are over 2000 published names associated with the genus , many of which are subjective synonyms or infrasubspecific names ) .

joron , m , frezal , l , jones , r t , chamberlain , n l , " et al . " 2011 . chromosomal rearrangements maintain a polymorphic supergene controlling butterfly mimicry . " nature " 477 : 203–08

nadeau , n . , martin , s . , kozak , k . , salazar , c . , dasmahapatra , k . , davey , j . , baxter , s . , blaxter , m . , mallet , j . , jiggins c . 2012 . genome - wide patterns of divergence and gene flow across a butterfly radiation . molecular ecology ( 2013 ) 22 , 814 - 826 .

melo , m . , salazar , c . , jiggins , c . , and linares , m . 2008 . assortative mating preferences among hybrids offer a route to hybrid speciation . evolution 63 . 6 ( 2009 : 1660 - 1665 ) .

prezeczek k , c . mueller , and s . m . vamosi . 2008 . the evolution of the aposematism is accompanied by increased diversification . integrative zoology . 3 : 149 - 156 .

llaurens v , m joron , and m . thery . 2014 . cryptic differences in colour among mullerian mimics : how can the visual capacities of predators and prey shape the evolution of wingcolours ? . j . evol . biol . 27 : 531 - 540 .

vane - wright r . i , p . r . ackery eds . 1984 . the biology of butterflies . symposium of the royal entomological society of london . number 11 . academic press , london , u . k .

rosser n , phillimore ab , huertas b , willmott kr , & mallet j . 2012 . testing historical explanations for gradients in species richness in heliconiine butterflies of tropical america . biological journal of the linnean society 105 : 479 - 497 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1095 - 8312 . 2011 . 01814 . x

price p . w . , t . m . lewinsohn , g . w . fernandes , w . w . benson eds . 1991 . plant - animal interactions : evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions . john wiley and sons , inc , new . york , united states .

lamas , g ( ed ) , 2004 . atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 4a hesperioidea – papiionoidea . gainesville , scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .

kapan , d d , 2001 . three - butterfly system provides a field test of müllerian mimicry . nature , 409 , 338–40 .

mallet , j , beltrán , m , neukirchen , w , and linares , m , 2007 . natural hybridization in heliconiine butterflies : the species boundary as a continuum . bmc evol biol , 7 , 28 . abstract

popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more

popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more

jährlich werden tausende tierarten und pflanzenarten , pilze und bakterien neu benannt und man geht davon aus , dass noch millionen auf ihre entdeckung und ihre taxonomische einordnung warten . da es sich bei zoologie , botanik , mykologie und bakteriologie um wissenschaften handelt , geht man davon aus , dass die wissenschaftler ihren entdeckungen immer seriöse namen geben , die vorwiegend aus dem griechischen oder lateinischen stammen . dies ist auch überwiegend der fall . aber bei den vielen tausend benennungen bleibt immer noch genug spielraum , so dass sich einzelne junggebliebende wissenschafter bei der vergabe von kuriosen namen austoben können . da findet man namen von personen , göttern , aus der literatur , namen von orten und dingen , anzügliches , akronyme , interjektionen , lautmalerische bezeichnungen , wortspiele , eigennamen , anagramme , isogramme , palindrome , reime , tautonyme , oxymorons . und zu den gewählten namen gibt es manchmal auch äußerst interessante erklärungen zum grund der namenswahl . manchmal nimmt ein artname bezug auf eine eigenschaft des bezeichneten tieres oder der pflanze . es gibt aber auch fälle , da geht es dem namensgeber einzig und allein darum , aufzufallen , oder die aufmerksamkeit auf ein bestimmtes anliegen , wie etwa das artensterben , zu lenken .

scientific names of organisms are not usually known for their entertainment value . they are indispensable for clarity in communication , but most people skip over them with barely a glance . here i collect those names that are worth a second look .

some names are interesting for what they are named after ( for example , " arthurdactylus conandoylensis " , " godzillius " ) , some are puns ( " la cucaracha " , " phthiria relativitae " ) , and some show other kinds of wordplay ( such as the palindromic " orizabus subaziro " ) . some have achieved notability through accident of history , and many show the sense of humor of taxonomists .

" rules " gives a brief overview of the rules governing biological naming ( and , along the way , includes several curious examples ) .

" etymology " lists names that are notable for what they are named after .

" wordplay " includes all unusual features of names other than their meaning and pronunciation .

" gene names " lists a few of the interesting names which have been given to genes .

" misc . " includes things which do not fit elsewhere , including other curious biological terms , interesting stories about names , and some creative writing .

" references " includes also links , acknowledgements , and a list of the newest entries .

" feedback " gives directions and requests to those who want to contact me .

the names which are recent additions to this collection will be shown in a brighter shade of red . ( how recent depends on how often i update . i ' ll try to keep the newest names distinctive for about a month . ) the most recent additions are also listed separately , with links to the page each appears on .

our knowledge of the many life - forms on earth - of animals , plants , fungi , protists and bacteria - is scattered around the world in books , journals , databases , websites , specimen collections , and in the minds of people everywhere . imagine what it would mean if this information could be gathered together and made available to everyone - anywhere - at a moment’s notice .

our mission : to increase awareness and understanding of living nature through an encyclopedia of life that gathers , generates , and shares knowledge in an open , freely accessible and trusted digital resource .

good managers of natural resources and policy - makers know that their best decisions are based on results from the most accurate scientific analyses . such analyses are based on solid , documentable data that have been recorded directly from the observation of nature . such records are called " primary " data .

" biodiversity " is a handy , one - word name for all the species on the earth , the genetic variety they possess , and the ecological systems in which they participate . another way of thinking about biodiversity is as the " living resources " portion of " natural resources " . a large part of the primary data on biodiversity are the 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 billion specimens held in natural history collections , as well as many geographical and ecological observations recorded by various means and stored in various media .

in making living resource policy and management choices , decision - makers are often forced to rely on analyses that are not based on primary data . this is because the world ' s store of primary data about biodiversity is not at present readily and easily accessible .

future generations depend on the efforts made today to develop methods for sustainably using biodiversity . one very important part of the solution is rapidly , openly and freely delivering primary data about biodiversity to everyone in the global community , using digital technologies . another part is ensuring that the primary data being collected today are stored in such a way that they will remain accessible to future generations .

" luca " ist so etwas wie " adam und eva " . es ist die abkürzung für " last universal common ancester " . man vermutet die entstehung dieser urzelle , aus der alle lebensformen abstammen vor etwa 3 mird . jahren .

the " tree of life " web project ( " tol " ) is a collaborative effort of biologists and nature enthusiasts from around the world . on more than 10 , 000 world wide web pages , the project provides information about biodiversity , the characteristics of different groups of organisms , and their evolutionary history ( phylogeny ) .

the tree of life currently consists of more than 3000 pages with information about different groups of organisms . this part of the website is too extensive to present a full map here .

the tol glossary is still under construction . we expect to greatly expand it over the next few months . the current page contains a listing of all the available tol glossary terms .

you can set your preferences for browsing the tol web site so that words contained in the glossary list are highlighted on tol pages , and definitions are displayed when you move the cursor over a highlighted word . if you would like to try this now , click on the turn glossary on button below , and then go to a tol page that features some of the terms in the list below ( the eukaryotes page is a good one ) . note that you can turn the glossary function on and off on any tol branch page , leaf page , other article , note , or treehouse . open the preferences menu and select either show glossary entries or hide glossary entries .

these categories are explained in more detail on the structure of the tree of life page .

chelomophrynus | rhinophrynus | rhinophrynus dorsalis | rhinophrynus sp . | ( i ) | ' pipids ' | cordicephalus | eoxenopoides | saltenia | shomronella | thoraciliacus | palaeobatrachidae | albionbatrachus | lithobatrachus | neusibatrachus | palaeobatrachus | pliobatrachus | pipidae

corydoras | corydoras garbei | etc . | brochis | brochis britskii | brochis multiradiatus | brochis splendens

agaricophagus | allocolenisia | ansibaris | cainosternum | colenis | colenisia | dermatohomoeus | neohydnobius | perkovskius | pseudcolenis | zelodes | scotocryptini | aglyptinus | aglyptinus s . l . | creagrophorus | cyrtusiola | parabystus | popeus | scotocryptodes | scotocryptus | synaristus | termitoglobus | agathidiini | afroagathidium | agathidium | amphicyllis | anisotoma | besuchetionella | cyrtoplastus | decuria | gelae | liodopria | sphaeroliodes | stetholiodes | catopocerinae | catopocerus | glacicavicola

aleocharini | aleocharina | aleochara | aleochara ( heterochara ) | aleochara ( aleochara s . str . ) | aleochara ( aidochara ) | aleochara ( euryodma ) | aleochara ( ceranota ) | aleochara ( emplenota ) | aleochara obscurella | aleochara phycophila | aleochara albopila | aleochara fucicola | aleochara puetzi | aleochara pacifica | aleochara curtidens | aleochara ( triochara ) | aleochara trisulcata | aleochara zerchei | aleochara nubis | aleochara ( maseochara )

aleochara brunneipennis | aleochara ituriensis | aleochara horni | aleochara javana | aleochara argentina | aleochara comorensis | aleochara ( echochara ) | aleochara lobata | aleochara lucifuga | aleochara ocularis | aleochara fenyesi | aleochara ( calochara ) | aleochara ( mesochara ) | aleochara ( xenochara s . l . ) | aleochara ( rheochara ) | aleochara ( polystomota ) | aleochara grisea | aleochara punctatella | aleochara ( coprochara )

ceratoderina | ceratoderus | merismoderus | paussomorphus | leleupaussus | paussina | amphipaussus | apopaussus | bathypaussus | batillopaussus | bicornipaussus | cochliopaussus | crenatopaussus | curtispaussus | edaphopaussus | enneapaussus | falcopaussus | flagellopaussus | hylopaussus | hylotorus | idupaussus | katapaussus | klugipaussus | latipaussus | lineatopaussus | malgasipaussus | manicanopaussus | paussus | scaphipaussus | semipaussus | spinicoxipaussus | squamipaussus | trepopaussus | anapaussus | platyrhopalina | euplatyrhopalus | lebioderus | platyrhopalopsis | platyrhopalus | stenorhopalus | eopaussus baliticus | arthropterites klebesi | protocerapterus | protocerapterus primigenius | protocerapterus incola | succinarthropterus | succinarthropterus andreei | succinarthropterus antiquus | succinarthropterus aterrimus | succinarthropterus balticus | succinarthropterus fritschi | | succinarthropterus hermenaui | succinarthropterus kuntzeni | succinarthropterus schaufussi | succinarthropterus simoni | succinarthropterus skawarrae | succinarthropterus subtilis | protopaussini | protopaussus feae | protopaussus almorensis | protopaussus pristinus | protopaussus walkeri | protopaussus kaszabi | protopaussus jeanneli | protopaussus javanus | protopaussus bakeri | nototylus fryi | nebriitae | notiophilus | notiokasis chaudoiri | pelophilini | pelophila rudis | pelophila borealis | opisthiini | opisthius richardsoni | paropisthius | nebriini | leistus | nippononebria | nebria | etc . | carabitae | carabini | ceroglossus | ceroglossus buqueti | ceroglossus chilensis | ceroglossus darwini | ceroglossus guerini | ceroglossus magellanicus | ceroglossus ochsenii | ceroglossus speciosus | ceroglossus suturalis | pamborini | pamborus | maoripamborus | cychrini | cychrus | sphaeroderus | scaphinotus | cychropsis | cicindelitae | collyridini | megacephalini | ctenostomatini | manticorini | cicindelini | loricerini | loricera wollastoni

d . chalybeus group | d . heydeni group | d . minutus group | d . bengalensis group | d . hessei group

d . filiformis group | d . exochus group | d . integer group | dyschiriodes ( paradyschirius ) | aspidoglossa | scaritini | carabidae conjunctae | psydrini | psydrus piceus | nomius | laccocenus ambiguus | melaenus | cymbionotum | broscini

percolaus | percolaus championi | percolaus guillermo | allotriopus | allotriopus ( s . str . ) | allotriopus ( s . str . ) brachypterus | allotriopus ( s . str . ) ashei | allotriopus ( s . str . ) hallbergi | allotriopus ( s . str . ) hemingi | allotriopus ( s . str . ) oscitans | allotriopus ( s . str . ) serratipes | allotriopus ( s . str . ) shpeleyi | allotriopus ( s . str . ) whiteheadi | allotriopus ( mayaferonia ) | allotriopus ( mayaferonia ) aeniola | allotriopus ( mayaferonia ) triunfo | pterostichus | pterostichus s . str . | hypherpes complex | hypherpes | hypherpes alamedae | hypherpes algidus | hypherpes amethystinus | hypherpes annosus | hypherpes baldwini | hypherpes barbarinus | hypherpes californicus | hypherpes canallatus | hypherpes castaneus | hypherpes castanipes | hypherpes congestus | hypherpes crenicollis | hypherpes cuneatulus | hypherpes diabolus | hypherpes ecarinatus | hypherpes esuriens | hypherpes gliscans | hypherpes gracilior | hypherpes gregalis | hypherpes herculaneus | hypherpes hornii | hypherpes humboldti | hypherpes illustris | hypherpes intectus | hypherpes isabellae | hypherpes jacobinus | hypherpes kansanus | hypherpes laborans | hypherpes lacertus | hypherpes lama | hypherpes lassulus | hypherpes mercedianus | hypherpes neobrunneus | hypherpes nigrocaeruleus | hypherpes obsidianus | hypherpes occultus | hypherpes ordinarius | hypherpes ovalipennis | hypherpes panticulatus | hypherpes parallelus | hypherpes parens | hypherpes pergracilis | hypherpes placerensis | hypherpes planctus | hypherpes plutonicus | hypherpes protensiformis | hypherpes protensipennis | hypherpes protractus | hypherpes restrictus | hypherpes scutellaris | hypherpes sejungendus | hypherpes serripes | hypherpes setosus | hypherpes sierranus | hypherpes sponsor | hypherpes spraguei | hypherpes suffusus | hypherpes tahoensis | hypherpes tarsalis | hypherpes tuberculofemoratus | hypherpes vandykei | hypherpes vicinus | hypherpes zunianus

eripus | eripidius franzi | eripus s . str . | eripus suturalis | eripus subcaecus | eripus microphthalmus | eripus nitidus | eripus scydmaenoides | eripus oaxacanus | eripus globipennis | eripus breedlovei

pelecium | pelecidium | pelecidium sulcatum | pelecidium sulcipenne | pelecidium laevigatum | pelecium s . str . | pelecium violaceum group | pelecium striatipenne | pelecium violaceum | pelecium drakei | pelecium tenellum | pelecium parallelum | pelecium punctatum | pelecium longicolle | pelecium brasiliense | pelecium cyanipes | pelecium renati group | pelecium renati | pelecium striatum | pelecium punctatostriatum group | pelecium bolivianum | pelecium atroviolaceum | pelecium semistriatum | pelecium punctatostriatum | pelecium rotundipenne group | pelecium paulae | pelecium helenae | pelecium purpureum | pelecium rotundipenne | pelecium refulgens group | pelecium refulgens | pelecium fulgidum | pelecium negrei | pelecium faldermanni group | pelecium foveicolle | pelecium obtusum | pelecium bisulcatum | pelecium besckii | pelecium faldermanni | pelecium laeve group | pelecium laeve | pelecium obscurum | pelecium nicki | stricteripus | stricteripus impressus | stricteripus peruvianus | stricteripus banningeri

dyschiridium | dyschiridium concinnum | dyschiridium ebeninum | dyschiridium lasti | dyschiridium natalicum | dyschiridium subdepressum | disphaericus | disphaericus alluaudi | disphaericus benadirensis | disphaericus carinulatus | disphaericus clavicornis | disphaericus conradti | disphaericus deplanatus | disphaericus gambianus | disphaericus insulanus | disphaericus katangensis | disphaericus kolbei | disphaericus meneghettii | disphaericus multiporus | disphaericus quangoanus | disphaericus rhodesianus | disphaericus silvestrii | disphaericus tarsalis | disphaericus zavattarii | chaetogenyini | oodini | panagaeini | chlaeniini | dercylini | rhysodini | leoglymmius lignarius | sloanoglymmius planatus | medisores abditus | dhysorina | dhysores | dhysores thoreyi | dhysores basilewskyi | dhysores rhodesianus | dhysores quadriimpressus | dhysores pan | dhysores liber | dhysores biimpressus | neodhysores | neodhysores seximpressus | neodhysores schreiberi | tangarona pensus | rhysodina | rhysodes | rhysodes sulcatus | rhysodes comes | kupeus arcuatus | kaveinga | kaveinga ( angekiva ) | kaveinga frontalis | kaveinga stiletto | kaveinga walfordi | kaveinga ( ingevaka ) | kaveinga orbitosa | kaveinga bellorum | kaveinga ( vakeinga ) | kaveinga setosa | kaveinga lusca | kaveinga ( kaveinga s . str . ) | kaveinga abbreviata | kaveinga poggii | kaveinga waai | kaveinga fibulata | kaveinga pignoris | kaveinga kukum | kaveinga nudicornis | kaveinga ulteria | kaveinga parva | kaveinga cylindrica | kaveinga lupata | kaveinga okapa | kaveinga marifuanga | kaveinga occipitalis | kaveinga histrio | kaveinga strigiceps | clinidiina | grouvellina

rhyzodiastes fairmairei | rhyzodiastes spissicornis | rhyzodiastes alveus | rhyzodiastes fossulatus | rhyzodiastes riedeli | rhyzodiastes mindoro | rhyzodiastes ( rhyzostrix ) | rhyzodiastes quadristriatus | rhyzodiastes davidsoni | rhyzodiastes nitidus | rhyzodiastes menieri | rhyzodiastes maderiensis | rhyzodiastes ( rhyzodiastes s . str . ) | rhyzodiastes pentacyclus | rhyzodiastes parumcostatus | rhyzodiastes liratus | rhyzodiastes costatus | rhyzodiastes suturalis | clinidium | clinidium ( mexiclinidium ) | clinidium mexicanum | clinidium balli | clinidium triplehorni | clinidium blomi | clinidium iviei | clinidium guatemalenum | clinidium newtoni | clinidium championi | clinidium halffteri | clinidium reyesi | clinidium extrarium | clinidium ( tainoa ) | clinidium curvicosta | clinidium chevrolati | clinidium darlingtoni | clinidium xenopodium | clinidium ( arctoclinidium )

clinidium rosenbergi | clinidium sculptile | clinidium ( clinidium s . str . ) | clinidium impressum | clinidium hammondi | clinidium granatense | clinidium incudis | clinidium dubium | clinidium insigne | clinidium howdenorum | clinidium boroquense | clinidium integrum | clinidium pilosum | clinidium jolyi | clinidium oberthueri | clinidium alleni | clinidium whiteheadi | clinidium humboldti | clinidium trionyx | clinidium haitiense | clinidium corbis | clinidium jamaicense | clinidium chiolinoi | clinidium rossi | clinidium dormans | clinidium penicellatum | clinidium segne | clinidium kochalkai | clinidium guildingii | clinidium microfossatum | clinidium smithsonianum | clinidium planum | clinidium rojasi | clinidium bechyneorum | clinidium excavatum | clinidium pala | clinidium mathani | clinidium humile | clinidium curvatum | clinidium foveolatum | clinidium cavicolle | clinidium crater | clinidium centrale | clinidium validum | clinidium spatulatum | clinidium moldenkei | clinidium sulcigaster | clinidium argus | clinidium beccari | clinidium onorei | clinidium gilloglyi | omoglymmiina | xhosores figuratus | yamatosa | yamatosa kryzhanoskiji | yamatosa longior | yamatosa peninsularis | yamatosa niponensis | yamatosa kabakovi | yamatosa arrowi | yamatosa reitteri | yamatosa draco | yamatosa smetanorum | yamatosa boysi | yamatosa sinensis | shyrodes dohertyi | srimara planicollis | plesioglymmius | plesioglymmius ( plesioglymmius s . str . ) | plesioglymmius elegans | plesioglymmius silus | plesioglymmius compactus | plesioglymmius ( ameroglymmius ) | plesioglymmius meridionalis | plesioglymmius reichardti | plesioglymmius compactus | plesioglymmius ( juxtaglymmius ) | plesioglymmius jugatus | plesioglymmius negara | arrowina | arrowina rostrata | arrowina punctatolineata | arrowina taprobanae | arrowina pygmaea | arrowina nilgiriensis | arrowina anguliceps | omoglymmius | omoglymmius ( hemiglymmius ) | omoglymmius africanus | omoglymmius hemipunctatus | omoglymmius javanicus | omoglymmius germaini | omoglymmius occultus | omoglymmius ineditus | omoglymmius rimatus | omoglymmius inermis | omoglymmius ( boreoglymmius ) | omoglymmius lewisi | omoglymmius hamatus | omoglymmius americanus | omoglymmius ( pyxiglymmius )


hellinsia sulphureodactylus is a moth of the family pterophoridae .

it is found in north america ( including colorado , california , iowa and alberta ) .

the wingspan is about 25 mm .

the head is ochreous .

the palpi are whitish yellow , streaked with ochreous and the antennae are long and yellowish tinged with fuscous .

the thorax and abdomen are sulphur yellow , streaked with ochreous scales .

the legs are whitish ochreous , streaked with brown .

the forewings are clear sulphur yellow , slightly tinged with brownish on the outer fourth of the costa .

there is a minute brown dot before the base of the fissure .

the fringes are pale yellowish white , but cinereous on the hind margin .

the hindwings are whitish , thickly dusted with cinereous .

the fringes are concolorous .

the larvae have been recorded feeding on helianthus pumilus .

they web up the young heads of their host plant and feed within the spun mass .

hellinsia sulphureodactylus

hellinsia sulphureodactylus <EOT> if you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington

disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .

contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .

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self published : pp . 1 - 66 , pl . 1 - 3 , 1880

walsingham , lord . 1880 . pterophoridae of california and oregon . 1 - 66 , pl . 1 - 3

contributed by maury j . heiman on 11 june , 2018 - 10 : 34pm

dognin ' s " new moths of south america " was published in french in two dozen fascicles over the period 1910 to 1923 . an online and downloadable volume of the original fascicles is available from biodiversity heritage library starting here . the higher taxonomy ( genera , families ) is long out of date and there is apparently no index to species .

chambers , v . t . , 1878 . art . iii - descriptions of new tineina from texas , and others from more northern localities . bulletin of the united states geological and geographical survey of the territories 4 : 79 - 106 .

chambers , v . t . , 1877 . tineina from texas . the canadian entomologist 9 ( 2 ) : 22 - 26 . chambers , v . t . , 1877 . tineina from texas . the canadian entomologist 9 ( 4 ) : 71 - 74 .

braun , a . f . , 1930 . notes and new species of microlepidoptera from the mineral springs region of adams county , ohio . transactions of the american entomological society 56 ( 1 ) : 1 - 17 . ( free access )

catalogue of the types specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum described by edward meyrick , vol . 6 .

keifer , h . h . , 1933 . california microlepidoptera vi . bulletin of the department of agriculture , state of california , 22 ( 7 - 11 ) : 351 - 365 .

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gielis , c . 2003 . pterophoroidea and alucitoidea . in world catalogue of insects , vol . 4 . apollo books , stenstrup , denmark , 198 pp .

due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to

distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .

use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .

zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .

hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .

pohl , g . r . , g . g . anweiler , b . c . schmidt , and n . g . kondla . 2010 . an annotated list of the lepidoptera of alberta , canada . zookeys 38 : 1 - 549 .

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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

" data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace . "

patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .

" data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace . "

iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .

" data developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve . "

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plume moths are easily recognized by their characteristic " t " - shaped resting posture and the lobed or divided wings of most species . while the family pterophoridae is easily identified , species determinations are more challenging , often requiring dissection and preparation of genitalia slides . there are currently 162 described species known from north america north of the mexican border . known species are listed below with links to photographs or additional information . synonyms are available in a world catalogue ( gielis 2003 ) . larval food plants are known for 76 of the described nearctic species (