energoatom , full name national nuclear energy generating company of ukraine ( ukrainian : наек " енергоатом " ) is a ukrainian state enterprise operating all four nuclear power stations in ukraine .

energoatom

energoatom <EOT> nuclear generation is the responsibility of state enterprise national nuclear energy generating company energoatom ( nnegc energoatom ) , established in october 1996 .

october , 2006 –march , 2008 – vice president for finance , nnegc “energoatom” .

october з , 1999 – january , 2003 – chief accountant , nnegc “energoatom” .

1 - 27 - 15 m2u06802 energoatom signs amendment to holtec contract . . .

in the course of presenting the licence , snrc chief boris stolyarchuk said energoatom had met an " extremely large " number of legislative conditions , according to an energoatom statement .

state enterprise national nuclear energy generating company " energoatom " ( " energoatom " ) to assist with the safety upgrade of power units of nuclear power plants . energoatom is a 100 % state enterprise , subordinated to the ministry of energy and coal industry of ukraine .

nnegc energoatom company profile is a detailed strategic and analytical report on nnegc energoatom . the 2018 version of the report offers detailed insights into the companys strategies , developments , outlook and

the objective of the proposed consultancy assignment is to advise energoatom on corporatisation and to strengthen its institutional capacity and sustainability . the selected consultant will be required to assist energoatom as follows :

the response to the report from the state - owned nuclear power operator energoatom and nuclear regulators , however , has been strong and swift . energoatom sued the group for putting forth what it

stg commences construction and erection of the novovoronezh nuclear power plant - 2 under the contract with energoatom concern .

yatsenyuk ordered an independent audit of energoatom ' s financial and economic activity to enable allegations of abuse and corruption to be lifted if they are proven to be false . " pursuant to this order , energoatom is preparing a package of tender documents for the selection of an auditor for two areas – issues related to energoatom ' s procurement pricing procedure and to the conclusions of the state financial inspection of ukraine ' s audit of energoatom , " nedashkovsky said .

at " transparency international " seminar on " anticorruption " for # energoatom . some great insights into main issues . urltoken

eu today meeting tonight with yuriy nedashkovskyi , president of # ukraine nuclear power co . # energoatom in # brussels urltoken

nnegc energoatom ( energoatom ) is a power utility that operates nuclear plants . the company operates zaporizhzhya ; rivne ; south ukraine ; and khmelnitsky plants . energoatom constructs and operates wind plants in crimea . it also provides maintenance and repair services ; invests in residential buildings ; manufactures metal structures , containers , thermal insulations , fireproof doors , and containment prestressing system fitting cables for npps ; and transports goods and people across the country . energoatom is headquartered in kyiv , ukraine .

energoatom has a long way to go before acquiring full financial independence , and will continue to receive state budget funding .

on 16 june , 2010 aidyn aisin was appointed vice president of nnegc “energoatom” ( cmu order # 1239 - r ) .

ukrainian npps are now financially well doing , and °∆energoatom°« started several investment projects . among these project the most important are :

“it’s also a responsibility . energoatom will have to make more efforts in the fields of anti - corruption to keep improving . ”

energoatom has postponed the completion target date for its program to improve the safety of its nuclear power plants from 2017 to the end of 2020 .

transparency international - ukraine’s study into the state of business practices in ukraine produced joint leaders for the title of “most transparent” — energoatom and ukrtelecom .

energoatom , the state - owned nuclear power operator , did not immediately respond to e - mail and phone requests for comment on this article .

they used to keep this banner hung from their office balcony , which was conveniently located across from energoatom’s office balcony . holovko says that every day , when the energoatom employees took their smoke breaks , they’d have to stare right at those big black letters hung next to the radiation hazard sign :

" i hope that this result marks the start of energoatom ' s financial recovery and that it will improve its investment attractiveness , " nedashkovsky said .

45743 - urenco _ and _ energoatom _ sign _ contract _ on _ supply _ of _ enriched _ uranium _ / # . v7wi5thp3ns . twitter

energoatom’s financial dilemma is but one element of deeper , structural difficulties that also become manifest in repeated delays in implementing safety measures at ukraine’s nuclear reactors .

on february 22 , 2018 , the former head of a separate unit of the state enterprise national nuclear power generation company ( nnpgc ) «energoatom» , suspected of causing damage to the se nnpgc «energoatom» , was detained at the kyiv boryspil airport . during the last three months the suspect was mentioned in the wanted list .

national nuclear energy generating company energoatom ( nnegc energoatom ) is investigating how to improve the capacity of its vver - 1000 ( v - 320 ) reactors up to 110 percent of the nominal level . there are currently 13 1 , 000 mw ( gross electrical capacity ) vver - 1000 type reactors operating in ukraine .

in february 2010 energoatom signed a cooperation agreement with china guangdong nuclear power co ( cgn ) relating to nuclear power plant design , construction , operation and maintenance .

the state enterprise national nuclear energy generating company energoatom ( " energoatom " ) operates 4 npps , which produce 45 . 6 % of all electricity generated in ukraine 1 . the company also maintains one of the largest wind power stations which is situated in crimea with a total capacity of up to 10 . 4 mw 2 .

yuriy nedashkovskiy was appointed as a president of se nnegc energoatom by decree of the cabinet of ministers of ukraine № 124 - p dated 05 . 03 . 2014 .

at present , there are four operational npps in ukraine ( rivne , khmelnytskyi , south ukraine and zaporizhzhia ) providing approximately 46 % of the country ' s total electricity generation capacity . energoatom owns and operates these four plants . the main activities of energoatom are the construction , commissioning and exploitation of nuclear installations and nuclear waste management .

in october 2015 energoatom signed agreements with tractabel engineering from belgium for safety upgrades and capacity uprates of reactors . tractabel has offered technical and engineering assistance with completing khmelnitski 3 & 4 . in march 2016 energoatom announced an agreement between turboatom and westinghouse to uprate the capacity of 13 vver - 1000 turbine generator sets by up to 10 % .

, nnegc “energoatom” has signed two contracts under the credit agreement with european bank of reconstruction and development euroatom . the first contract was signed between “energoatom” and a consortium of euroean nuclear companies edf ( france ) , tractebel ( belgium ) , enprima ( finland ) that is the adviser of the group of project management of power units’ safety increase

he worked at zaporizhzhya npp , rising from the position of an engineer of the reactor check - out and test hall up to the general director . form 1996 to 2000 biley worked as general director of zaporizhzhya npp . between 2000 and 2002 he served as qa director of nnegc”energoatom” , in 2003 he successively occupied positions of production director & deputy head of operating body , technical director & deputy head of operating body of nnegc”energoatom” . since december 2003 biley has been general inspector - safety director , nnegc “energoatom” .

on march 2011 mr . shavlakov was appointed first vice president – technical director of nnegc energoatom ( order # 157 - r of the cabinet of ministers of ukraine ) .

for energoatom to become profitable will not be easy . first , tariffs will have to be reviewed to include expenditures on transport and decommissioning of nuclear waste , environmentalists say .

difficulties are piling up for ukraine’s state nuclear operator energoatom whose accounts remain frozen since april this year due to a pending case at the national court over outstanding debt payments .

however , the atu union warned that the nuclear workers ' wages have still not been paid . the national nuclear power utility energoatom owes them more than 15 million us dollars .

“this strategic cooperation with turboatom is an excellent example of how westinghouse is committed to providing its customer , energoatom , with innovative technical solutions to further improve plant efficiency and safety , ” said aziz dag , westinghouse vice president and managing director , northern europe . “we also look forward to working with other local ukrainian suppliers to support energoatom’s capacity upgrade project . ”

energoatom and privately - held ukrtelecom joint stock company scored 8 . 9 out of a possible 10 . pjsc arcelormittal kryvyi rih took third with a combined score of 8 . 4 .

energoatom has set up atomproektengineering to handle new nuclear power projects , including investment , design , and construction . it has already been involved with khmelnitski 3 & 4 ( see below ) . in october 2010 atomenergomash announced that it and naec energoatom would set up a strategic consortium to localize nuclear equipment manufacture in ukraine , particularly in relation to khmelnitski 3 & 4 .

the nuclear industry assures that future stock in energoatom and other enterprises will remain state property and that the goal of the reform is not privatisation , but the elevation of their enterprises’ effectiveness .

energoatom is currently unable to serve loans from european institutions . even though a european commission study assessed the company’s credit worthiness , ukrainian taxpayers now have to pay back part of the loans .

in september 2017 , energoatom signed a contract with westinghouse to supply monitoring instrumentation systems to the zaporozhe plant as part of the ongoing complex consolidated safety upgrade program of nuclear power plants in ukraine .

ukraine’s energoatom state nuclear power monopoly has brushed off any fears about the safety repercussions of the extra burden being put on the country’s four atomic power plants , one of which is europe’s largest .

“energoatom” has maid mainly all terms that precede coming into force of credit agreements . one of the main terms was to sign the contracts with consortium edf - tractebel - enprima and the company enertec .

energoatom has received regulatory approval to start construction of a central used fuel storage facility at the site of the chernobyl nuclear power plant in ukraine . the state nuclear regulatory inspectorate of ukraine ( snrc ) issued a licence on 6 june regarding " the right to carry out activities in the construction and commissioning of a nuclear installation " , marking the official start of work on the facility , energoatom said .

the amendment means that energoatom is responsible for the civil design and construction of the facility , while holtec is responsible for the design and supply of used nuclear fuel dry storage , transport and related equipment .

st . petersburg – with the transformation earlier this month of russia’s state nuclear utility rosenergoatom into the joint stock company energoatom , russia’s nuclear industry is hoping both to get government budget funding and attract investors .

“today , naek energoatom and westinghouse are pleased to announce that we have reached agreement to significantly deepen our partnership that will provide technology and knowledge transfer to enhance the safety and operations of ukraine’s nuclear power fleet .

ukraine ' s 15 nuclear power units at four nuclear power plants are operated by nnegc energoatom , the country ' s nuclear power utility . following the addition of two new vver - 1000 reactors in 2005 , capacity increased to 13 , 107 which was 26 . 3 % of the country’s total installed capacity . energoatom expects nuclear to retain its contribution of 50 - 52 % of ukraine ' s electricity in 2020 .

original design lifetime of the russian reactors was 30 years . energoatom initially planned to extend the lifetimes of rovno 1 & 2 and south ukraine 1 by 15 years and final checking of the pressure vessels ( for embrittlement ) and the internals of all three units was in 2008 - 9 . in mid - 2012 energoatom announced that the 11 oldest 1000 mwe reactors were to have 20 - year life extensions by 2030 .

the task suggested by se “nnegc “energoatom” was considered in the category case study , which aim was to solve analytical issues , detailed research of particular subject , problem , process having clear time and space boundaries .

the borrower ( energoatom ) should be in a position to service and to reimburse the proposed euratom loan , its former and foreseen loans provided the regulated tariff is adjusted to allow full coverage of these expenses .

credit agreements will come into force , when nnegc “energoatom” will make certain terms . list of the main terms of the ebrd credit consists of 9 positions and 2 additional . and euroatom contract consists of 22 positions .

unfortunately , the procurement process has also succumbed to time - tested , soviet - legacy corruption methods . the ukrainian anti - corruption agency , nobu , recently uncovered bribes paid by the czech company skoda js to officials at energoatom . illegal withdrawals of public funds for cable products , working with offshore companies that sponsor terrorism worldwide , and overpayments by energoatom of hundreds of millions of uah , have all been uncovered by ukrainian anti - corruption officials .

in october 2016 energoatom signed an agreement with ge power sp . zo . – formerly alstom’s polish subsidiary – to upgrade nuclear power plant turbine hall equipment and to expand cooperation in the long - term service of such equipment .

unit of the rnpp ) for the sum of 2 million euro . the second was made between nnegc “energoatom” and british company enertec ( the adviser of creditors of ebrd - euroatom ) for the sum of 650 000 euro .

meanwhile , nuclear energy is still being portrayed in ukraine as a cheap and the only alternative for securing energy supply . but energoatom’s troubles on taxpayers’ expense are just one more sign for the mismanagement of ukraine’s nuclear energy sector .

it gets worse . operating in such a permissive environment , energoatom no longer feels any pressure to observe the best domestic regulatory or international practices in its procurement operations . instead of adhering to the procedures of the international atomic energy agency ( iaea ) and hiring companies with a proven track record , energoatom started using dubious firms that do not possess the necessary experience and expertise to do work . international inspections are pro forma and only carried out infrequently .

according to mr . nedashkovsky , ukraine will need to build new npps to substitute those that will be decommissioned after 2010 . for this , °∆energoatom°« already received offers from usa , france , canada , russia and other countries .

the case over an allegedly unpaid usd 5 million debt was filed by ukrelektrovat , an energy investment company , after president poroshenko decided in march to not extend a moratorium on the ability to sue strategic energy companies such as energoatom .

now that the company’s free ride is over , energoatom is unable to pay for nuclear fuel and other needs . yet , its economic difficulties will likely not impact its international lenders , euratom and the european bank for reconstruction and development ( ebrd ) , who have each provided energoatom with eur 300 million loans . instead , it is ukrainian tax payers – already under stress by an economic downturn and the devaluation of their currency – who have to foot the bill .

in august 2016 energoatom signed an agreement with korea hydro & nuclear power ( khnp ) , one objective of which is to cooperate in the ukraine - eu ' energy bridge ' project , as well as completing khmelnitski 3 & 4 .

late in 2006 the government moved to set up a new national nuclear industry entity - ukratomprom , as a vertically - integrated nuclear holding company reporting to energy ministry and cabinet . ukratomprom was to consist of six state - owned enterprises including energoatom , the vostgok uranium mining company , and the novokonstantinov uranium development company , with assets of some us $ 10 billion , including $ 6 . 35 billion for energoatom . three major projects were to be launched in 2007 , including a $ 1875 million uranium production venture comprising refurbishment of vostgok ' s hydrometallurgical plant and construction of a uranium mill at novokonstantinov . then it was announced that energoatom would not be included in ukratomprom , and soon afterwards plans were abandoned .

problems affecting nuclear power generation included energorynok ' s " chronic " non - payment , he said . state enterprise energorynok acts as the commercial operator and ' single buyer ' in ukraine ' s wholesale electricity market . during the reporting period , energorynok paid energoatom uah 1 . 7 billion ( $ 80 million ) , which was just less than 10 % of the total value of the electricity it received . repayments of its debt to energoatom " virtually ceased " , nedashkovsky said .

1 . following this invitation for expressions of interest , a shortlist of qualified consultants will be formally invited to submit proposals . shortlisting and selection will be subject to the availability of funding . energoatom will be the contracting party for this assignment .

the principal company energoatom has been the beneficiary of grants from international ifis including the ebrd and euroatom to support development and maintenance work . the company works in close co - operation with dg energy and dg development of the european commission . €

" we consider this a breach of the contract terms , " grigoriev said . he pointed out that tvel has net received yet any official notification from energoatom regarding full core charge of the us fuel in a reactor at the south ukrainian npp . " as soon as it happens , we will defend our rights , " he said . however , he added that tvel would not suspend fabrication of nuclear fuel for ukraine in spite of the fact that energoatom ' s accounts had been frozen because of litigation . in march , ukrainian law - enforcers froze energoatom ' s assets and bank accounts over allegedly unpaid debts . the company has appealed against the charges in court but no decision has been reached yet and the accounts remain frozen .

the unian news agency reported today that the change in schedule was announced by gregoriy plachkov , energoatom ' s deputy director of investment and long - term development , at a meeting of the state - run company ' s friendly nuclear ua community .

energoatom’s president y . nedashkovsky said recently that ukrainian taxpayers have already had to jump in with 1 . 2 million euro for paying back interest rates and installments of euratom’s loan . the loan was provided under state guarantees for energoatom’s so - called nuclear safety upgrade programme , that has been presented as a way to bring ukraine’s 15 ageing nuclear reactors in line with international standards but that is at the same time necessary to keep them working 10 to 20 years longer than they were designed to .

this , perversely , subjugates the regulator to the whims of the operator . if energoatom cannot meet certain safety standards or deadlines , its bosses simply inform the regulator of such , and the deadlines are extended or eliminated , public safety be damned .

energoatom said then the agreement would make it possible to use all its available nuclear capacity and attract funds for the completion of the third and fourth reactors of its khmelnitsky nuclear power plant . in july the same year , the ukrainian . . .

“for energoatom , to be in the top ranks of transparency international ukraine’s corporate reporting recognizes the fact that we’re moving in the right direction with anti - corruption implementation , ” oleg polishchuk , director of energatom’s anti - corruption centre , told the ubj .

following the annexation of crimea by russia , in april 2014 ukraine extended its 2008 contract with westinghouse for fuel supply through to 2020 . in 2015 energoatom ordered westinghouse fuel for unit 5 of the zaporozhe plant , as well as for south ukraine . it plans to use westinghouse fuel in zaporozhe 1 , 3 , 4 and 5 , and has loaded this fuel into unit 5 . this fuel is fabricated at the westinghouse plant at vasteras in sweden . westinghouse commented : " this new agreement for westinghouse vver fuel design testifies to the quality of our fuel design and demonstrates that it has , in fact , operated without issue at the south ukraine nuclear power plant , as confirmed by extensive and recent joint energoatom and westinghouse inspections . this contract extension . . . . will allow energoatom to continue diversification of its fuel supply . we expect that . . . westinghouse will grow its share of the ukrainian nuclear fuel market . ” russian sources have since suggested that the westinghouse vver fuel is unlicensed and dangerous . in 2015 energoatom bought 5 % of its fuel from westinghouse , worth $ 32 million , out of a total of $ 644 million . in 2016 energoatom imported $ 549 million of fuel , with $ 387 million ( 70 . 5 % ) of this from tvel and $ 162 million ( 29 . 5 % ) from westinghouse – less than the expected 40 % . in 2017 energoatom bought $ 368 . 9 million worth of nuclear fuel from tvel and $ 164 . 4 million of westinghouse fuel from sweden .

units , and stresses that skoda js “operates by european laws in spite of the fact that the russian company is its shareholder . ” energoatom has dismissed chinese expressions of interest . then in august 2016 energoatom signed an agreement with korea hydro & nuclear power ( khnp ) , one objective of which is to cooperate on the completion of khmelnitski 3 & 4 . an associated objective is to cooperate on the ukraine - eu ' energy bridge ' project , exporting power from khmelnitski 2 to poland . in july 2017 energoatom said that skoda js had modified the design and would supply both engineering services as well as many of the components for the two units , with overall 70 % ukrainian content . they are now expected online in 2023 and 2025 , using westinghouse fuel .

in the 1990s both the government and energoatom were determined to bring two new reactors – khmelnitski 2 and rovno 4 ( k2 - r4 ) – into operation as soon as possible . both reactors were 80 % complete when a halt was imposed in 1990 .

energoatom is " constantly " working on projects to improve the safety of its plants , plachkov stressed . " this process is permanent , we never stop improving safety and work on it every day . it is our duty as a licensee of nuclear installations . "

and in march 2017 energoatom said that it would start to function in 2019 with 1550 mwe as the " first step on the way to fully integrated strategic synchronisation of the ukrainian and european energy systems . " it will be completed by 2025 , with 2550 mwe

in 1996 the former nuclear operating entity goskomatom set up a new corporate nuclear utility , national nuclear energy generating company ( nnegc ) energoatom . nnegc energoatom is responsible for the safety of all ukrainian npps under the law on nuclear power use and radiation safety . its main task is construction of new power capacities and life extension for the existing plants , procurement of new fuel and transportation of used fuel , establishment of the national infrastructure for management of irradiated fuel , ensuring physical security of nuclear power facilities , and professional training and development of personnel . energoatom ' s initial priorities were to increase safety , bring load factors up to 83 - 85 % , and extend the working lives of the reactors by 10 - 15 years ( at about us $ 150 million per vver - 1000 reactor ) .

within the frames of european engineering competition ebec , se “nnegc “energoatom” has suggested to the students to look at the possibilities to assure more stable operation of integrated power grid of ukraine by construction of new generating capacities taking into account their maneuverability , cost and environmental compatibility .

ukraine ' s ability to manage the 2015 - 2016 heating season will depend on the ability of its nuclear power plants to cover winter peak load , energoatom president yuri nedashkovsky said during a presentation of the state - run company ' s first - half financial results yesterday .

ebrd , a public sector bank investing in eastern europe and elsewhere on behalf of 64 countries and the european union , last year announced a €300 million loan to the ukrainian state nuclear power company , energoatom . it is the largest nuclear safety loan the bank has made .

the 105 - page report forecasts that the price of electricity in ukraine will increase from 27 . 1 kopeks per kilowatt / hour in 2012 to 54 . 4 kopeks per kilowatt / hour in 2020 . “significant tariff increases will be required for energoatom , ” it says .

°…every second kilowatt - hour of electricity in ukraine is generated by nuclear power plants°… , says the president of ukrainian energy - generating company °∆energoatom°« , yuriy nedashkovsky . the company reports significant success in its operations . and the main one , beyond doubt , is the decision by the government of ukraine that from now on °∆energoatom°« company is an operator of all fourukrainian npps ( zaporizka ; 6 reactors , pivdenno - ukrainska ; 4 reactors , rivnenska ; 3 reactors , khmelnytska ; 1 reactor ) , fully responsible for their management , safety and economic results .

under a 2008 contract , westinghouse supplied a total of 630 fuel assemblies for south ukraine 2 & 3 . however , these trials to 2011 were contentious , with energoatom claiming manufacturing defects in the fuel and westinghouse asserting errors in fuel loading . each reactor has 163 fuel assemblies .

construction by atomstroyexport ( now niaep - ase ) . the energy ministry was reported to want skoda js to take over the contract from atomstroyexport . however the foreign ministry initially opposed this due to skoda js being owned by russia’s omz , and energoatom appealed to the president to resolve the matter . the cost for completing the two units had been put at €3 . 7 billion including the first fuel load at €296 million . energoatom’s later estimate is €4 billion . a polish investor has offered finance of €1 . 48 billion in return for electricity supply to poland .

energoatom’s four nuclear facilities are comprised of 15 operating nuclear power units , 13 of which are vver - 1000 reactors and two vver - 400 , aggregating a total installed capacity of 13 , 835 mwe . as such , ukraine ranks seventh in the world in terms of the total installed npp capacity . the main goal of energoatom’s activity is to increase electricity production and the npps’ capacity factor while ensuring continued improvement of the operational safety to meet international standards . energoatom’s electricity production meets about 55 % of ukraine’s total electricity demand ( in recent winters , 60 % ) , although its installed capacity represents only 26 . 6 % of the ukrainian total . beside the four nuclear power plants , the company also comprises 9 service subdivisions , in particular , those for nuclear machine building industry and instrumentation engineering . around 35 , 000 employees work in the company .

energoatom’s financial backers , the ebrd and , via euratom , the european commission , must re - assess the viability of their support . if not because of the numerous safety concerns , then now in light of their client’s financial vulnerabilities and the financial burden this brings to ukrainian citizens .

ukrainian nuclear utility energoatom has breached the terms and conditions of the contract with russian fuel company tvel for fuel supplies to ukraine ' s npps , oleg grigoriev , tvel vice president for commerce and international cooperation , told journalists on 30 may . he noted that in 2010 the parties had signed a fuel supply contract for all ukraine ' s npps until the end of their service life - until approximately 2042 - 2043 taking into account life extensions . under this contract , energoatom had the right to use fuel of another producer ( westinghouse electric co ) on a limited scale .

these continued troubles must raise questions over the viability of the loans granted to the company by european institutions . but a feasibility study ( pdf , censored version ) , requested by the european commission prior to approving the euratom loan in 2014 , positively evaluated energoatom’s ability to repay the loans :

meanwhile , nabu announces that it has served a notification of suspicion to ex - mp martynenko , one of narfront ' s most powerful men , in the case of $ 6 - mln embezzlement from state - owned # energoatom ( case chart below ) ; funds on swiss bank accounts seized . urltoken

“the sop will bring together the best practices of global operating experience and advanced technology combined with ukrainian experts and industries such as westron and turboatom . this agreement to proceed on a safety optimization program represents a significant new partnership between naek energoatom and westinghouse in providing joint support to ukraine’s nuclear energy . ”

in 2016 the government set an end - of - year target date for energoatom to introduce load - following capability in all its vver reactors , though the company said it would take at least two years to achieve this . trials have been in the range 100 % to 75 % of power .

“we never for a moment stopped our cooperation and collaboration with ukrainian partners – naec ” energoatom “ , state concern ” nuclear fuel “and other enterprises . we fulfill all our commitments on nuclear fuel supplies , equipment , materials , works and services at ukrainian npps as scheduled ” , – said merten .

energoatom president , mr . nedashkovsky , described the memorandum of understanding as an integral part of his company’s aim to fully exploit existing ukrainian nuclear power electricity production , the backbone of the country’s energy system , which is currently underutilized but has a remarkable performance and technological potential to help strengthen ukraine’s energy independence .

despite energoatom ' s " significant advances " in the fight against corruption , nedashkovsky faced the serious problem of a " flurry of allegations " by certain government agencies that were then repeated by the media . " there is no evidence to support these allegations and so we believe they were fabricated and aimed at destabilizing nuclear power generation , " he said . on 7 july , during a meeting of an expanded board of the country ' s energy ministry , ukrainian prime minister arseniy yatsenyuk drew attention to the " massive criticism " of energoatom , including claims based on the findings of the state financial inspection of ukraine .

in september 2015 parliament voted to repeal the 2012 law on construction of the two units on the basis of non - performance by atomstroyexport . the government wanted skoda js to take over the project , and skoda was keen to do so . energoatom has signed an agreement with barclays bank to finance completion of the

the mid - 2011 energy policy revision proposed 2300 mwe of new capacity with decision on technology to be after 2015 . following this there will be a need for replacing plants which are decommissioned in the 2030s . energoatom proposes to select a standard pwr ( or possibly candu ) design from among leading vendors for the remaining planned units after khmelnitski 3 & 4 . this will involve consideration of local content in the plants . while russian vver technology was the most obvious fit until 2014 , energoatom ' s atomproektengineering division had provided a feasibility study recommending making provision for use of candu ec - 6 reactors to the ministry in october 2010 .

according to a august 11th decree issued by the federal agency for the management of state property , the charter capital of the energoatom concern is 318 . 3 billion roubles ( $ 12 . 9 million ) . one hundred percent of the stock will be transferred to the government holding atomenergoprom by the end of this year .

energoatom increased the share of nuclear energy in the country ' s electricity mix during the first six months of this year by 9 . 6 percentage points year on year to 56 . 6 % . net income from electricity sales amounted to uah 15 . 588 ( $ 730 million ) , an increase of 48 . 5 % .

life extension and upgrades - in 2008 and 2009 , energoatom successfully extended the operating licenses of three of its reactors by 20 years . based on these and other subsequent success with npp life extensions , energoatom is working with the european bank for reconstruction and development ( ebrd ) as well as euratom to upgrade additional reactors . though the life extension program is being challenged under the un convention on environmental impact assessment in a transboundary context , energoatom continues with life extensions . fuel - for decades , ukraine had been nearly entirely dependent on russian nuclear fuel procurement from rosatom because ukraine does not convert , enrich , or fabricate its fuel . despite a lack of domestic enrichment capacity , ukraine does possess mineral uranium resources , including approximately 2 percent of the world’s uranium reserves . traditionally , ukraine sent its uranium concentrate and zirconium alloy to russia for enrichment . to reduce the risk of complete dependence on russia , however , in december 2014 , ukraine signed the contract with westinghouse electric company to begin diversifying its nuclear fuel supply . in 2016 ukraine imported 28 . 3 percent of nuclear fuel elements from westinghouse , and in 2017 it plans to increase these imports . ukraine took an additional step towards diversification in august 2016 when it signed a supply contract for enriched uranium with the anglo - german - dutch company , urenco . waste management - ukraine has an open fuel cycle and two storage facilities for spent fuel , one dry at the zaporozhye plant and one wet at the chernobyl plant . currently , ukraine sends its spent fuel to russia and energoatom pays russia $ 150 - 200 million per annum to accept and store this spent nuclear fuel . in january 2015 , energoatom and the u . s . firm holtec signed a contract to construct a centralized dry storage facility for spent fuel ( csfsf ) in the chernobyl exclusion zone to reduce ukraine ' s reliance on russia . in january 2017 , energoatom announced a tender for the preparation of the construction site for csfsf , which it will commission in the third quarter of 2018 .

khmelnytskyi nuclear power plant is the start of the deactivated rzeszów–khmelnytskyi powerline , one of three 750 kv lines running from ukraine to the european union . energoatom are considering disconnecting unit 2 from the ukrainian power grid and connecting it to the burshtyn tes energy island which operates on the european power grid , to facilitate exports to poland and hungary .

the combined forces of south korea and ukraine represents a wealth of nuclear power experience and expertise . khnp operates 24 reactors and has six additional units under construction . for its part , energoatom operates 15 reactors at four different nuclear power plants . the countries have respective nuclear capacities of 21 , 716 mwe and 13 , 835 mwe , respectively .

the detectives of the national anti - corruption bureau of ukraine ( nabu ) continue the pre - trial investigation as of the facts of receiving improper advantage during the procurement procedures made by state enterprise ( se ) «national nuclear energy generating company ( nnegc ) «energoatom» . the statements that according to the court decision the nabu has to close the proceeding are not true .

" i believe that before the end of the year we will have an objective assessment of how energoatom actually conducted its financial and economic activity . i have no doubt that on the whole these findings will be in our favour , but i also know that we have a lot of shortcomings in the preparation of tenders and that this situation must be put right . "

“energoatom was one of the first to develop and implement basic compliance systems , once transparency became legally necessary , ” he said , “we saw the legislation was being drafted , prepared anti - corruption measures , and when the law was enacted , we were ready to implement our program in full . other companies interested in compliance have modeled their efforts on our own . ”

because of the constant delays , ukraine’s government has moved the deadline for implementing the safety upgrade programme from 2017 to 2020 . as result of the postponement , energoatom’s financial difficulties and the mounting pressure from ukraine’s neighbours and civil society , ukraine’s state nuclear regulator , snriu , postponed decisions scheduled for may on the lifetime extensions of yet another two units , zaporizhia 1 and 2 .

ukraine ’s nuclear power plants are supposed to be regulated by the state nuclear regulatory inspectorate of ukraine ( snriu ) , which by law is an independent regulatory body . in recent years , however , it has become standard practice for the leaders of snriu to be appointed by the state nuclear power plant operator , energoatom , instead of through a rigorous , independent selection process .

a highlight of the first half - year reporting period , he said , was the cabinet of ministers ' 15 june decision to start a pilot project for a ukraine - european union energy bridge . as part of this project - to supply electricity from the khmelnitski nuclear power plant to poland and other eu countries - energoatom aims to prepare and submit six projects for government approval .

the two oldest units in ukraine , rovno 1 & 2 , were to be replaced as part of the 2006 nuclear power strategy . in 2018 , however , energoatom signed an agreement with holtec international to replace them by 2030 with multiple smr - 160 units . it is intended that this will be a pilot project , and will set up a manufacturing hub for these reactors .

however , lack of payment is delaying the return of used fuel from ukraine too russia for reprocessing . russian state nuclear corporation rosatom has delayed acceptance of the first batch of used nuclear fuel from ukraine this year because of energoatom ' s failure to pay . oleg kryukov , director of public policy on radwaste , used fuel and nuclear decommissioning at rosatom , told journalists at the viii international forum atomexpo 2016 : " the contract is in force but there are problems with payments in ukraine now due to a suit against energoatom and the freezing of its accounts . there are no payments ; therefore , we had to postpone taking back the first batch of used fuel this year , " kryukov said . however , he added that rosatom intends to continue working under this contract .

but " the positives outweighed the negatives " in the reporting period , he added , and energoatom managed to improve its financial position significantly , he said , with a net profit for january - june 2015 of uah 2 billion ( $ 93 . 7 million ) compared with a net loss in the same period of 2014 of uah 3 . 536 billion ( $ 166 million ) .

in august and october 2004 khmelnitski 2 and rovno 4 respectively were connected to the grid , bringing their long and interrupted construction to an end and adding 1900 mwe to replace that lost by closure of chernobyl 1 & 3 in 1996 and 2000 respectively . they were completed by energoatom using a consortium of framatome anp and atomstroyexport . see fuller account of k2 - r4 in appendix below .

russia takes back fuel from ukraine under a scientific - technical and economic cooperation agreement signed in 1993 . a representative from energoatom said in april that between 2016 and 2018 ukraine was planning to ship more than 1 , 000 used fuel assembly units to russia . in the future ukraine plans to store and reprocess all nuclear fuel inside but the necessary facilities for this are not yet in place .

in a statement , the atu presidium said it shared the icem ' s view that the various international financial institutions and intergovernmental agencies which are supporting the renovation of the ukrainian nuclear industry must give immediate priority to targeted assistance for the settlement of the wage debt . on 17 march , the president of energoatom and the energy minister told the atu presidium that the necessary funds were still not available .

regardless of the proclaimed ' independence ' from russian oil provided by nuclear power , ukraine still imports nuclear fuel . . . from russia , and until recently sent back the nuclear waste . to reduce this dependency , two liquid nuclear waste storages were created . in jan 2005 " energoatom " announced that work on a new solid waste storage plant will be carried out by us company holtec international .

state special enterprise chernobyl nuclear power plant was created on july 11 , 2001 on base of the former energoatom ' s company of the same name . the company was basically recommissioned under a special jurisdiction for the further decommissioning of its nuclear power station . on july 15 , 2005 the enterprise was transferred from under the jurisdiction of the ministry of fuel and energy to the ministry of emergencies . [ 2 ]

korea hydro & nuclear power ( khnp ) and ukraine ' s energoatom have signed a memorandum of understanding that outlines cooperation agreements that could bring to completion the third and fourth units at the khmelnitsky nuclear power plant that was begun in the mid - 1980s , but halted in 1990 and again in 2015 amid contractual disagreements with russia ' s rosatom , which had taken up the project after the initial work stoppage .

according to ebrd , the total cost of completion would be about $ 1 . 7 bn ( technical design is not finished yet , so the sum is not final ) . main costs ( about $ 1 . 5 bn ) will be invested by ukrainian organizations headed by ukrainian nuclear energy generating company energoatom , by euroatom and by russian businesses . russian organizations will be main contractors and suppliers for the project .

in september 2014 the new government introduced a bill to parliament that allowed the sale of 40 % of energoatom to a foreign investor . this followed an announcement that the prime minister expected agreements for new nuclear reactor construction to be signed by the end of the year . however , refurbishment of older plants to extend operating lifetimes and bring them into conformity with eu standards seemed more probable , both economically and regarding timescale .

energoatom has been planning to raise its electricity tariff in order to finance reorganization of the nuclear fuel cycle complex and to implement safety modernizations at all plants , as well as to enable funding of life extensions and construction of new plants . a 2013 ebrd report related to a €300 million loan for reactor safety upgrading forecast a wholesale price doubling from 27 kopek / kwh in 2012 to 54 kopek / kwh in 2020 .

ukraine was using exclusively russian nuclear fuel in the first six months of 2015 . in the second half of 2015 , the share of nuclear assemblies supplied by the swedish westinghouse reached 10 % , and exceeded 38 % in the first six months of 2016 . when ihor nasalyk became energy minister in may 2016 , a noticeable rollback took place : westinghouse’s supplies of fuel for energoatom went down to 31 . 2 % .

stolyarchuk said energoatom was performing work of national importance since it " annually loses about $ 200 million exporting used nuclear fuel to russia " , he added . this is more than an economic consideration , he added , because nuclear fuel is a " strategic material , a future energy resource " . technologies are " constantly developing , and ukraine will be able to use its valuable nuclear material in the future " , he said .

in order to ensure the " swift detection of possible corruption offenses and a response to them " , energoatom operates an on - line " trust box " - a whistle - blower portal - and in the first six months of this year carried out 53 official investigations . these led to the prosecution of 48 people , the firing of four of its staff and on five occasions the company passed information on to law enforcement agencies .

today , westinghouse electric company and naek energoatom , the national nuclear energy generating company of ukraine , released a joint statement discussing the companies’ future partnership to sustain the safety of ukraine’s nuclear reactor fleet . the statement was issued during a visit to kiev by a special delegation of chief executive officers , including westinghouse’s interim president and ceo jose gutierrez , led by u . s . secretary of commerce penny pritzker and the u . s . department of commerce .

ukraine has also settled on a financing option , which involves selling electricity generated by khmelnitsky ' s unit 2 to the european market . in march 2015 , state - owned energoatom signed an mou with power distribution company ukrenergo and polish - owned polenergia , a multi - faceted energy company to help make that happen . the design of this mou was to implement the so - called “energy - bridge project , ” which involved trans - european energy distribution .

an important issue for energoatom , as for the whole country , he said , is the fight against corruption . the company has been working with the non - governmental organization transparency international ukraine since march , " on matters of methodological support in understanding the basic requirements of anti - corruption legislation " , he said . in particular , training was arranged for the company ' s management on analysing each business unit ' s work to identify " corruption risks and manifestations " .

in january last year , energoatom and holtec signed an amendment to the contract to build the facility at the chernobyl nuclear power plant and supply used nuclear fuel dry cask storage systems . it will receive used nuclear fuel from nine of the country ' s 15 reactors - seven vver - 1000s and two vver - 440s - located at rivne , south ukraine and khmelnitsky . the zaporozhe nuclear power plant operates its own on - site used fuel storage facility that was commissioned in 2001 .

on november 24 , 2017 in the aarhus centre of the ministry of ecology and natural resources of ukraine , the ministry of ecology jointly with se nnegc “energoatom” representatives and with participation of the institutes that develop the environmental impact assessment ( eia ) reports of zaporizhzhya npp and south ukraine npp , as well as of independent ukrainian experts , held transboundary consultations in line with procedures of the convention on environmental impact assessment in a transboundary context ( espoo convention ) with representatives of interested foreign countries .

ukraine insists that the only way to compensate lost capacities is to complete construction of unit 2 at khmelnytsky npp and unit 4 at rivne npp ( k2 / r4 project ) . the g - 7 asked european bank for reconstruction and development ( ebrd ) to help ukraine in financing this project . to complete k2 / r4 ebrd considers loaning $ 190 million to ukrainian operator of nuclear power plants energoatom . apparently more investments from international and other companies will follow if ebrd approves the loan .

in november 2015 energoatom signed an agreement with areva “for safety upgrades of existing and future nuclear power plants in ukraine , lifetime extension and performance optimization . ” it said that its “very strong modernization and reconstruction program … . is being funded by the european community , euratom and the ebrd” as part of a new phase in the development of eu - ukraine contractual relations , aiming at political association and economic integration . a 2012 agreement for rosatom to complete two russian reactors had been revoked in september 2015 .

in may 2015 energoatom applied for a 15 - year licence extension for zaporozhe 1 , and in september 2016 the licence was extended to december 2025 after an extended outage for upgrading . with a similar upgrade underway , in august 2016 zaporozhe 2 was cleared for operation to 2026 , and the licence was extended in october . zaporozhe 3 shut down in february 2017 for a similar upgrade and ten - year licence extension , and will come back online when a new transmission link is commissioned late in 2017 .

stolyarchuk said the holtec technology to be used is already in use in many other countries , including belgium , spain , sweden and the usa , which " confirms its safety " . in may , energoatom president yury nedashkovsky led a delegation to holtec ' s plants in pittsburgh , ( pennsylvania ) , orrville ( ohio ) and camden ( new jersey ) . he said then the trip had confirmed the high quality of holtec ' s production base and its ability to transfer that expertise to the ukrainian project .


kure software koubou ( 呉ソフトウェア工房 ) , or ksk , is a japanese game development company founded in 1985 that creates games for many platforms , but focusing mostly on home computers .

ksk 's games are well known for the " gochyakyara " ( ゴチャキャラ " multiple character " ) system which ksk invented , which was a unique hybrid between the real-time strategy , action role-playing game and tactical role-playing game genres .

some of their games also used a european art style in addition to a japanese anime style .

ksk is also famous for having most of the cover art for their games created by renowned artist yoshitaka amano .

kure software koubou

kure software koubou <EOT> official site . kure software koubou . retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 19 ( translation )

official site . kure software koubou . retrieved on 2011 - 05 - 19 ( translation )

kure software koubou ( 呉ソフトウェア工房 ) is a game developer based in saitama , japan . the company was founded in 1985 by

a unique hybrid rts / action / rpg game first released in 1988 . it was the first game by kure software koubou and itnroduced their eventually popular multiple character gameplay system that they went on to use in many later games .

kure software koubou co . , ltd is an android developer that has been active since 2016 and has one game ( firstqueen1 ) in google play . firstqueen1 is listed in the category " role playing " and is highly ranked in at least one country .

first queen ( pc , super famicom , etc ) was a unique hybrid rts / rpg / action game first released in 1988 . it was one of the first games by kure software koubou and helped establish their eventually popular multiple character gameplay system that they went on to use in many later games .

in 1987 , amano joined square ( now known as square enix ) to work on a role - playing video game for the nintendo entertainment system : final fantasy . amano produced conceptual design pieces for the game in both traditional and computer designed artwork . at this time , he also worked for another video game company , kure software koubou , producing box cover illustrations as well as some character designs . this work included designs for kure ' s first queen series .

in 1987 , amano joined square ( now known as square enix ) to work on a role - playing video game for the nintendo entertainment system : final fantasy . amano produced conceptual design pieces for the game in both traditional and computer designed artwork . [ 10 ] at this time , he also worked for another video game company , kure software koubou , producing box cover illustrations as well as some character designs . this work included designs for kure ' s first queen series . [ 11 ]

first queen was a unique hybrid between a real - time strategy , action role - playing game and tactical role - playing game . like a role - playing video game , the player can explore the world , purchase items , and level up , and like a strategy video game , it focuses on recruiting soldiers and fighting against large armies , where the player controls a large army rather than a small party . the game introduced the " gochyakyara " ( ゴチャキャラ " multiple characters " ) system , where the player controls one character at a time while the others are controlled by the computer ' s artificial intelligence that follows the leader , and where battles are large - scale with the characters and enemies sometimes filling an entire screen . kure software koubou employed this " gochyakyara " system in their later games . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

first queen was a unique hybrid between a real - time strategy , action role - playing game and tactical role - playing game . like a role - playing video game , the player can explore the world , purchase items , and level up , and like a strategy video game , it focuses on recruiting soldiers and fighting against large armies , where the player controls a large army rather than a small party . the game introduced the " gochyakyara " ( ゴ� ? ャキャラ " multiple characters " ) system , where the player controls one character at a time while the others are controlled by the computer ' s artificial intelligence that follows the leader , and where battles are large - scale with the characters and enemies sometimes filling an entire screen . kure software koubou employed this " gochyakyara " system in their later games . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

( 1988 ) was the first game to utilizes kure ' s trademark " gocha - kyara " ( ゴチャキャラ , " mixed - up characters " ) system , which combined elements of real - time strategy with role - playing and action . their subsequent games ( including their most popular series

is there a developer walkthrough somewhere on how an artist would even go about creating this type of pixel - art ? like a video or written article on the software and the techniques used back then to produce such high quality low res art ? i would love to just watch someone create the images in the op , all steps involved .

future games ( starting from about 2007 ) are likely to further enhance the realism of rts games , giving each unit a limited intelligence , similar to how it ' s done in massive ( and to some extent in the lord of the rings : the battle for middle - earth ) and generating unit animations procedurally ( currently all games use recorded animations done with motion capture or manually ) , similar to how it ' s done in naturalmotion ' s endorphin software .

in japan , the genre ' s beginning can be traced to taito ' s western gun ( 1975 ) , sega ' s space tactics ( 1980 ) , [ 3 ] and nihon falcom ' s galactic wars ( 1982 ) , [ 4 ] a space - themed strategy game where the player was given limited time to make decisions , making it the first real - time strategy game . [ 5 ] another early real - time strategy game was bokosuka wars ( 1983 ) , an early tactical / strategy rpg ( or " simulation rpg " ) ; [ 6 ] the game revolves around the player leading an army across a battlefield against enemy forces in real - time while recruiting / spawning soldiers along the way , for which it is considered by ray barnholt of urltoken to be an early real - time strategy game . [ 7 ] this led to several other games that combine role - playing and real - time strategy elements , such as the 1988 kure software koubou computer strategy rpgs , first queen [ 8 ] and silver ghost , which featured an early example of a point - and - click interface , to control characters using a cursor . [ 9 ] another early title with real - time strategy elements was sega ' s gain ground ( 1988 ) , a strategy - action game that involved directing a set of troops across various enemy - filled levels . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] technosoft ' s herzog ( 1988 ) is regarded as a precursor to the real - time strategy genre , being the predecessor to herzog zwei and somewhat similar in nature , though primitive in comparison . [ 12 ] other early examples from japan include galactic wars ( 1982 ) and lord monarch ( 1991 ) .

purchase this ps one® classic and play it on both your ps3™ and psp® ( playstation®portable ) systems ! a chaotic real - time strategy rpg where dozens of characters battle it out for control of logres . test your mettle as you command your troops in combat against other would - be kings . form alliances to ensure your conquest and bring peace to the land . download this ps one® classic today ! transferring to a psp® system from your ps3™ system : you must be signed into the playstation®network account that originally purchased the game . you must have at least 71 mb free on your memory stick duo™ . connect your psp® system to your ps3™ system with a usb cable and switch your psp® system to usb mode . highlight the game on the ps3™ xmb™ , press the δ button and select copy . pc store customers : log into your playstation®network account that you originally used to purchased the game . then , download the game from your " download list " in the playstation®store onto your ps3™ system . this title has been converted from the original playstation® disc to the psp® and the ps3™ systems . consequently , there may be times where the title plays differently from the playstation® disc version , or where some features may not function properly . this version does not support playstation® peripherals ( controller , memory card , multitap , etc . ) , therefore functionalities such as multiplayer , versus , and co - op modes are not available . purchase indicates acceptance of the playstation®network terms of service / user agreement and this item & apos ; s use restrictions . if you do not wish to accept all these terms , do not purchase this item . one time fee for use on downloads on up to 2 activated portable systems and 2 activated console systems . ©1996 kure software koubou " ps one " , " playstation " , " ps " family logo , and " psp " are registered trademarks of sony computer entertainment inc .

the land of logris is home to many races and nations : humans , elves , dwarves , centaurs , and others . it is divided into many small kingdoms , different nations trying to live in peace with each other . but the queen of ornic , one of these nations , had plans of her own . she sent her troops to the south , invading the kingdom of elves . the army of ornic started conquering one country after the other . the king and queen of cardic , a powerful country in the south , decided to stop the madness , sending their soldiers , under the commands of general richmond , to find allies wherever possible and to defeat the army of ornic .

is a mixture of rpg and strategy game with real - time combat . in a rpg fashion , the party of heroes roams the world , fighting enemies , buying items , and leveling up . however , the focus of the game is shifted towards recruiting soldiers and fighting against whole armies . the player - controlled unit may contain a dozen or more characters , and it is also possible to build more than one , making the player - controlled group more similar to an army than to a standard rpg - type party . like the earlier

( " mixed - up characters " ) combat system , which they later employed in several other games . the player is able to control only one character at a time ; the others act according to the computer ai . attacking an enemy is a matter of simply bumping into him . this system allows for large - scale battles , with the characters sometimes filling the entire screen , creating the " mixed - up " impression .

there are no game credits on file for this release of the game . everything in mobygames is contributable by users .

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en " " urltoken "

in the latest issue of british mag games ( tm ) ( or at least the latest on us store shelves - it ' s the one with rare on the cover ) has an interview with hiroyuki takahashi , one of the head honchos of team sonic ( later camelot ) , the folks behind the shining force series . it ' s a neat read , if mainly because it shows their strained relationship at the time , and how they jumped ship to work mainly on nintendo properties ( what with mario tennis , mario golf , and golden sun . )

now , most srpgers view shining force as kind of a fire emblem - lite - the base mechanics are similar , but it ' s a bit simplified , and much more player friendly . yakahashi claims that he hated fire emblem and its turn - based style , and instead pointed to a pc88 strategy game called silver ghost , by a now defunct japanese company called

. i was curious about the connection so i booted up an emulator and gave it a go .

the main reason takahashi pointed to liking silver ghost was due to its real time action and multi - character system . it ' s very similar to other japanese action - rpgs of the time , like ys and hydlide , where you scamper around and ram into enemies to attack them . instead of controlling a single character , though , you control an army of about a dozen people . by default , you control the leader , and the rest of your soldiers haphazardly follow you , engaging in combat with anything that comes close to them . you can switch to any other character at any time to take control of them , although your fellow soldiers usually won ' t bother following anyone beside the leader . it ' s a neat little game , but just what , exactly , was the shining force connection ? shining force was still turn - based and silver ghost plays nothing like it . i guess maybe the graphics and general style could ' ve inspired it , but silver ghost doesn ' t really look all that much different from any other similar game of the time . maybe it ' s just that silver ghost convinced him that strategy rpgs didn ' t necessarily have to be so boring , but he still want back to the genre standards when making his own console game ? shining force is , as mentioned before , a lot friendlier , allowing you to talk around towns like standard jrpgs , and you control characters directly rather than pointing and clicking with a cursor , so maybe that mentality spilled over . this brings up another point though . shining force iii for the saturn was the last true shining force game , because all of its spin - offs were crap lousy action - rpgs ( not counting the gba remake of the first game , or the recent jp - only ds game , which was outsourced to flight plan , which basically does nothing but srpgs . ) i always figured sega took the series in that direction because the original staff was long gone , but as it turned out , the original staff really wasn ' t all that enamored with turn - based games anyway . so it ' s more a typical case of sega being sega and doing stupid things with their properties then . anyway , you can download the disk image and give the game a shot , if you ' d like , or check out this japanese page for some in - depth info on it .

naked boy with bloody sword . . . wtf ! ? other than that , this looks like a cool game . is there any ppc - compatible pc88 emu for osx ?

ahh yes , this was written by jonti davies i believe . gamestm has now , sadly , taken to not crediting its writers in an attempt to create a unified image . that ' s just depresses .

ashley popped up on the shining force central forums awhile back talking about it so i think it was him . i ' ve never actually played bokosuka wars so i can ' t say about the comparison .

what are you talking about ? the shining soul games were awesome . i actually like action rpgs , however , and find strategy rpgs abhorrent .

i was more referring to neo , ex and tears for the ps2 , and wisdom for the saturn ( which was developed by the team sonic guys . ) i only played soul ( the second one , i think ) for a few minutes but it really wasn ' t my kind of action - rpg . too kludgy and " get right close to the enemies and wail on the attack button while numbers pop up until they die " sorta bit that reminds me of a lot of western rpgs . i know some people seem to dig the second one , at least , so please correct me if i have the wrong impression !

hmm , he may have spoken about it on the forums to promote the mag , but i ' m sure when i last spoke with him he said it was jonti who had interviewed the guys and wrote the piece - i think specifically at his request . but i could be wrong ! is jonti listed in the contributer ' s section near letters ?

either way , shining force is much better than shining soul . out of curiosity , have you played shining force final conflict ? how was it ? any plans for a shining force article ? : )

hi all . it was indeed jonti davies who wrote the feature , although that was after about three years of me nagging him to do so . shining force iii is and always will be my favourite game . thanks for the insightful look into silver ghost , kurt . it actually makes a lot of sense . . . there was an interview with the director of shining force neo a few years ago . after complaints about the move to action - rpg , he revealed that team sonic had always wanted to create a squad based rpg that played out in real - time but that the idea just wasn ' t fully realisable on mega drive . i dismissed the claim as pr bullshit at the time , but it does add up a lot more now . i still hate action - rpgs though . : p

just heard about this game for the first time , thanks to episode 4 of " hayate the combat butler : can ' t take my eyes off you . " i figured that when the lead female character , nagi , showed this game , it was made up . so i was surprised to see that it was a real game ( as were the other games , manga , anime , etc . mention in the episode ) . i never played any of the japanese rpg games , save " breath of fire ii , " as i was always a pc gamer . as such , i was always playing other things . ^ _ ^ ; anyway , thanks for the info and review of " silver ghost . "

update - 2 / 3 - machinarium , death gate , loom , kid . . .

, the first 3d installment of their flagship franchise . since then they only produced remakes of earlier first queen games and a few casual downloadable sports titles .

there is no trivia on file . if you have any interesting trivia about this company , please add it .

sony santa monica makes us care about kratos in this stunning revival of the series .

far cry 5 ' s story is a real let - down , but the action still makes for a solid co - op experience .

there are some elements around the edges that haven ' t aged all that well , but burnout paradise is still a fantastic racing game .

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mostly unrelated to each other story - wise , these games are a blend of rpg - style exploration gameplay and leveling up system , and strategic army - commanding with real - time combat . these games utilize

( " mixed - up characters " ) battle system , with a large number of characters fighting in real time .

includes games that are influenced by or directly based on greek mythology . most greek myths are known to us from works of classic greek authors :

, etc . greek myths have had an exceptionally strong influence on countless works of european art .

games based on the legend of atlantis are not included in this group , unless they feature other themes from greek mythology . the legend of atlantis is a product of literary works ( primarily

. the game had three sequels . the series was also notable for featuring art work by

a general is talking to his soldiers , possibly building up their morale for the next battle .

high fantasy creatures are controlled like later warcraft ii : tides of darkness characters . the object is to defeat all the enemy forces and occupy their villages . the player chooses where to start the battle . winning means moving on the next battlefield and losing usually means game over . unlike warcraft ii however , new buildings or villages cannot be built , making it more of a war game .

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real - time strategy video games ( often abbreviated as rts ) are strategy video games which do not have " turns " like conventional turn - based strategy video games or board games . rather , game time progresses in " real time " ; that is , it is continuous rather than turn - by - turn . even so , many such games still require players to follow a progression of events , especially relating to the order in which structures and / or units may be constructed .

though some game genres share conceptual and gameplay similarities with the rts template , recognized genres are generally not subsumed as rts games . [ 1 ] for instance , city - building games , construction and management simulations , and games of the real - time tactics variety , are generally not considered to be " real - time strategy " . [ 2 ]

the genre that is recognized today as " real - time strategy " emerged as a result of an extended period of evolution and refinement . games that are today sometimes perceived as ancestors of the real - time strategy genre were never marketed or designed as such at the original date of publication . as a result , designating " early real - time strategy " titles is problematic because such games are being held up to modern standards . the genre initially evolved separately in japan , the united kingdom , and north america , afterwards gradually merging into a unified worldwide tradition .

at least one source considers the intellivision ' s utopia ( 1982 ) by don daglow to be a precursor to real - time strategy . [ 13 ] in utopia , two players build resources and carry out combat by proxy . it contains the direct - manipulation tactical combat now common in that the players can assume direct control over a pt boat and sink the opponent ' s fishing boats . however , the game used a turn - based strategy interface , though one where the turns are timed . [ 14 ] in north america , the oldest game retrospectively classified as a precursor of real - time strategy by several sources is the ancient art of war ( 1984 ) [ 1 ] [ 15 ] from evryware ( distributed by brøderbund ) . in the united kingdom , the oldest precursor was nether earth , published on the zx spectrum in 1987 .

1up considers real - time examples prior to herzog zwei to be tactical rather than strategic , due to most lacking the ability to construct units or manage resources . [ 16 ] herzog zwei , released for the mega drive / genesis in 1989 , is the earliest example of a game with a feature set that falls under the contemporary definition of modern real - time strategy . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] in herzog zwei , though the player only controls one unit , the manner of control foreshadowed the point - and - click mechanic of later games . it introduced much of the genre conventions , including unit construction and resource management , with the control and destruction of bases being an important aspect of the game , as were the economic / production aspects of those bases . [ 16 ]

westwood ' s dune ii : the building of a dynasty ( 1992 ) featured all the core concepts and mechanics of modern real - time strategy games that are still used today , [ 19 ] [ 20 ] such as using the mouse to move units , and gathering resources , [ 1 ] and as such served as the prototype for later real - time strategy games . according to its co - designer and lead programmer , joe bostic , a " benefit over herzog zwei is that we had the advantage of a mouse and keyboard . this greatly facilitated precise player control , which enabled the player to give orders to individual units . the mouse , and the direct control it allowed , was critical in making the rts genre possible . ” [ 21 ] it featured the core concepts of rts games : resource - building , base development and direct unit control .

the success of dune ii encouraged the development of such games as warcraft : orcs and humans ( 1994 ) , command & conquer ( 1995 ) , total annihilation ( 1997 ) , age of empires ( 1997 ) , starcraft ( 1998 ) , warzone 2100 ( 1998 ) , empire earth ( 2001 ) , and empires : dawn of the modern world ( 2003 ) . in fact , the designers of dune 2 traced its spiritual lineage back to the real - time simulation simcity ( 1989 ) and their previous game battletech : the crescent hawk ' s revenge ( 1988 ) , a real - time wargame without base - building elements .

because of the generally faster - paced nature ( and the usually shallower learning curve ) , rts games have surpassed the popularity of conventional turn - based strategy video games . in the past , some traditional strategy gamers regarded rts games as " cheap imitations " of turn - based games , arguing that rts games had a tendency to devolve into " clickfests " , in which the player who was faster with the mouse generally won , because they could give orders to their units at a faster rate . real - time strategy enthusiasts counter that micromanagement involves not just fast clicking but also the ability to make sound tactical decisions under time pressure . it is noteworthy , however , that due to the games being shorter because of the faster pace of the game and absence of turn switching pauses , rts games are far more suitable for internet play than turn - based games ; this is indubitably an important reason for their popularity . furthermore , turn - based games are ill - suited to meet the increasing demand for realism from casual gamers and they require a greater time commitment than real - time strategy games .

the more recent generations of rts games usually have features which reduce the importance of fast mousework , enabling the player to focus more on overall strategy . for example , queuing allows the player to put in an order for multiple units at a single building instead of requiring the player to return to that building to order the next unit built whenever a unit ordered earlier is completed . the ability to set way points allows the player to give multiple movement commands to a unit at once . most games also give each unit strengths and weaknesses , discouraging players from simply ( and unskilfully ) overwhelming an opponent with so called " rush " tactics or " swarm " tactics in favour of more balanced armies and some strategy .

attack the enemy , attempting to deprive him of resources and destroy his infrastructure .

however , some games do not allow the player to create new units , or build bases . some of these games include myth and ground control . these games are purely tactical , forcing the player to make do with the units he or she is given .

most rts games also feature single - player campaigns - - a series of missions where a human player plays against the computer with a defined scenario and objectives , usually within the context of a background story . often each mission has a different style of play , sometimes dramatically so . it has become something like to a tradition for single - player campaigns to include at least one mission with no base construction or resource - gathering ; typically at the start of these missions the player is given a number of combat units , occasionally with a " hero " unit . these units must be used to complete the mission in a level which is usually mazelike ; often additional units can be gained as reinforcements or rescued as the mission progresses . these missions eliminate the resource - gathering , or " macromanagement " , as it ' s called , and focus solely on micromanagement .

finally , some rts games , most notably homeworld ( 1999 ) , have attempted not only to break away from the traditional turn structure of strategy games but also from the idea of a 2d board . these games are played on a 3d battlefield .

of the games that do allow the player to build up a base and an army , they seem to be diverging into at least two main camps : micro - management and macro - management .

micro - management games allow an army and base to be built , but they limit the size of the army ( sometimes , rather severely ) . the purpose of this is to create more of a tactical atmosphere , and to prevent one side from simply cranking out units and throwing them at the enemy until he collapses .

by limiting the size of the army , the game requires the player to intelligently utilize his " partially " limited troops . this is more similar to the purely tactical myth - style games . a good example of this type of game is warcraft iii : reign of chaos , where further units require more upkeep . to simplify the control , however , the player can combine individual units into groups . this is even more found in the game arenawars , where every player only has 1000 credits to build units . if the unit dies the credits are refunded .

on the other end are the macro - management games . these games have more of a focus on economic production and large - scale strategic maneuvering , and include games such as total annihilation .

some games , especially on the video game consoles , use rts merely as a vehicle to tell the story . for example , in the playstation 2 game kessen ( 2000 ) the player has a limited control over the units , as the game unfolds historical battles with a heavy use of cut - scenes .

massively multi - player online real - time strategy video games ( mmorts ) combine aspects of massively multi - player video games with real - time strategy .

real - time strategy games , have had an immense production increase on next generation consoles . due to more demand , and widening space of rts games , more and more developers are attempting to produce a strategy game .

however , many strategy games have a reputation of needing a massive quantity of buttons to properly function , and still be unconfusing ( which explains why the pc was perfect ) . one of the main problems , viewed by critics , is rtses on the console either have too much difficulty controlling all the units on screen ultimately destroying the players ' experience , or are simplified to the point of being too easy . here are a few of the methods that have been adapted to attempt to solve the problem :

graphically rts games have evolved from 2d board - like view of dune ii : the building of a dynasty and warcraft : orcs and humans to visually - richer 3d with more detailed environments , such as in the first , warzone 2100 , and later games , such as warcraft iii : reign of chaos , empire earth , and command & conquer : generals .

as companies are striving to come close to a cinematic level of visual quality , the improvements in graphics accelerate . in 2004 two landmark games were released : rome : total war from creative assembly and the lord of the rings : the battle for middle - earth from electronic arts .

two notable games were also released in 2005 : act of war : direct action and age of empires iii . both games featured realistic physics ( age of empires iii used the havok physics engine ) , realistically destructible buildings and ever more stunning graphics . in addition act of war boasted a well developed technothriller story by dale brown told via machinima and live action cinematics . games like company of heroes also made a name for themselves thanks to their cinematics , graphics and realistic physics , in addition to the story , which was based on the real life world war ii , the level of strategy implemented and the high level of the ai .

this is an outdated page that references or contains outdated information . this page should be edited to include more recent information .

adams , dan ( 7 april 2006 ) . the state of the rts . ign . retrieved on 2007 - 05 - 31

bruce geryk . a history of real - time strategy games . gamespot . retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 31 “although games such as populous and simcity are certainly played in real time , these give rise to the " god game " genre , which includes such titles as the city - builder series from impressions , will wright ' s innovative designs , and much of peter molyneux ' s work , including the upcoming black & white . games in this genre tend to appeal to their own fans , and while there definitely is an overlap between these two genres , gamers generally see them as distinct from one another . ”

kurt kalata ( february 4 , 2010 ) . so what the heck is silver ghost . hardcore gaming 101 . retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 02

scott sharkey . hail to the duke . urltoken . retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 01

zzap ! issue 68 , december 1990 , p . 45 - amiga reviews : battlemaster . retrieved on 17 december 2006

are real time strategy games at their peak ? . retrieved on 2 september 2006

walker , mark . strategy gaming : part i - - a primer . gamespy . retrieved on october 28 , 2007

the history of command & conquer . nowgamer . archived from the original on 26 june 2011 retrieved on 5 september 2011

html public " - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en " " urltoken "

yoshitaka amano pages : 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia yoshitaka amano ( amano yoshitaka ? ) ( born july 28 , 1952 ) is a japanese artist known for his illustrations for vampire hunter d and for his character designs , image illustrations and title logo designs for the final fantasy video game series developed by square enix ( formerly square ) .

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boa is not arpg . only in some of the earlyer arpgs ' s had " boa ' like characters that started out with op items that you couldnt remove or give to friends ( that you also had to develop the character around . ) . like the special 2 characters in baldur ' s gate dark alliance 2 you got after beating the game on the 2 hardest difficulties . they also take skill to play and faceroll content , not just op gear ( long post starts here ) i dont think many of you ever played a arpg , the whole point of it was to beat the game . then beat it on a harder difficulty , make a build through some sort of skill tree . find out it sucks start over and make it the best that you can . finding out what weapons worked best for skills ( like slow high dps or fast low dps ) were you melee ? ranged ? or did you like the art of magic ? was you a caster magic or some sort of necromancer ? what did you enjoy playing the most . then came " mmoarpgs " now many of you like to say " its a single player game shut up ( i hate you people btw ^ ^ ) yes true it can be played as a single player game , just like every other freeking game . but most people chose to play with and / or trade with other people thus making it more then just a single player game . putting boa items ingame and makng them the best inslot knda ruin it . ( it being the experience of trading and dealing with other people . ) and then you have gold . " gold " is a bad thing in arpgs , especially if you dont have anyway to have a better / less easily farmed competing currency . this game took the concept of gold way to far and helped ruin the game . every arpg has a tipping point . and the way d3 set it up made it run its course 1000x faster then normal and not having some sort of ladder , where people can start fresh and whips all items , lvls , skills , makes it worse . d3 had alot of cool things , but they missed the basics and these basics are the building blocks of a great arpg .

i call bs . i ' m also sure that c9 , vindictus , dragon nest , and spiral knights disagree with you .

oh wait , the extent of this player ' s gaming and general knowledge comes from wikipedia copy pasta .

to the op : the sense of arpg was destroyed with the rmah . so ! @ # $ off and gimme my boa items . . . . seriously % ^ - * off all of you with ur billion gold items ahhjaahhahaah

lol . of course the herpderps who play nothing but public games are gonna have no idea people are leaving . they ' re still trying to finish up nightmare

indeed . their awful itemization makes gives me no interest in the item hunt .

jay wilson loves boas , he wears them all the time while fairy princess playing dress - up .

which is a disastrous state given the central role of loot as a reward mechanism in an arpg .

the gameplay of silver ghost gave rise to the first queen series later that same year . it was also a precursor to the rts ( real - time strategy ) genre later defined by herzog zwei and dune ii .

the game is perhaps best known outside of japan for its influence on hiroyuki takahashi , the creator of the shining force series . takahashi cited this game as his main inspiration for shining force .

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oh man kuro no ken ( black blade ) was such a fun game . fun fact : a friend tried translating it a long time ago but gave up only about 2 months in . still a hell of a fun game though . the 3 / 4 back view for the battle system really hits home as i am a huge fan of it in the shining force and golden sun games . bless this thread .

it ' s easily their most well - regarded game , too , and it got a playstation conversion possibly because of its sales footprint . meanwhile i just got munt working and am grooving to marching way from granada x68k . . . too good .

i wouldn ' t call it an eroge machine , but rather the ultimate cyber punk gaming system .

i would ' ve never guessed that this thing came out in 1987 just by looking at it . looks more like gaming pc from the early 2000s

sound like you have a love for classic japanese cyberpunk ( as all good people should ) . i ' d recommend this tumblr here urltoken as that ' s pretty much what it ' s about . it ' s not all japanese or classic , but about 98 % of it is , and it is wonderful . sometimes ( thought rarely ) , it can also be a bit nsfw , as was not uncommon in such art . seriously , whenever i look at this tumblr , i just get all warm and giddy inside .

every time i go to rekall , i ' m stuck there for hours . . . somehow it ' s really hard to just stop looking at pictures there

one of these days i ' m going to figure out a way to play possessioner .

wonderful thread ! brings me back . anime was just the coolest shit ever back then . i remember going into babbages and seeing knights of xentar and metal and lace on the shelf . boy did those two games stand out . . my eleven year old self was certainly

the day more people learn about this game , and how singularly cool and unusual it was coming from a light novel writer and a few programmers who did a mech wargame previously , will be strange and hilarious . naoyuki kato ' s one of the best fantasy artists in japan and no one seems to discuss his works , let alone suemi ' s or tanno ' s .

thank you for this post ! i knew of these artists ' work but did not know their names ; now , i can hunt down some art books . noriyoshi ohrai , who recently passed away , was another great ( but i ' m sure you knew that already ) .

i just cruise yahoo japan auctions , although it used to be better than it is now . someone ' s selling popful mail for 7800 yen right now !

oooh . i had no idea popful mail started as a pc98 title . i remember drooling over the screens from the gamefan coverage of the sega cd version . i never did get to play it . hmmm . . . i might pull my gfs out of the closet and see if i can scan it .

not only that , the combat in the original version of popful mail is ys - style in a side scrolling setting . you kinda ram into enemies with your regular weapon to damage them . that combat style is also in the pce cd version . sword slashes came to sfc and sega cd . of course , even the original version had the projectile weapons .

popful mail was originally a pc - 88 game . the sega cd version is vastly different than all the others and was handled by sega and falcom together .

final crisis . nice music . i don ' t think most people know about techno grard , which was owned by the parent company of certain infamous eroge dev .

damn . . . how much did you pay ? i ' m not sure how this works . . . this whole home computer thing is still a little bit confusing to me . in terms of compatibility it ' s more like a console , right ? as in it doesn ' t play pc - 98 games , just platform exclusive ones , correct ?

nope . it ' s a computer too . many pc - 98 games were ported to it .

anyway , i still need to get working on that j - pc thread i promised you guys months back .

pasokon i would consume that thread like a man downing an entire beer in one go . just sayin ' .

i need to move on to some other stuff but look up legend of heroes iii art . that game was legend on the pc - 98 and arguably helped falcom stay around after the disaster that was ys v .

i remember seeing that possessioner gif posted in another thread here . i ' m still blown away .

yep , i especially love jun suemi ' s illustrations . i wish this meticulous , more realistic style was still a popular thing in japan nowadays .

jun suemi is amazing . i really like the monster designs he did for the super famicom ports / remakes of wizardry i to iii .

on this topic , eroge dev giga as an april fools joke , made an announcement of one of those surprise boxes , with 200 possible giga games . including their pc - 9801 games . sadly not real .

as i was trying to get pc 98 material to post here i found something i never thought i ' d ever see .

wow . this is right up my alley . i was tempted to buy a pc98 back before risingstuff closed up .

that game is dark . i ' ve seen on a certain blog , a chopped up naked body .

it ' s part of fairytale ' s hardcover label , which is for their dark games . also it has an fm towns port .

there ' s also the upcoming va - 11 hall - a which i ' m really , really looking forward to . urltoken the game ' s in qa right now and according to the devs is 99 . 9 % complete , but man , this was supposed to be out winter 2014 . still , looking forward to it . takes place in the same universe as read only memories iirc . this is probably the most accurate to pc - 98 era " style " i ' ve seen , really . it ' s also got a soundtrack i loop in my car regularly . urltoken

glad someone brought it up . va - 11 ' s aesthetic is gorgeous .

the gamesack guys did a great video on the x68000 , definitely recommend a watch .

that game is dark . i ' ve seen on a certain blog , a chopped up naked body . it ' s part of fairytale ' s hardcover label , which is for their dark games . also it has an fm towns port .

yeah there is a good number of really dark titles on the pc98 . i don ' t have any interest in the game besides seeing trump tower in pc 98 graphics lol .

haha upskirt in the first pic , i see why you ' re a fan op ; o ) came into this thread kinda expecting these sorts of graphics but i had no idea there was a whole platform of this stuff ! wow i thought i would just be seeing mega cd games like time gal and turbogfx / pc engine games , i think this is the first i ' ve heard of the pc98 . i will really need to look into this a bit more as i ' m also a fan of anime games ( as long as there is some proper gameplay . . . . especially of the shmup variety ) .

this " aesthetic " is currently quite popular online for some reason . tumblrfadgrafix that said , good time period for eroge .

rusty is a cool castlevania - like game ( and one of the more playable pc98 games for non - japanese speakers . ) the art is not nearly as detailed as a lot posted here , but it has its pretty moments

there are a bunch . to get you started , the first 5 touhou games are on pc98 .

i wonder , did computer game developers in europe and america have any idea of the above games ? or was there a prejudice towards those games due to the anime aesthetic , stemming from tv animation mostly ? amiga scene was certainly more open to those kind of games . eg there was the dreadful akira game and also apidya was a tribute to japanese shmups . it is just that european games took inspiration mostly from western comics and metal covers i know western computer games were also ported to japan , eg lucasarts games