ia-64 ( also called intel itanium architecture ) is the instruction set architecture ( isa ) of the itanium family of 64-bit intel microprocessors .

the basic isa specification originated at hewlett-packard ( hp ) , and was evolved and then implemented in a new processor microarchitecture by intel with hp 's continued partnership and expertise on the underlying epic design concepts .

in order to establish what was their first new isa in 20 years and bring an entirely new product line to market , intel made a massive investment in product definition , design , software development tools , os , software industry partnerships , and marketing .

to support this effort intel created the largest design team in their history and a new marketing and industry enabling team completely separate from x86 .

the first itanium processor , codenamed merced , was released in 2001 .

the itanium architecture is based on explicit instruction-level parallelism , in which the compiler decides which instructions to execute in parallel .

this contrasts with other superscalar architectures , which depend on the processor to manage instruction dependencies at runtime .

in all itanium models , up to and including tukwila , cores execute up to six instructions per clock cycle .

as of 2008 , itanium was the fourth-most deployed microprocessor architecture for enterprise-class systems , behind x86-64 , power architecture , and sparc .

ia - 64

ia - 64 <EOT> the ia - 64 development project is devoted to keeping gentoo in good shape on the ia - 64 architecture .

the gentoo / ia - 64 project works to keep gentoo the most up to date and fastest ia - 64 distribution available . we are responsible for the maintenance of all ia - 64 specific meta - data and the testing of all other non ia - 64 specific meta - data on the ia - 64 architecture to ensure portability . portability implies reusable meta - data .

ia - 64 architecture refers to systems based on the intel® itanium® processor running a 64 - bit operating system .

" the ia - 64 architecture at work " is an article from ieee computer which shows some actual ia - 64 optimization examples . ( requires ieee computer membership ) urltoken

december : intel and sun announce joint effort to port solaris to ia - 64 .

october : project monterey is formed to create a common unix for ia - 64 .

bugs are tracked and resolved from the gentoo bug tracker and correspondence is maintained on the various ia - 64 related mailing lists . ( gentoo - ia - 64 - user , gentoo - ia - 64 - dev and those belonging to the sub - projects ) .

describes the architecture and programming environment of processors supporting ia - 32 and intel® 64 architectures .

describes the model - specific registers of processors supporting ia - 32 and intel® 64 architectures .

june : idc predicts ia - 64 systems sales will reach $ 38bn / yr by 2001 .

june : idc predicts ia - 64 systems sales will reach $ 30bn / yr by 2001 .

august : idc predicts ia - 64 systems sales will reach $ 25bn / yr by 2002 .

these manuals describe the architecture and programming environment of the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures .

how to benchmark code execution times on intel ia - 32 and ia - 64 instruction set architectures - september , 2010 ( 324264 - 001 ) . pdf

nonstop os , an intel 64 ( x86 - 64 ) port was developed .

^ diagram of the architecture of the itanium ( ia - 64 ) 64 - bit intel microprocessor , image by fred the oyster , september 08 , 2014 , wikimedia commons , ia - 64 from wikipedia , cc by - sa 4 . 0

volume 1 : describes the architecture and programming environment of processors supporting ia - 32 and intel® 64 architectures .

volume 4 : describes the model - specific registers of processors supporting ia - 32 and intel® 64 architectures .

this document has been merged into volume 3a of intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer’s manual .

openvms i64 , an intel 64 ( x86 - 64 ) port is being developed .

—general information on 64 - bit intel assembly ( x86 - 64 . org ) .

hpl - 1999 - 83 porting linux to ia - 64 - eranian , stephane ; mosberger , david . urltoken

describes bug fixes made to the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer ' s manual between versions .

ia - 64 is a 64 - bit processor architecture developed at intel that is based on explicitly parallel instruction computing ( epic ) and designed as the foundation for intel ' s line of microprocessors through 2005 . the itanium is the first in intel ' s line of ia - 64 processors .

ia - 64 is the intel itanium architecture . this is a very long instruction word ( vliw ) processor instruction set .

pdfs / how to benchmark code execution times on intel ia - 32 and ia - 64 instruction set architectures - september , 2010 ( 324264 - 001 ) . pdf at master · tpn / pdfs · github

august : amd releases specification for x86 - 64 , a set of 64 - bit extensions to intel ' s own x86 architecture intended to compete with ia - 64 . it will eventually market this under the name " amd64 " .

the ia - 64 application developers guide is available for download from both hp and intel , the intel download page is located here .

ia64 refers to the 64 bit itanium architecture while x64 is the 64 bit extension to the x86 architecture .

november : hp announces that its nonstop servers will start using intel 64 ( x86 - 64 ) chips .

the goal of the gentoo ia - 64 development project is to guarantee that the ia - 64 packages build using gentoo meta - data are up to date . by continuously enhancing the meta - data , we provide the ia - 64 user with the gentoo community feeling , performance , freedom and up to dateness . the meta - distribution notion allows for a user to to be as bleeding edge as he / she wants :

hp - ux 11i , an intel 64 ( x86 - 64 ) port was proposed , but later canceled .

the information contained in this white paper has been merged into volume 3c of the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer ' s manual .

the information contained in this application note is now part of intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer ' s manual volumes 3a and 3b .

in this first segment of our 64 - bit computing series , we’ll launch into the wonder that is ia - 64 . you’ve probably seen much information already written about itanium and ia - 64 architecture in the past few years , which is mostly a replay of intel - generated information . we’ll try to get beyond the standard facts and hype , and take a critical look at itanium and ia - 64 / epic , by describing features and delivering some critical analyses . we’ll set the stage for an architectural comparison with hammer and other 64 - bit architectures in future segments .

ia - 64 ( intel architecture 64 ) is an almost completely unrelated 64 bit architecture ( also known as itanium ) , developed by intel initially for high - end servers . it was said that itanium could have been a replacement for the x86 architecture , but this architecture didn ' t have much success ( for various reasons ) , so it ' s unlikely that you ' ll ever need the ia - 64 installers .

itanium and the ia - 64 architecture were intel ' s first effort to transition from 32 - bit to 64 - bit computing . the first products were server chips—consumer pcs back in the early 2000s were still some way off from hitting the 4gb ram limit of 32 - bit systems . but the original intent was for ia - 64 to eventually replace the older x86 instruction set entirely . the problem was that ia - 64 wasn ' t backward - compatible with x86 code , making any transition potentially costly and disruptive .

@ pacerier : simply " 64 - bit architecture " means nothing besides " there ' s some architecture where most registers are 64 bit ( maybe ) " . x64 is a 64 bit architecture , aarch64 is a 64 bit architecture ; ia64 is a 64 bit architecture ; ppc64 is a 64 bit architecture ; all of these have very little in common one with each other .

ia - 64 is for computers running intel itanium 64 bit processors . they do not support running 32 bit applications like x64 processors do . a special version of windows is needed to run on these processors , thus the two different installers .

in 2001 during merger talks with hp , compaq ( a huge intel customer ) announced their plans to phase out alpha in favor of intel ' s new enterprise chip called itanium or ia - 64 ( intel architecture 64 - bit ) .

for most of us waiting breathlessly on the sidelines , the 64 - bit battle is between intel’s ia - 64 and amd’s hammer architectures . separately , we’ll evaluate the pros and cons of the “other” 64 - bit processors used in workstations and servers , such as sparc , power , mips , and alpha .

intel® 64 architecture refers to systems based on ia - 32 architecture processors which have 64 - bit architectural extensions , for example , intel® core tm 2 processor family ) , running a 64 - bit operating system such as microsoft windows xp * professional x64 edition or microsoft windows vista * x64 . if the system is running a 32 - bit version of the windows operating system , then ia - 32 architecture applies instead . systems based on amd * processors running a 64 - bit version of windows are also supported by intel compilers for intel® 64 architecture applications .

note : this change document applies to all intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer’s manual sets ( combined volume set , 4 volume set , and 10 volume set ) .

stefan rusu and gadi singer . the first ia - 64 microprocessor . ieee journal of solid - state circuits , 35 ( 11 ) : 1539 - 1544 , november 2000 . bibtex entry

my understanding is that ia - 64 is a subclass of x64 , so i ' m curious why it would have a separate installer . if possible , a succinct explanation would be appreciated .

many people also call this stuff x86 - 64 , to have a vendor - independent name and to stress the fact that it ' s the 64 bit evolution of the x86 architecture . all the " regular " pcs that are sold with " 64 bit processors " run on x86 - 64 architecture .

t2450 is an ia - 32 architecture . for more information about specific processors you can search here to get the details :

april : amd releases opteron , the first processor with x86 - 64 extensions .

february : intel announces it has been working on its own x86 - 64 implementation ( which it will eventually market under the name " intel 64 " ) .

this section contains some general tips for making your code 64 - bit clean .

note : the intel 64 architecture , otherwise known as x86 - 64 , should not be confused with the ia64 architecture . the ia64 architecture , short for intel architecture 64 , is the architecture used by itanium processors . despite their similar names , the intel 64 architecture is not related to the itanium ( ia64 ) architecture .

i was on microsoft ' s website and noticed two different installers , one for x64 and one for ia - 64 . reference : installing the . net framework 4 . 5 , 4 . 5 . 1

an internal audit ( ia ) is an organizational initiative to monitor and analyze its own business operations in order to determine . . .

jerry huck , dale morris , jonathan ross , allan knies , hans mulder , and rumi zahir . introducing the ia - 64 architecture . ieee micro , 20 ( 5 ) , september 2000 . bibtex entry , pdf comments : this a reference that shows how the ideas from [ 11 ] were implemented by the ia - 64 architects . needless to say that the paper is very interesting on its own . paper importance : 10 / 10

ia - 64 processors will have massive computing resources including 128 integer registers , 128 floating - point registers , and 64 predicate registers along with a number of special - purpose registers . instructions will be bundled in groups for parallel execution by the various functional units . the instruction set has been optimised to address the needs of cryptography , video encoding and other functions that will be increasingly needed by the next generation of servers and workstations . support for intel’smmx technology and internet streaming simd extensions is maintained and extended in ia - 64 processors .

x86 _ 64 is the normal 64 - bit architecture that is used by processors inside every laptop / desktop in today ' s computers . this processor is a dynamic processor .

on intel - based macintosh computers , 64 - bit code uses the intel 64 ( formerly em64t ) extensions to the intel assembly language isa . this section summarizes the differences between intel 64 code and ia32 code in terms of their impact on registers and instruction sets .

x64 is short for x86 - 64 which is an extension of the x86 instruction set .

i had one of those early amd x86 - 64 chips ( on the desktop side ) . i believe it was an athlon 64 x2 ? i was running the 64 - bit version of windows xp ( it must have been dual boot ) . if you think windows me was bad , 64 - bit xp was unusable . it was fun , though .

hp thought that it was not good for individual enterprise system companies like hp to make proprietary processors , so hp worked with intel in 1994 to create the ia - 64 architecture , made with epic ' s ideas . intel wanted to make a large effort in creating ia - 64 in the expectation that the resulting processor would be used by most enterprise systems . hp and intel had a large design effort to make the first itanium product , merced , in 1998 .

whilst ia - 64 is emphatically not a 64 - bit version of intel’s 32 - bit x86 architecture nor an adaption of hp’s 64 - bit pa - risc architecture , it does provide investment protection for today’s existing applications and software infrastructure by maintaining compatibility with the former in processor hardware and with the latter through software translation . however , one implication of isa is the extent to which compilers will be expected to optimise instruction streams – and a consequence of this is that older software will not run at optimal speed unless it’s recompiled . ia - 64’s handling of 32 - bit software has drawn criticism from amd whose own proposals for providing support for 64 - bit code and memory addressing , codenamed sledgehammer , imposes no such penalties on older software .

be sure to control alignment of shared data . the alignment of long long ( 64 - bit ) integers has changed from 32 - bit to 64 - bit . this alignment change can pose a problem when you are exchanging data between 32 - bit and 64 - bit code .

\ windows server 2003 . this package is designed for the supported 64 - bit operating system .

rakesh krishnaiyer , dattatraya kulkarni , daniel lavery , wei li , chu cheow lim , john ng , and david sehr . an advanced optimizer for ia - 64 architecture . ieee micro , 20 ( 6 ) , november 2000 . bibtex entry , pdf

64 - bit cpu support requires the latest 64 - bit version of either windows xp professional \ windows server 2003 . this framework is designed for the supported 64 - bit operating system . it contains both the 64 - bit and 32 - bit runtime in one convenient setup . for 32 - bit operating systems , please click the related resource link for the 32 - bit framework download page .

jay bharadwaj , william y . chen , weihaw chuang , gerolf hoflehner , kishore menezes , kalyan muthukumar , and jim pierce . the intel ia - 64 compiler code generator . ieee micro , 20 ( 5 ) , september 2000 . bibtex entry , pdf

at present , downloadable pdfs of all volumes are at version 067 . the downloadable pdf of the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures optimization reference manual is at version 040 . additional related specifications , application notes , and white papers are also available for download .

use 64 - bit types for pointer arithmetic results . because the size of pointers is a 64 - bit value , the result of pointer arithmetic is also a 64 - bit value . you should always store these values in a variable of type ptrdiff _ t to ensure that the variable is sized appropriately .

in 64 - bit - capable versions of gcc ( 4 . 0 and later ) , the size of a long double will be 128 bits instead of 64 bits . this change is not limited to code compiled as a 64 - bit executable , but it is a toolchain change you should be aware of .

for more information , you may have a look at the wikipedia articles on x86 - 64 and itanium .

after 64 - bit itanium chips were introduced in 2001 , intel upgraded its x86 cpus to 64 bits , and over the years added advanced security and fault detection features into high - end x86 xeon chips . see

most ia32 instructions can take 64 - bit arguments . all ia32 instruction set extensions up through sse3 are included as part of the intel 64 architecture . in addition , a number of new instructions have been added .

amd invented the amd64 extensions ; intel was more or less forced to implement them , and called them first ia - 32e , then em64t and finally intel 64 ( actually , the amd and intel extensions aren ' t exactly the same , but they are almost identical ) .

note : if you would like to be notified of updates to the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer ' s manuals , you may utilize a third - party service , such as urltoken to be notified of changes to this page ( please reference 1 below ) .

june : intel releases its first processor with x86 - 64 extensions , a xeon processor codenamed " nocona " .

conversion of shorter types to 64 - bit longs may yield unexpected results in certain cases . be sure to read

can you make computers do amazing things ? are you excited about exploring areas of computing never explored before ? we are continuously looking for volunteers willing to spend some of their free time on this project . in return for your work , you get the respect of the ia - 64 community .

not the answer you ' re looking for ? browse other questions tagged 64 - bit or ask your own question .

itanium , a family of 64 - bit microprocessors by intel that implement the ia - 64 architecture originated by hewlett - packard ( hp ) and later jointly developed by hp and intel . while the early development started in 1989 by hp , intel officially announced the name of the processor , itanium , on october 4 , 1999 [ 1 ] . the itanium merced was released on june 2001 , itanium 2 mckinley and madison in 2002 and 2003 respectively , the so far most recent poulson ( itanium 9500 ) in november 2012 , and kittson planned for 2015 [ 2 ] . initially intended as intel ' s successor for x86 aka ia - 32 architecture , amd forced intel to change priorities with x86 - 64 .

describes the operating - system support environment of an ia - 32 and intel® 64 architectures , including : memory management , protection , task management , interrupt and exception handling , and multi - processor support . this volume also contains the table of contents for volumes 3a , 3b , 3c and 3d .

yes , exactly . 64 - bit addressing is a moot point because both x86 - 64 and ia64 solve the problem . i ' m more interested if there is some technical benefit ia64 would have graced us with if it had become the standard rather than x86 - 64 . expanded addressing is about all i ' ve seen in difference between x86 32 and 64 bit ; would ia64 have given us anything on top of the addressing issue that would have made its adoption more beneficial ?

itanium , due toward the middle of next year , will be the chipmaker ' s first 64 - bit processor , which means that the chip can process information in 64 - bit chunks . current intel processors work with 32 - bit chunks .

amd decided on an easier idea , creating x86 - 64 , a 64 - bit addition to the x86 architecture , which microsoft soon supported in microsoft windows , so intel had to include the same type of 64 - bit addition in intel ' s x86 processors . x86 - 64 can use existing 32 - bit applications at full hardware speed , but has 64 - bit memory addressing and other additions to new applications . this architecture has now become the most used 64 - bit architecture in the desktop and laptop market , with the 64 - bit armv8 architecture powering many mobile devices , used in today ' s iphones , ipads , ipod touches , and now many android phones and tablets such as the nexus 6p and nexus 9 . ssome itanium - based workstations were initially introduced by companies such as sgi , but they are no longer available . because amd made the first x86 - 64 chip , the architecture is commonly referred to as " amd64 " inside of operating systems .

in the code , note that the upper bits in the mask are filled with ones in the 64 - bit case .

x64 is a vendor - neutral / microsoft term for 64 - bit cpus . a lot of linux people will use the term " amd64 " instead because amd was the one that first came out with cpus that extended the intel " x86 " 32 - bit instruction set and architecture to 64 bits ( rather than developing a new , incompatible 64 - bit processor ) .

at about the same time the ilp work began , hp labs started a separate program to build an epic architecture to replace pa - risc . what emerged by 1993 was the pa - wideword architecture - - the basis of the hp - intel alliance and the itanium processor specification ( formerly known as ia - 64 ) .

note : we are no longer offering the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer’s manuals on cd - rom . hard copy versions of the manual are available for purchase via a print - on - demand fulfillment model through a third - party vendor , lulu ( please reference 1 and 2 below ) : urltoken .

if you want the mask value to contain zeros in the upper 32 bits on a 64 - bit architecture , the usual fixed - width mask will work as expected , because it will be extended in an unsigned fashion to a 64 - bit quantity .

to be honest , x86 - 64 has been in a word , underwhelming , to me . yes , it adds the ability to address larger amounts of memory and hard drive space , but beyond that my 64 - bit cpu has just been another cpu .

in 2003 , amd released the opteron , which implemented the first x86 - 64 architecture ( called amd64 at the time ) . opteron was much more successful because it was an easy upgrade from x86 . intel implemented x86 - 64 in its xeon processors in 2004 .

in addition to adding general - purpose registers , the intel 64 architecture instruction set has eight additional vector registers . in the ia32 instruction set , the vector registers are numbered xmm0 through xmm7 . the intel 64 architecture instruction set extends this by adding xmm8 through xmm15 .

solution : to fix this problem , you should cast the initial value to a long prior to the shift . thus , the short will be promoted only once—this time , to a 64 - bit type ( at least when compiled as a 64 - bit executable ) .

the first nail in itanium ' s coffin came in 2003 , when amd ( then in its heyday ) released its first 64 - bit opteron chip based on the amd k8 architecture . that chip ' s amd64 instruction set introduced 64 - bit support but didn ' t break compatibility with regular 32 - bit x86 code , letting it shops make the jump to 64 - bit hardware without also having to switch to 64 - bit software all at once . amd ' s approach was so successful that intel actually adopted amd ' s extensions , cementing what is now usually called x86 - 64 as the dominant industry standard . this left itanium to die a long , slow death .

—information about 64 - bit optimization . note that the abi information at this location is windows oriented , so those portions do not apply .

no , for general purpose computing , ia64 is a disadvantage over " traditional " speculative execution super - scaler processors like x86 - 64 .

during creation , intel , hp , and other industry analysts thought that ia - 64 would be very popular in servers , workstations , and desktops , and one day replace risc and complex instruction set computing ( cisc ) architectures for multi - purpose applications . compaq and silicon graphics stopped working on their alpha and mips architectures to move to the itanium architecture .

electronic versions of these documents allow you to quickly get to the information you need and print only the pages you want . the intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures software developer ' s manuals are now available for download via one combined volume , a four volume set or a ten volume set . all content is identical in each set ; see details below .

and microsoft moved to the standard being 64 - bit os for its servers for this among many other reasons . 64 - bit apps simply are much easier to write , and much less clunky ( read easier to maintain , less buggy ) , than page - based 32 - bit apps .

the result is that the processor can simply grab as large a chunk of instructions as possible and execute them simultaneously , with minimal pre - processing . increased performance is realised by reducing the number of branches and branch mis - predicts , and reducing the effects of memory - to - processor latency . the ia - 64 instruction set architecture – published in may 1999 – applies epic technology to deliver massive resources with inherent scaleability not possible with previous processor architectures . for example , systems can be designed to slot in new execution units whenever an upgrade is required , similar to plugging in more memory modules on existing systems . according to intel the ia - 64 isa represents the most significant advancement in microprocessor architecture since the introduction of its 386 chip in 1985 .

it killed many competing architectures that would have died any way as soon as x86 - 64 started scaling up into that world with or without itanium .

this document describes planned extensions to the intel 64 architecture to expand the size of addresses that can be translated through a processor’s memory - translation hardware .

although intel has not officially released the speed or price of the chip , it will provide details about the internal structure of the chip tomorrow , according to steve smith , vice president and general manager of the ia - 64 division . if anything , the structure of the chip makes it apparent that the processor will indeed be more powerful than any previous intel processor , he said .

there is a performance cost associated with pragmas , however ; memory accesses to unaligned data fields result in a performance penalty . because there are no existing 64 - bit os x gui applications with which to be compatible , it is not necessary to preserve binary compatibility for these data structures in 64 - bit applications . thus , to improve overall performance , when compiling 64 - bit executables , the os x version of gcc ignores requests for mac68k alignment .

any assembly code needs to be rewritten because 64 - bit intel assembly language is significantly different from its 32 - bit counterpart . for more information , see

be careful when mixing integers and long integers . the size and alignment of long integers and pointers have changed from 32 - bit to 64 - bit .

intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures optimization reference manual provides information on intel® core™ processors , netburst microarchitecture , and other recent intel® microarchitectures . it describes code optimization techniques to enable you to tune your application for highly optimized results when run on intel® atom™ , intel® core™ i7 , intel® core™ , intel® core™2 duo , intel® core™ duo , intel® xeon® , intel® pentium® 4 , and intel® pentium® m processors .

osx now defaults to 64 - bit mode on newer hardware . the primary issue there was first , drivers , then when driver support matured , older 32 - bit efi " bios ' " . older hardware with 32 - bit efi won ' t boot a 64 - bit kernel . all the newer machines will .

as the itanium market is still limited to hpc and ( ultra ) high - end servers , microsoft is losing interest in the itanium . ia 64 versions of longhorn are low priority and only the future of the high performance computing version for itanium seems certain . visual studio 2005 does not even support the itanium platform . dell and ibm are no longer interested . it is not going too well for itanium .

what hardware or architectural changes are in store for 64 bits ? quite a lot , although few of them have to do with 64 - bittedness , per se . but 64 - bit processors are at today’s very high end , and they showcase all the best thinking in microprocessor design . this is the cutting edge , where silicon manufacturing , computer architecture , compiler technology , and marketing wizardry all come together . in the words of calvin and hobbes , scientific progress goes “boink ! ”

code that looks for only the _ _ ppc _ _ or _ _ i386 _ _ definition will break if you compile for the related 64 - bit architecture .

" 64 bit " means that addresses , memory , busses . . . everything is organized with 64 bits . x86 is an instruction set architecture , which defines the sets of commands available to the programmer . it defines the assembly language in which all software , from bios to os to c / c + + , python , java . . . is written in . you literally can ' t go below the isa as a programmer ; for that , you have to change the physical structure of the processor itself . " pure 64 bit " as opposed to an isa like x86 is not really a meaningful comparison . 64 bit is simply a property of an isa .

64 - bit chips are designed for use in servers that handle real - time financial transactions , manage large databases and perform complex scientific tasks , according to the company .

in 2005 , itanium systems accounted for about 14 % of hpc systems revenue , but the percentage has declined as the industry shifts to x86 - 64 clusters for this application .

note : casting 64 - bit pointers to integer types is also required when passing a pointer via a mach port . in these cases , use the caddr _ t type .

when working with bits and masks with 64 - bit values , you must be careful to avoid getting 32 - bit values inadvertently . here are some tips to help you :

the 64 - bit registers on intel have different names than their 32 - bit counterparts do . in addition , there are more of them . these register names are listed in

i ' m curious myself , but people keep failing to answer the question . you keep talking about pae and 64 - bit and whatnot - when the question really was : does ia - 64 , as an architecture , actually offer us something more advanced than x86 * ? too much branch prediction ( was that the right word ? ) came up as an issue where you need specialised , predictable applications to really get good performance , but other than that , no responses so far . instead people are talking about whether x86 is " good enough " and drivers and osx and . . . good lord cindy what is this .

problem : the expected result ( and the result from a 32 - bit executable ) is 0x80000000 . the result generated by a 64 - bit executable , however , is 0xffffffff80000000 .

when an ia - 64 compiler finds a branch statement in the source code , it analyses the branch to see if it’s a candidate for predication , marking all the instructions that represent each path of the branch with a unique identifier called a predicate for suitable instances . after tagging the instructions with predicates , the compiler determines which instructions the cpu can execute in parallel – for example , by pairing instructions from different branch outcomes because they represent independent paths through the program .

september : hp , novell , and sco announce plans for a " high volume unix operating system " to deliver " 64 - bit networked computing on the hp / intel architecture " .

it’s the peak , the top , it’s the mona lisa . it’s the $ 64 , 000 question : what processor will dominate 64 - bit computing ? sixty - four bits holds the promise of new performance , new architectures , new compilers , and a new balance of power in cpu realpolitik . a clean break with the old , a new chance for the new .

64 - bit sizeof returns size _ t . note that sizeof returns an integer of type size _ t . because the size of size _ t has changed to 64 bits , do not pass the value to a function in a parameter of size int ( unless you are certain that the size cannot be that large ) . if you do , truncation will occur .

ia - 32 architecture refers to systems based on 32 - bit processors generally compatible with the intel pentium® ii processor , ( for example , intel® pentium® 4 processor or intel® xeon® processor ) , or processors from other manufacturers supporting the same instruction set , running a 32 - bit operating system .

when first released in 2001 , itanium ' s speed was disappointing compared to other processor types . using existing x86 applications and operating systems was especially bad , with one test in 2001 showing that it was as fast as a 100 mhz pentium ( 1 . 1 ghz pentiums were on the market at that time ) . itanium did not have success compared to ia - 32 or risc , and was even worse when x86 - 64 was released , which worked with older x86 applications .

let me re - phrase the question . disregarding all compatibility issues , recompile issues , etc . what would ia64 afford us that x86 - 64 doesn ' t ? to be honest , x86 - 64 has been in a word , underwhelming , to me . yes , it adds the ability to address larger amounts of memory and hard drive space , but beyond that my 64 - bit cpu has just been another cpu . beyond the addressing issue , i haven ' t found any real world examples where x86 - 64 has improved my computing experience . would ia64 have given us anything that x86 - 64 doesn ' t ? anything noticeable by a user ? greater stability ? greater self - healing ? greater security ( encrypt everything ) ? to me , speed is still the ' thing ' that improves my computing experience but that is having diminishing returns since processors are so fast nowadays . would ia64 have been better able to utilize these insanely fast processor speeds and how ?

volume 3 : includes the full system programming guide , parts 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 . describes the operating - system support environment of intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures , including : memory management , protection , task management , interrupt and exception handling , multi - processor support , thermal and power management features , debugging , performance monitoring , system management mode , virtual machine extensions ( vmx ) instructions , intel® virtualization technology ( intel® vt ) , and intel® software guard extensions ( intel® sgx ) .

at run time , the cpu encounters the speculative load instruction first and tries to retrieve the data from memory . here’s where an ia - 64 processor differs from a conventional processor . sometimes the load will be invalid – it might belong to a block of code beyond a branch that has not executed yet . a traditional cpu would immediately trigger an exception – and if the program could not handle the exception , it would likely crash . an ia - 64 processor , however , won’t immediately report an exception if the load is invalid . instead , the cpu postpones the exception until it encounters the speculative check instruction that matches the speculative load . only then does the cpu report the exception . by then , however , the cpu has resolved the branch that led to the exception in the first place . if the path to which the load belongs turns out to be invalid , then the load is also invalid , so the cpu goes ahead and reports the exception . but if the load is valid , it’s as if the exception never happened .

x64 is used as a short term for the 64 bit extensions of the " classical " x86 architecture ; almost any " normal " pc produced in the last years have a processor based on such architecture .

sir i ' m confused whether i can install windows 7 64 bit on my pc . . . . . . . . . . is my pc compatible with 64 bit . . . . i have installed 2gb ram & 1gb graphics card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . please help me . . . . . . . . . . . thank u .

the microsoft . net framework version 2 . 0 ( ia64 ) redistributable package installs the . net framework runtime and associated files required to run 64 - bit applications developed to target the . net framework v2 . 0 .

gentoo is unique because of its interpretation of the meta - distribution notion : all architectures share the same ' generic ' meta - data ( information about how to build packages - how to build a distribution ) . the ia - 64 developers are responsible for building and testing packages using this meta - data . the meta - data gets marked ' tested ' or ' stable ' afterwards , depending on the building and testing experience . our users can use ( but don ' t have to use ) this information to build a system that suits their needs .

i was in the semiconductor industry when rumors of " project yamhill " were filtering down from intel in oregon . it soon became known that intel was acknowledging the failure of the ia64 architecture and move toward x86 - 64 .

processor family architecture , co - developed by hp and intel® . this design philosophy will one day replace risc and cisc . it is a gateway into the 64 - bit future but it still remains completely 32 - bit compatible . "

although the sse and velocity engine c and assembly language interfaces have not changed for 64 - bit , if you are using these technologies , you should review any code that attempts to align pointers to 16 - byte addresses for processing .

first , the pointer is cast to an int value , which results in truncation . even after this problem is fixed , however , the pointer will still be truncated because the constant value 0xfffffff0 is not a 64 - bit value .

note : when you assign a value to the 32 - bit version of these registers , the value is automatically zero extended to fill the corresponding 64 - bit register . to sign extend during assignment , use the movsx instruction instead .

to put it another way , for most general purpose programs , computers would be " stuck " at a maximum of 4gb to this day , with no real hope of going further if we didn ' t have x86 - 64 .

to be clear , this 64 - bit computing architecture series is not performance testing focused . it’s architecture focused , and discusses long - term potentials . we will , however , point you to a few itanium performance studies on the web .

if intel had tried to switch its desktop architecture to itanium , we would all be using macs now , probably with powerpcs ( yes , apple switched from 68xx to ppc and again to x86 , but the architectural changes involved were less severe and they had a much smaller developer and user base , so they were able to transition relatively well with a combination of compilers and emulators ) . also , the current generation tukwilla ia - 64 chips run at up to 185w for a 1 . 86 ghz quad core chip , so it ' s not necessarily true that shifting to vliw will automatically bring power savings .

itanium is aimed at the enterprise server and high - performance computing ( hpc ) markets . other enterprise - and hpc - focused processor lines include oracle corporation ' s sparc m7 , fujitsu ' s sparc64 x + and ibm ' s power8 . measured by quantity sold , itanium ' s most serious competition comes from x86 - 64 processors including intel ' s own xeon line and amd ' s opteron line . since 2009 , most servers were being shipped with x86 - 64 processors .

cristina cifuentes and mike van emmerik . uqbt : adaptable binary translation at low cost . ieee computer , 33 ( 3 ) : 60 - 66 , march 2000 . bibtex entry , pdf comments : describes a generic framework that translates ( at compile - time ) binaries from one os / processor to another . the paper presents an important application of binary translation , but i think that the efficiency of the approach is limited : the approach produces good results when translating for the same os and different processors ( e . g . solaris / sparc to solaris / ia - 64 ) . paper importance : 7 / 10

this section describes some of the issues involved in porting assembly language code to a 64 - bit application . on the intel architecture , in addition to the issues described in this section , you must considerably modify any assembly language code that deals with the stack directly , because the 64 - bit abi differs significantly from the 32 - bit abi . the subject of stack frames is beyond the scope of this section . for more information , see os x abi mach - o file format reference .

. now chipzilla is upping the ante - - moving to 32nm process , adding up to four more cores , and tacking on more than one billion additional transistors . poulson also adds a new feature called intel instruction replay technology , which adds a buffer for more quickly recovering from errors , allowing the chip to pick up from the last known good instruction instead of having to completely flush the pipeline . those looking to upgrade will also be happy to hear that the upcoming ia - 64 cpu is pin compatible with tukwila , so customers can simply drop the new processor in to existing systems . check out the full pr after the break .

the microsoft visual c + + 2005 redistributable package ( ia64 ) installs runtime components of visual c + + libraries required to run 64 - bit applications developed with visual c + + on a computer that does not have visual c + + 2005 installed .

this document contains the full system programming guide , parts 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 , in one volume . describes the operating - system support environment of intel® 64 and ia - 32 architectures , including : memory management , protection , task management , interrupt and exception handling , multi - processor support , thermal and power management features , debugging , performance monitoring , system management mode , virtual machine extensions ( vmx ) instructions , intel® virtualization technology ( intel® vt ) , and intel® software guard extensions ( intel® sgx ) . this document allows for easy navigation of the system programming guide through functional cross - volume table of contents , references , and index .

predication is central to ia - 64’s branch elimination and parallel instruction scheduling . normally , a compiler turns a source - code branch statement ( such as if - then - else ) into alternate blocks of machine code arranged in a sequential stream . depending on the outcome of the branch , the cpu will execute one of those basic blocks by jumping over the others . modern cpus try to predict the outcome and speculatively execute the target block , paying a heavy penalty in lost cycles if they mispredict . the basic blocks are small , often two or three instructions , and branches occur about every six instructions . the sequential , choppy nature of this code makes parallel execution difficult .

all of the new registers ( r8 through r15 ) added in the intel 64 architecture instruction set can also be accessed as 32 - bit , 16 - bit , and 8 - bit registers . for example , register r8 can be addressed in the following ways :

a major benefit of a 64 - bit computer architecture is the amount of memory that can be addressed . in the mid - 1980s , the 4gb addressable memory of 32 - bit platforms was more than sufficient . however , by the end of the millennium large databases exceeded this limit . the time taken to access storage devices and load data into virtual memory has a significant impact on performance . 64 - bit platforms are capable of addressing an enormous 16 tb of memory – 4 billion times more than 32 - bit platforms are capable of handling . in real terms this means that whilst a 32 - bit platform can handle a database large enough to contain the name of every inhabitant of the usa since 1977 , a 64 - bit one is sufficiently powerful to store the name of every person who’s lived since the beginning of time ! however , notwithstanding the impact that its increased memory addressing will have , it is its explicitly parallel instruction computing ( epic ) technology – the foundation for a new 64 - bit instruction set architecture ( isa ) – that represents itanium’s biggest technological advance .

any assembly code that directly deals with the structure of the stack ( as opposed to simply using pointers to variables on the stack ) must be modified to work in a 64 - bit environment . for more information , see os x abi mach - o file format reference .

problem : when this code is executed on a 32 - bit architecture , the result is - 1 ( 0xffffffff ) . when the code is run on a 64 - bit architecture , the result is 4294967295 ( 0x00000000ffffffff ) , which is probably not what you were expecting .

eventually most desktop computer apps will make good use of the extra data crunching potential of 64 - bit cpus , but it ' s like how the internet has changed in the last ten years - some elements have had radical upgrades , but many aren ' t that different .

cindy zheng and carol thompson . pa - risc to ia - 64 : transparent execution , no recompilation . ieee computer , 33 ( 3 ) : 47 - 52 , march 2000 . bibtex entry , pdf comments : the objective of the system described in the paper is to execute binaries of os / processor a on a os / processor b with the highest possible speed . in this case , the os / processor a is the legacy architecture and the os / processor b is the new native architecture . the ideas presented in this paper can also be applied to binary translation as a generic run - time optimization technique . it would be useful if the paper contained more quantitative results . paper importance : 10 / 10

the microsoft . net framework version 2 . 0 ( ia64 ) redistributable package installs the . net framework runtime and associated files required to run 64 - bit applications developed to target the . net framework v2 . 0 . the . net framework version 2 . 0 ( ia64 ) improves scalability and performance , improved caching , application deployment and updating with clickonce , support for the broadest array of browsers and devices with asp . net 2 . 0 controls and services and 64 - bit support . for more information on the . net framework 2 . 0 , click here .

second when the shift completed , the result was stored into a long . thus , the 32 - bit signed value represented by ( a < < 31 ) was sign extended ( rule 4 ) when it was promoted to a 64 - bit value ( even though the resulting type is unsigned ) .

avoid truncating file positions and offsets . although file operations have always used 64 - bit positions and offsets , you should still check for errors in their use . errors will become more and more important as common file sizes grow . use fpos _ t for file position and off _ t for file offset .

use inverted masks if needed . be careful when using bit masks with variables of type long , because the width differs between 32 - bit and 64 - bit architectures . there are two ways to create a mask , depending on whether you want the mask to be zero - extended or one - extended :

if you are using this pragma only to access apple data structures , you should not need to make any code changes to your code . when compiling 64 - bit code , the compiler ignores the pragmas and your code works correctly . if , however , you currently use the mac68k alignment pragma in your own data structures that will be shared between 32 - bit and 64 - bit versions of your application ( or if you use the mac68k pragma for a data structure that corresponds with the register layout of a physical device ) , you must rewrite the data structure to use a packed alignment and pad the structure appropriately .

for code that is truly architecture - specific ( such as assembly language code ) , you should continue to use architecture - specific tests . be aware , however , that when compiling for a 64 - bit architecture , code wrapped in a test for a 32 - bit architecture is not compiled into the executable .

vb : how do you look back at itanium [ intel’s 64 - bit microprocessors ] ? it didn’t take off as expected . it left an opening for amd with the opteron [ which was less drastic a change and more power efficient and thus became amd’s first success in server chips ] . did you make mistakes ?

remember itanium ? intel ' s first crack at 64 - bit server processors from circa the turn of the millennium ? well , two things : intel is releasing four new 9700 - series itanium cpus based on the " kittson " architecture , and the chips are the last new itanium processors that the company plans to ship .

when this code is compiled with a 32 - bit compiler , the variable bar begins 12 bytes from the start of the structure . when the same code is compiled with a 64 - bit compiler , the variable bar begins 16 bytes from the start of the structure , and a 4 - byte pad is added after foo2 .

@ pacerier : it means that the basic structure of everything you use ( available instructions , most addressing modes , down even to most of the instructions encoding ) stays the same , but you have wider registers ( rax / rbx / rcx / . . . are the 64 - bit extensions of the 32 bit eax / ebx / ecx / . . . , which you can still use as " the lower half of the 64 bit registers " ) . plus , you get some extra registers ( r8 to r16 ) , some new instructions , guaranteed presence of some instruction sets , new addressing modes ( rip - addressing ) plus a bunch of other stuff .

fix format strings . print functions such as printf can be tricky when writing code to support 32 - bit and 64 - bit platforms because of the change in the sizes of pointers . to solve this problem for pointer - sized integers ( uintptr _ t ) and other standard types , various macros exist in the inttypes . h header file .

it was in june 1994 that hewlett - packard announced their joint research - and development project aimed at providing advanced technologies for end - of - the - millennium workstation , server and enterprise - computing products and october 1997 that they revealed the first details of their 64 - bit computing architecture . at that time the first member of intel’s new family of 64 - bit processors – codenamed merced , after a californian river – was slated for production in 1999 , using intel’s 0 . 18 - micron technology . in the event the merced development programme slipped badly and was estimated at still nearly a year from completion when intel announced the selection of the brand name itanium at the october 1999 intel developer forum .


laboratoires pierre fabre is a french multinational pharmaceutical and cosmetics company .

the company had a consolidated turnover of 1.978 billion euros in 2012 ( including 54 % international ) .

it is headquartered in the city of castres , midi-pyrénées , france .

founded in 1962 by pierre fabre ( 1926-2013 ) , the company is present in over 130 countries .

laboratories pierre fabre had approximately 10,000 employees in 2012 , 33 % of whom are internationally based , while the remaining 6,700 employees were based in france .

the company 's business activity is focused on research , development , manufacturing and marketing of cosmetics , prescription medicines and family health products .

pharmaceuticals and phytotherapy represent 47 % of turnover , whereas cosmetics represent 53 % ( percentages of 2012 turnover ) .

pierre fabre is best known for its vinorelbine ( navelbine ) , an anticancer drug of the vinca alkaloid class .

they also developed vinflunine , a fluorinated vinca alkaloid derivative available in australia for " advanced or metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract after failure of a prior platinum containing regimen . "

olivier bohuon , now chief executive of smith & nephew , was chief executive from september 2010 to april 2011 .

laboratoires pierre fabre

laboratoires pierre fabre <EOT> laboratoires pierre fabre is majority owned by a government - recognized public - interest foundation ( by decree dated 6 april 1999 ) : the pierre fabre foundation .

the foundation now holds 86 % of the capital of pierre fabre sa , through the holding company pierre fabre participations ( pfp ) .

the institut curie ( paris , france ) and the laboratoires pierre fabre s . a . ( castres , france ) entered a renwable , one - year partnership to develop cancer immunotherapies against novel targets using the institute’s biological models . the institute and pierre fabre . . .

laboratoires pierre fabre have thus embarked on a new and original artistic adventure in france . together with entreprisecontemporaine® , they went to international artists likely to embody the vision , energy and humanistic values of their founder .

on the occasion of the first anniversary of the death of their founder , laboratoires pierre fabre asked two internationally recognized visual artists and attached to france , the german sculptor stephan balkenhol and from chinese origin painter yan pei - ming , to pay tribute to the memory of mr . pierre fabre .

through the pierre fabre participations holding company , the pierre fabre foundation , a government - recognized public - interest foundation , owns 86 % of pierre fabre laboratories . 7 % of remaining shares are owned by company employees , and 7 % are treasury stock .

division of experimental cancer research i , centre de recherche pierre fabre , castres , france .

the pierre fabre foundation’s priorities lie in investing in programs concerning : the training of pharmacists and health professionals .

2014 : tribute to mr . pierre fabre | entreprise contemporaine® - enterprise + contemporary art = sense another way

the pierre fabre culture is based on a strong value system , which is shared by it employees around the world .

as pioneers in dermo - cosmetics , pierre fabre laboratories develop innovative solutions for the hygiene , care and beauty of skin , hair and scalp . with a portfolio of 7 brands , pierre fabre is the largest dermo - cosmetic laboratory on the french market , and the second largest worldwide .

pierre fabre’s portfolio represents a continuum of activities spanning from prescription drugs and consumer health care products to dermo - cosmetics . in 2016 , pierre fabre dedicated almost 143 million euros to r & d , shared between oncology , the central nervous system , consumer health care , dermatology and dermo - cosmetics .

pierre fabre is the 3rd largest french pharmaceutical group . in 2013 , its sales reached €2 . 008 billion , with international revenues accounting for 56 % . founded and still based in the south - west of france , pierre fabre currently has branches in 44 countries and distribution agreements in over 130 countries .

qumas , an accelrys company ( nasdaq : accl ) , today announced that pierre fabre laboratories , a leading pharmaceutical and cosmetics company with headquarters in castres , france , has selected qumas doccompliance to manage and control quality documents across the entire company . the qumas compliance platform was selected after an extensive evaluation process conducted by members of the quality assurance and it teams at pierre fabre laboratories . the qumas solution will be rolled out to 3 , 850 pierre fabre employees initially .

with 50 sites in france , mostly located in the south - west and subsidiaries in 44 countries worldwide , pierre fabre combines a strong local presence with international expansion .

pierre fabre laboratories , the second largest independent pharmaceutical group in france , achieved sales of over 2 billion euros in 2013 , with international sales representing 56 % in total .

convinced of the benefits provided by plants on health and beauty , pierre fabre laboratories have made research on plant substances a major focus of its activities for over 50 years .

the main aim of the pierre fabre foundation , a government - recognized public - interest organization , is to improve access to quality medication and care in the least developed and developing countries .

in 2008 , mr . pierre fabre had already made a donation of the majority of his shares in the company to the foundation . he completed this donation by appointing the foundation as the sole legatee .

july 3rd , 4th and 5th will take place in castres the 12th edition of the e - health summer university . pierre fabre , a historical partner , will organize a hackathon , the ia santé challenge .

“we conducted a very thorough evaluation of a number of vendor solutions , ” commented pierre contreras , business project director for pierre fabre laboratories . “we were very impressed with the advanced features of doccompliance and its large reference base of companies across our industry , as well as the professionalism and responsiveness of the qumas team . ”

with brands such as avène , klorane , ducray , rené furterer , a - derma , galénic , naturactive , elgydium , eludril or drill , pierre fabre laboratories are market leaders when it comes to skin , hair and oral care products sold in french pharmacy channels . avène is marketed worldwide , and is the leading dermo - cosmetics brand in europe , japan and china . in oncology , pierre fabre achieves 90 % of its revenues outside of its home country .

15 employees , representative of the main activities of the company and with various backgrounds , were invited to participate in the selection process . after a final presentation to the family and friends of mr . pierre fabre in march 2014 , two artists were finally selected : yan pei - ming for a triptych painted portrait , which will be presented to employees on key sites of the company , and stephan balkenhol for a statue in polychrome bronze , installed on the site of the pierre fabre foundation .

in order to contribute to the preservation of plant resources while achieving its innovation and quality objectives , the group has set up a certified process for the responsible development of innovative , safe and effective plant - based key ingredients : pierre fabre botanical expertise .

pierre fabre is the 2nd largest dermo - cosmetics laboratory in the world and the 2nd largest private french pharmaceutical group . in 2017 , it generated 2 , 318 million euros in revenues , of which 62 % came from its international business and 62 % from its dermo - cosmetics division . pierre fabre , which has always been headquartered in the south - west of france , owns subsidiaries and offices in 47 countries , enjoys distribution agreements in over 130 countries and counts more than 13 , 500 employees worldwide .

humanism , independence and sustainability pierre fabre laboratories have set up a unique shareholder structure to ensure its continuity and independence , while perpetuating the humanitarian values of its founder . the company is held in majority ( 65 % ) by the pierre fabre foundation , recognized as a non - profit since 1999 . contributing to health and well - being , advocating for pharmaceutical ethics in all we do , respecting biodiversity , or belonging to a foundation of public utility : our company has multiple facets that are also challenges for sustainable development .

pierre fabre laboratories provide pharmacists , health care professionals and patients with a large range of prescription and otc drugs in three main fields : family health ( drill , pédi - relax , smoking cessation… ) , oral care ( elgydium , inava… ) and natural health ( naturactive ) .

the laboratory was established in the early 1960s by pierre fabre , a pharmacist in castres , a city located in the tarn , near toulouse ( south - west of france ) . for the past 50 years , the company has pursued a development strategy focusing on the needs of patients .

through his company , moved in 50 years from a pharmacy in the city of castres to a pharmaceutical group operating globally , mr . pierre fabre will have built an original and daring oeuvre . deeply attached to the sense of beauty , full of great sensitivity for art , architecture and culture , he was a great sponsor that supported the major museums in the midi - pyrenees region and commissioned the architect roger taillibert , member of the institute , for the construction of several landmark buildings , including the centre for research and development pierre fabre located on the campus of toulouse oncopole .

covering all aspects of healthcare , from prescription drugs and otc products to dermo - cosmetics , pierre fabre laboratories employ over 10 , 000 people worldwide . every year , the group allocates more than 17 % of its drug revenues to r & d , focusing on three main areas : oncology , dermatology and neuropsychiatry .

the management of employee shareholdings is carried out by the supervisory board , which is composed of 6 members representing shareholders and 6 members representing the company . its chairman , by law a representative of the shareholders , sits on the board of directors of pierre fabre sa . in 2012 , the french federation of employee share ownership honored pierre fabre laboratories with three of the six awards for employee shareholding : the grand prix de l ' actionnariat‐salarié des sociétés non cotées ( the grand prix of employee shareholding for unlisted companies ) , the grand prix de la qualité de l ' information et de la formation des actionnaires‐salariés ( the grand prix of information quality and training for employee shareholders ) , the grand prix des présidents d ' associations ( the grand prix of association presidents ) .

“qumas provides pierre fabre with a scalable solution that will enable employees across all of its product sites to collaborate on quality assurance content and documents in a controlled , compliant and fully auditable manner , ” stated kevin o’leary , ceo for qumas . “we are delighted to be adding another leading french company to our client list , and plan to increase our client base in europe significantly this year . ”

each year , the group invests close to 20 % of its sales in r & d , focusing on three key research areas : oncology , dermatology and neuropsychiatry . pierre fabre employs 1 , 400 people in r & d , spread across five centers of excellence : toulouse ( cytotoxic molecules and new targeted therapies , skin research , dermo - cosmetics ) , saint - julien - en - genevois ( biotherapies and monoclonal antibodies in oncology ) and castres ( treatment of neuropsychiatric pathologies ) .

qumas doccompliance provides pierre fabre laboratories with a complete web - based electronic document management system that enables users to create , manage , circulate and securely store all documents and content related to quality assurance and quality control across the company’s product portfolio . the platform fully supports electronic signatures as per the fda 21 cfr part 11 requirements and is configurable , allowing companies to mirror their organizational structures and practices . all of the compliance capabilities of the platform are accessed through myqumas , a user - friendly web - based interface .

since its creation in 1999 , the foundation has mainly been involved in africa and asia , in the following countries : laos , cambodia , vietnam , madagascar , senegal , mali , benin , guinea and togo . the foundation is chaired by mr . pierre - yves revol . its board of directors has 14 members , 2 of whom are representatives of the french state , and who monitor the public interest mission for which the foundation is recognized as a public - interest organization .

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antimitotic and tubulin - interacting properties of vinflunine , a novel fluorinated vinca alkaloid . - pubmed - ncbi

warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .

antimitotic and tubulin - interacting properties of vinflunine , a novel fluorinated vinca alkaloid .

kruczynski a 1 , barret jm , etiévant c , colpaert f , fahy j , hill bt .

this study aimed to define the mechanism of action of vinflunine , a novel vinca alkaloid synthesised from vinorelbine using superacidic chemistry and characterised by superior in vivo activity to vinorelbine in preclinical tumour models . in vitro vinflunine cytotoxicity proved dependent on concentration and exposure duration , with ic50 values ( 72 - hr exposures ) generally ranging from 60 - 300 nm . vinflunine induced g2 + m arrest , associated with mitotic accumulation and a concentration - dependent reduction of the microtubular network of interphase cells , accompanied by paracrystal formation . these effects , while comparable to those of vincristine , vinblastine or vinorelbine , were achieved with 3 - to 17 - fold higher vinflunine concentrations . however , vinflunine and the other vincas all inhibited microtubule assembly at micromolar concentrations . vinflunine , like vinblastine , vincristine and vinorelbine , appeared to interact at the vinca binding domain , as judged by proteolytic cleavage patterns , and induced tubulin structural changes favouring an inhibition of gtp hydrolysis . however , vinflunine did not prevent [ 3h ] vincristine binding to unassembled tubulin at concentrations < or = 100 microm , and only weakly inhibited binding of [ 3h ] vinblastine or [ 3h ] vinorelbine . indeed , specific binding of [ 3h ] vinflunine to tubulin was undetectable by centrifugal gel filtration . thus , the comparative capacities of these vincas to bind to or to interfere with their binding to tubulin could be classified as : vincristine > vinblastine > vinorelbine > vinflunine . by monitoring alkylation of sulfhydryl groups , differential effects on tubulin conformation were identified with vinflunine and vinorelbine acting similarly , yet distinctively from vinblastine and vincristine . overall , vinflunine appears to function as a definite inhibitor of tubulin assembly , while exhibiting quantitatively different tubulin binding properties to the classic vinca alkaloids .

welcome to our newsroom - get access to information and multimedia resources about bristol - myers squibb . current and archived releases and publications are available .

learn about our efforts , new goals and initiatives in the areas of philanthropy and sustainability .

array biopharma inc . ( nasdaq : arry ) said fda approved braftovi encorafenib in combination with mektovi binimetinib to treat braf v600 mutation - positive unresectable or metastatic melanoma . the company said the combo is now available , but declined to provide . . .

technology : snps ; plasma markers a plasma cfdna mutation on pi3kca could help predict resistance to combined inhibition of mek , cdk4 and cdk6 in nras - mutant melanoma . in samples from a patient with metastatic nras - mutant melanoma treated with . . .

array biopharma inc . ( nasdaq : arry ) reported that binimetinib ( mek162 ) plus encorafenib ( lgx818 ) significantly improved median overall survival ( os ) compared to braf inhibitor zelboraf vemurafenib in the phase iii columbus trial to treat braf v600 mutation - positive melanoma . . . .

array biopharma inc . ( nasdaq : arry ) gained $ 2 . 19 ( 16 % ) to $ 16 . 28 on tuesday after reporting that binimetinib ( mek162 ) plus encorafenib ( lgx818 ) significantly improved median overall survival compared to braf inhibitor zelboraf vemurafenib in the phase iii columbus . . .

array biopharma inc . ( nasdaq : arry ) reported updated response data for a combination regimen of encorafenib ( lgx818 ) , binimetinib ( mek162 ) and erbitux cetuximab in the safety lead - in portion of the phase iii beacon crc trial to treat braf . . .

array biopharma inc . ( nasdaq : arry ) gained $ 2 . 42 ( 19 % ) to $ 15 . 56 monday after reporting updated response data for a combination regimen of encorafenib ( lgx818 ) , binimetinib ( mek162 ) and erbitux cetuximab in the safety lead - in portion of the phase . . .

cancer play five prime therapeutics inc . ( nasdaq : fprx ) promoted aron knickerbocker to president and ceo from coo , effective jan . 1 , 2018 . he succeeds lewis williams , who will become executive chairman . cell therapy company cytosen therapeutics inc . . . .

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you would like to sell or license a product , to reach a co - marketing agreement , or to form an alliance or a joint - venture in pharmaceuticals , consumer health care , oral care or dermo - cosmetics , and you are looking for a partner with expertise over the full pharmaceutical value chain .

you are a biotech , a start - up or a research lab ( private or public ) specialized in oncology , onco - dermatology or dermatology , and you are looking for a partner to speed up the development process of new products currently at advanced preclinical stage or at early clinical stage .

you wish to develop new plant - based products in the pharmaceutical , nutrition or agri - food sectors , gain access to our collection of over 15 , 000 plant samples and benefit from our expertise .

you are looking for a partner recognized by international drugs and health agencies to develop and produce active ingredients , pharmaceutical lozenges , injectables , cytotoxic agents or immune - conjugates .

in order to do this , we design and develop consumer and patient inspired innovative solutions that contribute to people ' s well - being , from health to beauty . we achieve this by cooperating with health - care professionals , our trusted partners worldwide , by drawing relentless inspiration from nature and plants , and by placing pharmaceutical ethics at the very heart of our operations .

the company has a unique governance structure to ensure its continuity and independence , while perpetuating the humanist values of its founder .

our revenues exceeded €2 . 3 billion . this is growth of 1 . 6 % compared to 2016 , propelled by our international business , which grew by over 3 % .

a company owned by its employees and by a foundation in a way that protects our business against surprise speculation : this is my goal to ensure its continuity .

7 . 8 % of the remaining shares are held by the employees ( through the employee stock ownership plan set up in 2005 ) and 6 . 2 % is held as treasury stock ( shares held by the company itself ) .

the fight against sickle - cell anemia , a serious genetic illness that mainly affects the african continent .

launched in france in 2005 , the employee shareholder plan has been open to employees of our 6 main european subsidiaries since 2008 . the total scope covered by the plan thus encompasses over 85 % of the group ' s staff . currently 91 % of all employees able to benefit from the plan are shareholders . they hold 6 . 7 % of the company ' s capital ( 2011 figures ) .

the plan constitutes a major element of the way in which our capital is organized . it also contributes towards the development of a new corporate culture , in which each employee is even more closely associated with the life and growth of the company . financial information targeting employees is proposed regularly , while training programs in the economics of the company are organized . this plan also allows employees to increase their savings : any payments made can be supplemented by the company in accordance with a matching system .

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our activities cover all aspects of health care , from prescription drugs and dermo - cosmetics to family health products . we have subsidiaries in over 40 countries , market products in over 130 countries , and employ 10 , 000 people worldwide .

avène is the leading dermo - cosmetic brand in europe , japan and china .

qumas is the leader in enterprise compliance solutions with more than 270 global customer deployments and two decades of experience helping companies in highly regulated industries . qumas is a gold microsoft partner , and provides the qumas compliance platform on sharepoint 2010 , documentum , oracle or sql . for more information , visit urltoken .

qumas is an accelrys company . accelrys ( nasdaq : accl ) , a leading provider of scientific innovation lifecycle management software , supports industries and organizations that rely on scientific innovation to differentiate themselves . the industry - leading accelrys enterprise platform provides a broad , flexible scientific foundation optimized to integrate the diversity of science , experimental processes and information requirements across the research , development , qa / qc and manufacturing phases of product development . accelrys offers capabilities in scientific data management , modeling and simulation , research informatics , laboratory informatics , enterprise quality management , environmental health & safety and operations intelligence for customers in science - driven industries . using accelrys technology , scientific innovators can access , organize , analyze and share data in unprecedented ways across the research , laboratory and manufacturing continuum , ultimately enhancing innovation , improving productivity and compliance , reducing costs and accelerating product development from research to manufacturing .

accelrys solutions are used by more than 2 , 000 customers in the pharmaceutical , biotechnology , energy , chemicals , aerospace , consumer packaged goods and industrial products industries . headquartered in san diego , calif . , accelrys employs approximately 225 full - time phd scientists . for more information about accelrys , visit urltoken .

a social enterprise , we connect and inform 900 , 000 + development , health , humanitarian , and sustainability professionals through news , business intelligence , and funding & career opportunities so you can do more good for more people .

this site is operated by a business or businesses owned by informa plc and all copyright resides with them . informa plc ' s registered office is 5 howick place , london sw1p 1wg . registered in england and wales . number 8860726 .

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dosage delivery forms are now a critical part of chemistry for creating inventive sports nutrition products forward - looking . . .

puffed snacks and probiotics are leading the growth in the on - the . . .

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paul frantellizzi , ceo of good superfoods , shares his experiences developing and launching efficacious products with ksm - 66 ashwagandha .