upilex is a heat-resistant polyimide film formed from biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride ( bpda ) monomers .

its properties include dimensional stability , low water absorption and high chemical resistance .

it was developed by ube industries .

upilex-s , along with other polyimides kapton hn and kapton e , have been investigated by nasa with respect to their radiation durability for possible use in the next generation space telescope , where polymer film layer sunshields must operate at low temperatures and in the presence of cosmic rays .

upilex

upilex <EOT> table 1 summarizes the typical properties of the upilex - s and upilex - sn polyimide films .

- s " , with superior mechanical properties . dimensional stability and chemical resistance are equal to " upilex

" at high temperatures attention should be paid to ventilation . this is because dmac , which " upilex

upilex vt is a heat bonding type of polyimide film without using adhesive and applicable with various substrate material .

upilex - s demonstrates outstanding mechanical characteristics through a wide temperature range . upilex - s displays high tensile strength and modulus , and also features outstanding long - term heat resistance . another advantage inherent in upilex - s is its high resistance to hydrolysis , as its properties are practically unaffected , even by immersion in boiling water for long periods of time .

- s " exhibits excellent electrical characteristics over a wide range of temperatures and frequencies . even at high temperatures , " upilex

it is suitable for sputtering or plating process and has superior mechanical properties . dimensional stability and chemical resistance are equal to " upilex

the tensile modulus of upilex - s polyimide films is 9121mpa , which is more than double the value of an earlier version of the product . the tensile strength of this material is 520mpa . the upilex - s polyimide film experiences very little degradation in these properties at elevated temperatures , making it suitable for use in extreme temperature applications . the dimensional stability of the upilex - s polyimide film is much better than other competitive products .

the thermal resistance of the upilex - s polyimide film is much higher than any other currently available plastic films . the very small thermal linear expansion coefficients and heat shrinkage values of the upilex - s polyimide film enable using the material in fpc and tab - tape substrates containing minute circuits .

high heat resistance upilex s can be used in high - temperature processes just below 500°c . this exceeds industry standard operating temperatures around 300°c . high mechanical properties upilex has excellent wear resistance and toughness . this allows use of thinner films in applications where strength is critical . chemical resistance it has excellent chemical resistance to organic solvents , gasoline , automotive oil , alkalis , acids etc . . high - performance technology the industry leading surface uniformity and smoothness of upilex improves performance and adds value to your application .

description : upilex , the ultra - high heat - resistant polyimide film , is the product of the polycondensation reaction between biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride ( bpda ) , of which process ube industries originally developed , and diamine . most notable of these characteristics is upilex ' s physical , mechanical , electrical , and chemical properties under high - temperature conditions .

- s " delivers outstanding mechanical characteristics across a wide temperature range . it also demonstrates high tensile strength and modulus , and even features outstanding long - term heat resistance . another exceptional feature of " upilex

this page has links to all data sheets in matweb for the tradename upilex . we have several search tools , listed above , that give you more efficient methods to reach the information that you need .

this material shows good resistance to virtually all chemicals , including alkali and inorganic acid solutions , and is insoluble in all types of organic solvent . there is no change in the dimensional stability and physical properties of the upilex - s polyimide film even when subjected to chemical exposure . as a result of its good chemical resistance , the upilex - s is suitable as release film , even without a release agent .

upilex ® - foam is a new type of polyimide form that has been developed by our original technology of polyimide process . polyimide originally has the highest heat resistance in engineering plastics . upilex - foam is produced from polyimide in the process of our own , making the best use of the feature of polyimide . it shows improved properties over a wide range of environmental conditions , compared to the conventional polyimide foam . upilex - foam is applicable to a variety of use such as thermal , acoustic and mechanical vibration insulation , and weight saving for transportation systems such as aerospace vehicles , ships and automobiles , and for electric devices .

since outgassing is very low compared to general polyimide , it is the perfect film for many applications with vacuum and / or high - temperature processing . and , resin coats formed from a carrier base of " upilex

- s " is insoluble in all organic solvents and is sufficiently resistant to virtually all chemicals , including inorganic acid and alkali solutions . this chemical resistance provides exceptional physical properties as well as superior dimensional stability when " upilex

ube offers upilex - s polyimide films with fantastic resistance to heat and chemicals over a broad temperature range . they have a ul94 flammability rating of vtm - 0 and have no melting point . their mechanical properties are superior to other currently available products on the market .

- s " boasts the highest heat resistance of any plastic film currently available . its major features include a high starting temperature for thermal decomposition , smaller values for both heat shrinkage and thermal linear expansion coefficients , as well as flame resistance ( ul94 vtm - 0 ) . therefore , " upilex

in addition , this polyimide film has very low hygroscopic expansion , heat shrinkage and linear expansion . besides having high tensile strength and modulus , the upilex - s polyimide film exhibits superior long - term heat resistance . its resistance to hydrolysis is very high as it virtually retains its properties even when immersed in boiling water for prolonged periods .

super - heat resistant polyimide film produced from ube ' s exclusive " bpda ( biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride ) " monomers . this formulation is unique to ube and exhibits outstanding dimensional stability , low water absorption and very high chemical resistance .

" is used globally by many customers , who all demand the exceptional performance we deliver .

thermal properties : outstanding heat resistance . excellent heat shrinkage and dimensional stability . environmental resistance : low water absorption and hygroscopic expansion . chemical resistance : insoluble in all organic solvents and resistant to chemicals ( acids and alkalis etc . ) . smooth surface : excellent surface smoothness allows fine pitch patterning .

molded articles have excellent heat resistance and chemical resistance , so they are used in insulation applications and in applications requiring environmental resistance .

as base films for laminated multilayer fpc and two - layer ccl , they have superior heat bonding characteristics and physical properties .

compared to other polyimide films , it has better surface smoothness and higher chemical resistance , greater stiffness and much higher heat resistance . outgassing is very low , so it is easy to use .

- s " is its high resistance to hydrolysis , as demonstrated by its properties being virtually unaffected even when it is immersed in boiling water for long periods of time .

- s " shows almost no deterioration in its electrical properties , unlike other plastic - type films . it also displays a low level of electrical insulation defects , making it an optimal choice for electrical and electronic uses that demand high reliability .

- s " changes little in size even when heated . this makes it ideal for use in fpc and tab - tape substrates composed of minute circuits .

- s " is exposed to chemicals . as resistance to various automotive oils ( engine oil , brake oil , gasoline , etc . ) is strong , it is suitable for use in many automotive applications .

- s " has a excellent smooth surface with low roughness . therefore , it can also be suitably used as a film carrier base for other high heat resistance resins , cushioning materials or releasing materials .

- s " have moderate adhesion strength to peel off later and offer a very smooth surface .

- rn " has many excellent physical characteristics , including molding process - ability and environmental resistance .

- rn " can be used in embossing , speaker diaphragms , aerospace applications , etc . .

- rn " has excellent tolerance not only to acids and organic solvents , but also to alkalis .

- rn " has excellent heat resistance , electrical properties , and radiation resistance .

since it has excellent elongation through heating and pressing , it is easy to make solid components using drawing process . molded articles have excellent strength characteristics .

- nvt " with metal ( cu , sus , al ) foil . in addition , they are also available for bonding films comprised of metal , ceramic and other materials .

- s " , with the addition of laminate workability in the heat press .

- s " , so it is suitable to use for flexible circuits and coverlay applications .

without any surface treatment , it offers excellent adhesive properties . additionally , the adhesive strength is enhanced by performing surface treatments , such as corona treatment .

it is suitable for sputtering or plating processes because of high surface adhesion . it offers a flexible base for high - performance electronic circuits .

in addition , it can also be used as an adhesive tape base material for loc packaging .

in sputtering or plating , a flexible base for electronic circuits that does not use any adhesives can be obtained .

" generates pyrolytic products . ventilation should be adequate to ensure that concentrations of dmac and carbon monoxide are kept to safe levels ( 10ppm and 100ppm ) . ln addition , breathing safety equipment , such as organic gasmasks , should be used to prevent the inhalation of fumes .

the content provided is based on materials , data and information currently available and no guarantee is given with regard to content , physical properties or hazardous and harmful effects .

furthermore , handling precautions relate to normal handling . in unique situations requiring special handling , please use safety measures appropriate for the application and process .

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cte , linear , values determined by minute linear expansion tester at 5°c / min . temperature increments

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chemicals company , polyimide and specialty products div . polyimide business dept . polyimide business development gr .

thanks to innovation , ube’s most important skill , the company responds to the changes in society and their repercussions in industry . this drives the company , contributes to its development and has become ube’s identification as a creative industrial corporation .

this information has been sourced , reviewed and adapted from materials provided by ube industries .

hydrogenation is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen and other compounds and elements . hydrogenation is used in many applications such as the food industry , petrochemical industry and the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry .

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tml : total mass loss cvcm : collected volatile condensable materials wvr : water vapor regained .


kaddu beykat ( also known as letter from my village and lettre paysanne ) is a 1975 senegalese film directed by safi faye .

it was the first feature film made by a sub-saharan african woman to be commercially distributed and brought international recognition for its director .

centred on a romance , it chronicles the daily lives of people in a rural senegalese village .

kaddu beykat

kaddu beykat <EOT> 12 / 04 / 14 - - 22 : 50 : _ from kaddu beykat t . . .

reviews for the movie : kaddu beykat - 1975 film can be added here . more on this film : kaddu beykat ( a . k . a . letter from my village ) - ( senegal ) 1975 film .

your film kaddu beykat concerns society . you made an honest assessment of the society , but the film was banned in senegal . why ?

in safi faye ' s kaddu beykat the story unfolds through the backdrop of an ongoing drought in the village , causing economic upheaval as groundnuts are its sole crop .

films shown in aff , inc . programs : letter from my village [ kaddu beykat ] ( 1993 , 2000 ) ; mossane ( 1998 , 2000 , 2015 ) .

i tried to rent kaddu beykat some time ago but i was told that the print is in bad shape . that is one of the reasons i suggested having mossane and the other films you made on video .

the environment has long been a theme that african women in cinema have addressed in their work , from kaddu beykat ( 1975 ) by senegalese , safi faye to pumzi ( 2009 ) by wanuri kahiu of kenya .

senegalese films : kaddu beykat , black girl , faat kiné , mossane , moolaadé , borom sarret , hyènes , xala , liberté i , list of senegalese films , mandabi . memphis : books llc , 2010 . print .

kaddu beykat is a very powerful film that deals with economic , historical , social , and political situations . it is also an ethnographic film and makes a powerful critique of the senegalese system . what inspired you to make this film ?

yes , kaddu beykat was made in 1975 and it is my first feature - length film . the film is one hour and forty - five minutes long . i experimented with both content and narrative style , and you can find in it a mixture of fiction and documentary styles .

an artful fusion of the political and the poetic , safi faye’s first film situates the local within the global , focusing on the daily lives of community members from the director’s senegalese hometown , fad’jal . the first feature by a sub - saharan african woman to gain international distribution , kaddu beykat mounts a powerful critique on colonial administration .

i am optimistic that mossane could make money because it is a nice haile gerima . his distribution company , mypheduh films , distributes my beykat in the united states .

slow - paced and faithfully depicting the close connection between human and nature in a rural context , kaddu beykat ( which literally means ' voice of the peasant ' ) is a black - and - white feature - length docudrama interpreted by non - professional actors - farmers playing their own roles . the film also focuses on the fate of a young villager , ngor , who leaves his village to seek work in dakar , but returns disillusioned to marry a local woman .

my real feature is mossane , which was completed recently ; and it is also a fiction film . before that , i made two other features , both mixtures of film and documentary . they are kaddu beykat [ letter from the village , 1975 ] and fad’jal [ come and work , 1979 ] , which was one of the films selected for the 1979 . i have made many short films and several feature - length films that juxtapose with documentary , as i stated before , but mossane is completely fiction .

the first feature - length film by a sub - saharan african woman , kaddu beykat is set in the filmmaker ' s village of fadial in senegal . safi faye , who has a background in anthropology and a filmmaking career spanning almost three decades , documents everyday life in the village , and in particular the villagers ' economic dependence on the groundnut crop . initially banned in senegal , the film condemns the colonial heritage of peanut monoculture and denounces the government ' s lack of agricultural diversification to ensure the welfare of the rural populace .

one of the film’s core themes — the lack of opportunity in senegal – is somewhat reflected in the recent state of the senegalese national cinema , which a recent agence france - presse ( afp ) report alarmingly described as “dying a slow death” . senegal was once at the forefront of african cinema in the two decades following the country’s independence from france in 1960 , with directors such as djibril diop mambéty ( badou boy , 1970 ; touki bouki , 1973 ) , safi faye ( kaddu beykat , 1975 ) and ousmane sembène ( black girl , 1966 ; xala , 1975 ) receiving widespread international acclaim .

filmography : the passerby [ la passante ] ( 1972 ) ; revenge ( 1973 ) ; letter from my village [ kaddu beykat ] ( 1975 ) ; the harvest is in [ göob na nu ] ( 1979 ) ; come and work [ fad’ jal ] ( 1979 ) ; three years and five months ( 1979 ) ; i , your mother [ man sa yaay ] ( 1980 ) ; as women see it ? ( 1980 ) ; souls under the sun ( 1981 ) ; selbé : one among many ( 1982 ) ; ambassades nourricières ( 1984 ) ; elsie haas , haitian woman painter and filmmaker ( 1985 ) ; black roots ( 1985 ) ; tesito ( 1989 ) ; mossane ( 1996 ) .

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ngor ( a young man residing in a senegalese village ) wishes to marry columba , but cannot afford the bride price due to the monetary effects of an ongoing drought . in an attempt to earn columba ' s bride price , ngor travels to dakar seeking work . however , ngor’s plans for dakar fail to succeed accordingly . returning to the village , ngor shares the story of his experience with the other men .

director : safi faye country : senegal year : 1975 running time : 95 min . language : serer

( source : through african eyes – dialogues with the directors , bonetti mahen and reddy prerana ( editors ) , 2003 , african film festival , inc . and printinfo jv llc , yerevan , armenia , p . 18 )

safi faye , africa’s first black female filmmaker to complete a feature , uses a gentle diary voice - over to tell the daily life of her village . the imagery is in beautiful black and white . faye notices the steam and smoke coming off village huts , the evening sunlight , the rituals of cooking and working . in the ‘50s and ‘60s , white europeans made anthropological films about africa but this is the insider’s story – beautiful , honest and with its own sense of time .

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lakeith stanfield and his sorry to bother you director boots riley discuss the stress of filming sex scenes .

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mory , a cowherd , and anta , a university student , try to make money in order to go to paris and leave their boring past behind .

this big hit at the sundance film festival had audiences cheering . set during the ming dynasty , this acclaimed production tells the story of a power hungry eunuch who employs an evil sect . . . see full summary »

in pre - colonial times a peddler crossing the savanna discovers a child lying unconscious in the bush . when the boy comes to , he is mute and cannot explain who he is . the peddler leaves him . . . see full summary »

mossane is a beautiful 14 - year - old girl who has just reached marriageable age in a village in senegal . she has many suitors , including a simple - minded farmer ' s son who plans to drag her . . . see full summary »

this film is the first feature film to be made by a sub - saharan african woman .

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returning to his b - movie roots , carpenter ' s classic is a sprightly sci - fi satire with a decidedly 1950s feel . as recession grips america , drifter piper discovers that the yuppies controlling the economy are in fact aliens , and they ' re using subliminal advertising to keep the populace docile . although the serious and…

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a homeless man is loaned 200 francs by a stranger on the condition that he pays it back to a local church . the man grows frustrated in his failures at attempting to do so .

when an american submarine sinks in the atlantic , the search and recovery team who are tasked with finding it run into danger when they encounter a mysterious species .

this episode from the popular mini series ' after the wa ' r about one young jewish refugee ' s experiences in london just after wwii ( the episode is called ' winds of change ' ) is showing as a tribute to writer frederic raphael . part of aye write !

musical animated adventure following recently deceased german shepherd charlie b . barkin ( reynolds ) and sidekick itchiford as they set out to take revenge for charlie ' s murder . ( it ' s more charming and less scarring than it sounds . )

satanism a - go - go as a group of american college kids get involved in a dastardly cult , then trapped on a runaway train .

dr ashok gupta ( chatterjee ) goes up against the authorities to prove that the water supply is polluted . ray ' s health forced him to film this in the studio rather than on location , with the focus more on the actors than the landscapes of his previous films .

asterix and his band of plucky gallic mates take on the might of the roman army in this animated feature .

finishing with a big tease sequence of highlights for the mid - 1990 scheduled back to the future part 3 , this could be the longest movie trailer in hollywood history . once again michael has to outfox biff , this time zooming forwards as well as backwards in the time machine . directed and played with terrific verve , ' btf2…

orphaned by the iran - iraq war , 10 - year - old iranian bashu ( afravian ) stows away to the northern part of the country in a truck . faced with an alien culture , bashu is helped by naii ( taslimi ) , a mother struggling to raise two young children whilst her husband farms . the pair slowly rebuild bashu ' s confidence and hope…

nicholson is on top form : psychotic , witty and zanier than ever , but the real triumph is keaton ' s . with less screen time than the great upstager , he produces a performance of memorable subtlety and power , which gives credibility to the bruce wayne / batman character , while remaining true to the comic strip . with eerie…

animated version of the roald dahl favourite has young sophie battling against evil , aided and abetted by the big friendly giant .

imamura ' s adaptation of the acclaimed novel by masuji ibuse horrifyingly depicts the devastation of hiroshima by the first atomic bomb , and explores the despair of the survivors uncomprehendingly condemned to a slow death by the contaminated black rain that falls shortly afterwards . seriously intentioned and extremely…

chinese born director hou ' s touching portrayal of taiwan ' s post war history won the 1989 golden lion in venice and broadly depicts the lives of four brothers battling to retain their integrity as organised crime moves from the chinese mainland to influence the local community . hou ' s vision is a genuinely poetic…

in pre - united berlin , a high school teacher tries hard to settle into heterosexual ' normality ' , and even marries a fellow teacher , but finds himself unable to resist his attraction to a younger man . set in an environment where horrifying queer bashing is almost acceptable behaviour , this is a brave , honest and…

a small town policeman investigates a murder that leads him into believe that the victim is linked to a series of crimes from the past , along side with reluctant victims , cops and partners in crime .

described by françoise pfaff as a “strong - minded and outspoken yet amiable woman possessing a keen sense of humor , ” safi faye believes that a structure must bear the signature of the film . although she is careful not to criticize her counterparts in other african film practice , she does allude to the differences separating her from them in matters of technique and ideology . this interview was conducted in french and translated by kathryn lauten . it has been extracted from the book : questioning african cinema : conversations with filmmakers by frank nwachukwu ukadike and teshome h . gabriel . also spoiler alert if you haven’t seen the films and don’t wish to know major details .

you have made history , then , in being the first black woman to make a feature - length film .

actually , i am the first black woman to make any films - i did a short film in 1972 . the title of the film is la passante , and it is only ten minutes long . am i the only woman , the only active black woman in feature film making in africa today ? surely i am not ! a lot has changed .

as a young woman i was very enthusiastic about documenting the lives of the peasant community , the farmers , where i come from . i wanted to film their preoccupations , to tell their stories . they live in this world like any other people ; they are happy , maybe , but not often . in their society , they can live only if they can cultivate their lands . but they face two handicaps— the problem of inadequate rainfall , which causes drought , and that of government exploitation . i felt i must tell their stories my own way— through film . when i was doing my fieldwork and examinations in ethnology for my second degree at the university , i gathered a lot of research materials and resources in the community .

you just mentioned your training as an ethnologist and anthropologist . that shows in all of your films through your careful observation and how you apply your research . your films are different from western ethnographic films about africa . in making your films , how do you stay back to let the action happen uninterrupted and to let the camera capture that action ? that is one of the greatest attributes that makes your films so powerful .

actually , it is difficult to say . maybe it is my kind of writing , or my sensibility . each filmmaker has his own sensibility . for me a film has to have a particular structure or distinctive hallmark . sometimes it is hard to explain how that structure was realized or how the entire film was made . ideas come in a flash and so does the creative impulse that drives the whole initiative . it also depends on the circumstances surrounding the making of the film . i may be reacting this way because i had to fight a lot to save my last film , mossane , and now i have no more ideas . i am afraid to make films again . before i had a lot of ideas . i am sure , though , that all the films i made happened because i admired and liked the people and like to show that via the film medium .

you are a member of the village so you are looking from inside as opposed to other people who look from the outside , at what they call “exotic cultures . ” that is the difference that separates your films from , for example , the films of jean rouch .

yes , but also other african filmmakers could make films like me , but they are preoccupied more with cities and towns than the places of their origins . i don’t like the city .

it is because of how the farmers told their stories . they said it was true that governments cheat on them when they come to buy their produce . the government was embarrassed and did not like being exposed . so the criticism made the government censors intimidate me by ordering me to cut two segments of the film . one segment is the sequence where the children played . in one scene the children narrate how they saw the government officials arrive to collect money from their parents . for some parents , this is a humiliating experience , and when the government officials arrive to harass them they would ask the children to leave home and go elsewhere to play .

another part they asked me to cut concerns what happens when the government buys the goods from the peasants . they pay a certain compensation for the cash crops bought , but it is only when the farmer returns home that he finds out from others that the government took advantage of his lack of education and gave him less than the agreed - upon amount . the censors insisted that i eliminate these two sequences but i refused to comply . i make my films alone without government money , and i find it unacceptable to comply with government censors who want to cut my film so as to cover the atrocities they have committed against their own people . i believe in the stories my people told me and for me , that is the main issue . but this is all in the past , because for my last film never before has the government of senegal put up so much money to support an independent production . it shows how people and governments can change .

when i met with you at the 1995 pan - african festival of film and television of ouagadougou , your first time at the festival , you said you stopped in senegal on your way to ouagadougou to receive an award . so the government finally recognized you after so many years ?

yes , the award coincided with the preparations for the women’s meeting in china , which started in senegal . they had to congratulate one woman , and it was i . the year 1995 marked the first time that i attended fespaco . i had not participated since its inception because of the choices i had to make— to be a filmmaker yes ; to be a mother , yes ; to pursue my work on anthropological studies , yes . and if i want to support my daughter who is now studying at a university in england , i have to be careful regarding how i manage my affairs . all these things control my life . i want to succeed at the choices i make . if i do these three things at the same time , i must eliminate certain things such as festivals and many other activities , which is why for twenty years i never attended any festivals . it was my choice not to attend fespaco . but in 1995 i received a special invitation to attend fespaco and to receive a meritorious award given to me by the organization of african filmmakers , which i was mandated to accept . it was a great honor .

how do you do everything you do— so well ? to combine motherhood with your other jobs ? the problem of shooting films and doing postproduction work must be very difficult for you .

yes , it is . if i cannot do all the things that i plan to do , i am never satisfied . and i want to be satisfied . i try to be satisfied . for me there is no confusion making movies and all the rest . i am not lost inside . i always manage to a way out . when my daughter was three years old , she could read because i devoted a lot of time to teaching her . i was a trained teacher in senegal before i left my country for a temporary absence . it also worked to my daughter’s advantage because she was always taking place in her classes . similarly , when i make films i also try my best to accomplish certain goals . i must state that choosing to make films before any other black woman was easy for me . first i studied at a very prestigious film school , louis lumière , in paris . after i received my diploma i realized that i had some expectations and i said to myself , “i’ll try . ” suddenly a black woman is making films . at that time it was less difficult because there were a lot of possibilities . i got a lot of attention and admiration because i was the first woman of my time to use the camera . the only film where i had problems is mossane . but before that i always got an immediate yes to my requests for funding .

what is the problem you had with mossane ? i know it took a long time to make this film , and you were very angry about your working relationships when i asked you about it at the 1995 fespaco .

your films pay meticulous attention to womanhood ; how you foreground women’s lives and how , through the characters , the viewer experiences vignettes of culture attests to women’s contributions to society . i know you have said that your films are not only about women but about all of society .

no , no ! because women alone cannot live in africa . women live in a community , and i cannot eliminate the community . this is a reflection on me : i cannot live without my people . i cannot separate out an individual . but this is typical of african cultures . you cannot live alone ; you can’t do it because a big family , a big community , is all around you .

in ferid boughedir’s camera d’afrique : twenty years of african cinema , you talked about your filmmaking experience while holding a muslim prayer bead .

i don’t remember that , but i am a muslim ; my father is a muslim , his brother is a catholic , and his uncle is an animist . all of the religions can live together— the most important thing is belief in one’s faith .

i think you are a bridge uniting all these differences . as a woman , carrying a camera , going to a village to film , how do you coordinate all of the things you do ?

because i know what i am doing . when you cannot get what you want , it is because you do not know where you are going . before i say , “shoot , ” i know where i am going , and i do it very quickly . it is just the way i approach my work .

“love” is what i say to everyone who asks me this question . i wanted the most beautiful woman to be an african girl . in this case the girl is fourteen years old ; she is pure , she is innocent , and she looks as if she does not belong to this world— because she is too beautiful . the entire world loves her , including her brother . she is so pure and beautiful , but she cannot stay in this world because the spirits who died or departed long ago will come back to take her . the beginning point was a legend affirming that every two centuries a young girl is born whose beauty is such that she can only know fatal destiny . mossane belongs to this group of people .

the way you treated her brother’s sexual advances toward her was not exoticized . that was cleverly integrated into the narrative .

it is because i like punctuation in my films . the film is about mossane , which means “beauty . ” all of those things happening in the plot are punctuation , nothing else . and when you have those points of punctuation , you don’t have to make the story about those points . my story follows mossane’s development as an individual who is lovable . i love her . i created this character . her brother could also be in love with her , like i can be in love with her , because she is supernatural , ethereal . the point i make is that anybody , woman or man , can love her . i wanted to get that point across .

yes , like i said before , she is supernatural . she does not belong on this earth . nobody knows why she is so supernatural . she has parents all right but she is still unique in this world . nobody can touch her . somehow she is inaccessible , and i like inaccessible beings . that comes also from my experience as an ethnologist .

she dies when she is kept from marrying the person she loves . is this a criticism of society ? are you suggesting that the practice of arranged marriages is outdated in africa ?

everybody is free to make his own interpretation of the film . for me , i say that she doesn’t belong to this world , and nobody can touch her . she has her destiny . i remember that in my script , i wrote that she is going to follow fara the student , and when the university reopens she attempts to meet him . the obstacle separating them is the river . she has to cross the river alone , but spirits live in the water , it is believed in my country , and a spirit took her to another destination . my sense of creativity , though , is to let the audience imagine what the images signify . it is not necessary to make everything explicit for the audience . they have to think . creativity invites such thinking ; that is why i create .

is that why you didn’t quite show clearly how she died ? we are left to assume many things , such as whether she drowned on her own or whether someone murdered her .

traveling alone , she heard some voices— voices of the spirits , which frightened her . she drifted into the woods and began to cry . in my conception it is the spirit that took her , because this girl didn’t belong in this world . she had to go back with the spirit to become a member of the spirit world . and maybe she will come back one day looking for the most beautiful man on earth .

another interesting way you present culture is in your depiction of black sexuality . you depicted the lovemaking sequence in a way unusual for african films . i liked how it was shot , but it may be too controversial for some africans , including your colleagues .

some people may see the lovemaking scene as too explicit . i do not think there is anything unusual . every married man and woman makes love at home . when things are beautiful , when the body is beautiful— and , yes , mossane is beautiful— i show them as beautiful . as if it is expected to happen , and the audience knows it will happen , why can’t the couple be shown having intercourse ? when i chose to present such a scene i aspired to present it as beautiful and as pleasing as possible . the president of my country saw the premiere of the in dakar and he told me that people make love and that there is nothing wrong in depicting lovemaking in especially regarding how i constructed the scene .

the scene was well shot . the lighting and the serene atmosphere contributed to its splendor . what kind of a crew do you use ? do you use african technicians ?

the technical crew is all german . i made my name in germany before france . i lived for a long time in germany , teaching at the university and so forth . when i wrote my script and sent it to my financiers in germany , they immediately suggested that jürgen jürges [ fassbinder’s acclaimed cameraman , considered one of the best of his generation ] should film mossane . after he became interested in the story , jürges pointed out to me that both of our daughters were thirteen years old , and we could put all of our affection for our children on mossane . that comment contributed greatly to the harmony of our working relationship . we filmed the little girl like a genie to inject into the character all of the mysterious aspects you can only see in a child at this age . a child changes a lot between thirteen and years old . you can experience those characteristics in mossane throughout the fifteen film .

i think it is difficult to make now . i am no longer ready to make a like mossane . it is my last big because i do not want to be destroyed anymore . if something bad should happen to me , my child will lose everything . i was very depressed over this film because of a number of bad experiences culminating in a series of financial and legal disagreements . it was like a dream for seven years as i waited and waited for the justice system to rescue me . if i didn’t have my whole family , my community with me during this painful period , i would have perished . they were the ones who knew how sad i was during those years and they were the ones who gave me the encouragement to keep going . i am sure i could not have taken all of those pains alone . they too shared a little part of that sadness . they saved me .

no . it was shown at the cannes film festival for two consecutive years , but i still have a lot of production costs left to pay . i need money to pay for postproduction , including the costs of making internegative and interpositive prints , as well as some other expenses . at this time , we have only two prints made . mossane has not made me financially solvent as yet , as there is also a lot of lab work to pay for . i am expecting to settle all the bills and to be able to make more copies for distribution . however , trigon - film in switzerland , who contributed to the production fund , organized a commercial screening of in november 1996 that is still going on to this present day [ september i was there to present it . to make it worthwhile commercializing the trigon paid to make three copies . my distributor in africa is ousmane sembene , who is really great . he promised to begin the distribution and exhibition in october the german exhibition will also begin in october .

i don’t know . i won’t rush into anything , because this has made me afraid . i had planned for the shooting of this film to be completed in and it wasn’t until the film was ready for screening . destiny is at work , maybe . perhaps it is better for me to wait . people can inquire about the film or offer proposals for acquisition , but i will exercise some degree of restraint . remember that i created the story and invented the spirits ; nobody can see spirits or represent spirits , so when you show them in a film , maybe the spirit will find a way to bring something good for the future . for me , spirits do not belong to this world , and if they come , heads must bow .

yes , but a spirit can also make us ascend to a level we didn’t think possible before .

yes , i agree ! i think that the spirit that i venerated in my film gave me back my rights .

because of the energy and time of putting this film together , there must be a way to find a channel of distribution for it . you know haile gerima . his film sankofa made a lot of money because he organized its distribution through the help of many people . the film showed in major cities , and after that , he put it on video . i bought a copy myself . i think that strategy could also work in your case .

you are making a good proposal but i have to clear impending debts . i was glad that after the rough cut was shown to some guests last december [ 1995 ] it was predicted that this film would go to cannes , and it did . for that and other reasons , i think i should wait for the right distributor to handle the film . i will not give the to any distributor without getting a twenty - thousand - dollar deposit up front . i need this money to pay the bills . i am only asking for a fair amount . all of my are still out there in distribution— some of them twenty years after they have been made , and i am sure mossane will be universal and eternal . for that , i can wait .

mossane was received as the official selection of the cannes film festival and for its world premiere . i was elated . i went to the cannes film festival with my daughter , and she witnessed the whole thing . she saw her mother destroy what i would call the myth of the stupidity of filmmaking . for me it was a special occasion and a special occasion for the government of senegal , who sent high - level government officials to witness this event . the government was glad that my film made it as senegal’s official entry to the festival . the president gave me his full support . ousmane sembene threw in his weight , too .

i don’t have a specific influence . i work from my own sensation . i like to be alone . i like silence . it is only my child who cannot disturb me , but other people can disturb me .

i cannot talk about that . sometimes when there is an african showing , i pay my way to experience the film . if i happen to meet the i don’t admit i saw the film because i don’t want him to ask me what i think about it . i think there are some differences demarcating my work from theirs . it could be that i have great self - confidence .

i do not normally go to fespaco . the time i participated was in and the second time was this year , and only because sembene told me , “you must show your film , you must put your film in competition . ” as you know , i prefer to be alone ; i don’t belong to any group . for me , three days here at fespaco is enough . if i could have changed my ticket today i would have left , but i was told it was not possible to change it . i like the generosity of the organizers . i appreciate that , but i don’t like festivals . i do not envy the structure of the organization of fespaco . in short , i don’t like festivals except in some exceptional circumstances .

you display a lot of rituals— matrimonial rituals , dances , ghosts , and sensuous feasts of young women— in the film that people who do not know much about senegalese culture may not understand .

it is interesting how people marvel about all the things happening in this film . when i showed it in paris and invited my former professors of anthropology and ethnology to see the film , they admired the creative imagination involved in the realization of those images . of course , they understood them to be images which i invented , but some people think the story was real . one of the professors said to me ,

“ms . safi , you know this is the origin of myths . in twenty years , people will still say this is the myth of safi faye . ” all the same , the images are not realistic .

this is again what is unique about your film structure . you have a unique way of juxtaposing fiction with documentary to create the kind of myth you are talking about .

yes , you are correct . but if you make making films and you cannot create , then you must stop making films .

i am not competent to comment generally on the issue because i don’t see a lot of african films , but i think that in any one film a new image must be created . as they said in cannes in reference to my spirits , never before has a person created on this kind of vision of humans . critics also admired the music , the warm and lively colors , and the sensuous nature of the for me , the head must think and create . if not , you are like any other filmmaker .

i saw that a number of agencies , including television , were involved in funding the project . doesn’t it bother you that when the film is shown on television that you may not be able to control piracy , especially since it has not been widely distributed commercially ?

the will be shown on channel in england , arte in france , zdf tv in germany— all of whom financed the along with some other television networks . on the question of piracy and illegal duplication , i have a lawyer and a contract , but it is true that no television station can control satellite broadcasts . regarding my earlier problems , the mistake i made was that i did not have a lawyer when i started the production . at the time i was advised that it was not necessary to hire a lawyer because it would be too costly . actually that would have meant hiring three lawyers , each of them taking charge of the legal questions that might have arisen in france , germany , and senegal , respectively . i learned my lesson . if i had lawyers from the beginning , i would not have had the problems i had for these past or six years . but i learned a lot from these mistakes and from this film . when there is so much money involved , as with this project , there is a tendency that your trusted associate will try to steal from you . i will never make that kind of mistake again .

this kind of affirmation is frequently heard among african filmmakers . often they say they will never make films again because of bad experiences they had and the problem of working as an independent . but because of their reputation , they are forced to make more films . so i am hoping that pressure will come one day to say that the woman who made this beautiful film , mossane , cannot stop making films . she must be given full support .

i will tell such a person to bring the money , take control of the legal aspects , give me my rights , and i will prepare the film’s scenario and shoot it . all the people who gave me money to make mossane know me , and they know my work . i am grateful to them all . i am not planning to start looking for money for a new because money is dangerous . the more you find the money , the more a lot of people will come behind you and , believe it , you may not know who the unscrupulous individuals are .

i talked to you before about selbé , which is doing very well in the united states .

the film was commissioned . it was coproduced by unicef and faust films production [ munich ] . i directed it and it does not belong to me . people tell me i did a good job on that do get payment from it . everybody likes selbé . it won a special prize at the leipzig festival in germany . the people who commissioned it wanted a woman to make the film , and i 1983 filmmaker film .

i say , let mossane have its own way . i can’t say i want this or want that , but i can’t continue to suffer . i believe that after six years of uncertainty the time has now come for me to reap the fruits of my labor . for me , in my head , mossane is done , and you don’t know how happy i am .

safi faye certainly has strong opinions and as you realize from this interview an integral part of african cinema . any thoughts on her opinions and films she has mentioned ?

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jihan el tahri , judy kibinge , jean - marie teno , john [ . . . ]

plénière : 40 ans de cinéma fait par des femmes en [ . . . ]

le 32e festival du film de femmes de créteil rend hommage [ . . . ]

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immediate experience : about the panelists of the african film festival – african film festival , inc .

the broad issues of production , marketing , international distribution , and the urgency and objectives of black representation in the media find definition in the professional and personal experiences of the panelists . special guests miriam makeba , angelique kidjo , and pras highlight the challenges faced by the film directors and performance artists of the diaspora . in addition , malian griot fifi - dalla kouyate will perform an excerpt from her show based on the sundiata epic . that performance will be presented on sunday , may 21 , in conjunction with the discussion on “mapping the trajectories of women’s storytelling . ” on tuesday , may 23 , repeat screenings of this year’s festival titles will anchor dialogue with director safi faye , a woman distinguished for having overcome many obstacles to produce films that reflect the changing role of women in african society .

andrew dosunmu is an up - and - coming multimedia artist . dosunmu , who calls nigeria home , too , is london - born with a passion for black - and - white film . in addition to his outrageous documentary on the art and industry of african american hair - styling , hot irons ( 1991 ) — a festival selection — his photography and styling have appeared in magazines such as paper and i - d , and he has directed music videos for aaron neville , isaac hayes , maxwell , angie stone , and guru , among many others .

alain gomis is of senegalese origin and studied cinematography at the sorbonne . at the age of twenty - six , he has already made two short films , tourbillions ( 1999 ) — selected for the 6th ny african film festival — and tout le monde peut se tromper , as well as the documentary caramels et chocolats .

pras is a member of the hip - hop group , the fugees . he has now begun an acting career in the film ghetto superstar for madonna’s company , madguys productions . as a major force in the shaping of global black youth culture and multimedia talent , pras is uniquely positioned to offer a contemporary perspective on american audiences and casting .

mustafa shakir is a young new yorker with roots in nigeria and the us . as one of the hottest spoken - word performers on the slam poetry circuit , he has appeared at such venues as the nyurican poet’s cafe , the hottest poets , and the brooklyn tea party . he has acting credits include television , “new york undercover” and “law and order , ” as well as film , friends forever , jails , hospitals , and hip hop , and i was made to love her , which stars chris rock and is currently in production here in new york . he is also active on the stage and working on a new project entitled , second look . given his experience , shakir brings an element of immediacy to strategies on developing the us market for african film .