Early life.

Joyce began his career at North Brandon Little League in Brandon, Florida. He graduated from Armwood High School, Seffner, Florida.  Joyce played baseball for Florida Southern College, and participated in the 2005 season which saw them win their ninth Division II national title. While playing for FSC Joyce participated in an exhibition game against the Detroit Tigers in which the teams tied 2–2 after 10 innings. Just days after the final game, Joyce was one of four players from that team selected in the draft; the others were Geoff Strickland, Jeff Howell, and Matthew Mercurio.

Minor league career.

The Detroit Tigers selected Joyce in the 12th round of the 2005 MLB draft and assigned him to the Single-A Oneonta Tigers, where he batted.332 on the year.  In 2006, Joyce moved up to the Single-A West Michigan Whitecaps, where he batted.258 with 11 home runs and 86 RBIs as the Whitecaps captured the Midwest League's championship for the second time in three years.  In 2007 the Tigers moved Joyce up to the Double-A Erie SeaWolves, where he hit.257 but improved his power, hitting 17 home runs. The SeaWolves won their division that year but fell to the Akron Aeros in the playoffs. Joyce, along with fellow outfielder Clete Thomas, was considered a likely future major leaguer. Commenting on the two, Tigers general manager Dave Dombrowski remarked that, "We think they're both prospects... We're not counting on them for this year, but they've got a chance to play at the Triple-A level (this season), depending on how they do this spring."

Major league career.

Detroit Tigers.

In 2008, Joyce was one of 21 non-roster invitees to Tigers' spring training. He said: "Your mind races... You're a step closer to the big leagues. It's a big accomplishment, but you have to take it in stride, have fun with it and not pressure yourself too much."  In mid-March Joyce was part of the first-round of spring training cuts, and sent to the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens. For the season, he batted.270 for Toledo.  The Tigers called him up in early May to take Jacque Jones' spot on the roster. In his major league debut, Joyce played right field and batted seventh in the lineup. In his first at bat, he drew a walk, but went hitless on the evening. Joyce hit his first big league home run on May 10, at home against the New York Yankees. On May 29, Joyce lost his playing time to Marcus Thames, and he was subsequently sent to Toledo. The Tigers recalled Joyce on June 29 after Magglio Ordóñez went on the disabled list with a pulled oblique.  Joyce batted.252 for the Tigers, in 242 at bats, primarily as a left fielder.

Tampa Bay Rays.

On December 10, 2008, the Tigers traded Joyce to the Tampa Bay Rays for pitcher Edwin Jackson. In 2009, Joyce was an opening day starter for the Tampa Bay Rays, filling in for the injured B.J. Upton. He was sent back down to the minors shortly after. He spent the rest of the year with the Durham Bulls. He batted clean-up and hit 35 doubles with a slugging percentage well in the 400s. Joyce hit.188 in 32 at bats for the Rays, with a.270 on-base percentage.  Joyce hurt his elbow early in 2010 spring training, and was on the disabled list. He was recalled to the active roster on June 24, after a minor league rehab stint. He filled the roster spot vacated by catcher Dioner Navarro, who was optioned to the Durham Bulls. Joyce hit a pinch-hit grand slam go-ahead home run in the 8th inning of the Rays-Twins game on July 3 at Target Field, moving to the starting right field position. Joyce hit a grand slam go ahead home run in the 6th inning of Matt Garza's no hitter against the Detroit Tigers, Joyce's former team.  He batted.241 in 216 at bats in 2010, playing right field (77 games) and left field (13 games), and as the designated hitter (11 games).  In 2011, Joyce was selected to his first Major League Baseball All-Star Game. He finished the year batting.277 with 19 Home runs, a career high for him.  On March 15, 2012, Joyce left a game with a jammed left wrist after sliding into second base and trying to make a diving catch. On July 17, 2012 he returned from the disabled list and led the Rays to a 4–2 win over the Cleveland Indians.  During the 2012 season, Joyce played in 124 games for the Rays. He batted.241, with 17 homers and 59 RBI.  In 2013 Joyce batted.235 with 18 Home runs, while appearing in 140 games for the Rays.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

On December 16, 2014, Joyce was traded to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in exchange for Kevin Jepsen. He played 93 games for the Angels in 2015, batting.174, with 21 RBIs and 5 home runs. He filed for free agency on November 2, 2015.

Pittsburgh Pirates.

On February 18, 2016, Joyce signed a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates. Joyce had a bounce back season with Pittsburgh, his first season in the National league. He hit.242 with 13 home runs and 42 RBI's in 140 games, playing mostly off the bench.

Oakland Athletics.

Joyce signed a two-year, $11 million deal with the Oakland Athletics on November 30, 2016. On August 5, 2017, Joyce was suspended for two games after yelling an anti-gay slur at a fan the previous day. During his suspension, Joyce was required to perform community service by participating in a public outreach initiative with PFLAG, a family and ally organization supporting the LGBTQ community. In his first season with the A's, Joyce set career highs in games played (141), at bats (469), runs (78), home runs (25) and walks (66). On July 7, 2018, he was placed on the disabled list with a lumbar strain. He ended the season hitting.208 in just 83 games.

Atlanta Braves.

Joyce signed a minor league contract with the Cleveland Indians on February 9, 2019. The deal included an invitation to the Indians' major league spring training camp. On March 19, 2019, Joyce was released from his contract. On March 20, 2019, Joyce signed a minor league deal with the San Francisco Giants. He was traded to the Atlanta Braves in exchange for cash considerations on March 23.  On March 28, 2019, Joyce hit a two-run homer in a pinch-hit appearance in the Braves' Opening Day loss to the Philadelphia Phillies.

Miami Marlins.

On January 30, 2020, Joyce signed with the Miami Marlins.

Matthew Ryan Joyce (born August 3, 1984) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the Detroit Tigers, Tampa Bay Rays, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Pittsburgh Pirates, Oakland Athletics and Atlanta Braves. Joyce was an All-Star selection in 2011. Joyce and his wife, Brittany, have a daughter, Kensington Joyce.

马修·莱恩·乔伊斯(英语:Matthew Ryan Joyce,1984年-8月3日)出生于佛罗里达州坦帕,现为美国职棒大联盟亚特兰大勇士的外野手。


Clubs.

Manchester City F.C..

The Abu Dhabi United Group was founded in the summer of 2008, as Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan looked to take over Manchester City Football Club from the former Prime Minister of Thailand Thaksin Shinawatra. The Abu Dhabi United Group was set up in order to facilitate the purchase of the Premier League club.  After its takeover, Manchester City launched into a complete overhaul of all departments, intent on rising to the top as fast as possible. On the pitch, the following seasons saw the team replaced under the management of Mark Hughes and then a second time under Roberto Mancini as the lobbying of established UEFA Champions League clubs in the Premier League forced the Manchester team to act quickly in order to achieve Champions League status before the newly implemented Financial Fair Play Regulations made it inviable for teams to spend outside of their earnings in an attempt to move up the table. Meanwhile, off the pitch City spent £10 million on revamping their Platt Lane academy base as they formulated plans to produce a £100m training and academy facility on land opposite their stadium, studying training facilities around the world in an attempt to create the world's foremost development in its field. This came in conjunction with the announcement in 2014 that they had received planning permission to increase their stadium capacity to over 62,000, making it the second largest club stadium in England. Further investment came in the field of fan engagement, where City committed themselves to a policy of winning the global popularity contest with a mass display of social media. Since the start of the 2016-17 season, Manchester City have been coached by former FC Barcelona player and coach and FC Bayern Munich coach Pep Guardiola.  Under Mansour's leadership, Manchester City Football Club have currently lifted the 2011 FA Cup, 2019 FA Cup, 2011–12 Premier League, 2013-14 Premier League, 2017-18 Premier League, 2018-19 Premier League, 2012 FA Community Shield, 2018 FA Community Shield, 2019 FA Community Shield, 2013–14 Football League Cup, 2015-16 Football League Cup, 2017-18 Football League Cup, 2018-19 EFL Cup and the 2019-20 EFL Cup.

Manchester City Women.

Although Manchester City Women had existed since 1988 (previously under the name "Manchester City Ladies F.C.") they existed solely as an affiliate of the club until August 2012, with few shared resources and with CFG enjoying no control over the club's management. After four years of control of the men's side in Manchester, the Abu Dhabi United Group - progenitors of City Football Group - elected to bring the women's team under their aegis also, forming a partnership with the club which would effectively make it a department of Manchester City F.C.  Very soon after taking control of the club, ADUG announced their intention to support their women's department as they had supported the men, relaunching the club as "Manchester City Women's Football Club" and successfully lobbying for the team to be added to the top tier of the FA Women's Super League when it was expanded, fuelled by promises of levels of support and funding not usual in women's football in the UK. Their support was rapidly repaid, with their radically reshaped team producing a first major trophy in the 2014 FA WSL Cup before narrowly missing out on a league triumph the following season.

New York City FC.

When Ferran Soriano was appointed Manchester City CEO in August 2012, Don Garber reached out to him about a New York City FC team, having previously held discussions with him in his former capacity as Vice President of Barcelona. In December 2012, unnamed sources told the media that Manchester City were close to being announced as the new owners of the 20th team of Major League Soccer (MLS), and the brand name "New York City FC" was trademarked, although the club quickly denied the report. Garber announced in March 2013 that he was almost ready to unveil the new expansion team and on 21 May New York City FC was officially announced as the 20th MLS franchise. Linking the club to its English parent, the new MLS side hired as its first employee former Manchester City, MLS and US national team player Claudio Reyna to serve as Director of Football, while a statement of intent was made with the signing of home-grown rising star manager and MLS Cup winner Jason Kreis to serve as the team's first head coach. In 2016, Manchester City's academy manager Patrick Vieira moved to New York City FC to manage NYCFC.

Melbourne City FC.

The group's ownership of the club was announced on 23 January 2014, with the news that Manchester City had acquired the then-named Melbourne Heart for $12 million. After several days of talks in Melbourne and Sydney, City's senior executives completed the deal which saw them own 80% of the Australian club. City Football Group bought the other 20% that was held by a consortium of businessmen allied to Australian rugby league club Melbourne Storm.  The takeover of the Australian A-League club came only days after an application to trademark the name "Melbourne City Football Club" was lodged on 16 January. Melbourne Heart's minority shareholders also registered the business name "Melbourne City FC" with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) and bought the domain name "MelbourneCityFC.com.au". In August 2015, City Football Group bought out the sports consortium to acquire 100% ownership of the club.

Melbourne City Youth.

As part of the expansion of the National Premier Leagues Victoria 1 (now known as NPL Victoria 2), Melbourne City had an application accepted to field a team based around their now-defunct Youth side in the competition along with five additional new entrants. On 6 December 2014 they announced the creation of their NPL team, which began competition in the 2015 season.

Melbourne City Women.

Following the success of their investment in Manchester City's women's team, CFG announced their continued support of women's football with the creation of a women's department in Melbourne in 2015 which was accepted as an expansion team in the W-League.  Facing a league bereft of meaningful investment, CFG's support of their team produced a clean sweep of the board, with their women's team going unbeaten as they won both the league and the play-off series at the first time of asking in the 2015–16 W-League, setting a series of club and player records as they went.

Yokohama F. Marinos.

On 20 May 2014, it was announced that City Football Group had invested in a minority share of Yokohama F. Marinos, creating a partnership with both the football club and car manufacturer Nissan. City Football Group is estimated to hold 20 percent of Yokohama F. Marinos' existing shares, but through the establishment of a Japan-based subsidiary may seek to eventually own a controlling stake in the club.

Montevideo City Torque.

On April 5, 2017, CFG announced that it had acquired Club Atletico Torque, a club in Montevideo currently playing in the Uruguayan Primera División.

Name change and return to the Primera División.

On 22 January 2020 it was announced that Club Atletico Torque had changed their club name to Montevideo City Torque, with an accompanying change in team badge. The name and badge were chosen to be reflective of their links to Manchester City and the other clubs of the City Football Group. At the same time it was announced that the club would begin work on the construction of a new academy and administrative complex, intended to be one of the most advanced academy centres in South America.

Girona.

On August 23, 2017, it was announced that the City Football Group had acquired 44.3% of La Liga side Girona. Another 44.3% was held by the Girona Football Group, led by Pere Guardiola, brother of Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola. Girona had previously been loaned a number of players by Manchester City while they were in the Segunda División, in what was seen by some as an attempt to attract Pep Guardiola to Manchester City. In August 2018, Girona had two loanees, both 21 years old, from Manchester City.

Girona B.

In line with the Spanish standard of major teams operating B-teams as development squads for younger players, Girona owns a subsidiary team named simply "Girona B", following the incorporation in 2011 of the formerly independent side CF Riudellots. At the time of the purchase of Girona by CFG, the club operated in the Segona Catalana division, the sixth level of football in Spain. As an official B-team Girona B is ineligible for promotion to a higher division than any other Girona-affiliated side above them in the leagues. Nor is it eligible to play in any cup competition in which Girona themselves already compete.  Girona additionally operated a primary B-team - CF Peralada-Girona B - although this team was merely in partnership with Girona and neither Girona nor CFG had any ownership stake in the club. In 2019, the affiliation with Peralada was terminated as they were relegated to the Tercera División.

Girona FC Femení.

Although Girona FC operated a senior women's team for a number of years, financial constraints had forced them to cease operations at the senior level in 2013 and by 2017 the Catalan club operated just 3 junior teams with a total of 41 youth players in their system. Barely two months before CFG bought into the ownership of Girona FC, the club announced an expansion of its female set-up, including the restoration of the senior women's team, to start competing in the fifth tier of women's football in Spain.

Sichuan Jiuniu.

On 20 February 2019, it was announced that the City Football Group as well as UBTECH and China Sports Capital had acquired Sichuan Jiuniu F.C..

Mumbai City FC.

City Football Group was announced as majority stakeholder of Mumbai City on Thursday 28 November 2019 after acquiring 65% of the club.. Mumbai City FC is a professional football club based in Mumbai, competing in the Indian Super League.

Mumbai City FC Reserves.

Mumbai City FC Reserves were announced to be competing for the first time in the I-League 2nd Division, the Second tier of Indian football.

Lommel SK.

City Football Group was announced as majority stakeholder of Lommel SK on Monday 11 May 2020 acquiring the majority (unspecified) of the shares of the club.. Lommel S.K. is a professional football club based in Lommel, competing in the Belgian First Division B (second tier).

Future clubs.

When addressed in interviews both internal and external, senior City Football Group personnel have made no secret of their continued plans for the expansion of the group, with group chairman Khaldoon Al Mubarak commenting that "I would say that when the opportunity arises - and we are looking at opportunities - you can expect us to add to the number of clubs we have already within that organisation". Although those personnel will rarely be drawn on the exact locations in which they are looking, it has been commented that CFG aim at the least to have one team on each continent, with links to a potential Chinese team particularly strong following a £265m investment in the group by two Chinese companies, while India has been suggested by Tom Glick, the group's chief commercial officer. City Football Group were courted for investment by John Comitis, owner of Cape Town City F.C. and previous engineer of the working relationship between Ajax and Ajax Cape Town, though CFG themselves did not comment on the link and no such partnership ultimately emerged.  CFG have previously been linked with investment into European sides AS Saint-Étienne, Estoril and Boavista.  It was reported on July 13, 2017 that Ecuadorian Serie A club River Ecuador F.C. had been bought by CFG following the club announcing that they had rebranded as Guayaquil City F.C.. No statement of confirmation was issued by CFG themselves, and after several days the main source advocating the link - MKT Esportivo - deleted their article following a wave of journalists denying the link on social media.  Shortly after investing in Chinese club Sichuan Jiuniu, Ferran Soriano admitted in March 2019 that CFG were considering investing in an Indian club by the end of the year, and that it was likely that a further two or three clubs could join the group within the next decade. In the same press conference, however, he also admitted that CFG were not considering any further acquisitions of European clubs as their focus was on long-term investment in countries where football was likely to grow in popularity, such as in India, as opposed to established markets.  On 24 May 2019, it was reported that CFG have expressed an interest to buy a Malaysia Super League club after Ferran Soriano visited Malaysia Sports Minister Syed Saddiq at his office in Putrajaya This was refuted in the following days.  On May 2020, it was reported that CFG also has expressed an interest to buy a Russian Premier League club.

Businesses.

Goals Soccer Centers.

On 25 July 2017, City Football Group signed a joint venture partnership with Goals Soccer Centres, a 5-a-side football pitch operator, to invest capital into the US operations of the company in order to expand across North America. On 3 February 2020, CFG purchased the remaining 50% to take full ownership of the joint venture - operating under the Americanised name "Goals Soccer Centers" - following the near-collapse of their partner as a result of historic fraud allegations.

Honours achieved under CFG ownership.

The following senior-level trophies have been won by City Football Group teams while under the ownership and control of the group. Trophies won before inclusion in the City Football Group are not counted in this section:

Table of honours won.

Includes lower league titles plus any cups not available to top division clubs, but does not include cups considered non-competitive for statistics purposes (such as pre-season competitions or local FA tournaments habitually contested by reserve sides) <br>

Intra-Group matches.

Though City Football Group has existed for a number of years, competing schedules and priorities have limited the number of occasions on which CFG teams have been able to contest matches against each other. The following record lists the games played between CFG teams while both have been under common ownership:

Principles and interests.

"The City Way".

Mirroring CFG's dedication to an identifiable cross-club brand via similar kits is the principle of "the City Way", a concept whereby all teams which play under their banner, regardless of continent or competition, can be seen to play according to a prototype style based on passing, possession and attacking philosophy largely derived from the tactics used by Barcelona when under the control of now-Manchester City trio Pep Guardiola, Ferran Soriano and Txiki Beguiristain. While "the City Way" has come to be understood to include a high press and rapid counter-attacks, it has also come to be characterised - particularly in the media - by an implicit acknowledgement that attacking proficiency usually comes at the expense of a somewhat unreliable defence, partly due to the circumstantial failings of the senior sides in Manchester, New York and Melbourne.  An additional key aspect of "the City Way" is its universal application, with not only the various CFG first teams following it but also women's teams as well as academy sides down to the lowest levels.

eSports.

Looking to capitalise on the growth of eSports and for City Football Group to be seen as always being at the forefront of innovation, CFG made their first venture into digital gaming by signing Kieran ""Kez"" Brown to represent Manchester City at FIFA tournaments and fan events as well as to make digital content for their social media profiles, in June 2016.  Today, Manchester City is represented by former PlayStation 4 World Champion Kai 'deto' Wollin, alongside FeWC 2018 semi-finalist Marcus 'Marcuzo' Jørgensen.  In April 2017, New York City FC signed its first professional FIFA player in Christopher ""NYC_Chris"" Holly, who became the first FIFA player signed to represent a Major League Soccer club. Similarly, Melbourne City became the first team in the A-League to acquire a professional FIFA player, signing Marcus ""marcus_7170"" Gomes in August of the same year.

Controversies.

On 7 March 2019, UEFA began an investigation on City Football Group and Manchester City over allegations of Financial Fair Play violations.

The City Football Group (CFG) is a holding company that administers association football clubs under the ownership of Abu Dhabi United Group (ADUG). It is part-owned by the American firm Silver Lake and Chinese firms China Media Capital and CITIC Capital.

城市足球集团(City Football Group)是一家阿联酋与中国合资的控股公司,在全球各地经营多间足球俱乐部,包括曼彻斯特城足球会、纽约城足球会、墨尔本城足球会、横滨水手足球会和乌拉圭Torque体育会。


Plot.

In 1957 New York City, Rudolf Abel is arrested and charged with spying for the Soviet Union. Insurance lawyer James B. Donovan is appointed to defend Abel, so that Abel's trial will be seen as fair. Committed to the principle that the accused deserves a vigorous defense, he mounts the best defense of Abel he can, declining along the way to cooperate in the CIA's attempts to induce him to violate the confidentiality of his communications with his client.  Abel is convicted, but Donovan convinces the judge to spare Abel the death penalty because Abel had been serving his country honorably, and he might prove useful for a future prisoner exchange; Abel is sentenced to 30 years. Donovan appeals the conviction to the Supreme Court based on the lack of a search warrant for the seizure of Abel's ciphers and photography equipment. For his principled stand Donovan and his family are harassed, including shots being fired at their home. The conviction is upheld.  In 1960, Gary Powers, a pilot in the CIA's top secret U-2 spy plane program, is shot down over the USSR. He is captured and sentenced in a show trial to ten years confinement, including three years in prison.  Donovan receives a letter from East Germany, purportedly sent by Abel's wife, thanking him and urging him to get in contact with their lawyer, whose name is Vogel. The CIA think this is a back-channel message hinting that the USSR is willing to swap Powers for Abel. They unofficially ask Donovan to go to Berlin to negotiate the exchange; he arrives just as the Berlin Wall is going up. Crossing in to East Berlin, he meets with a KGB officer in the Soviet Embassy and is then directed to Vogel, who represents the Attorney General of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) (East Germany). The Attorney General seeks to swap Abel for an American graduate student named Frederic Pryor, who had been arrested in East Germany; in the process the GDR hopes to gain official recognition by the United States.  The CIA wants Donovan to disregard Pryor but he insists that both Pryor and Powers be swapped for Abel. In a message to the Attorney General he bluffs that they will either release Pryor with Powers or there will be no deal. The exchange of Powers and Abel takes place at the Glienicke Bridge, with Pryor to be released simultaneously at Checkpoint Charlie. Tension builds as Pryor fails to arrive. The CIA, still primarily concerned with Powers, tell Abel he can go, but he refuses to move. It is confirmed that Pryor has been released, and the exchange takes place.  The next day, back in the United States, the government publicly acknowledges Donovan for negotiating the deal that rehabilitates his public image.

Production.

Development.

"Bridge of Spies " is an American-German co-production based on a script written by Matt Charman and the Coen brothers. Studio Babelsberg co-produced and oversaw production services for the film. James Donovan wrote an account of the incident in 1964 under the title "Strangers on a Bridge: The Case of Colonel Abel and Francis Gary Powers". The historical background to the U-2 incident and the story of former West Berlin CIA chief William King Harvey and Operation Gold was published in Rory MacLean's "Berlin: Portrait of a City Through the Centuries" (2014). Soviet intelligence officer Rudolf Abel, who lived and operated in Brooklyn Heights, did dead drops of stolen documents in Prospect Park. His arrest and history were discussed by Truman Capote, another Heights resident at the time, in his book "".  Charman became interested in Donovan's story after reading a footnote about him in "An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963". After meeting with Donovan's son in New York City, Charman pitched the story to several studios and DreamWorks bought it. Studio co-founder Steven Spielberg became interested in the film and decided to direct. Marc Platt and Kristie Macosko Krieger attached themselves as producers along with Spielberg. Joel and Ethan Coen revised Charman's original script. According to Charman, the brothers "were able to really punch up the negotiations on the back end of the movie, then they handed the baton back to me to do a pass after they did their pass, to make the movie just sit in a place we all wanted it to. The flavor they brought is so fun and enjoyable. It needed to be entertaining but truthful."  In May 2014, it was announced that Tom Hanks would star as James Donovan, with Mark Rylance co-starring as Abel. Amy Ryan, Alan Alda, Billy Magnussen, and Eve Hewson were reported to star in the film as well. Participant Media co-produced the film. Francis Gary Powers, Jr., founder of The Cold War Museum and the pilot's son, was brought on as a technical consultant and has a cameo in the film.  In June 2014, Fox 2000 Pictures agreed to co-finance the film with DreamWorks and Participant Media, with the film's distribution rights being divided between Disney and Fox. During a March 3, 2015, interview with "The Daily Pennsylvanian", Platt revealed the title to be "Bridge of Spies"; it was shot under the working title of "St. James Place". The film also received funds of €3.7 million, from the German Federal Film Fund (DFFF).

Filming.

Principal photography began on September 8, 2014, in Brooklyn, New York City. On September 14, filming took place in DUMBO, a Brooklyn neighborhood, where crews transformed Anchorage Street to appear as it did in the 1960s. On September 15, filming took place in Astoria, between Astoria Park and Ditmars Boulevard. Filming was done on 18 Street and 26 Avenue in Astoria, where Spielberg was spotted transforming the 5 Corners Deli into a 1950s grocery store. On September 26, filming took place on 44th Street in Manhattan, as evidenced by crews stationed on 44th Street, between Madison and 6th Avenues. On September 27, Hanks was spotted filming scenes on Wall Street among extras wearing 1960s costumes. On September 28, filming of some day and night scenes took place on the corner of Henry Street and Love Lane in the Brooklyn Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, where the block was set with vintage cars, street signs, rain machines, and spotlights. On September 29, filming took place on Hicks Street and Pineapple Street, where a shop, Perfect Paws, was transformed into a 1960s dress shop named Brooklyn Pearl, and at the NYS Appellate Division courthouse on Monroe Place and Pierrepont Street. On October 6, Hanks and the crew were spotted on the same location on Hicks Street. The scene in the Court hallway in which Hanks, to Alda's consternation, announces his intention to appeal the guilty verdict, was filmed on the first floor on the Queens County Supreme Courthouse at 88–11 Sutphin Blvd., Jamaica, New York.  In early October, after filming wrapped in New York City, further production began at Babelsberg Studios in Berlin and Potsdam, Germany, and would last there through the end of November. Filming in Berlin began with shooting at the former Tempelhof Airport in October, for scenes that actually took place there, such as Donovan's descending from an historic C-54 Skymaster. The prisoner exchange scene was filmed on the Glienicke Bridge (the so-called "Bridge of Spies"), where the historical exchange actually took place in 1962. The bridge spans the Havel narrows between Berlin and Potsdam, and was closed to traffic for filming over the last weekend of November. German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited the set to watch the filming of these scenes. Principal photography officially ended on December 4, at Berlin Tempelhof. Shooting also took place in Wrocław, Poland, in the second half of November. During mid-December, filming took place at Beale Air Force Base, located near Marysville, California. The film was shot on 35mm motion picture film, including Kodak Vision3 250D Color Negative Film 5207 and Vision3 500T Color Negative Film 5219.

Historical accuracy.

"Bridge of Spies" is based on the real events but the film departs from the historical record, though reviewers have praised the film and argued that such departures are permissible. Commentators have noted that the shortening of timespans in the film at times gives a misleading impression. A certain licence is taken in the depiction of the Berlin Wall; Donovan did not see Berlin wall escapees being shot; those most similar to the ones depicted was the killing of Peter Fechter, the summer "after" the Powers/Abel exchange on the Glienicke Bridge. The circumstances of Frederic Pryor's detention were not accurately portrayed – he could not have crossed a partially built wall and was convicted of obtaining "confidential" material.  Apart from the depiction of the Wall, it is notable that Donovan did not suffer the violence depicted: he was not shot at in his home and he did not have his overcoat stolen. The film also changed the location of Donovan's suggestion to the judge to spare Abel for the sake of a possible exchange, which was made in court. Donovan is presented in the film as a private practice attorney with little connection to the government or its intelligence services. During WWII Donovan served as the general counsel of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), shortly before it was re-organized as the CIA.  Abel, an English-born Soviet intelligence officer (whose real name was William G. Fisher) most likely did his best work for the Soviet Union not as a spy in a dishevelled New York City lair full of radio gear but before and during World War II, when he trained agents and radio operators for clandestine work in German-occupied regions. This training is thought to have been critical to what his mentor, Pavel Sudoplatov, later called one of the most important radio deception operations of the war.  There was some controversy over Rylance's decision to portray Abel with a Scottish accent, despite Abel having been born and educated entirely within the Tyneside region of England where Geordie is spoken.  Frederic Pryor stated in an interview that various details of the plot related to his involvement were incorrect. He did not cross the Berlin wall during its construction, as he was on vacation in Denmark at the time. He was detained after his return, when he crossed into East Berlin to visit a friend's sister; she had fled to West Berlin using "some sort of passport manipulation", and her apartment was under surveillance to catch anyone attempting to retrieve its contents. Pryor also stated that the film's depiction of Wolfgang Vogel was unfair. The film depicts Powers' U2 plane by a volley of three SAMs but more than 14 were launched. A MiG-19 fighter that was scrambled to intercept the plane was also shot down by friendly fire during this salvo, killing the pilot Sergei Safronov.  The visual blog "Information is Beautiful" deduced that, while taking creative licence into account, the film was 88.8 percent accurate, calling it "pretty damn truthful, reflecting a general trend in Hollywood towards more historically accurate tales".

Release.

The theatrical poster for the film was released on June 4, 2015, with the first trailer appearing online the following day. It was distributed in North America by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, through the Touchstone Pictures banner. Disney held the film's world premiere on October 4, 2015 at the 53rd annual New York Film Festival. The film went into general theatrical release in the United States on October 16, 2015. 20th Century Fox distributed the film in the remaining international territories.

Home media.

The film was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download in North America on February 2, 2016 and by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment in other territories.

Reception.

Box office.

"Bridge of Spies" grossed $72.3 million in North America and $93.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $165.6 million, against a budget of $40 million.  In the United States and Canada, pre-release tracking predicted "Bridge of Spies" to open to around $15–20 million from 2,811 theaters. The film opened alongside "Goosebumps", "Crimson Peak", and "Woodlawn" on October 16, 2015, facing particular competition from the former, and also from "The Martian", which was entering its third week. The film made $500,000 from its early Thursday night showings and $5.3 million on its first day. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $15.4 million, finishing third at the box office behind "Goosebumps" ($23.5 million) and "The Martian" ($21.5 million). Its biggest international markets have been Italy ($12.1 million) and United Kingdom (11.0 million).

Critical response.

"Bridge of Spies" received critical acclaim. Richard Roeper of "Chicago Sun Times" gave the film four out of four stars and praised Spielberg's direction, saying: "Spielberg has taken an important but largely forgotten, and hardly action-packed slice of the Cold War, and turned it into a gripping character study, and thriller that feels a bit like a John Le Carre adaptation if Frank Capra were at the controls". Michael Phillips of the "Chicago Tribune" called the film a "a confident, slightly square, highly satisfying example of old-school Hollywood craftsmanship, starring a major movie star brandishing a briefcase, and a handkerchief, rather than a pistol". "The A.V. Club's" Ignatiy Vishnevetsky described it as "one of the most handsome movies of Spielberg's latter-day phase, and possibly the most eloquent [...] "Bridge of Spies" turns a secret prisoner exchange between the CIA and the KGB into a tense and often disarmingly funny cat-and-mouse game".  On the other hand, Mike Scott of "New Orleans Times-Picayune", had a more mixed reaction, saying: ""Bridge of Spies", with its stop-and-go momentum, is also more merely interesting than it is full-on riveting. It's still quite good stuff, but despite its impressive pedigree... it doesn't feel as if it's quite the sum of all of its parts". Preston Jones of "Fort Worth Star-Telegram" gave the film 2 and a half stars out of five. Jones wrote that "For all Spielberg, his star-packed cast, led by Tom Hanks, and his on-screen and off-screen team (Joel and Ethan Coen co-wrote the screenplay) bring to the table, "Bridge of Spies" is remarkable only for how stuffy and surprisingly inert the film becomes".  On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 91%, based on 283 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Bridge of Spies" finds new life in Hollywood's classic Cold War espionage thriller formula, thanks to reliably outstanding work from Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks". On Metacritic, the film has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

Soundtrack.

Frequent Spielberg collaborator John Williams was originally announced to compose the film's score. However, Williams had to drop out of production due to a health issue. Per a suggestion by Williams, Thomas Newman was then contacted by Spielberg to replace him, marking Spielberg's first film without Williams' music since 1985's "The Color Purple", which was scored by Quincy Jones. Hollywood Records released the film's soundtrack on October 16, 2015.

Bridge of Spies is a 2015 American-German historical drama film directed and co-produced by Steven Spielberg, written by Matt Charman and the Coen brothers, and starring Tom Hanks, Mark Rylance, Amy Ryan, and Alan Alda. Set during the Cold War, the film tells the story of lawyer James B. Donovan, who is entrusted with negotiating the release of Francis Gary Powers—a U.S. Air Force pilot whose U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union in 1960—in exchange for Rudolf Abel, a convicted Soviet KGB spy held under the custody of the United States, whom he represented at trial. The name of the film refers to the Glienicke Bridge, which connects Potsdam with Berlin, where the prisoner exchange took place. The film was an international co-production of the United States and Germany.

是一部2015年由史蒂文·斯皮尔伯格执导、科恩兄弟编剧的美国冷战间谍片。电影由汤姆·汉克、马克·劳伦斯、艾美·莱恩和亚伦·艾达主演,取材自史实冷战所期间发生的「1960年U-2击坠事件」,讲述美国律师詹姆斯·B·唐纳文为了美军飞行员弗朗西斯·加里·鲍尔斯,其驾驶的U-2侦察机被苏联击落而成为人质,而需要透过谈判以释放关押在美国监狱的苏联间谍鲁道夫·阿贝尔。电影名称意指格林尼克桥,它连接着柏林与波茨坦,间谍交接亦于该处进行。电影拍摄时暂名为《圣詹姆斯广场》,于2014年9月8日开拍,主要在纽约市布鲁克林取景,以及位于波茨坦的巴贝尔堡摄影棚。


People involved.

The Ezeiza massacre marked the end of the alliance of left and right-wing Peronists which Perón had managed to form. Héctor Cámpora represented the main figure of the left-wing and José López Rega, Perón's personal secretary who had accompanied Perón during his exile in Francoist Spain, was the right-wing's representative. López Rega would also be the founder of the Alianza Anticomunista Argentina right-wing terrorist gang.  A populist and a nationalist, Perón was popular from the far left to the far-right, but this conjunction of forces ended that day. During his exile, Perón himself had supported both young left-wing Peronists, whose icons included Che Guevara (Montoneros, "" (FAR), "Fuerzas Armadas Peronistas" (FAP), Peronist Youth (JP), and others) and right-wing Peronists composed "Special Formations", gathering radicals such as the "Guardia de Hierro" (Iron Guard) or the "Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara".  The tribune had been set up by Lieutenant-Colonel Jorge Manuel Osinde and other far-right figures of Peronism, such as Alberto Brito Lima and Norma Kennedy. Lorenzo Miguel, Juan Manuel Abal Medina and José Ignacio Rucci, general secretary of the CGT ("Confederación General del Trabajo") — controlled by the Peronist right-wing — had the responsibility of organizing the Peronists' mobilization to Ezeiza. Members of the "Unión Obrera Metalúrgica" trade union, the "Juventud sindical peronista" and other right-wing sectors were also on Perón's tribune, facing the left-wing groups in the crowds (FAR, Montoneros, JP and others — the FAP had disarmed on May 25, 1973).  Italian terrorist Stefano Delle Chiaie, who worked in Operation Gladio but also maintained links with the Chilean DINA and Turkish Grey Wolves member Abdullah Çatlı, was also present at Ezeiza, according to investigations by Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón. Carlos "El Indio" Castillo, member of the "" (CNU), also took part in the massacre.

Political context.

The massacre had been planned to effect the removal of president Héctor Cámpora, a moderate of the left-wing, from power. During Cámpora's first month of governing, approximately 600 social conflicts, strikes and factory occupations had taken place. Workers managed to obtain wage increases and better working conditions. The workers' movement had gathered the sympathy of large sectors, sometimes anti-Peronist, of the middle classes. On June 2, 1973, José Ignacio Rucci, general secretary of the CGT, had responded to a Cuban delegate to the CGT congress asking for a toast in honour of Che Guevara, that they were against left-wing imperialism. The Peronist right-wing gradually took control of the whole of the trade union organization, placing people close to the leader José Ignacio Rucci.

Effects.

The battle near the Ezeiza airport marked the end of the transition period of Cámpora, who had succeeded the military dictatorship of general Alejandro Lanusse. According to Hugo Moreno, "if October 17, 1945 may be considered as the founding act of Peronism, by the general strike and the presence of the masses imposing their will of support to Perón, the June 20, 1973 massacre marks the entrance on the scene of the late right-wing Peronism."

The Ezeiza massacre () took place on June 20, 1973 near Ezeiza International Airport in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

埃塞萨屠杀()是1973年6月20日发生于阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯埃塞萨皮斯塔里尼部长国际机场附近的一场屠杀。1973年,庇隆主义左翼的政治人物埃克托尔·何塞·坎波拉当选阿根廷总统,6月20日,支持裴隆的左翼与右翼群众聚集于机场外,迎接流亡西班牙18年、时年77岁的前总统胡安·裴隆回国,警方估计群众多达约350万人,右翼裴隆主义武装组织阿根廷反共联盟(3A)的成员持狙击步枪对左翼的群众开火,造成至少13人死亡、365人受伤,号角报报导指死伤人数可能远高于此,不过官方尚无公布死伤数据。因机场爆发屠杀,裴隆的座机改降落于邻近的莫龙空军基地。


Overview.

The camera is typically worn or mounted in such a way that it can shoot from the point of view of the shooter. Some examples of common places to mount an action camera are on a hat or helmet, on the chest, or on the handlebars of a bike or similar vehicle. They may also be mounted on a tripod or on a monopod for handheld use. An action camera is usually designed to require minimal interaction once recording has begun, as this allows continuous capture of the action without having to interact with the camera. A typical action camera records onto a micro SD card, and has either a Micro-USB or a USB-C connector. Action cameras are associated with outdoor sports, and, often attached to helmets, surfboards or handlebars, are an integral part of many extreme sports such as base jumping and wingsuit flying. Sometimes several cameras are used to capture specific perspectives, such as a helmet camera that sees the perspective of the actor in combination with a second camera attached to the environment of the rider, such as a board, wing, handlebar or wrist, that looks back onto the rider and records their reactions.  The category commonly is associated with the GoPro range of cameras, and many action cameras come with a GoPro mount adapter to take advantage of the accessories available for these cameras. However, there are many GoPro alternatives which are entering the market of action cameras in recent times. For e.g. DJI Osmo just released their action camera which has all the capabilities of a GoPro with an addition of a flip screen. That flip screen is proving to be a game-changer in the action camera market. The most pragmatic advantage of having a flip screen in an action camera is "Instant Feedback" for its users.  In 2014, worldwide action camera sales increased by 44 percent from the previous year and half of them have the capability to shoot Ultra High Definition at 4K resolution. Action camera sales have surpassed traditional camcorder and compact camera sales, and it is predicted that in 2019, action camera sales will surpass all types of cameras due to the sales of other camera types declining or stabilizing.  By 2021, the Ultra HD category of the action camera market is expected to reach $3.3 billion. The Full HD category, meanwhile, is expected to reach $2.2 billion, with the surveillance/security industry driving growth.  In 2018 Sony launched a shock and waterproof camera with a 1" sensor in a body size similar to an action camera. However, Sony is not marketing it as an action camera; rather, as a video professional camera with the capability to shoot with up to 15 cameras at the same time.  Besides the GoPro line, other models of action cams include the:

An action camera or action-cam is a digital camera designed for recording action while being immersed in it. Action cameras are therefore typically compact and rugged, and waterproof at surface-level. They typically use CMOS image sensors, and can take photos in burst mode and time-lapse mode as well as record high-definition video (as of 2019, mid-range to high-end action cameras can record 4K video at 60 fps). Slow-motion video recording at 120 or 240fps is also a common feature.

运动相机(英语:Action Camera )是一种设计用于记录动作过程的相机类型,通常为运动者的第一人称视角。


Early life.

Yeung Ming-cheung was born in Shanghai in 1945. He completed his primary and secondary schooling and began working for an import-export company in Hong Kong. In 1972 at the age of 26 he entered the Pontifical Urban University to study theology and philosophy and graduated in 1978.

Priesthood.

He was ordained a priest for the diocese of Hong Kong on 10 June 1978.  After his ordination he took a variety of pastoral and administrative roles. From 1978 to 1980 he was vicar in Ha Kwai Chung District, New Territories; from 1980 to 1982 he earned an MA in social communications from Syracuse University in the United States. In 1982 he returned to Hong Kong and was appointed director of the office of Social Communications for the diocese. He held this post until 1986.  Subsequently, he was appointed as parish priest of Our Lady of Lourdes parish, where he served until 1989 when he was appointed chaplain at Yu C.K. Memorial College. He returned to the United States to study at Harvard University where in 1990 he earned a Master's in Education (Ed.M.). He returned to Hong Kong in 1990 and held the post of director of the office of education until 2013. He was the head of Caritas Hong Kong and was appointed vicar general of the diocese in 2009. He was later appointed a member of the Pontifical Council "Cor Unum".  On 11 July 2014, Pope Francis appointed him Titular Bishop of Mons in Numidia and named him one of three Auxiliary Bishops of Hong Kong along with Joseph Ha Chi-shing, O.F.M. and Stephen Lee Bun-sang. Consecrated on 30 August 2014, Yeung became the coadjutor bishop of the diocese on 13 November 2016, and succeeded Cardinal John Tong Hon as the Bishop of Hong Kong on 1 August 2017.  On 27 June 2018, AsiaNews reported that Yeung had tendered his resignation to Pope Francis in order to dedicate himself to Caritas. However it was later reported as a misunderstanding since he merely informed the press of his future retirement plans not his actual retirement.  He received two honorary doctorates: one in Social Science from the Open University of Hong Kong, and another one from the Australian Catholic University.

Illness and death.

Yeung reportedly tripped over his alb and injured himself when stepping upstairs before celebrating a Mass in December 2018. He made his last public appearance when he celebrated the Christmas Eve Midnight Mass at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception the same month. Beginning 27 December 2018, Yeung underwent treatment for liver failure brought on by cirrhosis at the Canossa Hospital. He died at 1:30pm (Hong Kong time) on 3 January 2019 from the illness.  Following Yeung's death, the sole auxiliary Bishop Joseph Ha Chi-shing became in charge of administering the diocese. Before the board of consultors could elect a diocesan administrator, Cardinal Tong was appointed apostolic administrator to be the acting head of the diocese until an appointment of a new bishop by the Roman Curia, in accordance with the church's Canon law.

Public stances.

Throughout his career as a Catholic clergyman, Yeung was at the center of various controversies.  Yeung was criticized for comparing participants of the 2014 Hong Kong protests, as well as homosexuals, to those who use drugs.  Yeung's close ties with Carrie Lam, the 5th Chief Executive of Hong Kong, has also been a source of controversy. Yeung said Lam is a Catholic, and he has had good ties with Lam for years. Yeung also said he has known Lam on a professional level, during her time as the Director of the Social Welfare Department, and that he has no reasons to reject her, and sever ties. Yeung's cosy ties with the rich and powerful in Hong Kong has also been a source of criticism.  Yeung has also been criticized for allegedly defending mainland Chinese authorities during a news conference over controversies concerning the removal of crucifixes from church buildings or demolition of churches. He also said that, since China has regulations on religion, he will respect their rules.

Michael Yeung Ming-cheung (; 1 December 1945 – 3 January 2019) was the eighth Roman Catholic bishop of Hong Kong. He was consecrated on 30 August 2014.

杨鸣章主教(英语:The Most Reverend Michael Yeung Ming-cheung,1945年-12月1日-2019年-1月3日)是天主教香港教区第8任主教。


Demographics.

Thailand has the largest overseas Chinese community in the world outside Greater China. 11 to 14 percent of Thailand's population are considered ethnic Chinese. The Thai linguist Theraphan Luangthongkum estimates the share of those having at least partial Chinese ancestry at about 40 percent of the Thai population.

Identity.

For assimilated second and third generation descendants of Chinese immigrants, it is principally a personal choice whether or not to identify themselves as ethnic Chinese. Nonetheless, nearly all Thai Chinese solely self-identify as Thai, due to their close integration and successful assimilation into Thai society. G. William Skinner observed that the level of assimilation of the descendants of Chinese immigrants in Thailand disproved the "myth about the 'unchanging Chinese'", noting that ""assimilation is considered complete when the immigrant's descendant identifies himself in almost all social situations as a Thai, speaks Thai language habitually and with native fluency, and interacts by choice with Thai more often than with Chinese."" Skinner believed that the assimilation success of the Thai Chinese was a result of the wise policy of the Thai rulers who, since the 17th century, allowed able Chinese tradesmen to advance their ranks into the kingdom's nobility. The rapid and successful assimilation of the Thai Chinese has been celebrated by the Chinese descendants themselves, as evident in contemporary literature such as the novel "Letters from Thailand" () by Botan.  Today, the Thai Chinese constitute a significant part of the royalist/nationalist movements. When the then prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra, who is Thai Chinese, was ousted from power in 2006, it was Sondhi Limthongkul, another prominent Thai Chinese businessman, who formed and led People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) movement to protest the successive governments run by Thaksin's allies. Mr. Sondhi accused Mr. Thaksin of corruption based on improper business ties between Thaksin's corporate empire and the Singapore-based Temasek Holdings Group. The Thai Chinese in and around Bangkok were also the main participants of the months-long political campaign against the government of Ms. Yingluck (Mr. Thaksin's sister), between November 2013 and May 2014, the event which culminated in the military takeover in May 2014.

History.

Han Chinese traders, mostly from Fujian and Guangdong, began arriving in Ayutthaya by at least the 13th century. According to the "Chronicles of Ayutthaya", King Ekathotsarot (r. 1605–1610) had been "concerned solely with ways of enriching his treasury," and was "greatly inclined toward strangers and foreign nations," especially Spain, Portugal, China, Japan, and the Philippines.  Ayutthaya was under almost constant Burmese threat from the 16th century onward, and the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty was alarmed by Burmese military might. From 1766-1769, the Qianlong Emperor sent his armies four times to subdue the Burmese, but the Sino-Burmese Wars ended in complete failure and Ayutthaya fell in the Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767). However, the Chinese efforts did divert the attention of Burma's Siam army. General Taksin, himself the son of a Chinese immigrant, took advantage of this to organize his force and attack the Burmese invaders. When he became king, Taksin actively encouraged Chinese immigration and trade. Settlers mainly from Chaozhou prefecture came to Siam in large numbers. Immigration continued over the following years, and the Chinese population in Thailand jumped from 230,000 in 1825 to 792,000 by 1910. By 1932, approximately 12.2 percent of the population of Thailand was Chinese.  The early Chinese immigration consisted almost entirely of men who did not bring women. Therefore, it became common for male Chinese immigrants to marry local Thai women. The children of such relationships were called "Sino-Thai" or "luk-jin" (ลูกจีน) in Thai. These Chinese-Thai intermarriages declined somewhat in the early 20th century, when significant numbers of Chinese women also began immigrating to Thailand.  The corruption of the Qing dynasty and the massive population increase in China, along with very high taxes, caused many men to leave China for Thailand in search of work. If successful, they sent money back to their families in China. Many Chinese immigrants prospered under the "tax farming" system, whereby private individuals were sold the right to collect taxes at a price below the value of the tax revenues.  In the late 19th century, when Thailand was struggling to defend its independence from the colonial powers, Chinese bandits from Yunnan Province began making raids into the country in the Haw Wars (). Thai nationalist attitudes at all levels were thus colored by anti-Chinese sentiment. Members of the Chinese community had long dominated domestic commerce and had served as agents for royal trade monopolies. With the rise of European economic influence, however, many Chinese shifted to opium trafficking and tax collecting, both of which were despised occupations.  From 1882 to 1917, nearly 13,000 to 34,000 Chinese entered the country per year from southern China which was vulnerable to floods and drought, mostly settling in Bangkok and along the coast of the Gulf of Siam. They predominated in occupations requiring arduous labor, skills, or entrepreneurship. They worked as blacksmiths, railroad laborers and rickshaw pullers. While most Thais were engaged in rice production, the Chinese brought new farming ideas and new methods to supply labor on its rubber plantations, both domestically and internationally. However, republican ideas brought by the Chinese were considered seditious by the Thai government. For example, a translation of Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen's "Three Principles of the People" was banned under the Communism Act of 1933. The government had regulated Chinese schools even before compulsory education was established in the country, starting with the Private Schools Act of 1918. This act required all foreign teachers to pass a Thai language test and for principals of all schools to implement standards set by the Thai Ministry of Education.  Legislation by King Rama VI (1910–1925) that required the adoption of Thai surnames was largely directed at the Chinese community as a number of ethnic Chinese families left Burma between 1930 and 1950 and settled in the Ratchaburi and Kanchanaburi Provinces of western Thailand. A few of the ethnic Chinese families in that area had already emigrated from Burma in the 19th century.  The Chinese in Thailand also suffered discrimination between the 1930s to 1950s under the military dictatorship of Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram (in spite of having part-Chinese ancestry himself), which allied itself with the Empire of Japan. The Primary Education Act of 1932 made the Thai language the compulsory medium of education, but as a result of protests from Thai Chinese, by 1939, students were allowed two hours per week of Mandarin instruction. State corporations took over commodities such as rice, tobacco, and petroleum and Chinese businesses found themselves subject to a range of new taxes and controls. By 1970, more than 90 percent of the Chinese born in Thailand had abandoned Chinese citizenship and were granted Thai citizenship instead. In 1975, diplomatic relations were established with China.

Culture.

Intermarriage with Thais has resulted in many people who claim Thai ethnicity with Chinese ancestry. People of Chinese descent are concentrated in the coastal areas of Thailand, principally Bangkok and Nakhon Sawan Province. Considerable segments of Thailand's academic, business, and political elites are of Chinese descent.

Language.

Today, nearly all ethnic Chinese in Thailand speak Thai exclusively. Only elderly Chinese immigrants still speak their native varieties of Chinese. The rapid and successful assimilation of Thai Chinese has been celebrated in contemporary literature such as "Letters from Thailand" () by a Thai Chinese author Botan. In the modern Thai language there are many signs of Chinese influence. In the 2000 census, 231,350 people identified themselves as speakers of a variant of Chinese (Teochew, Hokkien, Hainanese, Cantonese, or Hakka). The Teochew dialect has served as the language of Bangkok's influential Chinese merchants' circles since the foundation of the city in the 18th century. Although Chinese language schools were closed during the nationalist period before and during the Second World War, the Thai government never tried to suppress Chinese cultural expression. Today, businesses in Yaowarat Road and Charoen Krung Road in Bangkok's Samphanthawong District which constitute the city's "Chinatown" still feature bilingual signs in Chinese and Thai. A number of Chinese words have found their way into the Thai language, especially the names of dishes and foodstuffs, as well as basic numbers (such as those from "three" to "ten") and terms related to gambling. Chin Haw Chinese speak Southwestern Mandarin.  The rise of China's prominence on the global economic stage has prompted many Thai Chinese business families to see Mandarin as a beneficial asset in partaking in economic links and conducting business between Thailand and Mainland China, with some families encouraging their children to learn Mandarin in order to reap the benefits of their ethnic Chinese identity and the increasing role of Mandarin as a prominent language of Overseas Chinese business communities. However, equally there are many Thais, regardless of their ethnic background who study Chinese in order to boost their business and career opportunities, rather than due to reasons of ethnic identity, with some sending their children to newly established Mandarin language schools.

Rise to economic dominance.

19th century.

British East India Company agent John Crawfurd used detailed company records kept on Prince of Wales's Island (present-day Penang) from 1815 to 1824 to analyze the productivity of the 8,595 Chinese resident there as compared to other ethnic groups. Astonished by their competence, he concluded that the Chinese population, about five-sixths of whom were unmarried men in the prime of life, "in point of effective labour, may be measured as equivalent to an ordinary population of above 37,000, and...to a numerical Malay population of more than 80,000!".  By 1879, the Chinese controlled all of the steam-powered rice mills in Thailand. Most of the leading businessmen in Thailand were of Chinese extraction and accounted for a significant portion of the Thai upper class. In 1890, despite British shipping dominance in Bangkok, the Chinese oversaw 62 percent of the shipping sector and served as agents for Western shipping firms as well as their own. They also dominated the rubber industry, market gardening, sugar production, and fish exporting sectors. In Bangkok, Thai Chinese dominated the entertainment and media industries, being the pioneers of Thailand's early publishing houses, newspapers, and film studios. Thai Chinese moneylenders wielded considerable economic power over the poorer indigenous Thai peasants, prompting accusations of Chinese bribery of government officials, wars between the Chinese secret societies, and the use of violent tactics to collect taxes. Chinese success served to foster Thai resentment against the Chinese at a time when their community was expanding rapidly. Waves of Han Chinese immigration swept into Siam in the 19th and early-20th centuries, peaking in the 1920s. Chinese bankers were accused of plunging the Thai peasant into poverty by charging high interest rates. The reality was that the Thai banking business was highly competitive. Chinese millers and rice traders were blamed for the economic recession that gripped Siam for nearly a decade after 1905. By the end of the nineteenth century, the Chinese would lose control of foreign trade to the European colonial powers, but served as compradores for Western trading houses. Ethnic Chinese then moved into extractive industries—tin mining, logging and sawmilling, rice milling, as well as building ports and railways. While acknowledged for their industriousness, the Chinese in Thailand were scorned by many. In the late 19th century, a British official in Siam declared that "the Chinese are the Jews of Siam... by judicious use of their business faculties and their powers of combination, they hold the Siamese in the palm of their hand".

20th century.

By the early 20th century, the resident Chinese community in Bangkok was sizeable, perhaps a third of the capital's population. Anti-Chinese sentiment was rife. In 1914, the Thai nationalist King Vajiravudh (Rama VI), published a pamphlet in Thai and English—"The Jews of the East"— employing a pseudonym. In it, lambasted the Chinese. He described them as "avaricious barbarians who were 'entirely devoid of morals and mercy'". He depicted successful Chinese businessmen as gaining their success at the expense of indigenous Thais, prompting some Thai politicians to blame Thai Chinese businessmen for Thailand's economic difficulties. King Vajiravudh's views were influential among elite Thais and were quickly adopted by ordinary Thais, fueling their suspicion of and hostility to the Chinese minority. Wealth disparity and the poverty of native Thais resulted in blaming their socioeconomic ills on the Chinese, especially Chinese moneylenders. Beginning in the late-1930s and recommencing in the 1950s, the Thai government dealt with wealth disparities by pursuing a campaign of forced assimilation achieved through property confiscation, forced expropriation, coercive social policies, and anti-Chinese cultural suppression, seeking to eradicate ethnic Han Chinese consciousness and identity. Thai Chinese became the targets of state discrimination while indigenous Thais were granted economic privileges. The Siamese revolution of 1932 only tightened the grip of Thai nationalism, culminating in World War II when Thailand's Japanese ally was at war with China.  Post-war Thailand was agricultural, its economy hobbled by state-owned enterprises. The Chinese provided the impetus for Thailand's industrialization, transforming the Thai economy into an export-oriented, trade-based economy with global reach. Over the next several decades, internationalization and capitalist market-oriented policies led to the emergence of a manufacturing sector, which in turn catapulted Thailand into a Tiger Cub economy. Virtually all manufacturing and import-export firms were Chinese controlled. Despite their small numbers, the Chinese controlled virtually every line of business, from small retail trade to large industries. A mere ten percent of the population, ethnic Chinese dominate over four-fifths of the country's rice, tin, rubber, and timber exports, and virtually the country's entire wholesale and retail trade. Virtually all new manufacturing establishments were Chinese controlled. Despite failed Thai affirmative action-based policies in the 1930s to economically empower the indigenous Thai majority, 70 percent of retail outlets and 80–90 percent of rice mills were controlled by ethnic Chinese. A survey of Thailand's roughly seventy most powerful business groups found that all but three were owned by Thai Chinese. Bangkok's Thai Chinese clan associations rose to prominence throughout the city as the clans are major property holders. The Chinese control more than 80 percent of public companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand. All the residential and commercial land in central Siam was owned by Thai Chinese. Fifty ethnic Chinese families controlled the country's entire business sectors equivalent to 81–90 percent of the overall market capitalization of the Thai economy. Highly publicized profiles of wealthy Chinese entrepreneurs attracted great public interest and were used to illustrate the community's economic clout. More than 80 percent of the top 40 richest people in Thailand are Thai of full or partial Chinese descent. Thai Chinese entrepreneurs are influential in real estate, agriculture, banking, and finance, and the wholesale trading industries. In the 1990s, among the top ten Thai businesses in terms of sales, nine of them were Chinese-owned with only Siam Cement not being a Chinese-owned firm. Of the five billionaires in Thailand in the late-20th century, all were all ethnic Chinese or of partial Chinese descent. On 17 March 2012, Chaleo Yoovidhya, of humble Chinese origin, died while listed on Forbes list of billionaires as 205th in the world and third in the nation, with an estimated net worth of US$5 billion.  By the late-1950s, ethnic Chinese comprised 70 percent of Bangkok's business owners and senior business managers and 90 percent of the shares in Thai corporations are said to be held by Thais of Chinese extraction. Ninety percent of Thailand's industrial and commercial capital are also held by ethnic Chinese. Ninety percent of all investments in the industry and commercial sector and at least 50 percent of all investments in the banking and finance sectors is controlled by ethnic Chinese.<ref name="Ju 1996 https://archive.org/details/understandingchi0000chuy/page/33 33"></ref> Economic advantages would also persist as Thai Chinese controlled 80–90 percent of the rice mills, the largest enterprises in the nation. Thailand's lack of an indigenous Thai commercial culture in the private sector is dominated entirely by Thai Chinese themselves. Of the 25 leading entrepreneurs in the Thai business sector, 23 are ethnic Chinese or of partial Chinese descent. Thai Chinese also comprise 96 percent of Thailand's 70 most powerful business groups. Family firms are extremely common in the Thai business sector as they are passed down from one generation to the next. Ninety percent of Thailand's manufacturing sector and 50 percent of Thailand's service sector is controlled by ethnic Chinese. According to a "Financial Statistics of the 500 Largest Public Companies in Asia Controlled by Overseas Chinese in 1994" chart released by Singaporean geographer Dr. Henry Yeung of the National University of Singapore, 39 companies were concentrated in Thailand with a market capitalization of US$35 billion and total assets of US$94 billion. In Thailand, ethnic Chinese control the nations largest private banks: Bangkok Bank, Thai Farmers Bank, Bank of Ayudhya. Thai Chinese businesses are part of the larger bamboo network, a network of Overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family, ethnic, language, and cultural ties. Following the 1997 Asian financial crisis, structural reforms imposed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on Indonesia and Thailand led to the loss of many monopolistic positions long held by the ethnic Chinese business elite. Despite the financial and economic crisis, Thai Chinese are estimated to own 65 percent of the total banking assets, 60 percent of the national trade, 90 percent of all local investments in the commercial sector, 90 percent of all local investments in the manufacturing sector, and 50 percent of all local investments in the banking and financial services sector.

21st century.

The early-21st century saw Thai Chinese dominate Thai commerce at every level of society. Their economic clout plays a critical role in maintaining the country's economic vitality and prosperity. The economic power of the Thai Chinese is far greater than their proportion of the population would suggest. With their powerful economic presence, the Chinese dominate the country's wealthy elite. Development policies imposed by the Thai government provided business opportunities for the ethnic Chinese. A distinct Sino-Thai business community has emerged as the dominant economic group, controlling virtually all the major business sectors across the country. The modern Thai business sector is highly dependent on ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs and investors who control virtually all the country's banks and large conglomerates and their support is enhanced by the presence of lawmakers and politicians who are of at least part-Chinese themselves. The Thai Chinese, a disproportionate wealthy, market-dominant minority not only form a distinct ethnic community, they also form, by and large, an economically advantaged social class.<ref name="Cornwell 2000 https://archive.org/details/globalmulticultu0000unse/page/67 67"></ref>  With the rise of China as a global economic power, Thai-Chinese businesses are now the largest investors in mainland China among all overseas Chinese communities worldwide. Many Thai Chinese have sent their children to newly established Chinese language schools, visit China in record numbers, invest in China, and assume Chinese surnames. The Charoen Pokphand (CP Group), a prominent Thai conglomerate founded by the Thai-Chinese Chearavanont family, has been the single largest foreign investor in China. CP Group also owns and operates Tesco Lotus, one of the largest foreign hypermarkets, 74 stores and seven distribution centers in 30 cities across China.  According to Thai historian, Dr. Wasana Wongsurawa, the Thai elite has remained in power by employing a simple two-part strategy: first, secure the economic base by cultivating the support of the Thai-Chinese business elites. Second, align with the dominant world power of the day., increasingly, that power is China.

Religion.

First-generation Chinese immigrants were followers of Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism. Theravada Buddhism has since become the religion of many ethnic Chinese in Thailand, especially among assimilated Chinese. Very often, many Chinese in Thailand combine practices of Chinese folk religion with Theravada Buddhism. Major Chinese festivals such as Chinese New Year, Mid-Autumn Festival and Qingming are widely celebrated, especially in Bangkok, Phuket, and other parts of Thailand where there are large Chinese populations.  The Peranakans in Phuket are noted for their nine-day vegetarian festival between September and October. During the festive season, devotees will abstain from meat and mortification of the flesh by Chinese mediums are also commonly seen, and the rites and rituals seen are devoted to the veneration of Tua Pek Kong. Such idiosyncratic traditions were developed during the 19th century in Phuket by the local Chinese with influences from Thai culture.  In the north, there is a small minority of Chinese people who traditionally practice Islam. They belong to a group of Chinese people, known as Chin Ho. Most of the Chinese Muslims are descended from Hui people who live in Yunnan, China. There are seven Chinese mosques in Chiang Mai. The best known is the Ban Ho Mosque.

Dialect groups.

The vast majority of Thai Chinese belong to various southern Chinese dialect groups. Of these, 56 percent are Teochew (also commonly spelled as Teochiu), 16 percent Hakka and 11 percent Hainanese. The Cantonese and Hokkien each constitute seven percent of the Chinese population, and three percent belong to other Chinese dialect groups. A large number of Thai Chinese are the descendants of intermarriages between Chinese immigrants and Thais, while there are others who are of predominantly or solely of Chinese descent. People who are of mainly Chinese descent are descendants of immigrants who relocated to Thailand as well as other parts of Nanyang (the Chinese term for Southeast Asia used at the time) in the early to mid-20th century due to famine and civil war in the southern Chinese provinces of Hainan (Hainanese), Guangdong (Teochew, Cantonese and Hakka groups) and Fujian (Hokkien, Henghua, Hockchew and Hakka groups).

Teochew.

The Teochews mainly settled near the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok. Many of them worked in government, while others were involved in trade. During the reign of King Taksin, some influential Teochew traders were granted certain privileges. These prominent traders were called "royal Chinese" ("Jin-luang" or จีนหลวง in Thai).

Hokkien.

The Hokkien community remains a dominant majority of Chinese living in Trang Province and also Phuket Province of Thailand.

Hokchew and Peranakan.

In Phuket Province, the assimilated group is known as Peranakans or Phuket Baba. These people share a similar culture and identity with the Peranakan Chinese in neighboring Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia.  The Hokchew is minor community in Phuket. Some ethnic Chinese living in the Malay-dominated provinces in the far south use Malay, rather than Thai as a lingua franca, and many have intermarried with local Malays.

Hakka.

Hakkas are mainly concentrated in Chiang Mai, Phuket, and central western provinces. The Hakka own many private banks in Thailand, notably Kasikorn Bank and Kiatnakin Bank.

Surnames.

Almost all Sino-Thais, especially those who came to Thailand before the 1950s, only use Thai surname in publicly, as was required by King Rama VI in order for them to become Thai citizens. The few who retain native Chinese surnames are either recent immigrants or resident aliens. For some immigrants who settled in Southern Thailand before the 1950s, it was common to simply prefix "Sae-" (from Chinese:,'surname') to a transliteration of their name to form the new surname; Wanlop Saechio's last name thus derived from the Hainanese and Chanin Sae-ear's last name is from Hokkien. "Sae" is also used by Hmong people in Thailand. In 1950s-1970s no Chinese immigrant in Thailand, thus Chinese people who immigrated after the 1970s use their Chinese surname, without "Sae-" therefore these people didn't recognize as Sino-Thais like's last name is Mandarin's surname.  Sino-Thai surnames are often distinct from those of the other-Thai population, with generally longer names mimicking those of high officials and upper-class Thais and with elements of these longer names retaining their original Chinese surname in translation or transliteration. For example, former Prime Minister Banharn Silpa-Archa's unusual "Archa" element is a translation into Thai of his family's former name Ma ( 馬, 马, 'horse'). Similarly, the "Lim" in Sondhi Limthongkul's name is the Hainanese pronunciation of the name Lin (林). For an example, see the background of the Vejjajiva Palace name. Note that the latter-day Royal Thai General System of Transcription would transcribe it as "Wetchachiwa" and that the Sanskrit-derived name refers to'medical profession'.

Prime Ministers of Chinese descent.

Most prime ministers of Thailand have been multiracial, with most having been of at least partial Chinese ancestry. Some prime ministers who were of Chinese descent include Kon Hutasingha, Phot Phahonyothin, Thawan Thamrongnawasawat, Pote Sarasin, Thanin Kraivichien, Chatichai Choonhavan, Chuan Leekpai, Banharn Silpa-archa, Thaksin Shinawatra and Yingluck Shinawatra.  In addition, there were many other prime ministers who had more distant Chinese ancestry including Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Seni Pramoj, Pridi Banomyong, Thanom Kittikachorn, Kukrit Pramoj, Suchinda Kraprayoon, Chavalit Yongchaiyudh, and Samak Sundaravej.

Thai Chinese (also known as Chinese Thais, Sino-Thais or Thais of Chinese origin) are an ethnic Chinese community in Thailand. Thai Chinese are the largest minority group in the country and the largest overseas Chinese community in the world with a population of approximately 10 million people, accounting for 11–14% of the total population of the country as of 2012. It is also the oldest and most prominent integrated overseas Chinese community. Slightly more than half of the ethnic Chinese population in Thailand trace their ancestry to eastern Guangdong Province. This is evidenced by the prevalence of the Southern Min Chaozhou dialect among the Chinese in Thailand. A minority trace their ancestry to Hakka and Hainanese immigrants.

华裔泰国人()指的是移民到泰国的华裔。属于泰族的一支,也是一个主要族群,约有1,000万人,占总人口的14%,其中相当一部分来自中国广东潮汕地区。


Career.

Rui was born in Hefei, Anhui in 1977. He went to No. 8 Middle School in Hefei, and was the president of the student council. In 1995 during "Gaokao" exams, Rui ranked first among social science and humanities students in his city, and ranked fourth in his province. He was admitted to China Foreign Affairs University in 1995, where he studied international trade and global economics. He represented China at the 1998 International Public Speaking Competition.  In 2000, Rui began working for CCTV-9, the state broadcaster's English language channel. Rui took part in the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, in 2001, and was named one of the "Global Leaders of Tomorrow". In 2005, Rui was named a Yale World Fellow.  In 2007, he criticized in his blog the presence of a Starbucks shop at the Forbidden City, generating significant popular support. Eventually the U.S. brand removed its store from the historic site. Rui said the Starbucks invaded a site of Chinese historical heritage and argued against the "globalization" of historical sites.  In 2008, Rui left CCTV-9 for CCTV-2, a channel focusing on business and economics. At CCTV-2 he was known for being the host for programs such as "Economics Half Hour" (), "Economic News" (), "Global Economic Connection" (). He was also involved in the preparation of a television series focused on China during the year of the Olympics. He also hosted a program discussing the global financial crisis. At the 2011 G20 Cannes summit, Rui attracted controversy for interrupting pre-determined protocol during a press conference to ask a question to U.S. President Barack Obama, claiming to represent "all of Asia". As part of his work with CCTV, he has interviewed prominent global personalities such as Bill Gates, Tony Blair, Yasuo Fukuda, and Bill Clinton.  By 2014, Rui had gathered millions of followers on various social media sites and considered a'star anchor' for CCTV. His fluent English speaking abilities made him a symbol of the "globalization of the economics channel of CCTV." He was also criticized by some detractors for his arrogant and aggressive style. Rui was placed under investigation by Chinese prosecution authorities on July 11, 2014. The abrupt sequence of events shocked television viewers and garnered a quick and overwhelming response on social media. Apart from sporadic media reports speculating on his whereabouts, it is not clear what happened to Rui after 2014. Some sources said that he was sentenced to six years in prison.  While many 'tigers' (i.e., high-ranking officials) have been detained and prosecuted for crimes since the beginning of Xi Jinping and Wang Qishan's anti corruption drive in 2013, Rui is arguably one of the most high-profile non-political personalities implicated in the anti-corruption campaign.  Rui is reportedly scheduled for release from prison on Dec. 11, 2020, according to a tweet by the Zhimian news service quoting court documents.

Rui Chenggang (; born September 24, 1977) was a Chinese news anchor and journalist for China's state-run broadcaster China Central Television. He was well known for hosting economy and finance related shows with wide viewership on the channel CCTV-2. He was detained for investigation by Chinese prosecution organs in July 2014, accused of corruption.

芮成钢(1977年-9月24日),安徽合肥人,中国中央电视台记者、播音员、节目主持人,中国共产党党员。曾担任中国中央电视台英语新闻频道《财经中国》节目的主播,主持过多个英语对外广播节目;曾担任财经频道《经济信息联播》、《环球财经连线》节目主持人,曾对数百名国际商业界、经济学术界及政界的领袖人物进行过专访。2014年7月11日起,芮成钢因被中国检察机关带走调查而停止了一切主持活动。


Early life.

Pejić was born in Tuzla, Yugoslavia (now part of Bosnia and Herzegovina), and has one older brother, Igor. Her mother, Jadranka Savić, is a Bosnian Serb, and her father, Vlado Pejić, is a Bosnian Croat. The couple divorced shortly after Pejić's birth. During the Bosnian War, Pejić and Igor fled to Serbia with their mother and grandmother, settling in a refugee camp near Belgrade. After the refugee camp, the family settled in the Vojska village near Svilajnac.  Following the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Pejić's mother felt unsafe and decided to initiate the process of emigration to Australia. In 2000, the family moved to Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, as political refugees when Pejić was eight years old.  While attending high school at University High, Pejić was described as being "academically brilliant".

Career.

Pejić was scouted as a model just before her 17th birthday while working at McDonald's, though she has also said in an interview that she was scouted at a swimming pool while still in high school in Melbourne.  Pejić was initially notable for modelling both masculine and feminine clothing. In the Paris fashion shows of January 2011, Pejić walked both the men's and women's shows for Jean-Paul Gaultier and the men's shows for Marc Jacobs. In May 2011, her magazine cover for the New York-based magazine "Dossier Journal"in which Pejić, with long blond locks in curlers, is pictured taking off a white shirt was ruled too risqué by US bookstores Barnes & Noble and Borders, which covered the image with an opaque sleeve. Concerns were expressed that customers would read Pejić, who at the time was presenting as gender fluid, as a topless woman.  At the Stylenite in July 2011, Pejić appeared on the catwalk both in masculine and feminine clothes from Michalsky. The following year, she modeled bridal creations by Spanish designer Rosa Clara at Barcelona's Bridal Week 2013.  Pejić ranked number 18 on Models.com's Top 50 Models list in 2011, was named one of "Out"'s Most Compelling People, and was ranked number 98 in "FHM" magazine's 100 Sexiest Women in the World 2011, an award that was criticised for its hostile tone to transgender individuals, especially transgender women; the magazine referred to Pejić as a "thing", commenting, "Pass the sick bucket." "FHM" subsequently removed the copy accompanying Pejić's entry and posted an apology.  Pejić has appeared on the covers of international editions of "Elle", "Marie Claire", "Harper's Bazaar", "L'Officiel", "Fashion" and "GQ". Andreja has also appeared in editorials for fashion publications including "Vogue", "Elle", "I-D", "Dazed and Confused", "Love", "Allure", "Purple" and "Numéro".  On 6 August 2012, Pejić appeared as a guest judge on "Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model". The following year, Pejić appeared alongside Iselin Steiro, Saskia de Brauw, Tilda Swinton and David Bowie in the video for Bowie's 2013 single "The Stars (Are Out Tonight)". In late 2013, she made her acting debut playing Radu the Beautiful in the short-lived Turkish television series "Fatih", which is based on the life of Mehmed the Conqueror.  Pejić became the first openly transgender model profiled by "Vogue", in its May 2015 issue, and also became the first-ever trans woman to sign a cosmetics contract. In 2016, Pejić was awarded "Best International Female Model" by "GQ" Portugal and the following year she made history by becoming the first transgender woman to appear on the cover of "GQ". Pejić made her major film debut in the 2018 crime thriller film "The Girl in the Spider's Web".

Personal life.

In late 2013, Pejić underwent sex reassignment surgery. In September 2014, Pejić announced plans on the Kickstarter crowdfunding platform to create a film about her reassignment surgery and life as a transgender woman. Pejić started off with a projected goal of $40,000, ultimately exceeding the target funding goal. Pejić had previously dated "Are You the One?" cast member Remy Duran, who is currently appearing on Season 8 of the show.

Andreja Pejić (; born 28 August 1991) is a Bosnian-Australian model. Before coming out as a trans woman in late 2013, Pejić was known as the first completely androgynous supermodel. Today, she is one of the most recognisable transgender models in the world.

安德烈雅·佩伊奇(1991年-8月28日),澳洲藉波斯尼亚裔,跨性别女性超级模特儿,变性前名称为安德烈(英语:Andrej)。


History.

Greendale was one of three "Greenbelt" communities constructed by the Resettlement Administration, starting in 1936, as part of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. The communities were built to demonstrate a new kind of suburban living, with housing situated within easy walking distance of gardens, employment and the town center. The other Greenbelt communities were Greenbelt, Maryland and Greenhills, Ohio. The communities were designed with three goals in mind: to combine the advantages of city and country life; to provide good housing at reasonable prices for moderate income families; and to provide jobs to unemployed workers. The planners and selection committees excluded African American families from renting homes and created a racially segregated and all-white suburban community.  All of the property was owned by the government and rented to families based on income, housing need and family size. Some exceptions were made for those with special skills, such as medical doctors and other professionals. In 1949 the Public Housing Administration gave Greendale residents the right to purchase their homes from the government. The transfer of ownership from the government to the people was largely complete by 1952.  In the late 1950s Greendale experienced growth in conjunction with the expansion of the Milwaukee suburbs as a whole. While new homes were built and the number of minority families increased in Milwaukee County, racially restrictive covenants were used to maintain the all-white Greendale community. In 1958, the Crestview Acres land was sold by Elroy H. Barbian for development with the restrictive covenant that only white families could purchase the homes. "No Persons other than the white race shall own or occupy any building on said tract, but this covenant shall not prevent occupancy of persons of a race other than the white race who are domestic servants of the owner or occupant of said building."  Southridge Mall opened in 1970 as the southern sister mall to Northridge Mall. Both malls were located on 76th Street, close to major east-west artery roads. Both were developed by Herb Kohl and Taubman Centers, Inc..  In 1996, the shopping district in the center of the village was purchased by the Grandhaven investment firm founded by Roy Reiman, founder of a publishing company headquartered in the village. The remake of the "Village Center" brought updates, attracted new restaurants, and made the village center more of a tourist attraction.

Geography.

Greendale is located at (42.937615, -87.996884). The Root River flows through the western part of the village.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of, of which, of it is land and is water.  Scout Lake is a 5 acre lake located in Greendale. It has a maximum depth of 19 feet. Fish include panfish, largemouth bass and northern pike.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 14,046 people, 6,075 households, and 4,016 families residing in the village. The population density was. There were 6,294 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the village was 92.8% White, 1.2% African American, 0.4% Native American, 3.1% Asian, 0.9% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.7% of the population.  There were 6,075 households of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.9% were non-families. 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 17% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.87.  The median age in the village was 45.3 years. 22.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.7% were from 25 to 44; 28.2% were from 45 to 64; and 22.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46.6% male and 53.4% female.

Historic places.

The Greendale Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2012. Trimborn Farm, also on the National Register of Historic Places, is in Greendale.

Education.

The village has one public high school, one public middle school, and three public elementary schools. Greendale High School was named by Newsweek as one of America’s Best High Schools in its 2009 & 2010 rankings. In 2007 the Greendale School District was ranked by Milwaukee Magazine as the top school system among the Milwaukee metropolitan area. Martin Luther High School is a private high school in the village.

Recreation.

Part of the Root River Parkway is in Greendale. Whitnall Park, which is the largest park in Milwaukee County. borders Greendale on the western boundary of the village. Whitnall Park offers many recreation options, including an 18-hole golf course, many hiking, biking and cross-country ski trails, the Wehr Nature Center and the Boerner Botanical Gardens.

Commerce.

The largest mall in Wisconsin, Southridge Mall, is located in Greendale. The mall has over 125 stores, including the major department stores J. C. Penney, and Macy's. The nearby downtown village center has more than a dozen independent shops and six restaurants.

Greendale is a village in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 14,046 at the 2010 census. Greendale is located southwest of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and is a part of the Milwaukee metropolitan area.

格林代尔(Greendale)是美国威斯康星州密尔沃基县的一个村庄,位于,在密尔沃基的西南部,是密尔沃基大都市区的一部分。该村的总面积为,人口14,046人(2010年美国人口普查)。


Overview.

Initially, all sports in North Korea were on an amateur basis, with competitions called Technical Innovation Contests (Chosŏn'gŭl: 기술혁신경기대회; Hanja: 技術革新競技大會) being held several times a year since 1960s.  In 1977, sport in the country was reformed, creating professional teams with paid players for each sport. Since then, an annual championship, called the National Championship, has been held September through each year, together with several other competitions each year. These include the Man'gyŏndae Prize held since at least 2002 in March through April in honour of Kim Il-sung's birthday, the Paektusan Prize held since at least 2010 in February in honour of Kim Jong-il's birthday, and the Poch'ŏnbo Torch Prize held since 2010 in May through June to mark the anniversary of the Battle of Poch'ŏnbo. The Osandŏk Prize competition, held in December in honour of Kim Jong-suk, was originally the primary tournament of North Korean ice hockey and other winter sports, but football was added in 2015.  From 1972 a national cup competition called the DPR Korea Championships was held each year. The last one was held in 2012, to be replaced by the Hwaebul Cup first held in 2013.  In 2010, football's National Championship was renamed Top Class Football League or Highest Class Football League (Chosŏn'gŭl: 최상급축구련맹전; Hanja: 最上級蹴球聯盟戰), but was still held together with the National Championships of other sports, and the other football competitions of the year.  This competition was last held in October 2017, after which it was replaced by the DPR Korea Premier Football League (Chosŏn'gŭl: 조선민주주의인민공화국 1부류축구련맹전; Hanja: 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國 一部流蹴球聯盟戰) held in the home-and-away round-robin style used in most other countries.  Each sports club - including their football sections - is classified as "1st class", "2nd class", and "3rd class". "1st class" clubs are the fully professional teams that play in the highest levels of the given sport; in football's case, the DPRK Premier League and the second level. "2nd class" clubs are smaller and rated to be of lower grade, though their top football teams take part in the upper levels and occasionally do achieve promotion into the highest division; provincial representative clubs are also included in the 2nd class. "3rd class" clubs do not take part in the highest levels of competition, as they are strictly amateur, being the free-time sports clubs belonging to various factories and other state enterprises. There are several national-level amateur tournaments as well, such as the Inter-Provincial Games and the Songun Torch Prize for provincial representative teams, as well as annual football tournaments for the amateur factory and civil servant teams.

Participation in Asian club competitions.

Due to the unusual nature of the domestic football competitions, North Korean teams only rarely took part in international club competitions of the Asian Football Confederation. The first time a North Korean club took part in an AFC club competition was the 1985–86 Asian Club Championship, when April 25 SC took part as the previous season's North Korean champions, though they did not advance from the qualifying round. North Korean teams also took part in the 1986, 1987, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91 and 1991 editions of the Asian Club Championships, with some success; in 1988–89, April 25 finished first in their group in the qualifying round, but did not advance from their group in the semi-final round. The best result of a North Korean club was in the 1990–91 Asian Club Championship, when April 25 reached the semi-finals, losing to Liaoning FC of China; however, April 25 then went on to defeat Pelita Jaya of Indonesia in the third-place match. April 25 represented North Korea in six of the seven seasons in which North Korean teams took part in the Asian Club Championship. The only time a different club took part was in the 1989–90 edition, in which North Korea was represented by Ch'andongja SC; Ch'andongja finished last in their qualifying round group, and did not advance.  After the 1991 Asian Club Championship, in which April 25 advanced as far as the group stage, North Korean teams did not compete in any Asian club competitions for over twenty years, when Rimyŏngsu SC were invited to take part in the 2014 edition of the AFC President's Cup. Rimyŏngsu performed well, finishing second in their group in the first round. They went undefeated in the second round to top their group and advance to the final, in which they lost 1–2 to HTTU Ashgabat of Turkmenistan - who had finished first in Rimyŏngsu's group in the first round. However, the 2014 edition proved to be the last time the President's Cup was held.  The 2016 North Korean champions and runners up, April 25 and Kigwancha respectively, were invited to take part in the 2017 AFC Cup. Both started in the group stage, in the same group; April 25 advanced to the knockout stage, with a +1 goal differential over Kigwancha. April 25 faced Bengaluru FC of India, losing 0:3 on aggregate. The 2017 DPRK League champions and runners up are presently taking part in the 2018 AFC Cup; as the champions, April 25 will begin play in Group I of the group stage.. The runners-up, Hwaebul SC, had to first play in the play-off round of the qualifying play-offs. There, they faced Erchim FC of Mongolia, winning 7–0 on aggregate to advance to the group stage, where they will play matches against April 25, Hang Yuen F.C. of Taiwan, and Benfica de Macau. Both teams will travel abroad for away matches, and foreign teams will travel to North Korea; April 25 will use the Rungrado 1st of May Stadium as its home field, whilst Hwaebul will use Kim Il-sung Stadium as its home venue. As a result of the new league structure, the champions and runners up of the 2017–18 Premier League season will take part in the 2019 AFC Cup.

The DPR Korea Premier Football League is a North Korean association football league that serves as the top-tier of the North Korean football league system. As of the 2017–18 season, featuring thirteen teams that play a full season of home-and-away matches. The current season started on 1 December 2018 and will continue until October 2019. April 25 leads all clubs in titles, with 19.

朝鲜甲级足球联赛(英语:DPR Korea Premier Football League;朝鲜语:),前称最上级足球联盟战(朝鲜语:),开办于2010年,取代了之前的顶级联赛技术革新竞技()。技术革新竞技大会始于1960年代,通常每年2月开赛,以淘汰赛形式举办,是朝鲜民主主义人民共和国最高水平的足球赛事。