Background.

While seeking material for the, Republic Records contacted various artists, managers and music publishers to create a compilation that would appropriately represent the film's tone. "Love Me like You Do" was the result of Republic executive Tom Mackay contacting Max Martin's manager about writing a song for the film. Ilya started writing the chorus, while Ali Payami and Martin came next, with Martin "tweaking" the song and Savan Kotecha and Tove Lo also contributing with lyrics. According to Kotecha, "Love Me like You Do" was already being developed by both him and Martin prior to "Fifty Shades of Grey", and he had considered giving the song to American singer Demi Lovato. However, after being shown a scene from the film during a meeting for the film's soundtrack, Martin thought "Love Me like You Do" could work, and began reworking the song for inclusion. After that, the film director Sam Taylor-Johnson asked Ellie Goulding to sing the song. Goulding, who previously contributed songs to the soundtracks to "", "" and "", initially thought about declining the invitation to record another song for a soundtrack to focus on her then-upcoming third studio album. However, after meeting the film crew and hearing the ballad she accepted. She commented:  "I wasn't going to get involved in that soundtrack because I've done a lot of soundtracks and we kind of thought we've done a bit too much film stuff. So we should probably just chill and write that third album, which is what I should be focusing on. And then I met the director [Sam Taylor-Johnson] and everyone involved and I was like, 'This is a pretty cool thing to be involved in.' Then I heard the song and I was like, 'Woah, this is a pretty awesome song.' I didn't know that it was going to be this big, genuinely. I thought [maybe] it would do well." A slightly reworked version of the song was included on the soundtrack to the 2018 film "Fifty Shades Freed", the third and final installment in the series.

Composition and lyrics.

"Love Me like You Do" was written by Max Martin, Savan Kotecha, Ilya Salmanzadeh, Ali Payami and Tove Lo, with production by Martin and Payami; they were also responsible for programming, drums, percussion, keys and bass. Strings were arranged by Mattias Bylund, violin was played by Mattias Johansson and cello by David Bukovinsky. Peter Carlsson was responsible for vocal editing, as well as background vocals, along with Martin, Payami, Ilya, Kotecha, Oscar Holter, Robin Fredriksson, Mattias Larsson, Oscar Görres and Ludvig Söderberg. It was recorded in Los Angeles and Stockholm. According to the sheet music published at MusicNotes.com by Kobalt Music Group, the song is written in the key of A major, with a moderate tempo of 95 beats per minute. Goulding's vocal range spans from the low note of Ab3 to the high note of Eb5.  "Love Me like You Do" is a tender electropop power ballad, with a "synth-filled, '80s-sounding" production. Its instrumentation consists of massive synthesisers and crushing drums, while Goulding delivers a "soft, understated vocals". In the opening seconds she sings, "You're the cure/ you're the pain/ you're the only thing I want to touch/ Never knew that it/ could mean so much/ You're the fear/ I don't care/ 'Cause I've never been so high." Lyrically, "Love Me like You Do" contrasts "innocent romantic longing" and "brooding, addictive, pain-laced sensuality", which according to Plugged In's Adam R. Holz, "mirrors the story arc of Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey" in both the book and the film. He went on to explain its lyrical content: "[It] tells the tale of a woman entranced and seduced by someone whose touch leaves her begging for more, even when—or perhaps especially when—it hurts."

Critical reception.

"Love Me like You Do" was acclaimed by music critics. Samantha Grossman of "Time" called the song "sultry" and dubbed it a "solid addition to the "Fifty Shades" soundtrack." Christina Garibaldi of MTV News also called it "sultry" and "soft", adding that "we can totally picture it being played during any steamy scene." Ryan Reed of "Rolling Stone" opined that its "results are grandiose, considering the film's sensual subject matter." Jim Farber of the "NY Daily News" praised her "little-girl-lost voice", noting that "Goulding sounds sweet even when she's courting danger. The music, likewise, goes for a high gloss take on romance, recalling the heavily echoed beats and dense synthesizers of a Phil Collins ballad from the '80s." Robbie Daw of Idolator described "Love Me like You Do" as "a sweeping power ballad that finds Goulding delivering soft, understated vocals over producer Max Martin's swelling bed of synths." Lucas Villa of AXS commended Goulding for "masterfully tread[ing] between delicacy and power in her performance", calling the song "intimately magnificent". Glenn Gamboa of "Newsday" called it "sweet, catchy, near-perfect rom-com fare".  Carolyn Menyes of "Music Times" complimented the song for being "sweet and dreamy, like the majority of Goulding's discography", also observing that "[t]he crawling pace works well as Goulding rolls her way through the melody, all at once being enchanting and loving. Her breathy vocals, as always, complete the atmospheric sensibility of the track." While reviewing the "", Dave Holmes wrote for "Esquire" that the song was "[t]he closest thing to a single we've heard so far", adding that the song has "a touch of longing, a little bit of a beat" and "Goulding's voice is the sound of heavy petting." Mikael Wood, writing for "Los Angeles Times", said that Goulding "put across a tender sensuality [...] even as super-producer Max Martin jacks the stadium-rave beat." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic, in his soundtrack analysis, wrote that "it moves into the area of background romantic music, a vibe that's sometimes pierced by those overly familiar oldies that surely play a bigger role onscreen than they do on album." In a less favourable review, Jason Lipshutz of "Billboard" gave the song two and a half stars out of five, complimenting Goulding's voice as "one of pop's more distinct voices" and the tune's "colossal chorus", but panning its "cliched lyrics".

Accolades.

"Love Me like You Do" was first nominated for a 2015 Teen Choice Award in the category "Song from a Movie or TV Show", but eventually lost to "Furious 7"'s "See You Again", performed by Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth. It was also nominated for a 2015 MTV Europe Music Award for "Best Song", but lost to Taylor Swift's "Bad Blood". At the 2015 BBC Music Awards, the song was nominated for "Song of the Year", losing to Hozier's "Take Me to Church". It won the award for "Best International Song" at the 2015 Los Premios 40 Principales. The song was also nominated for "Favorite Song of the Year" at the 42nd People's Choice Awards, losing to Justin Bieber's "What Do You Mean?. It also received two nominations at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards: Best Pop Solo Performance (lost to Ed Sheeran's "Thinking Out Loud") and Best Song Written for Visual Media (lost to "Selma"'s "Glory", performed by Common and John Legend), becoming the first time Goulding was nominated. The song also received a Golden Globe nomination in its 73rd edition on the Best Original Song category, but lost to "Spectre"'s "Writing's on the Wall", performed by Sam Smith.

Commercial performance.

"Love Me like You Do" debuted atop the UK Singles Chart with first-week sales of 172,368 units, becoming Goulding's second number-one hit in the United Kingdom after "Burn" (2013). The single remained at number one for a second week with chart sales of 118,225 copies and 2.25 million streams, and then a third consecutive week selling a further 118,000 copies. In its third week at number one, "Love Me like You Do" broke the streaming record in the United Kingdom at the time, with 2.58 million streams over seven days, surpassing Mark Ronson's "Uptown Funk" previous record. At the same time, the song was streamed almost 15.5 million times globally. It spent a total of four weeks at the top, becoming her longest number-one single in the UK. Elsewhere in Europe, "Love Me like You Do" topped the charts in Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland.  In the United States, "Love Me like You Do" debuted at number 45 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart dated 24 January 2015, with first-week sales of 79,000 copies. The following week, the song climbed to number 36, and then to number 20 in its third week. On the issue dated 14 February 2015, it rose to number 14. "Love Me like You Do" reached number nine the following week, becoming Goulding's second top-10 hit on the chart. In its seventh week, the song peaked at number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming her highest charting-single since "Lights" (2011). On the Pop Songs chart, it was her second single to top the charts, and on the Adult Top 40 it was her first number-one. "Love Me like You Do" debuted at number 38 on the Canadian Hot 100 for the week ending 24 January 2015, later peaking at number three. The track entered at number eight on the Australian Singles Chart and at number three on the New Zealand Singles Chart. In its fourth week, "Love Me like You Do" reached number one on both charts, becoming Goulding's first number-one hit in both countries. In France, the song was not only her highest-charting single, reaching number five, but also her second top-10 single. In Netherlands, the song was her first solo single to reach the top 10, peaking at number two.

Music video.

The music video for "Love Me like You Do" was directed by Georgia Hudson and premiered on 22 January 2015. It stars Goulding and her on-screen partner ballroom dancing in a mansion, as well as scenes from "Fifty Shades of Grey". Regarding the dance in the video, she commented: "I am in it. That's me! I'm dancing in it!. [...] I basically have become fascinated with ballroom dancing so I was like, 'Can I please do some dancing in it?'. So they let me do that. There's a guy in it, Charlie, and there's some really sensual moments in it, and it's in a really beautiful house. I think it's one of my favorite videos." The video received a nomination for Best Female Video at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards. With over 2.1 billion views, the video is one of the 50 most viewed YouTube videos of all time; it surpassed one billion views on 29 February 2016, becoming the 21st video in the site's history to do so.

Live performances and cover versions.

Goulding performed "Love Me like You Do" in March 2015 at a Nike app launch. On 17 October 2015, Goulding was invited by Taylor Swift on her 1989 Tour as a surprise guest to sing a duet with her. On 25 October 2015, Goulding delivered a performance at the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards, which "Billboard" called "sexy" and "straightforward". On 7 November 2015, she sang it at the NRJ Music Awards. In the same month, she was also part of the American Express Unstaged, directed by Scarlett Johansson. On 20 November 2015, Goulding's performance at "Idol Sweden" included the song. On 24 November 2015, she and James Corden sang it in several genres during "The Late Late Show with James Corden", including rock, hip hop, country, rave, reggae, folk, and gospel. Goulding performed it during Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, which aired on 8 December 2015. On 6 December 2015, she appeared at Capital FM's Jingle Bell Ball. On 10 December 2015, she gave another rendition of the song at the 2015 BBC Music Awards with the BBC Concert Orchestra.  In March 2015, Circa Waves performed a rock cover at BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge. That same month, James Arthur covered the song for MTV. In May 2015, Ella Henderson delivered an acoustic cover at Spin 1038 Live Room. In September 2015, Rhodes covered the song at BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.

Credits and personnel.

Credits adapted from the liner notes of "".

"Love Me like You Do" is a song recorded by English singer Ellie Goulding for the to the film "Fifty Shades of Grey" (2015). The song was written by Savan Kotecha, Ilya Salmanzadeh, Tove Lo, Max Martin and Ali Payami; the latter two also produced it. Goulding was selected to provide vocals to the track. It was released on 7 January 2015 as the second single from the soundtrack. The song was also included on Goulding's third studio album, "Delirium" (2015).

《爱由你做主》(英语:"Love Me Like You Do"),又译“好好爱我”,是英国歌手埃利·古尔丁的一首歌曲,收录于电影《格雷的五十道阴影》的原声带中。歌曲由沙凡·科提查、伊利亚·沙尔曼札达、托芙·尼尔森、阿里·帕雅米和马克斯·马丁创作,其制作则由后两者完成。歌曲于2015年1月7日作为原声带专辑的第2支单曲发行。之后,歌曲被收录于古尔丁的第3张录音室专辑《疯狂快感》中。


Theory.

As it is a standard for resonance diagrams, the use of a double-headed arrow indicates that two structures are not distinct entities but merely hypothetical possibilities. Neither is an accurate representation of the "actual" compound, which is best represented by a hybrid (average) of these structures. A C=C bond is shorter than a C−C bond. Benzene is a regular hexagon—it is planar and all six carbon–carbon bonds have the same length, which is intermediate between that of a single and that of a double bond.  In a cyclic molecule with three alternating double bonds, cyclohexatriene, the bond length of the single bond would be 1.54 Å and that of the double bond would be 1.34 Å. However, in a molecule of benzene, the length of each of the bonds is 1.40 Å, indicating it to be the average of single and double bond.  A better representation is that of the circular π-bond (Armstrong's "inner cycle"), in which the electron density is evenly distributed through a π-bond above and below the ring. This model more correctly represents the location of electron density within the aromatic ring.  The single bonds are formed from overlap of hybridized atomic sp-orbitals in line between the carbon nuclei—these are called σ-bonds. Double bonds consist of a σ-bond and a π-bond. The π-bonds are formed from overlap of atomic p-orbitals above and below the plane of the ring. The following diagram shows the positions of these p-orbitals:  Since they are out of the plane of the atoms, these orbitals can interact with each other freely, and become delocalized. This means that, instead of being tied to one atom of carbon, each electron is shared by all six in the ring. Thus, there are not enough electrons to form double bonds on all the carbon atoms, but the "extra" electrons strengthen all of the bonds on the ring equally. The resulting molecular orbital is considered to have "π symmetry".

History.

The term "aromatic".

The first known use of the word "aromatic" as a "chemical" term—namely, to apply to compounds that contain the phenyl group—occurs in an article by August Wilhelm Hofmann in 1855. If this is indeed the earliest introduction of the term, it is curious that Hofmann says nothing about why he introduced an adjective indicating olfactory character to apply to a group of chemical substances only some of which have notable aromas. Also, many of the most odoriferous organic substances known are terpenes, which are not aromatic in the chemical sense. But terpenes and benzenoid substances do have a chemical characteristic in common, namely higher unsaturation than many aliphatic compounds, and Hofmann may not have been making a distinction between the two categories. Many of the earliest-known examples of aromatic compounds, such as benzene and toluene, have distinctive pleasant smells. This property led to the term "aromatic" for this class of compounds, and hence the term "aromaticity" for the eventually discovered electronic property.

The structure of the benzene ring.

In the 19th century chemists found it puzzling that benzene could be so unreactive toward addition reactions, given its presumed high degree of unsaturation. The cyclohexatriene structure for benzene was first proposed by August Kekulé in 1865. Most chemists were quick to accept this structure, since it accounted for most of the known isomeric relationships of aromatic chemistry. The hexagonal structure explains why only one isomer of benzene exists and why disubstituted compounds have three isomers.  Between 1897 and 1906, J. J. Thomson, the discoverer of the electron, proposed three equivalent electrons between each pair of carbon atoms in benzene. An explanation for the exceptional stability of benzene is conventionally attributed to Sir Robert Robinson, who was apparently the first (in 1925) to coin the term "aromatic sextet" as a group of six electrons that resists disruption.  In fact, this concept can be traced further back, via Ernest Crocker in 1922, to Henry Edward Armstrong, who in 1890 wrote "the (six) centric affinities act within a cycle...benzene may be represented by a double ring ("sic")... and when an additive compound is formed, the inner cycle of affinity suffers disruption, the contiguous carbon-atoms to which nothing has been attached of necessity acquire the ethylenic condition".  Here, Armstrong is describing at least four modern concepts. First, his "affinity" is better known nowadays as the electron, which was to be discovered only seven years later by J. J. Thomson. Second, he is describing electrophilic aromatic substitution, proceeding (third) through a Wheland intermediate, in which (fourth) the conjugation of the ring is broken. He introduced the symbol C centered on the ring as a shorthand for the "inner cycle", thus anticipating Erich Clar's notation. It is argued that he also anticipated the nature of wave mechanics, since he recognized that his affinities had direction, not merely being point particles, and collectively having a distribution that could be altered by introducing substituents onto the benzene ring (much as the distribution of the electric charge in a body is altered by bringing it near to another body).  The quantum mechanical origins of this stability, or aromaticity, were first modelled by Hückel in 1931. He was the first to separate the bonding electrons into sigma and pi electrons.  Aromaticity of an arbitrary aromatic compound can be measured quantitatively by the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) computational method and aromaticity percentage methods.

Characteristics of aromatic (aryl) compounds.

An aromatic (or aryl) compound contains a set of covalently bound atoms with specific characteristics:  According to Hückel's rule, if a molecule has 4"n" + 2 π-electrons, it is aromatic, but if it has 4"n" π-electrons and has characteristics 1–3 above, the molecule is said to be antiaromatic. Whereas benzene is aromatic (6 electrons, from 3 double bonds), cyclobutadiene is antiaromatic, since the number of π delocalized electrons is 4, which of course is a multiple of 4. The cyclobutadienide(2−) ion, however, is aromatic (6 electrons). An atom in an aromatic system can have other electrons that are not part of the system, and are therefore ignored for the 4"n" + 2 rule. In furan, the oxygen atom is sp hybridized. One lone pair is in the π system and the other in the plane of the ring (analogous to the C–H bond in the other positions). There are 6 π-electrons, so furan is aromatic.  Aromatic molecules typically display enhanced chemical stability, compared to similar non-aromatic molecules. A molecule that can be aromatic will tend to change toward aromaticity, and the added stability changes the chemistry of the molecule. Aromatic compounds undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution and nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions, but not electrophilic addition reactions as happens with carbon–carbon double bonds.  In the presence of a magnetic field, the circulating π-electrons in an aromatic molecule produce an aromatic ring current that induces an additional magnetic field, an important effect in nuclear magnetic resonance. The NMR signal of protons in the plane of an aromatic ring are shifted substantially further down-field than those on non-aromatic sp carbons. This is an important way of detecting aromaticity. By the same mechanism, the signals of protons located near the ring axis are shifted upfield. Aromatic molecules are able to interact with each other in so-called π–π stacking: The π systems form two parallel rings overlap in a "face-to-face" orientation. Aromatic molecules are also able to interact with each other in an "edge-to-face" orientation: The slight positive charge of the substituents on the ring atoms of one molecule are attracted to the slight negative charge of the aromatic system on another molecule.  Planar monocyclic molecules containing 4"n" π-electrons are called antiaromatic and are, in general, unstable. Molecules that could be antiaromatic will tend to change from this electronic or conformation, thereby becoming non-aromatic. For example, cyclooctatetraene (COT) distorts out of planarity, breaking π overlap between adjacent double bonds. Recent studies have determined that cyclobutadiene adopts an asymmetric, rectangular configuration in which single and double bonds indeed alternate, with no resonance; the single bonds are markedly longer than the double bonds, reducing unfavorable p-orbital overlap. This reduction of symmetry lifts the degeneracy of the two formerly non-bonding molecular orbitals, which by Hund's rule forces the two unpaired electrons into a new, weakly bonding orbital (and also creates a weakly antibonding orbital). Hence, cyclobutadiene is non-aromatic; the strain of the asymmetric configuration outweighs the anti-aromatic destabilization that would afflict the symmetric, square configuration.  Hückel's rule of aromaticity treats molecules in their singlet ground states (S). The stability trends of the compounds described here are found to be reversed in the lowest lying triplet and singlet excited states (T and S), according to Baird's rule. This means that compounds like benzene, with 4"n" + 2 π-electrons and aromatic properties in the ground state, become antiaromatic and often adopt less symmetric structures in the excited state.

Importance of aromatic compounds.

Aromatic compounds play key roles in the biochemistry of all living things. The four aromatic amino acids histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine each serve as one of the 20 basic building-blocks of proteins. Further, all 5 nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil) that make up the sequence of the genetic code in DNA and RNA are aromatic purines or pyrimidines. The molecule heme contains an aromatic system with 22 π-electrons. Chlorophyll also has a similar aromatic system.  Aromatic compounds are important in industry. Key aromatic hydrocarbons of commercial interest are benzene, toluene, "ortho"-xylene and "para"-xylene. About 35 million tonnes are produced worldwide every year. They are extracted from complex mixtures obtained by the refining of oil or by distillation of coal tar, and are used to produce a range of important chemicals and polymers, including styrene, phenol, aniline, polyester and nylon.

Types of aromatic compounds.

The overwhelming majority of aromatic compounds are compounds of carbon, but they need not be hydrocarbons.

Neutral homocyclics.

Benzene, as well as most other annulenes (with the exception of cyclodecapentaene, because it is non-planar) with the formula CH where "n" is a natural number, such as cyclotetradecaheptaene ("n"=3).

Heterocyclics.

In heterocyclic aromatics (heteroaromatics), one or more of the atoms in the aromatic ring is of an element other than carbon. This can lessen the ring's aromaticity, and thus (as in the case of furan) increase its reactivity. Other examples include pyridine, pyrazine, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, thiophene, and their benzannulated analogs (benzimidazole, for example). In all these examples, the number of π-electrons is 6, due to the π-electrons from the double bonds as well as the two electrons from any lone pair that is in the p-orbital that is in the plane of the aromatic π system. For example, in pyridine, the five sp-hybridized carbons each have a p-orbital that is perpendicular to the plane of the ring, and each of these p-orbitals contains one π-electron. Additionally, the nitrogen atom is also sp-hybridized and has one electron in a p-orbital, which adds up to 6 p-electrons, thus making pyridine aromatic. The lone pair on the nitrogen is not part of the aromatic π system. Pyrrole and imidazole are both five membered aromatic rings that contain heteroatoms. In pyrrole, each of the four sp-hybridized carbons contributes one π-electron, and the nitrogen atom is also sp-hybridized and contributes two π-electrons from its lone pair, which occupies a p-orbital. In imidazole, both nitrogens are sp-hybridized; the one in the double bond contributes one electron and the one which is not in the double bond and is in a lone pair contributes two electrons to the π system.

Fused aromatics and polycyclics.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are molecules containing two or more simple aromatic rings fused together by sharing two neighboring carbon atoms (see also simple aromatic rings). Examples are naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene. In fused aromatics, not all carbon–carbon bonds are necessarily equivalent, as the electrons are not delocalized over the entire molecule. The aromaticity of these molecules can be explained using their orbital picture. Like benzene and other monocyclic aromatic molecules, polycyclics have a cyclic conjugated pi system with p-orbital overlap above and below the plane of the ring.

Substituted aromatics.

Many chemical compounds are aromatic rings with other functional groups attached. Examples include trinitrotoluene (TNT), acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), paracetamol, and the nucleotides of DNA.

Aromatic ions.

Aromatic molecules need not be neutral molecules. Ions that satisfy Huckel's rule of 4"n" + 2 π-electrons in a planar, cyclic, conjugated molecule are considered to be aromatic ions. For example, the cyclopentadienyl anion and the cycloheptatrienylium cation are both considered to be aromatic ions, and the azulene molecule can be approximated as a combination of both.  In order to convert the atom from sp to sp, a carbocation, carbanion, or carbon radical must be formed. These leave sp-hybridized carbons that can partake in the π system of an aromatic molecule. Like neutral aromatic compounds, these compounds are stable and form easily. The cyclopentadienyl anion is formed very easily and thus 1,3-cyclopentadiene is a very acidic hydrocarbon with a p"K" of 16. Other examples of aromatic ions include the cyclopropenium cation (2 π-electrons) and cyclooctatetraenyl dianion (10 π electrons).

Atypical aromatic compounds.

Aromaticity also occurs in compounds that are not carbocyclic or heterocyclic; inorganic six-membered-ring compounds analogous to benzene have been synthesized. For example, borazine is a six-membered ring composed of alternating boron and nitrogen atoms, each with one hydrogen attached. It has a delocalized π system and undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions appropriate to aromatic rings rather than reactions expected of non-aromatic molecules.  Quite recently, the aromaticity of planar rings occurring in the Zintl phase LiSi was experimentally evinced by Li solid-state NMR. Metal aromaticity is believed to exist in certain clusters of aluminium, for example.  Homoaromaticity is the state of systems where conjugation is interrupted by a single sp hybridized carbon atom.  Y-aromaticity is used to describe a Y-shaped, planar (flat) molecule with resonance bonds. The concept was developed to explain the extraordinary stability and high basicity of the guanidinium cation. Guanidinium is not a ring molecule, and is cross-conjugated rather than a π system of consecutively attached atoms, but is reported to have its six π-electrons delocalized over the whole molecule. The concept is controversial and some authors emphasize different effects. This has also been suggested as the reason that the trimethylenemethane dication is more stable than the butadienyl dication.  σ-aromaticity refers to stabilization arising from the delocalization of sigma bonds. It is often invoked in cluster chemistry and is closely related to Wade's Rule.

Other symmetries.

Möbius aromaticity occurs when a cyclic system of molecular orbitals, formed from p atomic orbitals and populated in a closed shell by 4"n" ("n" is an integer) electrons, is given a single half-twist to form a Möbius strip. A π system with 4"n" electrons in a flat (non-twisted) ring would be antiaromatic, and therefore highly unstable, due to the symmetry of the combinations of p atomic orbitals. By twisting the ring, the symmetry of the system changes and becomes allowed (see also Möbius–Hückel concept for details). Because the twist can be left-handed or right-handed, the resulting Möbius aromatics are "dissymmetric" or chiral. But as of 2012, no Möbius aromatic molecules had been synthesized. Aromatics with two half-twists corresponding to the paradromic topologies were first suggested by Johann Listing. In one form of carbo-benzene, the ring is expanded and contains alkyne and allene groups.  Spherical aromaticity is aromaticity that occurs in fullerenes. In 2000, Andreas Hirsch and coworkers in Erlangen, Germany, formulated a rule to determine when a fullerene would be aromatic. They found that if there were 2("n" + 1) π-electrons, then the fullerene would display aromatic properties. This follows from the fact that an aromatic fullerene must have full icosahedral (or other appropriate) symmetry, so the molecular orbitals must be entirely filled. This is possible only if there are exactly 2("n" + 1) electrons, where "n" is a nonnegative integer.

In organic chemistry, aromaticity is a property of cyclic (ring-shaped), planar (flat) structures with a ring of resonance bonds that gives increased stability compared to other geometric or connective arrangements with the same set of atoms. Aromatic molecules are very stable, and do not break apart easily to react with other substances. Organic compounds that are not aromatic are classified as aliphatic compounds—they might be cyclic, but only aromatic rings have special stability (low reactivity).

芳香性是一种化学性质,有芳香性的分子中,由不饱和键、孤对电子和空轨道组成的共轭系统具有特别的、仅考虑共轭时无法解释的稳定作用。可以将芳香性看作是环状离域和环共振的体现。一般认为在这些体系中的电子,可以自由在由原子组成的环形结构上运动(离域),这些环形结构含有单键和双键相间,离域的结果是环键的键级趋于均化,给予体系稳定作用。


History.

T-Span Systems was co-founded in 1998 by Teresa Meng, professor of engineering at Stanford University and John L. Hennessy, provost at the time and then president of Stanford University through 2016.  The company's first office was a converted house on Encina Avenue, Palo Alto, adjacent to a car wash and Town & Country Village.  In September 1999, the company moved to an office at 3145 Porter Drive, Building A, Palo Alto.  In 2000, T-Span Systems was renamed Atheros Communications and the company moved to a larger office at 529 Almanor Avenue, Sunnyvale. Atheros publicly demonstrated its inaugural chipset, the world's first WLAN implemented in CMOS technology and the industry's first high-speed 802.11a 5 GHz solution.  In 2002, Atheros launched the first dual-band wireless solution, the AR5001X 802.11a/b.  In 2002, Dr. Craig H. Barratt joined Atheros as VP Technology. Craig was promoted to CEO of Atheros in March 2003, a position he retained until Atheros' acquisition by Qualcomm.  In 2003, the company shipped its 10-millionth wireless chip.  In 2004, Atheros unveiled a number of products, including the first video chipset for mainstream HDTV-quality wireless connectivity.  In 2005, Atheros introduced the industry's first MIMO-enabled WLAN chip, as well as the ROCm family of high-performance, low-power WLAN solutions for mobile handsets and portable consumer electronics.  In 2006, Atheros launched its XSPAN solutions, which featured a single-chip, triple-radio solution for 802.11n. In this same year, they began to collaborate with Qualcomm on a 3G/Wi-Fi solution for CDMA and WCDMA-enabled handsets.  In 2008, Atheros launched the Align 1-stream 802.11n solutions for PCs and networking equipment.  In 2010, Atheros shipped its 500-millionth WLAN chipset and 100-millionth Align 1-stream chipset. They released the first HomePlug AV chipset with a 500 Mbit/s PHY rate.

IPO.

On February 12, 2004, Atheros completed its initial public offering on the NASDAQ exchange trading under the symbol ATHR. Shares opened at $14 per share with 9 million offered. Prices on the first day ranged up to $18.45 and closed at $17.60 per share. At the time, Atheros had approximately 170 employees.

Acquisition by Qualcomm.

In January 2011, Qualcomm agreed to acquire Atheros at $45 per share cash. This agreement was subject to shareholder regulatory approvals. In May 2011, Qualcomm completed its acquisition of Atheros Communications for a total of US$3.7 billion. Atheros became a subsidiary of Qualcomm under the name Qualcomm Atheros.  After the acquisition, the division unveiled the WCN3660 Combo Chip, which integrated dual-band Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and FM into Qualcomm Snapdragon mobile processors. Qualcomm Atheros launched the Skifta media shifting application for Android and released the first HomePlug Green PHY solution at the end of the year.  In 2012, Qualcomm Atheros announced a Wi-Fi Display product at CES 2012, along with a new chip for HomePlug AV power line networking. At Mobile World Congress 2012, Qualcomm Atheros demonstrated a suite of 802.11ac enabled products. This included the WCN3680, a mobile 802.11ac combo chip targeting smartphones and tablets. In June 2012 at Computex, Qualcomm Atheros added new 802.11ac products.

Free and open-source software support.

Support for Atheros devices on Linux and FreeBSD once relied on the hobbist project MadWifi, originally created by Sam Leffler and later supported by Greg Chesson. MadWifi later evolved into ath5k. In July 2008, Atheros released an open-source Linux driver called ath9k for their 802.11n devices. Atheros also released some source from their binary HAL under ISC license to add support for their abg chips. Atheros has since been actively contributing towards the ath9k driver in Linux. Atheros has also been providing documentation and assistance to the FreeBSD community to enable updated support for 802.11n chipsets in FreeBSD-9.0 and up.  The flexibility and openness of ath9k makes it a prime candidate for experiments around improving Wi-Fi. It is the first subject of a FQ-CoDel-based radio fairness improvement experiment by Make-Wifi-Fast. The driver has also been modified by radio hobbists to broadcast in licensed frequency bands.  The article comparison of open-source wireless drivers lists free and open-source software drivers available for all Qualcomm Atheros IEEE 802.11 chipsets, except for current generation (802.11ac) wireless cards using the ath10k driver that require non-free binary firmware to work.  Atheros was featured in OpenBSD's songs that relate to the ongoing efforts of freeing non-free devices.

Qualcomm Atheros is a developer of semiconductors for network communications, particularly wireless chipsets. Founded under the name T-Span Systems in 1998 by experts in signal processing and VLSI design from Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley and private industry. The company was renamed Atheros Communications in 2000 and it completed an initial public offering in February 2004 trading on NASDAQ under the symbol ATHR.

高通创锐讯(英语:Qualcomm Atheros),是一间网络通讯芯片设计公司。原名「创锐讯」(英语:Atheros),1998年创立,2011年高通收购之后,改名「高通创锐讯」,为其全资子公司。 专长在无线通讯芯片,提供给30多家制造商,符合IEEE 802.11标准的通讯芯片。


Plot.

Muriel Donnelly and Sonny Kapoor travel to San Diego, California to propose a plan to hotel magnate Ty Burley for buying and opening a second hotel in India as a companion to the Best Exotic Marigold Hotel. They are told that a company inspector will anonymously visit India to evaluate the project.  Back in Jaipur, Evelyn Greenslade is offered a job as a fabric buyer. She is concerned that at age 79, the job will require many responsibilities and considerable travel. Douglas Ainslie, who is in love with Evelyn, is worried about losing time with her as well, and also eager to introduce her to his daughter.  Sonny's life becomes complicated by plans for his upcoming wedding to Sunaina, plus a possible rival for her affections and his business interests. He is also desperate to impress American visitor Guy Chambers, whom he immediately identifies as the American hotel chain's anonymous inspector. Noting the interest Guy has taken in Sonny's mother, he encourages a romantic relationship between them at first, then angrily resents it when he concludes Guy is not the inspector after all.  Madge Hardcastle's dilemma is deciding between two suitors from India and which to wed. Norman Cousins becomes frantic when he believes a local taxi driver mistakenly assumed Norman wanted a fatal accident to befall his current sweetheart, Carol, but then discovers that she has been sleeping with other men. And Douglas' daughter arrives for a visit with his estranged wife Jean (who returned to the UK at the end of the previous film) seeking a divorce so that she can remarry.  Muriel, while having received bad news from a medical appointment, struggles to keep Sonny from ruining his wedding, his business and his future, having become quite fond of him. Decisions come to a head for all during the colourful wedding of Sonny and Sunaina.

Production.

On 29 October 2012, Vulture reported that screenwriter Ol Parker was consulted to deliver a treatment to Fox Searchlight Pictures executives for a sequel titled "The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel 2". Most of the cast agreed to come back. On 28 October 2013, "Radio Times" revealed that the cast would be flying to India to shoot the sequel film in January 2014.

Casting.

On 2 December 2012, Showbiz411 stated that Colin Firth and Helen Mirren might join the ensemble cast of the film (they ultimately did not). On 28 October 2013 "Radio Times" stated that Penelope Wilton confirmed the cast, including Judi Dench, Bill Nighy, Maggie Smith, Ronald Pickup and Celia Imrie, would return for the sequel, set to start filming in January 2014. On 30 October, "Deadline" reported that Richard Gere was in talks to join the ensemble cast of the sequel. Later on 10 January 2014, Gere confirmed his new role in the film; other newcomers added to the film include Tamsin Greig and David Strathairn.

Filming.

Principal photography began on 10 January 2014 in Jaipur, India.

Marketing.

The first trailer was released on 7 August 2014, with the title "The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel" announced.

Release.

The film was released in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland on 26 February 2015, and in the United States on 6 March 2015.

Music.

After the success of the first part, Thomas Newman returned to compose music for the sequel. The Soundtrack Album consisting of 28 tracks was released on 20 February 2015. The Soundtrack included various songs by Indian Artists including Pritam, Himesh Reshammiya and Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy.

Reception.

Box office.

"The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel" grossed $33.1 million in North America and $52.9 million in other territories for a total gross of $86 million, against a budget of $10 million.  "The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel" topped the UK box office during its first week, earning £3.8 million. It stayed top of the UK box office chart for a second week, grossing over £1.9 million and held on to the top spot for the third week in a row, fended off competition from latest Liam Neeson actioner, "Run All Night", and claimed £1.4 million in total. In the United States, it opened strong at number three at the US box office with an estimated $8.6 million in its first weekend of release. During its opening weekend, the film also scored the highest average gross of any film in wide release, averaging $5,467 from 1,573 theaters.

Critical reception.

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of rating of 65%, based on 185 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's consensus reads, ""The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel" is about as original as its title—but with a cast this talented and effortlessly charming, that hardly matters." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.  Peter Debruge of "Variety" wrote: "It’s not so common to find an ensemble of this caliber so enthusiastic to work together, and that chemistry comes across." Leslie Felper of "The Hollywood Reporter" called it "a sluggish also-ran compared to its predecessor."

The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel is a 2015 comedy-drama film directed by John Madden and written by Ol Parker. It is the sequel to the 2011 sleeper hit film "The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel" and features an ensemble cast consisting of stars Judi Dench, Bill Nighy, Penelope Wilton, Tina Desai, Lillete Dubey, Maggie Smith, Celia Imrie, Rajesh Tailang, Ronald Pickup, David Strathairn, Tamsin Greig, Dev Patel and Richard Gere.

《金盏花大酒店2》(英语:The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel)是2015年的英国电影,由英语:John Madden执导,茱蒂·丹契、比·乃尔、潘尼洛普·威尔顿、蒂娜·德赛、莉蕾特·杜贝、玛姬·史密芙、希莉亚·伊姆丽、拉杰什·泰朗、朗诺·匹克、戴夫·帕托、李察·吉尔主演。


Club career.

Valenciennes.

Masuaku was born in Lille. He came through the youth system of Valenciennes. He made his Ligue 1 debut on the opening game of the 2013–14 season on 10 August 2013 against Toulouse. He was substituted after 75 minutes for Tongo Doumbia. On 29 January 2014 Masuaku scored his first competitive goal for Valenciennes in a 2–1 away defeat against Marseille.

Olympiacos.

In July 2014, Masuaku signed for Olympiacos. He made his Superleague debut against Niki Volos, and in his third league match he provided two assists against OFI Crete in a 3–0 home win. Three days later he made his debut and scored in the UEFA Champions League competition against Atlético Madrid in a 3–2 home win.  In April and May 2015, interest from Roma, Internazionale and Juventus was reported. His agent, Roger Henrotay, however stated a renewal of Masuaku's contract was on the cards. In July, a reported €4 million offer for Masuaku including former Olympiacos midfielder Giannis Fetfatzidis from Genoa was rejected by the club.

West Ham United.

On 8 August 2016, Masuaku joined West Ham United on a four-year contract for a £6.2 million fee. He made his West Ham debut in a 2-1 away defeat to Chelsea on 15 August 2016. Masuaku admitted that he found his Premier League debut very tough due to the pace and physicality of the league. He scored his first goal for West Ham in an EFL Cup tie against Bolton Wanderers on 19 September 2017.  In the FA Cup fourth round game against Wigan Athletic on 27 January 2018 Masuaku was sent off for spitting at Wigan's Nick Powell following a challenge. It was the first sending-off of Masuaku's career. Masuaku apologised for the sending off, saying the incident was "totally unacceptable and out of character". He received a six match ban for the offence.  In July 2019, having played 75 times for West Ham, Masuaku signed a contract extension with the club until 2024 with an option to further extend the contract for two years.

International career.

Having represented France at under-18 and under-19 level, Masuaku switched his allegiance to DR Congo in June 2017. In August 2017, he was called into his first DR Congo squad, for two 2018 World Cup qualification games against Tunisia. In March 2018, still yet to make his international debut, Masuaku travelled with the DR Congo squad for a friendly against Tanzania. He was one of four players to drop out before the game, amidst claims of organisational problems and travel disorder, and did not appear. He made his debut on 13 October 2018, starting in a 1–2 home loss against Zimbabwe in a 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification game. Masuaku scored his first goal for DR Congo, a free-kick, in a 1-1 away draw with Kenya on 15 June 2019.

Honours.

Olympiacos

Fuka-Arthur Masuaku Kawela (born 7 November 1993), known as Arthur Masuaku, is a professional footballer who plays as a wing-back or left back for club West Ham United and the DR Congo national team. He began his senior career with Valenciennes, and has also played for Olympiacos. He represented France at the youth level.

亚瑟·马苏阿库(,1993年-11月7日),是一名法国职业足球员,现时效力英格兰超级足球联赛球队韦斯咸。司职左闸。


Background.

The Norwegian rocket incident was a few minutes of post-Cold War nuclear tension that took place nearly four years after the end of the Cold War. While not as well known an incident as the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 (nor the Stanislav Petrov Incident of 1983, which was still classified), the 1995 incident is considered to be one of the most severe. The 1995 incident occurred in the post-Cold War era, where many Russians were still very suspicious of the United States and NATO. In contrast, the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 had a much longer build-up.

Detection.

As the Black Brant XII rocket gained altitude, it was detected by the Olenegorsk early-warning radar station in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. To the radar operators, the rocket appeared similar in speed and flight pattern to a U.S. Navy submarine-launched Trident missile, leading the Russian military to initially misinterpret the rocket's trajectory as representing the precursor to a possible attack by missiles from submarines.

EMP rocket scenario.

One possibility was that the rocket had been a solitary missile with a radar-blocking electromagnetic pulse (EMP) payload launched from a Trident missile at sea in order to blind Russian radars in the first stage of a surprise attack. In this scenario, gamma rays from a high-altitude nuclear detonation would create a very high-intensity electromagnetic pulse that would confuse radars and incapacitate electronic equipment. After that, according to the scenario, the real attack would start.

Post-staging.

After stage separation, the rocket launch appeared on radar similar to Multiple Reentry vehicles (MRVs); the Russian control center did not immediately realize that the Norwegian scientific rocket was headed out to sea, rather than toward Russia. Tracking the trajectory took 8 of the 10 minutes allotted to the process of deciding whether to launch a nuclear response to an impending attack; a submarine-launched Trident missile from the Barents Sea would be able to reach mainland Russia in 10 minutes.

Response.

This event resulted in a full alert being passed up through the military chain of command all the way to President Boris Yeltsin, who was notified and the "nuclear briefcase" (known in Russia as "Cheget") used to authorize nuclear launch was automatically activated. Yeltsin activated his "nuclear keys" for the first time. No warning was issued to the Russian populace of any incident; it was reported in the news a week afterward.<ref name="www.nrk.no/nyheter/distrikt/nordland/1.8005229"></ref>  As a result of the alert, Russian submarine commanders were ordered to go into a state of combat readiness and prepare for nuclear retaliation.  Soon thereafter, Russian observers were able to determine that the rocket was heading away from Russian airspace and was not a threat. The rocket fell to earth as planned, near Spitsbergen, 24 minutes after launch.  The Norwegian rocket incident was the first and thus far only known incident where any nuclear-weapons state had its nuclear briefcase activated and prepared for launching an attack.

Prior notification.

The Norwegian and U.S. scientists had notified thirty countries, including Russia, of their intention to launch a high-altitude scientific experiment aboard a rocket; however, the information was not passed on to the radar technicians. Following the incident, notification and disclosure protocols were re-evaluated and redesigned.

The Norwegian rocket incident, also known as the Black Brant scare, occurred on January 25, 1995 when a team of Norwegian and US scientists launched a Black Brant XII four-stage sounding rocket from the Andøya Rocket Range off the northwestern coast of Norway. The rocket carried scientific equipment to study the aurora borealis over Svalbard, and flew on a high northbound trajectory, which included an air corridor that stretches from Minuteman III nuclear missile silos in North Dakota all the way to the Russian capital city of Moscow. The rocket eventually reached an altitude of, resembling a U.S. Navy submarine-launched Trident missile. Russian nuclear forces were put on high alert as a result, fearing a high-altitude nuclear attack that could blind Russian radar, and Russia's "nuclear briefcase" the "Cheget" was brought to Russian President Boris Yeltsin, who then had to decide whether to launch a retaliatory nuclear strike against the United States. Russian observers determined that there was no nuclear attack and did not retaliate.

挪威火箭事件(英语:Norwegian rocket incident),又称黑色布兰特恐慌(英语:Black Brant scare),是一场发生在1995年1月25日的火箭发射事件。挪威与美国的科学家,于挪威的安多亚火箭发射场,发射一枚名为黑色布兰特13的多节探空火箭;该火箭上面装载着科学仪器,是被用来研究斯瓦巴群岛的极光。当时,火箭飞到1453公里(903英里)的高空,被俄罗斯雷达误判为美国海军潜艇的三叉戟导弹,而使得俄罗斯相关防卫单位陷入核战争的戒备状态;俄罗斯时任总统叶利钦接到警报后,开启了核按钮手提箱,但事后却发现是虚惊一场。


Early life and education.

Smith was born on March 4, 1958, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the daughter of Christine, a teacher, and F. Harlan Flint, a lawyer. She mostly grew up on Cerro Gordo Road in Santa Fe, New Mexico, and attended Manderfield and Acequia Madre Elementary. She finished high school in Northern California. Before going to college she worked on the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. She graduated from Stanford University with a degree in political science, and later earned a master's degree in business administration from Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College.

Early career.

Smith first moved to Minnesota in 1984 for a marketing job at General Mills. She later started her own marketing firm, where she consulted with businesses and nonprofits. In the early 1990s Smith became involved in local politics, volunteering for DFL campaigns in Minneapolis. She managed Ted Mondale's unsuccessful 1998 campaign for governor. After Minnesota's U.S. Senator Paul Wellstone died in a plane crash weeks before the 2002 election, Smith managed former U.S. Vice President Walter Mondale's campaign for the seat. After Mondale lost a narrow election to Norm Coleman, Smith began working as the vice president of external affairs at Planned Parenthood of Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota.  Smith left her job at Planned Parenthood to serve as chief of staff to Minneapolis Mayor R.T. Rybak in 2006. In 2010 she was picked to manage Rybak's gubernatorial campaign, which ended after Margaret Anderson Kelliher won the DFL endorsement. Smith then joined the campaign of Mark Dayton, who skipped the endorsing convention and eventually won the DFL primary. After Dayton defeated Republican Tom Emmer in the general election, Smith was named a co-chair of the transition. Dayton appointed Smith his chief of staff when he took office in 2011.

Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota.

2014 election.

When Lieutenant Governor Yvonne Prettner Solon announced she would not seek reelection, Governor Mark Dayton selected Smith as his running mate in the 2014 gubernatorial election. Dayton cited Smith's work on passing legislation for new Minnesota Vikings Stadium, as well as her support for the Destination Medical Center project with the Mayo Clinic in Rochester.  Smith stepped down as Dayton's chief of staff to campaign for lieutenant governor. After being nominated by acclamation at the DFL state convention, and facing only token opposition in the DFL gubernatorial primary, Dayton and Smith defeated Republicans Jeff Johnson and Bill Kuisle in the general election.

Tenure.

Smith took office as lieutenant governor on January 5, 2015, and served until she was appointed to represent Minnesota in the U.S. Senate on January 2, 2018. During her tenure Smith was described by many political observers as having a much higher profile and playing a much more significant role in legislative negotiations than her predecessors. She spent a significant amount of time traveling the state in support of the priorities of Dayton's administration, including funding for optional preschool for all four-year-olds, transportation infrastructure, and rural broadband internet access. She also served as chair of the Destination Medical Center board until her resignation in December 2017.  In 2016 "Roll Call" named Smith to its "America's Top 25 Most Influential Women in State Politics" list, citing her high-profile role in the Dayton administration.  Despite widespread speculation to the contrary, Smith announced in March 2017 that she would not run for governor in the 2018 election.

U.S. Senate.

Appointment.

On December 13, 2017, Governor Dayton announced Smith as his pick to fill the United States Senate seat held by Al Franken, who had announced he would resign amid allegations of sexual misconduct. While political observers initially speculated Smith might serve in a caretaker role, she announced her candidacy in the 2018 special election.  Dayton issued the official certificate of appointment following Franken's resignation on January 2, 2018.

Tenure.

With Vice President Mike Pence administering the oath of office, Smith was officially sworn in as a United States Senator on January 3, 2018, alongside Doug Jones of Alabama. She was accompanied by fellow Minnesota Senator Amy Klobuchar and former Vice President and former Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale.  "Source: Senate Democrats Press Release"

Legislation sponsored.

The following is an incomplete list of legislation that Smith has sponsored:

2018 election.

Smith competed in the 2018 special Senate election in Minnesota. She won the August 14 Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party primary with 76% of the vote. Richard Painter, a White House ethics lawyer during the George W. Bush administration, finished second with 14%. Smith defeated Republican nominee Karin Housley, a state senator from St. Marys Point, in the November 6 general election, with 53% of the vote to Housley's 42%.

Political positions.

Abortion.

Smith is a vocal supporter of abortion rights, and she is the only member of the United States Senate to have worked for Planned Parenthood. She supports the use of federal funds for abortion procedures and opposed legislation that would require doctors perform lifesaving medical care for babies born as a result of botched abortions.

Agriculture.

In March 2019, Smith was one of 38 senators to sign a letter to US Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue warning that dairy farmers "have continued to face market instability and are struggling to survive the fourth year of sustained low prices" and urging his department to "strongly encourage these farmers to consider the Dairy Margin Coverage program."

Climate change.

In November 2018, Smith was one of 25 Democratic senators to cosponsor a resolution in response to findings of the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change report and National Climate Assessment. The resolution affirmed the senators' acceptance of the findings and their support for bold action to address climate change.

Criminal justice reform.

In December 2018, Smith voted for the First Step Act, legislation aimed at reducing recidivism rates among federal prisoners by expanding job training and other programs in addition to expanding early-release programs and modifying sentencing laws such as mandatory minimum sentences for nonviolent drug offenders, "to more equitably punish drug offenders."

Drug policy.

In December 2018 Smith was one of 21 senators to sign a letter to Commissioner of Food and Drugs Scott Gottlieb stating their approval of the actions of the Food and Drugs Administration to hinder youth access to e-cigarettes and urging the FDA "to take additional, stronger steps to prevent and reduce e-cigarette use among youth."

Foreign policy.

In April 2019 Smith was one of 34 senators to sign a letter to President Trump asserting that Trump had "consistently expressed a flawed understanding of U.S. foreign assistance" since becoming president and that by preventing the use of Fiscal Year 2018 national security funding he was "personally undermining efforts to promote U.S. national security and economic prosperity". The senators argued that foreign assistance to Central American countries decreased migration to the U.S. by helping to improve conditions in those countries.

Gun control.

In March 2018 Smith was one of ten senators to sign a letter to Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Lamar Alexander and ranking Democrat Patty Murray requesting they schedule a hearing on the causes and remedies of mass shootings in the wake of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting.

Health care.

Smith supports a public option and is a strong supporter of the Affordable Care Act.  In the lead-up to the 2018 elections Smith said her record in the Senate showed she would fight pharmaceutical companies to improve people's lives, and that she would continue to fight to lower the cost of health care and prescription drugs in Minnesota, for example by making generic drugs more available, preventing people with preexisting conditions from being charged more, and allowing Minnesotans to buy in to Medicare if they are dissatisfied with their options on the insurance market.  In December 2018 Smith was one of 42 senators to sign a letter to Trump administration officials Alex Azar, Seema Verma, and Steve Mnuchin arguing that the administration was improperly using Section 1332 of the Affordable Care Act to authorize states to "increase health care costs for millions of consumers while weakening protections for individuals with preexisting conditions." The senators requested the administration withdraw the policy and "re-engage with stakeholders, states, and Congress."  In January 2019, during the 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown, Smith was one of 34 senators to sign a letter to Commissioner of Food and Drugs Scott Gottlieb recognizing the efforts of the FDA to address the shutdown's effect on public health and employees while remaining alarmed "that the continued shutdown will result in increasingly harmful effects on the agency’s employees and the safety and security of the nation’s food and medical products."  In February 2019 Smith was one of 11 senators to sign a letter to insulin manufactures Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi about their increased insulin prices having deprived patients of "access to the life-saving medications they need."

Housing.

In April 2019 Smith was one of 41 senators to sign a bipartisan letter to the housing subcommittee praising the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's Section 4 Capacity Building program as authorizing "HUD to partner with national nonprofit community development organizations to provide education, training, and financial support to local community development corporations (CDCs) across the country" and expressing disappointment that President Trump's budget "has slated this program for elimination after decades of successful economic and community development." The senators wrote of their hope that the subcommittee would support continued funding for Section 4 in Fiscal Year 2020.

Immigration.

In August 2018 Smith was one of 17 senators to sign a letter spearheaded by Kamala Harris to United States Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen demanding that the Trump administration take immediate action in attempting to reunite 539 migrant children with their families, citing each passing day of inaction as intensifying "trauma that this administration has needlessly caused for children and their families seeking humanitarian protection." She also supports the extension of DACA, to shield "Dreamers" from deportation.  In July 2019, following reports that the Trump administration intended to cease protecting spouses, parents and children of active-duty service members from deportation, Smith was one of 22 senators led by Tammy Duckworth to sign a letter arguing that the protection gave service members the ability "to fight for the United States overseas and not worry that their spouse, children, or parents will be deported while they are away" and that its termination would both cause service members personal hardship and negatively affect their combat performance.

Infrastructure.

In June 2019 Smith was one of eight senators to sponsor the Made in America Act, legislation that would designate federal programs that had funded infrastructure projects not currently subject to Buy America standards and mandate that the materials used in these programs be domestically produced. Bill cosponsor Tammy Baldwin said the bill would strengthen Buy America requirements and that she was hopeful both Democrats and Republicans would support "this effort to make sure our government is buying American products and supporting American workers."

LGBTQ rights.

In October 2018 Smith was one of 20 senators to sign a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo urging him to reverse the rolling back of a policy that granted visas to same-sex partners of LGBTQ diplomats who had unions that were not recognized by their home countries, writing that too many places around the world have seen LGBTQ individuals "subjected to discrimination and unspeakable violence, and receive little or no protection from the law or local authorities" and that refusing to let LGBTQ diplomats bring their partners to the US would be equivalent of upholding "the discriminatory policies of many countries around the world."

Railroad safety.

In June 2019 Smith was one of ten senators to cosponsor the Safe Freight Act, a bill that would require freight trains to have one or more certified conductors and a certified engineer on board who can collaborate on how to protect the train and people living near the tracks. The legislation was meant to correct a Federal Railroad Administration rollback of a proposed rule intended to establish safety standards.

Personal life.

In 2019, during a speech on the Senate floor, Smith revealed her struggles with depression.

Christine Elizabeth "Tina" Flint Smith (born March 4, 1958) is an American politician and former businesswoman serving as the junior United States senator from Minnesota since 2018. She is a member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), an affiliate of the Democratic Party. Smith served as the 48th lieutenant governor of Minnesota from 2015 to 2018 before being appointed to fill the United States Senate seat vacated by Al Franken. She won the 2018 special election to fill the remainder of Franken's term, defeating Republican Karin Housley, a Minnesota state senator.

蒂娜·弗林特·史密斯(英语:Tina Flint Smith;1958年-3月4日)是一位美国政治家,从2018年开始任明尼苏达州资浅美国联邦参议员,填补阿尔·弗兰肯辞职后空出的席位。她是归属民主党的明尼苏达民主-农民-劳工党的成员。史密斯从2015年至2018年任明尼苏达州副州长,直到她辞职成为美国参议院成员。


Plot.

The setting is based on the alternate universe depicted in "The Disappearance of Haruhi Suzumiya", in which Haruhi Suzumiya never formed the SOS Brigade. In this world, Yuki Nagato is not a stoic alien but rather a shy and tentative girl who is a member of North High's literature club alongside Ryoko Asakura, her best friend, and Kyon, whom she has a crush on. The series follows Yuki and her companions as she develops feelings for Kyon and becomes involved in some strange mysteries herself.

Media.

Manga.

The original manga by Puyo was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's "Young Ace" magazine from July 4, 2009 to August 4, 2016. Kadokawa Shoten published ten "tankōbon" volumes from February 4, 2010 to February 4, 2017. The series is licensed in North America by Yen Press, who began releasing the series from July 24, 2012.

Anime.

On December 18, 2013, which refers to a pivotal date depicted in "The Disappearance of Haruhi Suzumiya", the official website for the "Haruhi Suzumiya" series "vanished" and was replaced by a fake error page containing a hidden link revealing that an anime adaptation of "The Disappearance of Nagato Yuki-chan" was in production. A year later, on December 18, 2014, the site revealed the staff and cast for the series. The series is being produced by Satelight with direction by Jun'ichi Wada, series composition by Tōko Machida, and character design by Ikuko Ito. Additionally, the cast of "The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya" anime series reprise their roles as the main cast. The 16-episode series aired in Japan from April 3 to July 17, 2015 and depicts events from the first five volumes of the manga. An original video animation was bundled with the manga's ninth volume on October 26, 2015.  The series has been licensed for streaming in North America by Funimation, who simulcasted the subtitled version as it aired. A broadcast dub version, featuring the same cast as Bang Zoom! Entertainment's dub of the previous "Haruhi" series, began streaming from May 29, 2015. The opening theme is by Kitakō Bungei-bu Joshikai (Minori Chihara, Natsuko Kuwatani, Yūko Gotō, Yuki Matsuoka, and Aya Hirano), and the ending theme is by Chihara. An acoustic version of "Arigatō, Daisuki" is used for episode 13.

, also known as The Vanishing of Nagato Yuki-chan, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Puyo. The series is a spinoff of Nagaru Tanigawa's "Haruhi Suzumiya" light novel series, and is based on the alternate universe originally featured in the series' fourth volume and feature film, "The Disappearance of Haruhi Suzumiya". The series was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's "Young Ace" magazine from July 2009 to August 2016 and is licensed by Yen Press. A 16-episode anime television series adaptation by Satelight aired between April and July 2015, with an original video animation episode released in October 2015.

《小长门有希的消失》()是谷川流的原作小说《凉宫春日系列》的公式衍生作品,由外传《小凉宫春日的忧郁》的作者ぷよ绘制的日本漫画作品。


阿克西斯 (阿拉巴马州)

Demographics.

As of the 2010 census, Axis had a population of 757. The racial and ethnic makeup of the population was 66.8% white, 26.9% black or African American, 3.2% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from some other race, 2.6% from two or more races and 0.9% Hispanic or Latino from any race.

Geography.

Axis is located at and has an elevation of.

Education.

Mobile County Public School System operates public schools. Students are zoned to North Mobile County K-8 School, previously North Mobile County Middle School; and Citronelle High School in Citronelle.  On September 7, 2010 North Mobile County Middle School opened, replacing the role of Adams Middle School in Saraland, because residents outside of Saraland are no longer zoned to Adams Middle. North Mobile County middle had been built on a "16th section", a piece of land allotted to each school district under an Alabama law stating that for each sixteen portions of land in a county, the school district will take one portion of land. Some City of Satsuma residents disliked North Mobile County Middle's distance and remoteness from Satsuma, prompting them to call for a separate school district. The Mobile County government built the school outside of the Satsuma city limits so the city government would be unable to possess the school if it opted to secede.  Prior to the split of Satsuma from the Mobile County system, Axis was zoned to Satsuma High School. In 2011 Renee Busbee of the "Mobile Press-Register" said that residents of Axis may be rezoned to Blount, Citronelle, and/or Vigor high schools.

Axis is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Mobile County, Alabama, United States. It has a post office with the 36505 ZIP code. The community has one site listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage, the Kirk House.

阿克西斯(英语:Axis)是一个位于美国阿拉巴马州莫比尔县的非建制地区和人口普查指定地区。根据2010年美国人口普查,该地共人口500人,而该地的面积约为10.19平方千米。


Use.

In communications.

Homing pigeons have seen use since medieval times for carrying messages. They were still employed for a similar purpose during World War I and World War II. In World War II, experiments were also performed in the use of the pigeon for guiding missiles, known as Project Pigeon. The pigeon was placed inside so that they could see out through a window. They were trained to peck at controls to the left or right, depending on the location of a target shape.  Some dogs also saw use as messengers.

For morale.

There is a long-standing tradition of military mascots – animals associated with military units that act as emblems, pets or take part in ceremonies.

For espionage.

In the years before the First World War pigeon photography was introduced to military intelligence gathering. Although employed during major battles like at Verdun and Somme, the method was not particularly successful. Various attempts in this direction were made during the Second World War as well. A CIA pigeon camera dating from the 1970s is displayed in the CIA Museum; details of CIA missions using this camera are still classified.  The Acoustic Kitty was a CIA project to use surgically modified cats to spy on the Kremlin and Soviet embassies in the 1960s. Despite expenditure of around $10 million, the project failed to produce practical results and was cancelled in 1967. Documents about the project were declassified in 2001.  In 2006, "The Independent" ran a story that the "Pentagon develops brain implants to turn sharks into military spies".  In 2007 Iranian authorities captured 14 squirrels, which were allegedly carrying spying equipment. The story was widely dismissed in the West as "nuts".  A number of spying scares in the Middle East involved birds. According to Israeli ornithologist Yossi Leshem, Sudanese authorities detained an Egyptian vulture in the late 1970s, and a white pelican in the early 1980s, both carrying Israeli equipment used for animal migration tracking. A more mediatized event was the 2011 capture by a Saudi farmer of a griffon vulture, which was eventually released by the Saudi authorities after they determined that the Israeli equipment it carried was used for scientific purposes. This was followed by international mockery and criticism of the Arab media outlets which uncritically had reported on the bird's alleged role in espionage. In 2012, a dead European bee-eater tagged with an Israeli leg band was found by villagers near the south-eastern Turkish city of Gaziantep. The villagers worried that the bird may have carried a micro-chip from Israeli intelligence to spy on the area. Turkish authorities examined the corpse of the bee-eater and assured villagers that it is common to equip migratory birds with rings in order to track their movements.

For locating hazards.

Dogs have been used for detecting mines; they were trained to spot trip wires, as well as mines and other booby traps. They were also employed for sentry duty, and to spot snipers or hidden enemy forces.  On land, giant pouched rats such as the Gambian giant pouched rat have been tested with considerable success as specialised mine detecting animals, as their keen sense of smell helps in the identification of explosives and their small size prevents them from triggering land mines.  Chickens were used during the Gulf Wars to detect poisonous gases in an operation called Kuwaiti Field Chicken (KFC); the designation of the US Marines for chickens used in this role was Poultry Chemical Confirmation Devices. The plan was put on hold after 41 of 43 chicken used for such purposes died within a week of arrival in Kuwait.  Beginning during the Cold War, research has been done into the uses of many species of marine mammals for military purposes. The U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program uses military dolphins and sea lions for underwater sentry duty, mine clearance, and object recovery.

Other specialized functions.

Cats were used in the Royal Navy to control vermin on board ships. Able seacat Simon of HMS "Amethyst" received the Dickin Medal.  During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), Nationalist pilots attached fragile supplies to live turkeys, which descended flapping their wings, thus serving as parachutes which could also be eaten by the defenders of the monastery of Santa Maria de la Cabeza.  Furthermore, use of military chickens was proposed in the British Blue Peacock project. The scheme involved burying nuclear bombs in the ground for later detonation should occupied (West) Germany be overrun by Warsaw Pact forces. The primitive electronic devices of the 1950s were unreliable in frozen ground, and the chickens were considered as a source of biogenic heat. This story has often been reported as an April Fool's joke, but when it was declassified and proven to be a true story on 1 April 2004 (April Fool's Day), the head of education and interpretation at the UK National Archives said, "It does seem like an April Fool but it most certainly is not. The Civil Service does not do jokes."

Alleged military use of animals.

During the British occupation of Basra, rumours of "man-eating badgers" emerged from the local population, including allegations that these beasts were released by the British troops, something that the British strenuously denied. The event received coverage in the Western press during the 2007 silly season.

Military animals are trained animals that are used in warfare and other combat related activities. As working animals, different military animals serve different functions. Horses, elephants, camels, and other animals have been used for both transportation and mounted attack. Pigeons were used for communication and photographic espionage. Many other animals have been reportedly used in various specialized military functions, including rats and pigs. Dogs have long been employed in a wide variety of military purposes, more recently focusing on guarding and bomb detection, and along with dolphins and sea lions are in active use today.

军用动物 (英语:Military animal),泛指一切使用于战争和其他战斗相关活动的非人类生物。役用动物于军事中是指多种功能的军用动物,如狗、猪、牛(驯化)、骆驼、马和其他被驯化的动物等,有时也被使用于运输和炸弹侦测上。大象、鸽子和老鼠在战时也曾被使用,而海豚和海狮是现代积极利用的动物。


Major Races.

Sources:

Regulations and Technical.

The third year of the AIACR (forerunner of the FIA) 2-litre regulations for Grand Prix races remained unchanged. In the United States, the American Automobile Association (AAA) stayed with the same regulations as well – the only difference being that the AAA no longer required a mandatory mechanic on-board so single-seater cars became popular.  The Targa Florio regulations remained open to any sized cars. The only change was that the smallest engine class (up to 1.1-litres) was further split to create an even smaller class up to 750cc. Unsurprisingly, after the dominance of the supercharged Fiat 805 the previous year, many companies looked at creating their own supercharged model. Fiat continued to develop their successful supercharged 805 model, improving its power output from 130 to 145 bhp.  Sunbeam installed a Roots supercharger to their Grand Prix engine, lifting its power output from 105 to 138 bhp. Instead of forcing air into the carburettor, this new supercharger forced a fuel-air mixture direct into the engine. Sunbeam were the first team to use this version of supercharging. The improved engine was placed into a new, lower chassis.  At Alfa Romeo, Vittorio Jano developed upon the ill-fated P1 model with the new P2. He designed a new twin-cam 2-litre straight-8 engine, with a Roots-type supercharger attached. This put out 145 bhp making it capable of 225 km/h, faster than any of its competition. At the start of the year, Jano had hired the 20-year old Gioacchino Colombo as his apprentice and personal assistant. Together, the pair would develop some of the great racing cars of the 1920s and '30s. 1924 also saw the advent of Ettore Bugatti's iconic Type 35, the car that would become his most successful racing model. The 2-litre straight-8 engine was an evolution of that of the Type 29 and could rev up to 6000rpm. It was also fitted with cast aluminium wheels with integral brake drums to allow both break discs and tyres to be replaced during a pit stop. The Delage V12 engine was designed by Charles Planchon, a cousin of Louis Delage. It had four overhead camshafts and twin carburettors. However, the chassis of the 2LCV was soon found to be unable to cope with the engine-power. This year, the small company Rolland-Pilain adopted the innovative Swiss Schmid engine. The 2-litre twin-cam was a sleeve-valve engine that had eight valves on each of its six cylinders. All three French manufacturers deemed a supercharger an unnecessary addition. Ferdinand Porsche, having recently arrived from Austro-Daimler, put a supercharger on the current racing Mercedes, the M72/94. Halfway through the season the new Mercedes M218 arrived. The supercharged 2-litre, straight-8 engine was fitted with four valves per cylinder and generated up to 7000rpm, a level unprecedented in grand prix cars to that time. Unlike other manufacturers, Porsche mounted the supercharger behind the engine.  Another new circuit was constructed in 1924. French industrialist Alexandre Lamblin (who also owned the magazine "L’Aero Sports") saw the merits of the closed circuits being built in other countries and the need for a test-track for French manufacturers. A 2.5km banked oval was opened in the middle of the year at Montlhéry, about 30km southwest of Paris. At the end of the year, the road-course extension was completed adding a further 10km to the track. The first display races were in October alongside the fourth "Grand Prix du M.C.F." for cyclecars. Also in 1924 races were held at the new 5km oval at Miramas, on the southern coast of France

Season review.

The first chance for the prospective competition to meet was at the Targa Florio. Run across four laps the Madonie circuit from the coast to the mountains of northern Sicily. This year the associated Coppa Florio was merged in the same event, with entrants running an additional fifth lap of the circuit.  The Alfa Corse works team arrived with four of their successful RLTF sports cars. Their regular drivers Antonio Ascari and Giuseppe Campari were joined this year by Frenchman Louis Wagner, while gentleman-driver "Conte" Giulio Masetti entered his own. They were joined by the Fiat team with supercharged 805-405 models for Pietro Bordino and Carlo Salomano, while Cesare Pastore raced a 5-litre Fiat 519.  A strong German contingent was led by Mercedes. Their M72/94 models were now supercharged and raced by regular team drivers Christian Werner, Alfred Neubauer and their hero of 1914 Christian Lautenschlager. There were also teams from Steiger and AGA along with 50000 German fans who filled the hotels in Palermo. The Austrian Steyr company had three of their Type VI Klausen sports models for Ferdinando Minoia, "Conte" Gastone Brilli-Peri and Herrmann Rützler. The French were also represented, with teams entered by Peugeot and Ballot. André Boillot, Giulio Foresti and Christian d'Auvergne ran the 4-litre Peugeot 174 Sports, and Jules Goux and Jean Haimovici gave the Ballot 2LS another run. Along with teams from the smaller Italian manufacturers, there were an impressive 38 entries. At the end of the first lap, Masetti was leading on elapsed time. However, he gradually slipped back with tyre problems, and Werner was leading from Ascari at the end of the next. On the last lap Werner had built a 3-minute lead and when he crossed the line there was an anxious wait for Ascari who had started 28 minutes after him. But for the second race in a row, Ascari spun his Alfa within sight of the finish line when his engine seized. He and his mechanic were unable to push-start it again and were then disqualified for help from the over-enthusiastic crowd getting them across the line. Second fell to Masetti almost ten minutes back while Bordino bought his Fiat to third with Campari's Alfa fourth. On for the extra lap for the Coppa Florio, Nazzaro, in his last major race, had taken over from an exhausted Bordino but the car caught fire and could not finish. Werner returned to Germany a national hero, while Porsche was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Stuttgart. "Conte" Vincenzo Florio had originally envisioned the Coppa Florio to be awarded the most successful marque after seven races. However, by a strange quirk every race had been won by a different manufacturer, so the trophy remained unawarded. The majority of entries in the Indianapolis 500 were driving the nimble, fast Miller 122. Harry Miller had his own two-car team with drivers Bennett Hill and Jules Ellingboe. Cliff Durant's five-car team included Harry Hartz and Eddie Hearne. Two-time winner Tommy Milton had his own team, as did Grand Prix winner Jimmy Murphy and former AAA champion Earl Cooper.  The stiffest competition would be from Fred Duesenberg. He fitted superchargers to three of his cars, driven by Joe Boyer, L. L. Corum and rookie Ernie Ansterburg, while Peter DePaolo, nephew and former riding mechanic of Ralph DePalma, ran the fourth, unblown, car. The other entrants included Ora Haibe with his privateer Mercedes, and the Barber-Warnock team running three Frontenac-Fords. Their drivers included Englishman Alfred Moss, father of future racing great Stirling Moss. This year riding mechanics were optional, however, no drivers utilised them.  Murphy was fastest qualifier and shared the front row with Hartz and Milton. Boyer was the best Duesenberg, starting fifth on the second row, and bolted straight to the front. Then on the second lap, his teammate Ansterburg went crashed into the wall and Boyer's supercharger gave out. This left Murphy leading the Millers of Cooper, Hill and Hartz, then Corum's Duesenberg. He and Cooper fought for the lead for most of the race.  Meanwhile, Corum brought his car in for a pitstop on lap 111. Fred Duesenberg put Boyer, his top driver, in the car telling him to push hard, while Corum in turn took over Boyer’s delayed car. Boyer soon overtook Hartz and Hill to get up to third. As the leading pair's tyres wore out, he managed to haul them in and take the lead with 24 laps to go. He won by just under ninety seconds from Cooper with Murphy coming home in third. Corum was the first winner who was a starting driver, but not racing his car at the end after an intervening relief driver had assisted. Corum and Boyer were therefore announced as the first co-winners of the Indianapolis 500. Their race was done at a record speed of 98.2mph and the first win for Duesenberg who had competed since the second race in 1912.  From six starts, Jimmy Murphy got three wins and a third, to comfortably win the 9-race AAA season from Earl Cooper and Bennett Hill. With the increasing support and crowd interest in Italian motor-racing, a raft of new events was springing up across the country. In April, the great Tazio Nuvolari got his first victory on four wheels at the inaugural Circuito del Tigullio, near Genoa, in a Bianchi. The new Alfa Romeo P2 was unveiled in June at the fast local circuit at the city of Cremona, giving the race an auspicious status. Antonio Ascari won for the works team first time out, finishing nearly an hour ahead of his nearest rival. In July, the first Coppa Acerbo was held on the Pescara Circuit. It was won by Enzo Ferrari in an older Alfa Romeo RL and he was given the title "Commendatore" by Italian premier Benito Mussolini.  The French Grand Prix returned to Lyons using an abbreviated version of the track last used for the epic 1914 Grand Prix. It was shortened to a 23 km track cutting out the back end of the run out to Châteauneuf while still incorporating "le piege de la mort" (Death Trap) - the infamous steep downhill right-left switchback, and hairpin at Les Sept Chemins.  Once again, like ten years earlier, the entry list promised a great showdown. Bugatti unveiled its new Type 35 with a works team of five drivers: Jean Chassagne, Ernest Friderich, Pierre De Vizcaya, Meo Costantini and Leonico Garnier. Presenting a strong French line-up, they were joined by the Delage works team of veteran René Thomas, Albert Divo and new driver Robert Benoist. The other French team was Rolland-Pilain, this year fitted with a Swiss Schmid engine, with the experienced Jules Goux and Giulio Foresti.  They were up against a very strong Italian challenge. The Fiat team had their supercharged 805 with Pietro Bordino, Cesare Pastore, Onesimo Marchisio and the great Felice Nazzaro. Alfa Romeo brought four of the new P2 cars for their regular driver line-up of Campari, Ascari, Wagner and Ferrari. The other entries were from Great Britain. Sunbeam, surprise winners the year before, had three cars ready for Henry Segrave, Kenelm Lee Guinness and Dario Resta. The final entry was "Count" Louis Zborowski racing his American Miller 122 he had taken to race in Spain in 1923.  Foresti crashed in practice and Ferrari did not take the start because of mental exhaustion. At the beginning of 35 laps, it was Segrave who had drawn pole position who took the lead. He held it until he had to pit with a misfire on lap 3 to change plugs. Bordino had come through the field getting his Fiat into the lead, pursued by Ascari, while Guinness and Campari tussled for third. On lap 9, Ascari moved into the lead when Bordino had to pit with fading brakes, as did his teammate Nazzaro. The Sunbeam challenge was blunted when Guinness retired with crankshaft problems. Segrave brought his misfiring car back up through the field but only managed to reach sixth (while also setting the fastest lap time). Ascari was charging to victory when he suddenly slowed with just three laps to go. He was overtaken by Campari and Divo and he was forced to pit. When he could not restart the engine, his race was done. Campari held on to win the race with Divo just a minute behind in his Delage. His teammate Benoist was a further ten minutes back in third and Wagner was fourth in his Alfa. The second San Sebastián Grand Prix got a strong international field with Bugatti, Delage and Rolland-Pilain from France. They were up against Sunbeam, Mercedes and Diatto from Italy. In the absence of Alfa Romeo, French hopes were high for victory, but once again they were thwarted, this time by Sunbeam. At the start it was Masetti in the Mercedes who led until he retired with engine problems. Segrave narrowly won from Costantini's Bugatti and André Morel in a Delage. There were several crashes in the race, but the most serious incident was with the Sunbeam of Kenelm Lee Guinness. On lap 11 he hit a rut in a corner that threw him into the roadside banking which then rolled the car three times on the wet track. His mechanic, Tom Barrett, was killed instantly and Guinness suffered severe head and arm injuries that curtailed his racing career. The race was also significant for being where Segrave pioneered the wearing of a crash helmet in racing.  For the Italian Grand Prix, again the major non-Italian manufacturers stayed away. After Salamano was injured practising and Bordino was suffering a recurrence of pain in his shoulder, the Fiat team also announced it would be a non-starter. The race was originally been scheduled for September, but when Mercedes also cited technical issues with their new cars the organisers postponed the race six weeks.  So at the rescheduled race, there were only four teams present: Alfa Romeo were the clear favourites with four cars for Campari, Ascari, Wagner and Ferdinando Minoia. The other Italian manufacturer was the small Chiribiri team who arrived with a pair of 1500cc sports cars. Rolland-Pilain came from France with Goux and Foresti. The final team was the entry from Mercedes. There were four of the supercharged M218 cars for Targa Florio heroes Christian Werner and Italian Giulio Masetti, as well as Alfred Neubauer and "Count" Zborowski. The postponement and bad weather meant there was a much smaller crowd than in previous years. In practice, the Mercedes of Werner and Masetti were fastest. Ascari took the lead from the start and held it through the race. He was only briefly challenged by Masetti's Mercedes until it was overtaken by the other Alfas. On lap 50, Zborowski had pitted to change his Mercedes’ spark plugs but in his haste to make up time on his out-lap he went off at the Lesmo corner, hit a tree and was killed. The remaining Mercedes cars were withdrawn. This removed any competition and the Alfa Romeo team had an easy 1-2-3-4 result. Ascari made up for his disappointment in France to win, finishing 15 minutes ahead of Wagner and his teammates. Ascari's race speed average of was faster than Boyer’s win at Indianapolis. After the trials and tribulations, Mercedes never raced the M218 again. It was a tragic year for racing fatalities, including Zborowski's death at Monza. September was a grim month when three Indianapolis 500 winners were killed, Joe Boyer was killed at Altoona Speedway. He was chasing down Jimmy Murphy when a tyre blew out, and he crashed at 200 km/h, suffering fatal injuries. Contemporary reports say he deliberately drove up into the banking rail instead of into the crowds in the infield. Just a fortnight later, Murphy himself was killed at Syracuse when duelling for the lead in the AAA race. He crashed into the inside fence and was impaled by one of the boards. He would become the AAA's first posthumous champion. In between, Anglo-Italian Dario Resta (winner in 1915) was killed at Brooklands in a speed record attempt. A security-belt on his Sunbeam came loose, puncturing a tyre and sending the car careering into an iron fence. Resta was burned to death before help could arrive to save him. His riding mechanic, Bill Perkins, was severely injured. He had been assigned to Kenelm Lee Guinness for the upcoming San Sebastian Grand Prix, but his place taken by the unfortunate Barrett. Finally, Boyer’s erstwhile Duesenberg teammate, Ernie Ansterburg, was killed in October when testing at the new wooden oval at Charlotte before its opening race.

The 1924 Grand Prix season saw Grand Prix motor racing spread further across Europe and North America. In Italy a number of new open-road events were held. In France two new circuits were opened – at Montlhéry near Paris and Miramas near Marseille.

1924年大奖赛赛季(英语:1924 Grand Prix season)包括在欧洲和北美洲举行的大奖赛赛事。印第安纳波利斯500再次被国际认证汽车俱乐部协会的国际体育委员会指定为"大赛(Grand Épreuve )",大赛还包括在里昂举行的法国大奖赛和在蒙扎举行的意大利大奖赛。法国大奖赛也是这一年的欧洲大奖赛。


Narrative.

The parable is introduced by a member of the crowd listening to Jesus, who tries to enlist Jesus' help in a family financial dispute:  In Luke's account Jesus then responds with the parable:  An abbreviated version of this parable also appears in the non-canonical Gospel of Thomas (Saying 63).

Interpretation.

The rich farmer in this parable is portrayed negatively, as an example of greed. By replacing his existing barn, he avoids using agricultural land for storage purposes, thus maximising his income, as well as allowing him to wait for a price increase before selling. St. Augustine comments that the farmer was "planning to fill his soul with excessive and unnecessary feasting and was proudly disregarding all those empty bellies of the poor. He did not realize that the bellies of the poor were much safer storerooms than his barns."  Arland J. Hultgren comments that the parable "provides an example of what one ought not to be like. The person whose identity is tied up with his or her possessions, status, and/or achievements—and is driven by acquiring them—can so easily end up unaware of the call of God and the need of the neighbor."The farmer's conversation with himself is self-centred: first-person pronouns occur 11 times. In rhetorical terms, it is an example of stream of consciousness, also called interior monologue, that serves as a narrative device to inform the reader of a character’s tragic flaw, in this case, the rich man’s overweening confidence or hubris.  The farmer's foolishness lies particularly in the fact that wealth cannot guarantee the future: the Day of Judgment arrives sooner than he expects.  Ellicott's Commentary notes the difference between the fool's approach and the psalmist's:  Return unto thy rest, O my soul; for the LORD hath dealt bountifully with thee.  "The psalmist's repose is not the worldling's serenity nor the sensualist's security, but the repose of the quiet conscience and the trusting heart".

Depictions.

This parable has been depicted by several artists, including Rembrandt, Jan Luyken, James Tissot, and David Teniers the Younger.

The Parable of the Rich Fool is a parable of Jesus which appears in. It depicts the futility of the belief that wealth can secure prosperity or a good life.

无知财主的比喻是记载的一个耶稣的比喻。在伪经《多马福音》中,也记载了类似的比喻。这是很少的《多马福音》与《路加福音》有相似记载而《马太福音》和《马可福音》中没有记载的地方之一。


History.

The idea of a Bertel Thorvaldsen Museum in Copenhagen emerged in the mid 1830s. A committee was in December 1836 set up at the initiative of Hans Puggaard. Its members included consisting was established b Joakim Frederik Schouw, Henrik Nicolai Clausen, Niels Laurits Høyen, Hermann Ernst Freund, Jonas Collin and Just Mathias Thiele. On 10 January 1837, it launched a nation-wide fund raising campaign. The following 15 men were elected as board members on a General Assembly held on 21 June 1837: H.N. Clausen (190 votes), Just Mathias Thiele (189 votes), Jonas Collin (185 votes), N.L. Høyen (183 votes), Hermann Ernst Freund (179 votes), J.F. Schouw (165 votes), Gustav Friedrich Hetsch (138 votes), Herman Wilhelm Bissen (112 votes), Søren Ludvig Tuxen (86 votes), Peder Brønnum Scavenius (83 votes), Heinrich Gamst (82 votes), Hans Puggaard (76 votes), Friederich Ernst von Prangen (76 votes), Christian Jürgensen Thomsen (67 votes) and Jørgen Hansen Koch (66 votes). In addition, Joseph Hambro, Carl Moltke (60 votes), J.H. Lund or J.L. Lund (46 votes), Hans Christian Ørsted (44 votes), Heinrich Reventlow-Criminil (39 votes) were elected as alternates.

Architecture.

The building is strongly inspired by antique Greek architecture and built around an inner courtyard where the artist is buried. The courtyard is notable for being painted in Egyptian motifs: tall date palms; lions and crocodile prowl among exotic birds and plants. The Egyptian influence on the exterior is more chaste. Here, enormous doors in severe trapezoidal style define the architect's intentions to pay homage at once to Attic Greek, Pompeiian and Egyptian style. It is noteworthy for its unique use of colors both inside and outside. Every room in the museum has a unique ceiling decoration in the grotesque style. The outside is adorned with a frieze depicting Thorvaldsen's homecoming from Rome in 1838, made by Jørgen Sonne.

Collections.

The museum displays a comprehensive collection of the artist's works in marble as well as plaster, including the original plaster models used in the making of cast bronze and marble statues and reliefs, which are now on display in museums, churches, and at other locations around the world. The museum also features paintings, Greek, Roman and Egyptian antiques, drawings, and prints that Thorvaldsen collected during his lifetime, as well as a wide array of personal belongings that he used in his work and everyday life.

In popular culture.

Thorvaldsens Museum is used as a location in the following films:

The Thorvaldsen Museum is a single-artist museum in Copenhagen, Denmark, dedicated to the art of Danish neoclassicistic sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770–1844), who lived and worked in Rome for most of his life (1796–1838). The museum is located on the small island of Slotsholmen in central Copenhagen next to Christiansborg Palace. Designed by Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll, the building was constructed from 1838–48 following a public collection of funds in 1837.

托瓦尔森博物馆(丹麦语:Thorvaldsens Museum) 是一座位于丹麦首都哥本哈根的单一艺术博物馆。其目的是为了纪念新古典主义雕刻家巴特尔·托瓦尔森(1770年-1844年),其大半生(1796年-1838年)都是在罗马度过的。这座博物馆坐落于哥本哈根市中心克里斯钦堡宫以北的城堡岛上。1837年得到公众筹款设立的基金支持后,建筑于1838年至1848年间。