User interface.

In Snap!, the screen is organized in three resizable columns containing five regions: the block group selector (top of left column), the blocks palette (left column), the main area (middle column), and the stage area (top of right column) with the sprite selector (also called the sprite corral) showing sprite thumbnails below it.  In the interactively resizable stage area (full-screen is available, too) are drawn the graphical results (i.e. animations, graphics, etc.) of the scripts running in the script area, and/or interactively double-clicked individual blocks in any palette. Individual blocks can be dragged from the palette onto the scripts area to be associated with the selected sprite. Snap!'s blocks are divided into eight groups: Motion, Looks, Sound, Pen, Control, Sensing, Operators, and Variables. The layout of these groups in the block group selector is shown in the table below.  The main area can show scripts, costumes, or sounds associated with the selected sprite. What the main area shows is dependent on the selected tab.

Features.

The most important features that Snap! offers, but Scratch does not, include:

History.

The web-based Snap! and older desktop-based BYOB have been both developed by Jens Mönig for Windows, OS X and Linux with design ideas and documentation provided by Brian Harvey from University of California, Berkeley and have been used to teach "The Beauty and Joy of Computing" introductory course in computer science (CS) for non-CS-major students. They were both members of the Scratch Team before creating "Snap!". BYOB and "Snap!" both were created in the Scratch Headquarters, MIT Media Lab. BYOB is still available for downloading.

License.

The source code of Snap! is Affero General Public License (AGPL) licensed and is hosted on GitHub. The earlier, desktop-based 3.x version's code is available under a license that allows modification for only non-commercial uses and can be downloaded from the UC Berkeley website or CNET's Download.com and TechTracker download page.

Platforms.

Snap! is implemented in JavaScript using an HTML5 Canvas application programming interface (API), and because of that it runs on the major web-browsers on Windows, iOS, OS X and Linux devices.

Recognition.

Snap! has been recognized by the Logo Foundation, and reviewed in an online magazine for programmers. As of December 2014, 100 New York City (NYC) high schools will introduce University of California at Berkeley's “Beauty and Joy of Computing” as a new AP Computer Science Principles course in 2015, using Snap!.

Snap! (formerly BYOB) is a free, blocks-based educational graphical programming language and online community aimed at students to explore, create and re-mix interactive animations, games, stories, and more, while learning about mathematical and computational ideas. While inspired by Scratch, Snap! has many advanced features. The Snap! editor, and programs created in it, are web applications that run in the browser (like Scratch 2) without requiring installation.

Snap! 是一款用JavaScript编写的,在浏览器里运行的图形化编程语言,旨在赋予学生创作交互式故事,动画,游戏等作品,学习数学和计算概念。Snap!由Scratch语言衍生,包含和扩展了Scratch的功能。


Biography.

Liu Zhenwu was born in August 1945 in Nan County, Hunan Province. He enlisted in the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in July 1961, serving in the 370th Regiment of the 124th Division of the 42nd Group Army. He joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in June 1964.  Starting as an ordinary soldier, Liu rose through the ranks of the 42nd Army, becoming chief of staff in August 1983. In 1987 he studied military science at the PLA National Defence University. He became deputy commander of the 42nd Army in December 1989, and commander in July 1992. He was promoted to the rank of major general in July 1990.  In 1994, when the PLA Hong Kong Garrison was being formed in preparation for the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, Liu was named its first commander. In this capacity, he toured Hong Kong's military bases and facilities in July 1996, accompanied by Major General Bryan Dutton, the outgoing commander of the British Forces Overseas Hong Kong. Soon after Hong Kong's handover from Britain to China on 1 July 1997, Liu was promoted to lieutenant general at the end of the month, outranking his British predecessors. He commanded about 15,000 soldiers in the garrison, most of whom were based across the border in mainland China. In September 1997, he became an alternate member of the 15th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.  In March 1999, Liu became Deputy Commander of the Guangzhou Military Region, which oversaw the Hong Kong Garrison. He was promoted to Commander of the Guangzhou MR in January 2002, and became a full member of the 16th Central Committee in November. He was awarded the rank of full general ("shang jiang") in June 2004.  In June 2007, Liu was transferred to Beijing to serve as Deputy Chief of the PLA General Staff Department, a position he held until July 2009. He retired from his military career, and was appointed in February 2010 as deputy director of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the 11th National People's Congress.

Liu Zhenwu (; born August 1945) is a retired general ("shang jiang") of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA). He was the first Commander of the PLA Hong Kong Garrison, and later served as Deputy Commander and Commander of the Guangzhou Military Region, and Deputy Chief of the PLA General Staff Department.

刘镇武(1945年-8月25日),湖南省南县人。中国人民解放军上将,曾任中国人民解放军驻香港部队首任司令员、广州军区副司令员、司令员、中国人民解放军副总参谋长。浙江大学教育学院兼职教授。中共第十五届候补中央委员、十六届中央委员。


Early life.

Landis was born in Beverly Hills, California, the son of director John Landis and costume designer and historian Deborah Nadoolman Landis. His family is Jewish. He left Beverly Hills High School for a therapeutic boarding school in Connecticut, but still graduated with a Beverly Hills High School diploma. Landis has stated that he has cyclothymia and dysgraphia.

Career.

Max Landis appeared briefly in some of his father's films, including "The Stupids", "Blues Brothers 2000", and "Burke and Hare". He started writing at 16, and sold his first script at the age of 18, a collaboration with his father on the "Masters of Horror" episode "Deer Woman". In 2008 he independently wrote an unaired episode for the series' second incarnation as "Fear Itself". The same year, he wrote "Back to Mysterious Island" (based on the Jules Verne novel) for Bluewater Comics.  While attending the University of Miami, Landis wrote shorts which were produced by students in the school's film program. Upon leaving the university, he went on what one contemporary reporter called a "spec-selling streak", having three of his pitches optioned within six months. One of these was "Good Time Gang," described as "a cross between "The Bourne Identity" and "Jackass"", which was not produced. He was hired in 2011 as screenwriter for "Mr. Right", a violent romantic comedy released to mixed reviews in 2015.  He sold "Chronicle", a script previously included on the Black List of promising unproduced screenplays, to 20th Century Fox's Davis Entertainment. Directed by Josh Trank, it was released in February 2012 to critical acclaim and commercial success. Landis wrote a draft for a sequel, but Fox was unhappy with it and the project was discontinued. Davis and Fox also bought Landis' script for a film based on Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein", which became 2015's "Victor Frankenstein."  Landis has written and directed two short comedic features released on YouTube. "The Death and Return of Superman" (2012) mockingly retells DC Comics' 1992–1993 story-line of Superman's death and revival, with scenes acted out by his friends and Hollywood actors. "Wrestling Isn't Wrestling" (2015) explains the nature of professional wrestling using the career of wrestler Triple H as an example, with several actors and wrestlers in cameos. Landis was later hired as a consultant for "WWE Raw".  In September 2012, Landis sold a "superhero police drama" TV series titled "Vigilant" to Fox, and planned to executive produce it with "Homeland" producer Howard Gordon, but the project was cancelled. In 2012 Landis began work on his directorial debut, "Me Him Her", which received a limited released in March 2016 to mixed reviews. The 2015 film "American Ultra", based on his screenplay, received mixed reviews and disappointing box office results.  In February 2015, Landis directed Ariana Grande's music video "One Last Time". He was accused of plagiarizing the style and themes of the video from the music video for "You Are the One" by Australian band SAFIA.  In 2016, Netflix began production on Landis' script for "Bright", then its most expensive self-produced film. Featuring magical fantasy characters such as orcs as an allegory for racism, the film was critically panned upon its release in December 2017, but Netflix reported that it was popular with its subscribers.  In September 2017, Landis published a website called "A Scar No One Else Can See", which contained a 150-page theory on the themes of Carly Rae Jepsen's songs, arguing that they present a dark, three-part narrative about heartbreak and rejection. Although Landis called the project a "celebration" of Jepsen, "The Daily Dot" and Pride.com described the document as a conspiracy theory, and Reid McCarter of "The A.V. Club" dismissed the findings as unremarkable.

Controversy.

Landis has been criticized for statements he has made about women, and he has been accused of abuse and sexual misconduct by several women and industry figures.

Misogyny accusations.

In a 2013 interview with self-styled sexologist Shelby Sells, Landis made numerous comments about women, such as "the most fucked up thing was that I cheated on a girl who I also gave a crippling social anxiety, self-loathing, body dysmorphia, eating disorder to". Landis' statements were sharply criticized as misogynist and objectifying of women, such as in a "Jezebel" piece which described his comments as "obnoxious", "twisted", and "gross".  In a 2015 Twitter post, Landis described the lead character Rey in "" as a "Mary Sue", a term originating in critiques of fan fiction, now often used derisively by critics to describe female protagonists who are "too competent". He later stated in an interview that he stood by his criticism, but "I regret framing it that way. I didn't understand that the term 'Mary Sue' had been co-opted".

Sexual assault accusations.

In December 2017, Landis was accused of sexual assault by former co-worker Anna Akana. "MAD Magazine" editor Allie Goertz had commented several weeks earlier about "a famous director's son," that she "couldn't imagine someone more scared in a post-Harvey Weinstein world," and various entertainment-industry figures commented in response about this person's bad reputation without naming him. Following Akana's statement, other industry figures confirmed Landis' reputation by name. Anti-harassment activist Zoe Quinn posted about Landis, alleging that his abuse of women was an "open secret" in Hollywood, and that they'd been withholding the story because "him & his dad are powerful figures."  In June 2019, Landis' former girlfriend Whitney Moore posted on Twitter about him, referring to "horrific, inhumane things he did to me", and "The Daily Beast" published accusations from eight women about emotional and sexual abuse by him, one describing him as "a serial rapist, gaslighter, physical and psychological abuser." In a Twitter post expressing support for Landis' accusers, "Chronicle" director Josh Trank said that he had banned the writer from the set during filming. Landis' management company Writ Large and his manager Britton Rizzio stated that they had dropped him "as soon as they heard about" the "Daily Beast" story.

Max Landis (; born August 3, 1985) is an American writer and filmmaker and the son of director John Landis. He wrote scripts for the films "Chronicle" (2012), "American Ultra" (2015), "Victor Frankenstein" (2015), and "Bright" (2017), and produced the Syfy series "Channel Zero" and "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency" for BBC America. He has also written limited series published by DC and Image Comics. In both 2011 and 2012, he was listed among "Forbes" magazine's "30 Under 30" young people to watch in the entertainment industry. Landis has been accused of emotional and sexual abuse by several women.

麦克斯·兰迪斯(英语:Max Landis,1985年-8月3日)是一名美国男编剧、导演、监制、演员和漫画作家。兰迪斯撰写的电影剧本包括《超能失控》(2012年)、《废柴特务》(2015年)、《怪物》(2015年)和《光灵》(2017年)。2012年和2015年,兰迪斯分别自编自导了短片《超人之死与归来 (短片)》与《Wrestling Isn't Wrestling》。此外,他亦曾为DC漫画和映像漫画创作过漫画。


Geographic setting and description.

After Mount Iwaki, the Hakkōda Mountains contain the second highest peak in Aomori Prefecture, Mount Ōdake with an elevation of. The peak is southeast of central Aomori and west of central Towada. Mount Ōdake can be climbed from Sukayu Onsen in about four hours. Heavy snowfall makes the Hakkōda Mountains a prime destination for backcountry and mountain skiers, and there are two mountain huts for overnight trips. The lower slopes of the mountains are forested interspersed with moorland. Above, the Alpine climate zone starts.  The Hakkōda Mountains, along with Lake Towada and the Oirase Valley, make up the northern section of Towada-Hachimantai National Park.  The mountains dominate the southern horizon of Aomori. On a clear day they can be seen on a clear day from Hakodate in Hokkaido over away.

List of peaks.

The following is a list of peaks and their heights:

Wetlands.

The Hakkōda Mountains are famous for their high-altitude wetlands:

Geology.

The Hakkōda Mountains are two clusters of stratovolcanoes in the Northeastern Japan Arc that consists of lava flows, debris flows, and pyroclastic ejecta and flows arranged into southern and northern groups. The volcanic peaks are made of non-alkali mafic rock; mostly andesite, dacite, and basalt. Although both groups of mountains formed in the Pleistocene, the southern group is older than the northern group. The southern group is made from rock that is 700,000 to 1,700,000 years old, while the northern group is made from rock that is 13,000 to 700,000 years old along the southwestern rim of an older caldera.  Eight eruptive events have occurred in the Northern Hakkōda Volcanic Group since 4,000 BCE, including phreatic and vulcanian eruptions. Four eruptive events occurred at the summit of Ōdake, with another possible eruption at Ōdake. The three most recent eruptions occurred at Jigokunuma on the southwestern foot of Ōdake near Sukayu Onsen during the 13th to 17th centuries.

Modern activity and the current threat.

Two fatal incidents have happened in modern history due to volcanic gas emitted from the northern group. On 12 July 1997, three soldiers of the Japan Self-Defense Forces died after gas accumulated in the valley they were training in. On 20 June 2010, a teenage girl died after being exposed to volcanic gas near Sukayu Onsen.  After the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake, seismic activity around the volcanic group increased. After a series of earthquakes between February and October 2013, Mount Ōdake saw a degree of deformation.  Future eruptions are forecast to come from the peak of Mount Ōdake and Jigokunuma, a volcanic crater lake. Large scale eruptions from Mount Ōdake have the potential to send lahars (volcanic mudflows) to heavily populated areas of the cities of Aomori and Towada, to the northwest and east, respectively, of the volcanic complex. Potential lahars would flow to Towada by the Oirase River and its tributaries and to Aomori by the Tsutsumi and Komagome rivers. The junction of the Tsutsumi and Komagome rivers just north of Tsutsui Station on the Aoimori Railway Line would be the most heavily impacted populated area during a large eruption, with many areas struck by over a meter of debris. An eruption from Mount Ōdake could also produce pyroclastic flows that could travel up to and expel lava up to from the volcano. As of May 2020, intense fumarole activity is ongoing at Jigokunuma near Sukayu Onsen and National Routes 103 / 394.

Human history.

During the Jōmon period, human activity rapidly increased in the Hakkōda Mountains after a large-scale, Plinian eruption of the Lake Towada volcanic caldera. It is hypothesized that the removal of the mountains' beech forest in the eruption made room for the chestnut groves that the Jōmon people in the area relied heavily on.  In 1684, during the Edo period, Sukayu Onsen was founded at a hot spring near Jigokunuma. A hunter tracking a deer he had wounded came upon the deer near a hot spring. The hunter notice that the deer had apparently been healed of its injuries by the hot spring. The location became known as Shikayu Onsen, literally "the deer's hot spring". As the amount of visitors grew, the onsen became known as Sukayu. The onsen is still a major attraction in the mountains.  The Hakkōda Mountains incident, took place on in the mountains in January 1902, leading to the death of 199 members of the Imperial Japanese Army's 8th Division.  In 1929, Tohoku University established the Mount Hakkōda Plant Experimentation Laboratory near Sukayu Onsen. The mountains, along with the Lake Towada area, were set aside under the as a protected part of Towada National Park in 1936. On 3 August 1953, the national park was expanded, extending its protected status to the Tashiro Plateau Wetland in the caldera of the Northern Group of the Hakkōda Mountains.  The Hakkōda Ropeway was opened in October 1968, providing aerial lift access to the top of Mount Tamoyachidake, one of the peaks in the northern Hakkōda Mountains.  The Hakkōda Mountains appear on a postage stamp released on 20 July 1951 and in a set of stamps released on 30 March 2015.  Yūichirō Miura, the oldest person to reach the summit of Mount Everest, said that the Hakkōda Mountains were the mountains held the closest to his heart.

Outdoor recreation.

The Hakkōda Mountains, particularly the area around the Hakkōda Ropeway, Sukayu Onsen, and Mount Ōdake, are a popular destination for skiers and snowboarders from around the world. The mountains offer an extensive area for backcountry winter recreation, with dry, powdery snow similar to what is seen at resorts in Hokkaido despite being slightly further south.

Climbing.

Climbing to the summit of Mount Ōdake, the peak of the Hakkōda Mountains, is not difficult and does not require any technical skill between May and November. To reach the peak climbers start their accent at Sukayu Onsen or the top of the Hakkōda Ropeway, both of which can be accessed by public buses or private automobiles from National Route 103 and National Route 394. From Sukayu Onsen, it takes about an hour and forty-five minutes make the ascent to the summit that is accessible by a well-marked pathway. From the top of the Hakkōda Ropeway it takes two hours to ascend to the summit and another two to descend back to the aerial lift. The summit can be reached outside of the mentioned climbing season; however dangers imposed by avalanches and harsh weather make advance training, personal radio beacons, and preparation necessary.

Dangers and accidents.

The Hakkōda Mountains incident occurred on 23 January 1902, when a group of Imperial Japanese Army soldiers marched in a blizzard on the Hakkōda Mountains en route to Tashiro Hot Spring located in the Hakkōda Mountains. The 199 deaths during a single ascent make it the world's largest mountaineering disaster in the modern history of mountain climbing.  Two people were killed and 12 were injured after an avalanche struck a hiking party in 2007.

Ecology.

Flora.

Below the alpine zone that begins around, the Hakkōda Mountains are covered with Siebold's beech forests. In the lower alpine zone the mountains contain stands of Maries' fir, known locally as Aomori todomatsu. In the higher alpine zone in elevations above, the stands of fir thin out and are interspersed with a mixture of alpine shrubs, primarily made up of East Asian alder and Japanese rowan.

Fauna.

The mountains support a wide variety of animal life. The Tsuta Wild Bird Sanctuary lies within the Southern Group of the Hakkōda Mountains. Its marshes and ponds support populations of Mandarin duck, Forest Green Tree Frog, and Ruddy kingfisher. Other species that can be found in the Hakkōda Mountains are the golden eagle, the Japanese serow, and the Asian black bear.

The is an active volcanic complex in south-central Aomori Prefecture, Japan, in Towada-Hachimantai National Park. Often called or simply. Collectively the mountains are one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains. Its peak, Mount Ōdake, lies southeast of central Aomori and west of central Towada and has an elevation of. The Hakkōda Mountains are located in the Ōu Mountains and are part of the Northeastern Japan Arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire. The volcanic complex consists of fourteen stratovolcanoes and lava domes arranged into two volcanic groups. The Northern Hakkōda Volcanic Group emerges from the rim of an caldera that dates back to the Pleistocene. The Southern Hakkōda Volcanic Group predates the caldera.

八甲田山是一处位于日本本州东北部青森县青森市以南的火山山脉,其中包括十多座复式火山和火山穹丘。并分为南北两组火山群,在北八甲田火山群有发现两端宽达8公里的火山臼,其历史可以追溯到更新世。而在南八甲田火山群中的火山臼出现时间更早。


Name.

The Russian name of the air base "" has been transliterated also in other ways, namely Hemeimeem, Hmeymin, all based on the local Arabic name, —.

History and current legal status.

Khmeimim air base was built in mid-2015 adjacent to the Bassel Al-Assad International Airport to serve as "the strategic center of Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War". The existence of the Russian strategic base was revealed by the United States in early September and American officials expressed concern over the possibility of escalation of the conflict in Syria. The airbase became operational on 30 September 2015.  On 26 August 2015, in Damascus, Russia and Syria signed a treaty, effective forthwith, that stipulates terms and conditions of use by Russia of Syria's Hmeimim airport, free of charge and with no time limit. The treaty, ratified by Russia's parliament and signed into law by president Vladimir Putin in October 2016, grants Russia's personnel and their family members jurisdictional immunity and other privileges as envisaged by Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. The Syrian military is in charge of protecting the base perimeter, while the Russian side is responsible for air defense and internal policing of base personnel. The treaty was amended by signing a protocol to the treaty on 18 January 2017.  In late December 2017, Russia announced it had set about "forming a permanent grouping" at Khmeimim as well as at its naval facility in Tartus, after president Putin approved the structure and the personnel strength of the Tartus and Hmeymim bases.

Operation.

Within several months in 2015 new infrastructure was built: air-conditioned accommodation for approximately 1,000 people, an air traffic control tower, runway extensions, storage facilities, field kitchens, and refuelling stations. Supplies were flown in from Russia or shipped via Tartus harbour away. The base is reported to be capable of handling Antonov An-124 Ruslan and Ilyushin Il-76M transport aircraft; the deployed aircraft included Sukhoi Su-24Ms, Sukhoi Su-25s, and Sukhoi Su-34s, reconnaissance aircraft Il-20M as well as T-90 tanks, BTR-82 vehicles, artillery, with Mil Mi-24, Mi-28, Ka-52 gunships and Mil Mi-8 support helicopters. After the 24 November 2015 shootdown of a Su-24M, a S-400 defensive missile system was installed, allowing Russia to defend the air space from Southern Turkey to Northern Israel.  At the end of January 2016, Sukhoi Su-35 fighter jets started to be deployed. In February 2016, one Tupolev Tu-214R was reported to have been deployed.  At the end of February 2016 and in response to developments at the Geneva peace talks, a truce coordination center had been established at the airbase to coordinate activities of warring parties and "render maximum assistance" to all parties participating in recent ceasefire agreements; the center will not support ISIL, Al-Nusra, and terrorist groups so designated by the UN Security Council.  The Sixth Directorate of the Russian GRU reportedly operated a signals intelligence station by the airport.  In 2018 RT reported on a large-scale renovation at the airport. This included the construction of a second landing strip, hangars to shelter planes from drone attacks and the sun, and a centralized fuel system to speed up refueling. With the demise of opposing forces, Russian pilots were said to perform mainly training sessions having at hand 30 aircraft consisting of Su-35S, Su-34 and Su-24 planes and Mi-35 and Mi-8AMTSh helicopters.

Major incidents.

In November 2016, after the Russian aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov" lost a MiG-29K fighter due to arrestor cable problems, satellite images indicated that at least some of the carrier's air wing of MiG-29K and Sukhoi Su-33 aircraft had been deployed to Khmeimim.  On 3 January 2018, the "Kommersant" reported that rebel shelling on 31 December 2017 caused the deaths of 2 Russian military personnel and the loss of at least seven aircraft stationed on the base; the Russian MoD on 4 January 2018 acknowledged that the attack occurred and confirmed that two servicemen had been killed, but denied that any jets had been disabled. According to Roman Saponkov, a Russian military journalist who posted photographs of the aftermath of the attack on the same day that the Russian MoD published its statement, no aircraft were destroyed in the attack, but ten were damaged. An article on /Drive said that key questions about the attack were still unanswered despite the Russian MoD's communique.  On 12 January, the Russian MoD said the military had destroyed a group of militants that shelled the Khmeimim airbase, close to the western border of the Idlib province and also destroyed a terrorist drone assembly and storage depot in the Syrian province of Idlib; a Krasnopol projectile were used in both operations.  On 6 March 2018, a Russian Antonov An-26 transport plane crash during an attempted landing at the airbase killed all 39 military personnel on board. The Russian MoD said that the plane was not fired upon and preliminary data suggested that a technical malfunction had caused the crash.  On September 19, 2018, a Russian Ilyushin Il-20 plane that was coming in to land was hit by Syrian air defense in a friendly fire incident. The Syrians were trying to target Israeli aircraft. The Russian Defense Ministry said that four Israeli F-16 fighter jets had attacked targets in Syria's Latakia after approaching from the Mediterranean. The Israeli warplanes had approached at a low altitude and “created a dangerous situation for other aircraft and vessels in the region.” “The Israeli pilots used the Russian plane as cover and set it up to be targeted by the Syrian air defense forces. As a consequence, the Il-20, which has radar cross-section much larger than the F-16, was shot down by an S-200 system missile,” the statement said, adding that 15 Russian military service members have died as a result.

Drone attacks.

On 6 January 2018, Russian forces thwarted a drone (UAV) swarm attack on the base, the first of this kind in the history of warfare. Statements from Russia's MoD on 8 and 10 January confirmed earlier reports about the incident, saying that the attempted attack that involved 13 armed, fixed-wing drones which were used to attack both the Hmeimim base and the Tartus naval facility on 5—6 January was repulsed by the Russian forces' radio-electronic warfare technologies; it also refuted earlier reports that a greater number of UAVs were involved in the attack and alleged that the drones could have been obtained only from a country that possessed "high-tech capabilities for providing satellite navigation and remote control."  Referring to the 6 January swarm attack on 25 October, Russian Deputy Defense Minister Colonel General Alexander Fomin stated that "Thirteen drones moved according to common combat battle deployment, operated by a single crew. During all this time the American Poseidon-8 reconnaissance plane patrolled the Mediterranean Sea area for eight hours," according to the TASS article which provided details on the operation and how the Poseidon managed the attack and the drones were switched from autonomus to manual control. Further analysis was provided by Editor-in-Chief of National Defense journal Igor Korotchenko stating "There were three such goals: uncovering the Russian air defense system in Syria, carrying out radio-electronic reconnaissance and inflicting actual harm to our servicemen in Syria," in a 2nd TASS article providing further information on the Russian analysis of the attack and the Russian official belief that it was a Pentagon operation. The Russian Foreign Ministry confirmed the Deputy Defence Minister's claim. In a statement to Military Times the Pentagon said “Any suggestion that U.S. or coalition forces played a role in an attack on a Russian base is without any basis in fact and is utterly irresponsible,” in an article covering the likelihood of the Russian claims.  On 24 April, the airbase was targeted by another wave of drones in a swarm attack. Russian forces reported they had intercepted and destroyed several "small-size unidentified airborne targets" while they approached the base.  On 30 June, Russian air defences repelled another drone attack on the base, shooting down multiple unidentified unmanned aerial vehicles. During July and August 2018, the airbase was targeted by multiple drone attacks, all were repelled. In August 2018, a total of 47 drones had been shot down by Russian air defenses. 50 drones were shot down in September–October 2018.  Three more attacks occurred in August 2019.  Air defense and electronic warfare systems deployed at Russia's Hmeymim air base in Syria have shot down or disabled over 100 drones during terrorists’ attempted attacks on the military facility over the past two years, Defense Ministry Spokesman Major-General Igor Konashenkov said on September 27, 2019.  On January 19, and February 3 and 11, 2020, Russian air defense systems repelled drone attacks.

Reactions.

At the end of September 2015, NATO's supreme allied commander for Europe, General Philip Breedlove, said that the kind of military infrastructure that Russia had installed in Syria, which included anti-aircraft defence systems, was a de facto no-fly zone: "As we see the very capable air defense [systems] beginning to show up in Syria, we're a little worried about another A2/AD [anti-access/area denial] bubble being created in the eastern Mediterranean." (Russia's third denial zone around Europe)  An article on /Drive in early 2018 said that the regularity of attacks on the air base could be "troublesome for Moscow's narrative and are likely an indication of how the conflict in Syria will morph in the coming months."

Khmeimim Air Base(Russian: Хмеймим), also Hmeimim Air Base, is a Syrian airbase currently operated by Russia, located south-east of the city of Latakia in Hmeimim, Latakia Governorate, Syria. The airbase shares some airfield facilities with Bassel Al-Assad International Airport. The legal status of the base is regulated by a treaty Russia and Syria signed in August 2015. At the end of 2017, Russia said it had decided to turn the Khmeimim base into a component of its permanent military contingent stationed in Syria.

赫梅明空军基地(英语:Khmeimim air base,)是叙利亚的一处空军基地,位于拉塔基亚省的赫梅明。目前该空军基地由俄罗斯军方运营。这个空军基地与巴塞勒·阿萨德国际机场共享一些机场设施。


Biography.

Leon van der Torre was born on March 18, 1968 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. He lived in Zevenhuizen, where he attended primary school, before he later attended the secondary school division VWO of the Orange-Nassau College in Zoetermeer. During that time he bought his first computer, a ZX-81, which he programmed himself, and liked to write articles for a computer magazine. He also became national youth champion in the game of bridge.  Leon van der Torre studied computer science at the Erasmus University Rotterdam at the Faculty of Economics, and also pursued studies in philosophy. He held positions at EURIDIS and the Department of Computer Science during which he obtained his Master of Science (1992) and his PhD in computer science (1997) with Yao-Hua Tan. His thesis was concerned with deontic logic in computer science and its combination with nonmonotonic logic. His main research topic are logics in Artificial Intelligence and computer science.  After positions in Germany (Max Planck Institute for Informatics in Saarbrücken), France (Marie Curie fellow, CNRS-IRIT, Toulouse), and the Netherlands (CWI Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit), he joined the University of Luxembourg as a full professor for Intelligent Systems in January 2006. Currently, he is also the head of the Computer Science and Communication Research Unit. As of March 2015, 12 students have completed their PhD under his supervision, and 10 of his postdocs have obtained a permanent position in research or university education.

Research.

After working on qualitative decision theory, Leon van der Torre turned towards cognitive science and agent theory. He developed the BOID agent architecture (with colleagues from the Vrije Universiteit), created the area of input/output logics (with David Makinson), and the game-theoretic approach to normative multi-agent systems (with Guido Boella from the University of Turin). He initiated the workshops on coordination and organization (CoOrg), on interdisciplinary perspectives on roles (ROLES), and on normative multi-agent systems (NORMAS). He became an ECCAI Fellow in 2015.  Leon van der Torre is furthermore the editor of the deontic logic corner of the Journal of Logic and Computation, a member of the editorial boards of the Logic Journal of the IGPL and the IfCoLog Journal of Logics and their Applications, chair of the DEON steering committee, a member of the CLIMA steering committee, and an editor of the Handbooks of Deontic Logic and Normative Systems, with further handbooks in preparation.

Personal life.

Leon van der Torre has been married to the artist Egberdien van der Torre - van der Peijl since 2000. They have 2 sons.

Leendert (Leon) van der Torre is a professor of computer science at the University of Luxembourg and head of the "Individual and Collective Reasoning" (ICR) group, part of the Computer Science and Communication (CSC) Research Unit. Leon van der Torre is a prolific researcher in deontic logic and multi-agent systems, a member of the Ethics Advisory Committee of the University of Luxembourg and founder of the "CSC Robotic research laboratory". Since March 2016 he is the head of the Computer Science and Communication (CSC) Research Unit.

雷欧·范德托(, 1968年-3月18日),荷兰逻辑学家,卢森堡大学计算机科学教授,主要研究领域为道义逻辑,多智能体系统,人工智能中的逻辑学。截止2016年已发表学术论文近300篇。


Characteristics.

Mass, radius and temperature.

Wolf 1061c is thought to be a rocky planet estimated to be a super-Earth exoplanet as its mass is about 4.3 times that of Earth and radius is over 1.5 which would give it a density either near or possibly higher than Earth. It has an estimated surface gravity of 1.6 times that on Earth.  In astronomical terms, the Wolf 1061 system is relatively close to Earth, at only 13.8 light years away.  The discovery was announced on 17 December 2015, following a study that used 10 years of archival spectra of the star Wolf 1061 using the HARPS spectrograph attached to the ESO 3.6 m Telescope at the European Southern Observatory at La Silla, Chile.  The planet has an equilibrium temperature of, slightly higher than that of Mars.

Host star.

The planet orbits a (M-type) star named Wolf 1061, orbited by a total of three planets. The star has a mass of 0.25 and a radius of 0.26. It has a temperature of 3380 K. The age is poorly constrained/unknown, but estimates would place it around a few billion years. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.  The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 10.1"". Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye.

Orbit.

Wolf 1061c orbits its host star with less than 1% of the Sun's luminosity every 17.9 days at a distance of 0.08 AU (compared to Mercury which orbits at a distance of 0.38 AU).

Habitability.

The planet's orbital distance of 0.084 AU (assuming mild eccentricity) lies at the inner edge of its star's habitable zone, which extends from approximately 0.073 to 0.190 AU (for comparison, the habitable zone of the Sun is approximated at 0.5 to 3.0 AU for its different energy emission). Its host star is a red dwarf, with about a quarter as much mass as the Sun. As a result, stars like Wolf 1061 have the ability to burn up to 400–500 billion years, 40–50 times longer than the Sun will.  Because it is so close to the star, it is likely to be tidally locked, meaning one side permanently faces the star and the other side permanently faces away. Although this scenario could result in extreme temperature differences on the planet, the terminator line that separates the illuminated side and the dark side could potentially be habitable, as the temperature there could be suitable for liquid water to exist. Additionally, a much larger portion of the planet could also be habitable if it has a thick enough atmosphere to facilitate heat transfer away from the side facing the star.

Wolf 1061c or WL 1061c is an exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the red dwarf star Wolf 1061 in the constellation Ophiuchus, about 13.8 light years from Earth, making it the fifth closest known, potentially habitable, and confirmed exoplanet to Earth (after Proxima Centauri b, Ross 128 b, Luyten b and Tau Ceti e), yielding interest from astronomers. It is the second planet in order from its host star in a triple planetary system, and has an orbital period of 17.9 days. Wolf 1061c is classified as a super-Earth exoplanet as its estimated radius is greater than 1.5.

沃夫1061c(Wolf 1061c或 WL 1061c)是环绕红矮星沃夫1061的一颗太阳系外行星,距离地球13.8光年。它是三行星系统中距离母恒星第二近的行星,轨道周期17.9日,质量为地球的4.3倍,属于超级地球。


One World Trade Center (Manhattan).

One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in New York City. Like the original World Trade Center buildings it replaced, the new building has a sky lobby to balance the loads and convenience of individuals ascending via the elevators. The sky lobby is located on the 64th floor, and serves all passengers wishing to travel from the ground floor lobby to higher floors. Each set of approximately 5-6 stories is served by one bank of elevators. The elevators from the ground floor to the 64th floor sky lobby are the fastest in the Western Hemisphere, traveling at the same speed as the elevators used for the nonstop One World Observatory service, which transports guests to the 100th floor in under one minute.

875 North Michigan Avenue (Chicago).

The John Hancock Center's sky lobby on the 44th floor serves only the residential portion of the building that occupies floors 45–92. Three express elevators run from the residential lobby on the ground floor to the 44th floor, with all three of the elevators stopping at one of the parking garage levels. At floor 44, residents transfer to two banks of three elevators. One bank serves floors 45–65 and the other serves 65–92. Although all six elevators stop at floor 65, this floor is roughly the same layout as the residential floors immediately above and below it. It is not a sky lobby because residents can also board elevators to higher floors at floor 44.  The tower's 44th floor sky lobby includes a pool, gym, dry cleaner, convenience store, about 700 mailboxes, two "party" rooms, a sitting area overlooking Lake Michigan, a small library, a refuse room (with trash chutes emptying here), offices for the managers of the residential condominium, and a polling station for residents during elections.  Floors above 92 are serviced by direct passenger elevators from the ground floor, and by two freight elevators that run from floors 44 to 98.

A sky lobby is an intermediate interchange floor in a skyscraper where people can change from an express elevator that stops only at the sky lobby to a local elevator which stops at every floor within a segment of the building. When designing very tall (supertall) buildings, supplying enough elevators is a problem – travellers wanting to reach a specific higher floor may conceivably have to stop at a very large number of other floors on the way up to let other passengers off and on. This increases travel time, and indirectly requires many more elevator shafts to still allow acceptable travel times – thus reducing effective floor space on each floor for "all" levels. The other main technique to increase usage without adding more elevator shafts is double-deck elevators.

空中大堂是位在大厦中间的楼层,升降机使用者可透过空中大堂,从只停在空中大堂的高速升降机,转乘至另可达大厦其他楼层的升降机。


Concept and creation.

The events leading to Luigi's creation began in 1982, during the development of "Donkey Kong", where the Nintendo designer Shigeru Miyamoto had created Mario (then known as "Jumpman") hoping that he would be able to recast the character in a variety of roles in future games. Miyamoto had been inspired by the game "Joust" to create a game with a simultaneous two-player mode, which led to his development of the game "Mario Bros." in 1983, with Luigi filling the role of Mario's brother as the second playable character. Luigi's name is said to have been inspired by a pizza parlor near Nintendo of America's headquarters in Redmond, Washington, called "Mario & Luigi's". Miyamoto observed that the word "ruiji" means "similar" in the Japanese language, and that Luigi was designed to have the same size, shape and gameplay of Mario.  While Mario was originally portrayed as a carpenter in "Donkey Kong", the duo of Mario and Luigi in "Mario Bros." were styled as Italian plumbers by Miyamoto, on the suggestion of a colleague. Software constraints of the time—similar to those that gave Mario his distinctive look in "Donkey Kong"—meant Luigi's first appearance was restricted to a simple palette swap of Mario designed to represent the second player. Graphically and in terms of gameplay, the characters were completely identical, except for their color schemes; the green color scheme adopted for Luigi remained one of his defining physical characteristics in subsequent releases.  After the success of "Mario Bros.", Luigi was introduced to a wider audience in 1985 with the release of the console game "Super Mario Bros." Once again his role was restricted to a palette swap of Mario, functioning as the second-player in a similar fashion to "Mario Bros.". The later Japan-only version of "Super Mario Bros. 2" in 1986 (later released in the west as "") marked the beginning of Luigi's development toward becoming a more distinguished character. As with his previous appearances, Luigi remained a palette swap of Mario; however, his movement was no longer identical. Luigi could now jump higher and farther than his brother, at the expense of movement response and precision.  While this version of "Super Mario Bros. 2" was released in Japan, it was deemed to be too difficult for American audiences at the time. In 1988, consequently, an alternative release was developed to serve as "Super Mario Bros. 2" for western players (and later released in Japan as "Super Mario USA"); this version played a key role in shaping Luigi's current appearance. The game was a conversion of "", with the graphics altered to represent characters and scenes from the "Mario" franchise. In this release, the character of "Mama", who had the highest jump among the original cast, served as the template for Luigi, resulting in his taller, thinner look, combined with his Marioesque outfit and ubiquitous green color scheme. There were earlier appearances of Luigi being taller than Mario: in the 1988 Famicom Disk System game "" and earlier, in a very rare 1986 anime "" (though in the anime he wore a yellow shirt and the color of his hat and overalls were blue). Promotional artwork for "Super Mario Bros. 3" and "Super Mario World" depicts Luigi with this new look, but the actual games did not adapt this different character design in-game until the 1992 game "Super Mario Kart". Luigi's distinctive appearance from the ""-inspired version of "Super Mario Bros. 2" has been used ever since, even for remakes of games in which he was originally a palette swap.

Actor portrayal.

Much like his appearance, Luigi's vocal portrayal has fluctuated over the years. In "Mario Kart 64", which voiced many characters for the first time, some characters, including Luigi, had two different voices according to the region of the game: North American and European versions feature a low-pitched voice for Luigi, provided by Charles Martinet, who also voices Mario, Wario, Waluigi, and Toadsworth, whereas the Japanese version uses a high-pitched, falsetto voice, provided by (then French translator at Nintendo) Julien Bardakoff. All versions of "Mario Party" feature Bardakoff's high-pitched clips from "Mario Kart 64". Luigi retained this higher voice in "Mario Party 2". In "Mario Golf", "Mario Tennis", and "Mario Party 3", his voice returned to a lower state. Since then, with the exceptions of "" and "Super Smash Bros. Melee", Luigi has consistently had a medium-pitched voice. In "Mario Kart: Super Circuit", Luigi's voice was the same high voice from the Japanese "Mario Kart 64". In "Super Smash Bros." and "Super Smash Bros. Melee", Luigi's voice is made up of clips from Mario's voice taken from "Super Mario 64", with raised pitches. In "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" and subsequent instalments in the "Super Smash Bros." series, he has his own voice (which is medium-pitched) instead of a pitched-up version of Mario's.

Characteristics.

Luigi is portrayed as the taller, younger brother of Mario, and he is usually seen dressed in a green shirt with dark blue overalls. Although Luigi is a plumber, like his brother, other facets of his personality vary from game to game. Luigi always seems nervous and timid but is good-natured and not as quick to anger as his more famous brother. A baby version of the character named Baby Luigi debuted in "", who is held captive by Kamek. He also appeared in "" as a playable character along with Baby Mario. He is voiced by Charles Martinet, just like his adult self. Being the younger twin of Mario, Luigi is presumed to be also 24–25 years old.  While it has not been made official, Daisy may be Luigi's romantic interest. They were a romantic couple in the "Super Mario Bros." film and in "Mario Kart Wii" they are seen in statue dancing together. She was his caddy in "NES Open Tournament Golf" as Peach was to Mario. Also on Daisy's trophy in "Super Smash Bros. Melee", it says that she is possibly Luigi's answer to Mario's Peach.

Surname.

Nintendo did not initially give Luigi a surname. The first notable use of "Luigi Mario" was in the 1993 live-action film adaptation. In September 2015, at the "Super Mario Bros." 30th Anniversary festival, Miyamoto stated that Mario's full name was Mario Mario. Consequently, this indirectly confirms Luigi's full name as Luigi Mario.

Appearances.

Luigi's first appearance was in the 1983 arcade game "Mario Bros." as the character controlled by the second player. He retained this role in "Wrecking Crew". He later appeared in "Super Mario Bros." for the NES, and again in "", "Super Mario Bros. 2", "Super Mario Bros. 3", and "Super Mario World". "Super Mario Bros. 2" introduced Luigi as the taller of the two brothers, as well as the better jumper. "Super Mario Bros. 3", and "Super Mario World" returned to featuring Luigi as a reskinned Mario. He made a minor appearance in his baby form in "". Luigi was conspicuously absent in "Super Mario 64" and "Super Mario Sunshine". However, the Nintendo DS remake of "Super Mario 64" features him as a playable character alongside Mario, Yoshi, and Wario. He received his own starring role in the GameCube game "Luigi's Mansion", where he wins a mansion from a contest he never entered, and saves Mario from King Boo. "Luigi's Mansion" has cultivated such a cult following that Nintendo made a sequel to the game nearly a decade after the original game's release date. The sequel is called "" and is playable on the Nintendo 3DS. He reprised his role in the third game, "Luigi's Mansion 3", on Nintendo Switch.  Luigi has been associated with the more difficult second acts of multiple "Super Mario" games. These include "The Lost Levels", "Super Mario Galaxy 2", "New Super Luigi U" and the new game plus in "Super Mario 3D Land", which offer more challenging elaborations on their respective predecessors and allow the player to use Luigi as the main character, in whom reduced friction and higher jumping is consistent in all of these games. Luigi became playable in the Nintendo DS game "New Super Mario Bros." as a hidden character, and as a hidden character in the Wii game "Super Mario Galaxy". In its sequel, "Super Mario Galaxy 2", the player can switch out for Luigi throughout the game. He also appears as a playable character in "New Super Mario Bros. Wii", where four players can play at once cooperatively as Mario, Luigi, and two Toads. He also appears in "Super Mario 3D Land" as a playable character as well as "New Super Mario Bros. 2" and "New Super Mario Bros. U", the latter having a DLC mode, where he is the main character, called "New Super Luigi U". It has levels altered to his specific play abilities, including higher jumping. The DLC is also available as a standalone retail version. Luigi also appeared in "Super Mario 3D World" along with his brother, Peach, Rosalina and Toad.  Luigi appears in many of the "Mario" spin-offs, including "Mario Kart", "Mario Party", and all of the "Mario" sports titles. He also appears in all five instalments of the "Super Smash Bros." series; in the first three installments and "Ultimate", he is an unlockable character.  Luigi has appeared in every "Mario" role-playing game. While he originally made a cameo appearance in the end credits of "Super Mario RPG", he appears more prominently in the "Paper Mario" series. He is a non-playable character in the original "Paper Mario". In the sequel "", he appears yet again as a non-playable character, going on a separate adventure from Mario's. "Super Paper Mario" features him as a playable character after he is initially brainwashed into working for the antagonist under the name "Mr. L." In "" and "", Luigi plays a minor role and can be found in the background of certain levels for a coin reward. In "Color Splash", Luigi appears at the end of the game driving a kart and helps Mario reach Bowser's Castle. In the upcoming game, "", he once again helps Mario by retrieving the keys of Peach's Castle himself. The "Mario & Luigi" series features Luigi as a main protagonist; the events of the games focus on him and his brother Mario. He has appeared in all seven "Mario & Luigi" games.

Other media.

Luigi made his animated debut in the 1986 film "". In the film, he was voiced by Yū Mizushima and had a different color scheme than he has today, sporting a blue cap, blue overalls, and a yellow shirt. This was because he was not yet given a consistent color scheme. In the film, Luigi was very greedy and even left Mario at one point to look for coins. He was also a little more serious than his brother Mario, who constantly daydreamed about Princess Peach, although he was not as brave as Mario.  Luigi later made an appearance in the third of a trilogy of OVAs entitled "" released in 1989, in which the Mario characters acted out the story of Snow White. He appears at the end of the video to save Mario and Peach from the Wicked Queen, portrayed by Koopa.  Luigi regularly appeared in "The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!", airing from 1989 to 1990, which cast Danny Wells as both his live-action portrayal and voice. Like his brother, Luigi's voice actor changed in later cartoons, in his case to Tony Rosato. Even though he was not the starring character in the show, Luigi appeared in all 91 episodes of the three DiC Mario cartoons, in one of which his brother himself did not appear ("Life's Ruff" from "The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3").  Luigi played a different role in the "Super Mario Bros." film, where he was portrayed by John Leguizamo. He is depicted as a more easy-going character in contrast to the cynical Mario, portrayed by Bob Hoskins. In the film, Luigi is not Mario's twin, but is much younger to the point that Mario is said to have been like a surrogate father to him since their parents' deaths, and his romantic relationship with Daisy is one of the film's main plot elements.  Luigi has also appeared in several "Robot Chicken" sketches, always alongside Mario. In one sketch, he and Mario accidentally appear in, from the "Grand Theft Auto" series, while another features them competing in a "Cannonball Run"-styled car race.  In 2015, game designer Josh Millard released "Ennuigi" which relates the story of Luigi's inability to come to terms with the lack of narrative in the original "Super Mario Bros". Reception regarding Luigi's character in "Ennuigi" ranged from "depressed," "laconic," "perpetually miserable," to "an angsty teenager who just finished writing a book report about Albert Camus' "The Stranger"." In a Reddit thread, Millard commented "I [...] think it's a pretty weird implied narrative once you step back and look at it, and enjoyed funneling some thoughts about all that into a recharacterization of Luigi as a guy who's as legitimately confused and distressed by his strange life as you'd expect a person to be once removed from the bubble of cartoony context of the franchise."

Year of Luigi.

On March 19, 2013, Nintendo began the Year of Luigi. This included a year of Luigi-themed games like "", "Dr. Luigi", "", and "New Super Luigi U". A "Luigi's Mansion" statue was released on Club Nintendo. On March 19, 2014, the Year of Luigi ended.

Month of Luigi.

On October 4, 2019, Nintendo declared that the entire month of October would be the Month of Luigi. This was done to celebrate "Luigi's Mansion 3", which was released on October 31, 2019. The Month of Luigi ended on November 1, 2019.

Reception.

Since his appearance in "Super Mario Bros.", Luigi has received highly positive reception. Nintendo Power listed Luigi as their fifth favourite hero, citing his dependability while describing him as being an underdog. They also listed him as having one of the best mustaches. GameDaily listed the "neglected guy" as one of their top 25 video game archetypes, citing Luigi as an example and stating that he lacks the charisma of his older brother Mario and that he should get another starring role. They also listed Luigi's Poltergust 3000 from "Luigi's Mansion" as one of the top 25 Nintendo gimmicks. UGO Networks ranked Luigi at No. 16 on their "25 Most Memorable Italians in Video Games" list, ranking him over Mario himself.  Luigi has been featured in many "Top Sidekicks" lists. Machinima placed Luigi as the best sidekick on gaming on their "Top 10 Sidekicks in Gaming" list. He was also listed as the best sidekick in video games by Maximum PC. IGN ranked him second on their top 10 list, commenting "No pair illustrates brotherly love like Mario and Luigi". Maxim listed Luigi as the second most underrated sidekick, behind Waylon Smithers.

Luigi first appeared in the 1983 Game & Watch game "Mario Bros." as the character controlled by the second player, and retained this role in the "Mario Bros." arcade game, "Super Mario Bros.", "Super Mario Bros. 3", "Super Mario World", and other titles. The first game where he was available as a primary character was "Super Mario Bros. 2". In more recent appearances, Luigi's role became increasingly restricted to spinoffs such as the "Mario Party" and "Mario Kart" series, though he has been featured in a starring role on seven occasions: first in the 1990 LCD wrist watch game "Luigi's Hammer Toss", in "Mario is Missing", in "Luigi's Mansion" for the GameCube in 2001, in "" for the Nintendo 3DS in 2013, in "Dr. Luigi" and "New Super Luigi U" for the Wii U in 2013, in "Luigi's Mansion Arcade" in 2015 for arcades and "Luigi's Mansion 3" for Nintendo Switch in 2019. In all seven of these games, he is called upon to act as the hero because usually Mario, the usual hero within the franchise, is in need of rescue. Luigi has also appeared in every episode of the three DiC TV series based on the NES and Super NES games.

,是日本游戏设计师宫本茂设计的一个虚构游戏人物,是马里奥系列主角马里奥的双胞胎弟弟,同样也被视作是系列作的主角级人物之一。


Plot.

Toula Portokalos-Miller's (Nia Vardalos) life is in shambles. Her travel agency and the family dry cleaners have closed due to the recession. The only business still open is the family restaurant that her father, Gus (Michael Constantine), still runs. Her husband, Ian (John Corbett), is the principal at their teen-aged daughter Paris's (Elena Kampouris) high school. Paris, who is applying to college, feels smothered by her close-knit clan, who constantly interfere in her life. Desperate for independence and privacy, she applies to schools across the country. Ian and Toula's marriage has become strained due to Toula's obsessive need to be involved in Paris's life and to "fix" whatever goes wrong in her family.  Meanwhile, Gus has convinced himself that he is directly descended from Alexander the Great and wants to write to an online ancestry site for confirmation. While sorting through his records, he discovers that his and Maria's (Lainie Kazan) marriage certificate was never signed by the priest, technically invalidating their union. His current priest isn't allowed to sign it but agrees to perform a new ceremony. Gus insists that he and Maria must marry again after fifty years together, but Maria wants Gus to propose properly. Gus refuses, infuriating Maria, who refuses to go through with the ceremony. Meanwhile, when Toula and Ian are on a date night to rekindle their romance, their family catches them making out in their car outside their house. After Gus lands in the hospital and Maria refuses to go, saying she is not his wife, Gus pleads for her to marry him again. This time she accepts.  Maria wants the wedding she never had and hires a wedding planner who quits after the rowdy family's choices become too outlandish. The whole family, including Ian's parents, Rodney and Harriet (Bruce Gray and Fiona Reid), and Angelo's business partner, Patrick, pitch in to make the wedding happen. Nick urges Angelo to tell his parents, Voula (Andrea Martin) and Taki (Gerry Mendicino), that Patrick is also Angelo's romantic partner. Gus's estranged brother, Panos (Mark Margolis) arrives from Greece as a surprise.  Paris has been accepted to Northwestern University in Chicago and NYU in New York City. She chooses Northwestern to please her mother, but Paris's great-grandmother (Bess Meisler) convinces her she should go to New York. Paris asks Bennett (Alex Wolff), a boy she has a crush on, to the prom. He is also Greek with an equally crazy Greek family. Prom is the same night as the wedding. Toula tells Paris she can go to the prom if she attends the reception later. En route to the church, Gus, Panos, and Taki arrive drunk after many shots of ouzo. Maria storms off to the vestry after seeing Gus acting foolishly, feeling he is not taking the wedding seriously. Panos tells Maria that Gus had confided to him his love for Maria, and the ceremony continues. Watching as Gus and Maria recite their vows, Ian and Toula privately renew theirs. At the prom, Paris and Bennett share their first kiss while slow-dancing.  At the wedding reception, Gus reads a letter from the ancestry site verifying that he is a descendant of Alexander the Great. Ian, however, realizes that Toula forged the letter to make her father happy. The movie ends with the entire family dropping Paris off at her college dorm in New York.

Production.

In a 2009 interview for her film "My Life in Ruins", asked about a possible sequel to the 2002 hit romantic comedy "My Big Fat Greek Wedding", Nia Vardalos stated that she had an idea for a sequel and had started writing it, hinting that, like "Ruins", the film would be set in Greece.  Asked about a sequel again in a November 2012 interview, she stated: On May 27, 2014, various news and media outlets reported that a sequel was in the works. Vardalos later confirmed this via Twitter, and wrote the script for the film. Universal Pictures acquired the US distribution rights to the film on November 11, 2014, and Kirk Jones was set to direct, based on the script by Vardalos, who also starred.

Filming.

Principal photography began on May 10, 2015 in Toronto, and ended on June 28.

Release.

In May 2015, Universal set the film for a March 25, 2016 release.

Home media.

"My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 21, 2016.

Reception.

Box office.

"My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2" grossed $59.7 million in North America and $29.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $88.9 million, against an $18 million budget, making it a modest box office success.  In its opening weekend, the film was projected to gross $15 million from 3,133 theaters. It grossed $7.2 million on its first day and $17.9 million in its opening weekend, finishing third at the box office behind "" ($166 million) and "Zootopia" ($24 million). In its second weekend, the film grossed $11.2 million (a 37.2% drop), again finishing third behind "Batman v Superman" ($51.3 million) and "Zootopia" ($19.3 million).

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 28% based on 172 reviews, with an average rating of 4.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2" is as sweet and harmless as the original, but its collection of sitcom gags and stereotypes never coalesces into anything resembling a story with a purpose." Metacritic gave the film a weighted average score of 37 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Polled by CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.

Possible sequel.

In late June 2016, Vardalos hinted at the possibility of a third film, saying that although no writing has been done, she does have an idea.

My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 is a 2016 American romantic comedy film directed by Kirk Jones and written by Nia Vardalos. The film stars Vardalos, John Corbett, Lainie Kazan, Michael Constantine, Andrea Martin, Ian Gomez and Elena Kampouris. It is the sequel to the 2002 film "My Big Fat Greek Wedding". Filming began in late May 2015 in Toronto.

《我妈的希腊婚礼》(英语:My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2),为美国2002年上映的电影中票房最高第五名并于2002年提名奥斯卡金像奖浪漫喜剧电影我的希腊婚礼续集;同前集一样,由妮雅·瓦达萝丝编剧与主演,由乔尔·瑞克执导。电影在加拿大多伦多拍摄。


阿利森·拉姆西斯·贝克尔

Club career.

Internacional.

Born in Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Alisson joined Internacional's academy in 2002, aged ten. Having progressed through the youth set up, he featured regularly with the under-23 side, before making his senior debut on 17 February 2013, starting in a 1–1 away draw against Cruzeiro-RS in the Campeonato Gaúcho championship. His Série A debut followed on 25 August 2013 when he started in a 3–3 home draw against Goiás. A backup to his brother Muriel and competing for second-choice with Agenor, he finished his first season with six appearances.  The following year, Alisson found himself competing with Brazilian legend Dida, who had joined Internacional from Grêmio. He earned a starting berth in October and finished the year with 11 league appearances to his name. He was an undisputed starter in the following year during which he amassed 57 appearances across all competitions. On 4 February 2016, Alisson signed a pre-contract with Italian club Roma, signing a five-year deal for a €7.5 million fee. He played his last game for "Internacional" on 15 May 2016, keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 home draw against Chapecoense. During his four years with Internacional's senior side, Alisson made over 100 appearances across all competitions and won the Campeonato Gaúcho title in each season.

Roma.

2016–17 season.

Alisson officially completed his transfer to Italian Serie A side Roma in July 2016. He made his debut for the club on 17 August 2016, starting in a 1–1 UEFA Champions League draw with FC Porto, but spent the majority of the season as understudy to Polish international Wojciech Szczęsny. He ultimately made 15 appearances across all competitions from the season but failed to feature in any league fixtures. Szczęsny departed at the start of the following campaign for Juventus, which saw Alisson assume the number one jersey. He later revealed that he would have considered leaving Roma had he not been guaranteed more first-team football.

2017–18 season.

Alisson finally made his Serie A debut on the opening weekend of the 2017–18 Serie A campaign, starting in a 1–0 win over Atalanta. He then made his first appearance in the Derby della Capitale on 18 November, starting in a 2–1 win over local rivals Lazio. He was praised for his performances in the UEFA Champions League, and played a key role in the club's campaign in which they reached the semi-finals. The club didn't concede a single goal at the Stadio Olimpico in the Champions League, until the match against Liverpool in the semi-finals on 2 May 2018, which they won 4–2 on the night, but lost 7–6 on aggregate. Alisson received praise for his performances throughout the 2017–18 season. He kept a total of 22 clean sheets across the 2017–18 season, keeping 17 clean sheets in the league and 5 clean sheets in the UEFA Champions League.

Liverpool.

On 19 July 2018, Liverpool officially confirmed the signing of Alisson for a fee of £66.8 million (€72.5 million), making him the most expensive goalkeeper of all time, surpassing the transfers of Ederson (most expensive in pound sterling) and Gianluigi Buffon (most expensive in Euros). However, the fee was broken just four weeks later when Chelsea signed Kepa Arrizabalaga for a reported £71.6 million (€80 million) from Athletic Bilbao. On 10 August, Liverpool confirmed via their official website that he would wear the vacant number 13 shirt in the 2018–19 season.

2018–19 season.

Alisson made his official debut for Liverpool on 12 August, keeping a clean sheet in a 4–0 win over West Ham United. He received praise for his subsequent performances in wins over Crystal Palace and Brighton which saw him keep three consecutive clean sheets. In August 2018, Alisson was shortlisted for UEFA Champions League Goalkeeper of the Season, finishing in second place. On 1 September, in a 2–1 win over Leicester City, he received both praise and criticism for his performance, making several vital saves but also contributing to the opposition's goal. However, with Alisson in goal, Liverpool went on a run of 20 games unbeaten in the league from the start of the season which saw the Brazilian break Javier Mascherano's record for the longest-such streak. Alisson also played an important role in Liverpool's Champions League group stage campaign, making a vital save late on in their final group game against Napoli as Liverpool won 1–0 to advance to the knockout stages.  On 4 March 2019, he kept his 17th Premier League clean sheet for the season; the most by any Premier League goalkeeper in his debut season since former Liverpool goalkeeper, Pepe Reina in 2006. At the end of the season, Alisson kept a total of 21 clean sheets in Premier League, and won the Golden Glove. In the Champions League knockout stages, meanwhile, Alisson played a starring role as Liverpool advanced to their second consecutive final in the competition; in their second-leg semi-final at home to Barcelona, he made a number of impressive saves as Liverpool overturned a 3–0 first leg deficit to advance past their opponents with a 4–0 home win. In the final on 1 June 2019, Alisson kept a clean sheet for Liverpool as they defeated Tottenham Hotspur 2–0, making eight saves in the process, to win his first trophy with the club.

2019–20 season.

After spending his first season with the designated squad number 13, it was announced that Alisson would be wearing the number 1 shirt for the 2019–20 season, which had previously been occupied by Loris Karius.  Alisson started in the 2019 FA Community Shield against Manchester City on 4 August; after a 1–1 draw, Manchester City ultimately won the title 5–4 on penalties. On 9 August 2019, in the opening match of the 2019–20 Premier League season against newly promoted Norwich at Anfield, Alisson picked up a calf injury in the first half, and had to be replaced by new signing Adrián after 38 minutes. He was expected to be out injured for a "few weeks". As a result, he was ruled out of the 2019 UEFA Super Cup, which Liverpool won 5–4 on penalties on 14 August, following a 2–2 draw with Chelsea after extra-time. Alisson was said to be close to returning on 1 October 2019.  He officially returned to the matchday squad on 20 October, in a 1–1 draw with rivals Manchester United. On 30 November, in a 2–1 win over Brighton, he was sent off for handling the ball outside his designated area. On 21 December, Alisson kept a clean sheet against Flamengo in the 2019 FIFA Club World Cup Final with Liverpool winning the trophy for the first time. On 19 January 2020, Alisson assisted Mohamed Salah's 93rd-minute goal, in a 2–0 home win against Manchester United in the league.  On 6 March 2020, Alisson was injured again, meaning he missed the next day's Premier League win against Bournemouth, and the UEFA Champions League Round of 16 Second Leg loss against Atletico Madrid, the final two Liverpool matches before the season was suspended due to the Coronavirus pandemic in the UK.

International career.

After representing Brazil at under-17 and under-20 levels, Alisson was called up to the main squad by manager Dunga for the first two matches of the 2018 World Cup qualification campaign against Chile and Venezuela. He made his debut against the latter on 13 October, starting in a 3–1 win at the Castelão.  On 5 May 2016, Alisson was named to Brazil's 23-man squad for the Copa América Centenario. In the team's first match, a goalless draw against Ecuador, he fumbled a Miller Bolaños shot into his own goal that was waved off because the ball had gone out of play beforehand. He conceded a total of two goals in three matches as Brazil were eliminated in the group stage.  In May 2018, Alisson was selected in the final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. He was ever-present as Brazil made it to the quarter-finals before being knocked out by Belgium.  In May 2019, he was included by manager Tite in Brazil's 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa América on home soil. Throughout the tournament, he only conceded one goal in six matches, as Brazil went on to win the title. The only match in which Alisson failed to keep a clean sheet was the 3–1 final victory against Peru on 7 July, at the Maracanã Stadium, in which he was beaten by a Paolo Guerrero penalty. Following the tournament, Alisson was honoured with the Best Goalkeeper Award for his performances.

Style of play.

Alisson has been praised for his crucial saves, positioning, distribution and consistency, and is regarded as the best shot-stopper in the Premier League, and by some as one of the best goalkeepers in the world. Alisson cites former Barcelona goalkeeper Víctor Valdés as an inspiration, due to his ability to play out from the back, as well as Manuel Neuer, for his'sweeper keeper' style. Alisson is also known for his speed and timing when rushing off his line, as well as his ability to clear or challenge for the ball with his feet outside the area, or get to ground quickly to collect or parry the ball inside the box; moreover, due to his distribution, he is capable of playing the ball out from the back quickly with his hands as well as his feet, and also has the ability to launch attacks, or pick out midfielders with his long goal kicks. His skills with the ball at his feet and composure in possession have even seen him take on opponents on occasion, when put under pressure.  Despite his height (standing at ), strength, size, and his large, powerful physique, he is also an agile and athletic goalkeeper. Alisson possesses good reflexes and excellent shot-stopping abilities, as well as the capacity to produce spectacular and instinctive reaction saves when necessary, which earned him the nickname "O Goleiro Gato" ("The Cat-like Goalkeeper," in Portuguese) in the Brazilian media, but he is predominantly known for his efficient style of goalkeeping, courtesy of his anticipation, consistency, composure, intelligence, positional sense, and goalkeeping technique, which enables him to read the game, cover the goal well, and stop shots without having to resort to histrionics. Furthermore, he also known for his handling, and is effective at dealing with high balls, which enables him to come out and claim crosses and command his area well.  Ex-Roma goalkeeping coach Roberto Negrisolo has praised Alisson by calling him the "Messi of goalkeepers," as he believed he has the "same mentality as Messi" and the similar ability to "mark an era." Furthermore, Negrisolo also compared him to former Italy goalkeeper Dino Zoff and Belgian goalkeeper Michel Preud'homme. His playing style has also drawn comparisons with compatriots Júlio César, Muriel Becker, and Claudio Taffarel in the media. The moniker "The Pelé of goalkeepers" has also been attached to him.

Personal life.

Alisson's elder brother Muriel is also a goalkeeper and was developed at Internacional. The family are of German descent, with his father and grandmother speaking the language fluently and while at Roma, he was nicknamed "The German." In addition to his native Portuguese, Alisson also speaks English. In May 2019, he was appointed a goodwill ambassador by the World Health Organization.  In 2015, Alisson married Natalia Loewe, a physician from Brazil. They have a daughter named Helena, born in April 2017 and a son, Matteo, born on 14 June 2019.

Honours.

Internacional  Liverpool  Brazil U23  Brazil  Individual

Alisson Ramses Becker (, born 2 October 1992), commonly known as Alisson, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Premier League club Liverpool and the Brazil national team. In 2019 he was named The Best FIFA Goalkeeper and was also the recipient of the inaugural Yashin Trophy.

阿利森·拉姆西斯·贝克尔(Alisson Ramses Becker,,1992年-10月2日),或简称艾列臣(Alisson),是一名巴西足球运动员,司职守门员,目前效力于英超球队利物浦。


Education.

Born in Tbilisi, Kvirikashvili went through the compulsory military service in the Soviet army from 1986 to 1988. He graduated from the Tbilisi State Medical University with a degree in Internal Medicine in 1991 and then from the Tbilisi State University with a degree in Economics in 1995. In 1998, he obtained a master's degree in finances from the University of Illinois.

Career.

Kvirikashvili worked as an executive for various banks in Georgia from 1993 to 1999 and as a deputy head of fiscal and monetary office at the State Chancellery of the President of Georgia in 1999. From 1999 to 2004, he was member of the Parliament of Georgia on the ticket of Union of Citizens of Georgia party. After the Rose Revolution swept Mikheil Saakashvili to the presidency of Georgia, Kvirikashvili returned to his businesses. From 2006 to 2011, he was Director General of Cartu Bank, owned by the multi-billionaire tycoon Bidzina Ivanishvili. With Ivanishvili's coming in politics and the victory of his Georgian Dream coalition over Saakashvili's United National Movement in the October 2012 parliamentary election, Kvirikashvili was appointed Minister of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia in the cabinet of Bidzina Ivanishvili in October 2012. He additionally assumed the office of Vice Prime Minister in July 2013. He retained both these positions in the succeeding cabinet of Irakli Garibashvili, Ivanishvili's choice as his successor, in November 2013.  In December 2015, Kviriashvili was nominated by the Georgian Dream coalition as new Prime Minister after Irakli Garibashvili announced his resignation. Kvirikashvili and his incoming cabinet won the confidence vote in the Parliament with 86 votes to 28 on December 30, 2015. Kvirikashvili's government is focused on growing the economy and promoting entrepreneurship. Kvirikashvili has said that he would like to make Georgian–American relations "a backbone of regional stability, economic development, and democratization."

Giorgi Kvirikashvili (; born 20 July 1967) is a Georgian politician who was Prime Minister of Georgia from 30 December 2015 to 13 June 2018. Prior to that he was Minister of Economy and Sustainable Development from 25 October 2012 until 1 September 2015, Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1 September 2015 until 30 December 2015, and Deputy Prime Minister from 26 July 2013 until 30 December 2015. Kvirikashvili has led initiatives to advance Euro-Atlantic and European integration and highlight Georgia as an attractive location for foreign investment. On 20 June 2018, Mamuka Bakhtadze, who previously served as Kvirikashvili's Minister of Finance, was approved by the Georgian Parliament to succeed Kvirikashvili in a 99-6 vote.

乔治·科维利卡什维利(英语:Giorgi Kvirikashvili;;1967年-7月20日)是乔治亚的一位政治人物。自2015年9月1日开始,他担任乔治亚外交部长。他也担任乔治亚副总理职务(2013-2015)。他主张计划推进欧洲-大西洋和欧洲一体化和突出格鲁吉亚作为吸引外资的位置。


History.

There has been a Jewish presence in Rhodes for 2,300 years. They were, at times, persecuted by Romans, the Knights Hospitaller, and other rulers of the islands. During Ottoman rule, however, the Jews of Rhodes prospered, and many expelled Sephardim settled there, particularly in the city of Rhodes, where they built many synagogues (there were six, including Kahal Shalom, in La Juderia, at one time). The Kahal Shalom Synagogue was constructed in 1577 (5338 in the Hebrew calendar), and has been in use ever since. The synagogue and its worshipers prospered under Ottoman rule into the twentieth century. However, the Kingdom of Italy took over the Dodecanese Islands in 1912, and large numbers of the Jews of Rhodes had begun to emigrate during the 1930s, as they felt menaced by the Fascist Italian regime. When the Italian Fascist government fell, the Island came under direct German control in 1943, and more than 1,550 of the remaining 1,700 Jews were deported and met their deaths in concentration camps, largely putting an end to the use of Kahal Shalom. Kahal Shalom was the only of the four synagogues in La Juderia at the time to survive the bombing during the Second World War. Today, Kahal Shalom is only used for services during the summer, when there is an influx of Jewish tourists and Rhodeslis (Jews hailing from Rhodes) as there are only 35 Jews on the island today, and as the headquarters for the Jewish Museum of Rhodes.

Layout.

Most features of the Kahal Shalom Synagogue are typical of Sephardic and Ottoman synagogues. The bimah, or podium, from which the Sefer Torah is read, is in the center of the sanctuary, as in most Sephardic houses of worship. The floor is a mosaic using the black and white local stones used in pavements around Rhodes. An unusual feature of the temple is the fact that there are two hekháls (Torah arks), on either side of the door leading into the interior courtyard. There is also a fountain in the courtyard used for handwashing by the Kohanim before reciting the priestly blessings.

Plaques.

A number of plaques adorn the exterior and interior of the synagogue. Most, primarily in Ladino, the language of the Sephardic community, and Hebrew are dedicated to those who maintained the synagogue. Another, in French, is dedicated to the members of the community who died during the Holocaust.

Present activities.

Currently, the synagogue has a museum detailing the history of the community. There are services held on holidays, and it is also used for community events.

The Kahal Shalom Synagogue (, or "Beit HaKnesset Kahal Kadosh Shalom" meaning "Synagogue of the Holy Congregation of Peace", ) is a Sephardic synagogue in La Juderia, the Jewish quarter of the city of Rhodes on the Greek island of Rhodes. It is the oldest synagogue in Greece today.

和平圣会犹太会堂 (,"Beit HaKnesset Kahal Kadosh Shalom";;英语:Kahal Shalom Synagogue)是希腊罗得岛罗得市的一个塞法迪犹太人的犹太会堂,位于La Juderia犹太区。它是希腊现存最古老的犹太会堂。


Gaydon village.

Gaydon is crossed by only two roads of any importance — the Kineton to Southam road, which runs in a north-easterly direction, and the Warwick and Banbury road which crosses it at right angles. Gaydon has one pub called the Malt Shovel. The Gaydon Inn, which is being redeveloped for housing, stands close to the point of intersection of the two roads. The village centre is situated along a short loop south of the junction. The Gaydon Inn was famous in the 18th century for its association with violent highwaymen.  The Malt Shovel pub, together with the adjacent community shop, is located off Church Road and is now the only commercial enterprise in the village.  The Manor House on Kineton Road dates back to the 17th century.  Although Gaydon has become something of a commuter village because of its proximity to the M40, which was completed in January 1991, it is undergoing a revival by looking back at its roots, agriculture and community spirit. There are plans to revive allotments in Gaydon with the backing of the local Parish Council. A local village shop opened 24 May 2010 in the centre of the village providing local produce to local residents.  The section of the M40 passing Gaydon was considered as the site of a possible motorway service station, with plans first being drawn up in 1986 before being scrapped in 1990, a few months before the motorway's completion.

Motor industry.

Close by, on the site of former RAF V bomber base of RAF Gaydon, is the Jaguar Land Rover Gaydon Centre, one of the Jaguar Land Rover engineering centres (another being at the Whitley plant in Coventry). Alongside is the British Motor Museum, home to the largest collection of historic British cars in the world, charting the history of the British car industry from the turn of the 20th century to the present day. Adjacent to the site is the headquarters of Aston Martin and the village fire station. Famous James Bond cars including the DBS V12 and the Aston Martin DB10 have been built here.

Film archive.

A disused military base near Gaydon is also home to special vaults housing the highly flammable nitrate film elements of the British Film Institute's BFI National Archive, the world's largest archive of film and television.

Gaydon is a parish and village in Warwickshire, England, close to Royal Leamington Spa. In the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 376, increasing to 446 at the 2011 Census.

盖登是一个在英国沃里克郡邻近皇家利明顿温泉的教区和村庄。 在2001年的人口普查中,该教区的人口为376人,并在2011年人口普查中增加到446人。


Personal life.

Julian Yee Zhi-Jie was born on 26 May 1997 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. His mother, Irene Cheow, served as the deputy president of the Ice Skating Association of Malaysia from 2012 to 2014. He has two brothers, Ian and Ryan Yee Zhi-Jwen. Ryan has also competed internationally in figure skating.

Career.

Early years.

Julian Yee began learning to skate at age four at the Sunway Pyramid Ice Rink in Malaysia. He and his brothers were introduced to skating by their mother, Irene. Harry Janto Leo became his coach in 2004.  During his early years, Yee competed only in ISI-sanctioned competitions, which were regarded as recreational skating. He won the elementary category at the inaugural Malaysian National Championships and defended his title the following year. He learned all his double jumps by the age of twelve.  In 2010, Yee received additional coaching from Chen Lu and Denis Petrov. In 2011, he became the youngest skater to win the Junior Men's category, at age 13 years 10 months, thereby breaking the previous record held by his brother, Ryan Yee Zhi-Jwen.

2011–12 to 2012–13.

In the 2011–12 season, Yee was selected to represent Malaysia in the ISU Junior Grand Prix. He competed at events in Milan, Italy and Tallinn, Estonia, but failed to reach the free skate.  In 2013, Yee became first Malaysian to obtain the qualifying scores for the World Junior Championships. He finished 34th in the short program and did not qualify for the free skate. He learned most of the triple jumps by sixteen.

2013–14 to 2014–15.

In 2014, Yee became the first Malaysian to reach the free skate at a Four Continents Championships. One of the youngest skaters at the event, held in Taipei City from 20–25 January 2014, he qualified for the free skate and finished 23rd overall. At the 2014 Malaysian Open National Championship, Yee held the lead after the short program and defended his title to become only the second Malaysian skater to win the Senior Men's title in consecutive years.  In the 2014–15 JGP season, Yee finished sixth in Aichi, Japan, scoring personal bests in the short program, free skate, and combined total. In March 2015, competing at his fourth World Junior Championships, he qualified for the free skate and finished 19th overall. He also managed to qualify for Malaysia their first ever Youth Winter Olympics spot but he was not able to compete in it as he was over-aged.

2015–16 season.

Yee started the 2015–16 JGP season with a 7th-place result in Riga, Latvia, scoring personal bests in the short, free skate and combined total (176.79). After placing first in the junior category at the 2015 Skate Canada Summer Skate in Thornhill, he competed at the JGP in Logroño, Spain and finished 4th – the highest result by a Malaysian in the Junior Grand Prix. He won his first ISU Challenger Series medal, silver, at the Denkova-Staviski Cup.  Yee finished 15th at the 2016 Four Continents Championships in Taipei after placing 15th in the short and 14th in the free. In March, he qualified for the free skate at the 2016 World Championships in Boston; he ranked 22nd in the short, 19th in the free, and 21st overall. During the season, he trained in Petaling Jaya and Barrie, Ontario, coached by Michael Hopfes and Doug Leigh.  Yee has also trained in the Elvis Stojko Arena (Toronto, Canada), the Chinese National Arena (Harbin, China), and the Beijing Capital Gymnasium (Beijing, China).

2016–17 season.

Yee won bronze at the Asian Open Trophy, held in Manila in August 2016. He then relocated to Barrie, Ontario to train full-time, taking a gap year off his university studies. He competed at two ISU Challenger Series events, placing 4th at the 2016 CS Nebelhorn Trophy in September and 5th at the 2016 CS Warsaw Cup in October.  Yee finished 15th overall at the 2017 Four Continents Championships in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and then went directly to Sapporo, Japan to compete at his first Asian Winter Games; he placed 8th with a new personal best of 222.69 points.  In March, he reached the final segment and finished 22nd overall at the 2017 World Championships in Helsinki, Finland.

2017–18 season.

In August 2017, Yee won gold at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games.  Yee represented Malaysia in the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics, together with Jeffrey Webb. He got a personal best score of 73.58 in the short program, and barely missed qualifying for the free skate. Yee is the first ever Malaysian figure skater to qualify for this event.

Competitive highlights.

"GP: Grand Prix; CS: ISU Challenger Series; JGP: ISU Junior Grand Prix"

Detailed results.

Further to the introduction of the +5 / -5 GOE for the season 2018/19, all statistics will restart from zero. All previous statistics are now considered historical

Julian Yee Zhi-Jie (born 26 May 1997) is a Malaysian figure skater. He is the 2017 Southeast Asian Games gold medalist, 2015 CS Denkova-Staviski Cup silver medalist, 2016 Asian Open Figure Skating Trophy and 2013 Skate Down Under bronze medalist, as well as five-time Malaysian senior national champion (2013–2017). He has competed in the final segment at seven ISU Championships, including two World Championships. He represented Malaysia at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

茹自杰(1997年-5月26日)为马来西亚花式滑冰运动员。他为五届(2013–2017)马来西亚成年组冠军,在7个ISU锦标赛(包括2个世锦赛)晋级长曲项目


General.

The project was announced on 12 April 2016 in an event held in New York City by physicist and venture capitalist Yuri Milner, together with cosmologist Stephen Hawking, who was serving as board member of the initiatives. Other board members include Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg. The project has an initial funding of US$100 million to initialize research. Milner places the final mission cost at $5–10 billion, and estimates the first craft could launch by around 2036. Pete Worden is the project's executive director and Harvard Professor Avi Loeb chairs the advisory board for the project.

Leaders.

Management and Advisory Committee

Objectives.

The Breakthrough Starshot program aims to demonstrate a proof-of-concept for ultra-fast, light-driven nano-spacecraft, and lay the foundations for a first launch to Alpha Centauri within the next generation. Secondary goals are Solar System exploration and detection of Earth-crossing asteroids. The spacecraft would make a flyby of, and, possibly photograph any Earth-like worlds that might exist in the system.

Target planet.

The European Southern Observatory (ESO) announced the detection of a planet orbiting the third star in the Alpha Centauri system, Proxima Centauri in August 2016. The planet, called Proxima Centauri b, orbits within the habitable zone of its star. It could be a target for one of the Breakthrough Initiatives' projects.  In January 2017, Breakthrough Initiatives and the European Southern Observatory began collaborating to search for habitable planets in the nearby star system Alpha Centauri. The agreement involves Breakthrough Initiatives providing funding for an upgrade to the VISIR (VLT Imager and Spectrometer for mid-Infrared) instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile. This upgrade will increase the likelihood of planet detection in the system.

Concept.

The Starshot concept envisions launching a "mothership" carrying about a thousand tiny spacecraft (on the scale of centimeters) to a high-altitude Earth orbit for deployment. A phased array of ground-based lasers would then focus a light beam on the crafts' sails to accelerate them one by one to the target speed within 10 minutes, with an average acceleration on the order of 100 km/s (10,000 ɡ), and an illumination energy on the order of 1 TJ delivered to each sail. A preliminary sail model is suggested to have a surface area of 4 m × 4 m. An October 2017 presentation of the Starshot system model examined circular sails and finds that the beam director capital cost is minimized by having a sail diameter of 5 meters.  The Earth-sized planet Proxima Centauri b is part of the Alpha Centauri system habitable zones. Ideally, the Breakthrough Starshot would aim its spacecraft within one astronomical unit (150 million kilometers or 93 million miles) of that world. From this distance, a craft's cameras could capture an image of high enough resolution to resolve surface features.  The fleet would have about 1000 spacecraft. Each one, called a StarChip, would be a very small centimeter-sized vehicle weighing a few grams. They would be propelled by a square-kilometre array of 10 kW ground-based lasers with a combined output of up to 100 GW. A swarm of about 1000 units would compensate for the losses caused by interstellar dust collisions "en route" to the target. In a detailed study in 2016 Thiem Hoang and coauthors found that mitigating the collisions with dust, hydrogen and galactic cosmic rays may not be as severe an engineering problem as first thought.

Technical challenges.

Light propulsion requires enormous power: a laser with a gigawatt of power (approximately the output of a large nuclear plant) would provide only a few newtons of thrust. The spaceship will compensate for the low thrust by having a mass of only a few grams. The camera, computer, communications laser, a nuclear power source, and the solar sail must be miniaturized to fit within a mass limit. All components must be engineered to endure extreme acceleration, cold, vacuum, and protons. The spacecraft will have to survive collisions with space dust; Starshot expects each square centimeter of frontal cross-section to collide at high speed with about a thousand particles of size at least 0.1 μm. Focusing a set of lasers totaling one hundred gigawatts onto the solar sail will be difficult due to atmospheric turbulence, so there is the suggestion to use space-based laser infrastructure. According to "The Economist", at least a dozen off-the-shelf technologies will need to improve by orders of magnitude.

StarChip.

StarChip is the name used by Breakthrough Initiatives for a very small, centimeter-sized, gram-scale, interstellar spacecraft envisioned for the Breakthrough Starshot program, a proposed mission to propel a fleet of a thousand "StarChips" on a journey to the Alpha Centauri star system, the nearest extrasolar stars, about 4.37 light-years from Earth. The journey may include a flyby of Proxima Centauri b, an Earth-sized exoplanet that is in the habitable zone of its host star. The ultra-light "StarChip" robotic nanocraft, fitted with light sails, are planned to travel at speeds of 20% and 15% of the speed of light, taking between 20 and 30 years to reach the star system, respectively, and about 4 years to notify Earth of a successful arrival. The conceptual principles to enable practical interstellar travel were described in "A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight", by Philip Lubin of UC Santa Barbara, who is an advisor to the Starshot project.  In July 2017, scientists announced that precursors to StarChip, called Sprites, were successfully launched and flown through Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle by ISRO from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. Sprites were also to be flown on the KickSat-2 mission that was scheduled for November 2018.

Components.

Each StarChip nanocraft is expected to carry miniaturized cameras, navigation gear, communication equipment, photon thrusters and a power supply. In addition, each nanocraft would be fitted with a meter-scale light sail, made of lightweight materials, with a gram-scale mass.

Cameras.

Five sub-gram scale digital cameras, each with a minimum 2-megapixels resolution, are envisioned.

Processors.

Four sub-gram scale processors are planned.

Photon thrusters.

Four sub-gram scale photon thrusters, each minimally capable of performing at a 1W diode laser level, are planned.

Battery.

A 150 mg atomic battery, powered by plutonium-238 or americium-241, is planned.

Protective coating.

A coating, possibly made of beryllium copper, is planned to protect the nanocraft from dust collisions and atomic particle erosion.

Light sail.

The light sail is envisioned to be no larger than, possibly of composite graphene-based material. The material would have to be very thin and be able to reflect the laser beam while absorbing only a small fraction of the incident energy, or it will vaporize the sail. The light sail may also double as power source during cruise, because collisions with atoms of interstellar medium would deliver 60 Watt/m of power.

Laser data transmitter.

Laser communicator, utilizing light sail as the primary reflector, would be capable of data rates 2.6-15 baud per watt of transmitted power at distance to the Alpha Centauri, assuming 30m diameter receiving telescope on Earth.

Other potential destinations.

The table below lists possible target stars for similar photogravitational assist travel. The travel times are for the spacecraft to travel to the star and then enter orbit around the star (using photon pressure in maneuvers similar to aerobraking).

Other applications.

The German physicist Claudius Gros has proposed that the technology of the Breakthrough Starshot initiative may be used in a second step to establish a biosphere of unicellular microbes on otherwise only transiently habitable exoplanets. A Genesis probe would travel at lower speeds, about 0.3% of the speed of light. It could hence be decelerated using a magnetic sail.

Breakthrough Starshot is a research and engineering project by the Breakthrough Initiatives to develop a proof-of-concept fleet of light sail spacecraft named "StarChip", to be capable of making the journey to the Alpha Centauri star system 4.37 light-years away. It was founded in 2016 by Yuri Milner, Stephen Hawking, and Mark Zuckerberg.

突破摄星(英语:Breakthrough Starshot)是由突破计划提出的太空探索项目,旨在研发名为“星片”(英语:StarChip)的光帆飞行器,以期能以五分之一光速(每秒6万千米)、经过约20年的航行时间抵达半人马座α星,并在到达后再经过约4年的时间向地球传回信息。