History.

In 1855, Philadelphia had a population of about 460,000, and recorded 10,507 deaths. Leading causes of death were smallpox, typhoid, and scarlet fever. In the worst month of 1855, 300 children under 12 years old died, primarily of infectious diseases. A Philadelphia physician, Dr. Francis West Lewis, inspired by a visit to the new Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children in London (founded 1852), enlisted Drs. T. Hewson Bache and R. A.F. Penrose Sr. to found the first children's hospital in North America.

First hospital 1855–66.

On November 23, 1855 the following small advertisement appeared in the "Philadelphia Public Ledger":  The Children's Hospital—located on Blight Street, running from Pine to Lombard, below Broad, is now open for the reception of Patients. Children suffering from Acute Diseases and Accidents will be received free of charge. A dispensary, for sick children, is also attached to the Hospital and will be open at the same place every day, (Sundays excepted from 11 to 12 o'clock, when advice and medicine will be given free of charge.)  The first location of the original Children's Hospital was a small building on Blight Street (now Watts St). The hospital consisted of 12 beds and a dispensary. That year they recorded 67 inpatient admissions and 306 outpatient visits.

Second hospital 1866–1916.

Children's Hospital was relocated to 22nd Street between Locust and Walnut Sts after the American Civil War. This hospital consisted of 35 beds and a dispensary.

Third hospital 1916–74.

Construction adjacent to the 2nd hospital was begun in 1913 and the first unit was opened in 1916 extending toward 18th and Bainbridge Sts. In 1919 the hospital became affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. The affiliation became steadily closer over the next 17 years, with the Children's Hospital becoming identical to the pediatric department of the school of medicine, with most of the attending physicians appointed jointly to both institutions.

Fourth hospital 1974–present.

Construction of the new hospital at a new site on the west side of the Schuylkill River at 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, adjacent to the campus of the University of Pennsylvania, was begun in 1969 and the first building was opened in 1974. This present Children's Hospital complex occupies part of the site of the old Philadelphia General Hospital and Blockley Almshouse.  Milestones and advances in pediatric care pioneered at CHOP include the first formal medical training in pediatrics, techniques for the correction of congenital heart malformations, incubators for newborn intensive care, home ventilator care, and vaccine development. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia is in Philadelphia's University City neighborhood, and since 2001 has been undergoing a $1.5 billion expansion that has doubled the hospital's size, while also building more than one million square feet of new research and outpatient facilities on a large, eight acre site south of the main hospital on Civic Center Boulevard. The South Campus expansion includes the eleven-story Colket Translational Research Building, which will provide lab space for the Center for Childhood Cancer Research and the Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics. The new South Campus will also include an underground parking garage and an ambulatory care building with outpatient services.  This South Campus expansion adjoins the University of Pennsylvania Health System's construction of the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine and Roberts Proton Therapy Center.  On July 1, 2015, Madeline Bell, previously CHOP's president and chief operating officer, became president and chief executive officer. She succeeded Steven M. Altschuler, MD, who retired after 15 years as CEO. The Board of Trustees of Children's Hospital made the announcement on May 14.  In October 2015, the expansion of the Brandywine Valley Specialty Care and Ambulatory Surgery Center was opened. This is a 44,000 square foot expansion.  In 2015, CHOP appointed Madeline Bell as CEO, succeeding Steven. M. Altschuler MD. Previously, she was Chief Operating Officer of CHOP.

Facilities.

CHOP has 557 beds, almost 40 percent of which are allocated to neonatal, cardiac, and pediatric intensive care. Each year the hospital admits more than 28,000 children and more than 1.167 million are seen in the emergency and outpatient departments.

Expansion plans.

The hospital has developed an expansion plan that includes four buildings along Schuylkill Avenue, on the east side of the Schuylkill River. The first building, a tower called the Roberts Center for Pediatric Research, or the CHOP Research Tower, was built between 2015 and 2017 on the 700 block of Schuylkill Avenue, with an address of 2716 South Street.

Children's Seashore House.

Children's Seashore House was founded in 1872 near Atlantic City, New Jersey as a place for children to receive rehabilitation treatment. In 1990 the hospital moved to its current location next to CHOP and in 1998 it was acquired by CHOP. As of 1998, the hospital had 45 beds. It currently provides inpatient and outpatient care for children with developmental disabilities and chronic illnesses.

Buerger Center for Advanced Pediatric Care.

In 2015, The Buerger Center for Advanced Pediatric Care opened and moved most outpatient services into the building.The addition is a 12-story, 700,000 square foot building with a five-story, 1500-space underground parking garage directly attached. Composed of stacked forms and a selection of primary colors, the twelve-story building and six-story wing offer interactive setting for treatment.

Seacrest Studios.

Seacrest Studios (formerly known as The Voice) at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia is a closed-circuit radio station and multimedia center. The studio, located in the main lobby, provides young patients within The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia community with an outlet to engage in activities related to radio, TV and new media, ranging from broadcasting like a disc jockey and playing their favorite songs to watching live artists perform and interviewing celebrities.

Seacrest Studios/ Media Programs at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.

The mission of Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's Media Programs and Seacrest Studios is building broadcast media centers, named Seacrest Studios, within the hospital to help in the healing process. Patients have access to radio, television and new media. Seacrest Studios opened in July 2011 and is the second media center to open after the completion of the first center November 2010 at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta in Georgia. Seacrest chose Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia because it is a center of pediatric research and is focused on developing programs which enrich each patient's emotional well-being.  Seacrest Studios/ Galaxy 51 programming can be accessed on Channel 51 of any Children's Hospital of Philadelphia television. Programming allows children and staff to WATCH, LISTEN, and PLAY from the hospital bedside or LIVE in Seacrest Studios multimedia studio (formerly The Voice) located in the Hospital’s Colket Atrium. Patients are also encouraged to work with the Galaxy 51 team to create and produce their very own projects from video diaries to music videos.  Galaxy 51 programming on channel 51 is: Therapeutic: provides opportunities for children to express themselves and supports children’s coping with the healthcare experience. Educational: provides opportunities for children to learn about the hospital environment as well as other topics. Interactive: gives children the chance to become involved in various aspects of production and programming, whether or not they are able to leave their beds/rooms. Entertaining: offers programs that serve as an enjoyable distraction from the routine aspects of hospitalization. The Voice is broadcasting at the state of the art radio studio that is located in the lobby of the main hospital at 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104. The Media Programs Manager is Kris Schrader. Daily broadcasts are done in studio. Interactive games are also broadcast and this gives a chance for patients to come down to the studio and participate. Patients who cannot leave their rooms are able to call down to the studio as well. The Voice involves students from local colleges and universities to participate in making broadcasts.

Celebrity Guests.

Seacrest Studios gives children the opportunity to conduct interviews with celebrities and watch live performances. The following Celebrities were guests of Seacrest Studios:  Selena Gomez (who was also named as ambassador to the foundation in April 2012), CeeLo Green, Carrie Underwood, The Fray, Adam Levine, 5 Seconds of Summer, Taylor Swift, Julianne Hough, Jason Derulo, the cast of The Maze, Hot Chelle Rae, Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter, Florida Georgia Line, R5, Austin Mahone and Rixton

Ryan Seacrest Foundation (RSF).

The program was started by the Ryan Seacrest Foundation (RSF), a non-profit organization launched in 2010 by Ryan Seacrest and his family dedicated to enhancing the quality of life for seriously ill and injured children through unique programs that utilize multimedia and interactive platforms. RSF is building broadcast media centers within hospitals for children to explore the creative realms of radio, television and new media.

About.

Services.

CHOP has an Adolescent & Young Adult Oncology Program for adolescents and young adults up to 30 to have treatment for their cancers.

Awards.

The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia has consistently been ranked among the best hospitals for children by "U.S. News & World Report". A detailed ranking of pediatric facilities in the United States is printed in the publication's first stand-alone "America's Best Children's Hospitals" issue.  In 2020, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia was ranked #2 nationwide and #1 in Pennsylvania in the U.S. News & World Report: Best Children's Hospital Ratings.  In 2021 the hospital was ranked as the #2 best children's hospital in the United States by U.S. News and World Report on the publications' honor roll list.

The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) is a children's hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with its primary campus located in the University City neighborhood of West Philadelphia next to the campus of the University of Pennsylvania. The hospital has 557 beds. It is one of the largest and oldest children's hospitals in the world, and United States' first hospital dedicated to the healthcare of children. CHOP has been ranked as the best children's hospital in the United States by "U.S. News & World Report" and "Parents Magazine" in recent years. As of 2020, it was ranked number one in the nation by U.S. News for three out of ten specialties. The hospital treats infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21. The hospital also treats adults that would benefit from advanced pediatric care. The hospital is located next to the University of Pennsylvania and its physicians serve as the pediatrics department of the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.

费城儿童医院(英语:Children's Hospital of Philadelphia,英语:CHOP)是美国宾夕法尼亚州费城一所拥有516张病床的儿童医院,也是美国最古老、最大型的儿童医院之一。它是《美国新闻与世界报导》与《》评价最高的儿童医院之一,2012年时在许多专业科目方面被评为全美第一。费城儿童医院是宾夕法尼亚大学的教学医院之一。


History.

Rayo Majadahonda was founded in 1976, being immediately registered in the Madrid Football Federation. It played in the regional divisions until 1987 when it achieved promotion to Tercera División. The club entered this new period with the new president Enrique Vedia, starting from June 30, 1987.  The club established themselves in the fourth division until the 1996–97 campaign, when it achieved a first-ever promotion to Segunda División B. Two consecutive relegations followed, but the club immediately regained their national status in 2000. Then, it subsequently remained in the fourth level until 2015 (only split by a one-season spell in the third division), when it achieved promotion with club legend Antonio Iriondo as manager.  On 27 May 2018, Rayo Majadahonda promoted for the first time ever to Segunda División by beating FC Cartagena with a last-minute own goal from Míchel Zabaco, with Iriondo still in charge of the first team. A year later, after suffering instant relegation, he resigned. In the second tier, the club played its home games at Atlético Madrid's Wanda Metropolitano due to the insufficient facilities at the Estadio Cerro del Espino.  As part of the conditions of playing in the fully professional second division, Rayo Majadahonda had a year to establish a "Sociedad Anónima Deportiva", an form of public limited company that all its teams must be. The initial majority shareholder in September 2019 was Alejandro Arribas, a player formed at the club who was still playing professionally for Real Oviedo at the time.  Also in September, 2019 José María Sanz became club's new president.

Notable players.

Note: this list contains players that have played at least 100 league games and/or have reached international status.

Reserve team.

Founded in 1997, Rayo Majdahonda's reserve team started playing in the "Regional Preferente" (fifth tier) from 2000 to 2010. It was dissolved in 2011, after a third position in the "Primera Regional".  On 4 July 2018, the club reached an agreement with CDF Tres Cantos to become its reserve team.

Club de Fútbol Rayo Majadahonda () is a Spanish football team based in Majadahonda, in the autonomous community of Madrid. Founded in 1976 it plays in Segunda División B – Group 1, holding home games at "Estadio Cerro del Espino", with a capacity of 3,800 seats.

马亚达洪达闪电足球会()是一家位于西班牙马德里自治区马哈达翁达市的足球俱乐部,目前正在参加西班牙足球乙级联赛。俱乐部成立于1976年,主场位于山楂岭球场。


Description.

The little cormorant is about long and only slightly smaller than the Indian cormorant ("Phalacrocorax fuscicollis"). The Indian cormorant has a narrower and longer bill which ends in a prominent hook tip, blue iris and a more pointed head profile. The breeding adult bird has a glistening all black plumage with some white spots and filoplumes on the face. There is also a short crest on the back of the head. The eyes, gular skin and face are dark. In the non-breeding bird or juvenile, the plumage is brownish and the bill and gular skin can appear more fleshy. The crest becomes inconspicuous and a small and well-marked white patch on the throat is sometimes visible. Towards the west of the Indus River valley, its range can overlap with vagrant pygmy cormorants ("Microcarbo pygmaeus"), which can be difficult to differentiate in the field and are sometimes even considered conspecific. The sexes are indistinguishable in the field, but males tend to be larger. Some abnormal silvery-grey plumages have been described.  The species was described by Vieillot in 1817 as "Hydrocorax niger". The genus "Hydrocorax" literally means water crow. It was later included with the other cormorants in the genus "Phalacrocorax" but some studies place the smaller "microcormorants" under the genus "Microcarbo".

Distribution.

The little cormorant is found across India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan and lowland Nepal. It is also found in parts of Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Indonesia. It is not found in the Himalayas, but vagrants have been seen in Ladakh. It inhabits wetlands, ranging from small village ponds to large lakes, and sometimes tidal estuaries.

Behaviour and ecology.

Little cormorants tend to forage mainly in small loose groups and are often seen foraging alone. They swim underwater to capture their prey, mainly fish. A study in northern India found that the little cormorant fished in water which was less than a metre deep and captured fishes of about length. They propel themselves underwater using their webbed feet. Captured fishes are often brought up to the surface to swallow them and during this time other birds including other little cormorants, painted storks, gulls and egrets may attempt to steal them. Indian cormorants tend to fish communally in larger groups. Like all other cormorants, they will emerge from water and will hold out their wings and stay immobile for a while. The behaviour has been suggested to be for wing-drying, but this interpretation is debated. A study in Sri Lanka found that the time spent with spread wings was always after they had spent some time underwater, and that the duration was related to time spent underwater and inversely related to the temperature and dryness of air. These observations support the theory that the studied behaviour aids drying of the wings.  The breeding season of the little cormorant is between July to September in Pakistan and northern India and November to February in southern India. In Sri Lanka it is December to May. A study in Bangladesh found them to breed from May to October. Males display at the nest site by fluttering their wings while holding their head back and bill raised. They then lower the bill, and after pairing the male also provides food to the female in courtship feeding. Both parents take part in building the nest, which is a platform of sticks placed on trees and sometimes even on coconut palms. They may nest beside Indian pond herons and little egrets in colonies. The nest is built in about two weeks. The whitish eggs turn muddy with age and incubation begins when the first egg is laid. This leads to asynchronous hatching and the chicks in a nest can vary considerably in age. The clutch size can vary from two to six eggs laid at intervals of about two days. The eggs hatch after 15 to 21 days. The downy chicks have a bare red head. The young birds are able to leave the nest after about a month.  Little cormorants are vocal near their nest and roosts where they produce low roaring sounds. They also produce grunts and groans, a low pitched "ah-ah-ah" and "kok-kok-kok" calls. They roost communally often in the company of other waterbirds.  Parasitic bird lice, "Pectinopygus makundi", have been described from little cormorant hosts. Endoparasitic helminths, "Hymenolepis childi" and "Dilepis lepidocolpos" have been described from Sri Lankan birds while others like "Neocotylotretus udaipurensis" and "Syncuaria buckleyi" have been described from Indian birds.

The little cormorant ("Microcarbo niger") is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. Slightly smaller than the Indian cormorant it lacks a peaked head and has a shorter beak. It is widely distributed across the Indian Subcontinent and extends east to Java, where it is sometimes called the Javanese cormorant. It forages singly or sometimes in loose groups in lowland freshwater bodies, including small ponds, large lakes, streams and sometimes coastal estuaries. Like other cormorants, it is often found perched on a waterside rock with its wings spread out after coming out of the water. The entire body is black in the breeding season but the plumage is brownish, and the throat has a small whitish patch in the non-breeding season. These birds breed gregariously in trees, often joining other waterbirds at heronries.

黑颈鸬<unk>(学名:)为鸬<unk>科鸬<unk>属的鸟类,俗名小鸬<unk>。分布于自加里曼丹、爪哇岛、印度、孟加拉国、中南半岛以及中国大陆的云南等地,多生活于低地的淡水区、包括湖泊、池塘、江河、沼泽地及稻田等以及亦见于沿海地带及河口、红树林间。该物种的模式产地在孟加拉国。


2018年夏季青年奥林匹克运动会奖牌榜

Medal table.

The Organising Committee is not keeping an official medal tally. The ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a "nation" is an entity represented by a National Olympic Committee). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically.  Two gold medals were awarded for a first-place tie in the Mixed BMX freestyle park event. No silver medal was awarded as a consequence. Two silver medals were awarded for a second-place tie in the Boys' 50 m butterfly swimming, Boys' IKA Twin Tip Racing and Girls' IKA Twin Tip Racing events. No bronze medal was awarded as a consequence.  On November 2019, in the girls' +63 kg event in weightlifting, Thailand gold medallist had tested positive for a banned substance, and the medal was stripped. As a result, Turkey was raised from a silver to gold medal, Uzbekistan from the bronze medal to silver and New Zealand received a bronze medal.  In judo (9), karate (6) and taekwondo (10) two bronze medals are awarded in each event (25 additional bronze medals total). Additionally, two bronze medals were awarded for a third-place tie in the girls' 50 m butterfly swimming and girls' 50 m freestyle swimming events.  <onlyinclude></onlyinclude

The 2018 Summer Youth Olympics medal table is a list of National Olympic Committees (NOCs) ranked by the number of gold medals won by their athletes during the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics, held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 6 to 18 October 2018.

2018年夏季青年奥林匹克运动会奖牌榜列出参与该届青年奥林匹克运动会并获得奖牌的队伍与其所得奖牌枚数。依据历届惯例,国际奥林匹克委员会和2018年布宜诺斯艾利斯青奥组织委员会不会公布该届青奥的奖牌榜。然而和前两届不同的是,奥林匹克频道官方网站一度有提供该届青奥的奖牌榜情况。


In the Bible.

According to the Hebrew Bible, Nahshon was a son of Amminadab, descendant in the fifth generation of Judah, and brother-in-law of Aaron. According to the Greek New Testament, he is also the father-in-law of Rahab. He was an Israelite and a :Judahite, and a member of the Perezite and Hezronite clans, through his descent from Jacob, Judah, Perez, and Hezron, respectively.  According to the Book of Numbers, he was at least 20 years old during the census in the Sinai, during the Exodus. By the same account, those of the Israelites who were among the original number that had set out from Egypt, of whom Nahshon was one, did not survive the forty-year sojourn in the wilderness to enter the Promised Land of Canaan.  Nahshon was appointed by Moses, upon God's command, as prince and military commander of the Tribe of Judah and one of the leaders of the tribes of Israel. Although his tribe was fourth in the order of the Patriarchs, at the dedication of the Tabernacle he was the first to bring his dedicatory offering. His title or role is translated into Modern English variously in the New Revised Standard Version, as "leader" and census-taker, one of the "heads of their ancestral houses, the leaders of the tribes", "first.. over the whole company", and "prince of the sons of Judah".  Nahshon was, through Boaz, the direct male ancestor of David, and thus of Solomon and all of the kings of the Kingdom of Judah. He was exactly halfway in the direct male line between Judah and King David.  Nahshon is also mentioned in the New Testament in the genealogy of Jesus.

In rabbinical literature.

Owing to his direct descent from Judah and to his being the progenitor of so many kings, Nahshon is extolled by the rabbis as a most noble man. Nahshon's sister Elisheba married Aaron, and this is especially mentioned as a hint that one should take care to select a wife whose brothers are noble.  The Midrash relates that during the Exodus, when the Israelites reached the Red Sea, it did not automatically part. The Israelites stood at the banks of the sea and wailed with despair, but Nahshon entered the waters. Once he was up to his nose in the water, the sea parted. This is the origin of his name "Nahshol", that is, "stormy sea-waves". Nahshon was a model prince, and was called "king". When the princes of the different tribes were required to bring their offerings, each on a separate day, Moses was embarrassed, not knowing who should be the first; but all Israel pointed at Nahshon, saying, "He sanctified the name of God by springing first into the Red Sea; he is worthy to bring down the Shekhinah; therefore he shall be the first to bring the offering."  The offering brought by Nahshon is pointed out as having been his own and not that of his tribe. In the account of the offering, the words "Va'korbano" ("and his sacrifice") and "Etodim" each have a ו (vav), while the same words in the accounts of the other princes' offerings have no ו (vav). This letter, the numerical value of which is six, indicates that Nahshon was the ancestor of six men — David, the Messiah, Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah — each of whom was distinguished for six praiseworthy qualities.

In art.

Nahshon is depicted as one the ancestors of Christ in a lunette in the Sistine Chapel, where a youthful Nahshon is shown wearing a red robe and reading a book.

In the Hebrew Bible, Nahshon ( "Naḥšon") was a tribal leader of the Judahites during the wilderness wanderings of the Book of Numbers. In the King James Version, the name is spelled Naashon.

拿顺,天主教翻译为“纳赫雄”(Nahshon,希伯来语:נַחְשׁוֹן) 或者( Nachshon ben Aminadav,希伯来语: נחשון בן עמינדבד; "Nahshon son of Aminadav") 是旧约圣经创世纪中记载的一个人物,是犹大的后代,亚米拿达的儿子。


Early and personal life.

Tarkowski was born in Manchester and grew up in New Moston. He attended New Moston Primary School and Failsworth High School, which he left in 2009.  Tarkowski began his career in the youth system at Blackburn Rovers, before being released at the age of 14 at his own request. After his spell at Blackburn, Tarkowski had a stint playing senior football at Maine Road in the North West Counties League.  He is a Manchester United fan and admired David Beckham and Paul Scholes while growing up.

Club career.

Oldham Athletic.

Early years.

Tarkowski joined League One club Oldham Athletic on a two-year scholarship in May 2009. He made his reserve-team debut in October 2009. A centre back, Tarkowski was called up to the first team for the first time for a league match versus Plymouth Argyle on 15 January 2011. His senior debut came on 22 January, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for the injured Neal Trotman in a 2–1 home win over Brentford. Tarkowski made his first Latics start in a 1–0 defeat to Leyton Orient on 12 March and played the full 90 minutes. He was awarded a two-year professional contract by the club in May 2011. He made 9 appearances during the second half of the 2010–11 season.  Tarkowski had to wait until 10 December 2011 to make his first appearance of the 2011–12 season, when he came on as a 61st-minute substitute for Jean-Yves Mvoto in a 2–0 home defeat to Sheffield Wednesday. A half time substitute appearance in Oldham's 2–1 Football League Trophy Northern Area final first leg defeat to Chesterfield on 30 January 2012 kicked off a run which saw Tarkowski included in almost all of Oldham's first-team squads until the end of the season. Tarkowski crowned his run of appearances by scoring his first senior goal for the club on the final day of the season in a 2–1 win over Carlisle United. He made 18 appearances during the 2011–12 season and scored one goal.

Breakthrough.

Tarkowski began the 2012–13 season as a first-choice centre back alongside Jean-Yves Mvoto and started Oldham's first six games of the season. He scored his first goal of the season in a 2–0 league win over Crewe Alexandra on 2 October 2012. Tarkowski played a part in Oldham's run to the fifth round of the FA Cup, playing in the first round win over Conference Premier team Kidderminster Harriers and starting in the home draw and away replay defeat to Premier League team Everton in the fifth round. He scored his second goal of the season in a 2–1 league win over Stevenage on 19 February 2013. Tarkowski made 26 appearances and scored two goals during the 2012–13 season. He signed a new two-year contract in the summer of 2013.  Tarkowski began the 2013–14 season with a bang, scoring Oldham's first goal in a 4–3 away league win over Stevenage on the opening day. He was picked by the Latics supporters as Oldham's Player of the Month for August 2013. Now lining up at centre back alongside Jonathan Grounds, Tarkowski scored his second goal in a 2–1 defeat to Preston North End on 9 September 2013. Tarkowski was an ever-present in Oldham's runs to the Northern Area semi-final of the Football League Trophy and the third round of the FA Cup. He started the FA Cup third round tie against Premier League team Liverpool at Anfield and scored an 82nd minute own goal, which consigned the Latics to a 2–0 defeat. Tarkowski's form saw him offered a new contract extending until the end of the 2016–17 season on 22 January 2014, but he departed Boundary Park 9 days later. During his time with the Latics, Tarkowski made 89 appearances and scored six goals.

Brentford.

Tarkowski signed for League One club Brentford on a three-and-a-half-year contract for an undisclosed fee on 31 January 2014. After a period on the bench, he made his Brentford debut with a start in a 0–0 draw away to Carlisle United on 1 March. He scored his first goal for the club on his third appearance, heading in to send the Bees on their way to a 2–0 victory over Tranmere Rovers on 11 March. Four days later, Tarkowski was sent off for the second time in his career during a 1–0 win over Leyton Orient. Following Brentford's promotion to the Championship on 18 April, Tarkowski scored his second goal for the club in a 2–2 draw at Milton Keynes Dons on 21 April. He finished the 2013–14 season with 13 appearances and two goals.  Tarkowski began his first season at Championship level as an ever-present in the Bees' league matches. He suffered a dip in form in September and early October, stepping up to take his first penalty for the club in a league match versus Leeds United on 27 September and hammering the ball over the bar. He was spared his blushes, with Jota and Alan McCormack on target in the eventual 2–0 win. Tarkowski gave away a penalty in a 2–1 defeat to Watford on 30 September and received his fourth yellow card of the season (his third in four matches). Another yellow card in a 0–0 draw with Wigan Athletic on 18 October saw him incur a suspension and he failed to appear again until 28 December, scoring what proved to be Wolverhampton Wanderers' winner with an own goal in a 2–1 defeat. Despite the blunder, Tarkowski held onto his starting place and scored his first goal of the season against Reading on 25 April 2015, making sure of the points with the second in a 2–0 win. Tarkowski had the opportunity to convert a late penalty to make it two goals in two games in the following match against Wigan Athletic, but his miss made little difference with the Bees already 3–0 ahead. He appeared in both legs of Brentford's 5–1 playoff semi-final aggregate defeat to Middlesbrough and finished the 2014–15 season with 38 appearances and one goal.  Tarkowski helped salvage a 2–2 draw with Ipswich Town on the opening day of the 2015–16 season, feeding Andre Gray to score in injury time, before bundling home a 96th-minute equaliser to earn a place in the Football League Team of the Week. He suffered a displaced fracture of the nose in the following match versus Bristol City, but kept his place alongside Harlee Dean until suffering a calf injury in a 1–1 draw with Leeds United on 12 September. He missed two matches before being sent off on his return in a 2–1 defeat to Sheffield Wednesday. Amidst a number of transfer bids, Tarkowski was internally disciplined for refusing to play in Brentford's match versus Burnley on 15 January 2016, for which he later apologised. He failed to appear for the Bees again and departed Griffin Park two weeks later, having made 74 appearances and scored four goals in two years with the club.

Burnley.

On 1 February 2016, Tarkowski signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Championship club Burnley for an undisclosed fee. Tarkowski made his club debut on 20 February against Rotherham United, entering as a substitute in the first half for Michael Keane, who was forced off with a head injury. Tarkowski deputised for Keane for the next two games, with Burnley victorious against Nottingham Forest and Bolton Wanderers. However, Keane was preferred by manager Sean Dyche at right centre-back upon his return to fitness as Tarkowski was limited to one substitution appearance the rest of the season. In third position in the table at the time of Tarkowski's signing, Burnley went unbeaten the rest of the season as they won their third ever second-tier title and direct promotion to the Premier League on their first attempt.  Tarkowski was handed the captain's armband for Burnley's 1–0 extra-time defeat to fourth-tier Accrington Stanley in the EFL Cup on 24 August, after Dyche had made 10 changes to the team that upset Liverpool four days prior. Tarkowski made his Premier League debut on 27 August at Chelsea, coming on as a substitute and receiving a booking for a foul in the run-up to Chelsea's final goal in the 3–0 defeat. Unable to crack the preferred centre-back partnership of Keane and Ben Mee, Tarkowski received scant playing time, despite being an ever-present on the bench. He was a halftime substitution on 23 April 2017 against Manchester United for Mee, who left with a shin injury, opening the door for his first Premier League start on 29 April against Crystal Palace. Tarkowski endured being hit by an object thrown by a Palace fan during celebrations of Ashley Barnes' opening goal en route to a clean sheet. Manager Dyche lauded his performance as "outstanding". Tarkowski would retain his place in the team for Burnley's final four fixtures, during which Burnley ensured their participation in the next edition.  During the summer transfer window, teammate Michael Keane departed for Everton, allowing Tarkowski to line up with Mee in the center of Burnley's defence on a full-time basis. Assigned the shirt number 26 initially, Tarkowski assumed the number 5 shirt vacated by Keane ahead of the season. Tarkowski's performance against Crystal Palace on 10 September was deemed Man of the Match worthy by Sky Sports, as Tarkowski held Benteke and Palace without a goal. His 17 clearances in the match were the most by anyone in the Premier League that season, besting a mark previously held by himself in Burnley's surprise opening day victory over Chelsea.

International career.

Tarkowski was eligible to play for Poland through his grandfather but preferred to play for England, stating "I've always seen myself as an English person so to play for Poland would be difficult," On 15 March 2018, he was named in the England squad for pre-2018 FIFA World Cup friendlies against the Netherlands and Italy in March. He made his debut on 27 March when starting in the 1–1 draw with Italy at Wembley Stadium.  On 16 May 2018, he was one of 5 players named on standby for Gareth Southgate's 23-man England national team squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, but Tarkowski was reported to have withdrawn from the standby list later for hernia operation.

Honours.

Brentford  Individual

James Alan Tarkowski (born 19 November 1992) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre back for club Burnley and the England national team.

詹姆斯·塔尔斯基(英语:James Tarkowski;1992年-12月19日),是一名英格兰职业足球员,现时效力英格兰足球超级联赛球队伯恩利。司职中坚。


History.

Name change.

On June 17, 2011, Cavium Networks, Inc. changed their name to Cavium, Inc.

Acquisition.

In November 2017, Cavium's board of directors agreed to the company's purchase by Marvell Technology Group for $6 billion in cash and stock. The merger was finalized on July 6, 2018.

Products.

cnMIPS microarchitecture.

The cnMIPS microarchitecture implements the MIPS64 instruction set.

ThunderX SoCs.

The ThunderX line of SoCs from Cavium were released with up to 48 dual issue, out of order ARMv8 cores. These SoCs were targeted at servers in network intensive applications, competing with Intel Xeon products. The ThunderX line is manufactured by Global Foundries at 28 nm and is reported to have a TDP less than 100W.  Sandia National Laboratories' second generation supercomputer in their Vanguard project called Sullivan was based Cavium's ThunderX processors. The first generation was called Hammer, it was based on X-Gene by Applied Micro.

ThunderX2 SoCs.

Cavium announced in 2016 the ThunderX2 line of SoCs, initially as iterative improvement of their ThunderX line. The name was later used for the former Vulcan SoC design purchased from Broadcom. ThunderX2 has up to 32 custom ARM cores and is manufactured on Global Foundries' 16 nm FinFET process. These and other improvements are reported to offer twice the performance per core of the ThunderX line.  Cray has added "ARM Option" (i.e. CPU blade option, using the ThunderX2) to their XC50 supercomputers, and Cray states that ARM is "a third processor architecture for building next-generation supercomputers", for clients such as the US Department of Energy.  The Cray XC50-series supercomputer for the University of Bristol is called Isambard, named after Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The supercomputer is expected to feature around 160 nodes, each with two 32-core ThunderX2 processors running at 2.1 GHz. Peak theoretical performance of the 10,240 cores and 40,960 threads is 172 teraFLOPS.  The third generation of the Sandia National Laboratories' Vanguard project called Mayer was based on pre-production ThunderX2 and consisted of 47 nodes. The fourth generation also based on ThunderX2 is called Astra and will become operation by November 2018. Each Astra node will feature two 28-core ThunderX2 processors running at 2.0 GHz with 128 GB DDR4. Each rack has 18x Hewlett Packard Enterprise Apollo 70 chassis with 72 compute nodes along with 3 InfiniBand switches. Astra will feature a total of 36 racks. Thus Astra will have 5,184 ThunderX2 processors, 145,152 ThunderX2 cores and 580,608 threads. Astra's peak theoretical performance is 4.644 PFLOPS in Single Precision, and 2.322 PFLOPS in Double Precision and will support 324 TB DDR4. Astra is the first ARM-based Petascale supercomputer to enter the TOP500 list. In November 2018 it is ranked at 204, while it's ranked at 156 after an upgrade.  On March 2, 2020, Marvell announced OCTEON TX2 and OCTEON Fusion processors feature OCTEON TX2 Microarchitecture.

ThunderX2/Vulcan core.

ThunderX2 Microarchitecture:

OCTEON TX2 core.

OCTEON TX2 Microarchitecture:

ThunderX3 SoCs.

On March 16, 2020, Marvell announced ThunderX3 and their plan for ThunderX4 in 2022.  Microarchitecture details:  ThunderX3 SoC details include:

Cavium was a fabless semiconductor company based in San Jose, California, specializing in ARM-based and MIPS-based network, video and security processors and SoCs. The company was co-founded by Syed B. Ali and M. Raghib Hussain, who were introduced to each other by a Silicon Valley entrepreneur. Cavium offers processor- and board-level products targeting routers, switches, appliances, storage and servers.

凯为(英语:Cavium),原名凯为网络(英语:Cavium Networks, Inc)是一间无厂半导体公司,创立于2001年,总部位于美国加利福尼亚州圣荷西,生产以ARM架构及MIPS架构的处理器及SoC,提供网络、影音与安全等功能。其生产的处理器及开发板,被使用于路由器、网络交换器、网络附加储存等产品中。


Club career.

Real Madrid.

Born in Madrid, Hermoso joined Real Madrid's youth setup in 2005, aged ten, after starting out at EF Concepción. On 28 September 2012, while still a youth, he appeared with the first team in that year's Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu, coming on as a second-half substitute in an 8–0 rout of Millonarios FC.  In summer 2014, Hermoso was promoted to the C-side in Tercera División, playing 34 matches and scoring two goals. On 16 July 2015, shortly after being assigned to the reserves, he was loaned to Segunda División club Real Valladolid in a season-long deal.  Hermoso made his professional debut on 22 August 2015, starting in a 0–1 away loss against Córdoba CF. Upon returning, he was again assigned to Real's reserves in Segunda División B.

Espanyol.

On 12 July 2017, Hermoso signed a three-year deal with RCD Espanyol. His maiden appearance in La Liga took place on 9 September, playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–5 away loss to FC Barcelona. He scored his first goal in the competition the following 28 January, but also put two past his own net in a 2–3 defeat at CD Leganés.

Atlético Madrid.

On 18 July 2019, with only one year left in his contract, Hermoso agreed to a five-year contract with Atlético Madrid for €25 million plus €4 million in add-ons. Espanyol also retained 20% of any future sale of the player, with half of the fee being paid to Real Madrid. He made his league debut on 18 August, playing 28 minutes in the 1–0 home win against Getafe CF.

International career.

After playing for Spain at under-19 level, Hermoso was first called by the full side on 8 November 2018, for matches against Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. He made his debut in the latter fixture, featuring the full 90 minutes in the 1–0 friendly win in Las Palmas.

Mario Hermoso Canseco (; born 18 June 1995) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Atlético Madrid. Mainly a central defender, he can also operate as a left back.

马里奥·埃尔莫索·坎塞科(,,1995年-6月18日),是一位西班牙足球运动员,司职中后卫。现时效力西班牙甲组足球联赛球会马德里体育会和西班牙国家足球队。


History.

At 7:20 pm on 21 October 1991, a Dundee bound Aberdeen–London Intercity express destroyed two out of the four gates of the level crossing. The fifty passengers on board and five people in a passing car were fortunate to avoid collision when the train passed through the crossing at around 80 miles per hour. The gates had not been closed before the train passed the level crossing. Dundee District Council (now defunct) had previously postponed planning permission to modernise the gates. They were replaced by the current arrangement of four barriers in 1995, with control transferred to Dundee Signalling Centre.  Subsequent restoration of the station saw the removal of the historic footbridge, which now languishes behind the westbound platform, leaving only an underpass for those wishing to cross the line at Gray Street, or walk the short distance to another overbridge, when the barriers are lowered. The footbridge was closed to the public before the crossing was modernised.  Service frequencies at the station have varied significantly over the years - prior to 1990, there were regular local trains to Arbroath & Dundee/Perth throughout the day along with a small number of longer-distance workings (see the GB National Rail Timetables 1988/89 Table 242 for details), but a shortage of rolling stock led to the service being significantly cut at the May timetable change that year. For the next twenty years, only a handful of trains (4 per day each way on average) stopped here, but since then there has a gradual increase in provision following a campaign by the local authority & rail user groups (eight additional stops were added in December 2011 ). From 2018, an hourly service is planned for this station, and as part of a major timetable upgrade backed by Transport Scotland.  From December 2018, a roughly hourly service (Monday to Saturday daytime) to Arbroath northbound, and to Edinburgh southbound, was introduced. In the evenings southbound trains terminate at Dundee.

Services.

2016.

Monday to Saturday: 16 services call at Broughty Ferry. There are 9 services northbound, 2 of which terminate at Inverurie, 4 at Aberdeen, 1 at Arbroath and 1 at Carnoustie. There is also an early morning departure to Inverness (Saturdays excepted). There are 7 services southbound, 3 of which terminate at Glasgow Queen Street, 2 at Edinburgh, 1 at Perth (Monday - Thursday and early Saturday) and 2 at Dundee (1 Saturdays only).  Sunday: There are 3 services Northbound, terminating at Aberdeen and 4 services southbound, 2 of which terminate at Edinburgh, 1 at Glasgow Queen Street and 1 at Perth.

2018/19.

Monday to Saturday: There is an hourly service in each direction, to both Edinburgh via Dundee and Kirkcaldy, and to Arbroath. This takes the daily number of services from 16 up to 36, as part of a service upgrade between Dundee and Arbroath.  Sunday: Service levels remain low, with only 3 northbound services to Aberdeen and 3 southbound services- 2 to Edinburgh and 1 to Perth

Broughty Ferry railway station serves the suburb of Broughty Ferry in Dundee, Scotland. The station was opened on 6 October 1838 on the Dundee and Arbroath Railway. When North British Railway were granted joint ownership of the line on 21 July 1879, the station buildings were gradually rebuilt until around 1900.

布劳蒂费里站(英语:Broughty Ferry railway station)是一个位于苏格兰邓迪布劳蒂费里的铁路站,于1838年10月6日启用由丹地和阿布罗斯铁路,是苏格兰仍在营运中最古老的车站。车站在1985年成为苏格兰登录建筑。


Plot.

Sierra (Shannon Purser) is smart and aspirational, and she strives to get admitted into Stanford University. But she is unpopular, and many of her fellow students say that she is unattractive. Sierra is targeted by the criticism—which she answers with wit—and insults—which she sidesteps with charm—of her popular classmate Veronica (Kristine Froseth). Jamey is a handsome football player from another high school; he doesn't know that Veronica has a boyfriend attending college, and so Jamey asks for her phone number. Veronica wants to dodge Jamey's attention, and she also assumes that if Sierra found herself at the center of the handsome young man's attention, then Sierra would become self-conscious and feel ashamed. Thus, Veronica responds to Jamey's request by giving him Sierra's phone number, while misrepresenting it as being her own.  Jamey intends to write a text to Veronica, but instead it is received by Sierra. They exchange messages and they flirt. Although Sierra does understand that Jamey mistakenly believes he's communicating with some person other than herself, she develops a crush on the football player. In band class, Sierra tells her best friend Dan (RJ Cyler) that she has "met a guy" and she explains how it happened. Dan disapproves of Sierra for having concealed the facts from Jamey; he says, "It's called catfishing, and I'm pretty sure it's illegal." Sierra defends herself by saying that Jamey's decisions to engage with her have been based solely on his interactions with her, alone.  Sierra approaches Veronica, who is upset after being dumped by her college boyfriend, Spence, because he considers Veronica to be too dumb. She offers to tutor Veronica, in exchange for help in continuing to talk to Jamey. Veronica agrees, and they begin tutoring. As they continue helping each other, Sierra learns more about Veronica's frustrating family life, and Veronica develops appreciation for Sierra. Veronica reveals how her father abandoned her mother for a 22-year-old and how it has changed both her and her mother's lives. Veronica also has to deal with her overbearing mother who pushed her into cheerleading and popularity. One night, Jamey video calls Veronica, who appears on the camera screen while Sierra talks behind it. The video call soon ends when Jamey tells her there is lag, and as soon as they hang up, Sierra and Veronica gleefully laugh together over the fact that it worked. Although initially cold to one another, Veronica and Sierra end up being friends.  When Jamey asks Sierra, whom he believes to be Veronica, out on a date, Veronica goes with him as a favor to Sierra. However, when he tries to kiss Veronica, Veronica tells him to close his eyes and Sierra kisses him instead, and Jamey believes that he kissed Veronica.  Before a football game, Jamey kisses Veronica. Veronica is angry at Jamey for doing this, because she feels like she is betraying Sierra. Jamey does not understand why she is angry, because he believes that she was the person he had kissed on their date. Sierra witnesses the kiss and assumes that Veronica kissed Jamey on purpose. As revenge, she decides to reveal that Veronica was dumped by her ex-boyfriend. During the football game, Veronica angrily tells Jamey the truth, and when a panicked Sierra attempts to defend herself and explain, he recognizes her voice. Shocked, he tells both Sierra and Veronica to stay away from him and he leaves.  Sierra writes a song called "Sunflower" and sends it to Veronica as an apology. Veronica shows up at Jamey's house to make him listen to the song and tells him that Sierra is a great girl. Jamey decides to forgive Sierra and take her to homecoming, bringing her a sunflower. Jamey expresses his feelings for Sierra and admits that she is exactly his type. They kiss again and go to homecoming together. At the dance, Veronica and Sierra see each other. Without a word, they reconcile by sharing an embrace, and are joined by Dan.

Production.

The film was first announced in September 2016 as a modern retelling of the "Cyrano de Bergerac" story, to be directed by Ian Samuels from a screenplay by Lindsey Beer ("Chaos Walking"). Ben Hardy had been set to play the male lead role. In the same announcement, it was revealed Molly Smith and Thad Luckinbill's Black Label Media ("Sicario", "La La Land") would produce the film, with Beer executive producing. On January 18, 2018, it was announced that Netflix had acquired the rights to the film.  In December 2016, RJ Cyler was cast as the title character's best friend. On January 5, 2017, Shannon Purser was set to star as Sierra Burgess, and the following day, Kristine Froseth was cast in a supporting role. Later that same month, Will Peltz was also added. On February 1, 2017, Noah Centineo was set for the male lead, taking over from Ben Hardy. Also in February 2017, Lea Thompson and Alan Ruck were cast as the title character's parents.  In July 2017, songwriter and musician Leland announced that he had completed scoring the film, with Bram Inscore. In addition, he stated that the pair had also co-written a song with Troye Sivan and Allie X that would be featured in the film. The group co-wrote a song with the film's screenwriter, Lindsey Beer, entitled "Sunflower," an original song written in the script and performed by Shannon Purser.

Release.

The film was released on September 7, 2018, on Netflix.

Reception.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 61% based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 5.68/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Sierra Burgess Is a Loser", but her movie's okay - largely thanks to Shannon Purser's work in the title role, which is strong enough to counter an uneven narrative." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."  The film has been criticized by some for romanticizing certain character choices by the female protagonist, Sierra Burgess, specifically her catfishing and sharing a non-consensual kiss with her love interest, hacking, cyber bullying and mistreating her friend, and pretending to be deaf with support from one of her friends.

Sierra Burgess Is a Loser is an American teen comedy-drama film directed by Ian Samuels from a screenplay by Lindsey Beer. The film is a modern retelling of the "Cyrano de Bergerac" story, and stars Shannon Purser, Kristine Froseth, RJ Cyler, and Noah Centineo. The film was released on September 7, 2018, by Netflix.

《鲁妹席艾拉》(英语:"Sierra Burgess Is a Loser")是一部2018年美国青春喜剧片,由伊恩·山缪斯(英语:Ian Samuels)执导,琳赛·比尔(英语:Lindsey Beer)撰写剧本,其主演包括雪农·波瑟、克莉丝汀·弗洛赛斯、RJ·赛勒与诺亚·森迪尼奥。该片于2018年8月30日在Netflix发行。


Early life.

Abe began training judo in 2003, at the age of 6, in his hometown of Hyōgo. He began competing in elementary school. His father, Koji, is a firefighter at the Kobe City Fire Department. he was often Thrown by Nami Nabekura when they were in elementary school.He said such an experience made me what I am. His name in kanji reads, "one, two, three".  Abe won his first national tournament while attending Kobe Ikuta junior high school, winning in the under 55 kg category. He then embarked on his junior career while attending Shinko Gakuen Shinko high school. While still a high school student, he had won the national Inter-High School championships multiple times. He graduated in 2016. Abe is presently training at the Nittadai. He has been coached by Atsushi Nobukawa since elementary school.  His sister, Uta Abe, is the youngest circuit winner in IJF history.

Career.

Junior career: 2012–2014.

Cadet and high school competitions.

Abe had won several competitions as a cadet including the Asian U17 Championships in 2012, and the European Cup Cadets in 2012.  The World Cadet Championships in Miami was Abe's first high-level international tournament. He reached the final, meeting Georgia's Koba Mchedishvili, and lost by ippon, settling for silver. The tournament was held on Abe's 16th birthday.  Abe defeated the son of Japanese legend Toshihiko Koga, Hayato, at the 2015 Inter-High School Championships.

2014 All-Japan Junior Championships.

The junior national tournament was held in Saitama. Abe defeated Takamasa Sueki in the final.

2014 Youth Olympic Games.

Abe transitioned from cadet to junior level at the Youth Olympics in Nanjing. He played ippon judo throughout the tournament, and defeated Ukraine's Bogdav Iadov by waza-ari using sode tsurikomi goshi, and then seoi nage for ippon, securing a gold medal for Japan. Both throws that were showcased in the final are his favourite techniques.

2014 World Junior Championships.

Abe was a favourite coming into the junior championships in Fort Lauderdale. He was one of the few youth Olympic champions in the tournament.  En route to the final, he defeated all his opponents by ippon in two and a half minutes or less, with the exception of future World Champion An Baul in Round 2. They were separated by a single shido.  In the final, Abe was against Russia's Egor Mgdsyan. Abe was ahead in the first two and a half minutes, scoring a waza-ari and a yuko. However, Mgdsyan managed to gain two waza-aris in just 45 seconds, effectively securing ippon and defeating Abe, leaving the latter to settle for silver.

Senior career.

Rise to prominence and transition to senior level: 2014 Kodokan Cup and Grand Slam.

Abe rose to national prominence at the Kodokan Cup, his first senior tournament, where he became the youngest winner at 16-years-old, and the first high school student to win the Cup in ten years since Satoshi Ishii in 2004. His win was a surprise, especially in the third round when he defeated Masaaki Fukuoka in less than two minutes by ippon, with an uki otoshi. He defeated Yuki Nishiyama in the final.  Abe transitioned to senior level internationally at the Grand Slam in Tokyo, one of the most prestigious and high-level tournaments of the IJF circuit. It was his first time being officially coached by a national team coach, namely legendary heavyweight Keiji Suzuki.  Abe dominated his opening fight against Peru's Alonso Wong, scoring a waza-ari and pinning with a kesa-gatame for ippon. He also won his second fight by ippon.  Abe won grand slam Tokyo December 2016 in 66 kg.  Following his second fight, Abe found himself facing tough opponents, amongst who were two world champions. He competed against five-time World Championships medalist and 2009 World Champion Georgii Zantaraia in the quarter-final, and surprisingly managed to score a waza-ari. Abe tried to pin Zantaraia, however the latter escaped. Abe was nevertheless through to a semi-final match up against triple and reigning World Champion, fellow Japanese Masashi Ebinuma.  Ebinuma scored a yuko in 30 seconds, and looked to be winning the bout. However, Abe almost threw Ebinuma for a score twice, but was unable to due to the senior's solid defense. Abe then caused an upset by scoring waza-ari in the last minute with ushiro goshi, defeating Ebinuma and reaching the final.  In the final, Abe faced Israel's Golan Pollack. Abe scored a yuko with an ouchi gari, and Pollack landed on his side outside the mat, hitting his head on the barrier. Abe then attempted to pin him, and Pollack was unable to escape, possibly ending the bout with a win to Abe, but was voided by the referee as the second skill was out of play. There were no scores after that, therefore crowning Abe as the winner of the tournament.

2015 Grand Prix Düsseldorf.

Abe competed in his first tournament of the year at the 2015 Grand Prix in Düsseldorf. He surprisingly struggled in his first fight, scraping through by yuko. In the second round, Abe defeated the Netherlands' Junior Degen by ippon using his favourite ashi waza, ouchi gari.  Abe then faced Asian Games champion Davaadorjiin Tömörkhüleg in the third round, and was defeated by waza-ari, ending his tournament.

2015 Grand Prix Ulaanbaatar.

Abe then returned to the tour at the Grand Prix in Ulaanbaatar. Abe's first fight was against Georgia's Masha Margvelashvili. Abe won by two waza-aris, the first of which using kosoto gari and the second using his main skill sode tsurikomi goshi. He then faced Mongolia's Batgerel Battsetseg, and won by ippon and yuko.  Abe faced budding rival Tomorkhuleg in the final, and scored first for a waza-ari, however was defeated by ippon in the final minute when Tomorkhuleg threw him using kosoto gari.

2015 All-Japan Championships.

The All-Japan Championships in Fukuoka was Abe's first senior national championships. It was his final year competing nationally as a high school student.  Abe defeated Yuki Hashiguchi by shido in his first fight, then subsequently lost to Kengo Takaichi in just a minute and half when Takaichi pinned him using ushiro-kesa-gatame for ippon, leaving him to settle for a bronze medal.

2015 Kodokan Cup.

Abe competed in his second Kodokan Cup and entered as the defending champion. However, Abe looked off-form, not scoring a single point until the bronze medal match, where he used osoto gari and kosoto gari for an awasete ippon. His bid to defend his title failed in the third round when eventual finalist Joshiro Maruyama scored a yuko with tomoe nage. According to Abe, he felt that with this tournament loss, he would be unable to qualify for the 2016 Olympics.

Continued successes and first national title: Grand Prix Tashkent and 2016 All-Japan Championships.

Abe played all-ippon judo for the first time in a senior tournament at the Grand Prix in Tashkent. In his first fight, he defeated Turkey's Sinan Sandal by ippon, again using his main ashi waza, ouchi gari. He then defeated local Dostonjon Holikulov using a powerful double sleeve grip osoto gari for ippon.  In the quarter-final, Abe faced France's Alexandre Mariac, and scored a yuko using sode-tsurikomi-goshi. He sealed his win using tai otoshi for waza-ari, and connecting to pin Mariac with kesa-gatame for ippon.  Abe then had another versatility showcase in the semi-final against Mongolia's Altansukh Dovdon. Abe scored a yuko in just 17 seconds, and then scored a waza-ari with tai otoshi. He then attempted to pin Dovdon, but was unsuccessful. Abe scored another yuko with his signature skill drop seoi nage, and again attempted to pin, but his leg was latched on by Dovdon. He scored ippon with a second drop seoi nage and sealed his win.  Abe defeated China's Ma Duanbin with another powerful double sleeve grip osoto gari to end the fight in just 36 seconds by ippon, becoming tournament champion.  In his first tournament of 2016, and the first as a university student, Abe competed at his second All-Japan Championships. He looked to be on form and reached the semi-final, where he met budding rival Ebinuma. It was a critical match as the national championships also serves as a potential qualifier for the Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, and both were potential contenders as Japan's half-lightweight representative.  Abe was the first to attempt a skill, and managed to throw Ebinuma with sode-tsurikomi-goshi, but was unable to gain a score. Abe again attempted a skill, and this time was successful with osoto gari. He then connected to kesa gatame to pin Ebinuma, but the senior was able to escape before an ippon could be achieved, but scoring a waza-ari. Abe then threw Ebinuma again with sode-tsurikomi-goshi, initially scoring another waza-ari for ippon, but was voided by the referees. Abe again attempted a back throw, and was successful for a waza-ari, sending him through to the final and causing an upset.  With Ebinuma watching from the sidelines, Abe faced Maruyama in the final. The fight was very close, and both were level with a shido each, sending the match to golden score. After nearly two minutes, a second shido was awarded to Maruyama, earning Abe his first national title.

Injury and failure to qualify for the 2016 Olympics.

Abe planned to compete at the 2016 Asian Championships, but was sidelined with a knee ligament injury. It was reported he needed at least three weeks of recovery time.  Abe is currently ranked 25th in the second last IJF World Rankings before the Olympics, and only the Top 22 would be able to qualify. He is also the fourth Japanese in the rankings. With head coach Inoue recalling Ebinuma for his second Olympics as Japan's half-lightweight representative, Abe officially did not qualify.  Abe has been chosen as an ambassador for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.

Return to IJF circuit and continued undefeated record in Grand Slams: 2016 Tyumen and Tokyo.

Abe entered the Grand Slam in Tyumen as the number one seed, and was considered favourite for gold. He was coached by Yusuke Kanamaru and Keiji Suzuki from the sidelines.  The competition was vacated by majority of top 30 fighters, being only 20 days before the Olympics. With the small number of fighters, Abe fought in the quarter-final against Azerbaijan's Iskandar Talishinski. He opened his first bout on fire, throwing Talishinski with his signature ouchi gari for waza-ari. He then scored another waza-ari for awasete ippon with a powerful seoi otoshi.  Abe faced teammate Sho Tateyama in an All-Japan semi-final. He threw Tateyama for waza-ari with deashi barai and earned several shidos, but continued on to the final with the former unable to score any throws. He met local Anzaur Ardanov in the final, and threw him for waza-ari with a solid osoto gari. Abe earned his first Grand Slam title since 2014.  Abe entered the Grand Slam in Tokyo following senior and rival Ebinuma's absence as the top ranked half-lightweight from Japan. An and Basile, who were largely considered the favourites as finalists at the 2016 Olympics, also competed. Abe faced Japanese-based Korean Kim Limhwan in his first fight and scored a waza-ari with an ippon seoi nage. He then tried to connect with osaekomi waza but was unsuccessful. Abe finally sealed the fight with ippon with a phenomenal single sleeve grip sode-tsurikomi-goshi.  In his second fight, Abe was against Russia's Mikhail Pulyaev. Abe played with one of his most used ashi waza ouchi gari for a waza-ari. No throws were scored after that, sending Abe to the semi-final against countryman Norihito Isoda. It was a fierce fight for grips, with Abe being penalised twice with shido. He attempted a seoi nage which was initially scored an ippon but then relegated to a waza-ari. However, it was enough to send him to the final.  He faced another countryman in Yuuki Hashiguchi. It was another aggressive grip fight, but Abe had the upper hand with another seoi nage attempt, scoring a yuko. Abe followed with an osoto gari but Hashiguchi was able to escape the attack. Abe then won his second Grand Slam in Tokyo with a stunning tai otoshi for ippon. Abe was considered as a major contender at the World Championships following his win, as well as one of judo's top half-lightweights.

Fighting style.

Abe is known for a more modern style of Japanese judo, like fellow lightweight and World Champion Naohisa Takato. He is right-handed. A seoi nage and sode-tsurikomi-goshi specialist, he is aggressive, physical and dynamic with his fighting, often preferring a fast pace of judo, with an average winning time of just two and half minutes. He prefers a double sleeve grip when executing throws. Abe often connects skills using ashi waza like osoto gari and ouchi gari to set up his nage waza, and also uses osoto gari and ouchi gari as a lone skill for ippon.  Japanese legend and current head coach Kōsei Inoue has described him as, "way beyond his years... I'm looking forward to how much he can compete nationally and internationally."  Abe considers Tadahiro Nomura as his favourite fighter and main influence in his judo.

Competitive record.

"(does not include Youth Olympic Games and national tournaments)"

Hifumi Abe (Japanese: 阿部一二三; born 9 August 1997) is a Japanese judoka.

阿部一二三(,1997年-8月9日)是日本柔道运动员,出生于兵库县神户市。现世界排名第一位,曾获得两届世界柔道锦标赛冠军。现在日本体育大学就读中。妹妹阿部诗也是柔道运动员,2018年的世界柔道锦标赛中兄妹二人同时拿下各自级别的世界冠军,传为佳话。


History.

The Kowloon Mosque and Islamic Centre was first established in 1896 by the Hong Kong Regiment, on the site where the Tsim Sha Tsui Police Station now stands. It was originally intended to serve the Indian Muslim troops of the British Army stationed at the nearby Whitfield Barracks, now the site of the adjacent Kowloon Park.  In the late 1970s, the building suffered structural issues due to the underground construction carried out for the Mass Transit Railway. With compensation provided by MTR Corporation and donations from the local Muslim community, a new mosque was built and opened on 11 May 1984 on the present site at 105 Nathan Road to replace the old one.  Currently, the mosque primarily serves Muslims from South Asia and Indonesia. Many of them also live in Tsim Sha Tsui, where ethnic minorities have settled. This also explains why it also plays an important role as a cultural site for non-Chinese Muslims in Hong Kong.  Vendors selling South Asian items at Chungking Mansions are close to the Kowloon Mosque (opposite the mosque, across the road).

The building.

This mosque, designed by architect I.M. Kadri, represents the unique identity of the Muslim community in Hong Kong. Decorated and elaborate, the traditional Muslim architecture of the mosque contrasts from the modern architecture of the nearby buildings. The most prominent features of the building are the four 11 meters high minarets which mark the corners of the upper terrace and the extensive use of white marble on both the paving and the facade.  In addition to three prayer halls and a community hall, there is a medical clinic and a library. The main prayer hall on the first floor can accommodate 1,000 people. A smaller, women's prayer hall is on the upper floor and is surrounded by a terrace. This upper hall is surmounted by a dome 5 meters in diameter and 9 meters in height.

Personnel.

The Chief Imam of Hong Kong Mufti Muhammad Arshad (M.A. in Islamic studies) has served as the Imam and Khateeb of this Masjid since 2001. He also teaches the mosque's Arabic language course, and delivers the Friday sermons in Urdu, English and Arabic. He is also responsible for the issuance of fatwa and Quranic Maktabs. In addition, he is an instructor at the Hong Kong Baptist University. He was ranked one of the 500 world's most influential Muslim leaders in 2009.  Maulana Qari Muhammad Tayaib Qasmi is an Islamic scholar who has lived in Hong Kong since 1989. He served as Chief Imam and Khateeb of the Kowloon Mosque till 2001. He has invited many prominent Islamic scholars to Hong Kong from different parts of the world, such as Makki Sahib, Abdul Majeed Nadeem Shah sahib, Imam-e-Kabba, imam Masjid e Nabwi, Maulana Tariq Jameel, Dr. Tahir ul Qadri and Dr. Murtaza Sahib. Dr. Zakir Naik (Trustee) is currently running seven large Islamic Centres throughout Hong Kong, giving free Quranic education to almost 1500 students including adult students, boys and girls, who study full-time in local schools in Hong Kong. The Masjid is very important to the Islamic community of Hong Kong.

Transportation.

The mosque is located near exit A1 of Tsim Sha Tsui Station (connected to East Tsim Sha Tsui station by underground walkways). It may be reached via the Tsuen Wan Line or the West Rail Line (if you walk through the station to East Tsim Sha Tsui station).  There is also a bus stop situated outside the mosque, with buses to various destinations in Kowloon, New Territories and Hong Kong International Airport. This stop is either announced as Kowloon Mosque or Kowloon Park (which is adjacent to the mosque).

Water cannon incident.

On October 20, 2019 during the anti-ELAB movement, a Hong Kong Police Force water cannon vehicle filled with stinging blue dye sprayed the Islamic Centre twice. The dousing caused hit more than 10 people who were around the premises causing various injuries including former Indian Association of Hong Kong chairman Mohan Chugani, a member of the Hong Kong Unison and Jeremy Tam, a member of the Legislative Council and several journalists; all them were hospitalized for further treatment. Masked protesters, pedesterians and mosque-goers rushed to the Islamic Centre to clean up the blue dye left by the police soon after. The police contacted the Mosque authorities explaining the hit as a "mistake"; then they sent some police personnel to the Mosque to clean up for 5 minutes.  Chief Executive Carrie Lam herself came to meet in person with community members and mosque leaders the next day to apologize on the government's behalf over the incident. At 9:40 p.m the same day, police representatives came to the mosque to explain themselves to the media. A female Senior Superintendent was spotted to not wear a hijab - as required by mosque admission rules - when she entered the Islamic Centre, causing criticism over the faux pas.

Reaction.

Hong Kong Unison and Civil Human Rights Front condemned the police regarding this event. Regina Ip of the New People's Party asserted the need for the police force to apologize. Activist Phillip Khan sees the police action taken as an affront to Islam. Some Muslims were also discontent with how the mosque had been targeted by the police.

Kowloon Masjid and Islamic Centre or Kowloon Mosque is one of five main mosques in Hong Kong. Located in Kowloon, in the Tsim Sha Tsui area at the intersection of Nathan Road and Haiphong Road, besides Kowloon Park, this mosque is currently the largest in Hong Kong. The mosque holds five prayers daily and is capable of accommodating up to 3,500 people.

九龙清真寺,正式名称是九龙清真寺暨伊斯兰中心,是香港最大的清真寺,位于九龙尖沙咀弥敦道。


Early life.

Lyndsey Scott grew up in West Orange, New Jersey, as the eldest of four children. Her father founded a home healthcare company after having been a programmer for the National Security Agency. She practiced martial arts since the age of nine, and earned a black belt in Taekwondo.  Scott endured bullying and taunting while growing up. She says she was the only black person in her first three years at Newark Academy, her New Jersey preparatory high school, and so thin – at and – that she said she was called a "monster". She says peers would invite then uninvite her from parties, and tell her she couldn't sit with them in the dining room. "It got so bad in high school I couldn't even look people in the face. I would hide out in school so I wouldn't have to eat lunch in the cafeteria or see people in between classes."  Scott attended Amherst College, where she studied theatre, economics, and physics, before taking computer science. She also ran and did high jump for the Amherst track and field team, earning All-America status for the 400 meter dash. She graduated Amherst College in 2006 with a joint degree in theatre and computer science.

Modeling.

After college, Scott was more interested in acting than computer science, and began pursuing auditions in New York City. Her body had changed in college, partly due to taking weight-gain supplements, and she says she "started looking more like a model". So, with the encouragement of friends, she applied for modeling work, but was turned down by every agency she approached for two years; her parents urged her to take up computer science jobs.  Scott had, however, put her picture on the website Models.com, and in 2008 she was contacted by Click Model Management of New York City. "Elle Girl" featured her in a video about the day of a fashion model, including some of her Click new model training. She was then 24, which was considered old for a model. The agency asked her to trim five years from her age, and for her first few years modeling she claimed to have been born in 1990.  Even with an agency contract, Scott wasn't immediately successful. In early 2009 Scott's work was handing out flyers on a street corner when she got a call from fashion house Calvin Klein. During New York Fashion Week, she became the first black model to sign an exclusive runway contract with Calvin Klein. Bethann Hardison said that no model in recent history had made such an impact. Other prestigious modeling jobs followed: in her first years as a model, she modeled for Vera Wang, DKNY, Baby Phat, Fendi, Gucci, Louis Vuitton, and the 2009 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, and appeared in the magazines Italian "Elle", "Teen Vogue", and "W". Style.com listed her as a top 10 newcomer. In the 2010 fall NYFW, she was the only black model walking runways for Prada. She also changed agencies to Elite Model Management, which was more accepting of her actual age.  In December 2013, Scott responded to a question on Quora, the question and answer website, about "What does it feel like to go from physically unattractive to attractive?". She wrote about being awkward and bullied in high school, then getting model looks after college, and the advantages and problems that came with that, while still programming in taped glasses at home. Her answer was reprinted in "Slate", "Business Insider", and PopSugar.  Until that time, Scott had kept her programming separate from her modeling. That Quora post drew attention to her programming skills; from then on, she was covered as the model with a secret identity as a coder. Others credited her with disproving the stereotypes that fashion models had no brains, and computer programmers were pasty-faced geeks. The fashion magazine "Harper's Bazaar" combined her passions by asking her to report on the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, and Maria Shriver asked her to detail her favorite mobile apps for NBC News.

Computer programming.

Scott started programming at the age of 12, by writing games for her TI-89 graphing calculator and sharing them with friends in middle school. She learned the Java and C++ programming languages and the MIPS architecture at Amherst College, but taught herself the skills she used for writing her own applications in Python, Objective C, and iOS. She says that though she enjoyed programming in college, she went into acting and modeling professionally because she never saw herself spending her life around other computer programmers; after graduating, most of her programming was done alone. By 2017, she considered herself primarily a programmer.  Scott is also passionate about educating others to program, especially young women. She maintains a profile on Stack Overflow, a website where users gain reputation for providing answers about computer programming. In early 2014, she was one of the top 2% of users with over 2,000 reputation points and more than 38,000 profile views. She was the top ranked user for iOS questions on the site for one month in 2015. As of August 2019, she has over 31,000 reputation points with over 400 answers to user questions and is in the top 1% of users on the platform.  She is the author of multiple iOS programming tutorials on RayWenderlich.com, was a representative for Code.org's second Hour of Code learning initiative, made a video teaching programming with Disney's "Frozen" characters, and is a mentor at Girls Who Code, an organization teaching programming to teenage girls. She has given talks on programming at schools in Harlem and NYU, and mentored Girl Scouts in programming in Los Angeles.  Her combination of modeling and coding is seen as inspirational to young women: she was named to the "Elle" "Inspire 100" list in 2014, and the AskMen "Top 99 Outstanding Women 2015" list, which called her "an inspiration for scores of young girls". She was a keynote speaker for the Harvard Undergraduate Women in Business in 2014, and a presenter for the Ford Freedom Awards in 2015.

Applications.

Scott's earliest iOS mobile apps were written on her own, for Standable, Inc., the company she founded in 2011. Scott's first published app was Educate! in support of a non-profit also called Educate!, supporting young Ugandan scholars, and founded by two Amherst students. Her second was iPort, intended to help models organize their career portfolio digitally. Scott says she developed it because it was something she personally needed, as her paper portfolio books were heavy and falling apart. Her third, in 2014, was The Matchmaker, a social network that would alert a user physically near another user compatible in love, friendship, or business. Code Made Cool, released in conjunction with Scott's 2014 appearance on the cover of "Asos" magazine, was an iPhone app that taught girls programming via drag and drop in fantasy scenarios with animated pictures of Ryan Gosling. Squarify converts rectangular images or videos to squares for easy Instagram usage.  Later apps were written for other companies. She developed beautifulBook for Firebloom Media; it displays classic literature in stylish fonts and backgrounds. The app imDown (written for the company of the same name in 2016), which later became Tallscreen, allows users to film and share vertical videos of up to a minute in length. Ryse Up is a multimedia application to connect established and emerging musical artists, produced by the company of the same name for which Scott was a senior engineer for the 1.0 version of the mobile app. All were Apple mobile applications available on the App Store, though iPort, The Matchmaker, imDown, and Code Made Cool were no longer available as of 2017.  Lyndsey currently works as the lead iOS software engineer at the NGO fundraiser Rallybound, where she builds iOS fundraising apps for various non-profit organizations including Susan G. Komen Foundation, AIDS Walk, and Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.

Personal life.

Early in her modeling career, Scott lived on Roosevelt Island in New York City; she said that compared to downtown Manhattan, her apartment was bigger for less money, and she could be involved in the community. By 2017, she lived in Beverly Hills, California. In 2016, she was sued by an unhappy renter who leased her Roosevelt Island apartment through Airbnb, and said that the apartment was dilapidated and the area unsafe; Scott said the posted photos, descriptions and reviews were verifiable and accurate. The case was dismissed.  Scott's father died of leukemia in early 2017.

Lyndsey Scott is an American model, software developer, and actress. She was the first African American model to sign an exclusive runway contract with Calvin Klein. Between modeling assignments for prestigious fashion houses like Gucci, Prada, and Victoria's Secret, she writes mobile apps for iPhones and iPads. She has been credited for challenging the stereotypes about models and computer programmers, and for inspiring young women to code.

林赛·斯科特(英语:Lyndsey Scott,1984年12月7日- )是美国模特儿、软件开发工程师和演员。她是第一个获得Calvin Klein独家代言权的非裔美国人,在为普拉达、古驰、Louis Vuitton 与维多利亚的秘密走秀期间,她也为iPhone和iPad开发了多款App。她因挑战了世人对模特儿和软件工程师的刻板印象,以及鼓励更多年轻女性编写程序而受到赞扬。


Etymology.

Prior to the 20th century, Anatolian, Balkan, Caucasian, and Middle Eastern regions were said to undergo Ottomanization. "Turkification" started being used interchangeably with "Ottomanization" after the rise of Turkish nationalism in the 20th century.  The term has been used in the Greek language since the 1300s or late-Byzantine era as "εκτουρκισμός", or "τούρκεμα". It literally means "becoming Turk". Apart from persons, it may refer also to cities that were conquered by Turks or churches that were converted to mosques. It is more frequently used in the form of the verb "τουρκεύω" ("turkify", "become Muslim or Turk").

History.

By 750 the Turkification of Kashgar by the Qarluq Turks was underway. The Qarluqs were ancestors of the Karakhanids, who also Islamized the population. The Iranian language of Khwarezm, a Central Asian oasis region, eventually died out as a result of Turkification.  Native Iranian population of Central Asia and the steppes part of the region, had also been turkified by the migrating Turkic tribes of Inner Asia by the 6th century A.D. The process of Turkification of Central Asia, besides those parts that today constitute the territory of the present-day Tajikistan, accelerated with the Mongol conquest of Central Asia.

Arrival of Turks to Anatolia.

Anatolia was home to many different peoples in ancient times who were either natives or settlers and invaders. These different people included the Armenians, Anatolian peoples, Persians, Hurrians, Greeks, Cimmerians, Galatians, Colchians, Iberians, Arameans, Assyrians, Corduenes, and scores of others. The presence of many Greeks, the process of Hellenization, and the similarity of some of the native languages of Anatolia to Greek (cf. Phrygian), gradually caused many of these peoples to abandon their own languages in favor of the eastern Mediterranean lingua franca, Koine Greek, a process reinforced by Romanization. By the 5th century the native people of Asia Minor were entirely Greek in their language and Christian in religion. These Greek Christian inhabitants of Asia Minor are known as Byzantine Greeks, and they formed the bulk of the Byzantine Empire's Greek-speaking population for one thousand years, from the 5th century until the fall of the Byzantine state in the 15th century. In the northeast along the Black Sea these peoples eventually formed their own state known as the Empire of Trebizond, which gave rise to the modern Pontic Greek population. In the east, near the borderlands with the Persian Empire, other native languages remained, specifically Armenian, Assyrian Aramaic, and Kurdish. Byzantine authorities routinely conducted large-scale population transfers in an effort to impose religious uniformity and quell rebellions. After the subordination of the First Bulgarian Empire in 1018, for instance, much of its army was resettled in Eastern Anatolia. The Byzantines were particularly keen to assimilate the large Armenian population. To that end, in the eleventh century, the Armenian nobility were removed from their lands and resettled throughout western Anatolia with prominent families subsumed into the Byzantine nobility, leading to numerous Byzantine generals and emperors of Armenian extraction. These resettlements spread the Armenian-speaking community deep into Asia Minor, but an unintended consequence was the loss of local military leadership along the eastern Byzantine frontier, opening the path for the inroads of Turkish invaders. Beginning in the eleventh century, war between the Turks and Byzantines led to the deaths of many in Asia Minor, while others were enslaved and removed. As areas became depopulated, Turkic nomads moved in with their herds.

Number of pastoralists of Turkic origin in Anatolia.

The number of nomads of Turkic origin that migrated to Anatolia is a matter of discussion. According to Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi, there were 200,000 Turkmen tents in Denizli and its surrounding areas, 30,000 in Bolu and its environment, and about 100,000 in Kastamonu and its environment. According to a Latin source at the end of the 12th century there were 100,000 nomadic tents in the regions of Denizli and Isparta.  According to Ottoman tax archives, in modern-day Anatolia, in Anatolia Eyalet, Karaman Eyalet, Dulkadir Eyalet and Rûm Eyalet provinces there were about 872,610 households in the 1520s and 1530s; 160,564 of those households were nomadic, and the remainder were sedentary. Of four provinces, province of Anatolia had the largest nomadic population with 77,268 households. (note: province of Anatolia does not include entire Anatolia, it includes Western Anatolia and some parts of Northwestern Anatolia only) Between 1570 and 1580, 220,217 households of the total 1,360,474 households in the four provinces were nomadic which means, at least 20% of Anatolia was still nomadic in the 16th century. The province of Anatolia, which had the largest nomadic population with 77,268, saw an increase in its nomadic population. 116,219 households in those years in province of Anatolia were nomadic.

Devşirme.

Devşirme (literally "collecting" in Turkish), also known as the "blood tax", was chiefly the annual practice by which the Ottoman Empire sent military to press second or third sons of their Christian subjects (Rum millet) in the villages of the Balkans into military training as janissaries. They were then converted to Islam with the primary objective of selecting and training the ablest children for the military or civil service of the Empire, notably into the Janissaries. Started by Murad I as a means to counteract the growing power of the Turkish nobility, the practice itself violated Islamic law. Yet by 1648, the practice was slowly drawing to an end. An attempt to re-institute it in 1703 was resisted by its Ottoman members who coveted its military and civilian posts. Finally in the early part of Ahmet III's reign, the practice of devshirme was abolished.

Late Ottoman era.

The late Ottoman government sought to create "a core identity with a single Turkish religion, language, history, tradition, culture and set of customs", replacing earlier Ottoman traditions that had not sought to assimilate different religions or ethnic groups. The Ottoman Empire had an ethnically diverse population that included Turks, Arabs, Albanians, Bosniaks, Greeks, Persians, Bulgarians, Serbs, Armenians, Kurds, Zazas, Circassians, Assyrians, Jews and Laz people. Turkish nationalists claimed that only Turks were loyal to the state. Ideological support for Turkification was not widespread in the Ottoman Empire. One of its main supporters was sociologist and political activist Ziya Gökalp who believed that a modern state must become homogeneous in terms of culture, religion, and national identity. This conception of national identity was augmented by his belief in the primacy of Turkishness, as a unifying virtue. As part of this belief, it was necessary to purge from the territories of the state those national groups who could threaten the integrity of a modern Turkish nation state. The 18th article of the Ottoman Constitution of 1876 declared Turkish the sole official language, and that only Turkish speaking people could be employed in the government.  After the Young Turks assumed power in 1909, the policy of Turkification received several new layers and it was sought to impose Turkish in the administration, the courts and education in the areas where the Arabic speaking population was the majority. Another aim was to loosen ties between the Empire's Turk and ethnically non-Turkish populations through efforts to purify the Turkish language of Arabic influences. In this nationalist vision of Turkish identity, language was supreme and religion relegated to a subordinate role. Arabs responded by asserting the superiority of Arabic language, describing Turkish as a "mongrel" language that had borrowed heavily from the Persian and Arabic languages. Through the policy of Turkification, the Young Turk government suppressed Arabic language. Turkish teachers were hired to replace Arabic teachers at schools. The Ottoman postal service was administrated in Turkish.  Those who supported Turkification were accused of harming Islam. Rashid Rida was an advocate who supported Arabic against Turkish. Even before the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, the Syrian Reformer Tahrir al-Jazairi had convinced Midhat Pasha to adopt Arabic as the official language of instruction at state schools. The language of instruction was only changed to Turkish in 1885 under Sultan Abdulhamid. Though writers like Ernest Dawn have noted that the foundations of Second Constitutional Era "Arabism" predate 1908, the prevailing view still holds that Arab nationalism emerged as a response to the Ottoman Empire's Turkification policies. One historian of Arab nationalism wrote that: "the Unionists introduced a grave provocation by opposing the Arab language and adopting a policy of Turkification", but not all scholars agree about the contribution of Turkification policies to Arab nationalism.  European critics who accused the CUP of depriving non-Turks of their rights through Turkification saw Turk, Ottoman and Muslim as synonymous, and believed Young Turk "Ottomanism" posed a threat to Ottoman Christians. The British ambassador Gerard Lowther said it was like "pounding non-Turkish elements in a Turkish mortar", while another contemporary European source complained that the CUP plan would reduce "the various races and regions of the empire to one dead level of Turkish uniformity." Rifa'at 'Ali Abou-El-Haj has written that "some Ottoman cultural elements and Islamic elements were abandoned in favor of Turkism, a more potent device based on ethnic identity and dependent on a language based nationalism".  The Young Turk government launched a series of initiatives that included forced assimilation. Uğur Üngör writes that "Muslim Kurds and Sephardi Jews were considered slightly more 'Turkifiable' than others", noting that many of these nationalist era "social engineering" policies perpetuated persecution "with little regard for proclaimed and real loyalties." These policies culminated in Armenian and Assyrian genocides.  During World War I, the Ottoman government established orphanages throughout the empire which included Armenian, Kurdish and Turkish children. Armenian orphans were given Arabic and Turkish names. In 1916 a Turkification campaign began in which whole Kurdish tribes were to be resettled in areas where they were not to exceed more than 10% of the local population. Talaat Pasha ordered that Kurds in the eastern areas be relocated in western areas. He also demanded information regarding if the Kurds turkefy in their new settlements and if they get along with their Turkish population. Also non-Kurdish immigrants from Greece, Albania, Bosnia and Bulgaria were to be settled in the Diyarbakır province, where the deported Kurds have lived before. By October 1918, with the Ottoman army retreating from Lebanon, a Father Sarlout sent the Turkish and Kurdish orphans to Damascus, while keeping the Armenian orphans in Antoura. He began the process of reversing the Turkification process by having the Armenian orphans recall their original names. It is believed by various scholars, that at least two million Turks have at least one Armenian grandparent.  Around 1.5 million Ottoman Greeks remained in the Ottoman Empire after losses of 550,000 during WWI. Almost all, 1,250,000, except for those in Constantinople, had fled before or were forced to go to Greece in 1923 in the population exchanges mandated by the League of Nations after the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922). The lingual Turkification of Greek-speakers in 19th-century Anatolia is well documented. According to Speros Vryonis the Karamanlides are the result of partial Turkification that occurred earlier, during the Ottoman period. Fewer than 300,000 Armenians remained of 1.8 million before the war; fewer than 100,000 of 400,000 Assyrians.

Modern Turkey.

When the modern Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, nationalism and secularism were two of the founding principles. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the leader of the early years of the Republic, aimed to create a nation state () from the Turkish remnants of the Ottoman Empire. The Turkish Ministry of National Education in 2008 defines the "Turkish People" as "those who protect and promote the moral, spiritual, cultural and humanistic values of the Turkish Nation." One of the goals of the establishment of the new Turkish state was to ensure "the domination of Turkish ethnic identity in every aspect of social life from the language that people speak in the streets to the language to be taught at schools, from the education to the industrial life, from the trade to the cadres of state officials, from the civil law to the settlement of citizens to particular regions."  The process of unification through Turkification continued within modern Turkey with such policies as:

Imprecise meaning of "Türk".

During the 19th century, the word "Türk" was a derogatory term used to refer to Anatolian villagers. The Ottoman elite identified themselves as Ottomans, not as Turks. In the late 19th century, as European ideas of nationalism were adopted by the Ottoman elite, and as it became clear that the Turkish-speakers of Anatolia were the most loyal supporters of Ottoman rule, the term "Türk" took on a much more positive connotation.  During Ottoman times, the millet system defined communities on a religious basis, and a residue remains today in that Turkish villagers will commonly consider as Turks only those who profess the Sunni faith, and they consider Turkish-speaking Jews, Christians, or even Alevis to be non-Turks.  The imprecision of the appellation "Türk" can also be seen with other ethnic names, such as "Kürt", which is often applied by western Anatolians to anyone east of Adana, even those who speak only Turkish. On the other hand, Kurdish-speaking or Arabic-speaking Sunnis of eastern Anatolia are often considered to be Turks.  Thus, the category "Türk", like other ethnic categories popularly used in Turkey, does not have a uniform usage. In recent years, centrist Turkish politicians have attempted to redefine this category in a more multicultural way, emphasizing that a "Türk" is anyone who is a citizen of the Republic of Turkey. Now, article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a ""Turk"" as anyone who is "bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship".

Genetic testing of language replacement hypothesis in Anatolia, Caucasus and Balkans.

The region of the Anatolia represents an extremely important area with respect to ancient population migration and expansion, and the spread of the Caucasian, Indo-European and Turkic languages. During the late Roman Period, prior to the Turkic conquest, the population of Anatolia had reached an estimated level of approximately 4 million people. Several studies examined the extent to which gene flow from Central Asia has contributed to the current gene pool of the Turkish people, and the role of the 11th century invasion by Turkic peoples. A 2002 study concluded that Turks do not significantly differ from other Mediterranean populations, indicating that while the Asian Turks carried out an invasion with cultural significance (language and religion), the genetic significance is lesser detectable. A genetic research from 2001 has suggested the local Anatolian origins of the Turkic Asian peoples might have been slight. In 2003, DNA results suggested there was no strong genetic relationship between the Mongols and the Turks people despite the historical relationship of their languages.  In 2014, however, the largest autosomal study on Turkish genetics (on 16 individuals) concluded the weight of East Asian (presumably Central Asian) migration legacy of the Turkish people is estimated at 21.7%. The authors conclude on the basis of previous studies that "South Asian contribution to Turkey's population was significantly higher than East/Central Asian contributions, suggesting that the genetic variation of medieval Central Asian populations may be more closely related to South Asian populations, or that there was continued low level migration from South Asia into Anatolia." They note that these weights are not direct estimates of the migration rates as the original donor populations are not known, and the exact kinship between current East Asians and the medieval Oghuz Turks is uncertain. For instance, genetic pools of Central Asian Turkic peoples is particularly diverse and modern Oghuz Turkmens living in Central Asia are with higher West Eurasian genetic component than East Eurasian on average.  These findings are consistent with a model in which the Turkic languages, originating in the Altai-Sayan region of Central Asia and northwestern Mongolia, were imposed on the indigenous peoples with genetic admixture, shows both ethnic mixing and linguistic replacement. Genetically, Anatolian Turks were more closely related also with Balkan populations than to the Central Asian populations in early history. After eleven decades of Turkic migration to Anatolia including Oghuz and Kipchak Turkic people from Central Asia, Persia, Caucassia and Crimea, today's population is genetically in between Central Asia and indigenous historic Anatolia. Similar results come from neighbouring Caucasus region by testing Armenian and Turkic speaking Azerbaijani populations, therefore representing language replacements and intermarriages. As of 2004, the haplogroups in Turkey are shared with European and neighboring Near Eastern populations and haplogroups related to Central Asian, South Asian and African affinity, which supports both the mass migration, and language replacement hypothesis on the region and ethnic mixing.  A 2011 haplogroup study concluded "that the profile of Anatolian populations today is the product not of mass westward migrations of Central Asians and Siberians, or of small-scale migrations into an emptied subcontinent, but instead of small-scale, irregular punctuated migration events that engendered large-scale shifts in language and culture among the diverse" indigenous inhabitants (p. 32). Results of a 2012 genetic study by Hodoğlugil and Mahley showed the admixture of Turkish people, which is primarily European (French, Italian, Sardinian) and Middle Eastern (Druze, Palestinian), with a Central Asian (Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Hazara) component of only 9%-15% of their genepool.

Turkification, or Turkicisation (), describes both a cultural and language shift whereby populations or states adopted a historical Turkic culture, such as in the Ottoman Empire, and the Turkish nationalist policies of the Republic of Turkey toward ethnic minorities in Turkey. As the Turkic states developed and grew, there were many instances of this cultural shift. An early form of Turkification occurred in the time of the Seljuk Empire among the local population of Anatolia, involving intermarriages, religious conversion, linguistic shift and interethnic relationships, which today is reflected in the genetic makeup of the modern Turkish people.Diverse peoples were affected by Turkification including Anatolian, Balkan, Caucasian, and Middle Eastern peoples with different ethnic origins, such as Albanians, Armenians, Assyrians, Circassians, Georgians, Greeks, Jews, Romani, Slavs, Kurds living in Anatolia, as well as Lazs from all the regions of the Ottoman Empire.

突厥化,是指一个民族被迫或自愿放弃自身的语言、文化和身份认同并与突厥人同化的过程。在历史上,突厥化曾发生在中亚、东欧和安纳托利亚半岛不同的民族身上,包括阿尔巴尼亚人、亚美尼亚人、亚述人、切尔克斯人、乔治亚人、希腊人、犹太人、罗姆人、斯拉夫人、库尔德人、拉兹人等。