Description.

The city consists of an urban area bounded to the north by the railway to the mining town of Iron Knob, to the east by Spencer Gulf and to the south by the Lincoln Highway. The urban area consists of the following suburbs laid from east to west extending from a natural hill known as Hummock Hill – Whyalla, Whyalla Playford, Whyalla Norrie, Whyalla Stuart and Whyalla Jenkins. A port facility, a railyard serving the railway line to Iron Knob and an industrial complex are located to the immediate north of Hummock Hill. Whyalla Barson and the Whyalla Conservation Park are located about north of the city.

Nomenclature.

The origin of the name Whyalla is disputed. In 1916 it was referred to as the "native" name, having been ascribed during a survey conducted a few years beforehand. During the 1940s, Mr Tindale, the ethnologist at the South Australian Museum believed that the name could have been derived from aboriginal words "Wajala" meaning "west" in a language common to Port Pirie, or "Waiala" meaning "I don't know" in a language more common to Port Augusta. In 1945, BHP advised that the name had been taken from nearby Mount Whyalla, which lies north-west of Whyalla, roughly midway between the town and Iron Knob. Other meanings ascribed to the word Whyalla include "dingo", "by the water" and "a place of water". Another hypothesis is that the name was brought by European settlers and was derived from a place called Whyalla in Durham, England.

History.

A mariner named William Morgan Burgoyne purportedly recommended the site for the establishment of a port on False Bay to Harry Morgan of the Broken Hill Proprietary Company. Burgoyne had spent several weeks there on a trip out from Port Augusta hunting kangaroo with his brother and another man called Alf Rowarth. At that time there was no settlement between Middleback Station and the Point Lowly lighthouse and kangaroos were plentiful there.  Burgoyne recalled that the tug Florrie ferried a crew there a week later and pegged out the settlement first known as Hummocky. It was officially founded as Hummock's Hill in 1901 by the Broken Hill Proprietary Company (BHP) as the end of a tramway bringing iron ore from Iron Knob in the Middleback Range to sea. Its first shipment was transported across Spencer Gulf to Port Pirie where it was used in lead smelters as a flux. A jetty was built to transfer the ore and the first shipment was sent in 1903. The early settlement consisted of small cottages and tents clustered around the base of the hill. The Post Office opened in 1901 as Hummock's Hill.  In 1905 the town's first school opened. It was originally called Hummock Hill School, and was subsequently renamed as Whyalla Primary School and Whyalla Higher Primary School. The school's current name is Whyalla Town Primary School.  The arid environment and lack of natural fresh water resources made it necessary to import water in barges from Port Pirie.  The Post Office was renamed Whyalla on 1 November 1919, and on 16 April 1920 the town was officially proclaimed with its new name. The ore conveyor on the jetty was improved, and the shipping of ore to the newly-built Newcastle, New South Wales steelworks commenced. The town grew slowly prior to the development of steelmaking and shipbuilding facilities in the late 1930s.  The BHP Indenture Act was proclaimed in 1937 and provided the impetus for the construction of a blast furnace and harbour. In 1939 the blast furnace and harbour began to be constructed and a commitment for a water supply pipeline from the Murray River was made. A shipyard was built to provide ships for the Royal Australian Navy during World War II. The population began to rise rapidly and many new facilities, including a hospital and abattoirs, were built.  In 1941 the first ship from the new shipyard,, was launched and the blast furnace became operational. By 1943 the population was more than 5,000. On 31 March 1943, the Morgan-Whyalla pipeline became operational. In 1945 the city came under combined company and public administration and the shipyard began producing commercial ships. In 1948, displaced persons began arriving from Europe increasing the cultural diversity of Whyalla.  In 1958 the Company decided to build an integrated steelworks at Whyalla and it was completed in 1965. In the following year, salt harvesting began and coke ovens were built. The population grew extremely rapidly, and the South Australian Housing Trust was building 500 houses each year to cope with the demand. Plans for a city of 100,000 were produced by the Department of Lands. A second water supply pipeline from Morgan was built to cope with the demand.  In 1970 the city adopted full local government status. Fierce competition from Japanese ship builders resulted in the closing of the shipyards in 1978, which were at the time the largest in Australia. From a peak population of 33,000 in 1976 the population dropped rapidly. A decline in the BHP iron and steel industry since 1981 also impacted employment.  The BHP long products division was divested in 2000 to form OneSteel which is the sole producer of rail and steel sleepers in Australia. On 2 July 2012, OneSteel formally changed its name to Arrium.  From 2004 northern South Australia enjoyed a mineral exploration boom and Whyalla found itself well placed to benefit from new ventures, being situated on the edge of the Gawler Craton. The city experienced an economic upturn with the population slowly increasing and the unemployment rate falling to a more typical level.

Heritage listings.

Whyalla has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Port.

Since its beginnings as Hummock Hill, the town has served as a port for the shipment of iron ore from deposits along the Middleback Range.  The port's first conveyor belt loading system was installed in 1915, and was capable of loading 1,000 tonnes of ore per hour. In 1943, it took 51⁄2 to 6 hours to load a single 5,000-ton freighter.  In 2007, new transshipment handling processes were implemented, which allowed Arrium (formerly Onesteel) to load iron ore onto larger capesize bulk carrier vessels in deeper water. The transshipment process involves the filling of barges with ore which is then transferred into the receiving vessels at one of three transshipment anchorages.  In the financial year 2014–15, 12.5 million tonnes of hematite ore was exported from Whyalla, using the transshipment process.  In October 2015 Arrium loaded its largest capesize cargo via transshipment. The FPMCB Nature was loaded with approximately 205,698 wet metric tonnes (wmt) of iron ore – significantly more than the average load of about 170,000 wmt.  The port's inner harbor receives shipments of coal which is used to produce coke for the Whyalla steelworks and exports smaller cargoes of finished steel products.

Geography.

Climate.

Whyalla has a hot semi-arid climate (Koppen: Bsh) with hot summers and mild to cool winters, and mild rainfall spread throughout the year.

Demographics.

According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 21,751 people in Whyalla.

Transport.

Road.

The Lincoln Highway passes directly through Whyalla. The city is served by a coach bus service operated by Stateliner which operates four services to and from Adelaide (via Port Augusta) each week day (less on weekends) and one service each way to Port Lincoln. There are however occasional exceptions to the week day route due to lack of demand to travel through Whyalla.

Rail.

The BHP Whyalla Tramway was built to Iron Knob to supply iron ore originally used as flux when smelting copper ore. This ore became the basis of the steelworks. As the Iron Knob deposits were worked out, the railway was diverted to other sources of ore at Iron Monarch, Iron Prince, Iron Duke and Iron Baron.  To enable interchange between the BHP's other steelworks in Newcastle and Port Kembla of specialised rollingstock, the railway system within the Whyalla steelworks was converted to standard gauge in the 1960s.  Although the steelworks produced railway rail, for several decades there was no railway connection to the mainland system. Finally in 1972, the standard gauge Whyalla line to Port Augusta was completed and Whyalla railway station opened. The station was served daily from Adelaide till 1975, then again from 1986 to 1990 by the "Iron Triangle Limited". The station was demolished in 2012.  Some iron ore is exported from Whyalla. In 2007, steps were being taken to export iron ore mined at Peculiar Knob near Coober Pedy, 600 km away. To meet this increased demand, a balloon loop was installed in 2012 at the port for both gauges.

Air.

Whyalla Airport is southwest of the city. It is served by Regional Express flying into Whyalla from Adelaide a number of times a day, and QantasLink which operates twice daily services from Adelaide.

Sea.

There is a small boat marina (populated by a number of dolphins), a sailing club, and a boat ramp on the coastline below Hummock Hill, where there is a fish-cleaning station situated nearby. Iron ore is exported through an off-shore facility.

Media.

Whyalla is served by several radio and TV stations. Radio stations include 5YYY FM (Local community station), Magic FM (Commercial station based in Port Augusta), and 5AU/5CS (Commercial station based in Port Pirie). The local TV station is Southern Cross TV.  The local newspaper, "The" "Whyalla News""," was first published on 5 April 1940, and is currently owned by Fairfax Media. Historically, another short-lived monthly newspaper called the "Whyalla Times" (January - October 1960) was also printed for the town by E.J. McAllister and Co., from their premises in Blythe Street, Adelaide. Another publication called "Scope" (May 1973–November 1982) was also printed in the town. According to the State Library, ""Scope was a monthly regional magazine in newspaper format published by the Willson family of the Whyalla News. It was issued as an insert to six local newspapers: the Recorder (Port Pirie), Transcontinental (Port Augusta), Eyre Peninsula Tribune (Cleve), Port Lincoln Times, West Coast Sentinel (Streaky Bay) and Northern Argus (Clare).""

Tourism.

The industrial and cultural history of Whyalla is accessible to tourists via several museums and public tours.  Visitors can view the ex-HMAS "Whyalla" from the Lincoln Highway and take a guided tour of it via the Whyalla Maritime Museum. The ship is a retired World War II-era corvette and was the first ship built in the city of Whyalla during the war. It was relocated to the highway in 1987. The Whyalla Maritime Museum features various displays commemorating the town's ship building and mining history, including miniature replicas of various ships and a model railway diorama. Further displays introduce visitors to the region's natural and indigenous cultural histories.  Tours of the Whyalla steelworks allow visitors to view the production of long products at the working plant. Tours departing from the Whyalla Visitors Centre.  The town's development and social history is presented at the volunteer-run Mount Laura Homestead National Trust Museum, which is located near the Westlands shopping centre.

Ecotourism.

In the late 1990s the annual migration of the Australian Giant Cuttlefish "Sepia apama" to shallow, inshore rocky reef areas in Spencer Gulf north of Whyalla became recognized by divers and marine scientists. Divers and snorkellers can see the aggregation of animals from May through August each year, in water one to six metres deep. The most popular places to view the aggregation are Black Point, Stony Point and Point Lowly. Car parking and boardwalks or stairs to the waters edge are present at each location, making access easy.  Dolphins frequent the Whyalla marina, but concerns have been raised that their confidence around humans may increase their vulnerability.  The Whyalla Conservation Park provides an example of the natural semi-arid environment accessible via walking trails. A gentle climb to the top of Wild Dog Hill provides a view of the surrounding landscape and information on native vegetation via a series of interpretive signs.

Fishing.

Boat launching facilities exist at Whyalla and Point Lowly North marinas. The Whyalla Marina also has a jetty which is illuminated at night for the convenience of fishers.  Whyalla is home to an annual Snapper Fishing Competition, held over the Easter long weekend. People who have not fished commercially during the prior 12 months are invited to compete. Prizes are awarded bases on individual fish weights. Tagging also takes place at this time. Additional categories exist for other fished species.

Politics.

State and Federal.

Whyalla is part of the state electoral district of Giles, which is presently held by Labor MP Eddie Hughes. Giles was previously held by Labor MP Lyn Breuer from 1997 until her retirement in 2014. In federal politics, the city is part of the division of Grey, and has been represented by Liberal MP Rowan Ramsey since 2007. Grey is held with a margin of 8.86% and is considered safe-liberal. The results shown are from the largest polling station in Whyalla Norrie – which is located at Nicolson Avenue Primary School.

Local.

Whyalla is in the City of Whyalla local government area (along with some of the sparsely inhabited areas around it).

Education.

Primary schools.

Primary schools in Whyalla include Whyalla Town Primary School, Fisk Street Primary School, Long Street Primary School, Hincks Avenue Primary School, Memorial Oval Primary School, Whyalla Stuart Campus, Nicolson Avenue Primary School, Sunrise Christian School, St Teresa's and Our Lady Help of Christians (both Samaritan College).

Secondary schools.

Secondary Education is provided by Whyalla High School, Stuart High School, Samaritan College, Edward John Eyre High School and Saint John's College, Whyalla. Saint John's College is one of the three schools that make up Samaritan College.  On 1 November 2017 a new high school was announced by DECD for Whyalla which will combine Edward John Eyre, Stuart High and Whyalla High Schools into a new purpose built facility located between UniSA and TAFE SA Campuses.

Tertiary education.

Tertiary education is provided by the Spencer Institute of TAFE, and the Whyalla Campus of the University of South Australia. UniSA Whyalla's academic programs include business, social work, nursing and research opportunities in rural health and community development.

Arts.

The D'Faces of Youth Arts community youth arts organisation has run workshops and activities for young people aged 7 to 27 in theatre, dance, visual arts and music since 1994.  The Whyalla Recording Scholarship is awarded annually for Whyalla residents aged from 12 to 21. The Inaugural (2017) Winner was seventeen year old Breeze Millard from Whyalla. The Second (2018) Whyalla Recording Scholarship was launched on 23 April 2018 with 2 Winners (17 year old Liberty Tuohy from Port Neill and 19 year old Shakira Fauser from Whyalla) and 1 Runner-Up (15 year old Jaylee Daniels from Whyalla) being announced on 17 September 2018. On 24 February 2019 Jaylee Daniels' Debut Single "Papa's Song" reached Number 7, and Shakira Lea's "I Miss You" Number 18 on the iTunes Australia Country Chart

Sport.

The Whyalla Football League is an Australian rules football competition supporting half-a-dozen clubs. In 1998, Bennett Oval hosted an NRL match between the Adelaide Rams and Illawarra Steelers. The Steelers won 39–4.

Sister cities.

Whyalla's sister city is Texas City, Texas. It was proclaimed in 1984, during the sesquicentennials of both Texas and South Australia.  Ties with a former sister city, Ezhou in China, were cut in the 1990s.

Whyalla was founded as "Hummocks Hill", and was known by that name until 1916. It is the fifth most populous city in the Australian state of South Australia after Adelaide, Mount Gambier, Gawler and Mount Barker. As at June 2018, Whyalla had an urban population of 21,742, having declined at an average annual rate of -0.75% year-on-year over the preceding five years. It is a seaport located on the east coast of the Eyre Peninsula and is known as the "Steel City" due to its integrated steelworks and shipbuilding heritage. The port of Whyalla has been exporting iron ore since 1903.

怀阿拉(Whyalla,),在1916年前则一直被称作"Hummocks Hill",是澳大利亚南澳大利亚州艾尔半岛东岸的海港城市,也是南澳州继阿德莱德和芒特甘比尔之后人口第三多的城市。在2016年的澳洲人口普查中,怀阿拉共有21,751人。 怀阿拉亦是一个在艾尔半岛半岛上东岸的海港,由于其从1903年开始便有出产铁矿,并有钢厂与造船厂,而有「钢铁城市」(the Steel City)的称号。


Early life.

Murphy was born in Harbor Beach (then called Sand Beach), Michigan, in 1890. His Irish parents, John T. Murphy and Mary Brennan, raised him as a devout Catholic. He followed in his father's footsteps by becoming a lawyer. He attended the University of Michigan Law School, and graduated with a BA in 1912 and LLB in 1914. He was a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity and the senior society Michigamua.  Murphy was admitted to the State Bar of Michigan in 1914, after which he clerked with a Detroit law firm for three years. He then served with the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I, achieving the rank of captain with the occupation army in Germany before leaving the service in 1919. He remained abroad afterward to pursue graduate studies. His graduate work at Lincoln's Inn in London and Trinity College, Dublin, which was said to be formative for his judicial philosophy. He developed a need to decide cases based on his more holistic notions of justice, eschewing technical legal arguments. As one commentator quipped of his later Supreme Court service, he "tempered justice with Murphy."

Career.

1919–22: U.S. Attorney, Eastern District of Michigan.

Murphy was appointed, and took the oath of office as, first Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan on August 9, 1919. He was one of three assistant attorneys in the office.  When Murphy began his career as a federal attorney the workload of the attorney's office was increasing at a rapid rate, mainly because of the number of prosecutions resulting from the enforcement of national prohibition. The government's excellent record in winning convictions in the Eastern District was partially due to Murphy's record of winning all but one of the cases he prosecuted. He practiced law privately to a limited extent while still a federal attorney, and resigned his position as a United States attorney on March 1, 1922. He had several offers to join private practices, but decided to go it alone and formed a partnership with Edward G. Kemp in Detroit.

1923–30: Recorder's Court.

Murphy ran unsuccessfully as a Democrat for the United States Congress in 1920, when national and state Republicans swept Michigan, but used his legal reputation and growing political connections to win a seat on the Recorder's Court, Detroit's criminal court. In 1923, he was elected judge of the Recorder's Court on a non-partisan ticket by one of the largest majorities ever cast for a judge in Detroit, took office on January 1, 1924, and served seven years during the Prohibition era.  While on Recorder's Court, he established a reputation as a trial judge. He was a presiding judge in the famous murder trials of Dr. Ossian Sweet and his brother, Henry Sweet, in 1925 and 1926. Clarence Darrow, then one of the most prominent trial lawyers in the country, was lead counsel for the defense. After an initial mistrial of all of the black defendants, Henry Sweet—who admitted that he fired the weapon which killed a member of the mob surrounding Dr. Sweet's home and was retried separately—was acquitted by an all-white jury on grounds of the right of self-defense. The prosecution then elected to not prosecute any of the remaining defendants. Murphy's rulings were material to the outcome of the case.

1930–33: Mayor of Detroit.

In 1930, Murphy ran as a Democrat and was elected Mayor of Detroit. He served from 1930 to 1933, during the first years of the Great Depression. He presided over an epidemic of urban unemployment, a crisis in which 100,000 were unemployed in the summer of 1931. He named an unemployment committee of private citizens from businesses, churches, and labor and social service organizations to identify all residents who were unemployed and not receiving welfare benefits. The Mayor's Unemployment Committee raised funds for its relief effort and worked to distribute food and clothing to the needy, and a Legal Aid Subcommittee volunteered to assist with the legal problems of needy clients. In 1933, Murphy convened in Detroit and organized the first convention of the United States Conference of Mayors. They met and conferred with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Murphy was elected its first president.  Murphy was an early and enthusiastic supporter of Roosevelt and the New Deal, helping Roosevelt to become the first Democratic presidential candidate to win the state of Michigan since Franklin Pierce in 1852 before the Republican Party was founded.  Melvin G. Holli rated Murphy an exemplary mayor and a highly effective leader.

1933–35: Governor-General of the Philippine Islands.

By 1933, after Murphy's second mayoral term, the reward of a big government job was waiting. Roosevelt appointed Murphy as Governor-General of the Philippine Islands.  He was sympathetic to the plight of ordinary Filipinos, especially for the land-hungry and oppressed tenant farmers, and emphasized the need for social justice.

1935–36: High Commissioner to the Philippines.

When his position as Governor-General was abolished in 1935, he stayed on as United States High Commissioner until 1936. That year, he was a delegate from the Philippine Islands to the Democratic National Convention.  High Commissioner to the Philippines was the title of the personal representative of the President of the United States to the Commonwealth of the Philippines during the period 1935–46. The office was created by the Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1934, which provided for a period of transition from direct American rule to the complete independence of the islands on July 4, 1946.

1937–39: Governor of Michigan.

Murphy was elected the 35th Governor of Michigan on November 3, 1936, defeating Republican incumbent Frank Fitzgerald, and served one two-year term. During his two years in office, an unemployment compensation system was instituted and mental health programs were improved.  The United Automobile Workers engaged in an historic sit-down strike at General Motors' Flint plant. The Flint Sit-Down Strike was a turning point in national collective bargaining and labor policy. After 27 people were injured in a battle between the workers and the police, including 13 strikers with gunshot wounds, Murphy sent the National Guard to protect the workers, didn't follow a court order requesting him to expel the strikers, and refused to order the Guard's troops to suppress the strike.  He successfully mediated an agreement and end to the confrontation, and G.M. recognized the U.A.W. as bargaining agent under the newly adopted National Labor Relations Act. This recognition had a significant effect on the growth of organized labor unions. In the next year, the UAW saw its membership grow from 30,000 to 500,000 members. As later noted by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), this strike was "the strike heard round the world."  In 1938 Murphy was defeated by his predecessor, Fitzgerald, who became the only governor of Michigan to precede, and then succeed, the same person.

1939–40: Attorney General of the United States.

In 1939, Roosevelt appointed Murphy the 56th Attorney General of the United States. He established a Civil Liberties Unit in the Criminal Division of the United States Department of Justice, designed to centralize enforcement responsibility for the Bill of Rights and civil rights statutes.

1940–49: Supreme Court.

One year after becoming Attorney General, on January 4, 1940, Murphy was nominated by President Roosevelt as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, filling the vacancy caused by the death of Pierce Butler the previous November. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 16, and sworn in on February 5, 1940. The timing of the appointment put Murphy on the cusp of the Charles Evans Hughes and the Harlan Fiske Stone courts. On the death of Chief Justice Stone, Murphy served in the court led by Frederick Moore Vinson, who was confirmed in 1946.  Murphy took an expansive view of individual liberties, and the limitations on government he found in the Bill of Rights. He authored 199 opinions: 131 for the majority, 68 in dissent. One of the important opinions authored by Justice Murphy was "Securities and Exchange Commission v. W. J. Howey Co." (1946), in which the Court defined the term "investment contract" under the Securities Act of 1933, thus giving content to the most important concept of what makes something a security in American law.  Opinions differ about him and his jurisprudential philosophy. He has been acclaimed as a legal scholar and a champion of the common man, but Justice Felix Frankfurter disparagingly nicknamed Murphy "the Saint", criticizing his decisions as being rooted more in passion than reason. It has been said he was "neither legal scholar nor craftsman", and he was criticized "for relying on heart over head, results over legal reasoning, clerks over hard work, and emotional solos over team play." Murphy's support of African Americans, aliens, criminals, dissenters, Jehovah's Witnesses, Native Americans, women, workers and other "outsiders" evoked a pun: "tempering justice with Murphy." As he wrote in "Falbo v. United States" (1944), "The law knows no finer hour than when it cuts through formal concepts and transitory emotions to protect unpopular citizens against discrimination and persecution." (p. 561)  According to Frankfurter, Murphy was part of the more liberal "axis" of justices on the Court along with justices Wiley B. Rutledge, William O. Douglas and Hugo L. Black; the group would for years oppose Frankfurter's "judicially restrained" conservative ideology. Douglas, Murphy and then Rutledge were the first justices to agree with Black's notion that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporated the Bill of Rights' protection in it; this view would later become law.  Murphy is perhaps best known for his vehement dissent from the court's ruling in "Korematsu v. United States" (1944), which upheld the constitutionality of the government's internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II. He sharply criticized the majority ruling as "legalization of racism."  This was the first time the word "racism" found its way into a Supreme Court opinion (Murphy had previously used the term twice in a concurring opinion in "Steele v. Louisville & Nashville Railway Co." (1944) issued that same day). He would use that word again in five separate opinions before the word "racism" disappeared from Murphy's and the High Court's other opinions for almost two decades, not reappearing until the landmark decision of "Loving v. Virginia" (1967), which struck down as unconstitutional the Virginia anti-miscegenation statute. (See also Jim Crow laws.)  Although Murphy was serving on the Supreme Court during World War II, he still longed to be part of the war effort; and so during Court recesses he served at Fort Benning, Georgia as an infantry officer.  On January 30, 1944, almost exactly one year before Soviet liberation of the Auschwitz death camp on January 27, 1945, Justice Murphy unveiled the formation of the National Committee Against Nazi Persecution and Extermination of the Jews. Serving as committee chair, he declared that it was created to combat Nazi propaganda "breeding the germs of hatred against Jews." This announcement was made on the 11th anniversary of Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany. The eleven committee members included U.S. Vice President Henry Wallace, 1940 Republican presidential candidate Wendell Willkie and Henry St. George Tucker, Presiding Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church.  Murphy was among 12 nominated at the 1944 Democratic National Convention to serve as Roosevelt's running mate in the presidential election that year. He acted as chairman of the National Committee against Nazi Persecution and Extermination of the Jews and of the Philippine War Relief Committee. The first committee was established in early 1944 to promote rescue of European Jews, and to combat antisemitism in the United States.

Death and memory.

Murphy died in his sleep at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit on July 19, 1949, of a coronary thrombosis at the age of 59. Over 10,000 people attended his funeral in Detroit. He is buried in Our Lady of Lake Huron Catholic Cemetery in Sand Beach Township, Michigan, near Harbor Beach. The Frank Murphy Hall of Justice was home to Detroit's Recorder's Court and now houses part of Michigan's Third Judicial Circuit Court. There is a plaque in his honor on the first floor, which is recognized as a Michigan Legal Milestone.  Outside the Hall of Justice is Carl Milles's statue "The Hand of God". This rendition was cast in honor of Murphy and financed by the United Automobile Workers. It features a nude figure emerging from the left hand of God. Although commissioned in 1949 and completed by 1953, the work, partly because of the male nudity involved, was kept in storage for a decade and a half. The work was chosen in tribute to Murphy by Walter P. Reuther and Ira W. Jayne. It was placed on a pedestal in 1970 with the help of sculptor Marshall Fredericks, who was a Milles student.  Murphy is also honored with a museum in his home town, Harbor Beach, Michigan. Housed at his former residence, it contains numerous personal artifacts from his life and career, most notably from the Philippines. The Murphy Museum is open during the summer months, by appointment.  Murphy's personal and official files are archived at the Bentley Historical Library of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and are open for research. This also includes an oral history project about Murphy. His correspondence and other official documents are deposited in libraries around the country.  In memory of Murphy, one of three University of Michigan Law School alumni to become a U.S. Supreme Court justice, Washington, D.C.-based attorney John H. Pickering, who was a law clerk for Murphy, donated a large sum of money to the law school as a remembrance, establishing the Frank Murphy Seminar Room.  Murphy was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Law degree by the University of Michigan in 1939.  The University of Detroit has a Frank Murphy Honor Society.  "The Sweet Trials: Malice Aforethought" is a play written by Arthur Beer, based on the trials of Ossian and Henry Sweet, and derived from Kevin Boyle's "Arc of Justice".  The Detroit Public Schools named Frank Murphy Elementary in his honor.

Personal life.

Murphy was a bachelor, leading to speculation about his personal life. Speculation has been recorded about the sexual orientation of a few justices who were lifelong bachelors, but no unambiguous evidence exists proving that they were gay. Perhaps the greatest body of circumstantial evidence surrounds Justice Murphy, who was the subject of "[r]umors of homosexuality [...] all his adult life". According to "Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. The Supreme Court": [a] gay reading of [biographies of Murphy] suggests that Murphy's homosexuality was hiding in plain sight. For more than 40 years, Edward G. Kemp was Frank Murphy's devoted, trusted companion. Like Murphy, Kemp was a lifelong bachelor. From college until Murphy's death, the pair found creative ways to work and live together. [...] When Murphy appeared to have the better future in politics, Kemp stepped into a supportive, secondary role, much as Hillary Clinton would later do for Bill Clinton.  As well as Murphy's close relationship with Kemp, Murphy's biographer, historian Sidney Fine, found in Murphy's personal papers a letter that "if the words mean what they say, refers to a homosexual encounter some years earlier between Murphy and the writer.". The writer of the letter implied that he and Murphy had become lovers while Murphy was governor-general and congratulated Murphy on his appointment to the Supreme Court.  Murphy did have at least two female companions of note. Ann Parker was frequently seen horseback riding with Murphy in Washington during his tenure as U.S. attorney general, leading to speculation of a romance in the press. At the time of his death, Murphy was engaged to Joan Cuddihy; the wedding was scheduled for the following month.

William Francis Murphy (April 13, 1890July 19, 1949) was a Democratic politician and jurist from Michigan. He was named to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1940 after a political career that included serving as United States Attorney General, Governor of Michigan and Mayor of Detroit. He also served as the last Governor General of the Philippine Islands and the first High Commissioner of the Philippines.

威廉·弗朗西斯(弗兰克)·墨菲(英语:William Francis (Frank) Murphy,1890年-4月30日-1949年-7月19日)是一位美国法理学家、政治家。


Early life.

Niculae's father Constantin Niculae is a former judoka, who worked for Dinamo Bucureşti as a Fitness Coach since 1996 until his departure in 2006. Niculae began judo at the age of five, and had attained a black belt while he was trained by his father. He later stated: "The fact that I practiced this sport [judo] in the childhood, helped me to develop both mentally and physically. I think I avoided

Club career.

Dinamo.

On 22 November 1996, Niculae became the third youngest-ever player to debut in Divizia A, at 15 years and 190 days, after coming on as a substitute in Dinamo's 5–2 win at home against Farul Constanţa.  He started the 1997–98 season, playing his first match in European competition, in a 0–2 historical defeat against Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur on 23 July 1997. On 4 April 1998, he was in the start-up team in a 0–5 away defeat against Steaua, Dinamo's biggest margin defeat in the Eternal derby. One week later, Niculae managed to score his first league goals, netting a brace in a 7–1 home win against Jiul Petroşani. On 19 April, he scored another brace against FC Naţional in a 4–2 home win. He scored four goals in 12 appearances, in his second season as a professional. On 13 May, he scored another two goals against FC Naţional, in a 5–0 League Cup win, in the second round of the South Group.  Following Cornel Dinu's appointment as team manager, the 17-year-old's career began to take off, as he was used more often. He later stated: "The most close [manager] to me is Cornel Dinu. When he was Dinamo's manager, I made my first-team debut at 15 years and a half and I ended up winning two cups and one championship." He scored his

Sporting.

On 7 July 2001, Niculae completed his move to Primeira Liga side Sporting Clube de Portugal signing a three-year contract, with the option of a further two seasons for a reported fee of $3,000,000, despite it is believed that the real transfer fee is estimated around $4,500,000. He was handed the number 7 shirt, previously worn by Ivaylo Yordanov. He made his debut for Sporting in a friendly match against Académica Coimbra, coming in as a substitute in the 75th minute and netting five minutes later in a 5–2 victory. After he scored, he kissed the crest of the shirt, dedicating his goal to the team supporters.  On 12 August, he made his official debut for Sporting netting the winning goal against archrivals Porto in a 1–0 home victory. Following his goal against Porto, shirt sales featuring Niculae's name and number went crazy making an income of nearly $65,000 that day. He received his first red card of his career next round, in a 0–3 away defeat against Belenenses,

Standard Liège.

On 31 August 2005, Niculae signed a one-year deal with Belgian First Division side Standard Liège, being given the number 9 shirt. He made his debut for Standard Liège in a 1–3 defeat against Beveren on 11 September. He scored his first goal for Standard in a 2–0 cup victory against Olympic Charleroi on 11 November. His first league goal came on 21 January 2006, in a

Mainz.

After spending six months as a free agent, Niculae signed a six-month deal with German Bundesliga side Mainz 05 on 12 December 2006. On 13 January 2007, he scored his first goal for Mainz in a friendly match against Hannover 96. He made his

Inverness.

After he passed his medical, Niculae joined Scottish Premier League's Inverness Caledonian Thistle, signing a two-year contract on 18 July 2007. His first application for a work permit was rejected, but Inverness appealed and asked fans to sign a petition to have the player's permit granted. After his appeal he was granted a work permit and became eligible to play. On 11 August, Niculae became the first Romanian who played in the SPL, after he debuted for Inverness in a 1–2 away defeat against Motherwell. He scored his first goals on 28 August, netting a brace against Arbroath in a 3–1 win in the Scottish League Cup. He opened his league account on 8 December, netting twice against Hibernian in a 2–0 victory, ending a 14-matches goalless strike in the SPL. He scored another brace in late December in

Return to Dinamo and loan to Kavala.

2008–2010.

On 24 July 2008, Niculae signed a four-year contract with his former club Dinamo Bucureşti. Due to his lack of fitness, Niculae played his first match for Dinamo since his return on 10 August, coming in as a substitute for Gabriel Boștină in a 3–2 win against CS Otopeni, netting the winning goal in the 85th minute. On 30 August, he scored against Universitatea Craiova, securing his team a 1–0 win. The first half of the season was a rather unproductive one, scoring just two goals in nine appearances. On 11 April 2009, Niculae scored his first hat-trick since his return, gaining his team a

Loan to Kavala.

On 19 January 2011, it was confirmed that Niculae had joined Kavala on a six-month loan deal. He made his Kavala debut four days later in a 3–0 home win over Iraklis Thessaloniki, playing with the number 29 shirt. He scored his first goal for Kavala in a 1–0 home win

2011–2012.

Despite Niculae was expected to leave Dinamo in the summer break, on 11 July he extended his contract until December 2012, accepting a 40% pay reduction. Niculae started the season with a goal in the first league game, netting with a header Dinamo's only goal in a 1–0 home win against FCM Târgu Mureş. He scored a brace in the second league game in a 5–0 away win against Gaz Metan Mediaş, the first for Dinamo on the Gaz Metan Stadium from the past 11 years. He continued his excellent form in the third round, scoring once from the penalty spot and providing one assist for Ionel Dănciulescu in a 2–0 win against Pandurii Târgu Jiu. He also scored once in a 1–2 away defeat against Vorskla Poltava from the first leg of Europa League's Play-off, on 18 August. Ten days later, he netted the winning goal in a 2–1 victory against Oţelul Galaţi. On 25 September, he scored another brace against Petrolul Ploieşti, taking his tally of goals to seven, his most prolific start from his career. He was also selected

Vaslui.

On 20 July, Niculae signed a two-year contract with Vaslui, for an undisclosed fee, estimated by media to be around €300,000. Two days later, he was in the start-up team, in Vaslui's opening against Rapid, counting his league debut for his new team. One week later, Niculae scored Vaslui's third in a 3–0 home league victory over Petrolul Ploieşti, counting his first goal

Shandong Luneng.

In February 2013, Niculae started negotiations with the Chinese squad Shandong Luneng. On 19 February, the Asian

International career.

After representing Romania at the U-16 and U-18 levels, Niculae was promoted to the U-21 level. Niculae's form for Dinamo saw him selected for the Romania U-21 team to play Bulgaria U-21 on 3 March 1999, and he marked his debut with the second goal as Romania won 3–1. He played his first official match for Romania U-21 on 26 March, in a 0–1 defeat against Slovakia U-21, coming in as a substitute for Marius Luca in the second half. Despite he played all six remained qualifiers, Niculae hasn't scored a single goal as Romania failed to qualify at the European Championship. Since he was still eligible to play for Romania U-18, Niculae was called up by coach Gheorghe Cristoloveanu for 2000 European Under-18 Championship qualifiers. He scored a brace on the first match against Bosnia and Herzegovina in a 3–1 win, but he was sent off in the second match against Bulgaria alongside teammates Adrian Olah and Tiberiu Bălan, ending his career for Romania U-18. Romania drew in the final match against Ukraine, thus failing to qualify for the play-off.  On 21 January 2000, Niculae was called up to the Romania national team for the first time. On 2 February, he was in the start-up team against Latvia, counting his debut for the senior squad, at only 18 years old. Same as he did while playing for Romania U-21, Niculae marked his debut for the senior squad with a goal, netting Romania's second in a 2–0 win. Despite he scored 20 goals for Dinamo in the 1999–00 season, Niculae was not included by Emerich Ienei in the preliminary squad for UEFA Euro 2000.  On

Personal life.

On 29 June 2008, Niculae married Cristina Vasilescu after eight years of dating. She gave birth to their daughter, Raisa Elena Niculae, on 24 August 2011. Niculae had a conflict with his father for many years due to his relationship with Cristina. They eventually reconciled in late 2007.  Niculae is well known

Career statistics.

Club.

Include one match and one goal in

Honours.

Club.

Dinamo

Marius Constantin Niculae (born 16 May 1981), nicknamed ("Arrow" in Romanian) is a Romanian retired footballer who played as a centre forward.

马利乌斯·康斯坦丁·尼库莱(,1981年-5月16日),是一名罗马尼亚足球运动员,司职前锋。


Structure.

Primary structure.

"Eco"RI contains the PD..D/EXK motif within its active site like many restriction endonucleases.

Tertiary and quaternary structure.

The enzyme is a homodimer of a 31 kilodalton subunit consisting of one globular domain of the α/β architecture. Each subunit contains a loop which sticks out from the globular domain and wraps around the DNA when bound. "Eco"RI has been cocrystallized with the sequence it normally cuts. This crystal was used to solve the structure of the complex. The solved crystal structure shows that the subunits of the enzyme homodimer interact with the DNA symmetrically. In the complex, two α-helices from each subunit come together to form a four-helix bundle. On the interacting helices are residues Glu144 and Arg145, which interact together, forming a crosstalk ring that is believed to allow the enzyme's two active sites to communicate.

Uses.

Restriction enzymes, such as "Eco"RI, are used in a wide variety of molecular genetics techniques including cloning, DNA screening and deleting sections of DNA "in vitro". Restriction enzymes, like "Eco"RI, that generate sticky ends of DNA are often used to cut DNA prior to ligation, as the sticky ends make the ligation reaction more efficient. "Eco"RI can exhibit non-site-specific cutting, known as star activity, depending on the conditions present in the reaction. Conditions that can induce star activity when using "Eco"RI include low salt concentration, high glycerol concentration, excessive amounts of enzyme present in the reaction, high pH and contamination with certain organic solvents. The cut made by the Eco RI enzyme produces sticky ends on the vector mainly plasmids or viral DNA's.

"Eco"RI (pronounced "eco R one") is a restriction endonuclease enzyme isolated from species "E. coli." The "Eco" part of the enzyme's name originates from the species from which it was isolated, while the R represents the particular strain, in this case RY13. The last part of its name, the I, denotes that it was the first enzyme isolated from this strain. "Eco"RI is a restriction enzyme that cleaves DNA double helices into fragments at specific sites. It is also a part of the restriction modification system.

"Eco"RI(「I」是「1」的意思)是一种核酸酶,来自某些特定品系的大肠杆菌("E. coli",也是其名称由来),是此种细菌体内参与限制修饰系统的酵素。


Definition.

Life simulation games are about "maintaining and growing a manageable population of organisms", where players are given the power to control the lives of autonomous people or creatures. Artificial life games are related to computer science research in artificial life. But "because they're intended for entertainment rather than research, commercial A-life games implement only a subset of what A-life research investigates." This broad genre includes god games which focus on managing tribal worshipers, as well as artificial pets that focus on one or several animals. It also includes genetic artificial life games, where players manages populations of creatures over several generations.

History.

Artificial life games and life simulations find their origins in artificial life research, including "Conway's Game of Life" from 1970. But one of the first commercially viable artificial life games was "Little Computer People" in 1985, a Commodore 64 game that allowed players to type requests to characters living in a virtual house. The game is cited as a little-known forerunner of virtual-life simulator games to follow. One of the earliest dating sims, "Tenshitachi no gogo", was released for the 16-bit NEC PC-9801 computer that same year, though dating sim elements can be found in Sega's earlier "Girl's Garden" in 1984. In 1986, the early biological simulation game "Bird Week" was released.  In the mid-1990s, as artificial intelligence programming improved, true AI virtual pets such as "Petz" and "Tamagotchi" began to appear. Around the same time, "Creatures" became "the first full-blown commercial entertainment application of Artificial Life and genetic algorithms". By 2000, "The Sims" refined the formula seen in "Little Computer People" and became the most successful artificial life game created to date. In 2007, also came the game "Spore" in which you develop an alien species from the microbial tide pool into intergalactic gods.

Types.

Digital pets.

Digital pets are a subgenre of artificial life game where players train, maintain, and watch a simulated animal. The pets can be simulations of real animals, or fantasy pets. Unlike genetic artificial life games that focus on larger populations of organisms, digital pet games usually allow players to interact with one or a few pets at once. In contrast to artificial life games, digital pets do not usually reproduce or die, although there are exceptions where pets will run away if ignored or mistreated.  Digital pets are usually designed to be cute, and act out a range of emotions and behaviors that tell the player how to influence the pet. "This quality of rich intelligence distinguishes artificial pets from other kinds of A-life, in which individuals have simple rules but the population as a whole develops emergent properties". Players are able to tease, groom, and teach the pet, and so they must be able to learn behaviors from the player. However, these behaviors are typically "preprogrammed and are not truly emergent".  Game designers try to sustain the player's attention by mixing common behaviors with more rare ones, so the player is motivated to keep playing until they see them. Otherwise, these games often lack a victory condition or challenge, and can be classified as software toys. Games such as "Nintendogs" have been implemented for the Nintendo DS, although there are also simple electronic games that have been implemented on a keychain, such as "Tamagotchi". There are also numerous online pet-raising/virtual pet games, such as Neopets. Today online games which allow you to raise show dogs or sim horse games are also quite popular.

Biological simulations.

Some artificial life games allow players to manage a population of creatures over several generations, and try to achieve goals for the population as a whole. These games have been called genetic artificial life games, or biological simulations. Players are able to crossbreed creatures, which have a set of genes or descriptors that define the creature's characteristics. Some games also introduce mutations due to random or environmental factors, which can benefit the population as creatures reproduce. These creatures typically have a short life-span, such as the "Creatures" series where organisms can survive from half an hour to well over seven hours. Players are able to watch forces of natural selection shape their population, but can also interact with the population by breeding certain individuals together, by modifying the environment, or by introducing new creatures from their design.  Another group of biological simulation games seek to simulate the life of an individual animal whose role the player assumes (rather than simulating an entire ecosystem controlled by the player). These include "Wolf" and its sequel "Lion", the similar "WolfQuest", and the more modest "Odell" educational series.  In addition, a large number of games have loose biological or evolutionary themes but don't attempt to reflect closely the reality of either biology or evolution: these include, within the "God game" variety, "" and "Spore", and within the arcade/RPG variety, a multitude of entertainment software products including "Bird Week", "Eco" and "".

Social simulation.

Social simulation games explore social interactions between multiple artificial lives. The most famous example from this genre is "The Sims", which was influenced by the 1985 game "Little Computer People". These games are part of a subcategory of artificial life game sometimes called a virtual dollhouse, a category which includes "Animal Crossing" by Nintendo.

Examples.

Biological simulations.

Loosely biology- and evolution-inspired games.

Some games take biology or evolution as a theme, rather than attempting to simulate.

Life simulation games form a subgenre of simulation video games in which the player lives or controls one or more virtual characters (human or otherwise). Such a game can revolve around "individuals and relationships, or it could be a simulation of an ecosystem". Other terms include artificial life game and simulated life game (SLG).

生活模拟游戏(或人工生活游戏)是模拟游戏的一个子类别,玩家在游戏中控制一个或多个虚拟角色。生活模拟游戏可以是与"单一个体、人际关系或生态系统相关的模拟。"


The "Daily Worker" (1930–1966).

Early years.

The "Morning Star" was founded in 1930 as the "Daily Worker", the paper representing the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). The first edition was produced on 1 January 1930 from the offices of the newspaper in Tabernacle Street, London, by eight Party members including Kay Beauchamp and Tom Wintringham. In January 1934, the "Daily Worker" offices moved to Cayton Street, off City Road. The first eight-page "Daily Worker" was produced on 1 October 1935.

Second World War.

On 3 September 1939, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain spoke to the nation on the BBC, at which time he announced the formal declaration of war between Britain and Nazi Germany. "Daily Worker" editor J. R. Campbell, backed by his political ally, Party General Secretary Harry Pollitt, sought to portray the conflict against Hitler as a continuation of the anti-fascist fight. This contradicted the position of the Comintern in the aftermath of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (which became CPGB policy on 3 October) that the war was a struggle between rival imperialist powers, and Campbell was removed as editor as a result, being replaced by William Rust.  The paper accused the British government's policies of being "not to rescue Europe from fascism, but to impose British imperialist peace on Germany" before attacking the Soviet Union. The newspaper responded to the assassination of Leon Trotsky by a Soviet agent with an article on 23 August 1940, entitled "A Counter Revolutionary Gangster Passes", written by former editor Campbell. The paper criticised Sir Walter Citrine after his meeting in Paris with French Labour Minister Charles Pomaret in December 1939. "Time" said of the events following the meeting, "Minister Pomaret clamped down on French labour with a set of drastic wage-&-hour decrees and Sir Walter Citrine agreed to a proposal by Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir John Simon that pay rises in Britain be stopped". Citrine sued the "Daily Worker" for libel after it accused him and his associates of "plotting with the French Citrines to bring millions of Anglo-French Trade Unionists behind the Anglo-French imperialist war machine"; the publisher pleaded the British press equivalent of 'fair comment'.  Citrine alleged, in response to his lawyer's questioning, that the "Daily Worker" received £2,000 pounds per month from "Moscow", and that Moscow directed the paper to print anti-war stories. During this period, when the Soviet Union had a non-aggression pact with Germany, the "Daily Worker" ceased to attack Nazi Germany. On 21 January 1941, publication of the newspaper was suppressed by the Home Secretary in the wartime coalition, Herbert Morrison (a Labour Party MP). It had repeatedly ignored a July 1940 warning that its pacifist line contravened Defence Regulation 2D, which made it an offence to'systematically to publish matter calculated to foment opposition to the prosecution of the war'.  A Scottish edition of the "Daily Worker" was produced from its plant in Glasgow from 11 November 1940. On 16 April 1941, the "Daily Worker" offices at Cayton Street were totally destroyed by fire during the Blitz. The paper moved temporarily in 1942 to the former Caledonian Press offices in Swinton Street (whence the old Communist Party "Sunday Worker", edited by William Paul and Tom Wintringham, had been published from 15 March 1925 until 1929). New offices were acquired in 1945, at a former brush-makers' warehouse at 75 Farringdon Road, for the sum of £48,000.  When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, the situation changed; British Communists became fervent supporters of the war. For the rest of the war, the paper was a strong supporter of the British war effort, and campaigned to organise a "Second Front" in Europe to assist the Soviet Union. The government's ban on the "Daily Worker" was lifted in September 1942, following a campaign supported by Hewlett Johnson, the Dean of Canterbury, and Professor J. B. S. Haldane. A "Lift the ban" conference at Central Hall, Westminster on 21 March 1942 was attended by over 2,000 delegates. A key part of the campaign was to secure Labour Party support (Herbert Morrison was a fierce opponent of the "Daily Worker"). On 26 May 1942, after a heated debate, the Labour Party carried a resolution declaring the Government must lift the ban on the "Daily Worker".  The "Daily Worker" welcomed the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, editorialising "The employment of the new weapon on a substantial scale should expedite the surrender of Japan". The paper also applauded the bombing of Nagasaki, and called for the use of additional atomic bombs against the Japanese.  Since September 1945 the paper has been owned and published by a readers' co-operative, the People's Press Printing Society, which operates on a one-vote-per-shareholder basis.

Postwar.

The "Daily Worker" reached its peak circulation after the war, although precise circulation figures are disputed – from 100,000 to 122,000 to 140,000 and even 500,000.  The "Daily Worker" was fully supportive of the show trials in Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria in the late 1940s, as well as the split with Tito and Yugoslavia in 1948.  In 1956, the "Daily Worker" suppressed correspondent Peter Fryer's reports from the Hungarian revolution, which were favourable to the uprising. The paper denounced the attempted revolution as a "white terror", invoking the Horthy regime and earlier 1919–1921 period.  By the late 1950s the paper was down to just one sheet of four pages. The last edition of the "Daily Worker" was published on Saturday 23 April 1966. An editorial in that final issue declared:"On Monday this newspaper takes its greatest step forward for many years. It will be larger, it will be better and it will have a new name... During its 36 years of life our paper has stood for all that is best in British working-class and Socialist journalism. It has established a reputation for honesty, courage and integrity. It has defended trade unionists, tenants, pensioners. It has consistently stood for peace. It has always shown the need for Socialism. Let all Britain see the "Morning Star", the inheritor of a great tradition and the herald of a greater future".  In February every year between 1950 and 1954, the "Daily Worker" held a rally at Harringay Arena in Harringay, north London, attended by about 10,000 people. Guests were entertained by tableaux set to music. Paul Robeson also sent recorded messages which were played during the rallies.

"Morning Star" (1966–present).

History.

The first edition of the "Morning Star" appeared on Monday, 25 April 1966. South African exile Sarah Carneson worked for the newspaper in the late 1960s.  Until 1974, the paper was subsidised by the Soviet government with direct cash contributions, and from 1974 onwards was indirectly supported by daily bulk orders from Moscow. Its Chief Executive from 1975 was Mary Rosser.  By the late 1970s, the paper and the CPGB were beginning to come into conflict with one another, as the Eurocommunist trend in the CPGB grew, while the "Morning Star" at the time retained a pro-Soviet stance and opposed Eurocommunism. An editorial in "The Guardian", however, reported in 1977 that the paper was giving coverage to dissidents in Czechoslavakia and elsewhere in the Soviet bloc to the consternation of about a third of CPGB members who wanted a reversal to a strictly pro-Kremlin line. "The "Morning Star" is open for genuine debate about the future of the Left", it asserted. A demonstration outside the East German embassy against the imprisonment of reformist Communist Rudolf Bahro was organised by the "Morning Star" that year. Also in 1977, editor Tony Chater persuaded the Labour government to begin running advertisements in the newspaper, previously absent because of a lack of audited circulation figures.  In December 1981, when the Polish Solidarity trade union movement was suppressed and martial law declared, the paper criticised the Executive Committee of the party for condemning the acts of the (then-Communist) Polish government. In 1982, the "Morning Star" attacked the attitudes of "Marxism Today", the party's monthly journal, which was controlled by the Eurocommunists.  The newspaper attracted some wider media attention in September 1981 when the BBC paid to place six advertisements for its Russian-language service in the "Morning Star", which was one of the few English language newspapers that the USSR government allowed to be circulated in the country. Four of these advertisements were printed as agreed, but the last two of the six were not printed. A spokesman for the newspaper said that the advertising department had not properly consulted with other teams before making the agreement, and that the BBC's broadcasts were part of Cold War propaganda. The paper supported the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) during the miners' strike of 1984–1985, but the party had become critical of NUM leader Arthur Scargill's strategy towards the end of the strike.  Meanwhile, in March 1984, the CPGB Executive Committee (EC) issued a seven-page document which was heavily critical of editor Tony Chater, in particular because he had refused to print an article which commemorated the sixtieth anniversary of the death of Lenin. The EC put forward candidates to challenge those loyal to Chater at the 1984 AGM of the PPPS and called for Chater's replacement. He was expelled from the CPGB in January 1985, along with the assistant editor, David Whitfield, reportedly because the attempts to remove him as editor had failed. A statement by the party's EC asserted that the paper was "being systematically used to attack and undermine congress policy, support factional activities in the party, and help sectarian minority groupings in their opposition to the party majority". In June 1985, however, AGMs of the PPPS held in Glasgow, Manchester and London voted by about 60 to 40% for candidates backed by the management committee of the "Morning Star". Chater remained editor of the paper until 1995 when he retired. Control of the newspaper passed from the Eurocommunist leadership of the CPGB to the newly established pro-Soviet Communist Party of Britain (CPB).  On the day before the Berlin Wall began to be demolished in 1989, under a headline reading "GDR unveils reforms package", the newspaper commented that "The German Democratic Republic is awakening", and quoting material supplied by East Germany’s ruling Socialist Unity Party: "A revolutionary people’s movement has set in motion a process of serious upheaval... The aim is dynamically to give socialism more democracy".  Soviet bulk orders ended abruptly in 1989 (the Communist Party of the Soviet Union had still been buying 6,000 copies every day), and the termination of this order, with only a week's notice, was the cause of "huge financial disruption".  In the 1990s, the publication's circulation fell to 7,000, following the end of the Soviet bulk sales. There were tensions between different CPB factions over control of the paper, and in particular over the successor of Tony Chater as editor. Chief Executive Mary Rosser favoured the news editor, Paul Corry (also her son-in-law); the staff and by the unions favoured Chater's deputy, John Haylett, who was installed in February 1995. In 1998 many of its workers – then earning £10,500 a year and with no raise for 11 years – went on strike. These strikes were provoked by the sacking by Rosser of Haylett for "gross misconduct". During the protest a breakaway from the "Morning Star", the "Workers' Morning Star" was formed, and published by a small group of journalists who worked for the "Morning Star" at the same time. This paper was discontinued before the end of the decade. Haylett was eventually reinstated as editor and the protests stopped, as the circulation saw a moderate increase. "Our political relationship is still with the Communist Party of Britain", he said in 2005, pointing out that only about 10% of readers were members of the party, "but now we represent a broad movement".  Although the paper is normally published from Monday to Saturday, the "Morning Star" was issued on 13 September 2015, its first ever Sunday edition, to cover the election of Jeremy Corbyn as Leader of the Labour Party.

Editorial policy.

The newspaper describes itself as "a reader-owned co-operative and unique as a lone socialist voice in a sea of corporate media".  Successive annual general meetings of the People's Press Printing Society have agreed that the policy of the paper is founded on "Britain's Road to Socialism", the programme of the Communist Party of Britain.  On international issues, the paper advocates a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and calls for Israeli withdrawal from Palestinian territories. It was the only daily paper in Britain to oppose the 1999 Kosovo War, denouncing military intervention by NATO, and consistently defended Serbian president Slobodan Milošević, according to other publications. The newspaper also opposed the Iraq War. On Northern Ireland, the paper takes a pro-Irish nationalism line. News reports from Northern Ireland are described as "By Our Foreign Desk".  In its masthead, the paper asserts that it supports peace and socialism. It is Eurosceptic, and supported the No2EU platform in the 2009 European Parliament election. The paper was also supportive of Britain's vote to leave the EU, saying that "Anybody who supports the election of a Corbyn government with a mandate to end austerity, extend public ownership, redistribute wealth and restructure our economy in the interests of working people needs to explain how this agenda can be implemented in the framework of an EU that bans so much of it", criticising the referendum campaign as being headed by "reactionary zealots" such as Nigel Farage, Boris Johnson and Michael Gove. The "Morning Star" and the "Spectator" were the only publications to campaign for an Exit vote in the 1975 referendum. Tony Benn (described as "the "de facto" leader of the "Out" campaign") campaigned alongside the paper.  It is critical of the upper or ruling classes. It defends peaceful protests, civil disobedience and industrial action by workers to improve working conditions and wages. The "Morning Star" is concerned with environmental issues and supports environment campaigning groups; it supports unilateral nuclear disarmament. The paper advocates a vote for the Labour Party in most seats, except for the handful in which the Communist Party of Britain has a candidate.  The "Morning Star" retains "its reputation for bone-headed Stalinism", according to Paul Anderson, a former editor of the left-wing "Tribune" weekly. "It runs articles extolling the virtues of single-party "socialist" states on a regular basis – North Korea, Cuba, China, Vietnam. Its default position on just about everything happening in the world is that anything any Western power supports – but particularly the United States – must be opposed, which has led to it cheering on Putin, Hamas, Assad and a lot of other real nasties".  In December 2016, the newspaper was criticised by Labour MPs led by John Woodcock ("one of the fiercest critics of British government inaction over aid to the region", according to "The Huffington Post") for its description of the imminent fall of Aleppo to Syrian government forces in a front-page headline as a "liberation". Labour MP Tom Blenkinsop tweeted: "Hard left joining with far right in welcoming dictators "liberating" Aleppo. Absolute disgrace". Fellow Labour MPs joining in the criticism were Stephen Doughty, Angela Smith, Ian Austin, Mike Gapes, Jess Phillips, Toby Perkins and Wes Streeting. Conservative MP George Osborne and "Guardian" writer Owen Jones also attacked the paper's headline. However, the paper rejected the criticism, stating that "from a purely technical point of view, when a sovereign government reclaims territory previously held by enemy forces, that’s called "liberation" whether we like the outcome or not", while Stop the War Coalition convener Lindsey German, and political commentator Peter Oborne defended the "Star" reporting of the issue, and questioned the dominant media narrative, respectively. Jeremy Corbyn said he "disagreed" with the headline, emphasising that he always advocated a ceasefire and "a political settlement in Syria". However, he refused to say he would never buy or read the paper again, saying; "Listen, I buy lots of newspapers. I frequently disagree profoundly with headlines, even in "The Guardian", the "Telegraph", the "Mail", and so on. Does it mean I won’t buy them, or read them? Of course not."

Contributors and staff.

In the first years of the twenty-first century, the paper has carried contributions from Uri Avnery, John Pilger, Green activist Derek Wall, ex-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone, Labour MPs Jeremy Corbyn and John McDonnell, Green MP Caroline Lucas, former MP George Galloway (Respect), the cartoonist Martin Rowson, and many trade union general secretaries. Features are contributed by writers from a range of socialist, social democratic, green and religious perspectives. Despite this, according to then editor John Haylett in 2005: "things that happened in the Soviet Union 70 years ago are still being used as a stick to beat the "Morning Star"."  On 1 January 2009, Bill Benfield took over as editor of the "Morning Star". John Haylett, who had been editor since 1995, took up the post of political editor. Benfield had previously been deputy editor and head of production, but suffered from ill health.  In May 2012, Richard Bagley became editor of the "Morning Star", having already worked at the paper in various positions since 2001. In July 2014, he stepped down as editor, with Ben Chacko becoming acting editor, a position in which Chacko was confirmed in May 2015. The newspaper "is the most precious and only voice we have in the daily media", said (then backbencher Labour MP) Jeremy Corbyn at the time of Chacko's formal appointment in May 2015. "I look forward to working with Ben in promoting socialism and progress".

Finances and circulation.

The "Morning Star" carries little commercial advertising, with low advertising rates, and the cover price does not pay for print and distribution. Consequently, the paper has always been dependent on donations from activists, readers, and trade unions. The paper relies on its "Star Fund" appeal (monthly target £16,000). In its past, the paper received a subsidy from the Soviet Union in the form of bulk orders. In 1981, its circulation was about 36,000, down from the "Daily Worker"s post-war peak.  In March 2005, "BBC News Magazine" reported the "Morning Star"s circulation as between 13,000 and 14,000, quoting Haylett's comment "perhaps only one in 10 of these readers would label themselves as Communists". The circulation was thought to be around 10,000 when Ben Chacko took over as editor in mid-2015.  The "Morning Star" has also taken a much higher profile at trade union gatherings and within the UK trade union movement, particularly with unions such as Unite, GMB, UCATT, FBU, Community, CWU, NUM, Durham Miners, Prison Officers and RMT. Since 2008, the "Morning Star" has hired exhibition space at the Trades Union Congress, with sponsored copies being handed out to delegates at the TUC, Labour Party Conference, at union conferences and high profile events such as the Tolpuddle Martyrs' Festival and the Durham Miners Gala. The newspaper is also available at independent newsagents and shops such as Martin McColl, in local supermarkets such as Budgens, at railway stations and on motorway service areas. In addition, it is stocked by the Co-op Food chain of stores.  During the early morning of 28 July 2008, the offices of the newspaper were damaged by fire, and the edition of 29 July took a reduced form. A similar incident occurred on 20 October 2014 when a fire broke out near the offices and a small number of staff had to relocate to the sports editor's house in order to finish the paper.  On 1 June 2009, the "Morning Star" was re-launched. The re-launch included a 16-page edition during the week, and a 24-page weekend edition priced at £1.20 after a rise in its prices in September 2014. There is no Sunday edition of the newspaper. There was also an expanded use of colour pictures and graphics, plus a redesign and a modern layout of the pages. The "Morning Star" also redesigned its website. In addition, a number of new and experienced journalists were engaged and the positions of full-time Industrial Correspondent and Lobby Correspondent in the House of Commons were reintroduced.  In November 2011, the "Morning Star" launched an urgent appeal to raise £75,000 in order to address a number of funding issues which meant the paper might have gone under by the end of the year.  On Monday 18 June 2012, the "Morning Star" moved to printing at two Trinity Mirror print sites in Watford and Oldham, which improved distribution of the "Morning Star" to all parts of the country, particularly Scotland.

Online version.

An online version of the paper was launched on 1 April 2004. Initially only some parts of the site were free, including a PDF of the paper's front page, the editorial "Star Comment" and all the articles from the culture and sports pages, while features and the current affairs were subscription-only. On 1 January 2009 this policy was changed, and all content was made freely available online. In April 2012, the paper launched a daily e-edition of the full newspaper, which readers can subscribe to for a charge. As of 2020, the number of articles non-subscribers can read for free is limited.

Editors.

As the "Daily Worker":  Chairs of the editorial board have included Hewlett Johnson (clergyman known as 'the Red Dean' of Canterbury), although he was not a member of the CPGB.  As the "Morning Star":

The Morning Star is a left-wing British daily newspaper with a focus on social, political and trade union issues.

《晨星报》(英语:Morning Star),原名《工人日报》,是一份英国左翼日报,主要关注社会和工会议题。1930年1月1日,该报作为大不列颠共产党(即英国共产党)中央委员会机关报创刊,在伦敦出版。该报曾是英共领导失业工人和反法西斯运动的组织者。1941—1942年,该报曾一度被英国当局封闭停刊。该报经常刊登英共领导人和社会名人的文章,发表评论反对美国的对外政策和战争,发表读者来信,要求改善劳动人民的生活状况等。1964年10月,工党执政后,英共提出以该报为基础创办一份为所有左翼和进步力量服务的报纸。1966年4月25日,该报开始用“晨星报”名称出版,但报名下附有“工人日报的继承者”字样。1970年代末,《晨星报》编辑部开始和英共领导层发生意见冲突,英共领导层支持欧洲共产主义而《晨星报》编辑部坚持亲苏立场,反对欧洲共产主义。1988年,《晨星报》编辑部和英共党内反对英共领导层的党员组建了不列颠共产党。目前,该报名义上为独立报纸,但事实上仍是不列颠共产党中央机关报,反映该党的政治观点。2008年,该报发行量为10000份。


Signs and symptoms.

The neuromuscular symptoms of hypercalcaemia are caused by a negative bathmotropic effect due to the increased interaction of calcium with sodium channels. Since calcium blocks sodium channels and inhibits depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers, increased calcium raises the threshold for depolarization. This results in diminished deep tendon reflexes (hyporeflexia), and skeletal muscle weakness.  Other symptoms include cardiac arrhythmias (especially in those taking digoxin), fatigue, nausea, vomiting (emesis), loss of appetite, abdominal pain, & paralytic ileus. If kidney impairment occurs as a result, manifestations can include increased urination, urination at night, and increased thirst. Psychiatric manifestation can include emotional instability, confusion, delirium, psychosis, and stupor. Calcium deposits known as limbus sign may be visible in the eyes.  Symptoms are more common at high calcium blood values (12.0 mg/dl or 3 mmol/l). Severe hypercalcaemia (above 15–16 mg/dl or 3.75–4 mmol/l) is considered a medical emergency: at these levels, coma and cardiac arrest can result. The high levels of calcium ions decrease the neuron membrane permeability to sodium ions, thus decreasing excitability, which leads to hypotonicity of smooth and striated muscle. This explains the fatigue, muscle weakness, low tone and sluggish reflexes in muscle groups. The sluggish nerves also explain drowsiness, confusion, hallucinations, stupor or coma. In the gut this causes constipation. Hypocalcaemia causes the opposite by the same mechanism.

Hypercalcaemic crisis.

A hypercalcaemic crisis is an emergency situation with a severe hypercalcaemia, generally above approximately 14 mg/dL (or 3.5 mmol/l).  The main symptoms of a hypercalcaemic crisis are oliguria or anuria, as well as somnolence or coma. After recognition, primary hyperparathyroidism should be proved or excluded.  In extreme cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, removal of the parathyroid gland after surgical neck exploration is the only way to avoid death. The diagnostic program should be performed within hours, in parallel with measures to lower serum calcium. Treatment of choice for acutely lowering calcium is extensive hydration and calcitonin, as well as bisphosphonates (which have effect on calcium levels after one or two days).

Causes.

Primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy account for about 90% of cases of hypercalcaemia.

Diagnosis.

Diagnosis should generally include either a corrected calcium or ionized calcium level and be confirmed after a week. There is, however, controversy around the usefulness of corrected calcium as it may be no better than total calcium.  The normal range is 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L), with levels greater than 2.6 mmol/L defined as hypercalcaemia. Moderate hypercalcaemia is a level of 2.88–3.5 mmol/L (11.5–14 mg/dL) while severe hypercalcaemia is > 3.5 mmol/L (>14 mg/dL).

ECG.

Abnormal heart rhythms can also result, and ECG findings of a short QT interval suggest hypercalcaemia. Significant hypercalcaemia can cause ECG changes mimicking an acute myocardial infarction. Hypercalcaemia has also been known to cause an ECG finding mimicking hypothermia, known as an Osborn wave.

Treatments.

The goal of therapy is to treat the hypercalcaemia first and subsequently effort is directed to treat the underlying cause.

Fluids and diuretics.

Initial therapy:

Bisphosphonates and calcitonin.

Additional therapy:

Other animals.

Research has led to a better understanding of hypercalcemia in non-human animals. Often the causes of hypercalcemia have a correlation to the environment in which the organisms live. Hypercalcemia in house pets is typically due to disease, but other cases can be due to accidental ingestion of plants or chemicals in the home. Outdoor animals commonly develop hypercalcemia through vitamin D toxicity from wild plants within their environments.

Household pets.

Household pets such as dogs and cats are found to develop hypercalcemia. It is less common in cats, and many feline cases are idiopathic. In dogs, lymphosarcoma, Addison’s disease, primary hyperparathyroidism, and chronic kidney failure are the main causes of hypercalcemia, but there are also environmental causes usually unique to indoor pets. Ingestion of small amounts of calcipotriene found in psoriasis cream can be fatal to a pet. Calcipotriene causes a rapid rise in calcium ion levels. Calcium ion levels can remain high for weeks if untreated and lead to an array of medical issues. There are also cases of hypercalcemia reported due to dogs ingesting rodenticides containing a chemical similar to calcipotriene found in psoriasis cream. Additionally, ingestion of household plants is a cause of hypercalcemia. Plants such as "Cestrum diurnum", and "Solanum malacoxylon" contain ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol which cause the onset of hypercalcemia. Consuming small amounts of these plants can be fatal to pets. Observable symptoms may develop such as polydipsia, polyuria, extreme fatigue, or constipation.

Outdoor animals.

In certain outdoor environments, animals such as horses, pigs, cattle, and sheep experience hypercalcemia commonly. In southern Brazil and Mattewara India, approximately 17 percent of sheep are affected, with 60 percent of these cases being fatal. Many cases are also documented in Argentina, Papua-New Guinea, Jamaica, Hawaii, and Bavaria. These cases of hypercalcemeia are usually caused by ingesting "Trisetum flavescens" before it has dried out. Once "Trisetum flavescens" is dried out, the toxicity of it is diminished. Other plants causing hypercalcemia are "Cestrum diurnum", "Nierembergia veitchii", "Solanum esuriale", "Solanum torvum", and "Solanum malacoxylon". These plants contain calcitriol or similar substances that cause rises in calcium ion levels. Hypercalcemia is most common in grazing lands at altitudes above 1500 meters where growth of plants like "Trisetum flavescens" is favorable. Even if small amounts are ingested over long periods of time, the prolonged high levels of calcium ions have large negative effects on the animals. The issues these animals experience are muscle weakness, and calcification of blood vessels, heart valves, liver, kidneys, and other soft tissues, which eventually can lead to death.

Hypercalcaemia, also spelled hypercalcemia, is a high calcium (Ca) level in the blood serum. The normal range is 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L), with levels greater than 2.6 mmol/L defined as hypercalcemia. Those with a mild increase that has developed slowly typically have no symptoms. In those with greater levels or rapid onset, symptoms may include abdominal pain, bone pain, confusion, depression, weakness, kidney stones or an abnormal heart rhythm including cardiac arrest. Most cases are due to primary hyperparathyroidism or cancer. Other causes include sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, Paget disease, multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), vitamin D toxicity, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia and certain medications such as lithium and hydrochlorothiazide. Diagnosis should generally include either a corrected calcium or ionized calcium level and be confirmed after a week. Specific changes, such as a shortened QT interval and prolonged PR interval, may be seen on an electrocardiogram (ECG). Treatment may include intravenous fluids, furosemide, calcitonin or pamidronate in addition to treating the underlying cause. The evidence for furosemide use, however, is poor. In those with very high levels, hospitalization may be required. Haemodialysis may be used in those who do not respond to other treatments. In those with vitamin D toxicity, steroids may be useful. Hypercalcemia is relatively common. Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs in 1–7 per 1,000 people, and hypercalcaemia occurs in about 2.7% of those with cancer.

高血钙(Hypercalcaemia)是指血液中的钙离子(Ca)过高的疾病。人体一般血钙浓度在2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L),若浓度高于2.6 mmol/L,就是高血钙。轻度高血钙或血中钙离子缓慢增加者通常没有症状。在那些血钙浓度较高或起效较快的人中,症状可能包括腹痛、骨头疼痛、意识混乱、情绪沮丧、虚弱、肾结石或是心率不整,甚至造成心脏骤停。


Career.

McCaughrean was born in London and grew up in North London. She was the youngest of three children. She studied teaching but found her true vocation in writing. She claims that what makes her love writing is the desire to escape from an unsatisfactory world. Her motto is: do not write about what you know, write about what you want to know.  Her work includes many retellings of classic stories for children: "The Odyssey", "El Cid", "The Canterbury Tales", "The Pilgrim's Progress", "Moby Dick", "One Thousand and One Arabian Nights" and "Gilgamesh".  J. M. Barrie gave all rights to "Peter Pan" to Great Ormond Street Hospital in 1929, and in 2004, to coincide with "Peter Pan"'s centenary, the hospital launched a competition to find the author of a sequel. McCaughrean won the competition, after submitting a synopsis and a sample chapter. "Peter Pan in Scarlet" was released internationally on 5 October 2006, published in the UK by Oxford University Press and in the US by Simon & Schuster.  McCaughrean has written many other children's fiction books including "The Kite Rider", "The Stones Are Hatching", and "Plundering Paradise". She has also written six historical novels for adults including: "The Maypole" (1990), "Fire's Astonishment" (1991), "Lovesong" (1996) and "The Ideal Wife" (1997).  As of 2013, she has launched an online novel based on the Hylas and Hercules myth, "A Thousand Kinds of Ugly".

Awards.

For her lifetime contribution as a children's writer McCaughrean was the British nominee in 2004 for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award, the highest international recognition available to creators of children's books. She was elected an Honorary Fellow of Canterbury Christ Church University in 2006 and a Fellow of the English Association in 2010. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature since 2010.  McCaughrean has won several annual book awards. For "A Pack of Lies", a collection of historical stories in a frame narrative, she won the two most prestigious British children's book awards. The Carnegie Medal, conferred by the Library Association (now CILIP), recognises the year's best children's or young adult's book. The Guardian Prize is a once-in-a-lifetime award judged by a panel of British children's writers and limited to fiction books. "Stop the Train" (Oxford, 2001) was "Highly Commended" for the Carnegie Medal. From 1988 to 2018, McCaughrean has eight times made the Carnegie shortlist and is one of only eight authors to have won it twice since its creation in 1936.

Geraldine McCaughrean ( ; born 6 June 1951) is a British children's novelist. She has written more than 170 books, including "Peter Pan in Scarlet" (2004), the official sequel to "Peter Pan" commissioned by Great Ormond Street Hospital, the holder of Peter Pan's copyright. Her work has been translated into 44 languages worldwide. She has received the Carnegie Medal twice and the Michael L. Printz Award among others.

洁若婷·麦考琳(英语:Geraldine McCaughrean,1951年-6月6日)是一位英国儿童文学作家。


拉瓦卡港 (德克萨斯州)

Geography.

Port Lavaca is located in northern Calhoun County on the west side of Lavaca Bay, an arm of Matagorda Bay. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and, or 28.04%, is water.

Climate.

Port Lavaca holds the state record of the highest wind speed ever reached. During Hurricane Carla in September 1961, the winds were recorded to gust up to.  In 2004, Port Lavaca, including the South Texas Area, recorded up to of snowfall.  During Hurricane Harvey in August 2017, Port Lavaca was the location of the peak of the storm surge, which was measured at.

Demographics.

2000 Census data.

As of the census of 2000, there were 12,035 people, 4,189 households, and 3,133 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,229.9 people per square mile (474.6/km2). There were 4,791 housing units at an average density of 489.6 per square mile (188.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 71.95% White, 4.05% African American, 0.47% Native American, 3.96% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 16.92% from other races, and 2.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 50.11% of the population.  There were 4,189 households out of which 39.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.5% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 100.0% were non-families. 21.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.31.  In the city, the population was 30.3% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $33,626, and the median income for a family was $38,250. Males had a median income of $35,526 versus $18,427 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,431. About 16.8% of families and 20.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.0% of those under age 18 and 14.7% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

An important economic hub is the Port of Port Lavaca. The city is centrally located between several large manufacturing facilities including Alcoa, Formosa Plastics, and DuPont, where many Port Lavaca residents work. Fishing is an important part of the local economy, particularly shrimp and oysters. Tourism makes up a small portion of the Port Lavaca economy as well. "Winter Texans" from colder states and Canada stay in the city's many RV and camping parks between October and April.

Education.

Port Lavaca is served by the Calhoun County Independent School District. Port Lavaca is served by two Pre-Kindergarten through 5th grade and excellent special needs elementary programs: H.J.M Elementary School and Jackson/Roosevelt Elementary School. All residents are zoned to Travis Middle School (grades 6 through 8) and Calhoun High School (9 through 12). Hope High School is another high school, mainly for students with troubled pasts or behavioural issues. Our Lady of the Gulf Catholic school, pre-K through grade 8, has also served the county since 1996.  Victoria College has an extension campus at the former Harrison Elementary School campus. Most of the courses offered there are through distance learning and "ITV" television learning from the VC main campus.

Healthcare.

Memorial Medical Center which is located in the city of Port Lavaca is a small hospital that serves the city, and county as well.

Transportation.

Calhoun County Airport, a general aviation airport, is located in unincorporated Calhoun County northwest of Port Lavaca.  U.S. 87 (Main Street) comes into Port Lavaca from the northwest as a four-lane divided highway, and then narrows down as it runs through Port Lavaca's historic downtown. Via US 87 it is to Victoria. Texas State Highway 35 is the other major road through Port Lavaca, running generally northeast-southwest through the city. To the northeast it crosses Lavaca Bay via the Port Lavaca Causeway and leads to Palacios, while to the southwest it leads to Corpus Christi.

Entertainment and recreation.

Locally caught seafood can be found in some of the city's restaurants.  In 2006, two new fishing piers with lighting for night fishermen were constructed in Port Lavaca and one at the 6 Mile Park. This pier is located at the eastern end of Main Street in the vicinity of the Nautical Landings Marina. The second pier, Lighthouse Pier, is located on Hwy 35 at Lavaca Bay. The 6 Mile pier (and boat ramp) is located northwest on FM 1090 about from the intersection of Hwy 35 and FM 1090 (Virginia Street). Common game fish caught in the area include redfish, speckled trout, flounder, and drum.  Lighthouse Beach at the intersection of Hwy 35 and Lavaca Bay has covered picnic tables, swimming, and a birdwatching trail.

Port Lavaca () is a city in Calhoun County, located in the U.S. state of Texas. The population was 12,248 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Calhoun County and part of the Victoria, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area. Port Lavaca is southwest of Houston.

拉瓦卡港是美国德克萨斯州卡尔霍恩县的一个城市,也是该县的县治。在美国2000年人口普查时,全市总人口为12035。


Exogeneity versus endogeneity.

In a stochastic model, the notion of the "usual exogeneity", "sequential exogeneity", "strong/strict exogeneity" can be defined. Exogeneity is articulated in such a way that a variable or variables is exogenous for parameter formula_1. Even if a variable is exogenous for parameter formula_1, it might be endogenous for parameter formula_3.  When the explanatory variables are not stochastic, then they are strong exogenous for all the parameters. If the independent variable is correlated with the error term in a regression model then the estimate of the regression coefficient in an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is biased; however if the correlation is not contemporaneous, then the coefficient estimate may still be consistent. There are many methods of correcting the bias, including instrumental variable regression and Heckman selection correction.

Static models.

The following are some common sources of endogeneity.

Omitted variable.

In this case, the endogeneity comes from an uncontrolled confounding variable, a variable that is correlated with both the independent variable in the model and with the error term. (Equivalently, the omitted variable affects the independent variable and separately affects the dependent variable.)  Assume that the "true" model to be estimated is but formula_5 is omitted from the regression model (perhaps because there is no way to measure it directly). Then the model that is actually estimated is where formula_7 (thus, the formula_5 term has been absorbed into the error term).  If the correlation of formula_9 and formula_10 is not 0 and formula_10 separately affects formula_12 (meaning formula_13), then formula_9 is correlated with the error term formula_15.  Here, formula_9 is not exogenous for formula_1 and formula_3, since, given formula_9, the distribution of formula_12 depends not only on formula_1 and formula_3, but also on formula_10 and formula_24.

Measurement error.

Suppose that a perfect measure of an independent variable is impossible. That is, instead of observing formula_25, what is actually observed is formula_26 where formula_27 is the measurement error or "noise". In this case, a model given by can be written in terms of observables and error terms as Since both formula_30 and formula_31 depend on formula_27, they are correlated, so the OLS estimation of formula_3 will be biased downward.  Measurement error in the dependent variable, formula_34, does not cause endogeneity, though it does increase the variance of the error term.

Simultaneity.

Suppose that two variables are codetermined, with each affecting the other according to the following "structural" equations: Estimating either equation by itself results in endogeneity. In the case of the first structural equation, formula_37. Solving for formula_5 while assuming that formula_39 results in Assuming that formula_30 and formula_42 are uncorrelated with formula_31, Therefore, attempts at estimating either structural equation will be hampered by endogeneity.

Dynamic models.

The endogeneity problem is particularly relevant in the context of time series analysis of causal processes. It is common for some factors within a causal system to be dependent for their value in period "t" on the values of other factors in the causal system in period "t" − 1. Suppose that the level of pest infestation is independent of all other factors within a given period, but is influenced by the level of rainfall and fertilizer in the preceding period. In this instance it would be correct to say that infestation is exogenous within the period, but endogenous over time.  Let the model be "y" = "f"("x", "z") + "u". If the variable "x" is sequential exogenous for parameter formula_1, and "y" does not cause "x" in the Granger sense, then the variable "x" is strongly/strictly exogenous for the parameter formula_1.

Simultaneity.

Generally speaking, simultaneity occurs in the dynamic model just like in the example of static simultaneity above.

In econometrics, endogeneity broadly refers to situations in which an explanatory variable is correlated with the error term. The distinction between endogenous and exogenous variables originated in simultaneous equations models, where one separates variables whose values are determined by the model from variables which are predetermined; ignoring simultaneity in the estimation leads to biased estimates as it violates the exogeneity assumption of the Gauss–Markov theorem. The problem of endogeneity is unfortunately, oftentimes ignored by researchers conducting non-experimental research and doing so precludes making policy recommendations. Instrumental variable techniques are commonly used to address this problem.

在经济学中表示的是一个经济学模型所要解释的变量, 在统计学和计量经济学的模型中,若一个变量或母体参数与误差项有相关性,这个变量或参数被称为「内生变量」。内生性有多种来源: 概括而言,一个模型的自变项与因变项之间互为因果,就会导致内生性。