Hardware.

The Nokia Lumia 920 shares the "Fabula" design language of its predecessors, the Lumia 900 and 800, as well as the Nokia N9, with a unibody polycarbonate shell. Multiple colours with glossy and matte finishes were available.

Processors, memory and storage.

The Lumia 920 has a 1.5 GHz dual-core Qualcomm Krait CPU, a Qualcomm Adreno 225 GPU and 1 GB of system RAM. The Lumia 920T variant for the Chinese market comes with a 1.7 GHz dual-core Krait CPU and an Adreno 320 GPU.  All variants of the Nokia Lumia 920 come with an internal storage capacity of 32 GB and do not support microSD expansion.

Screen.

The Lumia 920 has a 4.5-inch (114 mm) curved Gorilla Glass display with a resolution of 1280x768 (WXGA) and an aspect ratio of 15:9, using enhanced IPS screen technology which Nokia calls "PureMotion HD+". It has less than 9 ms average transition times, compared to an average of 23 ms for conventional IPS LCDs, which reduces motion blur. The screen has ClearBlack polarisation filters and an automatic adaptive system for adjusting brightness, colour and contrast details to compensate for lighting.

Camera.

The Lumia 920 has Nokia's PureView technology on the rear camera, featuring an optically stabilised 8.7-megapixel BSI image sensor (1/3.2" sized, much smaller than the previous Nokia 808 Pureview) with a f/2.0 Carl Zeiss Tessar lens, short-pulse high-power dual-LED flash and 1080p HD video capture. Pixel size is 1.4 μm. The front camera encloses a 1.3-megapixel sensor capable of capturing HD video at 720p.

Controversy.

On September 6, 2012, Nokia apologised for an advertisement showing a video supposedly shot from somebody holding a Lumia 920 on a bike, but which was actually shot by somebody holding a camera in a van (as it can be seen in the reflections on a window). However, a later review indicated that the camera performance was comparable to that portrayed in the advertisement.

Connectivity.

The Nokia Lumia 920, like its predecessor, supports 4G LTE technology. Other connectivity features include Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n, dual-band, Wi-Fi hotspot, Bluetooth 4.0, NFC and microUSB 2.0.

Battery and charging.

The Lumia 920 has a 2000 mAh non-user-replaceable battery, providing a maximum standby time of up to 19 days and maximum talk time of up to 7.5 (2G) or 10 hours (3G).  In addition to USB charging, the Lumia 920 can be recharged inductively using the Qi standard. Rather than requiring the use of a physical connection to the phone, this allows the phone to be charged when placed upon a charging pad (which requires a separate power supply).

Software.

The Nokia Lumia 920 runs the Windows Phone 8 operating system. As with other Lumia devices, the 920 includes Nokia-exclusive apps, such as Nokia City Lens, an augmented reality software that gives dynamic information about users' surroundings using the camera.  It also includes Nokia's HERE suite of apps, which provide offline maps, worldwide turn-by-turn voice-guided navigation and public transit information. Other bundled apps include Nokia Music, which streams thousands of songs for free, and Nokia Smart Shoot, which lets users capture selected parts of a photo by using a lens for the camera app that takes a number of photos in quick succession.

Updates.

On December 19, 2012, Nokia started rolling out the Portico update for the Lumia 920 and 820, which also included a firmware update for the 920 with camera fixes and battery improvements. Current Lumia 920 devices are already shipping with the Portico update.  From August 16, 2013, Nokia rolled out the Amber update, which is pre-installed on the Nokia Lumia 925 and 1020 and includes several camera and performance improvements, to every Nokia device running Windows Phone 8.  From approximately January 13, 2014, Nokia rolled out the Black update to Nokia Lumia devices running Windows Phone 8. Notable features include an enhanced glance screen and a new camera interface as well as a new Storyteller app.

Availability.

There is a non-LTE model sold carrier-unlocked in Europe.  In Australia, the Lumia 920 is available from Telstra, and Optus via Harvey Norman retailers.  The Lumia 920 is available from Rogers Wireless in Canada.  The Lumia 920 is sold in China by China Mobile with an exclusive version, 920T, which includes a faster CPU and GPU. It was launched on December 23.  In the United States, the Lumia 920 is sold exclusively by AT&T. The cyan-coloured version is exclusive to AT&T.  In the UK, the Lumia 920 was released on November 2, 2012. It will be sold by EE (who operate T-Mobile and Orange in the UK) as one of the LTE-capable smartphones. Nokia have reported that the device will lose the EE-exclusivity in the UK, and will be available on the Vodafone and 3 networks from January 2013.  In Germany, the Lumia 920 is available from all major mobile phone retailers including Vodafone, O2, Deutsche Telekom and E-Plus.  In Denmark, it is available from all the major telecoms such as Telia, 3 and Telenor.  In Pakistan, Telenor Pakistan started selling the Lumia 920 in December 2012.

Reception.

Stock market reaction.

The initial stock market reaction to the Lumia 920 (and the Lumia 820, announced on the same day) was immediately negative. During the product announcement, Nokia shares closed down 16% on the day. The presentation itself was described as vague, disappointing and lacking "positive surprises, carrier announcements or specific launch dates".

Reviews.

The Nokia Lumia 920 received mixed to positive reviews. Many critics noted the Lumia 920's hardware as the first time a Windows Phone device could truly compete with the hardware of high-end Android and iOS devices. Critics praised the screen, camera and unique features of the device, while also criticizing the phone's heft and thickness. CNET rated it 4 stars out of 5, praising the screen, attractive design, great Nokia-exclusive apps and an enjoyable OS, while the negatives were the unimpressive battery life and heavy weight. The user rating is 4.5 out of 5. ExpertReviews gave the Lumia 920 a rating of 5 out of 5. Mobiledia gave it 4 out of 5. Laptop Mag rated it 4 stars out of 5, praising the colourful design, superb camera, HD screen and inductive charging, as well as the useful Nokia apps. The cons were that it is relatively heavy and that Windows Phone 8 does not have as many apps as Android and iOS.  Dan Nosowitz from "Popular Science" wrote: "I spent a long time with the Lumia 920, longer than I usually spend with review units of phones. This is a phone I was really excited about! But I just can't recommend it. It's way too bulky, the battery life is lackluster, and Windows Phone 8 has some big problems on top of that. It's not a bad phone; when you're swiping away through a gorgeous weather or news app, you completely forget its shortcomings, and it's nicely priced. But there are better phones out there."  Adam Z. Lein from Pocketnow wrote: "Our final rating is going to be a 8.3 out of 10. The hardware, the screen, the camera, the sound quality, the video stabilization, and Nokia's custom apps are all extremely impressive. The pricing is pretty great too. The only negatives for me are really the large size and lack of user-replaceable battery. Everything else on this phone is top notch."  David Phelan from "The Independent" wrote "This is arguably the best smartphone Nokia has built, and probably the most advanced phone available. It mixes solid reliability with moments of surprise and delight." The reviewer at 4G.co.uk felt that the Lumia 920 was "Nokia's best smartphone for many years".  Sam Biddle from Gizmodo wrote: "It kills me to say this, because I wanted to own this instead of an iPhone 5, but no. No you shouldn't. It's too big and heavy. It's not fun to own. It's not enjoyable to use. If you want a Windows Phone, check out the very good HTC 8X. But this? No, not this."  However, Luke Hopewell from Gizmodo Australia wrote in reply: "Yes it's heavy, but it's something you get used to. Sam said that the phone is too heavy to even contemplate living with, and that's almost true. If you can get past the weight of the device, you're in for a treat. The weight is almost beneficial when it comes to taking photos, to be honest. It makes it easier to stabilise."  Dieter Bohn from "The Verge" wrote: "The software and hardware tradeoffs inherent in the Lumia 920 could be worth it if you've bought into the Microsoft ecosystem, but for most people I don't think it's a sure bet."  Jessica Dolcourt of CNET in her camera review wrote: "Photo quality was strong and fairly consistent, though photos had a blue cast to them and the Lumia 920 had problems with contrast and absolute sharpness compared with the others."

Sales.

Initial sales reports and positive reviews of the Lumia 920 and 820 caused Nokia's shares to rise over 40% in December 2012, although analysts warned that the number of phones sold would fall far behind market leaders like Apple and Samsung. In an interview to Yle, then-CEO Stephen Elop said the positive public feedback had improved morale in the company.  On January 10, 2013, Nokia released preliminary financial information for Q4 2012, saying that it had sold more than 4.4 million Lumia devices in that quarter. In the United States, Lumia phones sold out very quickly due to limited shipments rather than significant demand.  On Amazon's bestseller list, the Lumia 920 has, as of November 2012, become the best-selling phone of the week, with different colour options taking the number one, two and four spots. In the UK, it topped Expansys' chart during the same period.  On its October 15, 2012 release, it topped the charts in France, beating the already-available iPhone 5, LG Optimus L3, Sony Xperia U and Samsung Galaxy Ace.  On November 23, 2012, it was reported that the device has had 2.5 million pre-orders around the world in just three weeks of availability. In comparison, that is more than the entire (previous) Lumia range (610, 710, 800, 900) sold in the whole of the third quarter of 2012.  According to the technology blog BGR, "recent discussions with two United Kingdom operators reflect an emerging consensus that the Lumia 920 is fading fast in Europe, while the low-end Lumia 520 is sparking a lot of early interest".

Awards.

The Lumia 920 received 12 media awards in 2012:  In 2013 the Lumia 920 received the following awards:

Nokia Lumia 920 is a smartphone developed by Nokia that runs the Windows Phone 8 operating system. It was announced on September 5, 2012, and was first released on November 2, 2012. It has a 1.5 GHz dual-core Qualcomm Krait CPU and a 4.5" IPS TFT LCD display, as well as a high-sensitivity capacitive touchscreen that can be used with gloves and fingernails; the display is covered by curved Gorilla Glass and has a 9 ms response time. The phone features an 8.7-megapixel PureView camera with OIS; it was the first smartphone to offer that technology, as well as to support Qi inductive charging. The phone comes with 32 GB of internal storage, but has no expandable storage.

Nokia Lumia 920是一款Nokia以Windows Phone 8平台所开发的旗舰型智能手机。Lumia 920发表于2012年9月5日,同时也是全球第一部上市的Windows Phone 8智能手机,于2012年10月31日在美国、加拿大上市。Nokia Lumia 920在外型设计上与Nokia Lumia 900相似,同样采用Nokia N9风格的设计,外壳材料是聚碳酸酯,硬件上配置Snapdragon第四代(S4)MSM8960 1.5GHz双核处理器、4.5 吋 1280 × 768 分辨率萤幕、870万像素并带有PureView技术的卡尔蔡司相机镜头、2000 mAh 电池,属于2012年度的Windows Phone 8旗舰机,微软在介绍Windows Phone 8时也多以此机种进行展示。


Concept.

SKE48 was founded based on the concept of "idols you can meet". The group's chief producer Yasushi Akimoto once said that his aim was to create an idol group that is unlike any other ordinary idol groups (who only give occasional concerts and are mostly seen on TV). SKE48 would perform in its own theater regularly, and fans would always be able to watch the girls performing live. The SKE48 Theater is in the Sunshine Sakae of Nagoya, Aichi. Members of this group are dispatched into three groups, chronologically named "Team S", "Team KII" and "Team E". "Kenkyūsei" (trainees) is the group of members training to be promoted into one of these teams.

History.

Yasushi Akimoto was offered the chance to start a production in Nagoya along with the renewal of the Sunshine Sakae 2F, when he was thinking of expanding his "48 project" nationwide. He had offers from outside Japan, but he decided to use Nagoya as the place to move on with the project. Akimoto said that selected members from AKB48 and SKE48 may release a single together. They released their first single in 2009.  In AKB48's single "Ōgoe Diamond", Jurina Matsui became the center and the first and only member of SKE48 to be featured on a single cover and in the song itself. Including Matsui, some members of SKE48 have appeared in the PV, marking the first collaboration made by the two groups so far.  On May 28, 2011, Avex picked up SKE48 and were to release their debut single under the label called “Pareo wa Emerald” on July 27, 2011.  On August 25, it was announced that SKE48 member Yui Matsushita would leave the group at the end of September 2011 due to ankle injuries.  On August 7, 2012, SKE48 member and captain of Team S, Hirata Rikako announced her graduation to pursue a career as a reporter.  On the first day of the Tokyo Dome Concert held on August 24, 2012, it was announced that Rie Kitahara of AKB48, Team K would hold a concurrent position in SKE48. Anna Ishida of Team KII would hold a concurrent position in AKB48, Team B.  On November 1, it was announced that Kumi Yagami, one of the group's first generation members, would graduate but the date was not announced.  On December 9, SKE48CAFE&SHOP with AKB48 was opened to the building 5F with a theater. There is a cooking menu that the members of SKE48 devised.  On January 15, 2013, it was announced that eight members, three from Team S, two each from Team KII and E, and one kenkyusei, would graduate from the group, along with Yagami (whose graduation was already announced in November 2012) sometime in the spring 2013.  On April 13, it was announced that teams were to be reorganized and nine kenkyusei members would be promoted to full members. Yuka Nakanishi became the captain of SKE48 as well as leader of Team S, and Rena Matsui was promoted to leader of Team E. Rie Kitahara, who was in both SKE48 and AKB48, was removed from SKE48's lineup during the final concert of "AKB48 Group Rinji Soukai" concert series at the Nippon Budokan on 28 April, with her final theater performance as a SKE48 member on May 9.  On February 24, 2014 it was announced that Rena Matsui would hold a concurrent position with Nogizaka46 after teams were reorganized and kenkyusei members were promoted to full members. Concurrent member with SKE48 and AKB48 Mina Ōba was fully transferred to SKE48 Team KII and other members from AKB48, NMB48, and HKT48 were permanently transferred or given concurrent positions in SKE48. Former Team K member Miyazawa Sae was transferred from SNH48 and appointed the new leader of Team S.  On March 15, 2015, the members who passed the seventh generation audition were revealed.  On June 6, 2015, SKE48 became the first sister group to have more members rank in the annual Single Senbatsu Sousenkyo than AKB48. In 2015, SKE48 released two singles. A third release was published under the label "Love Crescendo" and was promoted as SKE48's first sub project.  On February 7, 2020, Jurina Matsui announced her graduation from SKE48.

Members.

Team S.

Team S is associated with the color orange, the current leader is Chikako Matsumoto

Team KII.

Team KII is associated with the color red, the current leader is Mina Oba and Mikoto Uchiyama as the vice-leader.

Team E.

Team E is associated with the color light sea green, the current leader is Akari Suda and Nao Fukushi as the vice-leader.

Kenkyuusei.

There are currently no kenkyuuseis in SKE48

SKE48 (S.K.E. Forty-eight) is a Japanese idol group produced by Yasushi Akimoto. SKE48 is named after the Sakae district in Nagoya of Aichi Prefecture, where the group is based. The group performs at SKE48 Theater on 2F of Sunshine Sakae, a shopping center in Sakae, Nagoya. Avex Group is its current official label. The group has sold nearly 11 million CDs in Japan.

《新飞越比佛利》(英语:"-{90210}-";又译:-{乱爱高校生}-)是一部美国电视剧。全剧围绕着一群居住于加州比佛利山青少年的生活,讲述了他们在精英学校就读期间的种种爱恨情仇。


Plot.

Each of the series' eight protagonists is a member of the Joestar family, whose mainline descendants possess a star-shaped birthmark above their left shoulder blade and a name that can be abbreviated to the titular "JoJo". The first six parts take place within a single continuity whose multi-generational conflict stems from the rivalry between Jonathan Joestar and Dio Brando, while the latter two parts take place in an alternate universe where the Joestar family tree is heavily altered.

Production.

For "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure", Araki wanted to use a classical method as a base before introducing modern elements. As an example, he often draws in a realistic style but uses surreal colors. Araki has been aiming to draw real spirits in "JoJo" resulting in him going to the Kappa River in Tōno, Iwate, to get a better understanding of the concept. Araki claims to be inspired from the art of the 1980s, shading techniques in Western art, and classical paintings; the manga coloring is based on calculations rather than consistency, with Araki citing artists like Paul Gauguin as inspiration. He also claims mystery is the central theme of the manga, as he was fascinated by it as a child. Furthermore, Araki wanted to explore superpowers and energy in "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" resulting in various concepts such as the Hamon and the Stands. He said that the supernatural basis of the fights in his series evened the battlefield for women and children to match up against strong men. For "Stardust Crusaders" in particular, Araki was influenced by role-playing games in designing the characters' skills.  The characters had no models, except Jotaro Kujo, who was based on Clint Eastwood. Araki stated that he wanted to try a different type of main character for every part; for example, Part 1's Jonathan Joestar was a serious and honest person, whereas Part 2's Joseph Joestar was a trickster that liked to mess with people. Although their personalities are different, the two share a physical resemblance in order to have some continuity because it was unheard of in the 1980s for a main character to die in a "Weekly Shōnen Jump" series. Araki's consistent focus on the Joestar family was intended to give a feeling of pride as well as the wonder and mystery surrounding the lineage.  Araki originally planned the series as a trilogy, with the final confrontation taking place in present-day Japan. However, did not want Part 3 to be a tournament affair, which was popular in "Weekly Shōnen Jump" at the time, and therefore decided to make it a "road movie" inspired by "Around the World in Eighty Days". With Part 4, Araki said that he moved away from "muscle men" as they fell out of popularity with readers and he wanted to focus more on fashion. When designing his characters' outfits, Araki considers both everyday fashion and "cartoonish, bizarre clothing that would be impractical in real life". For Part 6, Araki wrote a female protagonist for the first time which he found complicated, but also interesting due to the humanity she could possess. He later described Part 2's much earlier supporting character Lisa Lisa as fresh and "unheard of" in both manga and society in general for its time, and said it was exciting to challenge people's expectations with the female warrior-type. Having not specifically set out on creating a disabled character, Araki explained that Part 7's paraplegic Johnny Joestar was a natural result of wanting to show a character who could grow, both physically and mentally, during a race where "he would be forced not only to rely on other people, but horses as well."  Araki uses unique onomatopoeia and poses in the series, which he attributes to his love for heavy metal and horror films. The poses, which are known in Japan as, are iconic on his book covers and panels, and were inspired by Araki's trip to Italy in his 20s and his studies of Michelangelo's sculptures. The poses are so popular that fans often reenact them in homage to "JoJo". A reporter for "Rocket News" attempted to shop at the special 25th anniversary "JoJo"-themed Lawson in Sendai in a "JoJo-dachi" in 2012, and in 2014, singer Shoko Nakagawa remarked that she accidentally broke her coccyx after performing a "JoJo-dachi" during a concert in Nagoya.

Media.

Manga.

Written and illustrated by Hirohiko Araki, "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" began serialization in "Weekly Shōnen Jump"s combined issue #1–2 of 1987, published in Japan by Shueisha on January 1, 1987. The series is divided into eight story arcs, each following the adventures of a new protagonist bearing the "JoJo" nickname. The first part, titled "Phantom Blood", was serialized until October 1987 and collected in five "tankōbon" volumes; the second, "Battle Tendency", was serialized from November 1987 to March 1989 and collected in seven volumes. "Stardust Crusaders", the third part, was serialized from March 1989 to April 1992 and collected in 16 volumes, completing Araki's originally planned trilogy.  "Diamond Is Unbreakable", the fourth part, was serialized from April 1992 to November 1995 and collected in 18 volumes; it was followed by the fifth part, "Golden Wind", which was serialized from November 1995 to April 1999 and collected in 17 volumes. After volume 63 (the last volume of "Golden Wind"), the "tankōbon" numbering for each subsequent part restarted from one. "Stone Ocean", the sixth part, was serialized from January 2000 to April 2003 and collected in 17 volumes. The first 23 chapters of the seventh part, "Steel Ball Run", were serialized in "Weekly Shōnen Jump" from January to October 2004; in March 2005, the series was transferred to the monthly "seinen" manga magazine "Ultra Jump". It ran until April 2011, and was collected in 24 volumes. "JoJolion", the eighth part, began its serialization in May 2011; it has been collected in 23 volumes as of April 2020.  Between 2002 and 2009, the first six parts in the series were re-released by Shueisha in "bunkoban" format; "Steel Ball Run" was re-released in the format in 2017 and 2018. A "sōshūhen" omnibus series recreating the first four parts as they originally appeared in "Weekly Shōnen Jump" (including color pages, promotional text, and next chapter previews) was published between 2012 and 2016. Since 2012, all eight parts in the series have been digitally colored and distributed by Shueisha for smartphones and tablet computers under the brand name "JOJO-D". A premium hardcover release of the first three parts was published under the brand "JoJonium" between 2013 and 2015.  In the early 1990s, Viz Media reportedly had plans for an English-language release of "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" in North America as "The Strange Adventures of Jojo"; in 2002, the series was unsuccessfully considered for monthly serialization. Between November 2005 and December 2010, Viz published "Stardust Crusaders", the most well-known part in the series, in 16 volumes. However, the company changed the names of several characters and Stands due to copyright concerns and censored certain scenes, including scenes of animal violence redrawn by Araki himself. In 2013, Viz expressed further interest in localizing the series, but explained its difficulties in doing so due to Araki's numerous references to real musicians and fashion designers. Viz began publishing the JoJonium release of "Phantom Blood" digitally in September 2014, with a three-volume hardcover print edition following throughout 2015. "Battle Tendency" was published in four volumes in 2015 and 2016, and "Stardust Crusaders" was published in ten volumes from 2016 to 2019. Viz began publishing a new digital and hardcover edition of "Diamond Is Unbreakable" in May 2019, and has released five volumes as of May 2020.

Spin-offs.

Araki has also authored several manga spin-offs of "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure". The first, "Episode 16: At a Confessional", was published as a one-shot in "Weekly Shōnen Jump" in July 1997. It follows Rohan Kishibe from "Diamond Is Unbreakable", and is the first entry in the "Thus Spoke Kishibe Rohan" series. follows Yoshikage Kira from "Diamond Is Unbreakable"; it was published as three chapters in the magazine "Allman" in June and July 1999. Both one-shots were later published in a collection of short story manga by Araki published in 1999. a one-shot featuring the title characters from "Stardust Crusaders", was released in October 2002; it is drawn in the style of Boingo's Stand Tohth, a fortune-telling comic book. Between January 2008 and February 2018, six chapters of "Thus Spoke Kishibe Rohan" were published in various magazines. A "tankōbon" volume was published by Shueisha in November 2013, collecting the stories "At a Confessional", "Mutsu-kabe Hill", "Millionaire Village", "Poaching Seashore", and "Rohan Kishibe Goes to Gucci". "Mochizuki Family Moon Viewing" was published digitally in September 2014 during the debut of Shueisha's "Shōnen Jump+" website; a second "tankōbon" volume collecting the episode and the stories "Monday, Sunshower", "D.N.A", and "The Run" was published in July 2018.

Anime.

Studio A.P.P.P..

A 13-episode original video animation adaptation of Part 3, "Stardust Crusaders", was produced by A.P.P.P. The first set of six episodes, which begin during the middle of the arc, were released by Pony Canyon on VHS and Laserdisc from 1993 to 1994. The series was released by Klock Worx on DVD and VHS from 2000 to 2002, starting with seven newly-produced prequel episodes adapting the beginning of the arc. Super Techno Arts produced an English-language dub of all thirteen episodes in North America as a six-volume DVD series between 2003 and 2005, with the episodes also arranged in chronological order. A.P.P.P. also produced "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Phantom Blood", a feature film adaptation of the manga's first arc; it was released theatrically in Japan on February 17, 2007.

David Production.

At a July 2012 press conference celebrating the 25th anniversary of the series, Araki announced that an anime adaptation of "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" was in production and would premiere in October 2012. The 26-episode first season, which covers the "Phantom Blood" and "Battle Tendency" arcs, aired weekly on Tokyo MX between October 2012 and April 2013. Although teased in the post-credit scenes of the finale, a second season adapting "Stardust Crusaders" was officially announced in October 2013. It aired on Tokyo MX in two halves for a total of 48 episodes; the first from April to September 2014, and the second from January to June 2015. At an event for the anime in October 2015, a third season adapting "Diamond Is Unbreakable" was announced. It premiered in April 2016 and ended in December 2016, for a total of 39 episodes. A fourth season of the anime adapting "Golden Wind" was announced at an Araki art exhibition in June 2018. The first episode debuted at Anime Expo in July, and the season aired in 39 episodes from October 2018 to July 2019 on Tokyo MX.  An original video animation (OVA) based on the "Millionaire Village" episode of the "Thus Spoke Kishibe Rohan" spin-off manga was distributed in 2017 to those who purchased every DVD or Blu-ray volume of "Diamond Is Unbreakable". A second OVA adapting the "Mutsu-kabe Hill" episode was released with a special edition of the manga's second volume in July 2018. Two more OVA episodes adapting the "At a Confessional" and "The Run" episodes were screened in Japanese theaters in December 2019 and released on DVD and Blu-ray in March 2020.  With the 2014 premiere of "Stardust Crusaders", American-based website Crunchyroll began streaming the anime series for viewers outside Japan one hour after the episodes aired. Warner Bros. Home Entertainment, who holds the DVD rights to the series, released the first season of the anime in September 2015, with an included English dub. In July 2016, Viz Media announced it acquired the Blu-ray rights to the series; it released the first three seasons with dubs between August 2017 and January 2020. In October 2016, American cable block Adult Swim began airing the anime on its Toonami block.

Other media.

Drama CDs.

From 1992 to 1993, a drama CD adaptation of Part 3 was released in three volumes, titled and They starred Kiyoyuki Yanada as Jotaro, Kenji Utsumi (volumes 1 & 3) and Gorō Naya (volume 2) as Joseph Joestar, Akio Ōtsuka as Avdol, Shō Hayami as Kakyoin, Ken Yamaguchi as Polnareff, Keiichi Nanba as Hol Horse, Shigeru Chiba as J. Geil, and Norio Wakamoto as DIO.  A drama CD adaptation of Part 4 was released from 2016 to 2017 in two parts. The first was titled and the second They were only available with the limited edition Blu-ray release of David Production's "Diamond Is Unbreakable" anime adaptation, and starred Yūki Ono as Josuke, Wataru Takagi as Okuyasu, Yūki Kaji as Koichi, Hiroki Shimowada as Toshikazu, Yuko Lida as Junko, and Takahiro Sakurai as Rohan.

Video games.

Several video games based on the series have been created. A titular role-playing video game based on Part 3 was released for the Super Famicom in 1993, and several fighting games have been released, including "" for the series' 25th anniversary. Characters from "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" have also been featured in various "Weekly Shōnen Jump" cross-over games.

Light novels.

Several light novels based on the manga have been written, each by a different author, but all including illustrations by Araki. The first, based on Part 3, was simply titled "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure", released on November 4, 1993, and written by Mayori Sekijima and Hiroshi Yamaguchi. written by Gichi Ōtsuka and Miya Shōtarō and based on Part 5, was released on May 28, 2001. Both novels received Italian translations and releases; the first in 2003 with the subtitle "The Genesis of Universe", and the second in 2004. In 2000, it was announced that Otsuichi was writing a novel based on Part 4. It proved difficult to complete; in "Kono Mystery ga Sugoi! 2005", Otsuichi claimed to have written over 2000 pages, but thrown them all out. His work, "The Book: JoJo's Bizarre Adventure 4th Another Day", was released on November 26, 2007. In April 2011, it was announced that Nisio Isin, Kouhei Kadono, and Ōtarō Maijō were each writing light novels in celebration of the series' 25th anniversary. Kadono's, titled was released on September 16, 2011 and based on Part 5. Isin's, titled "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Over Heaven", was released on December 16, 2011 and based on Part 3. Maijō's novel, "Jorge Joestar", was released on September 19, 2012. It features characters from and inspired by nearly every part of the series.

Art books.

Araki has released several books containing original artwork he has produced for "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure". "JoJo6251" was released on December 10, 1993, and features artwork, story details, and behind the scenes information for Parts 1 through 4. It was followed by "JoJo A-Go! Go!" on February 25, 2000, which features original artwork focusing on Parts 3 to 5. On September 19, 2013, he released "JoJoveller", a multimedia set that includes a book featuring original artwork for Parts 6 through 8; a book detailing the history of the publications; and a book detailing every Stand featured since "Stardust Crusaders".

Live-action film.

In 2016, it was announced that Toho and Warner Bros. were partnering to produce a live-action film based on "Diamond Is Unbreakable". The film was directed by Takashi Miike, stars Kento Yamazaki as Josuke, and was released in Japan on August 4, 2017. Both studios were planning for worldwide distribution and are hoping to create sequels.

Reception.

Manga.

Sales.

"JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" has over 100 million copies in print, and is one of the best-selling "Weekly Shōnen Jump" series of all-time. The first volume of "JoJolion" was the second best-selling manga for its debut week, its second volume was number three and its third was number two. All three volumes were some of the best-selling manga of 2012. All three volumes of Viz Media's release of "Phantom Blood" and all four volumes of "Battle Tendency" reached the top seven positions on "The New York Times" Manga Best Seller list.

Critical reception.

IGN named the series a "must read", declaring the artwork of "a standard virtually unseen in most manga produced today". Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network wrote that "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" "combines a fighting story with a solid emotional background, and will absolutely put hair on your chest." She called Dio an excellent villain that the readers can enjoy hating. However, she criticized the anatomy of characters, saying "bodies are often twisted into impossible positions." "Otaku USA"s Joseph Luster called the series "fun as hell" and noted how the beginning is not filled with action like most "Weekly Shōnen Jump" series, but instead has the tension of horror and thriller films. Heidi Kemps, also of "Otaku USA", was mostly positive in her review of "Rohan at the Louvre", praising the art for being drawn in full-color by hand, although noted that readers new to "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" might not fully understand the ending due to there being only a brief explanation of Rohan's Stand power. Writer Gen Urobuchi noted that in "Part 2" even though Caesar Zeppeli dies, he became "immortal."

Accolades.

For the 10th anniversary of the Japan Media Arts Festival in 2006, Japanese fans voted "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" second on a list of the Top 10 Manga of all time. The series ranked 10th in a 2009 survey by Oricon on what manga series people want to see receive a live-action adaptation. The 2013 edition of "Kono Manga ga Sugoi!", which surveys people in the manga and publishing industry, named "JoJolion" the 12th best manga series for male readers. "JoJolion" won the grand prize for manga at the 2013 Japan Media Arts Festival.

Anime.

The first set of OVAs was given three out of five stars by Eric Gaede of THEM Anime Reviews. He praised the fight scenes as more believable than those from other series such as "Dragon Ball" and the characters' personalities, although felt the villains resorted to clichés when they are about to be defeated. However, he called the story "disjointed" and the animation "drab and colorless".  The "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" anime television series was named one of the best of 2012 by "Otaku USA". It was added to the list by Joseph Luster, however, in his review he cited David Production having a small budget for several of his problems with the series, stating some portions of the animation are a "butt hair above motion comic standards," but that it usually makes up for it in "sheer style." Michael Toole of Anime News Network had similar views, writing that the show's good writing, art direction, and pacing were "sometimes obscured by grade-Z animation."  At the 2013 CEDEC Awards, the anime's opening sequence won in the Visual Arts division. Several critics have credited the success of the anime adaptation for bringing about a surge of popularity for the "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" franchise amongst Western audiences. In 2018, Danni Wilmoth of Crunchyroll included the series on her list of "The 20 Series Every Anime Fan Needs to Watch". In 2019, "Polygon" named the series as one of the best anime of the 2010s.  "Gadget Tsūshin" listed "Pesci, Pesci, Pesci, Pesci yo!", a quote from the fifteenth episode of "Golden Wind", in their 2019 anime buzzwords list.

Controversy.

In May 2008, both Shueisha and studio A.P.P.P. halted manga/OVA shipments of "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" after a complaint had been launched against them from Egyptian Islamic groups, including Islamic fundamentalists, after noticing a scene in the OVAs that has the villain, Dio Brando, reading a book depicting pages from the Qur'an. This recall affected the English-language releases as well, causing Viz Media and Shueisha to cease publication for a year. Even though the manga did not feature that specific scene, Shueisha had Araki redraw scenes that depicted characters fighting on top of, and destroying, mosques for later printings of the series. Viz resumed publication a year later, with the eleventh volume being published on April 7, 2009. Jason Thompson later included Shueisha's changes to the manga on a list of "The Greatest Censorship Fails" in manga.

Legacy and collaborations.

The September 2007 issue of "Cell" had a cover drawn by Hirohiko Araki with a ligase represented as a "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" Stand. He also contributed artwork towards the restoration of Chūson-ji following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Araki contributed "JoJo"-inspired art for Sayuri Ishikawa's 2012 album "X -Cross-", where she performs one of the series' iconic poses and is drawn wearing jewelry from the manga. "JoJo"-style artwork has also been produced for other literature, such as for a 2008 collection featuring Yasunari Kawabata's short story "The Dancing Girl of Izu" and a 2012 reprint of Tamaki Saitō's "Lacan for Surviving".  In 2009, Araki's was one of five artists featured in the Louvre's "Le Louvre invite la bande dessinée" ("The Louvre Invites Comic-Strip Art") exhibition for his artwork of "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure". To commemorate this honor, he wrote, a 123-page full color story starring Rohan Kishibe visiting the Louvre and discovering a cursed painting tied to his family. The following year it was published in France and ran in "Ultra Jump", and in February 2012 was translated and released in North America by NBM Publishing.  From July 19 to August 18, 2019, the Tower Records store in Shibuya held an exhibit celebrating the finale of the fifth part of the series, "", and to promote the release of two games, "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Pitter Patter Pop!" and "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Last Survivor". The exhibit showed various concept art pieces from the series' artists as well as scripts from the show. Visitors could receive free items such as stickers, folders, and cards upon completion of various tasks, such as answering a quiz or buying a certain amount of items. Each floor of the Tower Records building had a character on display, as a cardboard cutout and on the elevator doors. On August 14, 2019, a panel was held with directors Hideya Takahashi and Yasuhiro Kimura, and producer Kasama.  Several video game characters, such as "Street Fighter"s Guile and "Tekken"s Paul Phoenix, were inspired by "JoJo"s Polnareff. When they discovered a new species of "Neostygarctus" in 2013, scientists Shinta Fujimoto and Katsumi Miyazaki named it "Neostygarctus lovedeluxe" after a Stand from "Diamond Is Unbreakable". The song "Don't Bite the Dust" by heavy metal band Lovebites was influenced by and named after a Stand from "Diamond Is Unbreakable".

Gucci.

From September 17 to October 6, 2011, the Gucci store in Shinjuku hosted the Gucci x Hirohiko Araki x Spur "Rohan Kishibe Goes to Gucci" Exhibition, a collaboration between the luxury Italian clothing brand, Araki, and the Japanese fashion magazine "Spur". The exhibit celebrated the 90th anniversary of Gucci and featured a life-size figure of Rohan Kishibe, as well as numerous illustrations by Araki that included actual pieces of the brand's own 2011–2012 fall/winter collection and his own original fashion designs. The October 2011 issue of "Spur" featured another one-shot manga titled, in which Rohan goes to a Gucci factory to discover the secret behind a magical handbag with the characters wearing and using Gucci products. This was followed by another collaboration in the February 2013 issue of "Spur" with, starring Jolyne Cujoh from Part 6. A free English translation of the latter was previously available on Gucci's Facebook page. Again, Araki's artwork was featured in Gucci's storefront displays around the world.

25th anniversary.

There were several art exhibitions in 2012 in Japan for the manga's 25th anniversary. The first was in Sendai, Araki's birthplace, where a Lawson store was remodeled to look like the "Owson" store that appears in "Diamond Is Unbreakable" and "JoJolion". The store was opened from July 28 to September 30, and contained exclusive goods with the Owson name. The second exhibition was held in Tokyo from October 6 to November 4 and hangouts were held on Google Plus to allow fans to view the gallery at night through the lens of, an original "Stand" Araki and his team created for the event. The exhibit was taken to Italy from June 28 to July 14, 2013, and shown at the Gucci showroom in Florence.  The October 2012 issue of "Ultra Jump" contained a special booklet titled "25 Years With JoJo" that also celebrated the anniversary; it featured messages and tribute art from well-known manga artists such as Akira Toriyama, Yoshihiro Togashi, Eiichiro Oda, Clamp, and 18 others. During the 25th anniversary celebrations, a special smartphone with a "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure-"inspired UI was released.  To celebrate the release of the "All Star Battle" video game created for the 25th anniversary, a special JoJo-themed train traveled the Yamanote Line in Tokyo from August 29 to September 9, 2013. Illustrations and advertisements of the series littered the interior, with videos of the game shown on displays, while the exterior had 33 characters as livery.

A 13-episode original video animation series adapting the manga's third part, "Stardust Crusaders", was produced by A.P.P.P. and released from 1993 to 2002. The studio later produced an anime film adapting the first part, "Phantom Blood", which was released in theaters in Japan in 2007. In October 2012, an anime television series produced by David Production adapting "Phantom Blood" and "Battle Tendency" began broadcast on Tokyo MX. As of July 2019, the studio has produced four seasons adapting through the manga's fifth part, "Golden Wind". A based on the fourth part, "Diamond Is Unbreakable", was released in Japan in 2017.

《JoJo的奇妙冒险》()是日本漫画家荒木飞吕彦的少年漫画作品。简称JoJo。自1987年起至2004年在集英社的少年漫画杂志《少年JUMP周刊》连载(1987年-2004年)第一部至第六部,2005年之后于集英社的青年向漫画杂志《Ultra Jump》连载。目前连载至第八部,并有大量的外传。故事描述英国贵族乔斯达家族(JoJo)与吸血鬼迪奥(DIO)及其后继者间长达百年以上的对决,全篇作品以「歌颂人类」为主题,故事中有着伙伴之间的羁绊、与强大的敌人战斗等少年漫画的经典元素,由其独特的画风和表现形式构成不可思议的独特世界。单行本目前发行至126册,是集英社内集数次多的作品。台湾无版权时期东立出版社译为《强人阵线》(也译为《魔域冒险》),后来大然出版社取得授权译为《JoJo冒险野郎》,之后东立出版社取得版权改回与日文相同的《JoJo的奇妙冒险》。


Overview.

Unlike more traditional embedded systems, a full-fledged CPS is typically designed as a network of interacting elements with physical input and output instead of as standalone devices. The notion is closely tied to concepts of robotics and sensor networks with intelligence mechanisms proper of computational intelligence leading the pathway. Ongoing advances in science and engineering improve the link between computational and physical elements by means of intelligent mechanisms, increasing the adaptability, autonomy, efficiency, functionality, reliability, safety, and usability of cyber-physical systems. This will broaden the potential of cyber-physical systems in several directions, including: intervention (e.g., collision avoidance); precision (e.g., robotic surgery and nano-level manufacturing); operation in dangerous or inaccessible environments (e.g., search and rescue, firefighting, and deep-sea exploration); coordination (e.g., air traffic control, war fighting); efficiency (e.g., zero-net energy buildings); and augmentation of human capabilities (e.g. in healthcare monitoring and delivery).

Mobile cyber-physical systems.

Mobile cyber-physical systems, in which the physical system under study has inherent mobility, are a prominent subcategory of cyber-physical systems. Examples of mobile physical systems include mobile robotics and electronics transported by humans or animals. The rise in popularity of smartphones has increased interest in the area of mobile cyber-physical systems. Smartphone platforms make ideal mobile cyber-physical systems for a number of reasons, including:  For tasks that require more resources than are locally available, one common mechanism for rapid implementation of smartphone-based mobile cyber-physical system nodes utilizes the network connectivity to link the mobile system with either a server or a cloud environment, enabling complex processing tasks that are impossible under local resource constraints. Examples of mobile cyber-physical systems include applications to track and analyze CO emissions, detect traffic accidents, insurance telematics and provide situational awareness services to first responders, measure traffic, and monitor cardiac patients.

Examples.

Common applications of CPS typically fall under sensor-based communication-enabled autonomous systems. For example, many wireless sensor networks monitor some aspect of the environment and relay the processed information to a central node. Other types of CPS include smart grid, autonomous automotive systems, medical monitoring, process control systems, distributed robotics, and automatic pilot avionics.  A real-world example of such a system is the Distributed Robot Garden at MIT in which a team of robots tend a garden of tomato plants. This system combines distributed sensing (each plant is equipped with a sensor node monitoring its status), navigation, manipulation and wireless networking.  A focus on the control system aspects of CPS that pervade critical infrastructure can be found in the efforts of the Idaho National Laboratory and collaborators researching resilient control systems. This effort takes a holistic approach to next generation design, and considers the resilience aspects that are not well quantified, such as cyber security, human interaction and complex interdependencies.  Another example is MIT's ongoing CarTel project where a fleet of taxis work by collecting real-time traffic information in the Boston area. Together with historical data, this information is then used for calculating fastest routes for a given time of the day.  CPS are also used in electric grids to perform advanced control, especially in the smart grids context to enhance the integration of distributed renewable generation. Special remedial action scheme are needed to limit the current flows in the grid when wind farm generation is too high. Distributed CPS are a key solution for this type of issues  In industry domain, the cyber-physical systems empowered by Cloud technologies have led to novel approaches that paved the path to Industry 4.0 as the European Commission IMC-AESOP project with partners such as Schneider Electric, SAP, Honeywell, Microsoft etc. demonstrated.

Design.

A challenge in the development of embedded and cyber-physical systems is the large differences in the design practice between the various engineering disciplines involved, such as software and mechanical engineering. Additionally, as of today there is no "language" in terms of design practice that is common to all the involved disciplines in CPS. Today, in a marketplace where rapid innovation is assumed to be essential, engineers from all disciplines need to be able to explore system designs collaboratively, allocating responsibilities to software and physical elements, and analyzing trade-offs between them. Recent advances show that coupling disciplines by using co-simulation will allow disciplines to cooperate without enforcing new tools or design methods. Results from the MODELISAR project show that this approach is viable by proposing a new standard for co-simulation in the form of the Functional Mock-up Interface.

Importance.

The US National Science Foundation (NSF) has identified cyber-physical systems as a key area of research. Starting in late 2006, the NSF and other United States federal agencies sponsored several workshops on cyber-physical systems.

A cyberphysical system (CPS) is a computer system in which a mechanism is controlled or monitored by computer-based algorithms. In cyber-physical systems, physical and software components are deeply intertwined, able to operate on different spatial and temporal scales, exhibit multiple and distinct behavioral modalities, and interact with each other in ways that change with context. Examples of CPS include smart grid, autonomous automobile systems, medical monitoring, industrial control systems, robotics systems, and automatic pilot avionics.

网络实体系统或称「虚实整合系统」(英语:Cyber-Physical System, CPS)是一个结合电脑运算领域以及传感器和致动器装置的整合控制系统。目前已有某些领域出现似于CPS的电子控制整合系统,例如航空、汽车、化学制程、基础建设、能源、健康、制造、交通控制、娱乐和消费性电子产品,但目前这些系统通常都是嵌入式系统,嵌入式系统比较强调机器的计算能力,CPS则更为强调各个实体装置和电脑运算网络的连结。 CPS是借用技术手段实现人的控制在时间、空间等方面的延伸,CPS系统的本质就是人、机、物的融合计算。所以,国内又将CPS称为人机物融合系统。 和传统的嵌入式系统不同,一个完整的CPS被设计成一个实体装置的互动网络,而不只是一个单独运作的装置。这个概念类似于机器人网络和无线传感网络。据推测,接下来的数年在科学和工程的进步会使得计算和物理实体单元能够更紧密的互相结合,而使得CPS的适应性、自动化、效率、功能、可靠性、安全性和可用性大幅提升。科技进展也会让CPS在多个方面的可能应用变大,例如:行动介入(避免行为冲突);精准度(机器手术和奈米层级的制造); 在危险或是无法进入的环境下行动(搜寻和营救、消防和深海或太空探测);协调(空中交通控制、战斗行动协调);效率(零能源额外损耗建筑);扩增人类的能力(医疗监控和照护)。 美国国家科学基金会 (National Science Foundation,NSF)已经将CPS列入重点科研领域。 从2006年末开始,美国国家科学基金会和其他美国的联邦机构赞助了一些CPS的研讨会。


Early life.

Heather Margaret Brotherston Menzies was born in Toronto on December 3, 1949, to Scottish parents who had emigrated to Canada after the war. Her father was a struggling artist. By Menzies' 14th birthday, she had lived in Vancouver, Miami, London, and Southern California. She had a younger sister Sheila, and an older brother Neil who died in 2019.  Menzies was a graduate of John Burroughs High School in Burbank, CA, 1967, and she studied at Falcon Studio's University of the Arts.

Career.

Menzies' first appearance on-screen was in 1964, when she appeared in the TV series "The Farmer's Daughter". She was cast in "The Sound of Music" as Louisa, the third-oldest of the von Trapp children, at the age of 14, with no prior acting experience. Menzies sang "So Long, Farewell" and the "Lonely Goatherd" in the film.  Menzies went on to appear in a number of television series such as "Alias Smith and Jones", "T. J. Hooker", "Dragnet", "Room 222", "Bonanza", "Marcus Welby, M.D." and "The Bob Newhart Show". She starred as Jessica 6 in the short-lived TV series "Logan's Run". In addition, Menzies appeared in "Hawaii", "How Sweet It Is!", "Hail, Hero!", "Piranha", and "Endangered Species".  Menzies was featured in "Playboy" magazine during 1973 in a pictorial titled "Tender Trapp", in reference to her "The Sound of Music" role. She was later cast in four television films: "The Keegans", "James Dean", "Tail Gunner Joe", and "Captain America".

Personal life.

Menzies married John Cluett in 1969 and divorced in 1973. She married Robert Urich in 1975. Urich and Menzies first met in 1974 while filming a commercial in which they got "married." After his death in 2002, Menzies established the Robert Urich Foundation and spent most of her time in her last years devoted to the organization that raises money for cancer research and support for cancer patients.

Death.

Heather Menzies-Urich was diagnosed with terminal brain cancer in November 2017. She died on December 24, 2017, twenty-one days after her 68th birthday. Menzies-Urich was survived by three children, eight grandchildren and one great-grandchild.

Heather Menzies-Urich (born Heather Margaret Brotherston Menzies; December 3, 1949 – December 24, 2017) was a Canadian-American model and actress, known for her roles as Louisa von Trapp in the 1965 film "The Sound of Music" and Jessica 6 in the TV series "Logan's Run".

海瑟·孟席斯(英语:Heather Menzies-Urich, Heather Margaret Brotherston Menzies,1949年-12月3日-2017年-12月24日),是一名加拿大裔美国模特和演员,曾出演1965年电影《音乐之声》中的路易莎·冯·特拉普和电视连续剧《洛根的奔跑》。


葡萄牙广播电视公司国际频道

History.

It first started broadcasting via satellite in Europe on 10 June 1992 (Portugal Day). It soon expanded into Africa, where it reached audiences in Portuguese-speaking countries, as well as Canada, United States, Brazil and into Asia. It is also available on the Internet, via a subscription to the service JumpTV or with Octoshape.  On 7 January 1998, RTPi ceased terrestrial broadcasting to Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa, and was replaced by a new separate service, called RTP África, which was available as a terrestrial TV service in some countries, as well as being available via satellite, but RTPi continues to broadcast in Angola and Mozambique. RTPi is carried by satellite television services across Africa in various countries such as South Africa, Namibia or Zimbabwe.  RTPi programming is also retransmitted by Teledifusão de Macau (TdM) in Macao, and by Televisão Timor Leste (TVTL) in East Timor, together with local broadcasts. In March 2005 it began 'time-shifting' its programming, with three separate schedules for the Americas, Europe, and Asia, so that viewers in different time zones could watch programmes at more convenient times.  In 2017, the TV and radio service – RTP Internacional and RDP, respectively – of RTP, as well as the Portuguese news agency Lusa, were suspended from operating in Guinea-Bissau. The measure was announced by Bissau-Guinean minister for the media, Vítor Pereira. He justified the decision with end of the contracts with RTP and Lusa. The Portuguese government considered the decision to be "unacceptable" and an "attack on freedom of expression, while Reporters Without Borders condemned that same decision. Lusa was eventually allowed to operate in the country, but RTP Internacional and RDP were not.

Distribution.

RTP Internacional is available across all of North America for free via Galaxy 19 and Intelsat 805. It is also available as a pay service via Dish Network in the United States and Rogers Cable and NexTV (IPTV Platform) in Canada.  For years, the channel was carried in Australia and New Zealand via UBI World TV. In 2013, RTP Internacional returned to these countries via Luso Vision, which focuses on Portuguese, Brazilian and Chilean programming.

RTP Internacional (abbreviated as RTPi) is the international television service of Rádio e Televisão de Portugal, the Portuguese public broadcaster. It shows a mix of programming from RTP's domestic channels, together with special "Contacto" programmes aimed at Portuguese migrant communities in Europe, Africa, South America and North America, as well as Macao and East Timor.

葡萄牙广播电视公司国际频道(,简称RTPi)是葡萄牙广播电视公司(RTP)的一条电视频道,以葡萄牙语面向全球播出。频道于1992年6月10日开播,主要面向全球葡萄牙裔人士及葡语使用者播出,以RTP国内频道节目为主。除通过卫星电视、有线电视及网络播出外,在一些以葡萄牙语为官方语言的国家和地区,当地电视台也会转播RTPi的节目,例如澳门澳广视葡文台会在无自办节目的时段转播RTPi的节目。


Systematics.

More than 1,300 described species of freshwater crabs are known, out of a total of 6,700 species of crabs across all environments. The total number of species of freshwater crabs, including undescribed species, is thought to be up to 65% higher, potentially up to 2,155 species, although most of the additional species are currently unknown to science. They belong to eight families, each with a limited distribution, although various crabs from other families are also able to tolerate freshwater conditions (euryhaline) or are secondarily adapted to fresh water. The phylogenetic relationships between these families is still a matter of debate, so how many times the freshwater lifestyle has evolved among the true crabs is unknown. The eight families are:  The fossil record of freshwater organisms is typically poor, so few fossils of freshwater crabs have been found. The oldest is "Tanzanonautes tuerkayi", from the Oligocene of East Africa, and the evolution of freshwater crabs is likely to postdate the break-up of the supercontinent Gondwana.  Members of the family Aeglidae and "Clibanarius fonticola" are also restricted to fresh water, but these "crab-like" crustaceans are members of the infraorder Anomura (true crabs are Brachyura).

Description and lifecycle.

The external morphology of freshwater crabs varies very little, so the form of the gonopod (first abdominal appendage, modified for insemination) is of critical importance for classification. Development of freshwater crabs is characteristically direct, where the eggs hatch as juveniles, with the larval stages passing within the egg. The broods comprise only a few hundred eggs (compared to hundreds of thousands for marine crabs), each of which is quite large, at a diameter around.  The colonisation of fresh water has required crabs to alter their water balance; freshwater crabs can reabsorb salt from their urine, and have various adaptations to reduce the loss of water. In addition to their gills, freshwater crabs have a "pseudolung" in their gill chamber that allows them to breathe in air. These developments have preadapted freshwater crabs for terrestrial living, although freshwater crabs need to return to water periodically to excrete ammonia.

Ecology and conservation.

Freshwater crabs are found throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. They live in a wide range of water bodies, from fast-flowing rivers to swamps, as well as in tree boles or caves. They are primarily nocturnal, emerging to feed at night; most are omnivores, although a small number are specialist predators, such as "Platythelphusa armata" from Lake Tanganyika, which feeds almost entirely on snails. Some species provide important food sources for various vertebrates. A number of freshwater crabs (for example species from the genus "Nanhaipotamon") are secondary hosts of flukes in the genus "Paragonimus", which causes paragonimiasis in humans.  The majority of species are narrow endemics, occurring in only a small geographical area. This is at least partly attributable to their poor dispersal abilities and low fecundity, and to habitat fragmentation caused by the world's human population. In West Africa, species that live in savannas have wider ranges than species from the rainforest; in East Africa, species from the mountains have restricted distributions, while lowland species are more widespread.  Every species of freshwater crab described so far has been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature; of the species for which data are available, 32% are threatened with extinction. For instance, all but one of Sri Lanka's 50 freshwater crab species are endemic to that country, and more than half are critically endangered.

Around 1,300 species of freshwater crabs are distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics, divided among eight families. They show direct development and maternal care of a small number of offspring, in contrast to marine crabs, which release thousands of planktonic larvae. This limits the dispersal abilities of freshwater crabs, so they tend to be endemic to small areas. As a result, a large proportion are threatened with extinction.

世上大约有1300种淡水蟹(英语:Freshwater crab),分布于热带与亚热带,包含八个科。牠们多为直接发育(即没有经过幼虫期)且有育幼行为,后代不是很多,海水蟹则相较之下常产生比较多浮游性幼虫。这限制了淡水蟹的传播能力,使牠们的活动通常被局限在一个小区域,而有许多特有种,也有许多物种陷入濒危。


Background.

Hauser, born in Pula, Croatia, and Šulić, born in Maribor, Slovenia, met at a master class in Pula while still in their teens. Šulić—the younger of the two by a year— attended the Academy of Music in Zagreb, and then studied in Vienna. Šulić later entered London's Royal Academy of Music. Hauser attended the Royal Northern College of Music in Manchester, after completing his studies at Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music in London.  The duo rose to fame in 2011 after their cover of "Smooth Criminal" became a hit on YouTube, receiving over three million views in the first two weeks and over thirty-five million views as of April 2020. The creation of the music video was prompted by the cellists' financial difficulties, despite their musical success in the UK. One of Hauser's friends in Pula, a director, proposed that they try the pop music market by creating a video to "Smooth Criminal." The video features Šulić and Hauser facing off alone in a large white room, playing Jackson's tune. Before they became partners, the two cellists were sometimes rivals, competing against each other in music competitions.

Career.

2Cellos signed to record with Sony Masterworks, and finished recording their first album in May 2011, which carried the Menart Records name in Croatia. Released on 19 July 2011, their debut "eponymous album", includes covers of songs by U2, Guns N' Roses, Nine Inch Nails, Sting, Coldplay, Nirvana, Muse, and Kings of Leon. Hauser told "la Repubblica" that the album would also feature a cello version of Michael Jackson's "Human Nature." The duo said that they chose songs that could be arranged as covers playable on just two cellos. In anticipation of the release, 2Cellos released their second single "Welcome to the Jungle," a cover of the Guns N' Roses song of the same name.  Elton John asked the duo to appear with him on his 2011 summer tour, which began in Cardiff, Wales on 8 June. John, who personally called Šulić, said that he had watched the "Smooth Criminal" video and wanted 2Cellos to participate in his thirty-city tour. The two had previously performed on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" of 25 April 2011. 2Cellos also performed at the 2011 iTunes Festival in London.  The duo performed an arrangement of "Smooth Criminal" in the third season of the television show "Glee". The episode in which they appeared, titled "Michael", aired on 31 January 2012, and was the first time that the series highlighted instrumental musicians. The scene featuring "Smooth Criminal" was set up similarly to 2Cellos' original music video for the song. On 4 June 2012 2Cellos performed with Elton John at the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Concert at Buckingham Palace. On 12 June 2012 2Cellos performed in front of a full Arena Zagreb.  Although the two usually record covers of rock songs, Šulić and Hauser said they still play with orchestras and will not abandon playing classical music. The cellists said they would someday like to go on tour with both a classical and a contemporary orchestra. Their second studio album, entitled "In2ition", came out early in 2013, and featured new twists on a diverse range of classic tracks with a few surprise vocal and instrumental duet partners including Elton John, Lang Lang, Naya Rivera, Steve Vai, Sky Ferreira and Zucchero. The album was produced by Bob Ezrin.  Other tracks include covers of AC/DC's "Highway to Hell" featuring Vai, Coldplay's "Clocks" featuring Lang Lang, Muse's "Supermassive Black Hole" featuring Rivera, an Italian version of "The Book of Love" by The Magnetic Fields entitled "Il Libro Dell'Amore" featuring Zucchero, Karl Jenkins' "Benedictus", and "Oh Well" featuring Sir Elton.  In July 2013, they filmed a commercial for the Japanese mobile phone company Docomo. Their album "In2ition" debuted on the Japanese Albums Chart, in August 2013 at number 1. As a part of their world tour with Elton John, including concerts in North America, Europe and Asia, 2Cellos performed at Madison Square Garden two days in a row, in December 2013. In March 2014, they had a solo Japanese tour.  In 2015, 2Cellos released their third album, "Celloverse", which they also co-produced. The album contains a diverse array of renditions including AC/DC's "Thunderstruck", Avicii's "Wake Me Up", Michael Jackson's "They Don't Care About Us", Hans Zimmerʼs "Mombasa" (from "Inception"), and an original work titled "Celloverse", among numerous other covers.  2Cellos has used YouTube to reach out to their audience, posting videos of notable live performances, including at Arena Zagreb (2012), Arena Pula (2013), EXIT Festival (2014), and their fifth anniversary concert at Arena di Verona (2016) in Italy. In February 2014, the duo published their rendition of AC/DC's "Thunderstruck" to YouTube. The video depicts the duo playing before a Baroque audience, which soon finds out that the song is anything but classical. The video went viral at the beginning of March, gathering 10 million views in the first two weeks. As of July 2019, the video has garnered over 150 million views.  As Šulić told "The Sydney Morning Herald", "we love AC/DC as much as Bach." Hauser added, "both [AC/DC and Bach] are simple and convincing in what they do."  In 2017, Šulić and Hauser released their fourth album "Score", recorded with the London Symphony Orchestra which included a wide array of television and film music. To mark the album's release, 2Cellos released their official YouTube video for Game of Thrones Medley, which garnered over 1 million views in two days.  On 26 May 2018, 2Cellos performed the UEFA Champions League Anthem ahead of the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final between Real Madrid and Liverpool.

2Cellos (stylized 2CΞLLOS) are a Croatian cellist duo, consisting of classically trained cellists, Luka Šulić and Stjepan Hauser. Signed to Sony Masterworks since 2011, they have released four albums. They play instrumental arrangements of well-known pop and rock songs, as well as classical and film music. The duo performs internationally and has been featured on several American television series including "Glee" and "The Bachelor".

2Cellos(写作 2CELLOS),是一个克罗地亚、斯洛文尼亚的大提琴双人组,由路卡·苏利克(Luka Šulić)和斯蒂潘·豪瑟组成。2011年4月12日起和Sony Masterworks签约, 两人是在YouTube上上传了一段他们的大提琴版麦可·杰克森的《Smooth Criminal》后被发掘的.


Background.

Political.

Beginning in 742, Eurasia entered a 13-year period of major political turmoil, with the regional empires generally suffering "a major rebellion, revolution, or dynastic change." In this year the Second Turkic Khaganate of the eastern Eurasian Steppe was overthrown and then replaced by Sogdian-influenced Uighur rulers. This was apparently the first of several revolutionary events either led by or intimately connected with the merchants and tradespeople involved with the international commerce often referred to as the Silk Road. In 747, the Abbasids began their rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate in Merv, Khurasan, resulting in the proclamation of a new Abbasid Caliph in about 750. This rebellion also seems to have been organized by merchants and persons identifying themselves as merchants.  The western expansion of the Tang Empire was checked in 751 by the defeat of a large expeditionary force led by General Gao Xianzhi in the Battle of Talas in the modern Fergana Valley, with the Abbasid victory attributable to the defection of the Karluk Turks in the midst of the battle. However, the Arabs did not proceed any further after the battle, and the Tang retained their Central Asian territories until the An Lushan rebellion.  Further, southern expansion of the Tang was limited by the ineffective, and even disastrous, campaigns against the Kingdom of Nanzhao. However, the concurrent Tang campaign against the Tibetan Empire was proceeding more successfully, with the campaign to capture the Tibetans' Central Asian territories appearing nearly successful. With the assassination of the Tibetan emperor Me Agtsom in 755 in the midst of a major rebellion within the Tibetan polity, final Tang victory over the Tibetan Empire seemed all but assured. However, back in the increasingly financially challenged Chinese heartland, the Sogdian-Turkic General An Lushan had worked himself into a position of trust with the Tang emperor Xuanzong and his consort Yang Guifei.

General An Lushan.

An Lushan was a general of uncertain birth origins, but thought to have been adopted by a Sogdian father and Göktürk mother of the Ashina tribe. Eventually he managed to become a favorite of the reigning emperor of China. His success in this regard is shown, for example, by the luxurious house Emperor Xuanzong built for him in 751, in the capital Chang'an. The house was furnished with luxuries such as gold and silver objects and a pair of ten-foot-long by six-foot-wide couches appliqued with rare and expensive sandalwood.  He was appointed by Emperor Xuanzong (following the suggestion of Xuanzong's favorite concubine Yang Guifei and with the agreement of Chancellor Li Linfu) to be Jiedushi (节度使, regional military commanders) of three garrisons in the north—Pinglu, Fanyang and Hedong. In effect, An was given control over the entire area north of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, including garrisons about 164,000 strong. He took advantage of various circumstances, such as popular discontent with an extravagant Tang court, the synchronous Sogdian-involved Abbasid Revolution against the Umayyad Dynasty, and eventually the absence of strong troops guarding the palace coupled with a string of natural disasters. He was a favorite in the Tang court, even calling himself the adopted son of Yang Guifei. He was thus protected from criticism, even when her relative, Chief Minister Yang Guozhong, demanded his dismissal.

Course of the rebellion.

The An Lushan Rebellion signaled a period of disorder spanning the reigns of three Tang dynasty emperors, beginning during the final ("Tianbao" era) period of the reign of Xuanzong (8 September 712-12 August 756), continuing through the reign of Suzong (12 August 756-16 May 762) and ending during the reign of Daizong (18 May 762-23 May 779), as well as spanning the four imperial claimants of the failed Da Yan dynasty.

Revolt and capture of Luoyang.

At the end of 755 An Lushan revolted. His army surged down from Fanyang (near modern Beijing). Along the way, An Lushan treated surrendered local Tang officials with respect. As a result, more and more of them joined his ranks. He moved rapidly along the Grand Canal and captured the "Eastern Capital" city of Luoyang within the year, defeating the poorly supplied General Feng Changqing. There, An Lushan declared himself Emperor of the new Great Yan dynasty (大燕皇帝). His next steps would be to capture the Tang western capital of Chang'an and then to attempt to continue into southern China to complete his conquest.

Battle of Yongqiu.

However, the Battle of Yongqiu, in the spring of 756, went badly for An Lushan. Although his army, under Linghu Chao, was numerous, it was unable to make further territorial gains due to the failure to wrest control of Yongqiu (modern Qi County, Kaifeng, in Henan) and (later) the nearby Suiyang District from the Tang defenders led by Zhang Xun. This prevented the Yan forces from conquering southern China, before the Tang were able to recover. The Yan army did not take control of the Suiyang District until after the Siege of Suiyang (January–October 757), almost two years after their initial capture of Luoyang.

Advance on Chang'an.

Originally, An Lushan's forces were blocked from the main imperial (or "Western") capital at Chang'an (modern Xi'an), by loyal troops placed in nearly impregnable defensive positions in the intervening high mountain passes of Tongguan. Unfortunately for Chang'an, the two generals in charge of the troops at Tong Pass, Gao Xianzhi and Feng Changqing, were executed due to a court intrigue involving the powerful eunuch Bian Lingcheng. Yang Guozhong, with grossly inept military judgment, then ordered the replacement General Geshu Han, who was in charge of the troops in the passes, together with reinforcement troops, to attack An's army on open ground. The Tang forces were defeated, and the road to the capital now lay open.

Flight of the emperor.

With rebel forces clearly an imminent threat to the imperial seat of Chang'an, and with conflicting advice from his advisers, Tang emperor Xuanzong determined to flee to the relative sanctuary of Sichuan with its natural protection of mountain ranges so the Tang forces could reorganize and regroup. He brought along the bulk of his court and household. The route of travel from Chang'an to Sichuan was notoriously difficult, requiring hard travel on the way through the intervening Qin Mountains.  However, the geographical features of the terrain were not the only hardships on the journey: there was a matter that first had to be settled, involving the relationship between Xuanzong and the Yang family, especially the emperor's beloved Yang Guifei. So, before progressing more than a few kilometers along the way, an incident occurred at Mawei Inn, in today's Xingping in Xianyang, Shaanxi. Xuanzong's bodyguard troops were hungry and tired, and very angry with Yang Guozhong for exposing the whole country to danger. They demanded the death of the much-hated Yang Guozhong, and then of his cousin and imperial favorite, Yang Guifei. Soon the angry soldiers killed Yang Guozhong, Yang Xuan (his son), Lady Han and Lady Qin (Yang Guifei's sisters). With the army on the verge of mutiny, the Emperor had no choice but to agree, ordering the strangling of Lady Yang. The incident made Xuanzong fear for his own safety, so he fled to Chengdu at once. However, people stopped his horse, not wanting him to go away. So he made the crown prince, Li Heng, stay to hold the fort. Instead, Li Heng fled in the other direction to Lingzhou (today called Lingwu, in Ningxia province). Later, in 756, after reaching Sichuan, Xuanzong abdicated (becoming "Taishang Huang"), in favor of the crown prince, who had already been proclaimed emperor.

Fall of Chang'an.

In 756 An Lushan and his rebel forces captured Chang'an, an event that had a devastating effect upon this thriving metropolis. Before the revolt, estimates put the population within the city walls at from 800,000–1,000,000. Including small cities in the vicinity forming the metropolitan area, the census in 742 recorded 362,921 families with 1,960,188 persons. Much of the population fled at the approach of the rebels. Then the city was captured and looted by the rebel forces and the remaining population put in jeopardy.

A new emperor.

In 756 the third son of Xuanzong, Li Heng, was proclaimed Emperor Suzong at Lingzhou (modern-day Lingwu), although another group of local officials and Confucian literati tried to promote a different prince, Li Lin, the Prince of Yong, at Jinling (modern-day Nanjing). One of Suzong's first acts as emperor was to appoint the generals Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi to deal with the rebellion. The generals, after much discussion, decided to borrow troops from an offshoot of the Turkish Tujue tribe, the Huihe, or Huige, also known as the Uyghur Khaganate (ancestors of the modern-day Uyghurs, but then located in Mongolia), who were ruled by Bayanchur Khan until his death in the summer of 759. Four thousand Arab mercenaries were sent by the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur to join the Tang in 756, staying in China after the war. With Uyghur assistance, the Tang Imperial forces recaptured both Chang'an and Luoyang in 757. However, they failed to capture or subdue the rebel troops, who fled to the rebel heartland in the northeast.  Uyghur Khaganate diplomats clashed against Arab Abbasid diplomats over who would enter the diplomatic hall in Chang'an first in 758.

Siege of Suiyang.

In the beginning of 757 and continuing through October of that year, a protracted stalemate between the Yan and Tang forces occurred in Suiyang. This effectively blocked the Yan forces from attacking the extensive areas south of the Yangzi River, which remained relatively untouched by the An–Shi disturbances.

Implosion of Yan Dynasty and end of the rebellion.

The imperial forces were helped by internal dissent in the newly formed dynasty. An Lushan was killed by his son, An Qingxu, in late January 757 (his father's violent paranoia posed too much of a threat to his entourage). His son was then killed by a subordinate, General Shi Siming, An Lushan's childhood friend and follower. Shi recaptured the city of Luoyang soon after. However, in 761 Shi Siming was killed by "his" son, Shi Chaoyi, who then promptly proclaimed himself emperor, although he failed to get widespread support from the other Yan generals.  In 762 Emperor Suzong had become seriously ill. The combined forces of the Tang and their Huige allies were led by the eldest son of Suzong. This son was at first named Li Chu, then renamed Li Yu in 758, after being named crown prince; eventually he was renamed again as Emperor Daizong of Tang, on 18 May 762. In the period before his final victories over the rebel troops he was also confronted with a wide variety of threats; for example, the port of Canton was pillaged in 758 by sea-borne Arab and Persian forces, probably pirates based out of Hainan. There was also a massacre of Arab and Persian merchants in the Yangzhou massacre (760). However, by this time it was clear that the new Yan Dynasty would not last long, and Yan officers and soldiers began to defect to the Tang side. Finally, the eastern capital Luoyang was taken by Tang forces for the second time, in the winter of 762. Yan Emperor Shi Chaoyi attempted to flee, but was intercepted in the spring of 763. Shi Chaoyi then chose suicide to avoid capture. Thus, after eight years, the rebellion ended.  However, the end of the rebellion was only part of a long process of rebuilding and recovery for the Tang. In part due to the weakened condition of the Tang, other disturbances continued to evolve. The Tibetan Empire under Trisong Detsän, taking advantage of the Tang's weakness during the rebellion, had reconquered much of their Central Asian territories, even going so far as to take the city of Chang'an in late 763, before withdrawing its forces back to their empire.

Legacy.

Death toll.

Censuses taken in the half-century before the rebellion show a gradual increase in population, with the last census undertaken before the rebellion, in 755, recording a population of 52,919,309 in 8,914,709 taxpaying households. However, a census taken in 764, the year following the end of the rebellion, recorded only 16,900,000 in 2,900,000 households.  Later censuses count only households, but by 855 this figure had risen to only 4,955,151 households, little over half the number recorded in 755. Some scholars allege that the difference in the census figures were the deaths of 36 million people, two-thirds of the population of the empire, though other suggested causes include a breakdown in census gathering ability and emigration due to the war.  This figure was used in Steven Pinker's book "The Better Angels of Our Nature", where it is presented as proportionally the largest atrocity in history with the loss of a sixth of the world's population at that time, though Pinker stated that the figure was controversial. Johan Norberg, who in his book "" gives the number of 13 million people (citing Matthew White's "The Great Big Book of Horrible Things"), which he says is still highly significant, representing about 5% of the 8th century world's population.  Historians such as Charles Patrick Fitzgerald argue that a claim of 36 million deaths is incompatible with contemporary accounts of the war. They point out that the numbers recorded on the postwar registers reflect not only population loss, but also a breakdown of accuracy of the census system as well as the removal from the census figures of various classes of untaxed persons, such as those in religious orders, foreigners and merchants. For these reasons, census numbers for the post-rebellion Tang are considered unreliable. Another consideration is the fact that the territory controlled by Tang central authority was diminished by the equivalent of several of the northern provinces, so that approximately a quarter of the surviving population were no longer within the area subject to the imperial revenue system.  The An Lushan Rebellion was one of several wars in northern China along with the Uprising of the Five Barbarians, Huang Chao Rebellion, the wars of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and Jin–Song Wars which caused a mass migration of Han Chinese from northern China to southern China called 衣冠南渡(yì guān nán dù). These mass migrations led to southern China's population growth, economic, agricultural and cultural development as it stayed peaceful unlike the north.

Weakening of Tang.

The rebellion of An Lushan and its aftermath greatly weakened the centralized bureaucracy of the Tang dynasty, especially in regards to its perimeters. Virtually autonomous provinces and ad hoc financial organizations arose, reducing the influence of the regular bureaucracy in Chang'an. The Tang dynasty's desire for political stability in this turbulent period also resulted in the pardoning of many rebels. Indeed, some were even given their own garrisons to command. Political and economic control of the northeast region became intermittent or was lost, and the emperor became a sort of puppet, set to do the bidding of the strongest garrison. Furthermore, the Tang government also lost most of its control over the Western Regions, due to troop withdrawal to central China to attempt to crush the rebellion and deal with subsequent disturbances. Continued military and economic weakness resulted in further subsequent erosions of Tang territorial control during the ensuing years, particularly in regard to the Uighur and Tibetan empires. By 790 Chinese control over the Tarim Basin area was completely lost.  The political decline was paralleled by economic decline, including large Tang governmental debt to Uighur money lenders. The old taxation system of Zu Yong Diao no longer functioned after the rebellion. In addition to being politically and economically detrimental to the empire, the rebellion also affected the intellectual culture of the Tang dynasty. Many intellectuals had their careers interrupted, giving them time to ponder the causes of the unrest. Some lost faith in themselves, concluding that a lack of moral seriousness in intellectual culture had been the cause of the rebellion. However, a political and cultural recovery eventually did occur within Tang China several decades after the rebellion, until about 820, the year of the death of Emperor Xianzong of Tang. Much of the rebuilding and recovery occurred in the Jiangnan region in the south, which had escaped the events of the rebellion relatively unscathed and remained more firmly under Tang control. However, due in part to the warlord system, the Tang Empire by 907 devolved into what is known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

Cultural influence.

Sogdian merchants continued as active traders in China following the defeat of the rebellion, but many of them were compelled to hide their ethnic identity. A prominent case was An Chongzhang, Minister of War and Duke of Liang, who in 756 requested of Emperor Suzong to allow him to change his name to Li Baoyu, due to his shame in sharing the same surname with the rebel leader. This change of surnames was enacted retroactively for all of his family members, so that his ancestors would also be bestowed the surname Li.  The events involved with the An Lushan rebellion has had an immense cultural influence both in China and beyond. For instance, in China itself events were reflected through the verses of contemporaneous poets, who experienced the events of the rebellion firsthand. Later poets, such as Bai Juyi (772-846) also wrote famous verses about the events of the period of the Anshi affairs. The tragic events were epitomized in the story of Xuanzong and Yang Guifei, and generations of Chinese and Japanese painters depicted various iconic scenes, such as Yang Guifei bathing or playing a musical instrument or the flight of the imperial court on the "hard road to Shu" (that is, the royal progress to Sichuan). These artistic themes were also a major source of inspiration in Japan, in regards to the "Tale of Genji", partially inspired by the story of Yang Guifei.

The An Lushan Rebellion was an armed conflict between the Tang dynasty of China and various regional powers. The rebellion's overt phase began on 16 December 755, when general An Lushan declared himself emperor in Northern China, thus establishing a rival Yan Dynasty, and ended when Yan fell on 17 February 763 (although the effects lasted past this). This event is also known (especially in Chinese historiography) as the An–Shi Rebellion or An–Shi Disturbances (), as it continued after An Lushan's death under his son An Qingxu and his deputy and successor Shi Siming, or as the Tianbao Rebellion (天寶之乱), as it began in the 14th year of that era.

安史之乱是唐朝于755年12月16日至763年2月17日由安禄山与史思明向唐朝发动,同唐朝皇室争夺统治权的内战及动乱,是唐朝由盛而衰的转捩点,也造成唐代藩镇割据。由于反唐战争的发起者以安禄山与史思明二人为主,故事件被冠以安史之名。


2007年叙利亚总统大选

Electoral system.

According to the Syrian Constitution, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Syria is the leader of the state and society and thus, the President should be a member of the party. The National Progressive Front, a political coalition led by the Ba'ath Party, nominated a candidate in the People's Council. The candidate had to be approved by at least two-thirds of MPs to proceed to the referendum, in which a candidate had to receive at least 51% of the vote.

Aftermath.

The referendum was widely regarded as a formality, and was boycotted by the opposition. Political opposition groups were banned unless attached to the Ba'ath Party, meaning Assad was the only candidate allowed to run. It was reported that dissent was met with imprisonment and intimidation. Fear of government reprisal was said to have been pervasive. Critics accused Assad of rampant corruption, mass arrests against dissidents, and suppression of pro-democracy activists.  Members of the Damascus Declaration issued a statement which said calls to amend the constitution to allow for freer elections were ignored. Syrian lawyer Haitham al-Maleh stated "there is only one candidate and this is absolutely not a healthy process." Tom Casey, American spokesman for the State Department, said "I'm sure President Assad is basking in the glow of his ability to have defeated exactly zero other candidates and continue his misrule of Syria," and that "clearly there was no real choice here for the Syrian people."  Interior Minister Bassam Abdel Majeed claimed "this great consensus shows the political maturity of Syria and the brilliance of our democracy", while the ministry described voter turnout as "enormous". The information minister, Muhsen Bilal, stated that "we have our own style of democracy and we are proud of it."

A referendum to confirm the presidential candidate Bashar al-Assad was held in Syria on 27 May 2007, after the People's Council of Syria unanimously voted to propose the incumbent for a second term on 10 May 2007.

2007年叙利亚总统大选是指2007年叙利亚的总统大选,叙利亚人民委员会投票后,巴沙尔·阿萨德当选为叙利亚总统。叙利亚持不同政见者劝说叙利亚公民不要投票可以选民呆在家里,并说那是被操纵的选举。