History.

The see at Viseu dates from the sixth century and including the doubtful prelates, and those elected but not confirmed, it has had eighty- three bishops. The list begins with Remissol (572-585) who attended the Second Council of Braga, but was exiled by the Arian King Leovigild. Tunila succeeded him and abjured Arianism at the Third Council of Toledo; bishops of Viseu were present at the fourth, sixth, eighth, twelfth, and thirteenth councils of Toledo.  There was a vacancy of fifteen years from 665 to 680; Theofredo was bishop in 693. Then, following the Muslim conquest, Viseu remained without a bishop for nearly two centuries. Theodomiro assisted at the consecration of the church of Santiago de Compostela in 876, and at the Council of Oviedo in 877 and was followed by Gundemiro in 905. In this century Vizseu was under Islamic rule for 76 years, and at first had no bishop, but afterwards its prelates, Gomes and Sisnando (1020-1064), resided in Oviedo. From 1110 to 1144 the diocese was governed by priors appointed by the bishops of Coimbra, in virtue of a Bull of Pope Paschal II; among them was Saint Theotonius, afterwards patron of the city. The line of bishops began again with Odorio.  Nicolau (1193), a future canon regular, studied in Paris and there met the future Pope Innocent III, who after his election to the papacy received him at Rome and recommended him to the queen for his learning and modesty. Martinho was appointed in 1230; after his death the see remained vacant until 1250, when Pedro Gonçalves was confirmed in it. Matheus I (1254) took part in the long conflicts between Crown and Church, which had begun in the reign of King Afonso II, and in defence of ecclesiastical immunities went with other bishops to Rome, dying at Viterbo. After eight years, during which Portugal was under interdicts, Matheus II filled the see, and he was followed by Egas I (1259), an active reformer, and Martinho II (1313). This prelate carried out important work in the cathedral, which dates at least from 830, when King Ferdinand the Great recaptured the city from the Moors; it was almost reconstructed early in the twelfth century. Gonçalo de Figueiredo (1323), who had been married before entering Church service, is remembered as the founder of many noble families; his successor Miguel Vivas (1330) served as chancellor to Afonso IV.  After João III (1375), "of good memory", came two prelates, Pedro II and João IV, whose rule was brief on account of the Great Schism, the former being deposed by Pope Urban VI. A fifth João followed in the see in 1392 and, being highly esteemed by the king, was chosen godfather of Prince Henry the Navigator, and received from the monarch the gift of a Roman tower for the cathedral bells. Luís do Amaral, the only bishop native of the city, represented Portugal at the Council of Basel, and, embracing the cause of the antipope Felix V, was sent on various embassies; he returned however to the lawful obedience before his death.  Luís Coutinho II (1438) was promoted to the diocese of Coimbra in 1446, being followed by João Vicente (founder of the Loyos, a congregation of secular canons of St. John), who was known as "the holy bishop". He reformed the Order of Christ and gave it new statutes by order of Prince Henry, Duke of Viseu, the grand-master. Cardinal d'Alpedrinha, the richest and most influential of Portuguese prelates, lived at Rome from 1479 and dying there in 1508 was buried in his splendid chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo.  Diego Ortiz de Villegas (1507), a Castilian, was confessor of three kings and renowned as a theologian, orator, and astrologer. He took part in the Junta called by King Manuel to consider the offer Christopher Columbus had made to discover the sea route to the Indies by sailing west and procured its rejection, which transferred from Portugal to Spain the European discovery of America. He built a new and splendid front to the cathedral and consecrated it in June, 1516.  In 1520, at the age of eleven, Cardinal-Infante Afonso, sixth son of King Manuel I, became Bishop-elect of Viseu, and in his time books began to be kept for the registration of births, deaths, and marriages, a custom afterwards enjoined by the Council of Trent. He was followed, among others, by Cardinal Miguel da Silva (1527), and Cardinal Alexander Farnese (1547), who never came to the diocese of which he was the Administrator, a function he resigned in 1552. Gonçalo Pinheiro (appointed in Consistory by Pope Julius III on June 27, 1552), classical scholar, ambassador to France, and subsequently bishop, held a synod in 1555, and made notable additions to the cathedral. He died in November, 1557. Jorge de Ataíde (appointed on July 23, 1568) assisted at the Council of Trent and in the reform of the Missal and Breviary and built the cathedral sacristy and part of the bishop's palace; of noble family and a pious prelate, he refused four archbishoprics and left his residuary estate to the poor.  Miguel de Castro (1579), also a noble, was Viceroy of Portugal during the Philippine Dynasty, and renowned for almsdeeds. On his transfer to the archdiocese of Lisbon, Nuno de Noronha, son of the Count of Odemira, became bishop (1585) and built the seminary, doing the same for the diocese of Guarda to which he was promoted. He was a notable reformer of the clergy, and lived like the great "fidalgo" he was. The Dominican and Greek scholar Antonio de Sousa (1595) ruled only two years, being followed by João de Bragança, a model courtier and prelate, who gave his wealth to the poor. João Manual (1610) son of the Count of Castanheira, after a personal visitation of the diocese in 1611, drew up constitutions which were approved at a synod in 1614 and he subsequently became Archbishop of Lisbon and viceroy. João de Portugal (1626), a Dominican of noble birth and saintly life, made a visitation of the diocese and finding most of his people ignorant of Christian doctrine, wrote and distributed a summary of it. It was remarked that he gave nothing to his relations, saying that the income of the diocese should be spent upon it and its children, the poor. Bernardino de Senna (1629), a Franciscan, had held important posts in his order in different parts of Portugal, where he travelled on foot begging alms, and he had refused two mitres. Becoming general, he lived at Madrid with free entry to the palace, although dressed in rags. Pope Urban VIII named him minister general, and at the age of fifty-eight when he had visited and governed 6000 convents and 280,000 subjects, King Philip presented him to the See of Viseu.  Miguel de Castro IV (1633) never took possession, but Dinis de Melo e Castro (1636) in his two years' rule was diligent in his pastoral office, especially in visitations, and was a great benefactor of the Misericórdias of the diocese. For the next thirty-two years the see remained vacant, owing to the war with Spain following on the restoration of Portuguese independence. Through Spanish pressure, the popes refused to confirm the prelates named by King João IV and during eleven years Portugal and his empire had only one bishop, the others, appointed under the Philips, having died. This energetic man, who lived until one hundred and nine, is said to have ordained 20,000 priests and confirmed a million persons. Finally peace was made with Spain and in 1671 Manuel de Saldanha became bishop but died three months later and in 1673 João de Mello, a noble and man of greatest austerity, succeeded. He rebuilt the chancel of the cathedral, convened a synod in 1681, added to the constitutions of the diocese, and employed the Oratorians in giving missions. Ricardo Russell, an Englishman, chaplain to Queen Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II of England, was translated from the diocese of Portalegre in 1685 and established that congregation in Viseu. He left the reputation of being a man of zeal and illustration, and though a severe disciplinarian, of ready wit.  Jerónimo Soares (1694), a benefactor of the Misericórdia, convoked a synod in 1699 and reformed the diocesan constitutions and those of many brotherhoods and confraternities. After his death the see remained vacant twenty years owing to differences between King João V and Rome. In 1740 Júlio Francisco de Oliveira was appointed. José do Menino Jesus (1783), a Carmelite, was a lover of art, as he showed by the statues he presented to the cathedral. He made two visitations of the diocese and was succeeded by Francisco de Azevedo (1792), a prelate of great modesty and charity, who instituted five suburban parishes annexed to the cathedral and subsidized the rectors out of his own funds. He gave a new organ costing 20,000 crusados to the cathedral and laid the foundation-stone of the new hospital of the Misericórdia. This rule was troubled by the Peninsular War and in 1810 British troops occupied his palace and other ecclesiastical buildings.  Francisco Alexandre Lobo (1810), was minister under King Miguel and, when the Liberals triumphed in 1834, had to emigrate to France where he remained ten years. The new Government refused to recognize the vicar-general to whom he had confided the diocese, naming another, which gave rise to a schism. José Xavier de Cerveira e Sousa (1859) abandoned the diocese through his inability to secure obedience from his priests in the matter of clerical dress and was followed by António Alves Martins (1862), a Franciscan who espoused the Liberal cause and fought in the civil war against King Miguel. He dedicated his life to politics and was journalist, deputy, peer, and prime minister. He was a strong opponent of the Papal infallibility at the First Vatican Council and his independence gained him the admiration of the Portuguese Liberals, who erected a statue of him in Viseu.  He was followed by José Dias Correia de Carvalho (1883), translated from the see of Cabo Verde, where he was the first bishop to visit all the churches of the archipelago. António Alves Ferreira dos Santos was his immediate successor.

The Portuguese Catholic diocese of Viseu () is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Braga. Its see at Viseu is in the Centro Region. The current bishop is António Luciano dos Santos Costa.

天主教维塞乌教区(、),是以葡萄牙的一个天主教教区。属布拉加总教区。


Club career.

Pirin 1922.

Manolev started to play football for Pirin 1922.

Litex Lovech.

In early 2005 he moved to Litex. Manolev won The National Cup in 2008 with Litex. In the final on 21 May 2008 against Cherno More Varna, Manolev scored the only goal after 53 minutes. Next year, Litex won the cup again. The event took place on 26 May 2009.

PSV Eindhoven.

On 25 July 2009, Manolev signed a 3+2 years contract with the Dutch club PSV Eindhoven, to fend competitions from Aston Villa. On 6 August 2009, Manolev made his official debut for PSV Eindhoven. He was selected as a starter against Bulgarian club Cherno More in the UEFA Europa League 3rd qualification round. Unluckily for him he was sent off for a second bookable offense in the 44th minute of the game, but his team went on to repeat its 1–0 win from the first leg.  On 9 August 2009, Manolev made his full debut for PSV Eindhoven in the Eredivisie. He played 69 minutes before being substituted for Jan Kromkamp, assisting Balázs Dzsudzsák's equalizing goal and earning himself a booking. On 16 August 2009, Manolev played the full 90 minutes of PSV's 4–3 home win against AFC Ajax and assisted Otman Bakkal's decisive goal in the 75th minute of the game. On 23 August 2009, Manolev had another fine display, assisting two PSV goals in the 3–1 home win against NAC Breda. On 12 September 2009, he scored his first goal in the 3–0 home win against Roda JC. On 28 October 2009, Manolev scored his second goal for PSV against Roda JC for a match from the KNVB Cup. On 14 April 2010, Manolev scored his second league goal in the 2–2 draw with Heerenveen.  In the 2011–12 season, Manolev signed a new contract with PSV until 2014. In the summer transfer window in 2012, Manolev was linked around Europe, with Stuttgart and Sporting Lisbon.  Subsequently, his performance at PSV led to him being branded as "the worst right back in Europe" by RTL pundits, such as René van der Gijp, having become his outspoken critics since his arrival. Despite this, Manolev refused to bow down to the careless criticism he received, being quoted as saying: "I do not look at it and I do not make me worry about," said Manolev then. "This man (ed. Van der Gijp) is paid to give his opinion, fine. I look good at the Bulgarian television."  Upon his loan spell ended from Fulham, having lost a first team place to Santiago Arias and Joshua Brenet. PSV would allow Manolev to leave the club on free transfer, as well leaving on cheap basis. After a failed move in the summer transfer window, Manolev was then sent to the reserve team and went on to make ten appearances, scoring once.  In the January transfer window, Manolev left the club by mutual consent, with just six month left to his contract after the club did not display an interest to extend his contract.

Fulham (loan).

Manolev signed for Premier League side Fulham on loan until the end of the season on 31 January 2013. After his move to Fulham, Manager Martin Jol backed Manolev, quoting: "If you go on Google and look at games from less than four weeks ago he has been the man of the match."  On 9 February 2013, Manolev made his debut in a 0–0 draw against Norwich City. In the 1–0 loss against Arsenal on 20 April 2013, Manolev was fouled by Olivier Giroud, who later got sent-off in the 85th minute. At the end of the season, Manolev made five league appearance and returned to PSV despite hopes of joining Fulham on a permanent basis. After loan spell finished, Manolev says he expressed "delighted to be given a chance to play for Fulham".

Kuban Krasnodar.

After being released by PSV, Manolev moved to Russia by joining Kuban Krasnodar, where he will join up teammate Ivelin Popov. Manolev made his debut in a 1–1 draw against Dynamo Moscow. He scored his first goal for the club in a 4–0 win against Krylia Sovetov, netting the first goal of the game. The assist came from fellow Bulgarian teammate Ivelin Popov.

Dynamo Moscow.

On 18 June 2014, Manolev signed a contract with Dynamo Moscow as a free agent.

International career.

Manolev started his career for the Bulgarian national football team during the World Cup 2010 qualifiers. In August 2008, the Bulgarian national coach Plamen Markov called Stanislav in Bulgaria national football team in a match against Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team. Manolev made his official debut and Bulgaria won the match as a guest. Manolev was a part of the Bulgaria national football team in the World Cup 2010 qualifiers against Italy and Montenegro, but remained an unused substitute. He played 45 minutes in the second half of the friendly between Bulgaria and Serbia in November 2008. He was in the starting 11 in the next two games against the Republic of Ireland and Cyprus. He scored his first goal for Bulgaria in a 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Italy that finished 2–2.  On 28 March 2015, Manolev made an assist for the Bulgarian national team during a 2–2 draw with Italy. On 31 August 2017 he scored his first international goal in more than four years for the historical 3–2 home win against Sweden.

Stanislav Manolev (; born 16 December 1985) is a Bulgarian footballer who plays for Ludogorets Razgrad and the Bulgarian national team as a right back.

史恩伊拉夫·文路利夫(Stanislav Manolev,1985年-112月16日),保加利亚足球运动员,司职 右闸,右中场,效力保甲球会索菲亚中央陆军。


History.

Supreme Revolutionary Council.

Alongside Barre, the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Ali Korshel. Kediye officially held the title of "Father of the Revolution," and Barre shortly afterwards became the head of the SRC. The SRC subsequently arrested members of the former civilian government, banned political parties, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.  The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the Arab world, eventually joining the Arab League (AL) in 1974. That same year, Barre also served as chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor of the African Union (AU).  In July 1976, Barre's SRC disbanded itself and established in its place the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP), a one-party government based on scientific socialism and Islamic tenets. The SRSP was an attempt to reconcile the official state ideology with the official state religion by adapting Marxist precepts to local circumstances. Emphasis was placed on the Muslim principles of social progress, equality and justice, which the government argued formed the core of scientific socialism and its own accent on self-sufficiency, public participation and popular control, as well as direct ownership of the means of production. While the SRSP encouraged private investment on a limited scale, the administration's overall direction was essentially socialist.

Ogaden campaign.

In July 1977, the Ogaden War against Ethiopia broke out after Barre's government sought to incorporate the predominantly Somali-inhabited Ogaden region into a Pan-Somali Greater Somalia. The war was part of broader SNA effort to unite all Somali territories (Soomaliweyn). In the first week of the conflict, the Somali National Army scored spectacular victories over the Ethiopian forces, surprising many American military observers who took on a position of neutrality during the war. Southern and central Ogaden were captured in the early stages of conflict and for most of the war, the Somali Army scored continuous victories on the Ethiopian Army and followed them as far as Sidamo. By September 1977, Somalia controlled 90% of the Ogaden and captured strategic cities such as Jijiga and put heavy pressure on Dire Dawa, threatening the train route from the latter city to Djibouti. After the siege of Harar, a massive unprecedented Soviet intervention consisting of 20,000 Cuban forces and several thousand Soviet advisers came to the aid of Ethiopia's communist Derg regime. By 1978, a ceasefire was negotiated putting an end to the war, despite this the majority of the Ogaden remained in Somali hands until 1980 despite the odds. This shift in support by the Soviet Union motivated the Barre government to seek allies elsewhere. It eventually settled on the Soviet Union's Cold War arch-rival, the United States, which had been courting the Somali government for some time. All in all, Somalia's initial friendship with the Soviet Union and later partnership with the United States enabled it to build the largest army in Africa.

Dissolution.

After fallout from the unsuccessful Ogaden campaign, Barre's administration began arresting government and military officials under suspicion of participation in the abortive 1978 coup d'état. Most of the people who had allegedly helped plot the putsch were summarily executed. However, several officials managed to escape abroad and started to form the first of various dissident groups dedicated to ousting Barre's regime by force.  A new constitution was promulgated in 1979 under which elections for a People's Assembly were held. However, Barre's Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party politburo continued to rule. In October 1980, the SRSP was disbanded, and the Supreme Revolutionary Council was re-established in its place. By that time, Barre's government had become increasingly unpopular. Many Somalis had become disillusioned with life under military dictatorship. The regime was weakened further in the 1980s as the Cold War drew to a close and Somalia's strategic importance was diminished.  The government became increasingly totalitarian, culminating in the Isaaq genocide (1987-1988), largely destroying several major cities and targeting members of the Isaaq clan. Estimates of civilian deaths range from 50,000-100,000 up to over 200,000. Such tactics from the government prompted resistance movements, supported by Ethiopia, which sprang up across the country and eventually led to the Somali Civil War. Among the militia groups were the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), United Somali Congress (USC), Somali National Movement (SNM) and the Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), together with the non-violent political oppositions of the Somali Democratic Movement (SDM), the Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA) and the Somali Manifesto Group (SMG). Barre was removed from power on January 26, 1991, and Somalia subsequently collapsed into anarchy.

The Somali Democratic Republic (, "al-Jumhūrīyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah aṣ-Ṣūmālīyah", ) was the name that the Marxist–Leninist military government gave to Somalia under President Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, after seizing power in a coup d'état on 21 October 1969. The coup came a few days after a bodyguard assassinated Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, the nation's second President. Barre's administration ruled Somalia for the next 21 years until Somalia collapsed into anarchy in 1991.

索马里民主共和国(;,al-Jumhūrīyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah aṣ-Ṣūmālīyah;;英语:Somali Democratic Republic)是索马里历史上的一个社会主义政权,存在于1969年-1991年。1969年,索马里第二任总统阿卜迪拉希德·阿里·舍马克被他的一个私人保镖暗杀后数日,穆罕默德·西亚德·巴雷少将在一场不流血政变取得政权,建立索马里民主共和国。 。西亚德统治索马里长达21年,直到1991年初索马里内战爆发。


Early life, marriage, and family.

Giovanni Borgia was probably born in Rome to then-cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later to become Pope Alexander VI), and his mistress, Vannozza dei Cattanei, who was married to Domenico da Rignano. Giovanni married Maria Enriquez de Luna, the Spanish betrothed of his deceased older half-brother, Pedro Luis, in September 1493. He was made 2nd Duke of Gandia, Duke of Sessa, Grand Constable of Naples, Governor of St. Peter's, and Gonfalonier and Captain General of the Church.  Giovanni and Maria had three children: twins Juan de Borja y Enríquez (known as Juan Borgia, father of Saint Francis Borgia), who became the 3rd Duke of Gandía, and Francisca de Jesús Borja, who became a nun at a convent in Valladolid. Their third child, Isabel de Borja y Enríquez, was born after her father was killed; she grew up to be abbess of Santa Clara in Gandia.

Murder.

Borgia was murdered the night of 14 June 1497 near what later became the Piazza della Giudecca in the ghetto of Rome. Giovanni was last seen alive when he was leaving from a feast that his mother had in his honor at her villa with his other siblings Cesare, Lucrezia, and Gioffre; Gioffre's wife Sancha of Aragon, their cousin Juan Borgia Lanzol, and Vannozza's husband, Carlo Canale, were all in attendance. The next morning his horse came back without its rider and with one of the stirrups cut. He was reported missing. A search party found his body in the Tiber with his throat slit, and about nine stab wounds on his torso. His grief-stricken father launched an intensive investigation into the murder, only to end it abruptly a week later. While the Orsini family had ample motive to kill Giovanni, it was later rumored that his younger brother Gioffre Borgia murdered him due to Giovanni's relationship with Gioffre's wife, Sancha. His richly-attired body was recovered from the Tiber River with 30 golden ducats untouched in the purse at his belt. To the immense grief of the pope, this act occasioned the epigram by Sannazzaro on the pope as "fisher of men." Borgia's only attendant was also slain, so there were no known witnesses.

In popular culture.

In most adaptations, he is referred to by his Spanish name, Juan. In Alexandre Dumas' "Celebrated Crimes" (1839), he is referred to as Francesco.  In Mario Puzo's historical novel "The Family", Giovanni Borgia's murder by his younger brother Geoffre is central to the drama and plot of the story.  In the 2010 animated short film, "", a fictionalised version of Juan's death is depicted at the hand of Cesare Borgia, who hires a prostitute to murder him.  In the 2011 Showtime series, "The Borgias", Juan is played by David Oakes. This adaptation is younger than Cesare, and is killed by him in the second season of the series, in "World of Wonders". In the 2011 French/German series, "Borgia", Juan is played by French actor Stanley Weber. He is a main character in the first season and dies in that season's finale "The Serpent Rises". In this adaptation, he is the eldest child of Rodrigo and Vannozza, and his murder is perpetrated primarily by Lucrezia—with the help of her lover, Pedro Caldes. Both portrayals depict Juan as haughty, selfish, and cruel, with few redeeming features.  The CBBC television show "Horrible Histories" features a song portraying the Borgia family, with Ben Willbond as Giovanni Borgia.

Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandía (1474 or 1476–1497) was the son of Pope Alexander VI and a member of the House of Borgia. He was murdered in 1497. He was the brother of Cesare, Gioffre, and Lucrezia Borgia. Giovanni, commonly known as Juan (or sometimes, Joan), is believed to be the eldest of the Pope's four children by Vannozza dei Cattanei, but this is disputed. Due to the contents of a number of papal bulls issued after his murder, it is unclear whether Giovanni was born in 1474 or 1476.

乔瓦尼·波吉亚,第二代甘迪亚公爵(,?-1497年),又称胡安(Juan)或琼(Joan),是罗马教宗亚历山大六世与情妇瓦诺莎·卡塔内的私生子,也是切萨雷·波吉亚、卢克雷齐娅·波吉亚、乔佛里·波吉亚的兄弟。目前还不清楚乔瓦尼是出生在1474年还是1476年,他曾长期被认为是亚历山大和瓦诺莎的长子。但现代历史学家,基本赞同他最有可能在1476年出生,比他的兄弟切萨雷·波吉亚年轻。乔瓦尼于他的同父异母兄长佩德罗·路易斯·德·波吉亚死后继承了甘迪亚公爵的名号与领土,以及塞萨公爵、那不勒斯治安官、圣彼得总督等称号。


Plot.

Japan, February 1996. 3 years after graduating from high school and moving to Tokyo to get a job, Kaiji Itō fails to find steady employment due to the country being mired in its first recession since World War II. Depressed, he festers in his apartment, biding his time with cheap pranks, gambling, liquor and cigarettes. Kaiji is always thinking about money and his perpetual poverty frequently brings him to tears. Kaiji's unrelenting misery continues until he is paid an unexpected visit from a loan shark named Yūji Endō who wants to collect an outstanding debt that Kaiji has carelessly co-signed for his former co-worker. Endō gives Kaiji two options – either spend ten years repaying this outstanding debt, or board the gambling ship Espoir ("hope" in French) for one night to clear the debt. Using a con, Endō pressures Kaiji into accepting the deal, believing he will never come back from the voyage.  However, Kaiji survives the gamble and is invited to another gambling night, this time at Starside Hotel. Although initially wary about the offer, he is spurred by his acquaintance Sahara to go. After being the only survivor of the Human Derby, Kaiji decides to avenge his friends by competing in another gambling match the financing corporation known as Teiai Group has prepared: E-Card. Kaiji, despite losing an ear, defeats his opponent Yukio Tonegawa, the second highest ranking executive at Teiai. He goes all-in once again in a new game with Kazutaka Hyōdō, the president of Teiai, but this time loses both the money he had won in E-Card and four of his fingers.  Though Kaiji survives the events at Starside Hotel he now has a debt of over 9.5 million yen. He contacts Endō in hopes of being able to take part in another high-stakes gamble, though Endō betrays him and sends him to Teiai's underground labour camp where he will have to work off his debt for 15 years. In the labour camp Kaiji is paid 91,000 perica (equal to 9100 yen) per month to dig an underground kingdom. This is reduced to 45,000 perica after Kaiji loses to Ōtsuki in Underground Cee-lo. However, Kaiji allies himself with other Forty-fivers (those earning 45,000 perica per month) to defeat Ōtsuki and win enough money for a one-day outside pass.  Although Kaiji manages to get out of the labour camp with 800,000 yen on hand using multiple one-day outside passes, he only has 20 days to earn the 60 million yen he needs to buy his freedom and release the other Forty-fivers. Fortunately, Kaiji comes across Kōtarō Sakazaki, a man who tells him of a pachinko game known as the Bog in a high-stakes casino where Kaiji can win over 500 million yen. Kaiji agrees to help him beat the Bog. However, the casino is owned by Teiai, and the Bog has been rigged in several ways by the manager of the casino, Seiya Ichijō, and his men to ensure that it won't pay out. Kaiji succeeds at beating the Bog after a long battle and Ichijō is sent to the underground labour camp working for 1050 years to pay back the 700 million yen from the Bog that Kaiji won.  Months after the events and finally having cleared his debt, Kaiji has been living with Sakazaki and his family until he kicks Kaiji out with 3 million yen in cash. Kaiji then agrees to help the former Forty-fivers Miyoshi and Maeda beat Takashi Muraoka, the president of a casino at his Minefield Mahjong game and potentially win over 100 million yen. After losing sums of money during the game, Kaiji realizes that the game was rigged from the start in Muraoka's favor, with Maeda looking at Kaiji's tiles and giving information to Muraoka and Miyoshi sending false signals to Kaiji. Kazuya Hyōdō, the son of Kazutaka Hyōdō, who was in the same room with Kaiji and the rest, loans him money to continue gambling, and after several matches, Kaiji is finally able to defeat Muraoka and wins 480 million yen through a pure stroke of luck.  Kazuya offers Kaiji an opportunity to gamble with him, to which Kaiji accepts and follows him. Kazuya reveals to Kaiji his twisted and bloodthirsty personality and how despicable he thinks human beings are. He decides to test his view on human nature with a life-or-death game called Salvation Game, with three friends indebted to him, Mario, Chang and Mitsuyama, and see if their friendship is a true bond. Kaiji is an observer to this game and cheers on the three men to challenge Kazuya's corrupted views. However, after several rounds, Mitsuyama ends up failing to put his trust into his friends and betrays them, taking all the money of the game and leaving them behind to die. Kaiji instinctively saves Mario and Chang from death, and before going with Kazuya to a warehouse and do their gamble, Kaiji asks them to join and support him to defeat Kazuya.  Kaiji and Kazuya play a game called One Poker, and after several matches with Kaiji close to death, he finally overthrows Kazuya. Nevertheless Kaiji, in an act of mercy, saves Kazuya from dying with the help of Mario and Chang. While Kazuya lies unconscious, they escape with 2.4 billion yen. Enraged after he found out what happened, Hyōdō commands the blacksuits and Endō to chase after them and get the money back.

Gambles.

Series 1  Series 2  Series 3  Series 4  Series 5  Movies

Development.

At the start of serialization, Nobuyuki Fukumoto was 37, and he had a track record of gambling manga, including "Ten", "Akagi" and "Gin to Kin". Originally, it was planned to be a short story based on the first game of the series, "restricted rock–paper–scissors", but Fukumoto told to his chief editor at Kodansha that he found it difficult to fit the story in a few chapters. Eventually, the plan to make it a serialized manga was decided in November 1995, and "Kaiji" began in "Weekly Young Magazine" in February 1996. Fukumoto stated that the original project did not have the main character's name as the series' title, and he named him so because he "did not want to make it so cool", and wanted a "dull" name.  Assuming that people who will read "Kaiji" are not familiar with gambling manga, Fukumoto has stated that he created original gambling games in the series because they are easier to process than already existing games, allowing him to make simple and easy rules, adding as well that anything can become a gamble having an original game, and he can draw something surprising or interesting for the readers. To create a new game, Fukumoto first comes up with an idea and then a way to beat it, taking time to prepare tricks in order to win in a creative way, noting that persistence is key in the process.  "Kaiji", and most of Fukumoto's other works as well, are drawn in a "cartoonish and loose" style. Fukumoto uses techniques like shake up the character's eyeballs and face to express their feelings. The titular character is drawn "sharper". Kaiji has an angular face, pointy chin and sharp nose, making it difficult to freehand draw him. Fukumoto uses a ruler and rotates the manuscript paper to draw him. For the antagonists, Fukumoto depicts their "ugliness" by bringing up a scary look in their eye and "threatening teeth". Fukumoto uses his trademark onomatopoeia,, to express the characters' uneasiness. He also uses visual metaphors, like making Kaiji jump a large crevice or drawing him into a rushing torrent of water, to express the uneasy atmosphere. Women rarely appear in the series, being Mikoko Sakazaki the most prominent, and their appearance in gambling scenes are even more rarely, as Fukumoto reportedly stated that he did not need women in the gambling world. Nevertheless, in July 2019, Fukumoto started "Yami-Mahjong Fighter: Mamiya", a gambling mahjong manga series, in which the protagonist is a female character.  The manga portrayals people's psychology in extreme situations, and the characters deal with betrayal and elaborate cons, desperately looking for ways to win. Fukumoto has stated that he can not make manga where the characters readily make friends that they risk their lives for, and his protagonists are always alone, with no friends or followers, and Kaiji himself is frequently betrayed. Fukumoto considered that his antagonists, like Kazutaka Hyōdō and Yukio Tonegawa, are bad guys saying cruel things that maybe are true. By making Kaiji reflecting on his life and noticing his own faults, Fukumoto considered that the story is about maturation, as he wanted to draw a story in which the character gains something or changes in some way, so that he would be able to trust a person, even if he was previously betrayed.

Media.

Manga.

"Kaiji" is written and illustrated by Nobuyuki Fukumoto. The series started in Kodansha's "Weekly Young Magazine" issue #11 of 1996 published on February 19, 1996. The manga has currently been divided into six parts so far:  In August 2018, it was announced at Otakon that the then new brand North American manga publishing company Denpa licensed the first part of the manga "Gambling Apocalypse: Kaiji". It is being released in a six-volume omnibus edition with 500+ pages each one, and the first volume was published on December 10, 2019. Manga Planet will publish the first part of the manga digitally in English-language starting on June 23, 2020.

Spin-offs.

A spin-off, titled, written by Tensei Hagiwara and illustrated by Tomohiro Hashimoto and Tomoki Miyoshi, began serialization in "Monthly Young Magazine" on July 20, 2015, and later moved to Kodansha's "Comic Days" manga app on March 5, 2018. In May 2020, "Comic Days" manga app announced that the series would end in three chapters. The series finished on June 8, 2020. Kodansha has compiled its chapters into individual "tankōbon" volumes. The fist volume was published on December 4, 2015. As of November 13, 2019, nine volumes have been published.  A second spin-off series, titled began serialization in the combined 4th and 5th issue of "Weekly Young Magazine" on December 26, 2016. The manga is written by Tensei Hagiwara and illustrated by Motomu Uehara and Kazuya Arai.

Anime.

In August 2007, in the issue #35 of "Weekly Young Magazine", it was announced an anime television series adaptation of the first part of the manga, titled, known simply as "Kaiji: Ultimate Survivor". Produced by Nippon Television, D.N. Dream Partners, VAP and Madhouse, the series is directed by Yūzō Satō, with Hideo Takayashiki handling series composition, Haruhito Takada designing the characters and Hideki Taniuchi composing the music. It aired between October 2, 2007 and April 1, 2008 on Nippon TV. The individual episodes were collected into nine DVDs released by VAP between January 23 and September 26, 2008. VAP later re-released all the episodes on a DVD box set on October 7, 2009.  A second season with the same key staff, titled, also known as "Kaiji: Against All Rules", was announced in the issue #9 of "Weekly Young Magazine" in January 2011. Based on the second part of the manga "Tobaku Hakairoku Kaiji", it premiered on April 5, 2011 and ran until September 27 of the same year on Nippon TV. A scene depicting Kaiji throwing himself into large-stakes gambling by symbolically drawing him into a rushing torrent of water, was replaced due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, which occurred midway through the anime's production (Fukumoto donated 30 million yen (US$360,000) to the quake victims). The 26 episodes were collected into nine DVDs released by VAP between June 22, 2011 and February 22, 2012. VAP also re-released all the episodes on two DVD box sets on September 21, 2011 and February 22, 2012.  In the United States, "Kaiji: Ultimate Survivor" was streamed on Joost video-streaming service in December 2008. In July 2013, "Crunchyroll" announced the streaming rights to both seasons.

Music.

The music for the anime series was composed by Hideki Taniuchi. The original soundtrack album for "Kaiji: Ultimate Survivor" was released by VAP on January 23, 2008. The original soundtrack album for "Kaiji: Against All Rules" was released on July 20, 2011.  The opening theme for "Kaiji: Ultimate Survivor" is a cover of the Blue Hearts's song, by Masato Hagiwara (credited as Kaiji) with Red Bonchiris and the ending theme is, written, composed and performed by Hakuryu. The opening theme for the second season is "Chase the Light!" by Fear, and Loathing in Las Vegas and the ending theme is by Wasureranneyo.  Yugo Kanno composed the music for the live-action films. The first film's original score was released on October 7, 2009. For the first film, two songs by Japanese pop singer-songwriter Yui were featured, "It's All Too Much" and "Never Say Die", used as theme song and insert song respectively. The original score for the second film was released on November 2, 2011. The original score for "Kaiji Final Game" was released on January 8, 2020.

Live-action films.

"Kaiji" has been adapted into a trilogy of live-action films. The first film, "Kaiji", was announced in October 2008. The film premiered on October 10, 2009 in Japan. Directed by Tōya Satō, starring Tatsuya Fujiwara, Yūki Amami and Teruyuki Kagawa. In the UK, the first film was released on DVD by 4Digital Media under the title "Kaiji: The Ultimate Gambler" on July 26, 2010.  A sequel, "Kaiji 2", was announced in November 2009. It was released on November 5, 2011. Directed by Tōya Satō, starring Tatsuya Fujiwara, Yūsuke Iseya, Yuriko Yoshitaka, Katsuhisa Namase and Teruyuki Kagawa. Both movies are a little different from the manga/anime, both having alternate choices of what Kaiji did, but all have the same settings and events in different orders and rule changes in each gamble.  In May 2019, a third and final film titled "", with a completely original story by Nobuyuki Fukumoto, was announced to premiere on January 10, 2020. Directed by Tōya Satō, starring Tatsuya Fujiwara, Nagisa Sekimizu, Mackenyu, Sota Fukushi, Kōtarō Yoshida and Suzuki Matsuo. Other cast members includes Yūki Amami, Katshusa Namase, Ikusaburo Yamazaki, Masatō Ibu and Toshiki Seto. A novelization of the film by Van Madoy was released on November 14, 2019.  A more loosely adapted Chinese live-action movie, "Animal World", starring Li Yifeng and Michael Douglas, was released on June 29, 2018 in China and other countries. Netflix has acquired the global digital rights to the film.

Video games.

, developed by Kodansha, was released for the PlayStation on May 25, 2000., developed by Compile Heart, was released for the Nintendo DS on September 25, 2008. A PlayStation VR game titled was released on August 28, 2017. The game is developed by Solid Sphere and is based on the events depicted in the "Castle of Despair" arc of the first part of the manga. A version of the game was also launched for the Nintendo Switch on December 28, 2017.  Several pachinko and pachislot machines based on the series have been released. Rodeo has launched three pachislots; in October 2004, in December 2008, and in September 2013. Sammy launched the pachislot in December 2018. Takao have released multiple pachinko machines. The first,, in 2007, the second,, in 2009, the third,, in 2011, the fourth,, in 2012, the fifth, in 2014, the sixth, in 2017, the seventh,, in 2018, and the eighth,, also released in 2018.

Other media.

A guidebook titled was published by Kodansha on October 28, 2011. It includes complete information about the series' first fifteen years of serialization. It also includes a one-shot chapter titled, originally published in "Young Magazine Zoukan: Aka Buta" #12 in 1997, and depicts a "what if" scenario where Kaiji chooses not to accept Endō's offer to board the Espoir.  Good Smile Company launched a figma figure of Kaiji Itō in August 2011.  In August 2011, when "Kaiji" reached its 500th chapter, "Weekly Young Magazine" published tribute illustrations by popular manga artists to celebrate Fukumoto's manga achievement, including Clamp, Tetsuya Chiba, Naoki Urasawa, Shuichi Shigeno, Jyoji Morikawa, Keisuke Itagaki, Hideo Yamamoto, and 12 others.  Kaiji was featured in Level-5's game " Girl's RPG Cinderellife", launched for Nintendo 3DS in 2012. Kaiji and Mikoko Sakazaki were featured in a promotional collaboration for the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) "" in 2016.  A Japanese variety show titled aired on TBS in December 2017. In the show, indebted contestants have the opportunity to earn money participating in different challenges inspired by the games of the manga. An application process was available in the program's official website until November 2017. Another variety show with the same topic titled was streamed in AbemaTV's AbemaSPECIAL Channel in April 2018.

Reception.

General reception.

Manga and anime.

The manga had 18 million "tankōbon" copies in circulation as of November 2011, over 20 million copies in circulation as of July 2012, and over 21.5 million copies in circulation as of January 2019. Individual volumes have been featured in Oricon's weekly charts of best-selling manga every year from 2009 through 2018. "Kaiji" is a popular series in Japan, and like Nobuyuki Fukumoto's other work "Akagi", it has a cult following overseas.  In 1998, along with "Sōten Kōro", the manga won the 22nd Kodansha Manga Award in the General category.  In February 2015, Japanese website "Goo Ranking" conducted a "Top 10" online web poll of the "Best Cerebral Anime", where "Kaiji" ranked #2 behind "Death Note".

Live-action films.

At the Japanese box office, the first two live-action "Kaiji" films grossed (), including for "Kaiji" and for "Kaiji 2". Overseas, the two films grossed, including $460,073 for "Kaiji" overseas and $68,175 for "Kaiji 2" in Singapore. "Kaiji: Final Game" has grossed in Japan, bringing the worldwide box office gross of the "Kaiji" film trilogy to. The Chinese film adaptation "Animal World" also grossed () in China, bringing the worldwide box office gross of all film adaptations to approximately.  In September 2011, "Goo Ranking" conducted a web poll of "Live-Action Manga/Anime Adaptations That Worked" and the first "Kaiji" film ranked #6 out of 38 live-action adaptations.

Critical reception.

Anime.

Michael Toole of "Anime News Network" praised the narrative of "Kaiji", stating that "the series is run through with entertaining lowlifes, odd situations, and intoxicating moments of suspense." Bradley Meek of "THEM Anime Reviews" said that "Kaiji" is "one of the most unique anime I've ever seen, and I don't expect to see anything like it again." He praised the series' "ingenious games", depicting them as "devilishly clever and depend as much on the psychology of the players as it does strategy". Meek also wrote that the theme of the series is "the rich always screw over the poor" and the games could be seen as a "direct form social commentary". David Smith of "IGN" praised the games' rules development and strategies, but said that watching the titular protagonist "trip and fall into obvious traps is more than a little frustrating." Regarding the tone of the series, Theron Martin of "Anime News Network" wrote that the first episode of its second season "wars between being a psychological character study and just clinically depressing", and that could be a "turn-off", noting that the series is aimed at an older male audience. Gia Manry of the same website ranked the titular character second on her list of "Anime Characters with Terrible Karma". In comparing "Kaiji" to other gambling series like Fukumoto's other work "Akagi", Shinobu Kaitani's "One Outs" or Fūmei Sai's "Legendary Gambler Tetsuya", John Oppliger of "AnimeNation" considered that "Kaiji" appeals to a wider audience due to its depiction of a variety of high-stakes games instead of focusing on a single kind of game, and due to the fact that the aforementioned series star "a prodigy rather than an ordinary guy", but stated that a "skilled gamesmanship" viewer could be disappointed with "Kaiji" by the "extensive reliance on coincidence, "deus ex machina", and authorial manipulation" that "substitutes for intelligence and strategy."  The series' art style has been particularly commented by reviewers. Toole described "Kaiji: Ultimate Survivor" as "fantastically ugly" and "cheaply animated", and Martin stated that it uses a "very old-school artistic style", noting the use of "noses that are either huge or lethally sharp, extra-heavy lines in the character designs, and limited animation." In another article, Martin said that the simplicity of the series' animation is "pretty clearly calculated" and "heavily stylized" due to Fukumoto's original work. Daryl Surat of "Otaku USA" commented that Fukumoto's "exaggerated facial expressions and contortions" of his character's design allows "selling the peaks and valleys of emotion that go with gambling matters of life, death, and big money." He also highlighted Fukumoto's trademark sound effect "Zawa Zawa", used to "denote minds ill at ease" and the "highly talkative and hard-selling" narrator, used to explain "how a big a deal everything is with a suitable mix of gravitas, bombast, and wild metaphor that is invariably realized through an outlandish fantasy visual."  "Crunchyroll" listed the second season "Kaiji: Against All Rules" among the best anime series of 2011, with reviewer Joseph Luster commenting, "Ideally, "Kaiji" would be super popular in North America. I'd certainly like to think it would blow up if someone licensed it, but who knows. Still, if you managed to catch the second season this year, you know how dangerously addictive it can be. Zawa zawa, indeed."

Live-action films.

Carlo Santos of "Anime News Network" ranked the first live-action film "Kaiji: The Ultimate Gambler" as a C. Santos wrote that the greatest strengths of the film are the psychological gamesmanship and the theory of gambling games, preserving the spirit of the original work. He criticized the characters' one-dimensional characterization, the "artificial" closed-room scenarios and the "contrived" staging of "scrappy working-class hero versus evil old rich guy", stating that "Kaiji" could be labeled as a "fantasy". Santos also mentioned the changes from the original work and the "awkward plot manuevers" to make the events fit in the film's two-hour time frame. Chris MaGee of "Toronto J-Film Pow-Wow" described the film as a "very uncomfortable mix" between the social commentary of the 2009 film "Kani Kōsen", Tatsuya Fujiwara's first starring role in the 2000 film "Battle Royale" and televised poker shows. He criticized the "over-the-top" acting of Fujiwara, Kenichi Matsuyama and Teruyuki Kagawa, stating that "William Shatner would end up telling Kagawa that it might be a good idea to dial things down a little bit. It seems that in the world of "Kaiji" more always equals better." He concluded "I could only see director Toya Sato and the producers of "Kaiji" the film being entertained by its game show strategies and hyper-dramatics. For those of us unfortunate enough to be sitting in the audience the whole experience is just painful. Not to give away any spoilers, but the fact that the film's ending leaves things wide open for a sequel or sequels makes me shudder."  In a review of the second live-action film, "Kaiji 2", Maggie Lee of "The Hollywood Reporter" felt little suspense and satisfaction with the characters and the actors' performance. She wrote that the cast "cranks up their acting" but due their "cardboard" roles they "have no hopes of being more than that". Lee expressed no excitement in the "character reversals", pointing out that they have become quite common in the survival game genre, with works like "Liar Game" or "The Incite Mill", stating "no matter how many times the key persons in "Kaiji" switch their allegiances, it no longer surprises." Nevertheless, Lee praised the camera movements, music and sound levels, ultimately calling the film a "geeky but still entertaining sequel to the crowd-pleasing "gambling" genre."  Tay Yek Keak of "Today" in his review of "Kaiji: Final Game", considered it as "quite enjoyably fascinating and intellectually stimulating", due that in this third installment "the ambition has grown much bigger. National-size bigger, in fact." Keak mentioned that Fujiwara in his role as Kaiji looks exactly as he was in the first film, and that the only thing that shows that 11 years have passed since the first film is that the "main winner-takes-all game here is more sedentary and less energetic." Keak ultimately added that "it's protracted, it's filled with the outlandish clichés which Japanese flicks love to indulge in and it may seem like a juvenile plaything to the uninitiated. But I like the dark financial apocalypse proposed here which is quite grimly thrilling just to ponder on."

The first part of the manga has been adapted by Madhouse into a 26-episode anime television series, titled "Kaiji: Ultimate Survivor", which aired on Nippon TV between October 2007 and April 2008. A second 26-episode season based on the second part of the manga, titled "Kaiji: Against All Rules", aired from April to September 2011.

《赌博默示录》()是福本伸行的日本漫画作品。1996年开始在讲谈社漫画杂志周刊Young Magazine上连载。


Summary table.

Because this table was initially derived from published results and many of those results were preliminary, as many as 64 of the mesons in the following table may not exist or have the wrong mass or quantum numbers.  The letter "f" in the name of a meson denotes that it is a scalar meson (as opposed to a pseudo-scalar meson), and the letter "a" in the name of a meson denotes that it is an axial-vector meson (as opposed to an ordinary vector meson) a.k.a. an isoscalar vector meson, while the letters "b" and "h" refer to axial-vector mesons with positive parity, negative C-parity, and quantum numbers I of 1 and 0 respectively. The, "f", "a", "b" and "h" mesons are not listed in the tables below and their internal structure and quark content is a matter of ongoing investigation. The particle described in the table above as f(500) has historically been known by two other names: f(600) and ό (sigma).  A complete set of meson naming conventions is set forth in a 2017 review article for the Particle Data Group which also contains a table mapping pre-2016 common names to the new Particle Data Group standard naming conventions for XYZ mesons.

Meson properties.

The following lists details for all known and predicted pseudoscalar (J = 0) and vector (J = 1) mesons.  The properties and quark content of the particles are tabulated below; for the corresponding antiparticles, simply change quarks into antiquarks (and vice versa) and flip the sign of Q, B, S, C, and B′. Particles with next to their names have been predicted by the standard model but not yet observed. Values in have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model and are consistent with the measurements.

Pseudoscalar mesons.

Makeup inexact due to non-zero quark masses.<br>

Vector mesons.

PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = is given instead. <br>

Notes on neutral kaons.

There are two complications with neutral kaons:  Note that these issues also exist in principle for other neutral flavored mesons; however, the weak eigenstates are considered separate particles only for kaons because of their dramatically different lifetimes.

This article contains a list of mesons, unstable subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark. They are part of the hadron particle family – particles made of quarks. The other members of the hadron family are the baryons – subatomic particles composed of three quarks. The main difference between mesons and baryons is that mesons have integer spin (thus are bosons) while baryons are fermions (half-integer spin). Because mesons are bosons, the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply to them. Because of this, they can act as force mediating particles on short distances, and thus play a part in processes such as the nuclear interaction.

介子由一个夸克和一个反夸克组成的不稳定亚原子粒子的列表。它们是强子的一种。强子的另一个成员是重子,由三个夸克组成的亚原子粒子。介子和重子的主要区别在于介子具有整数自旋(因此是玻色子),而重子是费米子(半整数自旋)。因为介子是玻色子,泡利不相容原理不适用于它们。因此,它们可以在短距离内充当作用力的中介粒子,从而在核相互作用等过程中发挥作用。


Biography.

Nie was born in Jiangjin County in Sichuan (now part of Chongqing municipality), the cosmopolitan and well-educated son of a wealthy family. In his 20s, Nie applied to the "Université du Travail" (University of Labour) in Charleroi, Belgium, with a scholarship from the Socialist Party, and was thus able to study science in Charleroi.

Political leanings.

Zhou Enlai spent a night in Charleroi and met with Nie. Nie agreed to join the group of Chinese students in France on a work-study program, where he studied engineering and became a protégé of Zhou Enlai. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1923.  A graduate of the Soviet Red Army Military College and Whampoa Academy, Nie spent his early career first as a political officer in Whampoa's Political Department, where Zhou served as the Deputy Director, and in the Chinese Red Army.

World War II.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, he was first assigned as the deputy division commander of the 115th division of the Eighth Route Army, with the commander being Lin Biao, and in the late 1930s he was given a field command close to Yan Xishan's Shanxi stronghold.

Civil War.

In the Chinese Civil War he commanded the Northern China Military Region, and with his deputy Xu Xiangqian, his force defeated Fu Zuoyi's forces in Tianjin near Beijing. During the Korean War, Nie took part in high level command decision making, military operations planning, and shared responsibility for war mobilization. Nie was made a Marshal of the PLA in 1955 and later ran the Chinese nuclear weapons program.

Purge and rehabilitation.

He was purged during the Cultural Revolution, but was later rehabilitated and became vice chairman of the Central Military Committee, which controlled the nation's armed forces, and also became the vice chairman of the National People's Congress. He retired in 1987 and died in Beijing.

Personal life.

Nie had a daughter with Zhang Ruihua (张瑞华) in 1930, who was named Nie Li. She was imprisoned with her mother by the Kuomintang in 1934 and did not see her father again until 1945. Nie Li is a lieutenant general of the People's Liberation Army and the first woman to hold that rank.

Nie Rongzhen (; December 29, 1899 – May 14, 1992) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader, and one of ten Marshals in the People's Liberation Army of China. He was the last surviving PLA officer with the rank of Marshal.

聂荣臻(1899年-12月29日-1992年-5月14日),字福骈,小名双全,四川省江津县(今重庆市江津区),中国军事家、政治家,中华人民共和国十大元帅之一,中国共产党和中华人民共和国第二代主要领导人之一。


Lists of baryons.

These lists detail all known and predicted baryons in total angular momentum "J" = and "J" = configurations with positive parity.  The symbols encountered in these lists are: "I" (isospin), "J" (total angular momentum), "P" (parity), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), b (bottom quark), "Q" (charge), "B" (baryon number), "S" (strangeness), "C" (charm), "B′" (bottomness), as well as a wide array of subatomic particles (hover for name). (See the "baryon" article for a detailed explanation of these symbols.)  Antibaryons are not listed in the tables; however, they simply would have all quarks changed to antiquarks, and "Q", "B", "S", "C", "B′", would be of opposite signs. Particles with next to their names have been predicted by the Standard Model but not yet observed. Values in parentheses have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model and are consistent with the measurements.

"J" = baryons.

Particle has not yet been observed.

"J" = baryons.

Particle has not yet been observed.

Baryon resonance particles.

This table gives the name, quantum numbers (where known), and experimental status of baryons resonances confirmed by the PDG. Baryon resonance particles are excited baryon states with short half lives and higher masses. Despite significant research, the fundamental degrees of freedom behind baryon excitation spectra are still poorly understood. The spin-parity "J" (when known) is given with each particle. For the strongly decaying particles, the "J" values are considered to be part of the names, as is the mass for all resonances.

Baryons are composite particles made of three quarks, as opposed to mesons, which are composite particles made of one quark and one antiquark. Baryons and mesons are both hadrons, which are particles composed solely of quarks or both quarks and antiquarks. The term "baryon" is derived from the Greek ""βαρύς"" ("barys"), meaning "heavy", because, at the time of their naming, it was believed that baryons were characterized by having greater masses than other particles that were classed as matter.

重子由三个夸克组成,相较之下介子则是由夸克-反夸克对所组成。重子与介子都属于强子,意即单纯由夸克或同时由夸克和反夸克所组成的粒子。重子的英文名称「英语:baryon」是来自希腊语中的「」,意为「重的」,因为在命名当时,重子具有比其他物质粒子还要大的质量被认为是其特性之一。


腓特烈·法兰兹 (梅克伦堡-施威林大公储)

Early life.

He was born in Schwerin, the eldest child of the reigning Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Frederick Francis IV, and his wife Princess Alexandra of Hanover, a daughter of Crown Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover (a first-cousin once removed of Queen Victoria) and Princess Thyra of Denmark, the youngest daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark. Following the defeat of the German Empire in World War I, his father abdicated on 14 November 1918. He did not succeed to the throne, as the Grand Duchy was replaced with the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.  Upon the promulgation of the Weimar Constitution on 11 August 1919, altogether then abolished were titles of sovereigns, such as emperor/empress, king/queen, grand duke/grand duchess, etc. However, former titles shared and inherited by all members of the family were retained but incorporated into the surname. He therefore became known as Friedrich Franz "Herzog" von Mecklenburg-Schwerin (or Friedrich Franz, The Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin) "de facto" since the establishment of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

Post monarchy.

In May 1931 against the will of his father, Friedrich Franz joined the SS and by 1936 he had been promoted to the rank of Hauptsturmführer (Captain).  He was posted to Denmark during World War II where he worked at the German embassy as a personal aide to Werner Best. He spent the summer months of 1944 serving with the Waffen-SS tank corps.  In May 1943, a family council was called by the Grand Ducal family and Friedrich Franz was passed over as heir in favour of his younger brother Duke Christian Louis, who would instead inherit the family property.  Friedrich Franz married Karin Elisabeth von Schaper (1920–2012), the daughter of Walter von Schaper and his wife Baroness Louise von Münchhausen, on 11 June 1941 at Schloß Wiligrad, near the Lake Schwerin. They divorced on 22 September 1967, but remarried a decade later in Glücksburg on 27 April 1977.

Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (; 22 April 1910 – 31 July 2001) was the heir apparent to the throne of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and a member of the Waffen-SS.

腓特烈·法兰兹·米夏埃尔·威廉·尼库劳斯·法兰兹-约瑟夫·恩斯特·奥古斯特·汉斯(Friedrich Franz Michael Wilhelm Nikolaus Franz-Joseph Ernst August Hans,1910年-4月22日-2001年-7月31日),梅克伦堡-什未林大公世子,梅克伦堡-什未林家族族长。


Childhood.

Valdemar was the son of Canute Lavard, Duke of Schleswig, the chivalrous and popular eldest son of King Eric I of Denmark. Valdemar's father was murdered by King Magnus I of Sweden days before the birth of Valdemar; his mother, Ingeborg of Kiev, daughter of Grand Prince Mstislav I of Kiev and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden, named him after her grandfather, Grand Prince Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev.  As a possible contender to the throne, and with his rivals quickly gaining power, Valdemar was raised at Ringsted in the court of Danish nobleman Asser Rig of Fjenneslev (ca. 1080-1151). Asser was a member of the Hvide noble family and had been raised together with Valdemar's father Canute Lavard. Valdemar was raised together with Asser's sons, including Absalon (c. 1128–1201) who would become his trusted friend and minister. The other brother was Esbern Snare.

Struggle for the throne.

In 1146, when Valdemar was fifteen years old, King Eric III of Denmark abdicated and a civil war erupted. The pretenders to the throne were: Sweyn III Grathe, son of King Eric II of Denmark, the son of King Eric I; and Canute V, son of Magnus I of Sweden, the son of King Niels of Denmark, brother of King Erik I. Valdemar himself held Jutland, at least Schleswig, as his possession. The civil war lasted the better part of ten years.  In 1157, the three agreed to divide the country in three among themselves. Sweyn hosted a great banquet for Canute, Absalon, and Valdemar, during which he planned to dispose of all of them. Canute was killed, but Absalon and Valdemar escaped. Valdemar returned to Jutland. Sweyn quickly launched an invasion, only to be defeated by Valdemar in the Battle of Grathe Heath on 23 October 1157. He was killed during flight, supposedly by a group of peasants who stumbled upon him as he was fleeing from the battlefield. Valdemar, having outlived all his rival pretenders, became the sole king of Denmark.

Sole reign.

In 1158, Absalon was elected bishop of Roskilde, and King Valdemar I made him his chief advisor. The king reorganized and rebuilt war-torn Denmark. He built Sønderborg Castle as a fortified fortress, constructed on an islet in the Als Strait ("Als Sund") that later was connected to Als Island. At Absalon's instigation, he declared war upon the Wends who were raiding the Danish coasts. They inhabited Pomerania and the island of Rügen in the Baltic Sea. In 1168, the Wendish capital, Arkona, was taken, and the Wends became Christians and subject to Danish suzerainty. Danish influence had reached into Pomerania. In 1175, King Valdemar I built Vordingborg Castle as a defensive fortress and as a base from which to launch raids against the German coast.

Issue.

Valdemar married Sophia of Minsk (c. 1141–1198), the daughter of Richeza of Poland, dowager queen of Sweden, from her marriage to Prince Volodar of Minsk. She was the half-sister of King Canute V of Denmark. Valdemar and Sophia had the following children:  After Valdemar's death, Sophia married Landgrave Louis III of Thuringia.  Valdemar also had a son, Christopher ( 1150-1173), with his lover, Tove. Christopher was duke of Jutland from 1170 until his death.

Valdemar I of Denmark (14 January 1131 – 12 May 1182), also known as Valdemar the Great (), was King of Denmark from 1146 until his death in 1182. The reign of King Valdemar I saw the rise of Denmark, which reached its zenith under his second son, and successor, King Valdemar II of Denmark.

瓦尔德马一世,又名瓦尔德马大帝(;1131年-1月14日-1182年-5月12日),丹麦国王(1146年-1182年在位)。丹麦国王埃里克一世的长子克努特·那维特的儿子。


Biography.

Zhang was a member of the Honghuzi irregular cavalry forces of the Manchurian warlord Feng Delin during the First Sino-Japanese War. These forces were recruited as mercenaries by the Japanese during the Russo-Japanese War from 1904-05. He subsequently studied at the Northeast Military Academy built by Gen. Zhao Erxun. Following the Xinhai Revolution, he was assigned command of an infantry regiment under the Republic of China; however, he supported Zhang Xun's abortive attempt to restore the Qing dynasty in 1917. He afterwards joined forces with Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin. In 1923 he was appointed a commissioner of the Chinese Eastern Railway and participated in the First Zhili–Fengtian War. in early 1931 his forces were involved in the suppression of the Gada Meiren uprising.  In early October 1931, shortly after the Mukden Incident at Taonan in the northwest of Liaobei province, Zhang--who was commander of the 2nd Provincial Defense Brigade--took command of the local forces including the Hsingan Reclamation Army and declared the district independent of China, in return for a shipment of a large quantity of military supplies by the Imperial Japanese Army.  Zhang followed up his political move by leading the men of the Hsingan Reclamation Army north to attack Gen. Ma Zhanshan, the newly appointed governor of Heilungkiang province. Soon after Zhang advanced upon Ma's capital at Qiqihar, Ma offered to surrender it. Encouraged by Japanese Kwantung Army Gen. Shigeru Honjō, Zhang advanced cautiously to accept Ma's surrender. However, Zhang's advance guard was attacked by Ma's troops in the Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge and it was routed.  Following the establishment of the State of Manchukuo in March 1932, Zhang was reappointed to command his old force, which was now renamed the Taoliao Army. He led Manchukouan troops against the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies during the Pacification of Manchukuo and in the Japanese invasion of Rehe in Operation Nekka. Afterwards he was appointed to command the newly organized Rehe Guard Army, which became the 5th District Army "Chengde" after the 1934 reorganization of the Manchukuoan Army. From March 1933 to November 1934 he was Governor of Rehe Province. He was promoted to full general in the Manchukuo Army in 1936. In 1941 he went into retirement.  After the collapse of Manchukuo in 1945, Chang went into hiding in Tianjin, but was discovered, tried and executed for treason by the People's Republic of China in 1949 in Beijing.

Zhang Haipeng (, Hepburn: "Chō Kaihō") (1867–1949), was a Chinese Northeastern Army general, who went over to the Japanese during the Invasion of Manchuria and became a general in the Manchukuo Imperial Army of the State of Manchuria.

张海鹏(1867年-1949年)字仙涛,别号连溪,绰号「张大麻子」。盛京将军辖区奉天府盖平县人,中华民国及满洲国军事将领。


Design.

Boston City Hall was designed by Gerhard Kallmann, a Columbia University professor, and Michael McKinnell, a Columbia graduate student, (who co-founded Kallmann McKinnell & Knowles). In 1962 they won an international, two-stage design competition for the building. Their design, selected from 256 entries by a jury of prominent architects and businessmen, departed from the more conventional designs of most of the other entries (typified by pure geometrical forms clad with sleek curtain walls) to introduce an articulated structure that expressed the internal functions of the buildings in rugged, cantilevered concrete forms. While hovering over the broad brick plaza, the City Hall was designed to create an open and accessible place for the city's government, with the most heavily used public activities all located on the lower levels directly connected to the plaza. The major civic spaces, including the Council chamber, library, and Mayor's office, were one level up, and the administrative offices were housed above these, behind the repetitive brackets of the top floors.  At a time when monumentality was typically considered an appropriate attribute for governmental architecture, the architects sought to create a bold statement of modern civic democracy, placed within the historic city of Boston. While the architects looked to precedents by Le Corbusier, especially the monastery of Sainte Marie de La Tourette, with its cantilevered upper floors, exposed concrete structure, and a similar interpretation of public and private spaces, they also drew from the example of Medieval and Renaissance Italian town halls and public spaces, as well as from the bold granite structures of 19th-century Boston (including Alexander Parris' Quincy Market immediately to the east).  Many of the elements in the design have been seen as abstractions of classical design elements, such as the coffers and the architrave above the concrete columns. Kallmann, McKinnell, and Knowles collaborated with two other Boston architectural firms and one engineering firm to form the "Architects and Engineers for the Boston City Hall" as the entity responsible for construction, which took place from 1963 to 1968.  The architects designed City Hall as divided into three sections, aesthetically and also by use. The lowest portion of the building, the brick-faced base, which is partially built into a hillside, consists of four levels of the departments of city government, where the public has wide access. The brick largely transfers over to the exterior of this section, and it is joined by materials such as quarry tile inside. The use of these terra cotta products relates to the building's location on one of the original slopes of Boston, expressed in the open, brick-paved plaza, and also to historic Boston's brick architecture, seen in the adjoining Sears Crescent block and the Blackstone Block buildings across Congress Street.  The intermediate portion of City Hall houses the public elected officials: the Mayor, the City Council members, and the Council Chamber. The large scale and the protrusion of these interior spaces on the outside, instead of being buried deep within the building, reveal the important public functions to the passers-by and are intended to create a visual and symbolic connection between the city and its government. The effect is of a small city of concrete-sheltered structures cantilevered above the plaza: large forms that house important civic activities. The cantilevers are supported by exterior columns, spaced alternately at and, which are steel-reinforced.  The upper stories contain the city's office space, which are used by civil servants not visited frequently by the public, such as the administrative and planning departments. The bureaucratic nature is reflected in the standardized window patterns, separated by pre-cast concrete fins, with an open office plan typical of modern office buildings. (The subsequent enclosure of much of this space into separate offices contributed to the ventilation problems of those floors.)  The top of the brick base was designed as an elevated courtyard melding the fourth floor of the city hall with the plaza. Security concerns caused city officials in recent years to block access to the courtyard and the outdoor stairways to Congress Street and the plaza. The courtyard is occasionally opened up for events (such as the celebration of the Boston Celtics championship in 1986). After 9/11, security was further increased. The north entrance, facing the plaza, was barricaded with jersey barriers and bicycle racks. All visitors entering the front and the back entrances must pass through metal detectors.  City Hall was constructed by using mainly cast-in-place and precast Portland cement concrete and some masonry. About half of the concrete used in the building was precast (roughly 22,000 separate components), and the other half was poured-in-place concrete. All of the concrete in the structure, except that of the columns, is mixed with a light, coarse rock. While the majority of the building is created using concrete, precast and poured-in-place concrete are distinguishable by their different colors and textures. For example, cast-in-place elements are coarse and grainy textured because the concrete was poured into fir wood frames to mold it, and precast elements, such as trusses and supports, were set in steel molds to gain smooth, clean surfaces. This distinction also originates from the different types of cement used: the exterior poured-in-place pieces are of type I cement, a lightly colored cement, while the exterior precast components use type II cement, a dark-colored cement. The base of the building is dark with brick, Welsh quarry tiles, mahogany walls, and darker concrete. As the building ascends, the overall color lightens, as lighter concrete is used.

Reception.

The public response to Boston City Hall continues to be sharply divided. Arguments for and against continued use of the structure provoke strong counter-arguments from politicians, local press, design professionals, and the general public. City Hall was given two stars by the Michelin Green Guide, which said that the building "has been one of Boston's controversial architectural statements since its completion in 1968." The building's 50th anniversary in 2019 prompted both positive and negative commentary.

Positive.

While assessment of the building's architecture has been influenced by the vagaries of changing architectural style, the building at the time was acclaimed by some architects as well as by the professional association, American Institute of Architects, which gave the building its Honor Award in 1969.  Representative of the contemporary praise was the opinion of "The New York Times" critic Ada Louise Huxtable, who wrote that "in this focal building Boston sought, and got, excellence." Historian Walter Muir Whitehill wrote that "it is as fine a building for its time and place as Boston has ever produced. Traditionalists who long for a revival of Bulfinch simply do not realize that one does not achieve a handsome monster either by enlarging, or endlessly multiplying, the attractive elements of smaller structures."  Architect, educator, and writer Donlyn Lyndon wrote in "The Boston Globe", "Boston City Hall carries an authority that results from the clarity, articulation, and intensity of imagination with which it has been formed." Architectural historian Douglass Shand-Tucci, author of "Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800–2000", called City Hall "one of America's foremost landmarks" and "arguably the great building of twentieth-century Boston." In the "AIA Guide to Boston", Susan and Michael Southworth wrote that "the award-winning City Hall had established its architect's reputation and inspired similar buildings across the nation."  Stylistically, City Hall is considered by some to be a leading example of Brutalist architecture. It is listed among the "Greatest Buildings" by Great Buildings Online, an affiliate of "Architecture Week". Additionally, in a 1976 Bicentennial poll of historians and architects regarding the United States' greatest buildings, sponsored by the American Institute of Architects, Boston City Hall received the sixth-most mentions.  When Boston's Mayor Menino stirred controversy in 2010 with a discussion of selling City Hall (see below), opponents of the proposal expressed praise of the building for its influence, design originality, and symbolism as a marker of Boston's rebirth in the 1960s. Supporters of the building applied to the Boston Landmarks Commission for its designation as a landmark, with supporting signatures and letters from architecture critic Jane Holtz Kay, Friends of the Public Garden President Henry Lee, and others. "The Boston Globe" published editorials recognizing the building's importance. Architecture critic Ada Louise Huxtable wrote an article published in "The Wall Street Journal" in which she contrasted the poor treatment of Boston City Hall with Yale University's recent sympathetic restoration of its similarly challenging Brutalist landmark, the Art and Architecture Building by architect Paul Rudolph. In 2009 a major exhibition of the original design drawings for City Hall, now part of the archive of Historic New England, was mounted at the Wentworth Institute of Technology. In 2019, a commemorative pin was produced in honor of the building's 50th anniversary. In an essay written during the anniversary year, architect Aaron Betsky wrote that City Hall "is one of the last concrete examples of government willing to fight for what it thinks is right, which is, or should be, or common good."

Negative.

In the 1960s, Mayor John F. Collins reportedly gasped as the design was first unveiled, and someone in the room blurted out, "What the hell is that?" City Hall is very unpopular with some Bostonians, as it is with some employees of the building. In 2006 some described it as a dark and unfriendly eyesore. In part, such opinions are a reaction against greater Boston's numerous examples of concrete modernism from the 1960s. As City Hall is one of the few public buildings in the Brutalist style, it receives more attention. Secondly, those opinions are influenced by the city's inadequate funding for maintenance (compared to the Boston Public Library, for instance), its need for upgraded lighting and mechanical systems, and its lack of coherent signage.  The post-9/11 environment has dramatically changed what had been intended as a civil center and community space on the stairways and plaza around the building. Public access has been sharply reduced by the erection of security barriers and closing of numerous entrances. These changes have created a defensive effect and made the building isolated in its large space and more difficult for the public to use.  In addition, the building's popularity declined as the tide turned away from modernism in New England to more traditional and post-modern styles in the 1970s and 1980s. The building was no longer new, architectural monumentality fell out of favor, and the idea of a "new" era and a "new" Boston became old-fashioned. The changes in style coincided with political changes, as Kevin White's mayoral administration ended.  Under subsequent administrations, which focused on neighborhoods rather than the center city, and decentralization instead of centralized civic power, funding was funneled away from City Hall. Compared to the well-maintained Boston Public Library, a place characterized by brightness, cleanliness, and warmth, City Hall's spaces are dispiriting. In that context, some users and occupants have found City Hall to be unpleasant and dysfunctional. It has been the butt of jokes in some local magazines. The structure's complex interior spaces and sometimes-confusing floor plan have not been mitigated by quality wayfinding, signage, graphics or lighting.  Also, City Hall's large open spaces, central courtyard, and concrete structure make the building expensive to heat in an age of rising energy costs. But numerous public, institutional, and religious buildings throughout greater Boston feature similarly large, or larger, open spaces. As with other structures of its era, City Hall would benefit from a study of ways to "green" the building and reduce its energy requirements, while taking care to retain its dramatic design and key characteristics.  A commentator wrote in 2006 that "I believe it's only a matter of time, and it will have to be totally removed, not modified, not retrofitted, not adapted." In 2008, the building was voted "World's Ugliest Building" in an online poll by the travel agency Virtualtourist. A number of news outlets picked up that moniker, and Mayor Tom Menino adopted it during his long tenure as a boon to tourism. A 2013 OPED essay by columnist Paul McMorrow in the "Boston Globe" described it as "the worst building in the city" and advocated demolition. Curbed Boston included City Hall on its 2018 list of Boston's "10 ugliest buildings."

Plaza.

The surrounding City Hall Plaza has experienced a similar change in assessment over time. Although its recessed fountain, trees, and umbrella-shaded tables drew crowds in its early years, the space has more recently been cited as problematic in terms of design and urban planning. To illustrate the range of opinion regarding the Plaza, in 2004 the Project for Public Spaces identified it as the worst single public plaza worldwide out of hundreds of contenders, and it has placed the plaza on its "Hall of Shame." On the other hand, in 2009, The Cultural Landscape Foundation included City Hall Plaza as one of 13 national "Marvels of Modernism" in its exhibition and publication. Several rounds of efforts to liven up City Hall Plaza have yielded only minimal changes, with the challenge being, in part, the numerous approvals required at the city, state, and federal levels.

Proposed modifications, relocation and demolition.

In 2001, some City Hall workers complained that they were suffering from sick building syndrome. However, consultants hired by the city "did not identify any building-wide or acute air-quality issues."  Since 2006, a number of proposals have been made to modify City Hall or to demolish it and replace it with a new building on another site.  On December 12, 2006, Boston Mayor Thomas Menino proposed selling the current city hall and adjacent plaza to private developers and moving the city government to a site in South Boston.  On April 24, 2007, the Boston Landmarks Commission reviewed a petition, supported by a group of architects and preservationists.  On July 10, 2008, a Landmarks Commission official said that the petition to designate the building as a local landmark had been accepted for study, giving the building pending landmark status. Members of the group Citizens for City Hall also opposed Mayor Menino's plan to build a new City Hall on the South Boston waterfront because it would be a major inconvenience for tens of thousands of city residents.  In December 2008, Menino suspended his plan to move City Hall. In a worsening recession, he stated, "I can't consciously move ahead on a major project like this at this time."  An advocacy group, Friends of Boston City Hall, was established to help develop support for preserving and enhancing City Hall and improving the Plaza.  In 2010, the Boston Society of Architects held a competition for ideas for modifying City Hall.  In March 2011, plans were announced to rethink the building and its surrounding plaza.  In 2013, California Home + Design placed Boston City Hall on its list of "25 Buildings to Demolish Right Now."  While a candidate for Mayor of Boston, Martin J. Walsh called for the sale of City Hall for mixed-use redevelopment. But after his election, Walsh did not pursue such a sale.  In 2015, the City of Boston launched a "Rethink City Hall" program to gather ideas for changes to the building and to City Hall Plaza. The Getty Foundation awarded Boston a grant of $120,000 in 2017 to study ways to preserve and enhance City Hall and its plaza. The Foundation noted “a shift in public sentiment” in recent years, “with many residents now embracing the site as a key feature of the city fabric.”  In January 2016, Mayor Walsh announced plans to install new LED lighting on the exterior of the building. "We are committed to creating a welcoming, lively City Hall Plaza," Walsh said. The lights were turned on in October 2016.

Nearby events.

City Hall is located in Government Center, in Downtown Boston. The adjoining City Hall Plaza is sometimes used for parades and rallies and, most memorably, the region's championship sports teams, the Boston Celtics, Boston Bruins, New England Patriots, and the Boston Red Sox, have been feted in front of City Hall. A huge crowd in the plaza also greeted Queen Elizabeth II during her 1976 Bicentennial visit, as she walked from the Old State House to City Hall to have lunch with the Mayor.  From 2013 to 2016, City Hall Plaza was home to the Boston Calling Music Festival.  Since November 2016, the plaza has been home to Boston Winter, a holiday-themed shopping center, complete with a skating rink and other holiday events, held annually from November to January.  History of Boston's municipal government History of site

References.

Notes Bibliography

Boston City Hall is the seat of city government of Boston, Massachusetts. It includes the offices of the mayor of Boston and the Boston City Council. The current hall was built in 1968 to assume the functions of the Old City Hall.

波士顿市政厅(英语:Boston City Hall)是美国波士顿市政府所在地,波士顿市长的办公室与波士顿市议会皆位于此。现在的市政厅修建于1968年。


Geography.

The Siuslaw National Forest encompasses more than along the central Oregon Coast between Coos Bay and Tillamook, and in some places extends east from the ocean, beyond the crest of the Oregon Coast Range, almost reaching the Willamette Valley. The forest lies primarily in Lane County (39% of the forest) and Lincoln County (27% of the forest); the rest in descending order of land area are Tillamook, Douglas, Yamhill, Benton, Coos, and Polk counties. It includes the Sand Lake Recreation Area and the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area. The Forest Supervisor's office is located in Corvallis, and the Siuslaw is broken up into two ranger districts—the Hebo Ranger District, with approximately, and the Central Coast Ranger District, with approximately.  The forest contains Marys Peak, the highest point in the Oregon Coast Range at. Numerous aquatic habitats are found in the forest: marine shore, rivers and streams—, including the Alsea, Nestucca, Siuslaw, and Umpqua rivers—and 30 lakes. The terrestrial environment can be regarded as two major vegetation zones, one near the coast dominated by Sitka spruce ("Picea sitchensis"), and the other dominated by western hemlock ("Tsuga heterophylla") and Douglas fir ("Pseudotsuga menziesii"). Western hemlock often grows in the shade under Douglas fir. Other major tree species in the forest are western red cedar ("Thuja plicata"), red alder ("Alnus rubra"), and bigleaf maple ("Acer macrophyllum"). A 1993 Forest Service study estimated that the extent of old growth in the forest was. The Cummins Creek Wilderness and the Rock Creek Wilderness preserve some of this old growth.

Recreational activities.

Recreational activities in the Siuslaw National Forest include fishing, camping, hiking, horseback riding, mountain biking, exploring tide pools, and riding off highway vehicles.

Wilderness areas.

There are three officially designated wilderness areas within the Siuslaw National Forest that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System, all established in 1984:

The Siuslaw National Forest ( ) is a national forest in western Oregon in the United States. Established in 1908, the Siuslaw is made up of a wide variety of ecosystems, ranging from coastal forests to sand dunes.

赛乌斯劳国家森林(英语:Siuslaw National Forest)是一座位于美国俄勒冈州西部的国家森林,于1998年设立。森林内生态系统丰富,从海岸森林到沙丘应有尽有。


Early life and education.

Xi was born on 15 October 1913, to a land-owning family, in rural Fuping County, Shaanxi. He joined the Chinese Communist Youth League in May 1926 and took part in student demonstrations in the spring of 1928, for which he was imprisoned by the ruling nationalist authorities. In prison, he joined the Communist Party of China in 1928.

Career.

Red Army.

In early 1930, he joined the Nationalists' Northwest Army under the command of Yang Hucheng and in March 1932, launched a coup within that army in Liangdang, Gansu. Subsequently, he joined Communist guerillas north of the Wei River. In March 1933, he joined Liu Zhidan and others in founding the Shaanxi–Gansu (Shaangan) Border Region Soviet Area, and became the chairman of the Soviet area government while leading guerillas in resisting Nationalist incursions and expanding the Soviet area. In early 1935, the Shaanxi–Gansu Border and Northern Shaanxi Soviet Areas merged to form the Revolutionary Base Area of the Northwest and Xi became one of the leaders of the base area. But in September 1935, he along with Liu Zhidan and Gao Gang were jailed during a Leftist rectification campaign within the party. By his own account, he was within four days of being executed when Mao Zedong arrived on the scene and ordered Xi and his comrades released. Xi's guerrilla base in the Northwest gave refuge to Mao Zedong and the party center, and allowed them to end the Long March. It is said that Xi's "Revolutionary Base Area of the Northwest saved the Party Center and the Party Center saved the revolutionaries of the Northwest." The base area eventually became the Yan'an Soviet, the headquarters of the Chinese Communist movement until 1947.

Sino-Japanese War.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Xi stayed in the Yan'an Soviet to manage civilian and military affairs, boost economic production within the Soviet, and implement party policies. He was known for evaluating policies based on empirical assessment and resisting "leftist" extremism in implementing party directives. At the 7th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in August 1945, he was named an alternate member of the Central Committee and became the deputy director of the party's organization department, in charge of making personnel decision. As World War II in China was winding down, he defeated Nationalist attack on the Yan'an Soviet at Futaishan and assisted the breakout of Wang Zhen's 359 Brigade from the North China Plains.

Chinese Civil War and post-war transition.

With the outbreak of full-scale civil war between Communists and Nationalists in early 1947, Xi remained in northwestern China to coordinate the protection and then recapture of the Yan'an Soviet Area. As political commissar, Xi and commander Zhang Zongxun defeated Nationalists west of Yan'an at the Battle of Xihuachi in March 1947. After Yan'an fell to Hu Zongnan on 19 March 1947, Xi worked on the staff of Peng Dehuai in the battles to retake Yan'an and capture northwest China.  Xi directed the political work of the Northwest Political and Military Affairs Bureau, which was tasked with bringing Communist governance to the newly captured areas of the Northwest. In this capacity, Xi was known for his moderate policies and the use of non-military means to pacify rebellious areas.  In July 1951, following the Communists' defeat of the Ma Clique armies in Qinghai, remnants of the Muslim warlords incited rebellion among Tibetan tribesmen. Among those who took up arms was chieftain Xiang Qian of the Nganglha Tribe in eastern Qinghai. As the PLA sent troops to quell the uprising, Xi Zhongxun urged for a political solution. Numerous envoys including Geshe Sherab Gyatso and the Panchen Lama went to negotiate. Though Xiang Qian rebuffed dozens of offers and the PLA managed to capture the chieftain's villages, Xi continued to pursue a political solution. He released captured tribesmen, offered generous terms to Xiang Qian and forgave those who took part in the uprising. In July 1952, Xiang Qian returned from hiding in the mountains, pledged his allegiance to the People's Republic and was invited by Xi to attend the graduation ceremony of the Nationalities College in Lanzhou. In 1953, Xiang Qiang became the chief of Jainca County. Mao compared Xi's deft treatment of Xiang Qian to Zhuge Liang's conciliation of Meng Huo in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".  Also in 1952, Xi Zhongxun halted the campaign of Wang Zhen and Deng Liqun to implement land reform and class struggle to pastoralist regions of Xinjiang. Xi, based on experience in Inner Mongolia, advised against assigning class labels and waging class struggle among pastoralists, but was ignored by Wang and Deng who directed the seizure of livestock from landowners and land from religious authorities. The policies inflamed social unrest in pastoralist northern Xinjiang where Ospan Batyr uprising had just been quelled. With the support of Mao, Xi reversed the policies, had Wang Zhen relieved from Xinjiang and released over a thousand herders from prison.  When the 14th Dalai Lama visited Beijing in 1954 for several months of political meetings and studies in Chinese and Marxism, Xi spent time with the Tibetan leader, who fondly recalled Xi as "very friendly, comparatively open-minded, very nice." As a gift, the Dalai Lama gave Xi an Omega watch. When the Dalai Lama's brother visited Beijing in the early 1980s, Xi was still wearing that watch.

Political career in Beijing, purge, rehabilitation and retirement.

In September 1952, Xi Zhongxun became chief of the party's propaganda department and supervised cultural and education policies. At the 8th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 1956, he was elected a member of the CPC Central Committee. In 1959, he became a vice-premier and worked under Zhou Enlai in directing the State Council's lawmaking and policy research functions.  In 1962, he was accused of leading an anti-party clique for supporting the "Biography of Liu Zhidan", and purged from all leadership positions. The biography, written by Li Jiantong () to commemorate Xi's former comrade who died a party martyr in 1936, was alleged to be a covert effort to subvert the party by rehabilitating Gao Gang, another former comrade who had been purged in 1954. Xi Zhongxun was forced to undergo self-critique and in 1965 was demoted to the position of a deputy manager of a tractor factory in Luoyang. During the Cultural Revolution, he was persecuted, jailed and spent long periods in confinement in Beijing. He regained his freedom in May 1975 and was assigned to another factory in Luoyang.  After the Cultural Revolution ended, Xi was fully rehabilitated at the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in December 1978. From 1978 to 1981, he held leadership roles in Guangdong Province, successively as the second and then first provincial secretary, governor and political commissar of the Guangdong Military Region. In Guangdong, he stabilized the provincial government and began to liberalize the economy. When he first arrived in Guangdong, the provincial government was struggling to hold back the tide of Guangdong residents trying to flee to Hong Kong. At the time, daily wages in Guangdong averaged 0.70 yuan, about 1/100 of wages in Hong Kong. Xi understood the disparity in standards of living and called for economic liberalisation in Guangdong. To do so, he needed to win over leaders in Beijing skeptical of the market economy. In meetings in April 1979, he convinced Deng Xiaoping to permit Guangdong to make its own foreign trade policy decisions and to invite foreign investment to projects in experimental areas along the provincial border with Hong Kong and Macau and in Shantou, which has a large overseas diaspora. As for the name of the experimental areas, Deng said, "let's call them,'special zones', [after all, your] Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region began as a'special zone'." Deng added, "The Central Government has no funds, but we can give you some favorable policies." Borrowing a phrase from their guerrilla war days, Deng told Xi, "You have to find a way, to fight a bloody path out." Xi submitted a formal proposal on the creation of special zones, later renamed special economic zones and in July 1979, the party center and State Council approved the creation of the first four special economic zones.  In 1981, Xi returned to Beijing and was elected the deputy chair of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and also held the chair of the legal affairs committee. In this capacity, he oversaw the drafting of numerous laws. In September 1982, he was elected to the Politburo and the party secretariat. In 1987, Deng Xiaoping and powerful elder Chen Yun were dissatisfied with the liberal inclination of Hu Yaobang, and called a meeting to force Hu to resign General Secretary. Xi was the only one that defended Hu. He retired from public service in April 1988 and spent most of his retirement years in Shenzhen.

Personal life and death.

In 1936, Xi married Hao Mingzhu, the niece of revolutionary fighter Wu Daifeng, in Shaanxi. The union lasted until 1944, and the couple had three children: one son, Xi Fuping (aka Xi Zhengning), and two daughters, Xi Heping, and Xi Ganping. According to official records, Xi Heping died during the Cultural Revolution due to persecution, which historians have concluded means that she most likely committed suicide under duress. Little is known about Xi Ganping, except that she was retired by 2013 and regularly appears at meetings of red princelings. Xi Zhengning, meanwhile, was a researcher in the Ministry of Defence but later pursued a bureaucratic career; he died in 1998.  In 1944, Xi Zhongxun married Qi Xin, his second wife, and had four children: Qi Qiaoqiao, Xi An'an, Xi Jinping and Xi Yuanping. Xi Jinping became the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 15 November 2012, and has been President of the People's Republic of China since March 2013.  Xi Zhongxun died 24 May 2002. His official obituary described him as "an outstanding proletarian revolutionary," "a great communist soldier," and "one of the main founders and leaders of the revolutionary base areas in the Shaanxi-Gansu border region."

Xi Zhongxun (15 October 1913 – 24 May 2002) was a Chinese communist revolutionary and a subsequent political official in the People's Republic of China. He is considered to be among the first generation of Chinese leadership. The contributions he made to the Chinese communist revolution and the development of the People's Republic, from the founding of Communist guerrilla bases in northwestern China in the 1930s to initiation of economic liberalization in southern China in the 1980s, are numerous and broad. He was known for political moderation and for the setbacks he endured in his career. He was imprisoned and purged several times. Xi was also the father of Xi Jinping, the current paramount leader of China and General Secretary of the Communist Party.

习仲勋(1913年-10月15日-2002年-5月24日),原名习中勋,字相近,祖籍河南邓州市习家营,祖辈迁入陕西富平,曾任中国共产党和中华人民共和国主要领导人之一。习仲勋1926年5月加入中国社会主义青年团,并于1928年转为中共党员。1932年,习仲勋发动了两当兵变,其后历任陕甘边区苏维埃政府主席、中共关中特委书记。抗日战争时期,任中共关中分委书记、关中军分区兼警备第一旅政委、中共西北中央局党校校长、中共绥德地委书记。第二次国共内战时期,任中共中央西北局书记、陕甘宁晋绥联防军政治委员、西北军区政治委员。中华人民共和国成立后,历任第一野战军政治委员、中共中央西北局第二书记、中共中央宣传部部长,国务院副总理兼秘书长,中共广东省委第一书记,中共中央书记处书记、全国人大常委会副委员长等职。他是邓小平主政时期的「中共八大元老」之一。习仲勋是中国共产党现任中央委员会总书记习近平的父亲,第二任妻子为齐心。