Early life and education.

Lawson was born in 1932 to a wealthy Jewish family living in Hampstead, London. His father, Ralph Lawson (1904–1982), was the owner of a commodity-trading firm in the City of London, while his mother, Joan Elisa (Davis), was also from a prosperous family of stockbrokers. His paternal grandfather, Gustav Leibson, a merchant from Mitau (now Jelgava in Latvia), changed his name from Leibson to Lawson in 1925, having become a British citizen in 1911.  Lawson was educated at two independent schools: at Beechwood Park School in Markyate (nr. St Albans) in Hertfordshire, followed by Westminster School in London (following in his father's footsteps), and Christ Church, Oxford, where he gained a first-class honours degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics.

Life and career.

Lawson carried out his National Service as a Royal Navy officer, during which time he commanded the fast-patrol boat HMS "Gay Charger".  Lawson began his career as a journalist at the "Financial Times" in 1956, writing the Lexicon column. He progressed to the positions of City editor of "The Sunday Telegraph" in 1961 – where he introduced his friend Jim Slater's "Capitalist" investing column – and then editor of "The Spectator" (1966–1970).

Early political career.

Lawson stood unsuccessfully at the 1970 General Election for the Eton and Slough seat before becoming Member of Parliament for Blaby in Leicestershire in February 1974, which he held until retiring at the 1992 General Election.  While in Opposition, Lawson co-ordinated tactics with rebellious Government backbenchers Jeff Rooker and Audrey Wise to secure legislation providing for the automatic indexation of tax thresholds to prevent the tax burden being increased by inflation (typically in excess of 10% per annum during that Parliament).

In government.

Financial Secretary to the Treasury.

On the election of Margaret Thatcher's government, Lawson was appointed to the post of Financial Secretary to the Treasury. Although this is the fourth-ranking political position in the UK Treasury, Lawson's energy in office was reflected in such measures as the ending of unofficial state controls on mortgage lending, the abolition of exchange controls in October 1979 and the publication of the Medium Term financial Strategy. This document set the course for both the monetary and fiscal sides of the new government's economic policy, though the extent to which the subsequent trajectory of policy and outcome matched that projected is still a matter for debate.

Secretary of State for Energy.

In the Cabinet reshuffle of September 1981, Lawson was promoted to the position of Secretary of State for Energy. In this role his most significant action was to prepare for what he saw as an inevitable full-scale strike in the coal industry (then state-owned since nationalisation by the post-war Labour party government of Clement Attlee) over the closure of deep coal mines whose uneconomic operation accounted for the coal industry's business losses and consequent requirement for state subsidy. He was a key proponent of the Thatcher Government's privatisation policy. During his tenure at the Department of Energy he set the course for the later privatisations of the gas and electricity industries and on his return to the Treasury he worked closely with the Department of Trade and Industry in privatising British Airways, British Telecom, and British Gas.

Chancellor of the Exchequer.

After the Thatcher Government's re-election in 1983, Lawson was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in succession to Geoffrey Howe. The early years of Lawson's chancellorship were associated with tax reform. The 1984 Budget reformed corporate taxes by a combination of reduced rates and reduced allowances. The 1985 Budget continued the trend of shifting from direct to indirect taxes by reducing National Insurance contributions for the lower-paid while extending the base of value added tax.  During these two years Lawson's public image remained low-key, but from the 1986 Budget (in which he resumed the reduction of the standard rate of personal Income Tax from the 30% rate to which it had been lowered in Howe's 1979 Budget), his stock rose as unemployment began to fall from the middle of 1986 (employment growth having resumed over three years earlier). Lawson also changed the budget deficit from £10.5 billion (3.7% of GDP) in 1983 to a budget surplus of £3.9 billion in 1988 and £4.1 billion in 1989, the year of his resignation. During these years, however, the UK's current account deficit similarly rose from below 1% of GDP in 1986 to almost 5% in 1989, with Lawson asserting that an external deficit based on private-sector behavior is no reason for concern. During his tenure the rate of taxation also came down. The basic rate was reduced from 30% in 1983 to 25% by 1988. The top rate of tax also came down from 60% to 40% in 1988 and the four other higher rates were removed, leaving a system of personal taxation in which there was no rate anywhere in excess of 40 per cent.  In 1986, the City of London's financial markets were deregulated in the so-called 'Big Bang'. In an interview in 2010 Nigel Lawson said that an unintended consequence of the Big Bang was the financial crisis of 2007–2008.  The trajectory taken by the UK economy from this point on is typically described as "The Lawson Boom" by analogy with the phrase "The Barber Boom" which describes an earlier period of rapid expansion under the tenure as Chancellor of Anthony Barber in the Conservative Government of Prime Minister Heath (1970 to 1974). Critics of Lawson assert that a combination of the abandonment of monetarism, the adoption of a "de facto" exchange-rate target of 3 Deutsche marks to the pound (ruling out interest-rate rises), and excessive fiscal laxity (in particular the 1988 Budget) unleashed an inflationary spiral.  Lawson, in his own defence, attributes the boom largely to the effects of various measures of financial deregulation. Insofar as Lawson acknowledges policy errors, he attributes them to a failure to raise interest rates during 1986 and considers that had Margaret Thatcher not vetoed the UK joining the European Exchange Rate Mechanism in November 1985 it might have been possible to adjust to these beneficial changes in the arena of microeconomics with less macroeconomic turbulence. Lawson also ascribes the difficulty of conducting monetary policy to Goodhart's Law.  His tax cuts, beginning in 1986, resulted in the "Lawson Boom" of the British economy, which had halved unemployment from more than 3,000,000 by the end of 1989. However, this might have led to a rise in inflation from 3% to more than 8% during 1988, which resulted in interest rates doubling to 15% in the space of 18 months, and remaining high in spite of the 1990–1992 recession which saw unemployment rise nearly as high as the level seen before the boom began.  Lawson opposed the introduction of the Community Charge (nicknamed the "poll tax") as a replacement for the previous rating system for the local financing element of local government revenue. His dissent was confined to deliberations within the Cabinet, where he found few allies and where he was over-ruled by the Prime Minister and by the ministerial team of the department responsible (Department of the Environment).  The issue of exchange-rate mechanism membership continued to fester between Lawson and Thatcher and was exacerbated by the re-employment by Thatcher of Sir Alan Walters as personal economic adviser. Lawson's conduct of policy had become a struggle to maintain credibility once the August 1988 trade deficit revealed the strength of the expansion of domestic demand. As orthodox monetarists, Lawson and Thatcher agreed to a steady rise in interest rates to restrain demand, but this had the effect of inflating the headline inflation figure.

Resignation.

After a further year in office in these circumstances Lawson felt that public articulation of differences between an exchange-rate monetarist, as he had become, and the views of Walters (who continued to favour a floating exchange rate) were making his job impossible and he resigned. He was succeeded in the office of Chancellor by John Major.  Lawson's tenure as Chancellor of the Exchequer was longer than that of any of his predecessors since David Lloyd George, who served from 1908 to 1915. This was subsequently passed by Labour's Gordon Brown (1997–2007).

Retirement.

After retiring from front-bench politics, Lawson decided, on his doctor's advice, to tackle his weight problem. He is 5 feet 10 inches (178 cm) tall; he lost five stone (70 pounds, 30 kg) from 17 stone, or 238 pounds (108 kg) to 12 stone, or 168 pounds (76 kilograms) – (BMI 34 to 24) in a matter of a few months, dramatically changing his appearance, and went on to publish the best-selling "The Nigel Lawson Diet Book".  On 1 July 1992 he was given a life peerage as Baron Lawson of Blaby, of Newnham in the County of Northamptonshire.  In 1996, Lawson appeared on the BBC satirical and topical quiz show "Have I Got News For You" and, as a former Chancellor (the position of Chancellor being one of the Great Offices of State) he had held the highest political office of any guest. He occasionally appears as a guest on his daughter Nigella's cookery shows.  Lawson serves on the advisory board of the Conservative magazine "Standpoint".  In 2013, Lawson advocated Britain leaving the EU. He argued that 'economic gains [from leaving the EU] would substantially outweigh the costs'. In the 2016 EU referendum, he supported Leave and was appointed chairman of the Vote Leave campaign to unite the different campaigns.

Expenses scandal.

During the United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal, it was reported that Lawson claimed £16,000 in overnight allowances by registering his farmhouse in Gascony as his main residence.

Position on global warming.

Lawson is involved with the climate change denial movement, and believes that man-made global warming has little or no impact.  In 2004, along with six others, Lawson joined in the global warming controversy when he wrote a letter to "The Times" criticising the Kyoto Protocol and asserting that there were substantial scientific uncertainties surrounding climate change. In 2005, the House of Lords Economics Affairs Select Committee, with Lawson as a member, undertook an inquiry into climate change. In their report, the Committee recommend the HM Treasury take a more active role in climate policy. The objectivity of the IPCC process is questioned, and changes are suggested in the UK's contribution to future international climate change negotiations. The report cites a mismatch between the economic costs and benefits of climate policy, and also criticises the greenhouse gas emission reduction targets set in the Kyoto Protocol. In response to the report, Michael Grubb, Chief Economist of the Carbon Trust, wrote an article in "Prospect" magazine, defending the Kyoto Protocol and describing the committee's report as being "strikingly inconsistent". Lawson responded to Grubb's article, describing it as an example of the "intellectual bankruptcy of the [...] climate change establishment". Lawson also said that Kyoto's approach was "wrong-headed" and called on the IPCC to be "shut down".  At about the same time of the release of the House of Lords report, the UK Government launched the Stern Review, an inquiry undertaken by the HM Treasury and headed by Lord Stern of Brentford. According to the "Stern Review", published in 2006, the potential costs of climate change far exceed the costs of a programme to stabilise the climate. Lawson's lecture to the Centre for Policy Studies think-tank, published 1 November 2006 criticises the Stern Review and proposed what is described as a rational approach, advocating adaptation to changes in global climate, rather than attempting mitigation, i.e., reducing greenhouse gas emissions.  In 2008, Lawson published a book expanding on his 2006 lecture to the Centre for Policy Studies, "". He argues the case that, although global warming is happening and will have negative consequences, the impact of these changes will be relatively moderate rather than apocalyptic. He criticises those "alarmist" politicians and scientists who predict catastrophe unless urgent action is taken.  In July 2008, the Conservative magazine "Standpoint" published a transcript of a double interview with Lawson and Tory Policy Chief Oliver Letwin, in which Lawson described Letwin's views on global warming as "pie in the sky" and called on him and the Tory frontbench to "get real".  On 23 November 2009, Lawson became chairman of a new think tank, the Global Warming Policy Foundation, a registered education charity, involved in promoting climate change scepticism.  In 2011, Bob Ward of the Grantham Research Institute said that the GWPF was "spreading errors" and "the 'facts'" Lawson "repeats are demonstrably inaccurate". Ward also criticised Lawson for repeating in a 2010 BBC radio debate that Antarctic ice volumes were unchanged even after his error was highlighted by his opponent, Professor Kevin Anderson. Ward said that Lawson provided no evidence to back his claim which is contrary to satellite measurements, and Lawson similarly incorrectly implied that the correlation between CO and sea levels was uncertain as sea levels were rising more slowly since 1950 than before it.  The Charity Commission requires that statements by campaigning charities "must be factually accurate and have a legitimate evidence base". They reviewed the GWPF, which was subsequently split with its campaigning arm renamed the Global Warming Policy Forum without charitable status, while the charitable section retained the original title. Lawson's son Dominic Lawson is also a climate change sceptic, taking a similar viewpoint as his father in his columns in the "Independent on Sunday".  In a BBC radio interview in August 2017, Lawson falsely claimed that "official figures" showed "average world temperature has slightly declined" over the preceding decade, and that experts in the IPCC found no increase in extreme weather events. In a follow-up programme on the BBC's presentation of these claims, Peter A. Stott of the UK Met Office said Lawson was wrong on both points.

Economy.

Lawson was a critic of David Cameron's coalition government economic policy, describing spending cuts consultation plans as a "PR ploy". In November 2011 he called for the "orderly" dismantling of the euro.

In the media.

Lawson was interviewed about the rise of Thatcherism for the 2006 BBC TV documentary series "Tory! Tory! Tory!".  In 2010, he appeared on the "Analysis" programme to discuss banking reform. Lawson said that the 2007–2012 global financial crisis was an unintended consequence of the 1986 Big Bang after investment banks merged with high street banks putting depositors' savings at risk.  In a debate with other former cabinet ministers and prominent journalists, Lawson has argued that political life is more in need of ideas and direction than grand political visions.

Personal and family life.

Lord Lawson has been married twice, having children from both marriages.  Lord Lawson is a member of the Garrick, Beefsteak and Pratt's Clubs.

Nigel Lawson, Baron Lawson of Blaby, (born 11 March 1932) is a British Conservative politician and journalist. He was a Member of Parliament representing the constituency of Blaby from 1974 to 1992, and served in the cabinet of Margaret Thatcher from 1981 to 1989. Prior to entering the Cabinet, he served as the Financial Secretary to the Treasury from May 1979 until his promotion to Secretary of State for Energy. He was appointed as Chancellor of the Exchequer in June 1983, and served until his resignation in October 1989. In both Cabinet posts, Lawson was a key proponent of Thatcher's policies of privatisation of several key industries. Lawson oversaw the sudden deregulation of financial markets in 1986, commonly referred to as the ’Big Bang’, which shifted the center of gravity for the world's financial markets to London from New York City.

尼格尔·劳森,布拉比的劳森男爵,PC(Nigel Lawson, Baron Lawson of Blaby,1932年-3月11日),英国政治家,于1983年6月至1989年10月担任财政大臣(财相),曾经是担任财相最长的纪录保持者,超过了在1908年至1915年任财相的戴维·劳合·乔治。但是,这个纪录已于2003年9月为白高敦所取代。


History.

The diocese was constituted as a suffragan see of the new metropolitan see of Cambrai by the papal bull of 12 May 1559 establishing the new bishoprics in the Low Countries. Its territory had previously belonged to the Diocese of Liège. After suppression in the French period the diocese was re-established by the Concordat of 1801, its extent matching that of the Department of Sambre-et-Meuse, and as suffragan of the Archdiocese of Mechlin. On 14 September 1823, the territory of the diocese was extended to include Luxembourg, which had previously been part of the Diocese of Metz. After the Belgian Revolution of 1830, a vicar apostolic was appointed for those parts of Luxembourg under Dutch control. As a result of the Treaty of London (1839) formalising the partition of Luxembourg between the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Belgian Province of Luxembourg, in 1840 ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the whole territory of the grand duchy was given to the vicar apostolic of Luxembourg, its loss to the Diocese of Namur being formalised on 7 October 1842.  In 1907, the Diocese of Namur numbered 583,722 inhabitants, 36 deaneries, 37 parishes, 677 succursals, 96 auxiliary chapels, 111 curacies paid by the State. Within the diocese, religious congregations administered 2 orphanages for boys, 7 for girls, 1 mixed, 18 hospitals or infirmaries, 4 clinics, 194 infant schools, 1 house of rescue, 6 houses for the care of the sick in their homes, 1 asylum for deaf mutes, 2 houses of retreat, 1 insane asylum.

See.

St Aubin's Cathedral in Namur was founded as a collegiate church in 1047 by Albert II of Namur. The first dean, Frederick of Lorraine, brother-in-law of Albert II, about 1050 secured from Mainz Cathedral a portion of the head of Saint Albinus, to whose patronage the collegiate church was dedicated. In 1057 Frederick became pope under the name of Stephen IX. In 1209, Pope Innocent III formally took the church under his protection. With the exception of one tower, the cathedral was entirely rebuilt in Baroque style in the 1750s.

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Namur is a diocese of the Latin Church of the Roman Catholic Church in Belgium. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Mechelen-Brussel.

天主教那慕尔教区(;)是罗马天主教在比利时的一个教区,属梅赫伦-布鲁塞尔总教区。此教区于1559年5月12日成立。


Plot.

The films begins somewhere in Canada where a young woman is driving dangerously into oncoming traffic, as she attempts to pass a semi she is clipped by another semi which cause her to spin and stalls, then right into the path of the first semi that slams into the side of her car killing her instantly. A few weeks earlier in Chicago, Illinois John Quincy Archibald and his wife Denise are getting behind with their payment. One day after witnessing their young son Michael collapse at his baseball game. After a series of tests at the hospital, John is informed by Dr. Raymond Turner and Rebecca Payne, a hospital administrator, that Michael has an enlarged heart and will need a transplant. Because the company he works for dropped John from full-time to part-time, his health insurance has been changed, and the new policy does not cover the surgery, leaving them to raise $250,000 to get their son's name on the donor list. The family tries to raise the money but are only able to come up with a third of the necessary payment. The hospital tires of waiting and releases Michael; Denise urges John to do something. Unwilling to let his child die, John walks into the hospital ER with a handgun, gathers hostages, and sets demands: his son's name on the recipient list as soon as possible. The hostage negotiator, Lt. Frank Grimes, stands down to let John cool off.  Meanwhile, John and the eleven hostages learn more about each other. They begin to understand John's situation and support him a little as he ensures each of them receive the treatment they came to the emergency room for. One of them, Miriam, is pregnant, and her husband Steve is hoping that their first child is healthy. A young hostage, Julie, has a broken arm, and she and her boyfriend Mitch claim that a car crash caused it. Due to holes in their story, John and another hostage, Lester, conclude the two are lying and that Mitch beat up Julie. After a while, John agrees to release some hostages to have his son's name added to the list an hour afterward. He releases Steve, Miriam, and a hostage named Rosa with her baby.  The Chicago Chief of Police, Gus Monroe, gives a SWAT unit permission to insert a sniper into the building via an air shaft. John is shot but ends up receiving only a minor wound, which is treated right away. After taking the shot, the sniper's leg falls through the ceiling tiles. Outraged, John pulls him out of the air shaft and beats him up. Using the bound SWAT policeman as a human shield, he steps outside to the sight of dozens of policemen pointing weapons at him and a large, supportive crowd. John demands that his son be brought to the emergency room. The police agree to his demand in exchange for the SWAT sniper.  Once his son arrives, John reveals to the hostages his intention to commit suicide so his heart can be used to save his son. He persuades Dr. Turner to perform the operation, and two of his hostages bear witness to a will stating his last request. John says his last good-byes to Michael and enters the operating room. He loads a single bullet into the gun and pulls the trigger, but the safety is on. As he prepares to end his life a second time, his wife learns about an organ donor of the woman who died in a car accident has been flown to the hospital for organ recovery. She runs to the emergency room and stops John from shooting himself, and John allows the hostages to go free. Michael is given the life-saving operation and, after watching the procedure with Denise, John is taken into police custody after the operation is a success John became a nationwide hit. Three months later at his trial, all of the witnesses speak on his behalf. He is later acquitted of charges of attempted murder and armed criminal action but is found guilty of kidnapping. It is never revealed what his sentence for the crime will be, but his lawyer is overheard saying that no judge will give him "more than three to five (years)" and that she will try and get it reduced to two.

Production.

In Blu-ray DVD commentary on the Deleted Scenes with Cassavetes and writer James Kearns, the main theme of the movie was said to be "about a miracle and John's faith in God creating the miracle". They also mentioned how SWAT team advisors for the film related a similar true incident in Toronto where a man (Henry Masuka) took an ER hostage after it would not provide immediate service to his infant son on New Year's Eve 1999. When he exited the ER he was shot and killed and found to be carrying an unloaded pellet gun. A character building scene at the beginning of the film was shot in Cambridge, ON at a manufacturing facility owned by Babcock & Wilcox. Washington is shown using a grinder as he stands over a tubesheet destined for a steam generator for a nuclear power generating facility.

Reception.

Box office.

The film opened in first place at the box office, taking $23,275,194 during its first weekend. It ended up with a total domestic gross of $71,026,631 and $102,244,770 worldwide.

Critical reception.

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 23% based on the 131 reviews, with the site's consensus reading, "Washington's performance rises above the material, but "John Q" pounds the audience over the head with its message." Metacritic gives it a score of 30 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

John Q. is a 2002 American drama thriller film starring Denzel Washington and directed by Nick Cassavetes. The film tells the story of John Quincy Archibald (Denzel Washington), a father and husband whose son is diagnosed with an enlarged heart and finds out he is unable to receive a transplant because HMO insurance will not cover it, before he decides to hold up the hospital and force them to do it.

《迫在眉梢》(英语:John Q),是一部于2002年上映的美国电影。该部影片描述一位名为约翰·昆西的父亲(丹泽尔·华盛顿 饰演)的儿子被诊断出有心肌肥大的病需要动手术,但是由于健康保险公司不愿意支付保险金而导致缺乏经费无法进行手术。因此,约翰·昆西决定绑架医院急诊室的医生、护士和病人,直到他们愿意为他儿子动手术为止。这部电影场景是在多伦多和哈密尔顿取景拍摄,故事背景发生在芝加哥。


History.

The history of Suzuki four-wheel drive cars dates to 1968. Suzuki bought former Japanese automaker Hope Motor Company, which had introduced 15 small, off-road vehicles called the HopeStar ON360. The first Suzuki-branded four-wheel drive, the LJ10 (Light Jeep 10), was introduced in 1970. The LJ10 had a 359-cc, air-cooled, two-stroke, in-line two-cylinder engine. The liquid-cooled LJ20 was introduced in 1972 with the cooling changed due to newly enacted emission regulations, and it gained 3 hp. In 1975, Suzuki complemented the LJ20 with the LJ50, which had a larger 539-cc, two-stroke,

Common design characteristics.

Unlike with many other vehicle name brands, where different generations of a certain vehicle name share little in common except the name itself, Suzuki has kept the main vehicle design characteristics common across all four Jimny generations.  Those main characteristics concern the design of the main vehicle structure, suspension and transmission.

Overall construction.

All four Jimny generations have separate frame and body ("ladder frame chassis"). The body has no structural

Suspension.

All four Jimny generations have dependent suspension (solid / beam axles) both at the front axle and at the rear axle. This used to be a common suspension design for all terrain vehicles up to 1990s, but has become a rarity in vehicle design

Steering.

All four Jimny generations have recirculating ball steering mechanism, which is

Transmission.

All four Jimny generations have manually user selectable part-time four wheel drive transmission, where the default (on-road) transmission mode is 2WD RWD (two wheel drive, rear wheel drive). Rear wheel drive can never be disengaged. The user however can (dis)engage the front wheel drive (FWD) manually at any time under certain operating conditions. When FWD is also engaged, this provides 4WD. There is no center (inter-axle) differential. This has a positive effect that at least two wheels, where each wheel is on a different axle, have to lose traction in order for the vehicle to lose traction when in 4WD transmission mode. However, the negative effect is that 4WD transmission mode must not be used on any surface which is not rather slippery, especially if having to steer. In other words, 4WD transmission mode should be used only on rather slippery surfaces, like snow, ice, mud, loose gravel, wet grass and sand. Wet asphalt, wet concrete and hard-packed gravel are not considered slippery enough. All this is irrelevant when not using 4WD transmission mode.

HopeStar ON360.

The vehicle was originally developed by the Hope Motor Company of Japan in 1967 and available as the HopeStar ON360 from April 1968. It used a Mitsubishi air-cooled, two-stroke ME24 engine which produced. The rear axle was sourced from the Mitsubishi Colt 1000 and wheels were sourced

First generation (1970).

The compact off-road capable Suzuki Jimny was Suzuki's first global success, lending it name recognition and a foothold in markets worldwide. The Jimny slotted into a hitherto unfilled gap in the market.

LJ10.

Suzuki's first move on acquiring the rights to the ON360 was rebodying it and replacing the Mitsubishi engine with an air-cooled Suzuki "FB" two-cylinder two-stroke which produced. Since the new unit remained smaller than 360 cc, and Suzuki placed the spare tire inside the truck (making it

LJ20.

The LJ was updated in May 1972 and renamed the LJ20. The grille bars were changed from horizontal to vertical for the LJ20. The engine was replaced with an updated, water-cooled

SJ10.

The LJ50 engine was first introduced in September 1975 for export only, with. For the home market, it first appeared in June 1976 as the Jimny 55 and reflected the changing kei car rules and stricter emissions standards. The three-cylinder engine remained a two-stroke; while power was reduced to, more low-end torque was on offer. The vehicle could now hit 60 mph (97 km/h), and the spare tire was relocated outside the rear door, allowing for a fourth seat. The SJ10 Jimny

SJ20.

The final iteration of the original Jimny design was the 1977 Jimny 8, called LJ80 in certain export markets. It was originally intended to be marketed as the Eljot ("Elliott") in Germany, but copyright issues with Disney's "Pete's Dragon" movie made this impossible. While the SJ10 remained in production for the domestic kei category, the new SJ20 boasted a four-stroke SOHC four-cylinder F8A engine capable of around. The additional power and torque

Second generation (1981).

The Suzuki SJ30 began production in May 1981 in Hamamatsu, Japan. In Japan, it was sold as the Suzuki Jimny and was a kei car, produced with both 550 cc and 660 cc 3-cylinder engines. The SJ-Series received a bigger engine and was lengthened and widened for export purposes, where it was sold with a multitude of names: Suzuki SJ410/413, Suzuki Samurai, Suzuki Sierra, Suzuki Potohar (Pakistan), Suzuki (Thailand), Suzuki Katana (Indonesia), Chevrolet Samurai, Holden Drover (Australia) and Maruti Gypsy (India ).

SJ30.

The SJ30 Jimny 550 was mainly for Japanese domestic market consumption where it suited the Kei car category. Still powered by the LJ50 engine also used in its predecessor, the Jimny 550

SJ40.

The SJ40 Jimny 1000 was introduced for 1982 to replace the LJ80 range. The Jimny 1000, sold as the Suzuki SJ410 in most export markets, used the F10A - a larger 1 litre version of the LJ's 0.8 liter four-cylinder engine. This engine produced and it had a top speed of. The Japanese market models claimed at 5,000 rpm. So that owners of 550 cc Jimnys would not be able to retrofit the larger, wider wheels of the Jimny 1000 to their cars, the Japanese ministry of transportation dictated that Suzuki fit wheels with a different bolt pattern.  A four-speed manual transmission was standard, as were non-power assisted drum brakes front and rear. The SJ410 came as a half-door convertible, long-wheelbase pickup truck, two-door hardtop (called "Van" in Japan),

Indonesian production.

The SJ410 was also assembled in Indonesia by Suzuki Indomobil Motor, where it was marketed with different names. The original version was marketed as Jimny, continuing from the previous LJ Jimny. The canvas soft-top model was marketed in fairly small numbers from 1983 until late 1985 as Jimny Sierra. In the late 1980s, responding to the introduction of higher taxes for vehicles with four-wheel-drive, Suzuki introduced a 4x2 version as the Katana. The first Jimnys (built until 1984) were low-roof, metal-bodied wagons. A higher-roofed model arrived in 1984 and continued to be built until about 1988. The Katana has an even higher roof than the Jimnys. Later, there were also 1.3-liter models sold in small numbers as the "Jimny Samurai."  As of 1989, the Indonesian Katanas and Jimnys received square headlights. The rear-wheel drive Katana was also, surprisingly, used as a basis for an Indonesian-built, 1930s' style kit-car called the Marvia Classic. In 2005, Suzuki introduced the SJ413 spacecab pickup, which was imported from Thailand until 2007. Production of the second generation Jimny (and Katana) in Indonesia ended in 2005.

Maruti Gypsy.

The Indian built SJ-410 has only ever been available in a long-wheelbase version. The Gypsy remains in production for the Indian Subcontinent market. The

Farm Worker 4x4.

In 2013 Suzuki New Zealand reintroduced the Suzuki SJ series into New Zealand badged as the Suzuki Farm Worker 4x4, although the Maruti badge can clearly be seen in the centre of the radiator grille. The vehicle is actually the leaf-sprung Suzuki Maruti Gypsy King MG413W, powered by the G13BB 1.3 litre 16 valve engine, producing at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,500 rpm,

SJ413/Samurai.

JA51 1300  In 1984, the SJ was revamped with the launch of the SJ413 (internal model code JA51). The SJ413 included a larger 1.3 liter four-cylinder engine, 5-speed manual transmission and power brakes (disc brakes on the front and drum brakes on the rear) all around. The body and interior were also redesigned, with a new dashboard, seats, and grille. The SJ410 remained in production for various other markets with the old specifications. After the 1988 introduction of the Escudo, sales of the Jimny 1300 ended in Japan. The model returned to the Japanese market in May 1993, after a

North American market.

The SJ-Series Samurai was introduced to the United States (Puerto Rico (SJ-410) and Canada earlier) in 1985 for the 1986 model year. It was priced at $6200 and 47,000 were sold in its first year. It had a 1.3 liter,, 4-cylinder engine and was available as a convertible or a hardtop, and came with rear seats until 1994. The Suzuki Samurai became intensely popular within the serious 4WD community for its good off-road performance and reliability compared to other 4WDs of the time, outselling the Jeep Wrangler by two to one in 1987. This is due to the fact that while very compact and light, it is a real 4WD vehicle equipped with a transfer case, switchable

Ranger kitcar.

Rickman Cars developed a GFRP-bodied copy of the Samurai called the Rickman Ranger. Strictly a rear-wheel-drive vehicle, it uses the underpinnings of a Mark II Ford Escort. It was produced in the UK as a kitcar and later in Russia by Avtokam. Rickman, and later the Lomax Company, produced over 1000 vehicles. Avtokam and later Velta produced around 150 further kits. The Velta plant went bankrupt in 2006. Rickman also made a camper version known as the Rancher.

Other markets.

The SJ413/Samurai had a longer history in the rest of the world. Australian market JA51s were sold as either Suzuki Sierra or Holden Drover, while those built in Thailand are called Suzuki. The has also been available as the " Sporty", a unique LWB extended cab pickup.  Due to various trade obstacles for Japanese cars, Spanish Santana Motors (in addition to the SJ410) began local production of the SJ413 in 1986. The Santana built SJs had softer springs for an improved on-road ride, color coordinated interiors with cloth seats and carpeted floors, all to broaden appeal to those who did not intend to primarily off-road the vehicle. In 1989 it received some optical as well as chassis updates and received the "Samurai" nameplate. Santana-built Samurais did not benefit

High altitude world record.

On April 21, 2007, the Chilean duo of Gonzalo Bravo and Eduardo Canales drove their modified Suzuki Samurai (SJ413) up Ojos del Salado to an altitude of, setting a new record for the highest altitude attained by a four-wheeled vehicle, surpassing the previous record of set by a Jeep.  The Samurai in question benefited from wheel, tire, and suspension changes, and a supercharged G16A 4-cylinder engine. It was the third attempt for the two man team, after encountering weather difficulties on the first attempt and an engine fire in the second. The previous record holder's team led by Matthias Jeschke driving a Jeep Wrangler, left a sign reading "Jeep Parking Only: All others don't make it up here anyway". The Chilean team found the sign, blown down by strong winds, and brought it back to civilization as a souvenir.  This record was duly certified by the Guinness World Record in July 2007.

Kei history.

In January 1986 the JA71, a four-stroke, turbocharged and fuel-injected (F5A) three-cylinder engine was introduced to complement the two-stroke SJ30. It used the upgraded interior from the Jimny 1300, which was simultaneously introduced to the SJ30. Power was (JIS gross), although this was increased to (JIS Net) in a November 1987 facelift by adding an intercooler. The non-intercooled engine continued to be offered in the lowest spec Van version. Claimed power was down to as the ratings were switched from gross to net. At the same time, a glassed high-roof version ("Panoramic Roof") was added.

660 cc Era.

The JA71 was replaced in March 1990 by the new JA11 as new Kei category regulations took effect. Now with 657 cc on offer, the otherwise similar F6A engine only came with an intercooler and. A utilitarian van (HA), as well as more luxurious Hardtop, Convertible, and Panoramic Roof (HC, CC, EC) versions were on offer. The suspension was also upgraded, while a longer front bumper meant that the foglights could be mounted in front of the grille rather than in it. In June 1991, power was increased to and a year later power steering and automatic transmission became available for the first time. Top speed of this version was. In February 1995 power increased to, but production of the JA11 ended only nine months later with the introduction of the coil spring JA12/22.

Coil spring edition.

The Samurai continued for sale outside the United States (where the newer version is referred to as the 'Coily'), with a substantial update in November 1995. This included a coil spring suspension, though both live axles were retained. The rest of the truck was redesigned as well, with new seats, dashboard, steering wheel, doors and front grille joining a more "macho" exterior.  Coil

Third generation (1998).

At the 1997 Tokyo Motor Show, Suzuki presented the all-new Jimny with a much more modern design. A ladder type chassis and a dual-ratio transfer case were retained, unlike many competing compact 4WDs which lack a low range, and are strictly in the crossover category. Two versions are available in export markets: a standard hard top and the Canvas Top, introduced at the Barcelona Motor Show in May 1999 and was built only by Santana in Spain between 1999 and 2009. The Jimny replaced the popular Sierra/Samurai model in most markets (European introduction was in Paris, 1998), though its predecessor remains in limited production in some places. For the domestic market, a 660 cc K6A-engined version suited for the Kei Jidosha class is responsible for most Jimny sales.  The larger 1.3-litre Jimny was originally equipped with the G13BB engine also used in the JB32. The G13BB engine was replaced in Japan with the January 2000 introduction of the newly designed VVT 16-valve M-engine, but soldiered on in Spanish-built softtops until 2005. For the continental European market, where the diesel cars hold a significant market share, in 2004 the turbodiesel Jimny JB53 was introduced, built by Santana and using a Renault-built DDiS 1,461 cc K9K engine. Power was originally but was increased to in 2005, the same as in gasoline versions. It was discontinued in 2011, and was never available in Britain and Ireland.  The Jimny has a part-time 4WD system controlled by three dashboard buttons: 2WD, 4WD, and 4WD-L. The default is 2WD, powering the rear wheels. When 4WD is pressed, the front wheels are also engaged in high gear. The 4WD-L engages all wheels in a lower gear ratio. Being a part-time 4WD, there is no center differential or viscous coupling to allow for speed differences between the front and rear wheels, so only two-wheel drive mode works well on dry pavement. In Japan, the "Sierra" name was revived in January 2002, when 1.3-litre Jimnys began to be sold as the "Jimny Sierra" rather than as the "Jimny Wide".  The Jimny's vacuum-locking hubs allow it to be shifted from 2WD to 4WD while travelling at up to 100 km/h (62 mph). Shifting to low range requires the vehicle to be stopped, but no need to exit the vehicle exists. Newer Jimnys have electronic push-button selectable four-wheel drive, which requires the vehicle to be stopped with the clutch depressed and transmission in neutral to select low range.  The Jimny has large windows, giving excellent visibility, apart from a rather serious blind spot caused by the oversized "B" pillar. The large amount of glass also magnifies the greenhouse effect, and the Jimny comes with air conditioning standard in some regions.  In Europe, both Hard Top and Canvas Top versions come in JX and JLX specifications. These are fairly standard designations across the Suzuki off-road range, with the JLX being the fully optioned "luxury" version. In the case of the Jimny, the JLX adds roof rails, power steering, power windows, power-adjustable exterior mirrors, and several interior comfort improvements. Both models are available with a five-speed manual or four-speed automatic gearbox. The 2WD option is only available as a five-speed manual.  In 2009, Santana Motor of Spain ended its agreement with Suzuki to make the Canvas Top version, which has not been available since then. In 2011, Santana Motor went bankrupt. The Souza Ramos Group of Brazil, which used to make Mitsubishi cars under license, will start manufacturing the Suzuki Jimny in 2012 in Brazil to compensate for the loss of production capacity from Santana Motor. Whether the Canvas Top version will be manufactured also in Brazil is not known.  As in Japan, Jimnys in Australia have borne the name Jimny Sierra since 2007, largely due to the Sierra name having become synonymous with small, capable off-road vehicles. Since 1999, GM Colmotores have been assembling the 1.3-litre, JB33 with the name "Chevrolet Jimny" in Bogotá, Colombia. The Jimny is also available as a parallel import in Singapore.  In 2012, for the 2013 model year, the Jimny received a front facelift, giving it a more angular grille and front bumper, and including a hood scoop. For the Indonesian market, the facelifted Jimny was launched at the 25th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show on 10 August 2017, and 88 units were sold exclusively for a limited time only.  Production of the third generation ceased in 2018, after 20 years of production, as Suzuki retooled in preparation of the fourth generation's launch in late 2018.

Fourth generation (2018).

Images of the fourth generation Jimny were leaked on the internet in August 2017. Production commenced in Japan on 29 May 2018 at Suzuki's Kosai plant. The official images of this Jimny were revealed on 19 June 2018. The fourth generation Jimny and Jimny Sierra was launched in Japan on 5 July 2018. It has a retro style with a boxy design, not only reminiscent of the earlier LJ and SJ Jimny generations, but one that has also been called a small cross-breed between the Mercedes G-Wagen and the Land Rover Defender.  The basic version is powered by an R06A 660 cc, three-cylinder, turbocharged petrol engine, while the wide version

Development history.

These four collapsed tables cover the development history of the Jimny in the Japanese domestic market, with notable export variations and developments also noted.

The is a line of four-wheel drive off-road mini SUVs, made by Japanese automaker Suzuki since 1970. Originated as a car in the Japanese Kei car ("light automobile") tax and legal class – a Kei car version is still made for the Japanese market today, as well as versions that exceed that class's legal limits, in Japan called the Jimny Sierra. The latter are also successfully sold in worldwide markets. Suzuki has sold 2.85 million of them in 194 countries from launch in April 1970 through September 2018.

铃木Jimny()乃是1970年起由日本铃木公司生产、销售的轻型运动型多用途车,中国官方正式名称为铃木吉姆尼,本条目一并记述铃木Jimny Sierra、铃木Jimny Wide等衍生车型。2007年4月21日SJ413型Jimny攻顶南美洲智利奥霍斯-德尔萨拉多山,以行驶至海拔6,688米创下汽车行驶最高海拔的吉尼斯世界纪录。


History.

Walcott was incorporated on July 10, 1894.  The City of Walcott was originally platted in 1854. The first passenger train route west of the Mississippi River began service in 1855 and helped Walcott grow. William Walcott, who was a director of Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, donated $500 in 1855 for the construction of a school building, with the stipulation that the fledgling town along the railroad tracks near Davenport be named after him.  Long before Walcott was even a vision to William Walcott, it was a great expanse of open prairie inhabited by the Kaskaskia Indians. The Kaskaskias were later driven out of the Quad Cities area by the renegade Mesquaki tribe. This tribe, a splinter of the Canadian Iroquois, was America's largest Indian nation.  In 1857, much of the Walcott land was sold for as low as 75 cents an acre, enabling many German and Scotch-Irish immigrants to settle in the area. Many of the Scotch-Irish worked for the railroad builders and settled on the farmland south and west of the town. While they contributed much to the early development of Walcott, "circa" 1871 they began to move farther west. Most of the German settlers were from Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany, and some came from eastern and southern Germany. By 1910, nearly 90 percent of the farmland in Scott County was owned by German immigrants or their descendants.  A petition for incorporation was signed and presented to Judge C.M. Waterman of the District Court at Davenport on June 5, 1894. At that time, the total population was 354. The election was held on July 7, 1894, and of the 81 votes cast, 54 were in favor of the incorporation. The result of the election was approved and filed by the District Court on July 14, 1894.  Long before most small towns thought of supplying their citizens with water, Walcott had plans for an efficient and adequate water system. Walcott was the first rural Scott County community to build a water system and water tower. The installation was completed in 1897, and provided the citizens of Walcott with inexpensive water service, good drinking water, and improved fire protection. In 1914, the first sewage disposal system was built. Lagoons for the sanitation system were installed in the late 1960s and three cells were added to the lagoon system in 1975.  As early as 1897, the people of Walcott banded together to provide an organized way of fighting the terror and destructiveness of fire. In those early days, the department consisted of a small number of volunteer firemen and two hand-pulled hose carts. In 1931, the town built a fire station and city hall. Today, that same building houses the Fire Department and City Hall.  The Walcott Savings Bank was organized in 1894 with a capital stock of $30,000. On April 1, 1904, the Farmers Savings Bank began business with at capital stock of $25,000. In 1911, Walcott was declared the richest town in the USA in consideration of the bank deposits for its population of 300, according to Dunn & Co. in the Bankers' Journal of New York. During the depression year of 1931, the two banks were consolidated and Walcott Trust and Savings Bank was formed.  The original town was expanded in 1962 to include Highway 6. Additional ground was annexed in 1973 to include the Interstate 80 interchange area and the French and Hecht Building, which currently houses FirstCo Inc. In the early 1990s, quadrants adjacent to and near the Interstate 80 interchanged were also annexed in. The annexation of the area near Interstate 80 has increased the area's valuation significantly. Many businesses, including the world's largest truck stop, Iowa 80 Truck Stop, is located within the city limits.  In 1997, Walcott joined in a sister city partnership with Bredenbek, Germany. Bredenbek is located in northern Germany.

Geography.

Walcott is located at (41.590363, -90.772991).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,629 people, 694 households, and 456 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 806 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 97.5% White, 0.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.5% of the population.  There were 694 households of which 31.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.3% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.86.  The median age in the city was 40.3 years. 24.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.6% were from 25 to 44; 26.7% were from 45 to 64; and 15.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.5% male and 50.5% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,528 people, 623 households, and 437 families living in the city. The population density was 516.2 people per square mile (199.3/km2). There were 644 housing units at an average density of 217.6 per square mile (84.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.38% White, 0.33% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 0.92% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.11% of the population.  There were 623 households out of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.5% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 26.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.94.  26.0% are under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.8 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $45,281, and the median income for a family was $52,625. Males had a median income of $40,296 versus $22,067 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,018. About 4.0% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Davenport Community School District serves almost all of Walcott. Zoned schools include Walcott Elementary School, Walcott Intermediate School, and Davenport West High School.

External links.

Walcott is a city in Muscatine and Scott counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. The population was 1,629 at the 2010 census. Walcott's interchange on Interstate 80 is home to an enormous complex of restaurants, motels and truck stops, including the Iowa 80 truck stop, which is the world's largest.

沃尔科特(英语:Walcott)是一个位于美国爱荷华州斯科特县的城市。


Subspecies.

Subspecies of "Tarebia granifera" include:

Description.

A detailed account of the anatomy of "Tarebia granifera" was given by R. Tucker Abbott in 1952 together with notes on its biology and bionomics. A dissection guide was provided by Malek (1962).  The maximum height of adult shells of this species from South Africa is from 18.5 mm to 25.1 mm, while in Puerto Rico they can reach up to 35 mm.  Two color forms of "Tarebia granifera" exist, one has a pale brown body whorl and a dark spire (see photo on the right) and in the other the shell is entirely dark brown to almost black (see photo on the left). Intermediate forms exist.

Distribution.

Indigenous distribution.

The indigenous distribution of this species includes the general area of these countries: India, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Hawaii, southern Japan, Society Islands, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand.

Nonidigenous distribution.

"Tarebia granifera" has become invasive on at least three continents: North and South America and Africa. Initial introductions were presumably via the aquarium trade.  Americas:  Africa:  This spread will doubtless continue into northern South Africa, Moçambique, Zimbabwe and beyond. It has not been possible to calculate the rate of dispersal.  Asia:

Ecology.

Habitat.

In the South Africa, the snail has colonized different types of habitat, from rivers, lakes and irrigation canals to concrete lined reservoirs and ornamental ponds. It reaches very high densities, up to 21 000 m2, and is likely to impact on the entire indigenous benthos of the natural waterbodies of the region – more so than any other invasive freshwater invertebrate known from the South Africa. The South African indigenous thiarids "Thiara amarula", "Melanoides tuberculata", and "Cleopatra ferruginea" are considered particularly vulnerable.  Most localities in South Africa (93%) lie below an altitude of 300 m above sea level where an estimated area of 39 500 km has been colonized. The only known localities outside this area are the Umsinduzi River in Pietermaritzburg and its confluence with the Umgeni River which lie closer to 500 m. R. Tucker Abbott (1952) noted that on Guam Island, "Tarebia granifera" occurred in streams and rivers at 983 m altitude but that these watercourses were consistently above 24 °C indicating that temperature may be an important determinant of distribution.  "Tarebia granifera" also occurs in several estuaries along the KwaZulu-Natal coast. Prominent among these is the dense population (±6038 m) found at a salinity of 9.98‰ (28.5% sea water) in Catalina Bay, Lake St Lucia, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, KwaZulu-Natal. These records show that "Tarebia granifera" is able to colonize brackish and moderately saline habitats and reach high densities there. From observations in Puerto Rico it was suggested that snails could survive temporarily saline conditions for several weeks by burying themselves in the substratum, emerging when fresh water returned.  In common with other Thiaridae, "Tarebia granifera" is primarily a benthic species and in South Africa has been collected on a variety of substrata in both natural and artificial waterbodies, e.g. sand, mud, rock, concrete bridge foundations and the concrete walls and bottoms of reservoirs, irrigation canals and ornamental ponds. Many of these habitats were vegetated and the associated vegetation included many types of emergent monocotyledons (e.g. "Cyperus papyrus", "Scirpus" sp., "Typha" sp., "Phragmites" sp.) and dicotyledons (e.g. "Ceratophyllum demersum", "Potamogeton crispus", "Nymphaea nouchali"). Where densities are high, "Tarebia granifera" may also occur on marginal, trailing vegetation and the floating Common Water Hyacinth "Eichhornia crassipes" as well. It favours turbulent water and tolerates current speeds up to 1.2m.s and possibly greater. This habitat range is similar to that recorded for "Tarebia granifera" in Puerto Rico.  The major interest in "Tarebia granifera" outside Asia today is its invasive ability and its impact on indigenous benthic communities in colonized waterbodies. The pollution tolerance value is 3 (on scale 0–10; 0 is the best water quality, 10 is the worst water quality).  Typically half or more of these snails were buried in the sediments and were not visible from the surface. This was also noticed in aquaria where they actively buried themselves in sand. Exact proportion of population of "Tarebia granifera" that is buried at any time is not known. There is also not known how long can snails remain buried.  "Tarebia granifera" will die at the temperature 7 °C in aquaria, but they do not live in water temperature under 10 °C in the wild.

Dispersal.

It is probable that dispersal of "Tarebia granifera" from one waterbody or river catchment to another occurs passively via birds, notably waterfowl, which eat them and void them later, perhaps in another habitat. Evidence for this comes from the finding of many small "Tarebia granifera" 5–7 mm in height and still containing the soft parts in unidentified bird droppings from the bank of the Mhlali River, South Africa. Even though the shell of "Tarebia granifera" is thick, most of these juveniles had been partially crushed with only a few still intact. Both the intact and damaged specimens could have been alive when passed and perhaps survived had they been deposited in water. None was large enough to have been reproductively mature (see below) and would have needed to survive in any new habitat for several months before reproducing.  Passive dispersal may also occur via weed on boats and boat trailers and via water pumped from one waterbody to another for industrial and irrigation purposes. In the Nseleni River juvenile "Tarebia granifera" were commonly found with another invasive snail, "Pseudosuccinea columella", on floating clumps of water hyacinth "Eichhornia crassipes" which provide a vehicle for rapid downstream dispersal.  Once established in a particular waterbody "Tarebia granifera" is likely to disperse actively, both up and downstream in the case of flowing systems, as far as environmental factors like current speed and food availability will allow. The snail's tolerance of turbulent, flowing water was demonstrated by Prentice (1983) who reported it migrating upstream on the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia at a rate of 100 m month in streams discharging up to 50 l.s. In KwaZulu-Natal it has been collected in water flowing at up to 1.2 m.s which is likely to exceed the current speeds of at least the lower and middle reaches of many rivers and streams in South Africa making these watercourses open to colonization.  The sole of "Tarebia granifera" is proportionally small when compared to other thiarids and smaller snails with their higher coefficients were less able to grip the substratum in the face of moving water and so not did disperse as effectively as larger ones.

Density.

In Florida Tucker Abbott (1952) recorded a density of "Tarebia granifera" 4444 m which falls within the range of densities measured with a Van Veen grab in a number of sites in northern KwaZulu-Natal, where was measured desnsities 843.6 ±320.2 m to 20764.4 ±13828.1 m. The site with such high density was non-flowing, devoid of rooted vegetation but it was shaded by trees ("Barringtonia racemosa") and by floating "Eichhornia crassipes". This between-site variability may be positively correlated to habitat heterogeneity and food availability. Despite the very high densities recorded in the Nseleni River, indigenous invertebrates were still present in the sediments including: bivalve "Chambardia wahlbergi", chironomids, oligochaetes (tubificids) and burrowing polychaetes were also found but in very low numbers.  The low densities of "Tarebia granifera" reported for the Mhlatuze River, South Africa may have been influenced by nearby sand mining activities or, more likely, high flows and mobile sediments, but they nevertheless approach those recorded by Dudgeon (1980) for "Tarebia granifera" in its native Hong Kong (18–193 m).  Little is known of the long term population fluctuations of "Tarebia granifera" and findings seem to be contradictory. Studies in Cuba (Yong et al. (1987), Ferrer López et al. (1989), Fernández et al. (1992)) indicate that the snail lives for more than a year though maximum densities were recorded at different times of the year in different habitats. Using a catch per unit effort netting technique, Yong et al. (1987) and Ferrer López et al. (1989) found highest densities in summer when temperatures reached their maximum whereas Fernández et al. (1992) found highest densities in November (late autumn) when temperatures reached their minimum. Fernández et al. (1992) also suggested that "Tarebia granifera" density was positively correlated with Ca concentrations and negatively with NH concentrations.  Recent surveys by Vázquez et al. (2010) of Pinar del Río Province, Cuba have reported population densities of "Tarebia granifera" of 85 individuals/m, well above those of its endemic relatives (5 individuals/m).

Feeding habits.

"Tarebia granifera" feeds on algae, diatoms and detritus.

Life cycle.

"Tarebia granifera" is both parthenogenetic and ovoviviparous, although males have been reported. These are characteristics which are undoubtedly key to its success as an invader. For example, no males have been found amongst hundreds dissected from KwaZulu-Natal, it is probable that a few are present. Males were found in most (6/7) populations examined in Puerto Rico but were generally uncommon at up to 22.7% of the population (mean 4.6%). Live sperm were present in the testes of these males but the genitalia were apparently non-functional. R. Tucker Abbott (1952) failed to find sperm in the gonads of male "Tarebia granifera" from Florida. Most "Tarebia granifera" are therefore clones of the female parent.  Embryos develop in a brood pouch. This pouch is a compartmentalized structure lying immediately above the oesophagus and develops only after the snail has reached maturity. Its size expands as the number of embryos increases. "Tarebia granifera" has 1–77 embryos in its brood pouch.  Tucker Abbott (1952), Chaniotis et al. (1980) and WHO (1981) cite the same statistic that females can give birth to one juvenile every 12 hours. Young snails emerge through a birth pore on the right side of the head. The newborn shell is <1–2 mm in height with between 1.5 and 4.8 whorls. The size of juveniles at birth is 0.7–2.1 mm. According to Chen (2003) these newborns have a high survival rate in the field.  Attainment of sexual maturity in "Tarebia granifera" is generally indicated by the size of the smallest snail observed to give birth rather than a histological assessment of the development of the gonad and associated reproductive structures. Appleton & Nadasan (2002) estimated onset of maturity at 10–12 mm shell height but unpublished data suggest a height closer to 8 mm in line with other published studies. Tucker Abbott (1952) estimated sexual maturity at between 5.5 and 8.0 mm at different stations over a short stretch of river in Florida. Chaniotis et al. (1980) gave a similar estimate of 6.0–7.0 mm from a cohort of laboratory-bred snails in Puerto Rico.  Appleton et al. (2009) extrapolated data by Yong et al. (1987), Ferrer López et al. (1989) and by Fernández et al.(1992) and they resulted that sexual maturity is reached at an age of about five months. Reported variation in maturation period varies from 97–143 days (3.2–4.8 months) under the laboratory conditions to 6–12 months, also from laboratory data. It is difficult to relate shell size at the onset of maturity to age since the size structure of populations vary over time and from one locality to another.  Dissection of "Tarebia granifera" showed blastula stage embryos in the brood pouches of snails as small as 8 mm shell height. Small numbers of shelled embryos, including veligers, were found in snails of 10–14 mm but became more plentiful in snails >14 mm and especially those >20 mm. Importantly, unshelled embryos (blastula, gastrula and trochophore stages) were not found in snails >16 mm and the numbers of shelled embryos themselves decreased in the largest snails, >24 mm. This suggests that differentiation of germinal cells in the ovary and their subsequent arrival in the brood pouch as blastulae is not a continuous process over a breeding season but occurs as one or more 'cohorts' or 'pulses' which stop before the birth rate of young snails reaches its maximum. So it seems that while the first birth may occur in snails as small as 8 mm, these are few and most juveniles are born to snails >14 mm. The size of the shell of the parent at peak release of juveniles is 24.0 mm.  The reproductive biology of "Tarebia granifera" needs to be investigated in detail before its population dynamics can be properly interpreted from quantitative sampling.

Parasites.

"Tarebia granifera" serves as the first intermediate host for a variety of trematodes in its native south east Asia. Amongst these are several species of the family Heterophyidae some of which have been reported as opportunistic infections in people, and another, "Centrocestus formosanus" (Nishigori, 1924), is an important gill parasite of fish. "Tarebia granifera" also serves as intermediate host for the philopthalmid eyefluke "Philopthalmus gralli" Mathis & Ledger, 1910 which has recently (2005) been reported affecting ostriches "Struthio camelus" on farms in Zimbabwe. The snail host implicated in this outbreak was "Melanoides tuberculata" but the rapid spread and high population densities achieved by "Tarebia granifera", which appears to be replacing "Melanoides tuberculata" in South Africa, may exacerbate the problem in the future.  For many years "Tarebia granifera" was believed to be an intermediate host for the Asian lungfluke "Paragonimus westermani" (Kerbert, 1878), but Michelson showed in 1992 that this was erroneous.

Other interspecific relationships.

"Tarebia granifera" have been associated with the disappearance of two indigenous benthic gastropod species from rivers in Puerto Rico and have displaced the vegetation-associated pulmonate "Biomphalaria glabrata" from streams and ponds on several Caribbean islands. Although the responsible mechanism is not understood, this has led to suggestions that it could be useful as a biocontrol agent in snail control operations within integrated schistosomiasis control programmes. They probably also compete for space and resources (e.g. food) with indigenous infaunal and epifaunal invertebrates, especially where its densities are high. Under such conditions it is likely to alter the structure and biodiversity of the entire benthic communities of invaded habitats and perhaps the vegetation-associated communities as well.  Anecdotal reports and observations suggest that in KwaZulu-Natal the indigenous thiarid "Melanoides tuberculata" is becoming less common and pressure from the spread of "Tarebia granifera", particularly at high densities, is a possible explanation. Like "Tarebia granifera", "Melanoides tuberculata" is parthenogenetic and ovoviviparous, grows to a similar size, are similar in size at first birth and juvenile output. Data from several habitats where the species occur sympatrically show however that in all such situations "Tarebia granifera" becomes numerically dominant.  "Tarebia granifera" is likely to impact on another South-African indigenous thiarid, the poorly known "Thiara amarula" in the saline St. Lucia estuary system.  Studies on the ecological impact of "Tarebia granifera" are urgently needed.

Human importance.

In addition to its role as intermediate host for several economically important trematode species, "Tarebia granifera" has colonized water reservoirs, dams and ponds on the premises of three large industrial plants in northern KwaZulu-Natal and been pumped out of at least one of them, blocking water pipes and damaging equipment. This generally happens when snail densities are high and the damage is due to individuals being crushed so that pieces of shell and soft tissue are carried into machinery. Details of the nature and extent of this damage and the costs incurred are not available. There is no doubt that "Tarebia granifera" is able to pass unharmed through pumps, probably as juveniles.

References.

This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from references.

Tarebia granifera, common name (in the aquarium industry) the quilted melania, is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Thiaridae. This snail is native to south-eastern Asia, but it has become established as an invasive species in numerous other areas.

瘤蜷(学名:'),又名斜粒粒蜷,是锥蜷科粒蜷属的一种有口盖的淡水螺物种,属于水生腹足纲软体动物。原生于东南亚,本物种在墨西哥等地泛滥,成为了入侵物种。


Overview.

"Recess" portrays the lives of six fourth graders—popular and confident Theodore Jasper "T.J." Detweiler (Ross Malinger, Andrew Lawrence), athletic Vince LaSalle (Rickey D'Shon Collins), tough girl Ashley Spinelli (Pamela Adlon), gentle giant Mikey Blumberg (Jason Davis), genius Gretchen Grundler (Ashley Johnson), and shy new kid Gus Griswald (Courtland Mead)—as they go about their daily lives in a school environment at Third Street Elementary School in Arkansas. A major satirical point of the show is that the community of students at school is a microcosm of traditional human society complete with its own government, class system, and set of unwritten laws. They are ruled by a monarch, a sixth grader named King Bob, who has various enforcers to make sure his decrees are carried out. The society has a long list of rigid values and social norms that imposes a high expectation of conformity upon all the students.  Recess is illustrated to be a symbol of freedom—a time when children can express themselves and develop meaningful relationships. Most episodes involve one or more of the main six characters seeking a rational balance between individuality and social order. They are often defending their freedom against perceived threats by adults and school administration or social norms. The group's leader, T.J. Detweiler, tends to have the most complete vision of this struggle, though even he has times when he inadvertently leads the group too far toward an extreme of conformity or non-conformity, and needs to be drawn back to even ground by his loyal friends.  This interpretation is confirmed by the Cold War motifs found throughout the show. For example, Miss Grotke's eccentric and activist attitudes (attributed to her belonging to the counterculture of the 1960s), is juxtaposed with the strict and conservative attitudes of her colleagues such as Miss Finster and Principal Prickly. The presence of government officials either confiscating objects for national security (Episode 37, "The Substitute") or removing persons for thwarting authority (Episode 71, "The Spy Who Came in from the Playground"), serve as subtle reminders on the authority of the US government. Several references by the show's characters convey the fraught political realities of the Cold War period. In Episode 85, “Here Comes Mr. Perfect,” Randall suggests blackmailing a student for being a supposed Communist, while in Episode 37, “The Substitute,” Mr. E demands a student write an essay on why it's wrong to bully people, "unless it’s in the geopolitical interests of the United States.” Cold War themes are most seen in Episode 101, “The Secret Life of Grotke,” where Miss Grotke is suspected by the Recess gang as an anti-American spy due to her mysterious after-school life, as well as Episode 118, "The Army Navy Game," where T.J. masquerades as a Soviet spy to bring Gus and Theresa's military fathers to reconcile.  The show's introductory music, art design and style often evoked the feel of prison escape movies such as "The Great Escape", and the playground hierarchy and school administration were often depicted in ways that paid homage to common themes in such films. Additionally, many episodes parody classic films such as "Cool Hand Luke", "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly", and "On Her Majesty's Secret Service".

Production.

"Recess" first premiered on ABC on August 31, 1997, as a "sneak preview", and later transitioned to ABC's "Disney's One Saturday Morning" programming block on September 13, 1997. The series' success spawned three direct-to-video titles "Recess" Trilogy: "" in 2001, "" and "" in 2003; and one theatrical film, "", which was released on February 16, 2001. The series ended on November 5, 2001; reruns continued to air on UPN until 2003 and ABC until 2004.  Disney Channel added "Recess" to their lineup on September 3, 2003. "Fillmore!", "The Legend of Tarzan", and "Buzz Lightyear of Star Command" were all pre-empted in favor of a 90-minute showing of the series. It temporarily ceased airing on September 2, 2005, but resumed on August 26, 2008 replacing "The Buzz on Maggie", and continued until June 30, 2010.  Toon Disney aired the show from September 3, 2003 to February 12, 2009. When Toon Disney was converted to Disney XD, the series was carried over and aired from April 14, 2009 to October 27, 2011. The show is also available as part of Disney+.

Episodes.

Crossover with "Lilo & Stitch".

"" featured an episode titled "Lax" that featured the cast of "Recess", when T.J. and the gang go on a school vacation to Hawaii. Notably, "Recess" was the only series that crossed over with "Lilo & Stitch: The Series" that was not a Disney Channel Original Series, and whose production had already ended before "Lilo & Stitch: The Series" first aired.  Disaster strikes when Dr. Hämsterviel and his henchman, Gantu, try to use an escaped alien experiment to make everyone relaxed while he takes over the world. Luckily, Gretchen saves the day, since she believes work is relaxing.

Films.

"Recess: School's Out".

"Recess: School's Out" is an animated film directed by Chuck Sheetz and is based on the television series where the characters must intercept a gang of anti-recess terrorists plotting to bring about a new ice age to eliminate the institution of summer vacation. The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and was released theatrically nationwide on February 16, 2001.

"Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street".

"Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street" is a second direct-to-video animated film released by Walt Disney Pictures and Paul & Joe Productions, produced by Walt Disney Television Animation, Plus One Animation (Korea) Co., Ltd. and Grimsaem Animation, Korea Co., Ltd., released to VHS on November 6, 2001. It is a direct-to-video compilation of four unrelated episodes: "Principal for a Day", "The Great Can Drive", "Weekend at Muriel’s", and the series' Christmas special "Yes, Mikey, Santa Does Shave", told as flashbacks by the school faculty members while stuck in a snowstorm.

"Recess: All Growed Down".

"Recess: All Growed Down" is a Disney direct-to-video animated film released on December 9, 2003. It is a compilation of the episodes "The Legend of Big Kid", "Wild Child", and "The Kindergarten Derby", where the gang tell the kindergarteners stories of how they used to get along with each other after getting captured by them.

"Recess: Taking the Fifth Grade".

"Recess: Taking the Fifth Grade" is a Disney direct-to-video animated film released on December 9, 2003. It tells of three separate stories ("No More School", "Grade Five Club", and "A Recess Halloween") the gang experiences as they enter fifth grade.

Critical reception.

TV critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz wrote favorably about "Recess" in their 2016 book "TV (The Book)", stating that the series is "Easily one of the smartest, most prankishly playful adult cartoons ever passed off as children's entertainment... "Recess" is a highly ritualized bit of entertainment that strikes the same notes over and over again, but always in infinite variation and with a surprising eye for psychological grace notes, especially when characters you thought of as brusque and one-dimensional reveal their fears and dreams to one another."

Video on-demand.

Many episodes of "Recess" are available on the DisneyLife service in the UK, along with the direct-to-video films. It is also available on the Disney+ Streaming Service in the U.S.,UK, Europe, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, and the Netherlands as of March 24, 2020.

Recess is an American animated television series created by Paul Germain and Joe Ansolabehere (credited as "Paul and Joe") and produced by Walt Disney Television Animation, with animation done by Grimsaem, Plus One Animation, Sunwoo Animation, and Toon City. The series focuses on six elementary school students and their interaction with other classmates and teachers. The title refers to the recess period during the daily schedule, in the North American tradition of educational schooling, when students are not in lessons and are outside in the schoolyard. During recess, the children form their own society, complete with government and a class structure, set against the backdrop of a regular school.

《下课后》("Recess")是一部美国系列动画片,由Paul Germain和Joe Ansolabehere创建,华特·迪士尼制片。"下课后" 讲述的是六名小学生和他们的同学与老师之间发生的各种事情。1997年开始,迪士尼公司制作的《下课后》电视影集开始在美国播出。影集后来在《小神龙俱乐部》、台湾迪士尼频道都有播出。


History.

The submarine conflict.

As a result of the Swedish shipyard crisis which heavily affected the industry during 1969–1985, due to heavy competition from the Far East and the 1973 oil crisis, Kockums was placed under the control of the Swedish state through the state-owned company Svenska Varv and its successor company Celsius AB from 1979 until 1999. Having implemented a highly advanced variety of the Stirling engine for low noise submarine propulsion, Kockums was considered to have strategic value for the Swedish Navy. During the period of state ownership, Kockums acquired Karlskronavarvet, the operator of the Karlskrona shipyards, in 1989. In 1999, following the acquisition of Celsius AB by Saab, Kockums was sold to the German shipbuilding company HDW. In 2005, HDW was bought by the German industrial conglomerate Thyssen Krupp. The time after 1999 was rife with conflicts between Kockums' only Swedish customer, the Defence Materiel Administration (FMV), and Kockums' German owners. The Swedish view was that the technical advancements made in collaboration between Kockums and FMV ought to be used to create a new generation of submarine for lucrative export: the A26 submarine. On the German side, the A26 project was said to be regarded as a high-risk project that could lead to uncontrollably growing costs. Superficially, the major source of conflict seemed to be that neither ThyssenKrupp nor FMV would accept carrying unforeseen development costs. As several technical innovations to be implemented in the A26 were kept in classified status at the FMV, ThyssenKrupp argued that the implied costs were too difficult to predict. This deadlock persisted for months until the FMV decided to cancel the order of the A26 submarines.  Globally, the conflict also concerned the general business strategy. ThyssenKrupp insisted that Kockums ought to discontinue large submarine construction and to focus on the development of small submarines. Meanwhile, anonymous sources from inside Kockums claimed that ThyssenKrupp's goal in acquiring Kockums was never to reach synergies with HDW, but only to eliminate its main competitor.  When the Crimea crisis erupted in March 2014, Sweden's defence interests in the future of Kockums came under closer scrutiny. The turning point was described by the chairman of the Swedish parliament's Standing Committee on Defense (SCD), Peter Hultquist: In the search for a partner to develop the next generation of submarines, the FMV approached the SAAB Group. During autumn 2013, Saab tried to reach an agreement to buy Kockums from ThyssenKrupp. ThyssenKrupp demanded to keep its monopoly position in the A26 deal, which Saab refused to accept, causing the negotiations to fail. Saab responded by approaching Kockums' engineers, offering them employment at Saab Naval Systems. Thyssen Krupp tried in vain to keep its engineers at Kockums, proposing an extra month's salary.  The hostility towards ThyssenKrupp reached a new level during the Kockums equipment repossession incident on 8 April 2014. As per protocol, two military trucks accompanied by armed soldiers entered the Kockums shipyard in Malmö to reclaim all materiel and equipment belonging to the Defence Materiel Administration (Sweden), FMV, as well as all secret blueprints and images. By orders from a manager, Kockums staff tried to sabotage the repossession by locking the gates with the repossession crew and escort still inside. According to a spokesperson from FMV this is the first time they have had to forcefully repossess equipment.  Shortly after, ThyssenKrupp initiated discussions to sell Kockums to Saab. The deal was finalized on 22 July 2014, making Saab the new owner of Kockums.

Exports.

Australia: In November 2014 Saab formally made a bid in SEA 1000, the Royal Australian Navy's replacement program for the six Collins-class submarines still in service. Defence Minister David Johnston stated that ""We need to decide quickly and whatever we do decide will be in the best interests of the entire nation"."" "The Australian Government had been ready to buy the more expensive "Sōryū"-class submarine offered by the Japanese Maritime Self Defence Force; however, internal opposition had forced the government to have an open tender for the multi-billion-dollar program. Australia subsequently selected Naval Group (formerly DCNS) France and their Shortfin Barracuda submarines to replace the Australian Collins class.  In December 2014 it was announced that leading global Dutch shipbuilder Damen Shipyards entered into an agreement with Saab to develop, offer, and build next-generation submarines, initially focusing on the planned replacement of 4 Walrus Class submarines currently used by The Royal Netherlands Navy.

The Kockums Crane.

The shipyard formerly possessed a 138-metre high crane, known as the Kockums Crane, built in 1973/74 and capable of lifting 1500 tons, making it the largest crane in the world when it was installed in 1974. The crane was not used much because of the Swedish shipyard crisis of the late 1970s and 1980s. It was used the last time in 1997 for lifting the foundations of the high pillars of the Oresund Bridge.  The crane was sold the first time in the early 1990s to the Danish company Burmeister & Wain, but the company went bankrupt shortly thereafter. It was later sold to a Korean company, Hyundai Heavy Industries. The crane was a landmark of Malmö from its time of construction until its dismantling before being shipped to Ulsan in South Korea in the summer of 2002.

Saab Kockums AB is a shipyard in Malmö, Sweden, owned by the Swedish defence company Saab Group. While having a history of civil vessel construction, Kockums' most renowned activity is the fabrication of military corvettes and submarines.

绅宝考库姆公司(瑞典语:SAAB Kockums AB)是瑞典一家著名造船厂,现属于绅宝集团旗下的公司,前称考库姆公司(Kockums AB)。考库姆公司自1999年开始曾经被三度收购,经过一番波折最终成为绅宝集团的旗下公司。


弗朗西斯·泽维尔·多·阿马拉尔

Biography.

Early life.

A member of the Mambai ethnic group, Amaral was a descendant of kings who ruled what is now the south-central Manufahi District of East Timor.

President of East Timor.

Amaral founded the Timorese Social Democratic Association in the early 1970s. The party, which is considered a forerunner of the Fretilin, advocated for independence from Portugal.  Amaral was sworn in as the country's first President on 28 November 1975, when East Timor declared independence from Portugal. His tenure in the presidency last only 10 days before he was forced to flee into the mountainous interior with the Fretilin due to the Indonesian invasion of the country of the country on 7 December 1975. Though most world governments refused to recognise East Timor's independence or Amaral's authority during his ten-day rule in 1975, the East Timorese people regarded Amaral as the country's first president, according to Damien Kingsbury, a political science professor at Deakin University and a leading expert on East Timor.

Imprisonment and exile.

Amaral was ousted from Fretilin and imprisoned by the party's Marxist faction in 1977 amid disagreements over strategy for opposing the Indonesian occupation. The Fretilin faction held and moved him frequently as they battled the Indonesian military forces. He was abandoned in August 1978 when his Fretilin captors were ambushed, and was promptly arrested by the Indonesian Army.  From the late 1980s up till 1999 he was co-chairman of the Indonesian-Portugal Friendship Association (PPIP). An NGO established in Jakarta to establish dialogue with Portuguese community leaders in attempts to find a non-political people initiated solution for East Timor.  The Indonesian government used Amaral as a propaganda tool to divide the East Timorese independence movement following his capture. He was exiled to Bali, where he was forced to work as a house servant for General Dading Kalbuadi, a leader of the Indonesian invasion of East Timor. He was moved to Jakarta in 1983, where he befriended another Timorese exiled prisoner, Xanana Gusmão. Amaral and Gusmão became close friends during their imprisonment in Jakarta.  Amaral attempted to negotiate several peace agreements with the Indonesian government while in exile in Jakarta. His negotiations with Indonesia proved highly controversial with other East Timorese separatists. He was released from General Kalbuadi's house in Jakarta, but lived in poverty for the remainder of his exile. Amaral remained in Jakarta from 1983 until the Indonesia withdrawal from East Timor in 1999.

Return to East Timor (2000–2012).

Amaral relaunched his Timorese Social Democratic Association once he returned from exile. He was a candidate for President of East Timor in three presidential elections in 2002, 2007, and 2012.  In late 2001, his Timorese Social Democratic Association nominated him as a presidential candidate in the first post-occupation election, held in April 2002. His opponent in the 2002 election was his friend, Xanana Gusmão. Amaral publicly stated that he expected to lose to Gusmão, but believed that East Timor's young democracy deserved to have a real competition in the race. Gusmão won the election in a landslide.  Amaral ran for president for a second time in the April 2007 presidential election, taking fourth place with 14.39% of the vote in the first round. Another of Amaral's friends, Jose Ramos Horta, won the second round and was elected president.  Amaral received a cancer diagnosis in 2011. Amaral was one of thirteen candidates nominated for the 2012 presidential election, which will be held on 17 March 2012. However, Amaral proved too seriously ill to appear at the official launch of the presidential campaign on 29 February 2012, which jeopardised his candidacy and the election. The National Parliament of East Timor met in a plenary session in early March 2012, specifically to amend the presidential election law so that Amaral's absence from the launch would not negate the entire election.  Francisco Xavier do Amaral died at Guido Valadares National Hospital in Dili at 8:44 a.m. on 6 March 2012, at the age of 74. He was given a state funeral and buried at the Metinaro Heroes Cemetery in Dili.

Legacy.

On 20 May 2017, for the 15th anniversary of the restoration of Timor-Leste, a statue of Francisco Amaral was inaugurated in Dili, at the roundabout near the Convention Center.

Francisco Xavier do Amaral (3 December 1937 – 6 March 2012) was an East Timorese politician. A founder of the "Frente Revolucionária de Timor Leste Independente" (Fretilin), Amaral was sworn in as the first President of East Timor when the country, then a Portuguese colony, made a unilateral declaration of independence on 28 November 1975. He was a member of the National Parliament for the Timorese Social Democratic Association from 2001 until his death. Amaral was also known as "Abo (Grandfather) Xavier", a term of endearment, by East Timorese.

弗朗西斯·泽维尔·多·阿马拉尔(,1937年-2012年3月6日),东帝汶民众有时称之为「阿波泽维尔」或「泽维尔祖父」(Abo Xavier,「阿波」为祖父之意),是东帝汶独立运动成员暨政治家,也是东帝汶独立革命阵线创始人之一。