Early life and selection.

The 10th Panchen Lama was born Gonpo Tseten on 19 February 1938 in today's Xunhua Salar Autonomous County of Qinghai, to Gonpo Tseten and Sonam Drolma. When the Ninth Panchen Lama died in 1937, two simultaneous searches for the tenth Panchen Lama produced two competing candidates, with the government in Lhasa (who had selected a boy from Xikang) and the Ninth Panchen Lama's officials (who picked Tseten) in conflict. The Republic of China government, then embroiled in the Chinese Civil War, declared its support for Tseten on 3 June 1949. Guan Jiyu, the head of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, joined Kuomintang Governor of Qinghai Ma Bufang in presiding over Tseten's enthronement on 11 June as Choekyi Gyaltsen at Kumbum Monastery. The Dalai Lama's government in Lhasa still refused to recognize Gyaltsen.  The Kuomintang wanted to use Gyaltsen to create a broad anti-Communist base in Southwest China. The Kuomintang formulated a plan where 3 Khampa divisions would be assisted by the Panchen Lama to oppose the Communists.  When Lhasa denied Gyaltsen the territory the Panchen Lama traditionally controlled, he asked Ma Bufang to help him lead an army against Tibet in September 1949. Ma tried to persuade the Panchen Lama to come with the Kuomintang government to Taiwan when the Communist victory approached, but the Panchen Lama declared his support for the Communist People's Republic of China instead. The Panchen Lama, unlike the Dalai Lama, sought to exert control in decision making. In addition, the Dalai Lama regime was tottering, and his government displayed negligence in affairs, the Kuomintang using this to their advantage to expand into the Lhasa regime of the Dalai Lama.

Early politics.

The Panchen Lama supported China's claim of sovereignty over Tibet, and China's reform policies for Tibet. Radio Beijing broadcast the religious leader's call for Tibet to be "liberated" into Tibet, which created pressure on the Lhasa government to negotiate with the People's Republic. In 1951, the Panchen Lama was invited to Beijing as the Tibetan delegation was signing the 17-Point Agreement and telegramming the Dalai Lama to implement the Agreement. He was recognized by the 14th Dalai Lama when they met in 1952.  In September 1954, the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama went to Beijing to attend the first session of the first National People's Congress, meeting Mao Zedong and other leaders. The Panchen Lama was soon elected a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and in December 1954 he became the deputy chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. In 1956, the Panchen Lama went to India on a pilgrimage together with the Dalai Lama. When the Dalai Lama fled to India in 1959, the Panchen Lama publicly supported the Chinese government, and the Chinese brought him to Lhasa and made him chairman of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region.

Alienation and rehabilitation.

70,000 Character Petition.

After a tour through Tibet in 1962, the Panchen Lama wrote a document addressed to Prime Minister Zhou Enlai denouncing the abusive policies and actions of the People's Republic of China in Tibet. This became known as the 70,000 Character Petition. According to Isabel Hilton, it remains the "most detailed and informed attack on China's policies in Tibet that would ever be written."  The Panchen Lama met with Zhou Enlai to discuss the petition he had written. The initial reaction was positive, but in October 1962, the PRC authorities dealing with the population criticized the petition. Chairman Mao called the petition "... a poisoned arrow shot at the Party by reactionary feudal overlords."  For decades, the content of this report remained hidden from all but the very highest levels of the Chinese leadership, until one copy surfaced in 1996. In January 1998, upon the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the birth of the Tenth Panchen Lama, an English translation by Tibet expert Robert Barnett entitled "A Poisoned Arrow: The Secret Report of the 10th Panchen Lama", was published.

Opposition and humiliation.

In 1964, he was publicly humiliated at Politburo meetings, dismissed from all posts of authority, declared 'an enemy of the Tibetan people', had his dream journal confiscated and used against him, and was then imprisoned. He was 26 years old at the time. The Panchen's situation worsened when the Cultural Revolution began. The Chinese dissident and former Red Guard Wei Jingsheng published in March 1979 a letter under his name but written by another anonymous author denouncing the conditions at Qincheng Prison, where the 10th Panchen Lama was imprisoned. In October 1977 he was released, but held under house arrest in Beijing until 1982. After his release, he was considered by the PRC authorities to be politically rehabilitated and he then rose to important positions. He served as Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress.

Later life and death.

In 1978, after giving up his vows of an ordained monk, he travelled around China, looking for a wife to start a family. He began courting Li Jie, daughter of Dong Qiwu, a general in PLA who had commanded an Army in the Korean War. She was a medical student at Fourth Military Medical University in Xi'an. At the time, the Lama had no money and was still blacklisted by the party, but the wife of Deng Xiaoping and widow of Zhou Enlai saw the symbolic value of a marriage between a Tibetan Lama and a Han woman. They personally intervened to wed the couple in a large ceremony at the Great Hall of the People in 1979. One year later, the Panchen Lama was given the Vice Chairmanship of the National People's Congress and other political posts, and he was fully politically rehabilitated by 1982.

Daughter.

Li Jie bore a daughter in 1983, named Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo. Popularly known as the "Princess of Tibet", she is considered important in Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan-Chinese politics, as she is the only known offspring in the over 620-year history of either the Panchen Lama or Dalai Lama reincarnation lineages. Rinzinwangmo was schooled in the United States for 10 years where her legal guardian was American actor Steven Seagal, prior to returning to China in 2005. That same year, Rinzinwangmo began her PhD in Finance at the Tsinghua University in Beijing. In June 2010, Rinzinwangmo finished her doctoral thesis and graduated. As both a Chinese/Tibetan and a global youth leader, Rinzinwangmo dedicates much of her time and energy to her ongoing roles with numerous global charities and organizations: namely the All-China Youth Federation, Tibet Red Cross, Snowland Great Rivers Environmental Protection Association, and several orphanages and eye camps in the Tibetan ethnic regions. Rinzinwangmo is fluent in several Tibetan dialects, Mandarin Chinese and English.

Return to Tibet and death.

Early in 1989, the 10th Panchen Lama returned to Tibet to rebury some of the recovered bones from the graves of the previous Panchen Lamas, graves that had been destroyed during the destruction of Tashilhunpo in 1959. He died from a heart attack in Shigatse at the age of 50, on 28 January, just five days after delivering a speech in Tibet in which he said: "Since liberation, there has certainly been development, but the price paid for this development has been greater than the gains." Although the official cause of death was said to have been from a heart attack, some Tibetans suspect foul play. In 2011, the Chinese dissident Yuan Hongbing declared that Hu Jintao had masterminded the death of the 10th Panchen Lama. The 10th Panchen Lama's death sparked an unprecedented six-year dispute over his assets amounting to $20 million between his wife and daughter and Tashilhunpo Monastery. The Dalai Lama was invited by the Buddhist Association of China to attend the Panchen Lama's funeral and to take the opportunity to contact Tibet's religious communities. Because of the short notice, the Dalai Lama was unable to attend the invitation. and new disputes materialized between the Chinese government and supporters of the Dalai Lama.  Many legends and conspiracy theories spread among Tibetans about the Panchen Lama's death. According to one story, he foresaw his own death in a message to his wife on their last meeting. In another, a rainbow appeared in the sky before his death. Some people, including the Dalai Lama, believe that he was poisoned by his own medical staff. Supporters of this theory cite remarks the Panchen Lama made on 23 January to high-ranking officials and that were published in the People's Daily and the China Daily. The message criticized the excesses of the Cultural Revolution in Tibet and praised the reform and opening up of the 1980s. His daughter Rinzinwangmo reportedly refused to comment, alledgedly attributing his early death to his generally poor health, extreme weight gain, and chronic sleep deprivation.

Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen, born Gönbo Cêdän (19 February 1938 – 28 January 1989), was the tenth Panchen Lama, officially the 10th Panchen Erdeni (), of the Gelug School of Tibetan Buddhism. He was often referred to simply as Choekyi Gyaltsen (which can be "Choekyi Gyaltse", "Choskyi Gyantsen", etc.), although this is also the name of several other notable figures in Tibetan history.

确吉坚赞,法名罗桑赤列伦珠确吉坚赞(,1938年-2月3日-1989年-1月28日),原俗名贡布慈丹(又译宫保慈丹、贡布才旦,),男,藏族,青海循化人,藏传佛教格鲁派第十世班禅额尔德尼。


Characteristics.

The short-tailed bandicoot rat is generally brown on the upper parts and lighter on the underside, sometimes with a white patch on the throat. It has long, dense and soft hair in the winter, but the hair is short, sparse and stubbly in the summer. The broad feet and the tail are scantily haired. The forefeet have four functional digits and the hind feet have five, each with a strong, nearly straight claw. The body size varies between 182 and 388 g, and the length between 165 and 218 mm.

Distribution.

The short-tailed bandicoot rat lives in river valleys, by lake sides, in irrigated lands and oases in Asia and North Africa, from Xinjiang (China) in the east to Egypt in the west, to Uzbekistan in the north and to Bangladesh in the south.

Biology.

The short-tailed bandicoot rat is a nocturnal rodent and spends most of its time in a burrow which comprises many tunnels and chambers. The depths may be up to 60 cm and the burrow may be up to 9 m long, covering an area of up to 120 m. One chamber is lined with vegetation for nesting. The gestation period is believed to be about 17 days. There are three generations per year, with three to five pups in each litter. Breeding starts in March and may continue all year round in regions where the winters are warm.

Ecology.

The short-tailed bandicoot rat is common and can reach high numbers under favorable conditions. It prefers damp places and does considerable damage to agricultural crops by its burrowing activities. It feeds on grasses, grains, roots and cultivated fruit and vegetables. It makes tunnels in walls of irrigation canals and can cause leaks and flooding. It has many predators, including jackals, foxes, jungle cats, polecats, weasels, snakes and domestic cats and dogs.

The short-tailed bandicoot rat ("Nesokia indica") is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. Other common names include short-tailed mole-rat, Indian bandicoot, bandicoot-rat, flat-tooth rat and short-tailed nesokia.

印度地鼠(学名:)为鼠科地鼠属的动物。分布于亚洲西部和中东各地,西至埃及,北到中国大陆新疆,多见于荒漠、灌溉田地和河谷地带(高度不超过1000米)。该物种的模式产地在印度。


Geography.

The Kingdom of Slavonia was bounded by the Kingdom of Croatia to the west, the Kingdom of Hungary to the north and the east, and by the Ottoman Empire to the south. Together with the Slavonian Military Frontier it had about 6600 sq. miles. It was divided into the three counties of Požega, Virovitica and Syrmia. Besides a chain of mountains in the middle of the province, the remaining part of Slavonian Kingdom consisted of fertile eminences planted with vines and fruit trees and extensive plains.

History.

The Kingdom of Slavonia was formed from territories that Habsburg Monarchy gained from Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), that ended the Great Turkish War. Initially, it was a separate Habsburg land under joint civil-military administration that lasted from 1699 to 1745. The inhabitants were exempted from taxes, but were bound to military service. In 1745, the full civil administration was introduced and Kingdom of Slavonia, as one of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, was administratively included into both Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Hungary. Following the 1868 Settlement ("Nagodba") with the Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Slavonia was joined with Kingdom of Croatia into the single Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, which although it was under the suzerainty of the Crown of Saint Stephen kept a significant level of self-rule.

Population.

After the end of the Great Turkish War, Slavonia was left desolated as around 80% of its pre-war population fled. In order to improve its demographics, people that fled from Slavonia and whose property was taken by the Ottomans were allowed to return to their lands if they had valid ownership documents. Settlers from Bosnia also started migrating to Slavonia, fleeing from the Ottomans. In 1691 around 22,300 Catholics from Bosnian Posavina moved to Slavonia. It is estimated that around 40,000 people lived in Slavonia in 1696. In 1698 its population increased to 80,000.  The 1802 Austrian population data for the Kingdom of Slavonia recorded 148,000 (51.6%) Catholics, 135,000 (47.2%) Orthodox and 3,500 (1.2%) Protestants.  According to other statistical estimations, in 1787 in civil Slavonia there were 265,670 inhabitants, and in 1804/1805 there were 286,349 inhabitants, but from that number clergy and nobility were excluded. Only men were counted in that census. There were: 74,671 Roman Catholics, 68,390 Orthodox Christians, 1,744 Calvinists, 97 Lutherans and 160 Jews. Number of Orthodox Christians was higher in Syrmia: 32,090 Orthodox Christians and 12,633 Roman Catholics. In other two counties of Slavonia: Požega and Virovitica, as in city of Požega, Roman Catholics outnumbered Orthodox population.  The official Austrian census of 1857 for Kingdom of Slavonia gives the following results (a section of Syrmia was in 1857 part of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar):  Požega County  Osijek County

Economy.

The Kingdom of Slavonia was mostly an agricultural land, just like Kingdom of Croatia, and it was known for its silk production. Agriculture and the breeding of cattle were the most profitable occupations of the inhabitants. It produced corn of all kinds, hemp, flax, tobacco, and great quantities of liquorice. The quantity of wine produced was also large, especially in the county of Srem. In 1857 industrial employment (11.01%) was highest in the County of Osijek, while 72.3% were employed in agriculture (82.9% in the Požega County).

The Kingdom of Slavonia (; ; ; ) was a province of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Austrian Empire that existed from 1699 to 1868. The province included northern parts of present-day regions of Slavonia (today in Croatia) and Syrmia (today in Serbia and Croatia). The southern parts of these regions were part of the Slavonian Military Frontier, which was a section of the Military Frontier.

斯拉沃尼亚王国(;;;)是奥地利帝国的一个构成王国,存在于1699年至1868年期间。斯拉沃尼亚王国的范围相当于现在的斯拉沃尼亚和斯雷姆,其南部曾是斯拉沃尼亚军事前线的一部分。斯拉沃尼亚王国的西侧是克罗地亚王国,东侧和北侧是匈牙利王国,南侧是鄂图曼帝国。斯拉沃尼亚王国成立于1699年。这里的主要宗教是天主教和东正教。


Plot.

In the film, Frieza's older brother Cooler is introduced. It begins with a flashback to when Frieza destroyed the Saiyan home world, Planet Vegeta. Cooler's ship soon picks up a Saiyan space pod on the radar. The pod, carrying a baby Saiyan named Kakarot, is shown to be heading towards Earth, but Cooler's henchmen believe it is an escape. Cooler lets the ship go, accounting that it's Frieza's naïveté, and responsibility. More than twenty years later, Kakarot, eventually renamed Goku because of his adoptive new life on Earth, transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats Frieza on Planet Namek. Despite showing no compassion towards his brother, Cooler takes his Armored Squadron - Doore, Neiz, and Salza to Earth with the intention of killing Goku in order to reclaim his family's honor. His forces ambush Goku and his friends on a camping trip, and Goku is wounded when he takes a blast from Cooler that was intended for Gohan (who has his regrown Saiyan tail).  After Krillin and Oolong sets up a shelter in a cave with Goku, Gohan flies off on his dragon friend Icarus to obtain Senzu Beans from Korin. After obtaining the beans, Gohan restores the now-exhausted Icarus by feeding him one bean, and they both fly in high speed. But then, they are ambushed by Cooler's henchmen who blast down Icarus and give Gohan a beating. Just as Gohan about to be killed by Doore, the monkey-tailed boy is saved by Piccolo, the Namekian of Earth, and Gohan's mentor. Piccolo dispatches Doore and Neiz, and takes on Salza, easily gaining the upper hand. During the battle, Cooler arrives and catches Piccolo off-guard with a Death Beam, which impales him through the chest but does not kill him. Cooler then sends Salza after Gohan as he continues to blast Piccolo. Gohan gets to the cave with the Senzu Beans, but they are destroyed by Salza. However, he heals Goku with a spare bean that Yajirobe gave him earlier. After Krillin and Gohan are beaten down by Salza, Goku appears fully healed. Cooler shows up, holding onto an unconscious Piccolo. He then blasts Piccolo's body with an unexpected attack as Goku watches in horror. Now angered, Goku blasts Salza into the distance, and begins to fight Cooler.  After Goku proves to be a worthy opponent, Cooler and tells of his bleak history with Frieza. He then reveals his final transformation, one that Frieza never showed or achieved, and this one is far more powerful than Frieza's final form. Now at full power, Cooler pummels Goku around effortlessly, despite Goku using the "Kaioken" attack numerous times. Cooler then proceeds to destroy the landscape. However, after seeing a bird die from wounds inflicted by damage caused during the struggle, Goku thinks back on his friends and family, and how they all will be killed if Cooler wins. He then picks up the dead bird and lets out a yell so powerful it cracks solid stone and draws Cooler's attention, transforming into his Super Saiyan form and giving enough of his energy to revive the bird. Cooler then finds himself, like Frieza was, grossly outclassed by Goku's amazing new powers. After attempting to punch and blast the Super Saiyan with no effect, Cooler summons a trump card when he powers up an enormous ball of energy. Cooler launches the attack with hopes to destroy Goku and the Earth along with him. After a stint of struggling, Goku eventually manages to send it back with the "Kamehameha" wave, forcing Cooler off the Earth into space and towards the sun. As he hits the sun's surface, Cooler realises that Goku was the same Saiyan infant he spared decades ago. Cooler then laments his own lost opportunity to shoot Goku's escape pod down when he was a baby, and concedes that he was too soft for his own good as well. Cooler's body is then seemingly disintegrated by the sun and his own energy blast.  Goku, drained after his battle, is found by Krillin, Gohan, Oolong and Icarus. They are looking for Piccolo when Salza reappears and prepares to kill them all. However, before he can attack, Salza, the last of Cooler's Armored Squadron, is killed by Piccolo's "Special Beam Cannon" from a distance. Gohan looks around for Piccolo, and the movie ends with Piccolo, having recovered, gazing skyward after drinking some water.

New characters.

Cooler.

is the brother of Frieza who travels to Earth to seek revenge against Goku for Frieza's death, not to avenge his brother, but for vengeance for the slight against his family. Despite transforming into his final form, he is defeated by Super Saiyan Goku. He returns in the sequel, "The Return of Cooler", his remains having fused with a sentient computer chip to form the Big Gete Star. He invades New Namek to fuel himself, but is foiled once again and destroyed once and for all by Goku and Vegeta. He returns briefly in "Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans" as a ghost warrior created by Dr. Lychee, and makes cameo appearances in "Dragon Ball GT" and "Fusion Reborn". He was also reappeared in "Super Dragon Ball Heroes" anime and manga as Goku and Vegeta quickly recognizes him that he was destroyed in the second movie. He is voiced by Ryūsei Nakao (who also voiced Frieza) in Japanese, and by Andrew Chandler in the English dub.

Cooler's Armored Squadron.

Like the mercenary Ginyu Force (right down to the posing) called upon by Frieza on Planet Namek, composes the elder brother's own special fighting team. These three warriors serve as Cooler's subordinates throughout the course of the film. Their dress is the customary garb of soldiers in Frieza's military; an extended length of armor juts from their left shoulder, while the uniforms themselves are in Cooler's primary colors of purple and white, they are shown to have a habit of blocking or reflecting Ki Blasts rather than dodging them. The team is made up of Cooler's right-hand man, a blue skinned "pretty-boy" commander with blonde hair and a French accent, who is able to slice through objects using a blade of ki formed in his right hand and very similar to Zarbon in appearance;, an amphibian-like tall, brown reptilian creature who can retract the whole of his head into his body, who can fire an electrical attack that can immobilize his opponents; and, who is large, green-skinned and long-haired, never seen without his helmet. The henchmen's names are derived from puns; in this case, it is condiments and salad dressings. All three are killed by Piccolo, who obliterates Doore with a Ki blast, burns Neiz alive with his own attack, and impales Salza with the Special Beam Cannon. Salza and Doore cameo in "Fusion Reborn".

Cast.

A fourth English version released exclusively in Malaysia by Speedy Video features an unknown voice cast.

Music.

English dub soundtrack.

The following songs were present in the Funimation dub of "Dragon Ball Z: Cooler's Revenge".  On the Cooler Double Feature, there is an alternate audio track containing the English dialogue and Japanese background music by Shunsuke Kikuchi that is selected by default. To hear these songs, the original music must be selected from a disk sub-menu.  The dub made in the Philippines contained English versions of the Japanese opening and ending theme songs.

Releases.

In 1996, Creative Products Corporation made an English dub for the Philippines with the title Dragon Ball Z: Battle of the Strongest.  It was released on DVD and VHS in North America on January 22, 2002. It was later digitally remastered and released in a Double Feature set with "" on Blu-ray and DVD on November 11, 2008. The film was re-released to DVD on November 1, 2011 in a remastered box set containing the first five "Dragon Ball Z" movies.

Dragon Ball Z: Cooler's Revenge, also known by its Japanese title, or by Toei's own English title Dragon Ball Z: The Strongest Rivals, is a 1991 Japanese anime science fiction martial arts film and the fifth "Dragon Ball Z" animated feature movie, originally released in Japan on July 20 at the Toei Anime Fair.

是在日本于1991年7月20日上映的《七龙珠》第8部剧场版动画。亦是《七龙珠Z》第5部剧场版动画,也是首部有连接的剧场版。


Environment.

Geologically, the islands are characterized mainly by limestone and granite. They are generally covered with thick tropical growth, including rainforest, and their shorelines are punctuated by beaches, rocky headlands, and in some places, mangrove swamps. Offshore are extensive coral reefs.  The archipelago's virtual isolation from most of mankind's influence on the natural environment has given the islands and the surrounding waters of the Andaman Sea a great diversity of flora and fauna, contributing to the region's growing popularity as a diving destination, representing endangered megafaunas such as whale sharks and dugongs.  The area is also important for migrating cetaceans and the "Whale Bay" in the east of Kanmaw Kyun was named historical presences of large number of whales. Such variety includes resident population of Bryde's whales, Omura's whales, occasional blue whales, longman's beaked whales, strap-toothed whales, and killer whales, dolphins, finless porpoises, and Irrawaddy dolphins.  On the islands themselves, various animals thrive, including deer, monkeys, tropical birds including hornbills, and wild swine. There are even unconfirmed reports of Sumatran rhinoceros on Lanbi, one of the bigger islands, but this has been widely discredited.  Environmental threats to the region include overfishing and also blast fishing. Myanmar's current military government, the "State Peace and Development Council", has not done much to deal with these problems.

Geography.

The largest and highest island is Kadan Kyun at 767 metres across the inland channel from Myeik. Other important islands are:

History.

The archipelago was likely first settled by Malay sailors who arrived from the south. However, it remained largely uninhabited until the 20th century. Malays and Chinese traders used the inner waters to escape the southwest monsoon, while larger ships avoided the complicated maritime geography. Pirates and slavers also used it as a refuge, because it was almost impossible to control. For this reason, the Moken people found refuge here until the modern world intervened. The islands began to be accurately charted only after British occupation in 1824. First, Captain Ross surveyed the outer islands in the late 1820s, followed by Captain Lloyd in the inner islands in the late 1830s. Also at that time, between 1838-40, Dr. Johann W. Helfer explored all aspects of the archipelago on behalf of the East India Company. A transcription of his journal, along with interactive maps showing his routes, is listed below in the external links.

Population.

The local people are an ethnic minority called the Moken, sometimes known as Sea Gypsies, although this term actually covers several groups in Southeast Asia. They are a sea-dwelling people and they follow a traditional way of life, doing things such as fishing and building boats very much the way they have done for centuries. They can be found living on their traditional boats during the dry season, but usually keep to land in the rainy season. The Moken claim that the islands were detached from the mainland after a great mythological flood.

Violence by the military regime in the archipelago.

The Mergui Archipelago is located in Tanintharyi Region, one of the regions heavily impacted by violence during the Burmese Civil War. Violence in the Mergui archipelago has often targeted civilians including the massacres of fishermen and the entire population of the picturesque Christie Island.

Tourism.

The area was only opened up to foreign tourism in 1997 after negotiations between Myanmar and dive operators from Phuket in Thailand. The archipelago's isolation is such that much of it has not even yet been thoroughly explored. The best diving conditions exist from December to April, with whale sharks and manta rays visiting from February to May. A five-star casino and golf resort, the Andaman Club now operates on Thahtay Kyun.

The Mergui Archipelago (also Myeik Archipelago or Myeik Kyunzu; ) is located in far southern Myanmar (Burma) and is part of the Tanintharyi Region. It consists of more than 800 islands, varying in size from very small to hundreds of square kilometres, all lying in the Andaman Sea off the western shore of the Malay Peninsula near its landward (northern) end where it joins the rest of Indochina. They are occasionally referred to as the Pashu Islands because the Malay inhabitants are locally called "Pashu".

丹老群岛(Mergui Archipelago),又译墨吉群岛,缅甸东部德林达依地区安达曼海沿岸的一个群岛,因临近丹老(墨吉)而得名,由800多个岛屿组成,总面积超过3500平方公里,是中南半岛安达曼海沿岸最大的岛群。岛上居民以操南岛语族语言的莫肯人为主,经济依赖渔业和旅游业。缅甸丹老群岛。海上吉普赛人——莫肯族在海上坚守着游牧式的自给自足生活,居住在丹老群岛的800多个海岛上,擅长潜水,每天在海滩上搜寻安达曼海给他们提供的生活必需品。不过随着气温上升和海平面的变动,他们赖以生存的珊瑚礁生态系统可能遭到破坏。


Early life.

Thicke was born on March 1, 1947, in Kirkland Lake, Ontario, the son of Shirley "Joan" Isobel Marie ("née" Greer), a nurse, and William Jeffery, a stockbroker. They divorced in 1953. His mother remarried to Brian Thicke, a physician, and they moved to Elliot Lake. Alan Thicke graduated from Elliot Lake Secondary School in 1965, and was elected homecoming king. He went on to attend the University of Western Ontario, where he joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity.

Career.

Hosting.

Game shows.

Thicke hosted a Canadian game show on CFCF-TV in Montreal called "First Impressions" in the late 1970s and the Saturday morning celebrity game show "Animal Crack-Ups" in the late 1980s. In 1997, he hosted a television version of the board game "Pictionary". In the early 2000s, he hosted the "All New 3's a Crowd" on the Game Show Network.

Talk shows.

Norman Lear hired Thicke to produce and head the writing staff of "Fernwood 2 Night", a tongue-in-cheek talk show based on characters from Lear's earlier show, "Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman". In the late 1970s, he was a frequent guest host of "The Alan Hamel Show", a popular daytime talk show on Canadian TV, usually hosted by Alan Hamel. When the Hamel series ended in the early 1980s, it was replaced by "The Alan Thicke Show". The show at one point spawned a prime-time spinoff, "Prime Cuts", which consisted of edited highlights from the talk show. Thicke was later signed to do an American syndicated late-night talk show, "Thicke of the Night". Heavily promoted prior to broadcast as a competitor to NBC's "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson", "Thicke of the Night" was short-lived.

Other hosting.

In 2014 and 2015 Thicke hosted a traveling dance show "Dancing Pros Live" which toured the United States.

Producing and composing.

Thicke had a successful career as a TV theme song composer, often collaborating with his then-wife Gloria Loring on these projects, which included the themes to the popular sitcoms "Diff'rent Strokes" and "The Facts of Life". He also wrote a number of TV game show themes, including "The Wizard of Odds" (for which he also sang the vocal introduction), "The Joker's Wild", "Celebrity Sweepstakes", "The Diamond Head Game", "Animal Crack-Ups" (which he co-wrote with his brother Todd Thicke and Gary Pickus), "Blank Check", "Stumpers!", "Whew!", and the original theme to "Wheel of Fortune". Thicke was a popular songwriter. He co-wrote "Sara", a solo hit for Bill Champlin and included on the latter's "Runaway" album (1981).  Thicke produced a variety of television shows, including Anne Murray Christmas specials for the CBC, beginning in the late 1970s.

"Growing Pains".

Thicke played Jason Seaver, a psychiatrist and father, on the family sitcom "Growing Pains". When the show began, Jason was moving his psychiatry practice into the home to be closer to the family's children while the family matriarch Maggie, played by Joanna Kerns, resumed her career as a reporter. "Growing Pains" debuted on ABC in 1985 and ran until 1992.  Thicke reprised his role in two reunion TV movies, "The Growing Pains Movie" (2000) and "Growing Pains: Return of the Seavers" (2004).

Television and film appearances.

Thicke co-hosted the Walt Disney World Very Merry Christmas Parade (now the Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade) with Joan Lunden from 1983 to 1990, when he was succeeded by Regis Philbin. Thicke also hosted the Crystal Light National Aerobic Championship from 1987 to 1988.  In 1988, he hosted the Miss USA Pageant in El Paso, Texas, replacing Bob Barker (who quit over fur being involved in the pageants). He replaced Barker again as host of the 1988 Miss Universe Pageant (along with Tracy Scoggins) in Taipei, Taiwan. Thicke was replaced by Dick Clark as host of the 1989 Miss USA Pageant in Mobile, Alabama and by John Forsythe as host of the 1989 Miss Universe Pageant in Cancún, Mexico.  Thicke continued hosting a wide range of variety TV events. In 1989 he co-hosted with SCTV alumnus Andrea Martin the TV special "Opening of SkyDome" in Toronto, which aired across Canada on the CBC. In 2004, he hosted the Miss Universe Canada Pageant in Ontario.  In 1992, Thicke appeared as himself in the pilot episode of the sitcom "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper". He appeared in the end-credits scene, alongside series star Mark Curry, humorously referencing the pilot episode being filmed on the same set used as the Seavers' home on "Growing Pains".  Thicke appeared on the American television series "Hope & Gloria", which ran for 35 episodes. He played a lead role in the "Not Quite Human" trilogy of made-for-TV movies. In April 2006, he hosted "Celebrity Cooking Showdown" on NBC, in which celebrities were teamed with famous chefs in a cooking competition. In August 2006 and 2007, Thicke made a few appearances as talk show host Rich Ginger on "The Bold and the Beautiful." Thicke also makes a cameo appearance in the 2007 movie "Alpha Dog" as the father of the lead character's girlfriend.  In 2008, Thicke appeared in a major supporting role as Jim Jarlewski in the television series adaptation of Douglas Coupland's "jPod". That same year, he had a cameo appearance in the "How I Met Your Mother" episode "Sandcastles in the Sand" as the dad in Robin Scherbatsky's second "Robin Sparkles" music video. He guest starred as himself in the episodes "The Rough Patch", "Glitter", "P.S. I Love You", and "The Rehearsal Dinner".  In February 2009, Thicke made a guest appearance on Adult Swim's "Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job". In the same month, he made a guest appearance on the web series "Star-ving". He also had a role in the 2009 film, "". On July 10, 2009, Thicke appeared on the 1000th episode of "Attack of the Show!", and he sang a song with Kevin Pereira and Olivia Munn.  Thicke appeared in the season six finale of "Just Shoot Me", "The Boys in the Band." He made a guest appearance on a few episodes of "Canada's Worst Handyman 5". In 2010, Thicke appeared on the television program, "Tosh.0". In October 2010, he appeared as a celebrity contestant on "Don't Forget the Lyrics", where he played for the charities ProCon.org and the Alan Thicke Center for diabetes research.  In March 2013, he participated on ABC's "Celebrity Wife Swap". He swapped wives with comedian Gilbert Gottfried.  In October 2016, Thicke appeared as himself in the pilot episode of NBC's "This is Us".

Commercials.

In the 1990s, Thicke was the spokesman for the Canadian division of Woolco department stores until its demise in 1994. In 2007, Thicke appeared in a television ad for Tahiti Village, a Las Vegas time-share resort. In 2009, Thicke began appearing in TV ads endorsing CCS Medical, a distributor of home-delivered diabetes supplies. In 2014, Thicke began appearing in ad spots for Optima Tax Relief.  From 2011, Thicke was the spokesperson for Cambridge Life Solutions, a Canadian company that promised to reduce unsecured consumer debt through a method known as debt settlement, which had been outlawed in the United States by the Federal Trade Commission as a predatory practice in 2010 and was subsequently banned in Ontario in 2015. According to Scott Hannah, the president and CEO of the Credit Counseling Society of Canada, the company, which was accused of "bilking thousands of vulnerable Canadians" grew to dominate half of the Canadian market due to Thicke's reputation "as a spokesman who was very credible to Canadians."

Philanthropy.

As noted above, Thicke lent his name and star power to supporting the Alan Thicke Center for diabetes research. Also, for several years in the mid-1980s, Thicke and Gloria Loring were co-hosts of Telemiracle, an annual 20-hour telethon that alternated between Saskatoon and Regina, Saskatchewan to support programs run by the Kinsmen Club.

Personal life.

In 1987 at the age of 40, Thicke began dating 17-year old Kristy Swanson. Two years later, they were engaged but never married. Thicke was married three times: His first marriage, to "Days of Our Lives" actress Gloria Loring, lasted from 1970 until 1984; they had two sons, Brennan and Robin. He married his second wife, Miss World 1990 Gina Tolleson, on August 13, 1994, and had a son, Carter William Thicke, before their divorce was finalized on September 29, 1999. In 1999, he met Tanya Callau in Miami, where he was a celebrity host and she was a model. They were married from 2005 until his death.

Death.

On December 13, 2016, Thicke collapsed while playing ice hockey with his son Carter at Pickwick Gardens in Burbank, California. The manager of the rink said he was talking and even joked to his son to take a photo as he was being wheeled out on a stretcher. Thicke died later that day of type-A aortic dissection at the Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, at the age of 69. On December 19, 2016, the cast of "Growing Pains" including Leonardo DiCaprio reunited at Thicke's funeral; a eulogy was given by his friend Bob Saget, and his son Robin offered a humorous remembrance. He was buried at Santa Barbara Cemetery in Santa Barbara, California.

Alan Thicke (born Alan Willis Jeffrey; March 1, 1947 – December 13, 2016) was a Canadian actor, songwriter, game and talk show host. He was the father of singer Robin Thicke. In 2013, Thicke was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame. Thicke was best known for playing Dr. Jason Seaver on the 1980s sitcom "Growing Pains". Thicke died on December 13, 2016, in the Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California, U.S.

艾伦·锡克(英语:Alan Thicke,1947年-3月1日-2016年-12月13日)生于安大略省柯克兰湖,加拿大演员、作曲人、电视节目主持人,曾担任1988年环球小姐选美主持人,因在《成长的烦恼》中扮演父亲贾森·西弗而闻名。


Design.

Belvedere Castle was originally built as a shell with open doorway and window openings. The main tower was given a more medieval design, with a weather antenna on top, but during the castle's 1983 renovation, the tower was restored to a German style with a flag, a weather vane, and an anemometer on top. The two fanciful wooden pavilions deteriorated without painting and upkeep and were removed before 1900.  Starting in 1919, Belvedere Castle housed the New York Meteorological Observatory, which had been taken over by the United States Weather Bureau in 1912. The current weather station in Central Park, an Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS), is located immediately south of the castle, though wind equipment is still located on the main tower.  The castle caps Vista Rock, a outcropping of schist and the park's second-highest natural elevation. (Summit Rock, at 83rd Street overlooking Central Park West, is higher at.) Constructed of Manhattan schist quarried in the park and dressed with gray granite, it tops the natural-looking woodlands of The Ramble, as seen from the formal Bethesda Terrace. The natural rock was tunneled through for the innovative sunken transverse roadway that still carries commercial and other traffic unobtrusively through the park.  The castle serves now as a visitor center and gift shop. Free family and community programs hosted at Belvedere Castle include birding and other Central Park Conservancy discovery programs for families as well as a variety of history and natural history programs led by NYC Urban Park Rangers, including stargazing/astronomy and wildlife-education events.  The eastern elevation formerly faced a rectangular receiving reservoir that was part of the Croton Aqueduct system. The reservoir was filled in with city building rubble, beginning with spoil from construction of the New York City Subway's IND Eighth Avenue Line (now carrying the ) in the 1930s. Today, the eastern elevation overlooks the Great Lawn and Turtle Pond, which occupies the former site of the receiving reservoir.

History.

The castle was designed by the architects Calvert Vaux and Jacob Wrey Mould as an additional feature of the Greensward Plan, created by Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted. Olmsted and Vaux were re-hired to their positions in mid-1865 after quitting abruptly several years before. In 1867, Vaux decided to develop this area by building Belvedere Castle on the top of the rock, overlooking the Croton Reservoir. The site already held a fire tower under the control of the Croton Aqueduct board, and so the fire tower was demolished.  The original plans for Belvedere Castle called for two turreted stone towers: a larger structure on the eastern elevation and a smaller structure on the west side. To reduce costs it was revised in November 1870 under the Tammany Hall regime, which had taken over construction by this time, and completed as an open painted-wood pavilion. The eastern structure was completed by 1871, while the western structure was never built. As the plantings matured, the castle has been obscured from its original intended viewpoint. Its turret is the highest point in the park.  After the New York Meteorological Observatory automated its equipment and moved its offices to Rockefeller Center in the 1960s, Belvedere Castle was closed to the public and became an object of much vandalism, neglect and deterioration. The Central Park Conservancy launched a restoration effort and reopened the structure on May 1, 1983. The original turret was replaced, the pavilions were rebuilt, and the castle was converted into a visitor center. In 1995, the Conservancy's Historic Preservation Crew replaced the painted wooden loggia of the castle, working from Vaux's designs, on the granite piers and walls that had survived. The same year, a $340,000 grant was distributed toward restoring the castle as the Henry Luce Nature Center. That restoration was completed in 1996.  In 2018, the Central Park Conservancy conducted a second renovation of Belvedere Castle. Plans included replacing existing doors and windows with double paned glass. In addition the Conservancy proposed to construct a new access path to ADA standards from the East Drive. The access path − actually an elevated ramp with parapets − has been criticized as creating an unnecessary barrier in the otherwise naturalistic park. Following the $12 million renovation, the castle reopened on June 28, 2019.

In popular culture.

In the 1970s, its facade was used for exterior shots of the castle where Count von Count lived on the children's television series "Sesame Street".  Soon after its 1983 restoration, the building was used as a filming location for Merchant-Ivory's 1984 film "The Bostonians", starring Christopher Reeve and Vanessa Redgrave.  The castle is depicted in animated form in the season 2 episode "High Noon" of the American animated series "Gargoyles" when the site is chosen as the location of the episode's climax.  It is also featured in the 1998 film "Stepmom", as a photography location for Julia Roberts' character.  The castle was also used in the 2011 film "The Smurfs" where it served as both the hiding place of the evil sorcerer Gargamel and the location of the film's final battle.  In the "DeathSpeaker Codex" series by Sonya Bateman, the castle is prominent in many of the books as a place where the protagonist, Gideon, goes back to time and time again for various paranormal reasons.

Belvedere Castle is a folly in Central Park in Manhattan, New York City. It contains exhibit rooms and an observation deck, and since 1919, has also housed the official Central Park weather station.

眺望台城堡(英语:Belvedere Castle)是美国纽约市的一座建筑物,位于曼哈顿中央公园,始建于1869年。城堡内设有展示室和观景台。自1919年以来,眺望台城堡也是中央公园气象站的所在地。建筑融合了哥特式和罗马式风格。在1960年代,气象台从城堡搬迁至洛克菲勒中心之后,城堡一度关闭。1983年后,城堡再次对外开放。


Pre-telecast events.

The Visa Signature Tony Awards Preview Concert featured performers from the musicals "Guys and Dolls", "Hair", "West Side Story", "9 to 5"; "Billy Elliot the Musical", "Next to Normal", "Rock of Ages", and "Shrek The Musical". The concert was televised on various CBS stations, and in New York City on May 30. Newscaster Harry Smith from "The Early Show" hosted the special.  The red-carpet arrivals and pre-Tony telecast awards (Creative Arts Awards) were webcast on TonyAwards.com. A Creative Arts Awards (CAA) ceremony, hosted by Laura Benanti and Brian Stokes Mitchell, was held prior to the main ceremony. The CAA presented the awards for orchestrations and scenery, costume, lighting and sound design.

Presenters.

Presenters included Lucie Arnaz, Kate Burton, Kristin Chenoweth, Jeff Daniels, Hope Davis, Edie Falco, Will Ferrell, Carrie Fisher, Jane Fonda, Hallie Foote, James Gandolfini, Lauren Graham, Colin Hanks, Marcia Gay Harden, Anne Hathaway, Jessica Lange, Frank Langella, Angela Lansbury, Audra McDonald, David Hyde Pierce, Piper Perabo, Oliver Platt, Susan Sarandon, John Stamos and Chandra Wilson.

Performances.

Performances included scenes from nine Broadway musicals: "Billy Elliot the Musical" (with an appearance by Elton John); "Guys and Dolls", with Tituss Burgess and company performing "Sit Down, You're Rockin' the Boat"; "Hair", with the company performing the title song and "Let the Sunshine In"; "Next to Normal", with Alice Ripley, J. Robert Spencer, and Aaron Tveit performing "You Don't Know/I Am The One"; "Pal Joey", represented by Stockard Channing singing a few lines from "Bewitched, Bothered, and Bewildered" during the opening segment; "Rock of Ages", with Constantine Maroulis and fellow cast members singing "Don't Stop Believin'"; "Shrek the Musical", with the company performing "What's Up, Duloc" and "Freak Flag"; "West Side Story"; and "9 to 5", with Dolly Parton joining the cast to sing the title tune. Cast members from national touring companies of three musicals also appeared: The lead character from four "Jersey Boys" casts (Joseph Leo Bwarie (Toronto), Rick Faugno (Las Vegas), Courter Simmons (national tour) and Dominic Scaglione, Jr. (Chicago) sang together with Jarrod Spector from the Broadway cast; "Legally Blonde" spotlighted Becky Gulsvig; and Michelle Dawson, Kittra Wynn Coomer and Rachel Tyler from the national tour of "Mamma Mia!" sang "Dancing Queen" with fellow cast members.  Performers from the nominated Best Plays category presented brief clips of those plays, which included "God of Carnage", "33 Variations", "Dividing the Estate" and "reasons to be pretty".  Liza Minnelli performed in the opening sequence, and rock icon Bret Michaels and his band Poison joined the cast of "Rock of Ages" during their segment in the opening number, performing the band's 1988 Top Ten hit "Nothin' but a Good Time". While exiting the stage, Michaels was struck in the head by a descending set and knocked to the floor. He suffered a fractured nose and a split lip that required three stitches. He subsequently sued the event's organizers, claiming that the collision led to his 2010 brain hemorrhage. The suit was settled in May 2012 for an undisclosed amount.  Neil Patrick Harris ended the show with a pastiche of "Tonight" from "West Side Story" and "Luck Be a Lady" from "Guys and Dolls", with lyrics re-written by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman that recapped the awards.

Competitive awards.

Winners in bold.

"In Memoriam".

Bebe Neuwirth introduced a special number to honor those who died during the past theatre season. The Broadway Inspirational Voices and orchestra performed "What I Did for Love" from "A Chorus Line". Broadway theatres dimmed their lights in memoriam, as well. Among those remembered were:

Multiple nominations and awards.

These productions had multiple nominations:  The following productions received multiple awards.

The 63rd Annual Tony Awards, which recognized Broadway productions of the 2008-2009 season, were presented on June 7, 2009 at Radio City Music Hall in New York City. The ceremony was broadcast by CBS, with Neil Patrick Harris as host.

第63届托尼奖颁奖典礼于2009年6月8日举办,旨在表彰肯定2008年-2009年演出季中百老汇舞台剧的艺术成就。举办地为纽约无线城市音乐厅,主持人是尼尔·帕特里克·哈里斯,颁奖典礼由哥伦比亚广播公司(CBS)现场直播。


Early life.

Victoria Louise Lott was born in the Bromley area of London on 12 January 1991, the third child of Beverley (née Martin) and stockbroker Stephen Lott. The family moved around the London suburbs, initially living in Petts Wood and then Bickley. Lott was born several months premature, and her mother gave her the nickname Pixie because she was "such a tiny, cute baby who looked like a fairy". She started singing in her church school, and attended the Italia Conti Associates Saturday school in Chislehurst when she was five years old. She was awarded a scholarship and went on to attend its main school, the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, at the age of 11. At the age of 13, Lott moved with her family to Brentwood in Essex where she attended Brentwood County High School. She appeared in a West End production of "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" at the London Palladium and as Louisa von Trapp in BBC One's "Celebrate the Sound of Music" in 2005, aged 14. Despite missing school time because she was recording her album, Lott says she received top marks in her GCSEs.

Music career.

2008–2010: "Turn It Up".

In 2006, at the age of 15, Lott sang for L. A. Reid after he heard a few of her demos. He then signed her to the Island Def Jam Music Group. After a change of managers, a bidding war ensued and Lott parted ways with the Island Def Jam Music Group, to sign with Mercury Records in the UK and to Interscope Records in the U.S. Lott signed a publishing deal, as a songwriter, with Sony/ATV Music Publishing in December 2007, while writing and recording tracks for "Turn It Up". Lott wrote a song for Alexandra Burke's debut album, "Overcome" (2009), titled "You Broke My Heart" and a song for Girls Can't Catch titled "Happy Alone". She also wrote two tracks on Lisa Lois's (the Dutch X Factor winner) debut album "Smoke" (2009), titled "No Good For Me" and "Promises, Promises". She also wrote 'We Own the Night' with Toby Gad for Selena Gomez and ended up featuring on the track too for Gomez' album "When the Sun Goes Down". Lott played her first festival concert in the Big Top at the Isle of Wight Festival 2009, during her first full British tour, where she supported The Saturdays on The Work Tour.  Lott's debut single, "Mama Do", was released on 8 June 2009. It spent one week at number one, 11 weeks within the top 40 and 18 weeks within the top 75. The single also had considerable success outside the UK, reaching the top 40 in 11 other countries, including top ten peaks of number eight in Denmark and number 10 in France. The single was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry on 28 August 2009 after selling over 200,000 copies in the United Kingdom.  On 15 August 2009, Lott was featured alongside Hoobastank, The All-American Rejects, Kasabian, Boys Like Girls, Estranged and Raygun as one of the live acts at Asia's very first MTV World Stage Live in Malaysia concert. Lott's second lead single "Boys and Girls" was released on 6 September 2009 and topped the UK Singles Chart on 13 September. On 14 September, Lott's debut album, "Turn It Up" was released. This followed an intensive promotional tour where Lott visited the Asia-Pacific region to promote the album and 'Mama Do'. The album debuted at number six on the UK Album Chart, and sold over 600,000 copies in the United Kingdom. In August 2010, it was certified Double-Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. Lott's third single from the album, "Cry Me Out" was released on 23 November 2009. It was during this time that Lott was chosen as the face of Nokia's "Illuvial Pink Collection" mobile phone range and Casio's range of Baby G watches.  The fourth single, "Gravity", was released in the UK on 8 March 2010. Lott won two MTV EMA Awards at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2009 ceremony, Best UK & Ireland Act and Best Push Artist (best break through artist). Lott was nominated for British Breakthrough Act, British Female Solo Artist and British Single at the 2010 BRIT Awards. Lott also served as the opening act of Rihanna's Last Girl on Earth Tour in the UK 7–26 May 2010. In April 2010, Lipsy launched a fashion range co-designed by Lott. The first Pixie Collection comprised two ranges: Pixie Festival and Pixie Party. Lott's second collection for Lipsy was launched in September 2010 and consisted of a new range, Pixie Rocks, and an updated Pixie Party collection. In July 2010, Lott appeared as a guest judge for the auditions for the seventh series of "The X Factor" in Cardiff, covering for Dannii Minogue, who was on maternity leave. Lott also performed on the main stage at the V Festival in August 2010. The fifth single from Lott's album, the title song "Turn It Up", was released on 7 June 2010. Lott recorded a song for the film "Street Dance 3D", "Live For The Moment".  Lott released "Boys and Girls" as her debut US single on 24 August 2010. The release coincided with the TV premiere of her film debut, "". In January 2010, Lott was named one of 2010's "Faces to Watch" by US magazine, "Billboard". Lott was cast as Judy, Fred Figglehorn's crush, in the film "", starring alongside Lucas Cruikshank. The comedy was released on America's Nickelodeon channel on 18 September 2010. "Turn It Up" was to be released in the US in 2011, but this never materialised. It was, however, rereleased in the UK. "The Way The World Works", from Lott's debut record was used in the U.S.-produced medical drama "Private Practice".  For the new repackaged version of "Turn It Up", Lott recorded duets with Jason Derulo and Joe Jonas, though the latter failed to make the final track listing for the album. This edition included her single, "Broken Arrow".

2011–2012: "Young Foolish Happy".

In July 2011, Lott signed a deal with Select Model Management. The company is also responsible for signing Cher Lloyd, Agyness Deyn and David Gandy. Lott's second album, "Young Foolish Happy" was released on 14 November 2011, it includes collaborations with Stevie Wonder and John Legend. "Young Foolish Happy" debuted at number eighteen on the UK Albums Chart, selling 18,503 copies in its opening week. The following week, it dropped twenty-four places to number forty-two. On 10 February 2012, it was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), denoting shipments in excess of 100,000 within the UK. The album also entered the Irish Albums Chart at number thirty-three.  "All About Tonight" was released on 2 September 2011 as the album's lead single. Lott premiered the song on BBC Radio 1's "The Chris Moyles Show" on 11 July 2011. It debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart with first-week sales of 88,893 copies (the highest of Lott's career), giving Lott her third UK number one. It also reached number nine on the Irish Singles Chart, her second top ten hit in that country. The second single "What Do You Take Me For?", featuring rapper Pusha T, was released on 4 November 2011, while the music video premiered on 6 October. It debuted at number ten on the UK Singles Chart, selling 34,335 copies. In July 2012 Lott performed "Kiss the Stars" and "Use Somebody" at the Men's Gymnastics Finals in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Lott also performed at V Festival (her second performance after appearing in 2010), the "Access All Eirias" festival in North Wales, She also performed 'Kiss The Stars' on "Dancing on Ice" in 2012 and the MTV "Titanic Sounds" festival in Belfast.

2012–2015: "Pixie Lott" and "Strictly Come Dancing".

In June 2012, Lott stated she had started recording her third album citing Motown as inspiration for the album: "I'm going to be heading to New York to work with the guys who did the original Motown records in the '60s to make a new album soon." In June 2013, Lott tweeted that she was recording the first single from her third album with Jack Splash in Miami. In September, Splash confirmed that the single had been mixed. On 17 July 2013, Lott tweeted that she was on her way to a photo shoot for her new single and her third studio album.  On 1 November 2013, Lott trended on Twitter after announcing that her new music was "coming soon", and posting a cover of Avicii's "Wake Me Up" on YouTube. Michael Einziger, one of the writers of "Wake Me Up", later took to Twitter to praise Lott's interpretation. On 8 November, Lott's cover of "Royals" by New Zealand singer-songwriter Lorde was uploaded. "Royals" was chosen because Lorde had previously covered Lott's number one single, "Mama Do". After watching the cover, Lorde likened Lott's voice to "baby angels and peanut butter chocolate". On 2 December 2013, Lott announced during a Google Hangout with Dan Wootton of "The Sun" that the lead single from her third album, "Nasty", would premiere in January. She also revealed the artwork for the album, titled "Pixie Lott". Lott was recently spotted filming the accompanying music video for "Nasty", which was originally recorded by Christina Aguilera as a duet with Cee Lo Green for the 2010 film "Burlesque" but was never released. In March 2014, Lott took part in recording England's 2014 World Cup song. She collaborated with the likes of fellow pop stars Melanie C, Eliza Doolittle, Emma Bunton, Conor Maynard, Kimberley Walsh and Katy B, on "Greatest Day", a track originally performed by British band, Take That. The track was produced by Gary Barlow and recorded at Sarm Studios in London. The track also featured past footballers such as Gary Lineker, Michael Owen, Geoff Hurst, David Seaman, Peter Shilton, Glenn Hoddle and Dion Dublin on backing vocals.  "Nasty" (produced by Jack Splash) was released on 7 March 2014 and debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number nine, selling 30,812 copies in its first week. It became Lott's sixth Top 10 single and tenth consecutive Top 20 single. On 19 June 2014, Lott appeared on BBC Radio 1's Innuendo Bingo. Her self-titled third studio album was released on 1 August 2014 and was preceded by its second single, "Lay Me Down" released on 27 July 2014. Promotional single, "Heart Cry" has been also released. "Pixie Lott" peaked at number 15 on the UK Albums Chart.  In August 2014, Lott was confirmed as one of the fifteen contestants, participating on the twelfth series of "Strictly Come Dancing". On the launch show, it was announced that she will be partnered up with Australian professional dancer Trent Whiddon. Despite topping the leaderboard four times and having the highest average of the series, Lott & Whiddon were eliminated during the quarter-finals on Week 11, after losing the dance-off to Blue singer Simon Webbe and his partner, Kristina Rihanoff. It was announced that Lott would release her first greatest hits album on 24 November 2014, called "". The album was preceded by the single "Caravan of Love", a cover of the Isley-Jasper-Isley's 1985 hit. The compilation also includes all her singles, with the exception of "What Do You Take Me For?" and "Lay Me Down". Lott then starred in "Puttin’ On The Ritz" UK Tour, for the dates in Wimbledon and Newcastle. She was joined on stage by her dance partner, Trent Whiddon, in 2015.

2016–present: Stage and television work.

From 30 June to 17 September 2016, Lott starred as Holly Golightly in a limited 12-week season of "Breakfast at Tiffany’s" at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in London's West End. On 15 November 2016, it was announced Lott will be a coach on "The Voice Kids UK" alongside will.i.am & Danny Jones. The show began in June 2017 on ITV. On 31 March 2017 Lott collaborated with British DJ Anton Powers on their single "Baby". Lott released her new single "Won't Forget You" featuring Stylo G on 29 September 2017, which is expected to be the lead single from her upcoming 4th studio album.

Musical influences.

Lott has cited Celine Dion, Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston as major influences on her style of singing. For her second album, Lott told Digital Spy that the sound was "a little more soulful. That's the kind of thing that I'm into. That influence is stronger on this album."

Personal life.

Lott has been in a relationship with fashion model Oliver Cheshire since 2010. They got engaged in November 2016.  On "FHM" 100 Sexiest Women list, Lott was voted No. 45 in 2010, No. 31 in 2011, No. 12 in 2012, and No. 7 in 2013.  Lott is a supporter of the Penny for London charity.

Victoria Louise Lott (born 12 January 1991) is an English singer, songwriter and actress. Her debut single, "Mama Do (Uh Oh, Uh Oh)", was released in June 2009 and went straight to number one on the UK Singles Chart. Her second single, "Boys and Girls", also topped the UK Singles Chart in September 2009. She made her film debut in the 2010 movie "", which was based on a real-life YouTube channel created by Lucas Cruikshank.

维多利亚·路易丝·“皮克茜”·洛特(Victoria Louise "Pixie" Lott,1991年1月12日生于英国伦敦)是一位英国女创作歌手、演员和跳舞演员。


History.

VB 10 was discovered in 1944 by the astronomer George van Biesbroeck using the Otto Struve reflector telescope at the McDonald Observatory. He found it while surveying the telescopic field of view of the high-proper-motion red dwarf Gliese 752 (Wolf 1055), for companions. Wolf 1055 had been catalogued 25 years earlier by German astronomer Max Wolf using similar astrophotographic techniques. It is designated VB 10 in the 1961 publication of Van Biesbroeck's star catalog. Later, other astronomers began referring to it as Van Biesbroeck's star in honor of its discoverer. Because it is so dim and so close to its much brighter primary star, earlier astronomical surveys missed it even though its large parallax and large proper motion should have made it stand out on photographic plates taken at different times.

Characteristics.

VB 10 has an extremely low luminosity with a baseline absolute magnitude of nearly 19 and an apparent magnitude of 17.3 (somewhat variable), making it very difficult to see.  Mathematical formulae for calculating apparent magnitude show that, if VB 10 occupied the place of the Sun, it would shine on Earth's sky at a magnitude of −12.87—approximately the same magnitude of that of the full moon.  Later researchers also noted that its mass, at 0.08 solar mass (), is right at the lower limit needed to create internal pressures and temperatures high enough to initiate nuclear fusion and actually be a star rather than a brown dwarf. At the time of its discovery it was the lowest-mass star known. The previous record holder for the lowest mass was Wolf 359 at.  VB 10 is also notable by its very large proper motion, moving more than one arc second a year through the sky as seen from Earth.

Flare star.

VB 10 is a variable star and is identified in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars as V1298 Aquilae. It is a UV Ceti-type variable star and is known to be subject to frequent flare events. Its dynamics were studied from the "Hubble Space Telescope" in the mid-1990s. Although VB 10 has a normal low surface temperature of 2600 K it was found to produce violent flares of up to 100,000 K.

Binary star.

VB 10 is the secondary star of a bound binary star system. The primary is called Gliese 752, and hence VB 10 is also referred to as Gliese 752 B. The primary star is much larger and brighter. The two stars are separated by about 74 arc seconds (~434 AU).

Claims of a planetary system.

In May 2009, astronomers from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, announced that they had found evidence of a planet orbiting VB 10, which they designated VB 10b. The Hale telescope at the Palomar Observatory was used to detect evidence of this planet using the astrometry method. The new planet was claimed to have a mass 6 times that of Jupiter and an orbital period of 270 days. However, subsequent studies using Doppler spectroscopy failed to detect the radial velocity variations that would be expected if such a planet was orbiting this small star. The claimants of VB 10b note that these Doppler measurements only rule out planets more massive than 3 times the mass of Jupiter, but this limit is only half the reported best-fit mass of the planet as originally claimed. The claims for this planet thus fall into a long history of claimed astrometric extrasolar planet detections that were subsequently refuted.

VB 10 or Van Biesbroeck's star is a very small and very dim red dwarf located in the constellation Aquila. It is part of a binary star system.

VB 10,也称为范·比斯布罗克的星,是一颗非常小也非常暗淡的M-型红矮星,位置在天鹰座。虽然这颗恒星很靠近地球,距离只有19光年,但是非常暗淡,视星等只有17等,使它即便使用大望远镜也不容易看见。


粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子

Function.

GM-CSF is a monomeric glycoprotein that functions as a cytokine — it is a white blood cell growth factor. GM-CSF stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes. Monocytes exit the circulation and migrate into tissue, whereupon they mature into macrophages and dendritic cells. Thus, it is part of the immune/inflammatory cascade, by which activation of a small number of macrophages can rapidly lead to an increase in their numbers, a process crucial for fighting infection.  GM-CSF also has some effects on mature cells of the immune system. These include, for example, enhancing neutrophil migration and causing an alteration of the receptors expressed on the cells surface.  GM-CSF signals via signal transducer and activator of transcription, STAT5. In macrophages, it has also been shown to signal via STAT3. The cytokine activates macrophages to inhibit fungal survival. It induces deprivation in intracellular free zinc and increases production of reactive oxygen species that culminate in fungal zinc starvation and toxicity. Thus, GM-CSF facilitates development of the immune system and promotes defense against infections.  GM-CSF also plays a role in embryonic development by functioning as an embryokine produced by reproductive tract.

Genetics.

The human gene has been localized in close proximity to the interleukin 3 gene within a T helper type 2-associated cytokine gene cluster at chromosome region 5q31, which is known to be associated with interstitial deletions in the 5q- syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia. GM-CSF and IL-3 are separated by an insulator element and thus independently regulated. Other genes in the cluster include those encoding interleukins 4, 5, and 13.

Glycosylation.

Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is glycosylated in its mature form.

Medical use.

GM-CSF was first cloned in 1985, and soon afterwards three potential drug products were being made using recombinant DNA technology: molgramostim was made in "Escherichia coli" and is not glycosylated, sargramostim was made in yeast, has a leucine instead of proline at position 23 and is somewhat glycosylated, and regramostim was made in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) and has more glycosylation than sargramostim. The amount of glycosylation affects how the body interacts with the drug and how the drug interacts with the body.  At that time, Genetics Institute, Inc. was working on molgramostim, Immunex was working on sargramostim (Leukine), and Sandoz was working on regramostim.  Molgramostim was eventually co-developed and co-marketed by Novartis and Schering-Plough under the trade name Leucomax for use in helping white blood cell levels recover following chemotherapy, and in 2002 Novartis sold its rights to Schering-Plough.  Sargramostim was approved by the US FDA in 1991 to accelerate white blood cell recovery following autologous bone marrow transplantation under the trade name Leukine, and passed through several hands, ending up with Genzyme which subsequently was acquired by Sanofi. Leukine is now owned by Partner Therapeutics (PTx).  Imlygic was approved by the US FDA in October 2015, and in December 2015 by the EMA, as an oncolytic virotherapy, commercialized by Amgen Inc. This oncolytic herpes virus, named Talimogene laherparepvec, has been genetically engineered to express human GM-CSF using the tumor cells machinery.

Research directions.

GM-CSF is found in high levels in joints with rheumatoid arthritis and blocking GM-CSF as a biological target may reduce the inflammation or damage. Some drugs (e.g. otilimab) are being developed to "block" GM-CSF. In critically ill patients GM-CSF has been trialled as a therapy for the immunosuppression of critical illness, and has shown promise restoring monocyte and neutrophil function, although the impact on patient outcomes is currently unclear and awaits larger studies.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), also known as colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2), is a monomeric glycoprotein secreted by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, natural killer cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts that functions as a cytokine. The pharmaceutical analogs of naturally occurring GM-CSF are called sargramostim and molgramostim.

粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor,GM-CSF),又名集落刺激因子2(colony-stimulating factor 2,CSF2),是由巨噬细胞、T细胞、肥大细胞、自然杀伤细胞、内皮细胞和成纤维细胞分泌的一种单体糖蛋白细胞因子。沙格司亭和莫拉司亭是天然存在的GM-CSF的药品类似物。


Early life and family.

Randall was born on October 10, 1828, in Philadelphia, the eldest son of Josiah and Ann Worrell Randall. Three younger brothers soon followed: William, Robert, and Henry. Josiah Randall was a leading Philadelphia lawyer who had served in the state legislature in the 1820s. Randall's paternal grandfather, Matthew Randall, was a judge on the Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas and county prothonotary in that city in the early 19th century. His maternal grandfather, Joseph Worrell, was also a prominent citizen, active in politics for the Democratic Party during Thomas Jefferson's presidency. Josiah Randall was a Whig in politics, but drifted into the Democratic fold after the

Local politics and military service.

In 1851, Randall assisted his father in the election campaign for a local judge. The judge, a Whig, was elected despite considerable opposition from a candidate of the nativist American Party (commonly called the "Know-Nothing Party"). The strength of this group, combined with the Whigs' declining fortunes, led Samuel Randall to call himself an "American Whig" when he ran for Philadelphia Common Council the following year. He was elected, holding office for four one-year terms from 1852 to 1856. The period was one of significant change in Philadelphia's governance, as all of Philadelphia County's townships and boroughs were consolidated into one city in 1854. As the Whig Party fell apart, Randall and his family became Democrats. Josiah Randall was friendly with James Buchanan, a Pennsylvania Democrat then serving as the United States' envoy in Great Britain. Both Randall and his father attended the Democratic National Convention in 1856 to work for Buchanan's nomination for president, which was successful. When, in 1858, a vacancy occurred in Randall's state Senate district, he ran for election (as a Democrat) for

House of Representatives.

Election to the House.

In 1862, before rejoining his cavalry unit, Randall was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district. The city had been gerrymandered by a Republican legislature to create four solidly Republican districts, with the result that as many Democrats as possible were lumped into the 1st district. Gaining the Democratic nomination was, thus, tantamount to election; Randall defeated former mayor Richard Vaux for their party's endorsement and won easily over his Republican opponent, Edward G. Webb. He won with the help of William "Squire" McMullen, the Democratic boss of the fourth ward, who would remain a lifelong Randall ally.  Under the congressional calendar of the 1860s, members of

War and Reconstruction.

When the 38th Congress convened in December 1863, the Civil War was approaching its end. Randall was a War Democrat, sometimes siding with his Republican colleagues to support measures in pursuit of victory over the Confederates. When a bill was proposed to allow President Abraham Lincoln to promote Ulysses S. Grant to lieutenant general, Randall voted in favor, unlike most in his party. He voted with the majority of Democrats, however, to oppose allowing black men to serve in the Union Army.  When it came to political plans for the post-war nation, he was strictly opposed to most Republican-proposed measures. Republicans proposed the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865, which would abolish slavery, and Randall spoke against it. Claiming opposition to slavery, Randall said his objections stemmed instead from a belief that the amendment was "a beginning of changes in the Constitution and the forerunner of usurpation." After Andrew Johnson became president following Lincoln's assassination, Randall came to support Johnson's policies for Reconstruction of the defeated South, which were more lenient than those of the Republican majority in Congress. In 1867, the Republicans proposed requiring an ironclad oath from all

Financial legislation.

With Grant, a Republican, elected president in 1868, and the 41st Congress as Republican-dominated as its immediate predecessors, Randall faced several more years in the minority. He served on the Banking and Currency Committee and began to focus on financial matters, resuming his long-standing policy against the power of banks. This placed Randall in the growing fight over the nature of the nation's currency—those who favored the gold-backed currency were called "hard money" supporters, while the policy of encouraging inflation through coining silver or issuing dollars backed by government bonds ("greenbacks") was known as "soft money". Although he believed in a gold-backed dollar, Randall was friendly to greenbacks; in general, he favored allowing the amount of currency to remain constant, while replacing bank-issued dollar bills with greenbacks. He also believed the federal government should sell its bonds directly to the public, rather than selling them only to large banks, which then re-sold them at a profit. He was unsuccessful in convincing the Republican majority to adopt any of these measures.  Randall worked with Republicans to shift the source of federal funds from taxes

Appropriations and investigations.

While the Democrats were in the minority, Randall spent much of his time scrutinizing the Republicans' appropriations bills. During the Grant administration, he questioned thousands of items in the appropriation bills, often gaining the support of Republicans in excising expenditures that were in excess of the departments' needs. He proposed a bill that would end the practice, common at the time, of executive departments spending beyond what they had been appropriated, then petitioning Congress to retroactively approve the spending with a supplemental appropriation; the legislation passed and became law. The supplemental appropriations were typically rushed through at the end of a session with little debate. Reacting to the large grants of land given to railroads, he also sought unsuccessfully to ban all land grants to private corporations.  Investigating appropriations led Randall to focus on financial impropriety in Congress and the Grant administration. The most famous of these was the Crédit Mobilier scandal. In this

Rise to prominence.

Democrats remained in the minority when the 43rd Congress convened in 1873. Randall continued his opposition to measures proposed by Republicans, especially those intended to increase the power of the federal government. That term saw the introduction of a new civil rights bill with farther-reaching ambitions than any before it. Previous acts had seen the use of federal courts and troops to guarantee that black men and women could not be deprived of their civil rights by any state. Now Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts proposed a new bill, aimed at requiring equal rights in all

Speaker of the House.

Hayes and Tilden.

After Kerr's death, Randall was the consensus choice of the Democratic caucus, and was elected to the Speakership when Congress returned to Washington on December 2, 1876. He assumed the chair at a tumultuous time, as the presidential election had just concluded the previous month with no clear winner. The Democratic candidate, Samuel J. Tilden of New York, had 184 electoral votes, just shy of the 185 needed for victory. Rutherford B. Hayes, the Republican, had 163; the remaining 22 votes were in doubt.  Randall spent early December in conference with Tilden while committees examined the votes from the disputed states. The counts of the disputed ballots were inconclusive, with each of the states in question producing two sets of returns: one signed by Democratic officials, the other by Republicans, each claiming victory for their man. By January 1877, with the question still unresolved, Congress and President Grant agreed to submit the matter to a bipartisan Electoral Commission, which would be authorized to determine the fate of the disputed electoral votes.  Randall supported the idea, believing

Monetary disputes.

Randall returned to Washington in March 1877 at the start of the 45th Congress and was reelected Speaker. As the session began, many in the Democratic caucus were determined to repeal the Specie Payment Resumption Act of 1875. That Act, passed when Republicans last controlled the House, was intended to gradually withdraw all greenbacks from circulation, replacing them with dollars backed in specie (i.e., gold or silver). With the elimination of the silver dollar in 1873, this would effectively return the United States to the gold standard for the first time since before the Civil War. Randall, who had voted against the act in 1875, agreed to let the House vote on its repeal, which narrowly passed. The Senate, still controlled by Republicans, declined to act on the bill.  The attempt at repeal

Potter committee.

As the 1880 presidential elections approached, many Democrats remained convinced Tilden had been robbed of the presidency in 1876. In the House, Tilden supporter Clarkson Nott Potter of New York sought an investigation into the 1876 election in Florida and Louisiana, hoping that evidence of Republican malfeasance would harm that party's candidate in 1880. The Democratic caucus, including Randall, unanimously endorsed the idea, and the committee convened in May 1878. Some in the caucus wished to investigate the

Reelected Speaker.

As the 46th Congress convened in 1879, the Democratic caucus was reduced, but they still held a plurality of seats. The new House contained 152 Democrats, 139 Republicans, and 20 independents, most of whom were affiliated with the Greenback Party. Many of Randall's fellow Democrats differed with him over protectionism and his lack of support for Southern railroad subsidies, and considered choosing Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn of Kentucky as their nominee

Civil rights and the army.

Randall's determination to cut spending, combined with Southern Democrats' desire to reduce federal power in their home states, led the House to pass an army appropriation bill with a rider that repealed the Enforcement Acts, which had been used to suppress the Ku Klux Klan. The Enforcement Acts, passed during Reconstruction over Democratic opposition, made it a crime to prevent someone from voting because of his race. Hayes was determined to preserve the law

1880 presidential election.

As the 1880 elections approached, Randall had two goals: to increase his control of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party, and to nominate Tilden for president. His efforts at the former in 1875 had been successful, but Senator William Wallace's faction was again growing powerful. If he wanted to hold the Speakership, as well as to wield influence in the next presidential canvass, Randall believed he must have a united state party behind him. To that end, Randall spent much of his time outside of Congress travelling around his home state to line up support at the state convention in 1880. Some of his allies' enthusiasm backfired against him, however, after McMullen and some supporters broke up an anti-Randall meeting in Philadelphia's 5th ward with such violence that one man was left dead.  When the state convention gathered in April 1880, Randall was confident of victory, but soon found that the Wallace faction outnumbered his. Wallace's majority scrambled the party's organization

Later House service.

Tariffs.

When Randall returned to Washington in 1881 to begin his term in the 47th Congress, the legislature was controlled by Republicans. After Garfield's assassination later that year, Vice President Chester A. Arthur assumed the presidency. Arthur, like most Republicans, favored high tariffs, but he sought to simplify the tariff structure and to reduce excise taxes. Randall, who had returned to his seat on the Appropriations Committee, favored the president's plan, and was among the few Democrats in the House to support it. The bill that emerged from the Ways and Means Committee, dominated by protectionists, provided for only a 10 percent reduction. After conference with the Senate, the resulting bill had an even smaller effect, reducing tariffs by an average of 1.47 percent. It passed both houses narrowly on March 3, 1883, the last full day of the 47th Congress; Arthur signed the measure into law. Toward the end, Randall took less part in the debate, feeling the tension between his supporters in the House, who wanted more reductions, and

Presidential election of 1884.

As in 1880, the contest for the Democratic nomination for president in 1884 began under the shadow of Tilden. Declining health forced Tilden's withdrawal by June 1884, and Randall felt free to pursue his own chance at the presidency. He gathered some of the Pennsylvania delegates to his cause, but by the time the convention assembled in July, most of the former Tilden adherents had gathered around New York governor Grover Cleveland. Early in the convention, Randall met with Daniel Manning, Cleveland's campaign manager, and soon thereafter Randall's delegates were instructed to cast their

Resisting tariff reform.

As the 49th Congress gathered in 1885, Cleveland's position on the tariff was still largely unknown. Randall declined to challenge Carlisle for Speaker, busying himself instead with the federal patronage in Pennsylvania and continued leadership of the Appropriations committee. In February 1886, Morrison, still the chairman of Ways and Means, proposed a bill to decrease the surplus by buying and cancelling $10 million

Declining influence.

The tariff fight continued into the 50th Congress, which opened in 1887, in which Democrats retained control of the House, with a reduced majority. By that time, Cleveland had openly sided with the tariff reformers and backed the proposals introduced in 1888 by Representative Roger Q. Mills of Texas. Mills had replaced Morrison at Ways and Means after the latter's defeat for reelection, and was as much in favor of tariff reform as the Illinoisan had been. Mills's bill would make small cuts to tariffs on raw materials, but relatively deeper cuts to those on manufactured goods; Randall, representing a manufacturing district, opposed it immediately. Randall was again ill and absent from the House when the Mills tariff passed by a 162 to 149 vote. The Senate, now Republican-controlled, refused to consider the bill, and it died with the 50th Congress in 1889.

Death.

Randall's positions on tariffs and pensions had made him, according to "The New York Times", "a practical Republican" by 1888. Voting with the opposing party so frequently was an effective tactic, as he faced only token Republican opposition for reelection that year. Randall's health continued to decline. When the new congress began in 1889, he received special permission to be sworn into office from his bed, where he was confined. The new Speaker, Republican Thomas Brackett Reed of Maine, appointed Randall to the Rules and Appropriations committees, but he had no impact during that term.  On April 13, 1890, Randall died of colon cancer in his Washington home. He

Samuel Jackson Randall (October 10, 1828April 13, 1890) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as the 29th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1876 to 1881. During his time in the House, he served Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district from 1863 to 1875 and Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district from 1875 to 1890. He was a contender for his party's nomination for President of the United States in 1880 and 1884.

塞缪尔·杰克逊·兰德尔(英语:Samuel Jackson Randall,1828年-10月10日-1890年-4月13日)是美国民主党政治家,于19世纪下半叶担任宾夕法尼亚州联邦众议员,曾是第33任众议院议长,并两次参与党派美国总统候选人提名的竞争。


Features.

TeXmacs can handle mathematical formulas and is used as a front-end to a number of computer algebra systems such as Maxima and SageMath. TeXmacs also supports a Scheme extension language called Guile for customizing the program and writing extensions.  Like many WYSIWYG editors (such as Microsoft Word), authors manipulate a document on screen which should print to a similar looking paper copy. The goal of TeXmacs is to provide a WYSIWYG editor that nevertheless makes it possible to write correctly structured documents with aesthetically pleasing typesetting results. TeXmacs is "not" a front-end to LaTeX but TeXmacs documents can be converted to either TeX or LaTeX. LaTeX also can be imported (to some extent), and both import from HTML, Scheme, "Verbatim", and XML and export to them is provided. There is a converter for MathML as well, and TeXmacs can output PDF and PostScript for printing.  TeXmacs currently runs on most Unix-based architectures including Linux, FreeBSD, Cygwin, Haiku and macOS. Along with the Cygwin version, a native port is available for Microsoft Windows.  TeXmacs also features a presentation mode and a small technical drawing editor and there are plans to evolve towards a complete scientific office suite with spreadsheet capacities.

Mathematical typography.

TeXmacs facilitates the inputting of mathematical formulas by mapping sequences of keyboard symbols to symbols. For example, the symbol formula_1 can be input by typing =>.  Some symbols have no such representation (formula_2 for instance). These can be input with tab key. This keyboard-based entry differs from other formulae editors, that tend to provide point-and-click menus for this task.

Batch processing.

It is possible to use TeXmacs as a batch processor (which is LaTeX's usual operation mode), using X virtual framebuffer to avoid opening unwanted windows while processing. For example, the command generates a PDF file "article.pdf" from a TeXmacs document "article.tm".

The TeXmacs format.

All TeXmacs documents or document fragments can be thought of as trees. For instance, the tree  represents the formula  TeXmacs trees are represented in TeXmacs files as strings, and in the TeXmacs editor as the typeset representation of the document together with its interactive behaviour. In the on-screen representation of the TeXmacs tree, the cursor movement represents the movement inside the tree. On disk, three representations of the TeXmacs format exist: a native representation, an XML representation and a Scheme (programming language) representation; the Scheme representation is useful for the interfacing with Scheme programs.

Typesetting and document control.

The typesetting process converts TeXmacs trees into boxes. Evaluation of TeXmacs trees proceeds by reduction of the primitives, that is by evaluation of macro applications. The typesetting primitives are designed to be very fast and are built-in into the editor; the rendering of many of the primitives can be customized through the built-in environment variables; the stylesheet language allows users to write new primitives as macros on top of the built-in primitives.

Document control.

Documents can be controlled through a native macro system and through Guile-Scheme. It is possible to customize the editor's menus and keybindings and to act programmatically on the document tree.

TeXmacs macros.

TeXmacs macros provide a means of structured input (as in TeX/LaTeX) and they are immediately typeset, at the same time maintaining editable input fields.

Document control through Scheme.

Scheme is embedded in TeXmacs through GNU Guile; the editor itself can be controlled in this way: menus and keybindings can be customized. Scheme commands can be invoked interactively inside TeXmacs documents, can be invoked from the command line and from inside TeXmacs macros. TeXmacs trees can be passed to Scheme in different forms: as "passive trees" (convenient to manipulate content directly using standard Scheme routines on lists), as "active trees" (keep track of the position of the tree inside the global document tree and can be used to programmatically modify documents), and in a "hybrid" representation.

Graphics.

Graphics objects are also part of the TeXmacs format and can be manipulated programmatically from Scheme. An example of TeXmacs graphics generated in a TeXmacs Scheme session is shown below together with the session which generated the image; images generated programmatically can also be edited using the internal drawing editor. Scheme] (define pi (acos -1)) Scheme] (define (pt x y) Scheme] (define xC (- (* 2 (cos (/ pi 3))))) Scheme] (define yC (* 2 (sin (/ pi 3)))) Scheme] (define pA (pt -2 0)) Scheme] (define pB (pt 2 0)) Scheme] (define pC (pt xC yC)) Scheme] (define tA (pt -2.3 -0.5)) Scheme] (define tB (pt 2.1 -0.5)) Scheme] (define tC (pt (- xC 0.2) (+ yC 0.2))) Scheme] (stree->tree

Supported back ends.

TeXmacs has back-ends supporting many technologies.  Programming languages: CLISP, CMUCL, Python, QCL, R, Shell  Computer algebra systems: Axiom, Giac, Macaulay 2, Mathematica, Maxima, MuPAD, PARI/GP, Reduce, SageMath, Yacas  Numeric matrix systems: GNU Octave, Matlab, Scilab  Plotting packages: gnuplot, Graphviz, XYpic, Mathemagix  Other: DraTeX, Eukleides, GTybalt, Lush, Juris-M or Zotero (research citation references and bibliography manager.)

GNU TeXmacs is a scientific word processor and typesetting component of the GNU Project. It was inspired by TeX and GNU Emacs, though it shares no code with those programs. TeXmacs does use TeX fonts. It is written and maintained by Joris van der Hoeven and a group of developers. The program produces structured documents with a WYSIWYG user interface. New document styles can be created by the user. The editor provides high-quality typesetting algorithms and TeX and other fonts for publishing professional looking documents.

GNU TeXmacs是一个自由的科学文本编辑器和GNU项目的排版软件。它吸收了和Emacs的特点,尽管未使用这两者的代码。TeXmacs使用字体。它由Joris van der Hoeven等人开发和维护。该程序能够以所见即所得的用户界面创建结构化文档。用户可以自行创建新的文档样式。编辑器采用高质量的排版算法和字体用于专业出版。


Names.

In addition to "Zedekiah's Cave" and "Solomon's Quarries", this site has been called "Zedekiah's Grotto", "Suleiman's Cave", the "Royal Caverns" (or "Royal Caves" or "Royal Quarries"), and "Korah's Cave". The Arabic name "Migharat al-Kitan" (or "Cotton Cave"), has also been used; the cavern is thought to have been once used as a storage place for cotton.

Geography.

The entrance to Zedekiah's Cave is just beneath the Old City wall, between the Damascus and Herod Gates, about east of the former. Beyond the narrow entrance, the cave slopes down into a vast 300-foot-long auditorium-like chamber. Drops of water, known as “Zedekiah's tears”, trickle through the ceiling.  Beyond the “auditorium” are a series of artificial galleries hewn by ancient stonecutters into chaotic, sometimes bizarre, patterns and formations. Paths give access to every corner of the quarry system, which takes at least 30 minutes to explore thoroughly. Chisel marks are visible in many sections and in some galleries huge, nearly finished building blocks destined for some long-ago structure are locked into the rock where the stonecutters left them centuries ago. In a few places the stones are marked by Arabic, Greek, Armenian and English charcoal and engraved graffiti (e.g., "W. E. Blackstone Jan. 1889"). Several plaques explaining some of the myriad legends associated with the site have been mounted on the cave walls.  From entrance to the farthest point, the cave extends about. Its maximum width is about and its depth is generally about below the street level of the Muslim Quarter, although there are several lower levels and blocked tunnels too.

History.

Only the mouth of Zedekiah's Cave is a natural phenomenon. The interior of the cavern was carved over a period of several thousand years.  Herod the Great used the main quarry at Zedekiah's Cave for building blocks in the renovation of the Temple and its retaining walls, including what is known today as the Western (Wailing) Wall. Stone from the quarry may also have been used for the building projects of Herod Agrippa I. The subterranean quarry would have been usable in all seasons and any weather. The Roman Jewish historian Flavius Josephus writes about the "Royal Caverns" of the Old City, which may have been a reference to Zedekiah's Cave. The midrash Numbers Rabbah mentions the cave: "One who observed the Sabbath in a cave, even though it be like the cave of Zedekiah, which was eighteen miles long, may walk through the whole of it...".  Suleiman the Magnificent (1494–1566), the Ottoman sultan who built the present walls around the Old City, also apparently mined the quarry, ultimately sealing it up around 1540 because of security concerns. In 1854 the American missionary James Turner Barclay followed rumors of a cavern near the Damascus Gate, and, apparently with the help of his dog, discovered the entrance. Barclay and his two sons returned secretly at night and explored the cave.  In the mid-1880s, the cave was occupied by a German religious sect that was eventually evacuated by the German Consul in Jerusalem after many of the group fell ill from living in the damp, unsanitary conditions.  Some minor quarrying occurred in 1907 when stone was obtained to be used in the Ottoman clock tower over the Jaffa Gate. Otherwise, the site was not frequented again until the 1920s, when it began to be something of a tourist attraction. In the late 20th century, the East Jerusalem Development Corporation carried out restorations of the cave. In the mid-1980s, The Jerusalem Foundation built paths and installed lights throughout the cavern, facilitating tourist access.  In 1968, a resident of East Jerusalem contacted the Israeli Ministry of Finance with a claim that, during the Ottoman period, his grandfather had buried three cases of gold in Zedekiah's Cave. He claimed he could show officials where the treasure was buried in return for 25% of the gold. The Ministry agreed, but, according to "The Jerusalem Post", after digging a deep hole no gold was found.

Archaeological examination.

In 1969, A Jewish archeologist Dan Avidan uncovered a crude carving of a cherub in a small niche in the cave. It had two long narrow wings that opened like a pair of scissors, a curled tail and a bearded human head under a conical headdress. (The site is now marked by a plaque.) As cherubs were a popular Old Testament motif (especially famous are the two giant cherubs flanking the Holy Ark in Solomon's Temple), the cherub graffiti has been advanced as evidence that the quarry dates from the time of Solomon.  Excavations were conducted in 2000 and 2002 for the purpose of determining the periods of use. The wall generally attributed to the Ottoman era was found to have been constructed earlier, in the Mamluk period (13th century). A small number of fragments from the Iron Age were uncovered, but most remains were from the Roman and Byzantine periods. Further excavation in 2011 found an area that had been closed off for the use of quarry workers, probably in the late Islamic period.

Religious associations and legends.

Significance to Freemasons.

A Masonic ceremony was held in the cave in 1868, led by a past grand master of the state of Kentucky. The first Masonic lodge in the Holy Land, known as the Royal Solomon Mother Lodge No. 293, met in the cave on May 7, 1873.  The Freemasons of Israel hold an annual ceremony in Zedekiah's Cave, and consider it one of the most revered sites in their history. (Masonic ritual claims that King Solomon was their first Grand Master — and some Freemasons feel that the cave is definitely Solomon's quarry.) According to Matti Shelon, head of the Israeli Freemasons, "Since the 1860s we have been holding ceremonies in the cave". According to the Supreme Grand Royal Arch Chapter of the State of Israel, the site "has special meaning for Mark Master Masons and the Royal Arch Masons in particular". Starting in the days of the British Mandate (1920s), the cave was used for the ceremony of Mark Master Masons. Although this practice was temporarily suspended between the years 1948 and 1968, the impressive ceremony of the consecration of the Supreme Grand Royal Arch Chapter of the State of Israel was commenced again in the spring of 1969, and ever since then the Mark degree has been performed in the caves once a year on average.  On May 10, 2015 a Masonic initiation was held in the cave on the occasion of a visit of a delegation of Masons from the Grand Lodge of California to the Grand Lodge of Israel. Long time members of the Grand Lodge of Israel indicated it was the first time they could remember such a degree being held there.

Zedekiah's Cave — also called Solomon's Quarries — is a underground meleke limestone quarry that runs the length of five city blocks under the Muslim Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. It was carved over a period of several thousand years and is a remnant of the largest quarry in Jerusalem, stretching from Jeremiah's Grotto and the Garden Tomb to the walls of the Old City. The cave has great historical importance in Freemasonry.

西底家洞(Zedekiah's Cave)又名所罗门采石场(Solomon's Quarries),是一个的地下皇家石灰岩采石场,位于耶路撒冷老城穆斯林区下方。它已有数千年历史,是耶路撒冷最大的采石场的遗址,从耶利米洞窟和花园墓(Garden Tomb)延伸到老城的城墙。这个洞穴对于共济会具有重要意义。