Definition.

Linear representations.

Let formula_2 be a formula_3–vector space and formula_4 a finite group. A linear representation of a finite group formula_4 is a group homomorphism formula_6 Here formula_7 is notation for a general linear group, and formula_8 for an automorphism group. This means that a linear representation is a map formula_9 which satisfies formula_10 for all formula_11 The vector space formula_2 is called representation space of formula_13 Often the term representation of formula_4 is also used for the representation space formula_15  The representation of a

Examples.

The trivial representation is given by formula_25 for all formula_26  A representation of degree formula_27 of a group formula_4 is a homomorphism into the multiplicative group formula_29 As every element of formula_4 is of finite order, the values of formula_31 are roots of unity. For example, let formula_32 be a nontrivial linear representation. Since formula_33 is a group homomorphism, it has to satisfy formula_34 Because formula_27 generates formula_36 is determined by its value on formula_37 And as formula_33 is nontrivial, formula_39 Thus, we achieve the result that the image of formula_4 under formula_33 has to be a nontrivial subgroup of the group which consists of the fourth roots of unity. In other words, formula_33 has to be one of the following three maps:  Let formula_44 and let formula_45 be the group homomorphism defined by: In this case formula_33 is a linear representation of formula_4 of degree formula_49

Permutation representation.

Let formula_50 be a finite set and let formula_4 be a group acting on formula_52 Denote by formula_53 the group of all permutations on formula_50 with the composition as group multiplication.  A group acting on a finite set is sometimes considered sufficient for the definition of the permutation representation. However, since we want to construct examples for linear representations - where

Left- and right-regular representation.

Let formula_4 be a group and formula_2 be a vector space of dimension formula_73 with a basis formula_74 indexed by the elements of formula_13 The left-regular representation is a special case of the permutation representation by choosing formula_76 This means formula_77 for all formula_78 Thus, the family formula_79 of images of formula_80 are a basis of formula_15 The degree of the left-regular representation is equal to the order of the group.  The right-regular representation is defined on the same vector space with a

Representations, modules and the convolution algebra.

Let formula_4 be a finite group, let formula_3 be a commutative ring and let formula_101 be the group algebra of formula_4 over formula_103 This algebra is free and a basis can be indexed by the elements of formula_13 Most often the basis is identified with formula_4. Every element formula_106 can then be uniquely expressed as  The multiplication in formula_101 extends that in formula_4 distributively.  Now let formula_2 be a formula_3–module and let formula_113 be a linear representation of formula_4 in formula_15 We define formula_116 for all formula_117 and formula_118. By linear extension formula_2 is endowed with the structure of a left-formula_101–module. Vice versa we obtain a linear representation of formula_4 starting from a formula_101–module formula_2. Additionally, homomorphisms of representations are in bijective correspondence with group algebra homomorphisms. Therefore, these terms may be used interchangeably. This is an example of an isomorphism of categories.  Suppose formula_124 In this case the left formula_125–module given by formula_125 itself corresponds to the left-regular representation. In the same way formula_125 as a right formula_125–module corresponds to the right-regular representation.  In the following we will define the convolution algebra: Let formula_4 be

Maps between representations.

A map between two representations formula_169 of the same group formula_4 is a linear map formula_171 with the property that formula_172 holds for all formula_173 In other words, the following diagram commutes for all formula_117:  Such a map is

Irreducible representations and Schur's lemma.

Let formula_179 be a linear representation of formula_13 Let formula_181 be a formula_4-invariant subspace of formula_183 that is, formula_184 for all formula_185 and formula_186. The restriction formula_187 is an isomorphism of formula_181 onto itself. Because formula_189 holds for all formula_190 this construction is a representation of formula_4 in formula_90 It is called subrepresentation of formula_15 Any representation "V" has

Properties.

Two representations formula_207 are called equivalent or isomorphic, if there exists a formula_4–linear vector space isomorphism between the representation spaces. In other words, they are isomorphic if there exists a bijective linear map formula_209 such that formula_210 for all formula_211 In particular, equivalent representations have the same degree.  A representation formula_212 is called faithful when formula_155 is injective. In this case formula_155 induces an isomorphism between formula_4 and the image formula_216 As the latter is a subgroup of formula_217 we can regard formula_4 via formula_155 as subgroup of formula_220  We can restrict the range as well as the domain:  Let formula_221 be a subgroup of formula_13 Let formula_33 be a linear representation of formula_13 We denote by formula_225 the restriction of formula_33 to the subgroup formula_227  If there is no danger of confusion, we might use only formula_228 or in short formula_229  The notation formula_230 or in short formula_231 is also used to denote the restriction of the representation formula_2 of formula_4 onto formula_227  Let formula_166 be a function on formula_13 We write formula_237 or shortly formula_238 for the restriction to the subgroup formula_227  It can be proven that the number of irreducible representations of a group formula_4 (or correspondingly the number of simple formula_125–modules) equals the number of conjugacy classes of formula_13  A representation is called semisimple or completely reducible if it can be written as a direct sum of irreducible representations. This is analogous to the corresponding definition for a semisimple algebra.  For the definition of the direct

Constructions.

The dual representation.

Let formula_294 be a given representation. The dual representation or contragredient representation formula_295 is a representation of formula_4 in the dual vector space of formula_15

Direct sum of representations.

Let formula_303 and formula_304 be a representation of formula_305 and formula_306 respectively. The direct sum of these representations is a linear representation and is defined as  Let formula_308 be representations of the same group formula_13 For the sake of simplicity, the

Tensor product of representations.

Let formula_319 be linear representations. We define the linear representation formula_320 into the tensor product of formula_321 and formula_322 by formula_323 in which formula_324 This representation is called outer tensor product of the representations formula_205 and formula_326 The existence and uniqueness is a consequence of the properties of the tensor product.  Example. We reexamine the example provided for the direct sum:  The outer tensor product  Using the standard basis of formula_329 we have the following for the generating element:  Remark. Note that the direct sum and the tensor products have different degrees and hence are different representations.  Let formula_331 be two linear representations of the same group. Let formula_332 be

Symmetric and alternating square.

Let formula_362 be a linear representation of formula_13 Let formula_364 be a basis of formula_15 Define formula_366 by extending formula_367 linearly. It then holds that formula_368 and therefore formula_369 splits up into formula_370 in which These subspaces are formula_4–invariant and by this define subrepresentations which are called the symmetric square and the alternating square, respectively. These subrepresentations are also defined in formula_374 although in this case they are denoted wedge product formula_375 and symmetric product formula_376 In case that formula_377 the vector space formula_378 is in general not equal to the direct sum of these two products.

Decompositions.

In order to understand representations more easily, a decomposition of the representation space into the direct sum of simpler subrepresentations would be desirable. This can be achieved for finite groups as we will see in the following results. More detailed explanations and proofs may be found in [1] and [2].  A subrepresentation and its complement determine a representation uniquely.  The following theorem will be presented in a more general way, as it provides a very beautiful result about representations of compact – and therefore also of finite – groups:  Or in the language of formula_101-modules: If formula_389 the group algebra formula_101 is semisimple, i.e. it is the direct sum of simple algebras.  Note that this decomposition is not unique. However, the number of how many times a subrepresentation isomorphic to a given irreducible representation is occurring in this decomposition is independent of the choice of decomposition.  The canonical decomposition  To achieve a unique decomposition, one has to combine all the irreducible subrepresentations that are isomorphic to each other. That means, the representation space is decomposed into a direct sum of its isotypes. This decomposition is uniquely determined. It is called the canonical decomposition.  Let formula_391 be the set of all irreducible representations of a group formula_4 up to isomorphism. Let formula_2 be a representation of formula_4 and let formula_395 be the set of all isotypes of formula_15 The projection formula_397 corresponding to the canonical decomposition is given by  where formula_399 formula_400 and formula_401 is the character belonging to formula_402  In the following, we show how to determine the isotype to the trivial representation:  Definition (Projection formula). For every representation formula_19 of a group formula_4 we define In general, formula_406 is not formula_4-linear. We define Then formula_409 is a formula_4-linear map, because  This proposition enables us to determine the isotype to the trivial subrepresentation of a given representation explicitly.  How often the

Character theory.

Definitions.

The "character" of a representation formula_9 is defined as the map  Even though the character is a map between two groups, it is not in general a group homomorphism, as the following example shows.  Let formula_478 be

Properties.

A crucial property of characters is the formula  This formula follows from the fact that the trace of a product "AB" of two square matrices is the same as the trace of "BA". Functions formula_490 satisfying such a formula are called class functions. Put differently, class functions and in particular characters are constant on each conjugacy class formula_491 It also follows from elementary properties of the trace that formula_492 is the sum of the eigenvalues of formula_31 with multiplicity. If the degree of the representation

Inner product and characters.

In order to show some particularly interesting results about characters, it is rewarding to consider a more general type of functions on groups:  Definition (Class functions). A function formula_506 is called a class function if it is constant on conjugacy classes of formula_4, i.e. Note that every character is a class function, as the trace of a matrix is preserved under conjugation.  The set of all class functions is a formula_131–algebra and is denoted by formula_510. Its dimension is equal to the number of conjugacy classes of formula_13  Proofs of the following results of this chapter may be found in [1], [2] and [3].  An inner product can be defined on the set of all class functions on a finite

The induced representation.

As was shown in the section on properties of linear representations, we can - by restriction - obtain a representation of a subgroup starting from a representation of a group. Naturally we are interested in the reverse process: Is it possible to obtain the representation of a group starting from a representation of a subgroup? We will see that the induced representation defined below provides us with the necessary concept. Admittedly, this construction is not inverse but rather adjoint to the restriction.

Definitions.

Let formula_623 be a linear representation of formula_13 Let formula_221 be a subgroup and formula_626 the restriction. Let formula_181 be a subrepresentation of formula_628 We write formula_629 to denote this representation. Let formula_173 The vector space formula_631 depends only on the left coset formula_632 of formula_633 Let formula_485 be a representative system of formula_635 then  is a subrepresentation of formula_637  A representation formula_33 of formula_4 in formula_640 is called induced by the representation formula_641 of formula_221 in formula_643 if  Here formula_485 denotes a representative system of formula_646 and formula_647 for all formula_648 and for all formula_649 In other words: the representation formula_243 is induced by formula_651 if every formula_652 can be written uniquely as  where formula_654 for every formula_649  We denote the representation formula_33 of formula_4 which is induced by the representation formula_641 of formula_221 as formula_660 or in short formula_661 if there is no danger of confusion. The representation space itself is frequently used instead of the representation map, i.e. formula_662 or formula_663 if the representation formula_2 is induced by formula_90

Alternative description of the induced representation.

By using the group algebra we obtain an alternative description of the induced representation:  Let formula_4 be a group, formula_2 a formula_125–module and formula_181 a formula_670–submodule of formula_2 corresponding to the subgroup formula_221 of formula_13 We say that formula_2 is induced by formula_181 if formula_676 in which formula_4 acts on the first factor: formula_678 for all formula_679

Properties.

The results introduced in this section will be presented without proof. These may be found in [1] and [2].  This means that if we interpret formula_701 as a formula_702–module, we have formula_703 where formula_704 is the vector space of all formula_702–homomorphisms of formula_640 to formula_707

Frobenius reciprocity.

As a preemptive summary, the lesson to take from Frobenius reciprocity is that the maps formula_740 and formula_741 are adjoint to each other.  Let formula_181 be an

Mackey's irreducibility criterion.

George Mackey established a criterion to verify the irreducibility of induced representations. For this we will first need some definitions and some specifications with respect to the notation.  Two representations formula_321 and formula_322 of a group formula_4 are called disjoint, if they have no irreducible component in common, i.e. if

Applications to special groups.

In this section we present some applications of the so far presented theory to normal subgroups and to a special group, the semidirect product of a subgroup with an abelian normal subgroup.  Note that if formula_785 is abelian, then the isotypic modules of formula_785 are irreducible, of degree one, and all homotheties.  We obtain also the following  If formula_785 is an abelian subgroup of formula_4 (not necessarily normal), generally formula_819 is not satisfied, but nevertheless formula_820 is still valid.

Classification of representations of a semidirect product.

In the following, let formula_821 be a semidirect product such that the normal semidirect factor, formula_785, is abelian. The irreducible representations of such a group formula_258 can be classified by showing that all irreducible representations of formula_4 can be constructed from certain subgroups of formula_221. This is the so-called method of “little groups” of Wigner and Mackey.  Since formula_785 is abelian, the irreducible characters of formula_785 have degree one and form the group formula_828 The group formula_4 acts on formula_830 by formula_831 for formula_832  Let formula_833 be a representative system of the orbit of formula_221 in formula_835 For every formula_836 let formula_837 This is a subgroup of formula_227 Let formula_839 be the corresponding subgroup of formula_13

Representation ring.

The representation ring of formula_4 is defined as the abelian group With the multiplication provided by the tensor product, formula_878 becomes a ring. The elements of formula_878 are called virtual representations.  The character defines a ring homomorphism in the set of all class functions on formula_4 with complex values  in which the formula_539 are the irreducible characters corresponding to the formula_402  Because a representation is determined by its character, formula_586 is injective. The images of formula_586 are called virtual characters.  As the irreducible characters form an orthonormal basis of formula_886 induces an isomorphism This isomorphism is defined on a basis out of elementary tensors formula_888 by formula_889 respectively formula_890 and extended bilinearly.  We write formula_891 for the set of all characters of formula_4 and formula_893 to denote the group generated by formula_894 i.e. the set of all differences of two characters. It then holds that formula_895 and formula_896 Thus, we have formula_897 and the virtual characters correspond to the virtual representations in an optimal manner.  Since formula_898 holds, formula_893 is the set of all virtual characters. As the product of two characters provides another character, formula_893 is a subring of the ring formula_901

Induction theorems.

Induction theorems relate the representation ring of a given finite group "G" to representation rings of a family "X" consisting of some subsets "H" of "G". More precisely, for such a collection of subgroups, the induction functor yields a map "Artin's induction theorem" is the most elementary theorem in this group of results. It asserts that the following are equivalent:  Since formula_893 is finitely generated as a group, the first point can be rephrased as follows: gives two proofs of this theorem. For example, since "G" is the union of its cyclic subgroups, every character of formula_4 is a linear combination with rational coefficients of characters induced by characters of cyclic subgroups of formula_13 Since the representations of cyclic groups are well-understood,

Real representations.

For proofs and more information about representations over general subfields of formula_131 please refer to [2].  If a group formula_4 acts on a real vector space formula_974 the corresponding representation on the complex vector space formula_975 is called real (formula_2 is called the complexification of formula_977). The corresponding representation mentioned above is given by formula_978 for all formula_979  Let formula_33 be a real representation. The linear map formula_31 is formula_982-valued for all formula_173 Thus, we can conclude that the character of a real representation is always real-valued. But not every representation with a real-valued character is real. To make this clear, let formula_4 be a finite, non-abelian subgroup of the group  Then formula_986 acts on formula_987 Since the trace of any matrix in formula_988 is real, the character of the representation is real-valued. Suppose formula_33 is a real representation, then formula_990 would consist only of

Representations of particular groups.

Symmetric groups.

Representation of the symmetric groups formula_1033 have been intensely studied. Conjugacy classes in formula_1033 (and therefore, by the above, irreducible representations) correspond to partitions of "n". For example, formula_1035 has three irreducible representations, corresponding to the partitions  of 3. For such a partition, a Young tableau is a

Finite groups of Lie type.

To a certain extent, the representations of the formula_1039, as "n" varies, have a similar flavor as for the formula_1033; the above-mentioned induction process gets replaced by so-called parabolic induction. However, unlike for formula_1033, where all representations can be obtained by induction of trivial representations, this is not true for formula_1039. Instead, new building blocks, known as cuspidal representations, are needed.  Representations of formula_1039

Outlook—Representations of compact groups.

The theory of representations of compact groups may be, to some degree, extended to locally compact groups. The representation theory unfolds in this context great importance for harmonic analysis and the study of automorphic forms. For proofs, further information and for a more detailed insight which is beyond the scope of this chapter please consult [4] and [5].

Definition and properties.

A topological group is a group together with a topology with respect to which the group composition and the inversion are continuous. Such a group is called compact, if any cover of formula_258 which is open in the topology, has a finite subcover. Closed subgroups of a compact group are compact again.  Let formula_4 be a compact group and let formula_2 be a finite-dimensional formula_163–vector space. A linear representation of formula_4 to formula_2 is a continuous group homomorphism formula_1053 i.e. formula_1054 is a continuous function in the two variables formula_117 and

Existence and uniqueness of the Haar measure.

On a compact group formula_4 there exists exactly one measure formula_1064 such that: Such a left-translation-invariant, normed measure is called Haar measure of the group formula_13  Since formula_4 is compact, it is possible to show that this measure is also right-translation-invariant, i.e. it also applies  By the scaling above the Haar measure on a finite group is given by formula_1070 for all formula_173  All the definitions to representations of finite groups that are mentioned in the section ”Properties”, also apply to representations of compact groups. But there are some modifications needed:  To define a subrepresentation we now need a closed subspace. This was not necessary for finite-dimensional representation spaces, because in this case every subspace is already closed. Furthermore, two representations formula_1072 of a compact group formula_4 are called equivalent, if there exists a bijective, continuous, linear operator formula_176 between the representation spaces whose inverse is also continuous and which satisfies formula_1075 for all

Constructions and decompositions.

The different ways of constructing new representations from given ones can be used for compact groups as well, except for the dual representation with which we will deal later. The direct sum and the tensor product with a finite number of summands/factors are defined in exactly the same way as for finite groups. This is also the case for the symmetric and alternating square. However, we need a Haar measure on the direct product of compact groups in order to extend the theorem saying that the irreducible representations of the product of two groups are (up to isomorphism) exactly the tensor product of the irreducible representations of the factor groups. First, we note that the direct product formula_356 of two compact groups is again a compact group when provided with the product topology. The Haar measure on the direct product is then given by the product of the Haar measures on the factor groups.  For

Projection formula.

For every representation formula_1148 of a compact group formula_4 we define  In general formula_406 is not formula_4–linear. Let  The map formula_409 is defined as endomorphism on formula_2 by having the property  which is valid for the inner product of the Hilbert space formula_15  Then formula_409 is formula_4–linear, because of where we used the invariance of the Haar measure.  If the representation is finite-dimensional, it is possible to determine the direct sum of the trivial subrepresentation just as in the case of finite groups.

Characters, Schur's lemma and the inner product.

Generally, representations of compact groups are investigated on Hilbert- and Banach spaces. In most cases they are not finite-dimensional. Therefore, it is not useful to refer to characters when speaking about representations of compact groups. Nevertheless, in most cases it is possible to restrict the study to the case of finite dimensions:  Since irreducible representations of compact groups are finite-dimensional and unitary (see results from the first subsection), we can define irreducible characters in the same way as it was done for finite groups.  As long as the constructed representations stay finite-dimensional, the characters of the newly constructed representations may be obtained in the same way as for finite groups.  Schur's lemma is also valid for compact groups:  Let formula_1164 be an irreducible unitary representation of a compact group formula_13 Then every

The induced representation.

If formula_221 is a closed subgroup of finite index in a compact group formula_258 the definition of the induced representation for finite groups may be adopted.  However, the induced representation can be defined more generally, so that the definition is valid independent of the index of the subgroup formula_227  For this purpose let formula_1219 be a unitary representation of the closed subgroup formula_227 The continuous induced representation formula_1221 is defined as follows:  Let formula_1222 denote the Hilbert space of all measurable, square integrable

The Peter-Weyl Theorem.

Another important result in the representation theory of compact groups is the Peter-Weyl Theorem. It is usually presented and proven in

History.

The general features of the representation theory of a finite group "G", over the complex numbers, were discovered by Ferdinand Georg Frobenius in the years before 1900. Later the modular representation theory of Richard Brauer was developed.

The representation theory of groups is a part of mathematics which examines how groups act on given structures.

在数学里,表示理论是以线性变换的群来分析一般抽象群的一种技术。相关的介绍请见群表示,此条目则讨论含有有限个元素的群的表示理论。


Programming.

Family Radio's music programming consists mainly of traditional Christian hymns and sometimes other genres within Christian music, including variants of Contemporary Christian Music and southern gospel.  One of Family Radio's oldest broadcasts was a telephone-talk program called "Open Forum" in which Harold Camping, the station's president, responded to callers' questions and comments, as they relate to the Bible, and used the platform to promote his various end-time predictions. The program was finally cancelled not long after Camping's third failed "rapture-less" prediction and a stroke which he suffered in June 2011. Other programs include "Rise and Rejoice", "The Christian Home", "Family Bible Reading Fellowship", "Radio Reading Circle", "Family Bible Study", "Music to Live By", "The Quiet Hours", and "Beyond Intelligent Design". Family Radio also has broadcast programs and features from outside ministries, including teaching programs hosted by James Montgomery Boice, Donald Barnhouse, John F. MacArthur, R.C. Sproul, and Alistair Begg. Some of these ministries were reluctant to allow their programs to air on Family Radio until Harold Camping's programs no longer aired.

Support.

Family Radio relies solely on listener-supported funding and donations, and is unaffiliated with any religious denomination. Outside programming broadcast over the Family Radio network was limited as Camping considered the organized church apostate, and therefore devoid of God's Spirit and under Satan's control.  The listenership of Family Radio understandably declined after the failed 1994 prediction, but before long the organization was growing at a rate much higher than it had previously experienced. In 1958, Camping sold his construction business and, with the funds, purchased KEAR-FM in San Francisco. He then grew his broadcast empire so that by 1994 Family Radio comprised forty radio stations nationwide. Yet, from 1994 to 2009, it grew at an even faster rate than before; by the time of his second campaign, the organization boasted 216 AM and FM radio stations, along with two television channels.  With a growing national profile, the financial viability of the non-profit also grew. Financial strength hit a peak in 2007 when Family Radio reported $135 million in assets. As net assets declined from that point forward, listener contributions steadily increased. In 2008, total contributions were well over $15 million. 2009 saw an annual budget of $36.7 million with $117 million in assets and $18.4 million in contributions. IRS records also indicate that Family Radio employed 348 persons in 2009. In 2010 assets were down to $110 million while contributions rose to $18.7 million while the station maintained 346 employees. In 2011 contributions fell to $17.2 million and assets dropped to $87.6 million, while the organization also lost 26 employees. By the end of 2011 the organizations assets had dropped to $29.2 million, and the next year was forced to take out a $30 million loan. In 2007, the year before the start of the 2011 campaign, Family Radio had its greatest level of assets. Upon the outset of the second campaign, the organizations assets dropped while contributions simultaneously rose indicating an increased level of spending by the organization, far surpassing the increase in income. Particularly noteworthy is that the average annual salary for a Family Radio employee is only $23,000.

Politics.

Family Radio does not discuss politics directly, campaign for political candidates, or endorse candidates or issues. Family Radio attempts to distance itself from political and social issues.

History.

Originally founded by Lloyd Lindquist, Richard H. Palmquist and Harold Camping, Family Radio began obtaining FM broadcasting licenses on commercial frequencies in 1959, and by 2006, was ranked 19th among top broadcast companies in number of radio stations owned.  In 1958, Harold Camping, a co-founder of Family Radio, joined with other individuals of Christian Reformed, Bible Baptist, and Conservative Christian Presbyterian churches to purchase an FM radio station in San Francisco, California, KEAR, then at 97.3 MHz, to broadcast traditional Christian Gospel to the conservative Protestant community and minister to the general public. With the primary purpose of broadcasting doctrines of Christianity reflective of the teachings of the Holy Bible, Family Radio remained independent, never merging with any particular church organization or church denominations. After months of preparations, Family Radio finally came on the air on Wednesday, February 4, 1959.  Through the 1960s, as a ministry, both non-profit organization and non-commercial, Family Radio acquired six additional FM stations and seven other AM stations under guidelines established by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The flagship station for the network of both full-power and low-power translator stations is KEAR in San Francisco (now at 610 kHz, since 2005 at 106.9 MHz). Due to FCC rules regarding translator stations, the legal primary station for the translators was changed to KEAR-FM in Sacramento, after the former primary FM station in San Francisco was sold to CBS Radio.  With the sale of KEAR-FM to CBS Radio in 2005, broadcasts from San Francisco moved to an AM radio frequency.  Many program productions broadcast throughout the Family Radio station network were produced in the Oakland, California facilities. The production process involved pre-recording two weeks of broadcast programming on reel-to-reel tapes distributed to each local Family Radio station for broadcast on the specified date. Free broadcast time was provided by Family Radio to national fundamentalist and evangelical ministries—outside ministries' programs were sent in cassette and reel-to-reel tape formats to respective Family Radio stations for local broadcast. Popular network announcers and the programs they hosted included Jon Arthur ("The Quiet Hours", "Big Jon & Sparky", "Radio Reading Circle"); Omar Andeel ("The Morning Clock"); Harold Hall ("The Christian Home"); Ken Boone ("Music to Live By"); Bob Swenson ("Transition"); and Jerry Edinger ("Nightwatch"). Each local Family Radio station had local board operators providing world, national, and local news and weather at various intervals throughout the day; regular public service announcements and daily public affairs programming; and local traffic reports via phone call-in during morning and afternoon weekdays. Outside ministry programs included the Focus on the Family daily broadcasts, "Freedom Under Fire", "Unshackled!", "Back to the Bible", "Family News in Focus", "Beyond Intelligent Design", and "Walk with the King" with Dr. Robert A. Cook. The latter program, originally known as "The King's Hour", still airs today, although now often edited in places deemed incompatible with Camping's odd end-times and "apostate church" doctrinal stands, as well as for time.  By the late 1980s, programming was delivered via satellite, local news was taken off the stations in favor of a various national news from a Christian news source, and all but a few local announcements are produced at their Oakland, California facilities.  Beginning in the late 1990s, Family Radio began gradually dropping outside ministries because of doctrinal changes in the ministry. As board members left the ministry, they were not being replaced. Harold Camping's heresies, as they were changing, became the focus of the entire ministry. Up until the late 1980s, Family Radio endorsed local church attendance but once Camping stated the church age was over, they now claim that Christians should not be members or attend church services of any type. Today, Family Radio produces 90% of their programming and runs a several outside ministries. Most teaching programs were hosted by Harold Camping himself up until June 2011; after Camping suffered a stroke, his programs were gradually phased out and his teachings rejected.  Music broadcast by Family Radio in the 1960s and 1970s was typical of religious stations, commercial and non-commercial. Some commercial stations played Contemporary Christian Music (CCM) for a few hours a week, but in the 1980s, as commercial and some non-commercial Christian stations evolved to Contemporary formats, Family Radio remained with a mainly traditional music format composed of choir hymns, various Gospel singing groups such as the Bill Gaither Trio, Christian college choirs, instrumental orchestral hymn renditions from conductors such as Paul Mickelson and Ralph Carmichael, vocalists such as George Beverly Shea, Frank Boggs, Doug Oldham, Mahalia Jackson, John McGill, Dave Boyer, and others, and softer urban contemporary gospel songs. From the 1970s onward, Family Radio included a few selected tracks from some lighter contemporary Christian artists such as Maranatha, Pam Mark Hall, Nancy Honeytree, Cynthia Clawson, the New Creation Singers, Ken Medema, Michael Card, Steve Green and others. But since the early 2000s, Family Radio has been trying to avoid the Contemporary format, even though this genre is still occasionally heard on its stations.  In the mid- to late 1970s there began a policy of not announcing the names of artists behind the music aired, forcing listeners to write to Family Radio asking for information about their favorite songs. Presently there is a daily play list available on the web site for both east coast and west coast broadcasts.  Family Radio's text publications continue to be based on the text of the authorized King James Bible. Prerecorded Bible readings broadcast over satellite, shortwave, radio frequencies and the internet are generally based on the Modern King James Bible.

Failed 2011 end times prediction.

Leading up to May 2011, Family Radio spent millions of dollars to advertise the now-discredited 2011 end times prediction. According to the International Business Times in an article dated May 24, 2011, "Harold Camping has spent approximately $100 million to promote and advertise his May 21 Doomsday prediction."  Two days after the forecast "Rapture" failed to happen, A Bible Answer, a Bible teaching ministry who had been tired of the "Rapture" predictions, offered to buy 66 full-powered radio stations from Family Radio founder Harold Camping in an effort to get him to resign from preaching this doctrine. The offer came with a catch – they were not to take possession of the stations until October 22, the day after Camping's revised set-date for the end of the world. A Bible Answer's website called for Camping to resign from the Family Radio board, citing "the self-proclaimed expert on the Bible has brought reproach upon Christ, the Bible, and the church," and added "After taking the money of his supporters, let Harold give up all he has, to show he believes what he is preaching. He does not or else he would sell. It is time to get new leadership at Family Radio." Camping did not sell.  On August 3, 2011, the radio industry website Radio-Info.com reported that Family Radio was putting two of its full-powered FM stations up for sale. These stations were: WKDN in Camden, New Jersey (covering Philadelphia), and WFSI in Annapolis, Maryland (covering Baltimore and Washington, D.C.). The article indicated that the ministry may have sold the stations to pay off "operating deficits accumulated over the last several years". WFSI would be purchased in November 2011 by CBS Radio, which converted the station to a Spanish language dance music format under the WLZL call sign. Merlin Media, LLC struck a deal in December 2011 to acquire WKDN, which was relaunched with a talk format under the WWIQ call sign. The latter station has since been owned by Educational Media Foundation as part of its K-Love brand under the current call sign, WKVP.  In January 2012, Family Radio applied to the FCC to change the license of station WFME in Newark, New Jersey, near New York City, from non-commercial to commercial. The application quickly prompted conjecture from radio industry monitors that the station would soon be sold. The application was approved in February. Those rumors were confirmed on October 16, 2012, when it was announced that Family Stations would sell WFME to Atlanta-based Cumulus Media for an undisclosed price. A November message from Camping posted on the Family Radio website admitted, "Either we sell WFME or go off the air completely." The 94.7 signal would be relaunched as country-formatted station, WNSH. Shortly after 94.7's sale to Cumulus, Family Radio would purchase low-powered FM station WDVY in Mount Kisco, New York from Cumulus, which would soon after adopt Family Radio's programming and the WFME-FM callsign. In December 2013, Family Radio's shortwave transmitters in Okeechobee, Florida, were transferred to Radio Miami International.  Harold Camping died from a fall on December 15, 2013, in his home in Alameda, California. His death was confirmed by an employee of the ministry.

Recent developments.

Despite the decrease of stations owned by Family Radio, the ministry continues to recover from the effects of the failed end-times prediction. Tom Evans succeeded Camping as president and general manager. In response to the popularity of smartphones and tablets, Family Radio introduced its very own app for use on such electronics. Family Radio also redesigned its Web site and introduced it in its new format in June 2014, and updated it again three years later.  On November 21, 2014, The Walt Disney Company announced it would sell WQEW in New York City to Family Radio for $12.95 million, part of Disney's decision to end terrestrial distribution of the Radio Disney format. The sale was approved on February 10, 2015, and the station returned on the air on February 27 as the new WFME (AM), thus giving Family Radio full coverage of the New York City metropolitan area for the first time in two years. Concurrent with the sale, the FCC converted WFME's broadcasting status from commercial to non-commercial.  During 2016, Family Radio moved its corporate offices and main studios from Oakland, where it had been based since the ministry's inception, to the adjacent East Bay city of Alameda, also near Oakland International Airport and the headquarters of the Oakland Raiders.  In September 2018, Family Radio announced it would no longer air programs featuring the voice of Harold Camping, and would no longer distribute literature of Camping's teachings. The decision was made as part of an effort to both move away from Camping's theology, and to reintroduce programs from outside ministries into the network's schedule. The changes went into effect on October 8, 2018.  Just a few years after its restructuring, Family Stations, Inc., announced on October 28, 2019, that it would be moving its headquarters from Alameda, California to Nashville, Tennessee. Dick Whitworth, the senior director of marketing for the network, explained to "The Christian Post": "We want to be good stewards of our finances, the gifts from our listeners, and the gifts God has given us. The decision to move to Nashville was made primarily because of the cost of doing business in the Bay Area." Family Radio will, however, keep its satellite up-link facility in Alameda, California, with upgrades and improvements for the distribution of all of its network and local station produced programming. Construction on the new headquarters / broadcast facility was completed in January 2020.

Teachings and beliefs.

Central to Camping's heresies was the belief that the Bible is the Word of God and completely true. However, he emphasized, this does not mean that each sentence in the Bible is to be understood only literally. Rather, the meaning of individual Biblical passages needs to be interpreted in the light of two factors. The first is the context of the Bible as a whole. The second is its spiritual meaning: in Camping's words, "the Bible is an earthly story with a Heavenly meaning." In Camping's publication, "We are Almost There!", he stated that certain Biblical passages pointed unquestionably to May 21, 2011, as the date of "Rapture", and pointed to October 21, 2011, as the end of the world. This event did not occur on May 21 or October 21. No acknowledgement of false teaching has yet been offered concerning the October 21 event. The organization's website became inaccessible early that day, and wasn't reachable until the early morning of May 22.  As a result of spending millions of dollars to promote his "end of the world" theory, many people sold everything they owned and donated it to Family Radio, sometimes even hundreds of thousands of dollars. The California Attorney General's office has been asked by the Freedom from Religion Foundation to investigate Camping and Family Stations, Inc. for "Fraud and Deceit".  After leaving the Christian Reformed Church in 1988, Camping taught doctrines that largely conflicted with doctrines of the Reformed Church and traditional Christian teaching. The principles of Biblical hermeneutics upon which Camping framed his present teachings are:  For several years after Camping's death in 2013, Family Radio continued to air some of his past broadcasts and distribute his literature. But in October 2018, Family Radio discontinued using any of Camping's commentary and content because "so much of it still contains elements that are very difficult." Tom Evans, president and general manager of Family Radio, explained that "Family Radio has come out of self-imposed isolation and we've repented from many of our former positions, date-setting the end of the world and all that, as well as the condemnation of the church".

Stations.

Satellite.

Eutelsat Hotbird 6 – 13 degrees east, Transponder # 89, Vertical LNB polarization; Satellite frequency: 12.597 GHz  Astra 2B – 28.2° east, Transponder # 36, Vertical LNB polarization, Satellite frequency: 12.4024 GHz

Full-powered stations.

not owned by Family Stations, Inc.  Family Radio can be heard in English from the following local international stations: Until July 1, 2013, Family Radio also offered international coverage via short wave radio station WYFR in several languages; its short wave service ceased operations on July 1, 2013.

Translators.

In addition to its full-powered stations, Family Radio is relayed by an additional 35 low-powered translators:  East Coast translators West Coast Translators

Family Radio, also known by its licensee name Family Stations Inc., is a Christian radio network based in Nashville, Tennessee, United States and airs several Christian ministry broadcasts from noted teachers such as RC Sproul, Alistair Begg, Ken Ham, John F. MacArthur, Adriel Sanchez, Dennis Rainey, John Piper, & others as well as traditional and modern hymns & songs by Keith & Kristyn Getty, The Master's Chorale, Fernando Ortega, Chris Rice, Shane & Shane, Sovereign Grace Music, Sara Groves, & multiple other Christian and Gospel music artists.

Family Radio,或称家庭电台,总部位于美国加利福尼亚州奥克兰,由Lloyd Lindquist、Richard H. Palmquist和平罗德创办,使用40余种语言对全球广播。


南达科他级战列舰 (1920年)

Background and design history.

Before World War I began in August 1914, the Navy was not well funded by the U.S. Congress, which had failed to heed the General Board's recommendation of a building program of two battleships per year. The election of President Woodrow Wilson in 1912 and his appointment of Josephus Daniels as Secretary of the Navy did nothing to change that as neither man believed that additional expenditures on the Navy were worthwhile. The start of the war began to change that attitude and, in early 1915, the General Board called for construction of four battleships in Fiscal Year (FY) 1916, although the Committee on Naval Affairs rejected that recommendation on the basis that it was not prudent to make changes to the existing program before enough had been learned from the experiences of the war. In parallel with this there arose a belief that a victorious Imperial Germany might be able to invade the United States, including a movie that showed victorious Germans executing Civil War veterans, and that the Navy was unprepared to deal with such a threat.  Events abroad like the Japanese Twenty-One Demands on China in early 1915, German attempts to begin unrestricted submarine warfare and the sinking of the "Lusitania" in May exposed US weaknesses to the public eye. They caused Wilson to reconsider his position and he ordered the Secretaries of the Army and Navy to plan for mobilization in July. The General Board argued that the Navy should be the equal to the strongest navy in the world, that of the British, not just to the most likely enemy, Imperial Germany, and advocated for construction of 10 battleships over five years, together with battlecruisers and smaller ships. Congress was debating the appropriation bill while the Battle of Jutland occurred in at the end of May 1916 and the British victory confirmed the value of the battleship in eyes of the Congressmen. They compressed the General Board's program into three years with four ships in FY 1917 and three in each of the following years. The first four ships, which became the "Colorado"-class, were only modest improvements over the preceding, but the changed attitude towards battleships allowed the General Board to propose much more powerful, and expensive, ships for the last two batches. The maximum price was set at $21,000,000.  The General Board's requirements were not thoroughly spelled out at the beginning of the design process and it requested a main armament of a dozen guns and higher speed than the existing 21 knots of the earlier ships to counter trends it saw in fast foreign battleships like the British and the Japanese es. Despite this, higher speed was not a high priority and the board settled for a modest increase of two knots. After a flirtation with a design armed with twelve guns in six twin-gun turrets that came out much larger than desired, successful long-range gunnery trials with the triple turrets used by caused the Preliminary Design section of the Bureau of Construction and Repair (C&R) to choose four triple gun-turrets for the new ships. This allowed them to base the design on an enlarged version of the "Colorado"s, substituting triple turrets for the twin turrets of the older ships. This increase in the number of main guns was a continuation of Navy practice from the beginning of the dreadnought era. The General Board selected the newly developed 50-caliber Mark 2 gun rather than the older 45-caliber Mark 1 gun because it was much more powerful at a minimal cost in weight. These choices gave the design an estimated displacement of. Daniels approved the preliminary characteristics on 20 November 1916 although the Bureau of Ordnance and (C&R) argued about the number and placement of the 51-caliber secondary armament for several months before compromising on 20 guns in a mixture of single and twin mounts when the General Board approved the design on 24 January 1917. American entry into the war in April caused the suspension of all capital ship construction in favor of smaller ships more immediately useful to the war effort, although this allowed the Navy to modify the design based on experience gained from the British.  By this time the design was restricted by the limitations imposed by the requirement to the ability to pass through the Panama Canal, a fundamental part of the Navy's strategy as it saved weeks of time when ships had to transfer from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic or vice versa. In the meantime the General Board had decided that upon a plethora of changes of which the most significant were substituting a more powerful, but slower firing, gun for the five-inch guns, thicker deck armor outside the citadel and increased elevation for the sixteen-inch guns. Rear Admiral David W. Taylor, Chief Constructor of the Navy and head of C&R calculated the weight required to implement all of these changes would exceed the board's allowed draft of to easily pass through the canal. In an effort to mitigate the impact on the ship's draft by all of these changes and unable to exceed the canal's width of, Taylor revised the design by adding length and took the opportunity to improve its torpedo defenses, which increased its length to and displacement to. The board rejected this more expensive design and held to most of its requirements; Daniels approved these changes on 29 January 1918. Taylor investigated sloping the armor, which promised to save a lot of weight, but ultimately decided not to do so. On 6 July, the board changed its draft specification to at normal load, which meant that the ships would have to off-load weight to pass through the canal and dropped its requirement for a gyrostabilizer for which had been reserved. This allowed Taylor to add an aft armored transverse bulkhead and armor for the boiler uptakes.  The design characteristics of the "South Dakota"s closely followed the standard-type battleship, albeit at a greater scale. Like the "Tennessee"s and "Colorado"s, they were designed with the same bridges, lattice masts and turbo-electric propulsion system and they used the same torpedo protection system as the latter class. Naval historian Norman Friedman described the "South Dakota"s as the ultimate development of the series of U.S. battleships that began with the, despite the increase in size, speed and intermediate armament from the standard type that characterized the "Nevada" through "Colorado" classes.

Description.

The "South Dakota" design called for an overall length of, a beam of 106 feet, and a draft of 33 feet at normal load. They were intended to displace at that load and at deep load, with a metacentric height of at deep load. Their crew would have consisted of 137 officers, 1,404 enlisted men and 75 marines.

Propulsion.

Turbo-electric propulsion, which the U.S. Navy had adopted for capital ships with the earlier, was continued in this class. One advantage of turbo-electric drive was that the substitution of flexible electric cables for bulky steam-lines allowed the motors to be mounted further to the stern of the ship; this reduced vibration and weight by shortening the propeller shafts. Another was the ability to go astern at full power without needing a separate reverse turbine to do so, simply by reversing the electrical polarity of the motors. Other benefits were the ability to operate all four propellers if one of the turbo generators failed, and the possibility of operating only some of the generators at low speed with suitably higher loading and greater efficiency. "<nowiki>[Turbo-electric drive]</nowiki> was efficient, rugged and always reliable. But it was also heavy, intricate, and not easy to maintain and keep tuned up." The machinery also required special ventilation measures to dissipate heat and to keep out any salt air. Even with this and elaborate insulation measures, protection from moisture or from flooding due to battle damage or other causes remained problematic and it posed the danger of high voltage to the crew if damaged.  In the "South Dakota"s, two turbo generators (General Electric for "Indiana" and "Montana", Westinghouse for the others) were coupled to a pair of AC alternators of 28,000 KVA and 5,000 volts. These fed four electric motors, each driving one propeller shaft, rated at of direct current (DC). A dozen water-tube boilers, each in their own individual compartment outboard of the turbine rooms, provided steam for the generators at a working pressure of. The uptakes from each trio of boilers were grouped together and then all four uptakes were trunked together above the upper deck into the single funnel. The ships were also fitted with eight DC turbo generators. With a total of, their designed top speed was 23 knots. They carried enough fuel oil to give them a designed range of at

Armament.

The main battery of the "South Dakota"-class ships consisted of a dozen 16-inch Mark 2 guns in four triple-gun turrets, a pair of superfiring turrets fore and aft of the superstructure. These fired the same shell as the Mark 1 of the "Colorado" class with a muzzle velocity of to a range of at the turret's maximum elevation of 46 degrees. The Mark 2 was not fitted aboard any ship; the 50-caliber 16-inch guns used later on the s were of the lighter Mark 7 model.  The "South Dakota"s had a secondary armament that consisted of sixteen 53-caliber six-inch Mark 12 guns in single mounts. A dozen of these were in unarmored casemates on the side of the superstructure and the remaining four guns were positioned abreast the forward superstructure. The guns had a maximum range of at an elevation of 20 degrees from their projectiles at a velocity of. They were installed in s and several large submarines built during the 1920s after the "South Dakota"s were canceled.  Anti-aircraft defense was provided by four 50-caliber dual-purpose guns in single mounts amidships. Firing their shells at a velocity of, the guns had a maximum range of and could fire at a rate of 12–15 rounds per minute. The ships were also fitted with a pair of submerged torpedo tubes, one on each broadside.

Protection.

The "South Dakota"s' belt armor design called for tapered to below the waterline. It extended between the fore and aft turret barbettes and protected the propulsion machinery and magazines. Fore and aft transverse bulkheads formed an armored citadel by closing off the ends of the belt. The main deck sat at the top of the armored belt; it was the primary armored deck and consisted of two layers of thick steel, one of nickel steel (NS) and the other of special treatment steel (STS). Below it was the splinter deck that consisted of of STS that was intended to catch splinters from shells that burst on the main deck. In front of the forward bulkhead, the splinter deck continued to the bow, although it now consisted of one layer of five inches of STS and another, thick, of NS. Between the main and splinter decks, the boiler uptakes were protected by of armor.  Turret faces were thick, with thick sides and a roof 5 inches thick. The barbettes were protected by 13.5 inches of armor above the main deck and below that. The conning tower armor was 16 inches thick on the front and sides and it had an 8-inch roof. Underwater protection was similar to that of the "Colorado"s, five layers deep with watertight compartments separated by three torpedo bulkheads thick that extended from the splinter deck to the ship's bottom and between the transverse bulkheads. The outermost compartment was empty, the three middle ones were used as oil tanks, and the innermost one was also empty.

Ships in class.

With the cancellation of the "South Dakota"s and the s, the existing guns were transferred to the U.S. Army and used as coast-defense guns. Their boilers were used to modernize the six ships of the, and es in the mid-1920s; their armor plates were used to reinforce the existing armor of other battleships.

The first "South Dakota" class was a group of six battleships that were laid down in 1920 for the U.S. Navy, but were never completed. They would have been the largest, most heavily armed and armored battleships in the world and, designed to achieve, represented an attempt to catch up with the increasing fleet speeds of its main rivals, the British Royal Navy and Imperial Japanese Navy.

南达科他级战列舰(英语:South Dakota Class)是美国海军在第一次世界大战后的「三年造舰计划」中,计划建造的最高级别的战列舰,在1920年时起造。该级战列舰在1922年华盛顿海军条约签订后(即“海军假日”时期)取消建造。


Club career.

Early career.

Locatelli began his career with Atalanta, before moving to Milan at the age of 11 years. With the "Rossoneri" he progressed through each youth category, from "Esordienti" to "Primavera". In March 2015, Locatelli signed his first professional contract with Milan, effective from 1 July 2015 until 30 June 2018.

Milan.

Locatelli received his first ever call-up to Milan's senior team ahead of the away game against Udinese played on 22 September 2015; he, however, remained an unused substitute. Later that season, he was promoted into the first team by Milan then head coach Siniša Mihajlović. He made his Serie A debut aged 18, on 21 April 2016, replacing Andrea Poli after 87 minutes in a 0−0 home draw against Carpi. On 14 May 2016 he made his debut as a starter, in the last league match of the season against Roma at the San Siro.

2016–17 season.

He made his season debut in a 1–0 victory over Sampdoria appearing as a second-half substitute. On 2 October 2016, after coming on as a substitute for captain Riccardo Montolivo, Locatelli scored his first Serie A goal with his first ever shot goal in a dramatic 4–3 win over Sassuolo. Beginning the season on the bench, Locatelli received his first start of the season on 16 October at Chievo, taking over the deep-lying playmaker role in midfield vacated by Montolivo, who suffered a long-term injury over the international break. On 22 October, Locatelli scored with his second ever Serie A shot on target, the only goal in a rival match against Juventus, a strike with the outside of his right foot that hit the underside of the crossbar, and rifled past keeper Gianluigi Buffon.  Following a series of excellent performances, Locatelli received and accepted the offer to extend his contract until 30 June 2020, with the rise in pay.  On 25 January 2017, Locatelli was sent off for the first time of his career after receiving two yellow cards in 2016–17 Coppa Italia Quarter Final match against Juventus.

2017–18 season.

Locatelli began the season as a starter in the second leg of Milan's Europa League qualification match against CS U Craiova, playing a vital role in Milan's 2–0 win on 3 August 2017. However, Montolivo's eventual recovery combined with the arrival of Lucas Biglia and frequent changes of formation under Vincenzo Montella started to limit his playing time. In November 2017, Montella was dismissed and replaced by Gennaro Gattuso who also viewed Locatelli as more of a backup for either Biglia or Montolivo than a starting lineup player. He finished the season with only 15 starts (of which only 5 were in Serie A) and 18 sub-ins.

Sassuolo.

In the summer of 2018, Milan loaned in Tiémoué Bakayoko and suggested that Locatelli joins one of the lower-ranking Serie A teams on loan, preferably without a buy-out option. Locatelli agreed to depart yet submitted a full transfer request, later citing a perceived lack of trust in him from the club as the main reason for his decision. On 13 August 2018, Locatelli transferred to Sassuolo on loan with an obligation to buy. In his debut season for the "neroverdi" he made 31 appearances and scored 3 goals (against Catania in Coppa Italia and Cagliari and Chievo Verona in Serie A).

International career.

With the Italy U-17 team he took part at the 2015 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. With the Italy U-19 squad he took part in the 2016 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, as Italy finished runners-up.  He made his debut with the Italy U21 team on 23 March 2017, in a friendly match won 2–1 against Poland. In June 2017, he was included in the Italy under-21 squad for the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship by manager Luigi Di Biagio. Italy were eliminated by Spain in the semi-finals on 27 June, following a 3–1 defeat.  He took part in the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.

Style of play.

Locatelli is primarily a deep-lying playmaker operating in front of the team's defense, in a role similar to that of Andrea Pirlo. Although not his preferred position, he can also play in 4–3–3 formation as a wing-leaning central midfielder, alternatively known as "mezzala". He possesses good vision, passing, ball control, dribbling, as well as a powerful and accurate shot from long range. His reading of the game and ball-winning abilities were described as sufficient for a defensive midfielder. Considered a promising young player, in 2015 "The Guardian" named him one of the 50 best young players in the world who were born in 1998.

Honours.

Club.

Milan

Manuel Locatelli (born 8 January 1998) is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serie A club Sassuolo.

曼努埃尔·洛卡特利(1998年-1月8日,),是一名意大利职业足球员,现时被意大利甲组足球联赛球会AC米兰外借至萨斯索罗。司职中场。


Plot.

On her forty-third birthday, Bridget Jones attends the funeral of Daniel Cleaver, presumed dead after a plane crash. She sees her ex Mark Darcy with his new wife Camilla.  Bridget now works as a television producer and is close friends with younger anchor Miranda. After spending the night of her birthday alone, Bridget embraces her single life, accepting Miranda's offer to go to a music festival where she meets a man called Jack. Later that evening a drunk Bridget crawls into a yurt she thinks belongs to her and Miranda, but actually belongs to Jack. Despite the surprise, Jack invites her to stay and the two have a one-night stand. In the morning, finding the bed empty, Bridget leaves, unaware Jack is out getting breakfast for both of them.  Returning home, Bridget goes to the christening of Jude's youngest child, where she is the godmother and Mark has been asked to be the godfather at the last minute. Mark tells her that he and his wife are divorcing and Camilla was only at the funeral for moral support. Realising they are still in love, Bridget and Mark spend the night together. Mark says he is travelling for work early the next day, so Bridget exits before he wakes up, leaving behind a note telling him that reconnecting with him is too painful.  A few weeks later, Bridget realises she is pregnant. She decides that she wants to keep the baby despite being single, as it might be her last chance to have a child. After a visit to the clinic of Dr. Rawling, she realises that the father could be Mark or Jack. She is unable to contact Jack until Miranda spots him on an TV ad and they realise he is Jack Qwant, a billionaire inventor of a dating website.  Miranda conspires with Bridget to have Jack as a guest on their news show so that they can take DNA samples to work out if Jack is the father. Although Bridget tries to stay incognito, Jack recognises her and asks her why she left after their night together. She apologises and decides to tell him that she is pregnant and that he is the father, without mentioning Mark. Initially taken aback at the responsibility of having a child with a stranger, Jack throws himself into the role of being a father. Bridget also tells Mark the news who is so thrilled at the prospect that she cannot find the courage to tell him about Jack. Dr. Rawlings tries to administer an amniocentesis DNA test, but Bridget decides not to go ahead with it while her child is still in the womb as she is terrified by the risk of miscarriage.  Bridget invites Jack to a work event, and is startled when Mark shows up as well. The two men meet, and the three go out to dinner, where Bridget finally admits that she is unsure who the father is. Although disappointed, Jack takes the news well, but Mark is upset and walks out though he eventually becomes supportive as well. Mark and Jack eventually become jealous of each other and when Jack implies that he and Bridget had sex without condoms Mark leaves and ignores Bridget's calls. Jack asks her to move in with him, but he eventually confesses to Bridget what he told Mark. Upset, Bridget rushes to talk to Mark, but sees his wife arriving at his house, so she walks away.  Nine months into her pregnancy Bridget finds herself locked out in the rain. Mark arrives and breaks into the flat for her. After Bridget asks him about his wife at his flat, he informs her that she was there to pick up the last of her things. Just as they are about to kiss, Bridget's water breaks. When his phone rings for work, Mark throws it out the window, which, although romantic, leaves them without a means to call help. They eventually make it to the hospital with some help from Gianni and Jack. Later Jack apologises to Mark for his behaviour. Bridget gives birth to a boy, and her friends and parents come to visit them. Dr. Rawlings takes Mark and Jack away to perform the DNA test, and they genuinely wish each other luck.  A year later, Bridget is at church for her wedding to Mark. Jack Qwant attends as a guest and holds onto Bridget and Mark's son William. Later a newspaper lying on a bench reveals that Daniel Cleaver has been found alive.

Production.

In July 2009, "Variety" announced that a third installment of the "Bridget Jones" films was in the early stages of development. Working Title Films confirmed that it would not be based on Helen Fielding's third "Bridget Jones" novel, but instead would be based on the columns she wrote for "The Independent" in 2005.  On 1 March 2011, it was reported that both Renée Zellweger and Colin Firth were interested in reprising their roles. In July 2011, Paul Feig was in final talks to direct the film based on the script by author Fielding. On 11 August 2011, Universal Studios and Working Title greenlit the third film. On 4 October 2011, "Deadline" reported that Feig had exited the project due to creative differences with Working Title, and Feig had also worked on the recent draft of the script. Production was slated to begin in January 2012 with the returning cast including Zellweger, Firth, and Hugh Grant. On 30 November 2011, Peter Cattaneo came on board to direct the sequel, newly titled ""Bridget Jones's Baby"" from a script by Fielding, Feig, and David Nicholls. Producers on board were Tim Bevan and Eric Fellner of Working Title, along with Jonathan Cavendish of Little Bird. The production was delayed due to creative differences between the script of the film and actors, especially Grant as he disliked the script and reportedly Grant had left the project, though this was denied by producer Bevan. However, the producer confirmed that they were working on the script and the film would be made as planned.  In April 2013, Firth spoke to the "Chicago Sun-Times", stating "unfortunately, it might be a bit of a long wait", and he said he "wouldn't say that it's completely dead in the water, but the way it's going, you might be seeing Bridget Jones's granddaughter's story being told by the time we get there."  In an interview on 10 October 2014, Grant mentioned an existing script for a sequel, though he also expressed his dislike for it, and stated that he would not star in the third film. Later in the next week, producers hired Emma Thompson to rewrite the original script written by Fielding and Nicholls.  Gemma Jones and Jim Broadbent were in talks to return for the third film to join the cast. On 9 September 2015, Patrick Dempsey joined the cast of the film.

Filming.

Filming for a short period began in July 2015 in Dublin, where the first scenes for the film were shot at Ed Sheeran's concert at Croke Park. Official principal photography with the actual cast began on 2 October 2015 in London.  The Television Studio interior scenes, the Hospital Ward interiors and various other scenes were shot on Stages 5 and 6 at West London Film Studios.  On 13 October 2015, shooting was taking place at Borough Market, and later in October in Windsor Great Park, at Rosy Bottom.  Filming wrapped up on 27 November 2015. Reshoots took place for one week starting 8 January 2016.

Release.

In October 2015, "Bridget Jones's Baby" was set for a 16 September 2016 release. On 23 March the first trailer was released. Like the previous two films, the movie received an R rating in the United States.  Zellweger's physical appearance in the trailer for the film has rekindled a debate about the possibility that Zellweger had plastic surgery, which began in 2014 when she re-emerged from a long hiatus. An editorial focused on the trailer for the film by "Variety" critic Owen Gleiberman titled "Renee Zellweger: If She No Longer Looks Like Herself, Has She Become a Different Actress?" prompted a response from Zellweger, who called the scrutiny over her appearance "sexist" and attributing her difference in appearance solely to "ageing," and wrote an open essay explaining her response in the weeks before the film's release.

Reception.

Box office.

"Bridget Jones's Baby" grossed $212 million worldwide, including $24.1 million in the United States and Canada and $60 million in the United Kingdom, against a budget of $35 million.  The film was released in North America on 16 September 2016 and was projected to gross $12–16 million in its opening weekend from 2,927 theaters. It made $364,000 from its Thursday night previews and $3 million on its first day. In total, the film made $8.2 million in its opening weekend, falling below projections and scoring the lowest opening of the series.  Internationally, where Universal Pictures handled most of the releases, the film fared better and especially in the UK where the previous two installments registered the biggest grossers. It debuted day-and-date in conjuncture with its North American release in 41 countries, including big markets like the UK and Ireland, Russia, Australia, Mexico and Spain in its opening weekend. The film will be released in a total of 62 countries. It scored the biggest opening day in the franchise in the UK, the Netherlands and Latin America including Mexico, Panama and Peru, and had number-one opening days in the UK, Australia, Spain, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Croatia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa and Ukraine. Through Sunday, 18 September, it had an opening weekend of $29.9 million from 39 markets and debuted at number one in 24 of them. It was in second place at the box office, behind "A Chinese Odyssey Part Three". It topped the international box office in its second weekend, earning $21.9 million from 47 markets. It recorded the biggest debut in the franchise and had number-one openings in certain markets like Australia ($4.2 million), the Netherlands ($1.9 million), Spain ($1.7 million), Iceland and New Zealand and bowed at second place in France ($3.7 million) and Russia ($1.4 million).  In the United Kingdom and Ireland – the biggest market for the first two films – the film opened on Friday, 16 September, and recorded the biggest comedy/romantic comedy opening day ever, as well as the biggest Working Title and September opening of all time with $4 million at 641 theaters. It went on to score a record breaking £8.11 million ($10.5 million) opening and dominated 57% of the total market share which is the biggest romantic comedy opening weekend ever in the UK; the biggest opening weekend ever for Working Title; and the biggest September launch weekend of all time. Excluding previews, the film has the seventh biggest debut of the year. The film fell just 20% in its second weekend to £6.4 million ($8.3 million) and continued to lead the box office for the third consecutive weekend, despite the influx of a row of competitions. After three straight wins, it was surpassed by "The Girl on the Train" in its fourth weekend. It broke a number of records including the fastest romantic comedy to earn £30 million, doing so on its seventeenth day (the first film took 31 days and the second film took 24 days). It has so far grossed a total of $54 million there becoming the biggest market outside of North America like its predecessors. Adjusted for inflation it is the lowest-grossing film behind both the films (£73.1 million and £57.8 million respectively).  After 31 days of playing in theaters, the film became the biggest film in the franchise in the United Kingdom with £42.24 million, surpassing the first film's final gross of £42 million. It currently sits as the third biggest film of 2016 behind "Finding Dory" (£42.25 million) and "The Jungle Book" (£46.1 million). In Netherlands, it is the highest-grossing Working Title picture of all time with $8.1 million — passing "Notting Hill" (1999), which held the record for 17 years.

Critical response.

"Bridget Jones's Baby" received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78%, based on 207 reviews, with an average rating of 6.33/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Bridget Jones's Baby" might be late on arrival, but fans of the series should still find its third installment a bouncing bundle of joy." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a score 59 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Bridget Jones's Baby is a 2016 romantic comedy film directed by Sharon Maguire and written by Helen Fielding, Dan Mazer and Emma Thompson, based on the fictional columns by Fielding. It is the third film in the franchise and a sequel to 2004 film "". The film stars Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones, who after becoming pregnant is unsure if Mark Darcy (Colin Firth, also reprising his role) or Jack Qwant (Patrick Dempsey) is the father. The film marked Zellweger's return to the screen after a six-year hiatus.

《BJ有喜》(英语:Bridget Jones's Baby)是一部2016年浪漫喜剧电影,为莎朗·麦奎尔执导,海伦·菲尔丁、丹·梅泽和艾玛·汤普逊撰写剧本。本片为2004年电影《BJ单身日记:男人祸水》的续集。由芮妮·齐薇格、柯林·佛斯和帕特里克·丹普西主演。


Plot.

In feudal Japan, 12-year-old eyepatched Kubo tends to his ill mother Sariatu in a mountain cave near a village. He earns their living by magically manipulating "origami" with music from his "shamisen" for the village folk, telling the tale of his missing father Hanzo, a "samurai" warrior. Kubo is never able to finish his story, as he does not know what happened to Hanzo and Sariatu cannot recall the end due to her deteriorating mental state. Sariatu warns him not to stay out after dark as her Sisters, Karasu and Washi, and his grandfather, the Moon King (who took his eye when he was a baby) will find him and take his remaining eye.  One day, Kubo learns of the village's Bon festival allowing them to speak to deceased loved ones. Kubo attends but is angry that Hanzo does not appear from his lantern, and forgets to return home before sunset. Karasu and Washi quickly find him and attack, but Sariatu suddenly appears and uses her magic to send Kubo far away, telling him to find his father's armor.  Kubo wakes up in a distant land to find Monkey, his wooden snow monkey charm, has come alive. Monkey tells him Sariatu is gone and the village destroyed. With help of "Little Hanzo", an origami figure based on Kubo's father, they set out to find the armor. Along the way, they meet Beetle, an amnesiac samurai who was cursed to take the form of a stag beetle/human hybrid but believes himself to have been Hanzo's apprentice.  Kubo, Monkey, and Beetle reclaim the "Sword Unbreakable" from a cave guarded by a giant skeleton. They cross the Long Lake in a leaf boat to locate the "Breastplate Impenetrable" deep underwater. Kubo and Beetle swim down to retrieve it and encounter a sea monster, the "Garden of Eyes", who first uses its many eyes to entrance its victims by showing them visions of secrets, then eats them. Kubo is caught in the creature's sight, but while entranced, comes to realize that Monkey is the reincarnated spirit of his mother. Beetle rescues the unconscious Kubo and obtains the Breastplate, but on returning to the boat, they find that Monkey has been badly wounded fighting and defeating Karasu.  They go to shore to recover, where Monkey explains that she and her Sisters were ordered by the Moon King to kill Hanzo, but she instead fell in love with him, and the Moon King branded her an enemy. That night, Kubo dreams of meeting Raiden, a blind elderly man, who points him towards the "Helmet Invulnerable" in Hanzo's abandoned fortress. They travel there the next day but realize too late it is a trap set by the Moon King and Washi. Washi reveals that Beetle is Hanzo, whom they cursed for taking Sariatu away from them, and kills Hanzo. Sariatu sacrifices herself, buying Kubo the time to use his shamisen to defeat Washi, breaking two of the three strings on it. Little Hanzo provides insight to Kubo that the Helmet is actually the bell at the village, and Kubo breaks the last string to quickly travel there.  At the village, Kubo meets Raiden, who is revealed as the Moon King. He offers to take Kubo's other eye to make him immortal, but Kubo refuses. Raiden transforms into a giant "Dunkleosteus"-like dragon, the Moon Beast, and pursues Kubo and the remaining villagers into its cemetery. When Hanzo's armor proves ineffective, Kubo removes it and restrings his shamisen using his mother's hair, his father's bowstring, and his own hair. With the instrument, he summons the spirits of the villagers' loved ones, who show Raiden that memories are the strongest magic of all and can never be destroyed. Kubo and the spirits' magic protect themselves and the villagers from Raiden, stripping him of his powers and leaving him a mortal human without any memories. Spurred on by Kubo's stories, the villagers take compassion and tell Raiden he was a man of many positive traits, accepting him into the village. Kubo is able to speak to his parents' ghosts during the subsequent Bon ceremony, as they watch the deceased villagers' lanterns transform into golden herons and fly to the spirit world.

Production.

Announced in December 2014, the project is the directoral debut of Laika's CEO Travis Knight. Laika's production designer Shannon Tindle pitched the story to Knight as a "stop-motion samurai epic". Although the studio had never ventured into the genre before, Knight was enthusiastic about the project; owing partly his affinity towards both the "epic fantasy" genre as well as Japanese culture in general.  The art took inspiration from such Japanese media as ink wash painting and "origami" among others. A particular influence came from the "ukiyo-e" woodblock style, with Laika intending to make the entire film "to look and feel as if it's a moving woodblock print" Assistance came from 3D printing firm Stratasys who allowed Laika to use their newest technologies in exchange for feedback on them. Knight mentioned that the story for the film was partly inspired by works of Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki.  For the Skeleton monster the team created a giant 16-foot (4.9m), 400-pound (180 kg) puppet, which Laika claims is the record holder for largest stop-motion puppet. The idea to make such a massive puppet was born out of a fear that individual smaller parts (meant to represent the larger monster) would not work well on screen interacting with the other puppets. The resulting puppet was built in two parts which were then attached together by magnets. For movement Laika had to design a robot to easily manipulate it. The team at one point purchased an industrial robot from eBay but found that it would not work with their setup. A small portion of the production was released on YouTube.

Soundtrack.

Dario Marianelli composed and conducted the score for the film.

Release.

The film screened at the Melbourne International Film Festival on August 13, 2016, and was theatrically released in the United States on August 19, 2016.

Box office.

"Kubo and the Two Strings" grossed $48 million in North America and $29.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $77.5 million, against a budget of $60 million.  In the United States, the film was released on August 19, 2016, alongside "Ben-Hur" and "War Dogs", and was projected to gross $12–15 million from 3,260 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $515,000 from its Thursday night previews and $4.1 million on its first day. It went on to gross $12.6 million in its opening weekend, finishing 4th at the box office.

Critical response.

Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 97% based on reviews from 219 critics, with an average rating of 8.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Kubo and the Two Strings" matches its incredible animation with an absorbing—and bravely melancholy—story that has something to offer audiences of all ages." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 84 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 85% overall positive score and a 63% "definite recommend".  Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.com awarded the film 3.5 stars out of 4, saying that "one of the most impressive elements of "Kubo and the Two Strings"—besides its dazzling stop-motion animation, its powerful performances and its transporting score—is the amount of credit it gives its audience, particularly its younger viewers." IGN's Samantha Ladwig gave the film 7.5/10, stating that the film is "Dark, twisted, and occasionally scary, but also with humor, love, and inspiration." Jesse Hassenger, of "The A.V. Club", praised the film, saying that "no American animation studio is better-suited to dreamlike plotting than Laika, and the animation of Kubo is truly dazzling, mixing sophistication and handmade charm with inspired flow."  Michael O'Sullivan of "The Washington Post" gave the film 4/4 stars, stating that the film is "both extraordinarily original and extraordinarily complex, even for a grown-up movie masquerading as a kiddie cartoon (which it kind of is)." In "The New York Times", Glenn Kenny said that "the movie's blend of stop-motion animation for the main action with computer-generated backgrounds is seamless, creating what is the most visually intoxicating of all Laika's movies." Peter Debruge of "Variety" wrote that ""Kubo" offers another ominous mission for a lucky young misfit, this one a dark, yet thrilling adventure quest that stands as the crowning achievement in Laika's already impressive oeuvre."  Jonathan Pile of "Empire", wrote of the film: "Yet another success for stop-motion giants Laika... boasts big laughs and effective scares in a typically gorgeous animated tale."

Casting criticism.

While the film received critical acclaim for its craft and story, it was criticized for its perceived whitewashing as a movie set in ancient Japan but featuring a centrally white cast. George Takei and Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa were the only actors of Asian descent and both played minor characters.

Accolades.

At the 89th Academy Awards, "Kubo and the Two Strings" was nominated for two awards, Best Animated Feature and Best Visual Effects, but lost to two Disney films respectively: "Zootopia" and "The Jungle Book".

Home media.

"Kubo and the Two Strings" was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and digital media on November 22, 2016.

Kubo and the Two Strings is a 2016 American stop-motion animated action fantasy film directed by Travis Knight (in his directorial debut). It is produced by Laika. It stars the voices of Charlize Theron, Art Parkinson, Ralph Fiennes, George Takei, Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa, Brenda Vaccaro, Rooney Mara, and Matthew McConaughey. The film revolves around Kubo, a young boy who wields a magical "shamisen" (a Japanese stringed instrument) and whose left eye was stolen during infancy. Accompanied by an anthropomorphic snow monkey and beetle, he must subdue his mother's corrupted Sisters and his power-hungry grandfather Raiden the Moon King, who is responsible for stealing his left eye.

《酷宝:魔弦传说》(英语:"Kubo and the Two Strings")是一部于2016年上映的美国3D定格动画电影,由崔维斯·奈特执导,马克·海姆斯(英语:Marc Haimes)与克里斯·巴特勒编剧,主要配音员包含亚特·帕金森、莎莉·赛隆、雷夫·范恩斯、鲁妮·玛拉、乔治·武井与马修·麦康纳等人。该片由莱卡公司制作,同时也是该公司独立制作的第四部动画长片,剧情主要讲述一名日本的小男孩酷宝(英语:Kubo,帕金森配音)寻找传说中的剑、胸甲及头盔的旅程。


History.

The region was designated as a national park in 1964. British colonial administrator and naturalist Hugh Low led an expedition from Tuaran to the region in 1851. He also became the first recorded man to reach the peak of Mount Kinabalu. The highest peak of the mountain was later named after him—Low's Peak.

Geography.

Kinabalu Park is situated on the Crocker Range on the western coast of Sabah. It is located within the district of Ranau, within the West Coast Division. The park is not to be confused with Crocker Range National Park which is a separate park in the south.  The park headquarters is 88 kilometres away from the city of Kota Kinabalu. There are sealed roads leading towards the park headquarters from other parts of Sabah. It is situated on the southern boundary of Kinabalu Park, at an elevation of.

Administration and park features.

This park is administered by an organization called Sabah Parks. Accommodations in the form of chalets can be found in the park, mostly around the headquarters. Reservations for accommodation and mountain climbing guides are processed through Sutera Sanctuary Lodges (also known as Sutera Harbour), a private company. Every person who wishes to climb the mountain must be accompanied by a qualified guide. Sutera is now requiring hikers to stay one night at their lodge near the entrance, in addition to a required stay at Laban Rata. The cost to stay is considerably higher than at lodging just outside the park and includes a mandatory purchase of meals, etc.  The mountain summit trail begins at Timpohon. There is also an alternative route called the Mesilau Trail.  A notable feature of the park is Low's Gully. It is a 1.6-kilometer deep ravine stretching 10 kilometers on the side of the mountain peak.

Ecology.

This botanical site contains a variety of flora and fauna that ranges over 4 climate zones; from rich lowland dipterocarp forest through the montane oak, rhododendron, to the coniferous forests, to the alpine meadow plants, and to the stunted bushes of summit zone. The mountain is also known for its many carnivorous plant and orchid species, most notably "Nepenthes rajah".  It is also home to a multitude of endemic animal species, including the Kinabalu Giant Red Leech and Kinabalu Giant Earthworm. The park also plays host to a variety of birds, insects, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles.  Mount Kinabalu is one of the youngest non-volcanic mountains in the world. It was formed within the last 10 to 35 million years. The mountain still grows at a rate of 5 millimeters a year

Kinabalu Park (), established as one of the first national parks of Malaysia in 1964, is Malaysia's first World Heritage Site designated by UNESCO in December 2000 for its "outstanding universal values" and the role as one of the most important biological sites in the world with more than 4,500 species of flora and fauna, including 326 bird and around 100 mammal species, and over 110 land snail species.

京那巴鲁国家公园(英语:Kinabalu National Park;;别译基-{}-纳巴卢国家公园、京那峇鲁国家公园)又名神山国家公园,是马来西亚第一批建立的国家公园,也是马来西亚最早列入世界遗产的国家公园,国家公园于2000年12月列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录,登录名称为“京那巴鲁公园”。


History.

Creation.

Right Cause was founded in November 2008 as a merger of three parties: Union of Right Forces (SPS), Civilian Power and Democratic Party of Russia. SPS and Civilian Power were both regarded as liberal parties, supporting free market reforms, protection of private property and a decentralized federal government. The Democratic Party also supported liberal values, but its programme was more conservative and nationalistic.  By 2008, the three parties were all in a state of decline. While SPS had achieved 8.7% of votes in the 1999 Duma election, in the 2007 election it only received 0.96%. Support for the Democratic Party (0.13%) and Civilian Power (1.05%) in the 2007 election was also low. SPS—highly critical of Vladimir Putin and United Russia in its 2007 election campaign—was losing voters because Putin had adopted many of the market reforms championed by SPS, and also because companies started to withdraw their financial support from the party. With falling support and votes being lost to United Russia, the three parties, among others, considered mergers in order to survive. The decision to initiate the merger was made in October 2008, and in November the unification was completed. The new party, called Right Cause, was officially registered on 18 February 2009. The party's creation was supported by the presidential administration of Dmitry Medvedev.  The merger was opposed by SPS founding member and former Deputy Prime Minister Boris Nemtsov, who believed the new party would not offer true political opposition, while another SPS founding member Anatoly Chubais, widely considered architect of Russia's privatization programme, voiced strong support for the merger, saying that "a political party is one that participates in elections with chances to win."

Controversy.

Despite allegations that the party is too close to the Kremlin be a real opposition party, Right Cause was involved in controversy, finding itself in opposition to the authorities. In January 2009, an arrest warrant was issued for Yevgeny Chichvarkin, founder of leading mobile phone retailer Euroset and anticipated head of Right Cause for the Moscow Region. The warrant was issued in absentia, as Chichvarkin is currently in London, England., to proclaim its support for Chichvarkin, and according to "The Moscow Times", the party suggests that the legal action is "an example of the authorities unjustly targeting business."

First elections.

The first major election where Right Cause took part was the Moscow City Duma elections in October 2009. The party was predicted to receive between 5-8% of the vote, but only managed to register one candidate, who was soundly defeated. Many commentators that assumed that this was part of an effort by city officials of Yury Luzhkov's administration to restrict the chances of opposition parties, many Right Cause members blamed the party leadership for not properly organizing the registration and campaign.

2011—2016.

The party currently has representation in several city legislatures, but lacks representation on the regional level. According to a survey conducted in March 2008, less than 2% of the Russian population were loyalists of the party. In April 2011, support for Right Cause was 2.9%. The party's performance has been a disappointment, with analysts attributing its low popularity to the lack of a charismatic leader.  In May 2011, billionaire businessman Mikhail Prokhorov announced a plan to join the leadership of Right Cause. Prohkorov promised to make Right Cause Russia's second largest party on a pro-business platform that will "totally transform" the country. In a television interview, Prokhorov said: "we have got to return to a 14 percent tax, leave small business alone, simplify paperwork and let small business work in peace... I think we won't recognize the country in five to 10 years." On 25 June 2011, Prokhorov was elected to the leadership of the party at the party congress of 2011. At the acceptance ceremony, Prokhorov officially criticized the present ruling tandem of Medvedev-Putin, the structure of Russia, and vowed to bring Russia back to a stable development course. In September 2011, Prokhorov said he had quit Right Cause, "condemning it as a 'puppet Kremlin party' micromanaged by a 'puppet master' in the president’s office..., Vladislav Y. Surkov," according to a report in "The New York Times".  On 23 September 2011, the International Democrat Union suspended the associate member status of the Right Cause, lamenting that the party was under "direct control" of the Kremlin and all "liberal voices" had been silenced. Instead, the re-founded Union of Rightist Forces was made a new associate member.

Current status.

On 26 March 2016, the party was renamed to the "Party of Growth". In the 2016 State Duma election, the party scored 1.21%, not breaking the 5% barrier and did not pass to the State Duma.  In July 2017, Party of Growth announced that it would hold primaries to nominate a presidential candidate for 2018 election. Four candidates participated in the primaries: Oksana Dmitriyeva, Dmitry Potapenko, Dmitry Marinichev and Alexander Huruji. Voting was conducted via the internet from August to November 2017. On 10 August 2017, the party's press secretary told the media that the results of the primaries will be taken into account at the party congress which will be held to decide the candidate for Party of Growth. However, the winner of the primaries would not guarantee themselves the right to run on behalf of the party. On 26 November, it was announced that the party would nominate party leader Boris Titov, who was not involved in the primaries. According to a person from the party leadership, none of the proposed candidates were able to obtain sufficient support. Titov scored 0.8% in the election.

Party platform.

Party of Growth positions itself as a pro-business party in favour of free market reforms, privatization, and protecting the interests of the middle class. The party supports "a broad application of the elective principle", including direct elections of mayors and a gradual return to elections of regional governors. It also supports lowering the threshold for election into the State Duma from 7% to 5% (the threshold was lowered in 2011). The party platform calls for more control to the legislative branch over the executive branch, openness and transparency in the government, and freedom of information. In the economy, the party supports a model entitled "Capitalism for All", which emphasizes developing domestic demand as the main prerequisite for economic diversification, modernization, and the growth of domestic production. The main stimulus for the economy should not be cheap labour, but high income levels.  According to a 2008 research by Colton, Hale and McFaul, the main policy stances associated with the party by the electorate are liberal economy, pro-Westernism and democracy.

Party of Growth (; "Partiya Rosta" (; until March 2016, "Just (or Right) Cause" "Pravoye Delo" ) is a centre-right political party in Russia with representatives in several local legislatures. Founded on 18 February 2009 as a merger of the Union of Right Forces (partly, other members joined to Solidarnost), Civilian Power and the Democratic Party of Russia, the party's main policy stances are liberal free market economy, democracy and protecting the rights of the middle class. Although widely regarded as a pro-Kremlin party, it has already found itself in opposition to the presidential administration on several occasions.

成长党()是一个俄罗斯政党,创立于2009年2月18日,前称正确事业(),由右翼力量联盟、公民力量和俄罗斯民主党合并而成。正确事业的主要政策立场为支持自由市场经济,支持民主,维护中产阶级权益。虽然通常被认为是一个亲克里姆林宫的政党,但该党在若干场合反对总统普京的观点。正确事业在多个地方立法机构中占有议席。


Early life.

Clayton was born and raised in San Diego, California. Her father, Howard Clayton, was a criminal defense attorney, and her mother, Shelley, is an event planner. Clayton moved to New York City to pursue a career as a makeup artist when she was 19.

Career.

In 2010, Clayton was the makeup artist and co-host on VH1's first makeover show "TRANSform Me". The following year she played the recurring role of Kyla in the third season of the HBO series "Hung". In 2012, Clayton played the lead role of Michelle Darnell on the Emmy Award winning interactive web series "Dirty Work" and the role of Carla Favers on the TV series "Are We There Yet?" She also narrated the audiobook for the young adult novel "George" about a girl who was born a boy.  Clayton starred as one of the eight main characters in the Netflix original television series "Sense8" that premiered on June 5, 2015. In "Sense8" she played Nomi Marks, a trans woman, political blogger, and hacker living in San Francisco. Clayton said that she was primarily interested in "Sense8" because of the opportunity to play a transgender character written by a transgender filmmaker and to be on set with this person, while it was being a fan of science fiction and J. Michael Straczynski in particular that also attracted her to this project.  Clayton appeared in the 2016 film "The Neon Demon", and the 2017 thriller film "The Snowman".  In 2019, Clayton starred as Sasha Booker in the third season of the Netflix's "Designated Survivor".  In 2020, Clayton stars in The L Word: Generation Q, a long awaited sequel to the ground breaking Showtime Original, The L Word, which aired for six season starting in 2004. Season 2 of The L Word:Generation Q was announced by Showtime in January 2020. She is also guest starring in The CW’s Roswell: New Mexico.

Personal life.

Clayton is transgender. In 2011, she was honored by "Out" magazine as part of their annual "Out 100" awards.

Jamie Clayton (born January 15, 1978) is an American actress and model. Jamie is best known for starring as Nomi Marks in the Netflix original series "Sense8" and as Sasha Booker in the third season of "Designated Survivor".

杰米·克莱顿(英语:Jamie Clayton,1978年-1月15日)生于美国加利福尼亚州圣迭戈,是一位跨性别女演员、化妆师和模特儿。高中毕业后,克莱顿到纽约发展,成为化妆师,还做过模特儿,曾被《纽约观察家报》称为“纽约第二美女”。2010年时,克莱顿已学过表演课程,并和演员兼电视制作人拉维恩·考克斯共同主持了VH1真人秀节目《改变我吧》。之后她开始对电视业产生兴趣,逐渐涉足影视表演。2011年,克莱顿出演HBO电视剧《大器晚成》,拉开表演生涯序幕,接下来又出演多部电视剧。2015年,她开始主演沃卓斯基姐妹导演的英语:Netflix科幻电视剧《超感猎杀》,饰演主角诺米·马克斯(英语:Nomi Marks),逐渐在全球范围打响名气,之后还出演了其他多部电影和电视剧。