Species.

Following a review published in 2006, three species are recognized by FishBase:

Taxonomy.

Discus are fish from the genus "Symphysodon", which currently includes the species "S. aequifasciatus", "S. discus" and "S. tarzoo", based on a taxonomic review published in 2006. A review published in 2007 largely came to the same result, but differed in nomenclature, as the species called "S. tarzoo" in the 2006 study was called "S. aequifasciatus" in the 2007 study, and "S. aequifasciatus" in 2006 was "S. haraldi" in 2007. Further arguments have been made that "S. tarzoo" was not described in accordance with ICZN rules and thus should be considered invalid and replaced with "S. haraldi", currently considered a synonym of "S. aequifasciatus" by FishBase.  Other species and subspecies have been proposed, but morphometric data (unlike in "Pterophyllum", the freshwater angelfish) varies as much between individuals from one location as across the whole range of all discus fish species. "S. tarzoo" was described in 1959 and applies to the red-spotted western population. "S. aequifasciatus" and "S. discus", meanwhile, seem to hybridise frequently in the wild or have diverged recently, as they lack mitochondrial DNA lineage sorting but differ in color pattern and have dissimilar chromosomal translocation patterns. "S. discus" occurs mainly in the Rio Negro. Whether "S. haraldi" is indeed distinct from "S. aequifasciatus" remains to be determined; if valid it is widespread but it might just be a color morph. A molecular study in 2011 found five main groups, which generally matched previously recognized phenotypes. They recognized them as evolutionarily significant units and species. Their assigning of scientific names to species differed to some extent from that used by earlier authors: Heckel ("S. discus"; Rio Negro, upper Uatumã, Nhamundá, Trombetas and Abacaxis), green ("S. tarzoo"; West Amazon drainages upriver from the Purus arch), blue ("S." sp. 1; central Amazon from Purus arch to the Meeting of Waters), brown ("S. aequifasciatus"; East Amazon downriver from Meeting of Waters), Xingu group ("S." sp. 2; Xingu and Tocantins). The Xingu group currently lacks a scientific name, but it is possible that the correct name for the blue is "S. haraldi". This taxonomy with four described valid species, "S. discus", "S. tarzoo", "S. haraldi" and "S. aequifasciatus", has been adopted by the Catalog of Fishes. Some hybridisation occurs (or has occurred) between the brown discus and neighbouring forms, but overall they maintain their separate evolutionary trajectories.  In addition to the wild discus, several captive variants achieved by selective breeding exist. Based on RAPD sequences, the captive variants popularly known as turquoise, pigeon, ghost, cobalt and solid red are derived from wild green, blue and brown discus (not Heckel discus).

Description.

Like cichlids from the genus "Pterophyllum" (angelfish), all "Symphysodon" species have a laterally compressed body shape. In contrast to "Pterophyllum", however, extended finnage is absent giving "Symphysodon" a more rounded shape. It is this body shape from which their common name, "discus", is derived. The sides of the fish are frequently patterned in shades of green, red, brown, and blue. Some of the more brightly marked variants are the result of selective breeding by aquarists and do not exist in the wild. Discus typically reach up to in length, but captives have been claimed to reach. Adults generally weigh. There is no clear sexual dimorphism for this fish, but males may reach a larger size than females. In breeding form varieties, solid red discus (red melon, red cover) females are generally redder than males.

Behavior.

"Symphysodon" are highly social, typically occurring in groups that may number many dozens of individuals, which is unique among cichlids of the Americas. When breeding, the pair moves away from the group, possibly to reduce the risk of cannibalism of the young. As for most cichlids, brood care is highly developed with both the parents caring for the young. Additionally, adult discus produce a secretion through their skin, which the larvae live off during their first four weeks. During the first two weeks, the parents stay near their young allowing them to feed easily. In the last two they swim away, resulting in the young being gradually "weaned off" and starting to fend for themselves. Although rare in fish, more than 30 species of cichlids are known to feed their young with skin secretion to various extent, including "Pseudetroplus" and "Uaru" species. Sexual maturity is reached in one year.  Recent research have shown that, through this unique parental care behaviour (Discus parents feeding their progeny with skin mucus), Discus fish parents transmit key microorganisms to their fry. This parent-to-offspring transmission of important microorganisms might explain the high survival rate of discus fry raised with their parents, compared to the low survival rate of progenies raised artificially by Discus fish breeders (e.g. on egg yolk, brine shrimp or other replacement foods).  "Symphysodon" primarily feed on algae, other plant material and detritus (periphyton), but also eat small invertebrates. Invertebrates can make up 38% of the stomach content in wild "S. aequifasciatus" during the high-water season, but this decreases during the low-water season and year-round it is generally lower in the other species. Unlike more predatory cichlids, "Symphysodon" have relatively long intestines typical of a herbivore or omnivore.

Distribution and habitat.

"Symphysodon" species inhabit the margins of floodplain lakes and rivers in the lowland Amazon basin, where it is part of the highly diverse Neotropical fish fauna. "S. discus" is restricted to blackwater habitats, but periodically these may experience brief floods of whitewater. "S. tarzoo" is found in both black and whitewater, and "S. aequifasciatus" also occurs in clearwater. Because of their preference for lentic habitats such as floodplains and flooded forests, whitewater inhabited by discus contain little suspended material (unlike main sections of whitewater rivers).  The three species of "Symphysodon" have different geographic distributions. "S. aequifasciatus" occurs in the East Amazon downriver from the Purus arch and "S. tarzoo" in the West Amazon upriver from the Purus arch. In contrast the distribution of "S. discus" appears to be limited to the lower reaches of the Rio Negro, upper Uatumã, Nhamundá, Trombetas and Abacaxis Rivers.  The Nanay River in far western Amazonas is outside the native range; discus in this river were introduced from stock originating in the Tefé area by an aquarium exporter more than 30 years ago.  In the present day, a significant number of discus live in fish farms in southeast Asia. These discus go to home aquariums around the world.

Home aquarium.

Discus are kept by fishkeepers in the home aquarium. They are considered difficult to keep, and require regular large water changes, a school of other discus, and slightly acidic water. Their striking appearance has earned them the nickname "King of the Aquarium". However, with more and more breeders breeding them, they have been accustomed to tap water conditions.  In home aquariums, discus live for an average of 10 years, but can live up to 15 years, and can grow up to 8 inches. Fish that mix well with them include cardinal tetras, German blue rams, and other fish that hail from similar regions and water conditions as them. They do not do as well with larger or more aggressive fish, such as clown loaches. Like many fish in the home aquarium, they will eat almost anything that fits within their mouth, something that needs to be taken into account when stocking the aquarium.  Due to their size and requirements for tankmates, they often require a minimum 55–75 gallon aquarium, which means that setting up a discus aquarium requires attention to the ability of the floor to support weight.  Each year the World Discus Competition takes place in Guangzhou, China. The North American Discus Association focuses on supporting both hobbyists and helping to support wild discus.

Symphysodon, colloquially known as discus, is a genus of cichlids native to the Amazon river basin in South America. Due to their distinctive shape, behavior, and bright colors and patterns, discus are popular as freshwater aquarium fish, and their aquaculture in several countries in Asia is a major industry. They are sometimes referred to as pompadour fish.

盘丽鱼属(学名:"Symphysodon"),也称七彩神仙鱼属,是丽鱼科的一属,原产亚马逊河流域。为一类常见的热带淡水观赏鱼类。因成鱼的身体侧扁呈圆盘形,故名,体色会随着年龄的不同而变化。背鳍与臀鳍比较发达,尾鳍呈扇形。一般分为两种以及四亚种:


Early life.

Roderick George Toombs was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, on April 17, 1954, the son of Eileen ("née" Anderson) and Stanley Baird Toombs. He was raised in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and attended Windsor Park Collegiate. His father was an officer with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) while they lived in The Pas, Manitoba. After being expelled

Professional wrestling career.

Training and early career (1969-1975).

Piper was a boxer and an amateur wrestler before he started to become a professional wrestler, and won the Golden Gloves boxing championship. He was awarded a black belt in Judo from Gene LeBell. He started wrestling under the care of promoter Al Tomko in Canada, his first match involving "midget wrestlers" in front of a lumberjack audience in Churchill, Manitoba. He soon began earning money wrestling while still going to school. His first match in a

National Wrestling Alliance territories (1975–1983).

California and Portland (1975–1980).

By late 1975 and early 1976, Piper was a top villain for Mike and Gene LeBell's NWA Hollywood Wrestling. In 1977–78, he also started to work for Roy Shire's NWA San Francisco Wrestling in addition to remaining with the Los Angeles office, where Piper developed his Rowdy character. During this time, he made continuous insults directed at the area's Mexican community; he later promised to repent by playing the Mexican national anthem on his bagpipes only to anger the fans further by playing "La Cucaracha" instead, which in turn caused a riot. Piper also managed a stable of wrestlers in California.  In the Los Angeles area, Piper feuded with Chavo Guerrero Sr., and his father Gory Guerrero. Piper and Chavo Guerrero

Georgia and Mid-Atlantic (1980–1983).

In the early 1980s, Piper ventured to the Mid-Atlantic territory where he beat Jack Brisco for the Mid-Atlantic title. He also defeated Ric Flair for the US belt which turned into a feud. From 1981–82, Piper served as a commentator on Georgia Championship Wrestling (GCW) and feuded with the likes of Bob Armstrong, Dick Slater, and Tommy Rich. During the summer of 1982, Piper became a fan favorite after knocking out Don Muraco and Ole Anderson to save broadcast partner Gordon Solie from Muraco, who had grown angry at Solie questioning his tactics. In "Wrestling to Rasslin", Gerald W. Morton and George M. O'Brien described the transformation: "the drama finally played itself out

World Wrestling Federation (1979, 1984-1996).

Early appearances (1979).

Before entering the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) full-time in 1984, Piper wrestled five matches with the WWF under Vince McMahon Sr. in 1979 at Madison

"Piper's Pit" (1984–1987).

In 1983, WWF owner Vince McMahon contacted Piper, who insisted on serving out his contract with Jim Crockett before starting his WWF run in 1984. Piper debuted in the WWF as a manager because of injuries he suffered during a dog-collar match at Starrcade; he managed "Dr. D" David Schultz and "Mr. Wonderful" Paul Orndorff, eventually Piper's run as a manager quietly ended and Piper started wrestling full-time. He was given his own interview segment called "Piper's Pit" on "Championship Wrestling" and "Wrestling at the Chase" in 1984, starting a run of the segment that ended in 1987. During one "Piper's Pit", Piper insulted Jimmy Snuka's Polynesian heritage and attacked Snuka by smashing him over the head with a coconut. Piper also insulted Bruno Sammartino during a "Piper's Pit" segment, which led to a feud that ended in a steel cage match which Piper lost.  Piper's next major storyline was with Hulk Hogan and also involved pop singer Cyndi Lauper. In 1985, MTV broadcast "The War to Settle the Score", which featured a main-event match between Piper and Hogan, who was accompanied to the ring by Lauper, Captain Lou Albano, and Mr. T. This event set up the very

Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion (1989–1992).

In 1989, Piper returned from a two-year hiatus. Although WrestleMania V was billed as his return, he actually made his first appearance on March 19 in Denver, CO at a house show when he hosted a live "Piper's Pit" and interviewed Brother Love. Two weeks later at WrestleMania V he did make his official return with another live "Piper's Pit", where he hosed down a smoking Morton Downey Jr. with a fire extinguisher. He made his return to the ring on May 12, substituting

Return and "The Bottom Line" (1994–1996).

He reemerged once again in 1994 at WrestleMania X as guest referee for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship match between Bret Hart and Yokozuna. During the match, commentator Jerry "The King" Lawler remarked that he hated Piper and continued to taunt Piper on his "King's Court" segment on "Monday Night Raw", eventually culminating with Lawler bringing out a young, skinny impersonator in a Piper T-shirt and kilt and forcing him to kiss his feet. Enraged, Piper agreed to wrestle Lawler at the King of the Ring, where Piper emerged victorious. Piper wrestled

President of the WWF (1996).

On the January 29, 1996 episode of "Monday Night RAW", Piper returned for another regular role, as he was named as interim WWF President after Gorilla Monsoon had to take a leave of absence due to an attack by Vader. On February 24 at a house show at East Rutherford, New Jersey he made his first match appearance in almost two years. As a substitute for Razor Ramon, Piper defeated The 1-2-3 Kid after hitting him with a ring bell. He wrestled twice more against the Kid on house shows that month.  As president, one of Piper's first acts was to reinstate The Ultimate Warrior back into the WWF after a letter campaign written

World Championship Wrestling.

Feuding with nWo (1996–1998).

Piper joined World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in the fall of 1996. He made his surprise WCW debut as a fan favorite at the Halloween Havoc pay-per-view in October to insult the nWo leader and the World Heavyweight Champion Hollywood Hogan. On the November 18 episode of "Nitro", Piper revealed that Eric Bischoff was a member of the nWo, which ended with the nWo attacking him. on the December 9 episode of "Nitro", Piper told Flair that he didn't need the Four Horsemen's help in beating Hogan and he was going

Various storylines and departure (1999–2000).

On the February 8, 1999 episode of "Nitro", Piper defeated Bret Hart to win his third United States Heavyweight Championship; the first two reigns being in JCP. Piper held the title for only two weeks as he lost the title to Scott Hall at SuperBrawl IX. In late 1999, Piper was featured on WCW television, in an angle with Vince Russo, who was now portraying himself as the "Powers That Be" (an unseen power that was controlling WCW). At Slamboree (1999), Piper defeated Flair by disqualification, and the following month

Xcitement Wrestling Federation (2001–2002).

Before going to the WWE in 2003, Piper served as the commissioner of the

Return to WWE (2003).

Piper returned to WWE on March 30, 2003, by conducting a surprise run in during the Hulk Hogan-Vince McMahon match at WrestleMania XIX in Seattle, Washington, where he attacked Hogan with a steel pipe to cement his heel status; Hogan nevertheless eventually won the match. Piper went on to align with Sean O'Haire; at Backlash in April, Rikishi hit Piper with Piper's own coconut, but this led to O'Haire defeating Rikishi.  In May, as Hulk Hogan had been banned in storyline from television by Vince McMahon, Hogan returned under a mask as Mr. America, and continued his feud with Piper, O'Haire and McMahon, who tried to reveal Mr. America's true identity. This storyline also saw

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2002–2005).

Piper debuted for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) promotion on December 4, 2002, at an NWA-TNA pay-per-view and started a feud with Vince Russo, cutting a promo where he blamed Russo for the death of Owen Hart. From September to December 2003, Piper gave video-tape messages and on the October 8, 2004 episode of "Impact!", Piper crashed the Impact Zone and announced

Second return to WWE.

WWE Hall of Fame and World Tag Team Champion (2005–2006).

On February 21, 2005, it was announced that Piper was to be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame. Piper held an episode of "Piper's Pit" at WrestleMania 21 where he interviewed Stone Cold Steve Austin. On the July 11, 2005 episode of "Raw", Piper received a superkick from Shawn Michaels, the guest for "Piper's Pit". In October and November 2005, Piper feuded with Cowboy Bob Orton and Randy Orton, after they attacked him during a session of "Piper's Pit" with Mick Foley. While Piper defeated both Ortons in a handicap match and made Bob submit in a six-man tag match, the feud ended with Randy interfering in

Final feuds and retirement (2007–2011).

In 2007, Piper appeared in February to announce Dusty Rhodes for the WWE Hall of Fame, and also in June for "Vince McMahon Appreciation Night". In 2008, Piper made a surprise appearance in the Royal Rumble match by attacking Jimmy Snuka, but was eliminated by Kane. Piper then had a series of confrontations with Santino Marella in 2008, including on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!". At Cyber Sunday (2008), Piper was one of three choices to be Santino Marella‘s opponent for the Intercontinental Championship, with The Honky Tonk Man being chosen. The match ended by disqualification and after the match Piper and Goldust made their way down to the ring confronting and attacking Marella.  On the February 16, 2009 episode of "Raw", after Chris Jericho insulted WWE legends, Piper interrupted him and was attacked by Jericho for it. The feud culminated in

Sporadic appearances and departure (2011–2015).

On the April 10, 2012 episode of "SmackDown", Daniel Bryan and AJ Lee were guest of "Piper's Pit". On the June 18 episode of "Raw", Piper reunited with Cyndi Lauper. At "Raw 1000", Piper and various other veterans helped Lita defeat Heath Slater. On the August 13, 2012 episode of "Raw", Chris Jericho was the guest for "Piper's Pit", but Dolph Ziggler and the Miz interrupted.  On the January 6, 2014 episode of "Raw", The Shield were guests for "Piper's Pit". On the March 31, 2014 episode of "Raw", Piper hosted "Piper's Pit"

Independent circuit (2005–2012).

In February 2005 at WrestleReunion, Piper teamed with Jimmy Valiant and Jimmy Snuka against Colonel DeBeers, "Cowboy" Bob Orton, and "Playboy" Buddy Rose. On January 29, 2011, Piper made his debut for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) during the WrestleReunion 5 weekend, defeating nineteen other men, last eliminating Terry Funk, to win the Legends Battle Royal.  Piper's last documented match occurred on August 12, 2011, at the JCW Legends and Icons event.

Other media.

Music videos.

In the 1980s, Piper also appeared in singer Cyndi Lauper's music video for the song "The Goonies 'R' Good Enough". Piper performed the song, "For Everybody", on "The Wrestling Album" (Columbia Records, 1985), based on the

Acting and hosting.

"Deadline Hollywood" wrote, "During and after his wrestling days, Piper racked up dozens of film and TV credits, starring in numerous action B-movies and later doing voice work". The most famous of Piper's acting exploits was in the 1988 science fiction film "They Live", directed by John Carpenter, which spawned the catchphrase Piper came up with—"I have come here to chew bubble gum and kick ass. And I'm all out of bubble gum."—as well as the long fight scene over sunglasses against Keith David which took three weeks to rehearse. The line

Voice acting.

In 2006, Roddy Piper ventured into the realm of voice acting, providing the voice of himself in "Metal Militia"—an episode of Cartoon Network's animated series "Robot Chicken"—and the voice of The Pyro

Toys.

Piper is one of several real people to be immortalized with a "G.I. Joe" action figure of himself, as "Rowdy" Roddy Piper,

Video games.

Piper is playable character in 14 wrestling video games. He made his first appearance in "". He later appeared in "WCW/nWo Revenge", "WCW/nWo Thunder", "Legends of Wrestling II", "SmackDown! Here Comes the Pain", "", "WWE Day of Reckoning", "WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw", "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007", "WWE SmackDown

Personal life.

Toombs and his wife Kitty Jo Dittrich were married from 1982 until his death in 2015. They had four children. His daughter Teal Piper made her professional wrestling debut for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) in August 2019 at AEW All Out. Shortly after that announcement, it was revealed that Piper had signed a contract with Women of Wrestling (WOW).  On November 27, 2006, it was announced on WWE.com that Toombs had Hodgkin's lymphoma; he finished radiation therapy on January 15, 2007. This was also confirmed on Toombs' official website, where he posted messages of thanks to all his fans

Death.

On July 31, 2015, Toombs died in his sleep at the age of 61 at his summer residence in Hollywood, California. His death certificate cites a cardiopulmonary arrest caused by hypertension, listing a pulmonary embolism as a contributing factor; "TMZ" reported this as a heart attack caused by the embolism. Toombs' long-time friend Bruce Prichard revealed on his podcast that he received a voicemail from Piper the night of his death. In the message, Piper indicated that he had not been feeling well and that he would be going to sleep it off.  News of his death broke minutes before the Hall of Heroes dinner to cap off the Mid-Atlantic Wrestling Legends FanFest in Charlotte, North Carolina, where about

Legacy.

Piper is considered one of the greatest talkers and heels in wrestling history. "Piper's Pit" interview segments were considered innovative, especially in an atmosphere where only the people like the world champion got to talk, and the wrestlers were the interviewees—never the interviewers. Many of the people on "Piper's Pit" never got to be world champion, but were main eventers. According to Bobby "The Brain" Heenan, he could just leave Piper in a room and return twenty minutes later with Piper having done a class-A promo. WWE named him the greatest villain in wrestling history.  Dave Meltzer of the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" described Piper as "one of the key figures in the growth of WWF. In particular, he helped power the success of the first WrestleMania: the most important show in company history".  Mixed martial artist Ronda Rousey was nicknamed "Rowdy" by her friends, however she initially rejected using it professionally, feeling it would be disrespectful to Piper. After being introduced to him through Gene LeBell, Piper gave her his approval to use the nickname. On the day of his death, she dedicated her next day's UFC 190 title match with Bethe Correia to him. After quickly winning it, she noted him first in her post-fight interview. In 2018, when Rousey made her full-time WWE debut, she wore the jacket that Piper wore, which was given to her by his son.  In April 2019, Piper was honored with a statue as part of WrestleMania Axxess in Brooklyn, New York.

Roderick George Toombs (April 17, 1954 – July 31, 2015) was a Canadian professional wrestler and actor, better known by his ring name "Rowdy" Roddy Piper.

罗迪·派珀(英语:Roddy Piper,1954年-4月17日-2015年-7月31日),本名罗德里克·乔治·图姆斯(英语:Roderick George Toombs),加拿大电影演员及退休职业摔角选手,并与世界摔角娱乐签约成为Podcast主持人。罗迪·派珀最知名的时期是待在世界摔角联盟的时候。虽然罗迪·派珀是加拿大人,但由于他的苏格兰传统,他被宣传是来自苏格兰格拉斯哥,而他的代表也是苏格兰裙及风笛进场乐。


Early life, education and personal life.

Paul Marvin Rudolph was born October 23, 1918 in Elkton, Kentucky. His father was an itinerant Methodist preacher, and through their travels Rudolph was exposed to the architecture of the American south. He also showed early talent at painting and music. Rudolph earned his bachelor's degree in architecture at Auburn University (then known as Alabama Polytechnic Institute) in 1940 and then moved on to the Harvard Graduate School of Design to study with Bauhaus founder Walter Gropius. After three years, he left to serve in the Navy for another three years, returning to Harvard to receive his master's in 1947. Rudolph was gay. He is one of the modernist architects considered one of the pioneers of the Sarasota School of Architecture.

Work.

Following his studies at Harvard, Rudolph moved to Sarasota, Florida, and partnered with Ralph Twitchell for four years until he started his own practice in 1952. Rudolph's Sarasota time is now part of the period labeled Sarasota School of Architecture in his career.  Notable for its appearance in the 1958 book "Masters of Modern Architecture", the W. R. Healy Guest House – nicknamed The Cocoon House – was a one-story guest house built in 1950 on Siesta Key, Sarasota, Florida. The roof was concave and was constructed using a built-up spray-on process that Rudolph had seen used to cocoon disused ships during his time in the US Navy (hence, the house's nickname). In addition, Rudolph used jalousie windows, which enabled the characteristic breezes to and from the Sarasota Bay to flow through the house.  Other Sarasota landmarks by Rudolph include the Riverview High School, built in 1957 as his first large-scale project. In 2006, there was a great deal of controversy in Sarasota when many members of the community appealed for the retention of the historic building after the decision reached by the county school board to demolish the structure. As Charles Gwathmey, the architect overseeing renovation of Art and Architecture Building at Yale, said:  In June 2009, Riverview High School was demolished.  Another school building in Sarasota designed by Rudolph was the 1960 addition to Sarasota High School, a concrete structure that utilized large overhanging sunshades and "internal" yet outside corridors with natural ventilation. This building, along with a gymnasium structure built at the same time, has recently undergone a renovation by the Sarasota County School Board that reinstated the building's original exterior appearance, but contains a completely new interior layout.  In the late 1950s, Paul Rudolph's Florida houses began to attract attention outside of the architectural community and he started receiving commissions for larger works such as the Jewett Art Center at Wellesley College. He then took the chairmanship of the Yale Department of Architecture in 1958, shortly after designing the Yale Art & Architecture Building. Rudolph stayed at Yale for six years until he returned to private practice. He designed the Temple Street Parking Garage, also in New Haven, in 1961.  While chair of the Department of Architecture at Yale, Rudolph taught Muzharul Islam, Norman Foster and Richard Rogers, all attending the Master's course as scholarship students. Foster in particular has noted the significant influence that Rudolph had upon him. Rudolph was invited to Bangladesh by Muzharul Islam and designed Bangladesh Agricultural University.  He worked on the Milam Residence, which was designed and constructed between 1959 and 1961. It still stands today on Florida's eastern coast, outside Jacksonville. Here, the only dimensional control was the size of standard concrete blocks that were used (8 x 8 x 16 in), fair-faced, for structural and partition walls alike. The large blocks provide shade for the windows, allowing the Florida home to be easily cooled. This house's seaside facade of stacked rectangles exemplifies the sculptural nature of Rudolph's work during this period. From inside the structure, Rudolf wanted the inhabitants to locate themselves according to mood, so the large two-story window in the living room contrasts other areas of the home which feel more cave-like and secluded. Rudolph's fascination with European Modernism and the neo-Classical theory made this a difficult building to construct. Rudolph had to show concern for multiple influences as well as his own style. At the time, Rudolph was working independently and would later become an icon in European Modernism.  In 1958, Rudolph was commissioned to create a master plan for Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama. He also collaborated with graduates of Tuskegee's architecture school on the design of a new chapel building, completed in 1969.  He later designed the Government Service Center in Boston, First Church in Boston, the main campus of University of Massachusetts Dartmouth (originally known as Southeastern Massachusetts Technological Institute, and later as the Southeastern Massachusetts University), the Jewett Arts Center at Wellesley College, the Endo Pharmaceuticals Building, the Dana Arts Center at Colgate University, and the Burroughs Wellcome headquarters in North Carolina. His Shoreline apartments in Buffalo, completed in 1974, were pioneering low income housing, designed as part of a larger masterplan for the city's waterfront that was never completed.  While the Brutalist style fell out of favor in the U.S. during the 1970s, Rudolph's work evolved, and became in demand in other countries. Rudolph designed reflective glass office towers in this period, such as the City Center Towers in Fort Worth, Texas, which departed from his concrete works. Rudolph continued working on projects in Singapore, where he designed The Concourse office tower with its ribbon windows and interweaving floors, as well as projects in other Asian countries through the last years of his life. His work, the Lippo Centre, completed in 1987, is located in the area near Admiralty Station of MTR in Hong Kong, and a culmination of Rudolph's ideas in reflective glass. In Indonesia Rudolph-designed buildings can be found in Jakarta (Wisma Dharmala Sakti) and Surabaya (Wisma Dharmala Sakti 2).  Paul Rudolph donated his archive, spanning his entire career, to the Library of Congress, as well as donating all intellectual property rights to the American people. His bequest also helped to establish the Center for Architecture, Design, and Engineering at the Library of Congress.  The Fullam Residence is an obscure commission designed in 1957, and built in 1959. It was never published in the Rudolph portfolio at the request of the owners, John and Alice Fullam House. In 2004, when they were contemplating moving, the owners became concerned over preservation of the house, reading that many Rudolph buildings were being destroyed. In 2007 it was sold to preservationist owners who did a major restoration addressing many of the modern code issues, in 2017 the third bay, that was part of the original 1957 design was completed.  The Paul Rudolph Penthouse & Apartments (1977–82), at 23 Beekman Place in Manhattan, was designated a New York City Landmark in 2010.

Death.

Rudolph died on August 8, 1997, at the age of seventy-eight in New York from peritoneal mesothelioma.

Paul Marvin Rudolph (October 23, 1918 – August 8, 1997) was an American architect and the chair of Yale University's Department of Architecture for six years, known for his use of concrete and highly complex floor plans. His most famous work is the Yale Art and Architecture Building (A&A Building), a spatially complex brutalist concrete structure.

保罗·马尔文·鲁道夫(Paul Marvin Rudolph;1918年-10月23日-1997年-8月8日),美国建筑师。


Early years.

Born Nguyễn Phúc Đảm at Gia Định in the middle of the Second Tây Sơn – Nguyễn Civil War, Minh Mạng was the fourth son of lord Nguyễn Phúc Ánh – future Emperor Gia Long. His mother was Gia Long's second wife Trần Thị Đang (historically known as Empress Thuận Thiên). At the age of three, under the effect of a written agreement made by Gia Long with his first wife Tống Thị Lan (Empress Thừa Thiên), he was taken in and raised by the lord consort as her own son.  Following Thừa Thiên's death in 1814, it was supposed that her grandson, Crown Prince Cảnh's eldest son Mỹ Đường, would be responsible for conducting the funeral. Gia Long however, brought out the agreement to insist that Phúc Đảm, as Thừa Thiên's son, should be the one fulfilling the duty. Despite opposition from mandarins such as Nguyễn Văn Thành, Gia Long was decisive with his selection.  In 1816, Gia Long appointed Đảm as his heir apparent. After the ceremony, Crown Prince Đảm moved to Thanh Hòa Palace and started assisting his father in processing documents and discussing country issues.  Gia Long's death coincided with the re-establishment of the Paris Missionary Society's operations in Vietnam, which had closed in 1792 during the chaos of the power struggle between Gia Long and the Tây Sơn brothers before Vietnam was unified. In the early years of Minh Mạng's government, the most serious challenge came from one of his father's most trusted lieutenants and a national hero in Vietnam, Lê Văn Duyệt, who had led the Nguyễn forces to victory at Qui Nhơn in 1801 against the Tây Sơn dynasty and was made regent in the south by Gia Long with full freedom to rule and deal with foreign powers.

Policy towards missionaries.

In February 1825, Minh Mạng banned missionaries from entering Vietnam. French vessels entering Vietnamese harbours were ordered to be searched with extra care. All entries were to be watched "lest some masters of the European religion enter furtively, mix with the people and spread darkness in the kingdom." In an imperial edict, Christianity was described as the "perverse European" (practice) and accused of "corrupting the hearts of men".  Between 1833 and 1838, seven missionaries were sentenced to death, amongst them Pierre Borie, Joseph Marchand, and Jean-Charles Cornay. He first attempted to stifle the spread of Christianity by attempting to isolate Catholic priests and missionaries from the populace. He asserted that he had no French interpreters after Chaigneau's departure and summoned the French clergy to Hue and appointed them as mandarins of high rank to woo them from their proselytising. This worked until a priest, Father Regereau, entered the country and began missionary work. Following the edict which forbade further entry of missionaries into Vietnam, arrests of clerics began. After strong lobbying by Duyệt, the governor of Cochin China, and a close confidant of Gia Long and Pigneau de Behaine, Minh Mạng agreed to release the priests on the condition that they congregate at Đà Nẵng and return to France. Some of them obeyed the orders, but others disobeyed the order upon being released, and returned to their parishes and resumed preaching.

Isolationist foreign policy.

Minh Mạng continued and intensified his father's isolationist and conservative Confucian policies. His father had rebuffed a British delegation in 1804 proposing that Vietnam be opened to trade. The delegation's gifts were not accepted and turned away. At the time, Vietnam was under no threat of colonisation, since most of Europe was engaged in the Napoleonic Wars. Nevertheless, Napoleon had seen Vietnam as a strategically important objective in the colonial power struggle in Asia, as he felt that it would make an ideal base from which to contest the British East India Company's control of the Indian subcontinent. With the restoration of the monarchy and the final departure of Napoleon in 1815, the military scene in Europe quieted and French interest in Vietnam was revived. Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau, one of the volunteers of Pigneau de Behaine who had helped Gia Long in his quest for power, had become a mandarin and continued to serve Minh Mạng, upon whose ascension, Chaigneau and his colleagues were treated more distantly. He eventually left in November 1824. In 1825, he was appointed as French consul to Vietnam after returning to his homeland to visit his family after more than a quarter of a century in Asia. Upon his return, Minh Mạng received him coldly. The policy of isolationism soon saw Vietnam fall further behind and become more vulnerable as political stability returned to continental Europe, allowing her colonial powers a free hand to once again direct their attention towards further conquests. With his Confucian orthodoxy, Minh Mạng shunned all western influence and ideas as hostile and avoided all contact.  In 1819, Lieutenant John White of the United States Navy was the first American to make contact with Vietnam, arriving in Saigon. Minh Mạng was willing to sign a contract, but only to purchase artillery, firearms, uniforms and books. White was of the opinion that the deal was not sufficiently advantageous and nothing was implemented. In 1821, a trade agreement from Louis XVIII was turned away, with Minh Mạng indicating that no special deal would be offered to any country. That same year, British East India Company agent John Crawfurd made another attempt at contact, but was only allowed to disembark in the northern ports of Tonkin; he gained no agreements, but concluded relations with France posed no threat to Company trade. In 1822, the French frigate "La Cleopatre" visited Tourane (present day Đà Nẵng). Her captain was to pay his respects to Minh Mạng, but was greeted with a symbolic dispatch of troops as though an invasion had been expected. In 1824 Minh Mạng rejected the offer of an alliance from Burma against Siam, a common enemy of both countries. In 1824 Henri Baron de Bougainville was sent by Louis XVIII to Vietnam with the stated mission "of peace and protection of commerce. Upon arriving in Tourane in 1825, it was not allowed ashore. The royal message was turned away on the pretext that there was nobody able to translate it. It was assumed that the snub was related to an attempt by Bougainville to smuggle ashore a Catholic missionary from the Missions étrangères de Paris. Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau's nephew, Eugène Chaigneau, was sent to Vietnam in 1826 as the intended consul but was forced to leave the country without taking up his position.  Further fruitless attempts to start a commercial deal were led by de Kergariou in 1827 and Admiral Laplace in 1831. Another effort by Chaigneau in 1829 also failed. In 1831 another French envoy was turned away. Vietnam under Minh Mạng was the first East Asian country with whom the United States sought foreign relations. President Andrew Jackson tried twice to contact Minh Mạng, sending Edmund Roberts in 1832, and Consul Joseph Balestier in 1836, to no avail. In 1837 and 1838, "La bonite" and "L'Artémise" were ordered to land in Tourane to attempt to gauge the situation in Vietnam with respect to missionary work. Both were met with hostility and communication was prevented. Later, in 1833 and 1834, a war with Siam was fought over control of Cambodia which for the preceding century had been reduced to impotence and had fallen under the control of its two neighbours.  After Vietnam under Gia Long gained control over Cambodia in the early 19th century, a Vietnamese-approved monarch was installed. Minh Mạng was forced to put down a Siamese attempt to regain control of the vassal as well as an invasion of southern Vietnam which coincided with rebellion by Lê Văn Khôi. The Siamese planned the invasion to coincide with the rebellion, putting enormous strain on the Nguyễn armies. Eventually, Minh Mạng's forces were able to repel the invasion as well as the revolt in Saigon, and he reacted to western aggression by blaming Christianity and showing hostility, leading to the European powers asserting that intervention was needed to protect their missionaries. This resulted in missed opportunities to avert future colonisation through having friendly relations, since strong opposition was raised in France against an invasion, due to the costs of such a venture. After China was attacked by Britain in the Opium War, Minh Mạng attempted to build an alliance with European powers by sending a delegation of two lower rank mandarins and two interpreters in 1840. They were received in Paris by Prime Minister Marshal Soult and the Commerce Minister, but they were shunned by King Louis-Philippe. This came after the Society of Foreign Missions and the Holy See had urged a rebuke for an "enemy of the religion". The delegation went on to London, with no success.

Domestic program.

On the domestic front, Minh Mạng continued his father's national policies of reorganising the administrative structure of the government. These included the construction of highways, a postal service, public storehouses for food, monetary and agrarian reforms. He continued to redistribute land periodically and forbade all other sales of land to prevent wealthy citizens from reacquiring excessive amounts of land with their money. In 1840 it was decreed that rich landowners had to return a third of their holdings to the community. Calls for basic industrialisation and diversification of the economy into fields such as mining and forestry were ignored. He further centralised the administration, introduced the definition of three levels of performance in the triennial examinations for recruiting mandarins. In 1839, Minh Mạng introduced a program of salaries and pensions for princes and mandarins to replace the traditional assignment of fief estates.

Conquests and ethnic minority policy.

Minh Mạng enacted the final conquest of the Champa Kingdom after the centuries long Cham–Vietnamese wars. The Cham Muslim leader Katip Suma was educated in Kelantan and came back to Champa to declare a Jihad against the Vietnamese after Emperor Minh Mạng's annexation of Champa. The Vietnamese coercively fed lizard and pig meat to Cham Muslims and cow meat to Cham Hindus against their will to punish them and assimilate them to Vietnamese culture.

Rebellions.

Minh Mạng was regarded as being in touch with the concerns of the populace. Frequent local rebellions reminded him of their plight. Descendants of the old Lê dynasty fomented dissent in the north, appealing not only to the peasantry but to the Catholic minority. They attempted to enlist foreign help by promising to open up to missionaries. Local leaders in the south were upset with the loss of the relative political autonomy they enjoyed under Duyệt. With Duyệt's death in 1832, a strong defender of Christianity passed. Catholics had traditionally been inclined to side with rebel movements against the monarchy more than most Vietnamese and this erupted after Duyệt's death. Minh Mạng ordered Duyệt posthumously indicted and one hundred lashes were applied to his grave. This caused indignation against southerners who respected Duyệt. In July 1833, a revolt broke out under the leadership of his adopted son, Lê Văn Khôi. Historical opinion is divided with scholars contesting whether the grave desecration or the loss of southern autonomy after Duyệt's death was the main catalyst. Khôi's rebels brought Cochinchina under their control and proposed to replace Minh Mạng with a son of Prince Cảnh. Khôi took into hostage French missionary Joseph Marchand within the citadel, thinking that his presence would win over Catholic support. Khôi enlisted Siamese support, which was forthcoming and helped put Minh Mạng on the defense for a period. Eventually, however, the Siamese were defeated and the south was recaptured by royalist forces, who besieged Saigon. Khôi died during the siege in December 1834 and Saigon fell nine months later in September 1835 and the rebel commanders put to death. In all the estimates of the captured rebels was put between 500 and 2000, who were executed. The missionaries were rounded up and ordered out of the country. The first French missionary executed was Gagelin in October 1833, the second was Marchand, who was put to death along with the other leaders of the Saigon citadel which surrendered in September 1835. From then until 1838 five more missionaries were put to death. The missionaries began seeking protection from their home countries and the use of force against Asians.  Minh Mạng pursued a policy of cultural assimilation of non-Viet ethnic groups which from 1841, through 1845, led to southern Vietnam experiencing a series of ethnic revolts.

Ruling style.

Minh Mạng was known for his firmness of character, which guided his instincts in his policy making. This accentuated his unwillingness to break with orthodoxy in dealing with Vietnam's problems. His biographer, Marcel Gaultier, asserted that Minh Mạng had expressed his opinions about national policy before Gia Long's death, proposing a policy of greater isolationism and shunning westerners, and that Long tacitly approved of this. Minh Mạng was regarded as more nuanced and gentle than his father, with less forced labour and an increased perceptiveness towards the sentiment of the peasantry. His strict belief in Confucian society enabled him to neutralize rebellions incited by Christian missionaries and their Vietnamese converts. This affirmation of Vietnam's cultural and religious sovereignty angered France, which had territorial designs on Vietnam. France then furthered its policy of undermining Vietnam and, in 1858, after Minh Mạng's death, French troops would briefly occupy Tourane, demanding that the so-called "persecutions" stop. This was the beginning of the French campaign to occupy and colonize Vietnam.  Although he disagreed with European culture and thinking, he studied it closely and was known for his scholarly nature. Ming Mạng was keen in Western technologies, namely mechanics, weaponry and navigation which he attempted to introduce into Vietnam. Upon hearing of the vaccination against smallpox, he organised for a French surgeon to live in a palatial residence and vaccinate the royal family against the disease. He was learned in Eastern philosophy and was regarded as an intellectually oriented monarch. He was also known for his writings as a poet. He was known for his attention to detail and micromanagement of state affairs, to a level that "astonished his contemporaries". As a result, he was held in high-regard for his devotion to running the country. When Minh Mạng died, he left the throne to his son, Emperor Thiệu Trị, who was more rigidly Confucianist and anti-imperialist than his father. During Thiệu Trị's reign, diplomatic standoffs precipitated by aspiring European imperial powers on the pretext of the "treatment" of Catholic priests gave them an excuse to use gunboat diplomacy on Vietnam, and led to increasing raids and the eventual colonisation of Vietnam by France. Nevertheless, during his reign Minh Mạng had established a more efficient government, stopped a Siamese invasion and built many national monuments in the imperial city of Huế.

Successions.

Minh Mạng had a large number of wives and concubines. He is reported to have fathered 142 children from 43 wives. His sons included: Miên Tông (Emperor Thiệu Trị), Miên Định (Prince of Thọ Xuân), Miên Thẩm (Prince of Tùng Thiện), Miên Trinh (Prince of Tuy Lý), Miên Bửu (Prince of Tương An), Miên Lâm (Prince of Hoài Đức), Miên Triện (Prince of Hoằng Hóa), Miên Lịch (Yên Thành). Three of his daughters, Nguyệt Đình, Mai Am and Huệ Phố, were famous poets.  Minh Mạng's sons also had a remarkable number of offspring: Prince of Thọ Xuân fathered 144 children, including 78 sons and 66 daughters, Prince of Tuy Lý, another son, had 77 sons and 37 daughters. He is succeeded by Emperor Thiệu Trị, who himself fathered 29 princes and 35 princesses.  He decided to name his descendants (Nguyễn Phước or Nguyễn Phúc: all members of the Nguyễn dynasty) by choosing the Generation name following the words of the "Imperial succession poem" to avoid confusion. For boys, the following poem is shown in Chữ Quốc Ngữ (modern Vietnamese script) and in chữ nôm:  Note: Hường = Hồng // Thoại = Thụy  "They replaced Hồng with Hường and Thụy with Thoại because they're the forbidden names of the passed emperors or fathers."  The meaning of each name is roughly given as follows:  Girls receive also a different name on each generation, for example: "Công-chúa", "Công-nữ", "Công Tôn-nữ", "Công-tằng Tôn-nữ", "Công-huyền Tôn-nữ", "Lai-huyền Tôn-nữ", or shorten to "Tôn-nữ" for all generations afterward.

Minh Mạng (,, lit. "the bright favour of Heaven"; 25 May 1791 – 20 January 1841; born Nguyễn Phúc Đảm, also known as Nguyễn Phúc Kiểu) was the second emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty of Vietnam, reigning from 14 February 1820 until his death, on 20 January 1841. He was the fourth son of Emperor Gia Long, whose eldest son, Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh, had died in 1801. He was well known for his opposition to French involvement in Vietnam and his rigid Confucian orthodoxy.

明命帝(;1791年-5月25日-1841年-1月20日),名阮福<unk>(),又名阮福胆(),是越南阮朝第二代君主,1820年至1841年在位,年号明命,死后庙号阮圣祖()。


Alternate translations.

The English Standard Version of the Bible and the majority of contemporary English translations refer to the serpent as made of 'bronze', whereas the King James Version and a number of other versions state 'brass'. The Douai-Rheims 1899 edition has 'brazen'. Eugene H. Peterson, who created a loose paraphrase of the Bible as The Message (2002), opted for 'a snake of fiery copper'. The reference in 2 Kings 18:4 is translated as 'brasen' in the King James Version.

Serpent image.

Snake cults had been well established in Canaan in the Bronze Age: archaeologists have uncovered serpent cult objects in Bronze Age strata at several pre-Israelite cities in Canaan: two at Megiddo, one at Gezer, one in the "Kodesh Hakodashim" (Holy of Holies) of the Area H temple at Hazor, and two at Shechem.  According to Lowell K. Handy, the Nehushtan may have been the symbol of a minor god of snakebite-cure within the Temple.

In scripture.

Hebrew Bible.

In the biblical story, following their Exodus from Egypt, the Israelites set out from Mount Hor, where Aaron was buried, to go to the Red Sea. However they had to detour around the land of Edom (Numbers 20:21, 25). Impatient, they complained against Yehovah and Moses (Num. 21:4–5), and in response God sent "fiery serpents" among them and many died. The people came to Moses to repent and asked him to ask God to take away the serpents. Moses prayed to God, who told Moses, 'Make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole; and it shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he seeth it, shall live.' ()  The term also appears in 2 Kings 18:4 in a passage describing reforms made by King Hezekiah, in which he tore down altars, cut down symbols of Asherah, destroyed the Nehushtan, and according to many Bible translations, gave it that name.  Regarding the passage in 2 Kings 18:4, M. G. Easton noted that "the lapse of nearly one thousand years had invested the 'brazen serpent' with a mysterious sanctity; and in order to deliver the people from their infatuation, and impress them with the idea of its worthlessness, Hezekiah called it, in contempt, 'Nehushtan', a brazen thing, a mere piece of brass".  The tradition of naming it Nehushtan is not considered to be any older than the time of Hezekiah.

New Testament.

In the Gospel of John, Jesus discusses his destiny with a Jewish teacher named Nicodemus and makes a comparison between the raising up of the Son of Man and the act of the serpent being raised by Moses for the healing of the people. Jesus applied it as a foreshadowing of his own act of salvation through being lifted up on the cross, stating "And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up: That whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have eternal life. For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life" (John 3:14–16).  Charles Spurgeon preached a famous sermon on "the Mysteries of the Brazen Serpent" and this passage from John's Gospel in 1857.

Book of Mormon.

In the Book of Mormon, two prophets make reference to this event. The first is the prophet Nephi, son of Lehi in a general discourse, the second is many years later by the prophet Alma. Nephi tells the people that many of the Israelites perished because of the simplicity and faith required. In the latter narrative, Alma tells the people of Antionum that many of Israelites died because they lacked the faith to look at the brazen serpent. He then compared the brazen serpent to a type of Christ and exhorted the people to look to Christ and spiritually live.

Rabbinic literature.

Inasmuch as the serpent in the Talmud stands for such evils as talebearing and defamation of character (Gen. iii. 4, 5), the Midrash finds in the plague of the fiery serpents a punishment for sins of the evil tongue (Num. xxi. 5). God said: "Let the serpent who was the first to offend by 'evil tongue' inflict punishment on those who were guilty of the same sin and did not profit by the serpent's example".  One of the complaints in this case was dissatisfaction with the manna. Whereas the manna is believed to have had any taste desired by the person eating it, to the serpent all things had the taste of dust, in accordance with the words: "And dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life" (Gen. iii. 14). It was very appropriate, therefore, that they who loathed the food which had given any taste desired, should be punished by means of that creature to which everything has the same taste (Tan., ed. Buber, Ḥuḳḳat, xlv. [337]; Midrash R. Num. xix. 22). The Mishnah does not take literally the words "Every one who was bitten by a serpent would look at the serpent and live," but interprets them symbolically. The people should look up to the God of heaven, for it is not the serpent that either brings to life or puts to death, but it is God (MishnahR. H. 29a). In the course of time, however, the people lost sight of the symbolical meaning and regarded the serpent itself as the seat of the healing power, and they made it an object of worship, so that Hezekiah found it necessary to destroy it (II Kings xviii. 4; see also Ber. 10a).  The question that puzzled Heinrich Ewald ("Gesch. des Volkes Israel," iii. 669, note 5) and others, "Where was the brazen serpent till the time of Hezekiah?" occupied the Talmudists also. They answered it in a very simple way: Asa and Joshaphat, when clearing away the idols, purposely left the brazen serpent behind, in order that Hezekiah might also be able to do a praiseworthy deed in breaking it (Ḥul. 6b).

In art.

There is a Brazen Serpent Monument on Mount Nebo in Jordan created by Italian artist Giovanni Fantoni. The Cardston Alberta Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has a handpainted mural depicting Moses and the brazen serpent. Similarly, on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo painted a mural of the Israelites' deliverance from the plague of serpents by the creation of the bronze serpent.

In the biblical Books of Kings (; written c. 550 BCE), the Nehushtan (Hebrew: "Nəḥuštān" ) is the derogatory name given to the bronze serpent on a pole first described in the Book of Numbers which God told Moses to erect so that the Israelites who saw it would be protected from dying from the bites of the "fiery serpents", which God had sent to punish them for speaking against him and Moses (). In "Kings", King Hezekiah institutes an iconoclastic reform that requires the destruction of "the brazen serpent that Moses had made; for unto those days the children of Israel did burn incense to it; and it was called Nehushtan". The term is a proper noun coming from either the word for "snake" or "brass", and thus means "The (Great) Serpent" or "The (Great) Brass".

铜蛇(英语:Nehushtan或英语:Nehustan;或)是《希伯来圣经》记载的一个缠绕在一根杆子上的铜制蛇形圣物。


Early life.

Albom was born on May 23, 1958 to a Jewish family in Passaic, New Jersey, U.S. Albom lived in Buffalo, New York for a little while until his family settled in Oaklyn, New Jersey, which is close to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He grew up in a small, middle-class neighborhood which most people never left. Albom was once quoted as saying that his parents were very supportive, and always used to say, "Don’t expect your life to finish here. There’s a big world out there. Go out and see it." His older sister, younger brother and he himself all took that message to heart and traveled extensively. His siblings are currently settled in Europe.

Columnist.

While living in New York, Albom developed an interest in journalism. Still supporting himself by working nights in the music industry, he began to write during the day for the "Queens Tribune", a weekly newspaper in Flushing, New York. His work there helped earn him entry into the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. During his time there, to help pay his tuition he took work as a babysitter. In addition to nighttime piano playing, Albom took a part-time job with "SPORT" magazine. Upon graduation, he freelanced in that field for publications such as "Sports Illustrated", "GEO", and "The Philadelphia Inquirer", and covered several Olympic sports events in Europe – including track and field and luge — paying his own way for travel, and selling articles once he was there. In 1983, he was hired as a full-time feature writer for "The Fort Lauderdale News and Sun Sentinel", and eventually promoted to columnist. In 1985, having won that year's Associated Press Sports Editors award for best Sports News Story, Albom was hired as lead sports columnist for the "Detroit Free Press" to replace Mike Downey, a popular columnist who had taken a job with the "Los Angeles Times".  Albom's sports column quickly became popular. In 1989, when the "Detroit Free Press" and the "Detroit News" merged weekend publications, Albom was asked to add a weekly non-sports column to his duties. That column ran on Sundays in the "Comment" section and dealt with American life and values. It was eventually syndicated across the country. Both columns continue today in the "Detroit Free Press."  During his years in Detroit, he became one of the most award-winning sports writers of his era. He was named best sports columnist in the nation a record 13 times by the Associated Press Sports Editors and won best feature writing honors from that same organization a record seven times. No other writer has received the award more than once. He has won more than 200 other writing honors from organizations including the National Headliner Awards, the American Society of Newspaper Editors, the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association, and National Association of Black Journalists. On June 25, 2010, Albom was awarded the APSE's Red Smith Award for lifetime achievement, presented at the annual APSE convention in Salt Lake City, Utah. The selection was heavily criticized by a number of Albom's peers, including fellow Red Smith Award winner Dave Kindred. In 2013, Albom was inducted into the National Sports Media Association (formerly the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association) Hall of Fame and his induction into the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame was announced May 2017. Many of his columns have been collected into anthology books including "Live Albom I" (Detroit Free Press, 1988), "Live Albom II" (Detroit Free Press, 1990), "Live Albom III" (Detroit Free Press, 1992), and "Live Albom IV" (Detroit Free Press, 1995).  Albom also serves as a contributing editor to "Parade" magazine. His column is syndicated by Tribune Content Agency.

Fabrication scandal.

In 2005, Albom and four editors were briefly suspended from the "Detroit Free Press," after Albom wrote a column that stated that two college basketball players were in the crowd at an NCAA tournament game when in fact they were not. In a column printed in the April 3, 2005 edition, Albom described two former Michigan State basketball players, both then in the NBA, attending an NCAA Final Four semifinal game on Saturday to cheer for their school. The players had told Albom they planned to attend, so Albom, filing on his normal Friday deadline but knowing the column could not come out until Sunday (after the game was over) wrote that the players were there. But the players' plans changed at the last minute and they did not attend the game. The "Detroit Free Press" also suspended the four editors who had read the column and allowed it to go to print. Albom was in attendance at the game, but the columnist failed to check on the two players’ presence. A later internal investigation found no other similar instances in Albom's past columns, but did cite an editorial-wide problem of routinely using unattributed quotes from other sources. Carol Leigh Hutton, publisher of the "Detroit Free Press" at the time of the scandal, later told Buzzfeed that she regretted the way it was handled. "It was a stupid mistake that Mitch made that others failed to catch but not at all indicative of some problem that required the response we gave it. I allowed myself to believe that we were doing this highly credible, highly transparent thing, when really in hindsight what I think we were doing was acquiescing to people who were taking advantage of a stupid mistake."

Author.

Sports books.

Albom's first non-anthology book was "Bo: Life, Laughs, and the Lessons of a College Football Legend" (Warner Books), an autobiography of football coach Bo Schembechler co-written with the coach. The book was published in August 1989 and became Albom's first "New York Times" bestseller.  Albom's next book was "Fab Five: Basketball, Trash Talk, The American Dream", a look into the starters on the University of Michigan men's basketball team that reached the NCAA championship game as freshmen in 1992 and again as sophomores in 1993. The book was published in November 1993 and also became a "New York Times" bestseller.

"Tuesdays with Morrie".

Albom's breakthrough book came about after he was rotating the TV channels and viewed Morrie Schwartz's interview with Ted Koppel on ABC News "Nightline" in 1995, in which Schwartz, a sociology professor, spoke about living and dying with a terminal disease, ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig's disease). Albom, who was close to Schwartz during his college years at Brandeis University, felt guilty about not keeping in touch so he reconnected with his former professor, visiting him in suburban Boston and eventually coming every Tuesday for discussions about life and death. Albom, seeking a way to pay for Schwartz's medical bills, sought out a publisher for a book about their visits. Although rejected by numerous publishing houses, Doubleday accepted the idea shortly before Schwartz's death as Albom was able to fulfill his wish to pay Schwartz's bills.  "Tuesdays with Morrie", chronicled Albom's time spent with his professor"," was published in 1997. The initial printing was 20,000 copies. As word of mouth grew, the book sales slowly increased and landed the book a brief appearance on "The Oprah Winfrey Show", nudging the book onto the "New York Times" bestseller's list in October 1997. It steadily climbed, reaching the number-one position six months later. It remained on the New York Times bestseller list for 205 weeks. One of the top selling memoirs of all time, "Tuesdays With Morrie" has sold over 14 million copies and has been translated into 45 languages.  Oprah Winfrey produced a television movie adaptation by the same name for ABC, starring Hank Azaria as Albom and Jack Lemmon as Morrie. It was the most-watched TV movie of 1999 and won four Emmy Awards.

"The Five People You Meet in Heaven".

After the success of "Tuesdays with Morrie", Albom's follow-up was the fiction book "The Five People You Meet in Heaven" (Hyperion Books) which he published in September 2003. Although released six years after "Tuesdays With Morrie", the book was a fast success and again launched Albom onto the "New York Times" best-seller list. "The Five People You Meet in Heaven" sold over 10 million copies in 38 territories and in 35 languages. In 2004, it became a television movie for ABC, starring Jon Voight, Ellen Burstyn, Michael Imperioli, and Jeff Daniels. Directed by Lloyd Kramer, the film was critically acclaimed and the most watched TV movie of the year, with 18.7 million viewers.

"For One More Day".

Albom's second novel, "For One More Day" (Hyperion), was published in 2006. The hardcover edition spent nine months on the New York Times Bestseller list after debuting at the top spot. It also reached No. 1 on the USA Today and Publishers Weekly bestseller lists. It was the first book to be sold by Starbucks in the launch of the Book Break Program in the fall of 2006. It has been translated into 26 languages. On December 9, 2007, ABC television aired the 2-hour television event motion picture "", which starred Michael Imperioli and Ellen Burstyn. Burstyn received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her role as Posey Benetto.  "For One More Day" is about a son who gets to spend a day with his mother, who died eight years earlier. Charley "Chick" Benetto is a retired baseball player who, facing the pain of unrealized dreams, alcoholism, divorce, and an estrangement from his grown daughter, returns to his childhood home and attempts suicide. There he meets his long dead mother, who welcomes him as if nothing ever happened. The book explores the question, "What would you do if you had one more day with someone you’ve lost?"  Albom has said his relationship with his own mother was largely behind the story of that book, and that several incidents in "For One More Day" are actual events from his childhood.

"Have a Little Faith".

"Have a Little Faith", Albom's first nonfiction book since "Tuesdays With Morrie", was released on September 29, 2009, through Hyperion publishing, and recounts Albom's experiences that led to him writing the eulogy for Albert L. Lewis, a Rabbi from his hometown in New Jersey. The book is written in the same vein as "Tuesdays With Morrie", in which the main character, Mitch, goes through several heartfelt conversations with the Rabbi in order to better know and understand the man that he would one day eulogize. Through this experience, Albom writes, his own sense of faith was reawakened, leading him to make contact with Henry Covington, the African-American pastor of the "I Am My Brother's Keeper" church, in Detroit, where Albom was then living. Covington, a past drug addict, dealer, and ex-convict, ministered to a congregation of largely homeless men and women in a church so poor that the roof leaked when it rained. From his relationships with these two very different men of faith, Albom writes about the difference faith can make in the world.  On November 27, 2011, ABC aired the Hallmark Hall of Fame television movie based on the book.

"The Time Keeper".

This work focuses on the inventor of the world's first clock, who is punished for trying to measure God's greatest gift. He is banished to a cave for centuries and forced to listen to the voices of all who came after him seeking more days and years. Eventually, with his soul nearly broken, Father Time is granted his freedom, along with a magical hourglass and a mission: a chance to redeem himself by teaching two earthly people the true meaning of time. He returns to our world now dominated by the hour and commences a journey with two unlikely partners: a teenage girl who is about to give up on life and a wealthy old businessman who wants to live forever. To save himself, he must save them both.

"The First Phone Call from Heaven".

In 2013, Albom moved to a new publisher, HarperCollins, for the publication of his seventh book and fourth novel. In "The First Phone Call From Heaven," the small town of Coldwater, Michigan is thrust into the international spotlight when its citizens suddenly start receiving phone calls from deceased loved ones. Is it the greatest miracle ever or a massive hoax? Sully Harding, a grief-stricken single father recently released from prison, is determined to find the truth. The town is fictional, and not the real Coldwater, Michigan, but Albom pays tribute to the real small town in the book's acknowledgements. "The First Phone Call from Heaven" received starred reviews from "Publishers Weekly" and "Library Journal".

"The Magic Strings of Frankie Presto".

In 2015, Albom's fifth novel, "The Magic Strings of Frankie Presto", was published by HarperCollins. His longest book at almost 400 pages, it chronicles the life and mysterious death of the fictional musician Frankie Presto, as narrated by the voice of Music. An orphan born in a burning church in Spain in 1936, Frankie is blessed with musical ability. At nine years old, Frankie is sent to America in the bottom of a boat. His only possession is an old guitar and six precious strings. His Forrest Gump-like journey takes him through the musical landscape of the 20th century, from classical to jazz to rock and roll super stardom, meeting and working with other greats like Hank Williams, Elvis Presley, Carole King, Little Richard, and even The Beatles. Real musicians, including Tony Bennett, Wynton Marsalis, Paul Stanley, Darlene Love, and Ingrid Michaelson, lent their names to first-person passages to the book.  An original 17-song soundtrack for the book was released by Republic Records four days before the book's release. It featured original songs written and performed by Albom and other artists including Sawyer Fredericks, Mat Kearney, Ingrid Michaelson, John Pizzarelli, and James Brent, interpreting Frankie Presto's "greatest hits," along with such older favorites featured in the novel such as Tony Bennett's "Lost in the Stars" and Dionne Warwick's "A House is Not a Home."

"The Next Person You Meet in Heaven".

A sequel to "The Five People You Meet in Heaven", the novel tells the story of Eddie's heavenly reunion with Annie, the little girl he saved on earth in the first book. The story strongly emphasizes on how lives and losses intersect, and that not only does every life matter, but that every ending is also a new beginning. The book debuted at the top of the "New York Times" bestseller list.

"Finding Chika".

Albom's return to nonfiction for the first time in a decade. It is a memoir and a tribute to Chika, a young Haitian orphan who arrived at Albom's Have Faith Haiti Orphanage in Port Au Prince before being diagnosed with an aggressive brain tumor and passing away two years later.  An excerpt will be read by Albom on the new Lit Hub/Podglomerate Storybound (podcast), accompanied by an original score from musician Maiah Wynne.

Radio host.

Albom began on radio in 1987 on WLLZ-Detroit, a now-defunct Active Rock radio station. He worked on the station's morning program as a sports commentator, and started a Sunday night sports-talk program, "The Sunday Sports Albom" in 1988, believed to be one of the first sports talks shows to ever air on FM radio.  In 1996, he moved to WJR, a powerful, clear-channel station in Detroit, where he broadcasts a five-day a week general talk show with an emphasis on entertainment, writing, current events and culture. He has been honored by the Michigan Association of Broadcasters as the top afternoon talk show host, and was voted best talk show host in "Detroit by Hour Detroit" magazine. In 2001, the show was televised nationally in a. Albom continues to do the show from 5 to 7 p.m. ET. Following his Monday show, he hosts an hour-long sports talk show called, "The Monday Sports Albom".

Television.

Albom appeared regularly on ESPN's "The Sports Reporters" (aired Sunday mornings from Studio A in Bristol, CT at ESPN Plaza at 9:00am EST) and regularly appears on "SportsCenter". He has also made appearances on "Costas Now, The Oprah Winfrey Show, The Today Show, CBS’s The Early Show, ABC’s Good Morning America, Dr. Phil", "Larry King Live", "The View", "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson", and appeared as a guest voice on "The Simpsons" on the episode "Thursdays with Abie" in 2010.

Playwright.

On November 19, 2002, the stage version of "Tuesdays with Morrie" opened Off Broadway at the Minetta Lane Theatre. Co-authored by Mitch Albom and Jeffrey Hatcher ("Three Viewings") and directed by David Esbjornson (The Goat or Who Is Sylvia?). "Tuesdays with Morrie" starred Alvin Epstein (original Lucky in "Waiting for Godot") as Morrie and Jon Tenney ("The Heiress") as Mitch.  His follow-up to the stage adaptation of "Tuesdays" were two original comedies that premiered at the Purple Rose Theatre Company, in Chelsea, Michigan, a theater started by actor Jeff Daniels. "Duck Hunter Shoots Angel" (The Purple Rose's highest grossing play as of 2008) and "And the Winner Is" have both been produced nationwide, with the latter having its West Coast premiere at the Laguna Playhouse in Laguna Beach, California.  The premiere of Albom's "Ernie", a play dedicated to the memory of famed Detroit Tigers broadcaster Ernie Harwell, occurred in April 2011 at the City Theatre in Detroit. In subsequent years the play travelled to theaters in Traverse City, East Lansing, and Grand Rapids. It has run for seven summer seasons as of 2017.  In the summer of 2016, Albom debuted his first musical at the City Theatre with "Hockey - The Musical!" A musical comedy with a book, original songs and parody lyrics written by Albom, "Hockey - The Musical!" follows five characters who work to convince God to spare hockey after concluding that the world has too many sports and one should be eliminated. An opening night review in The Detroit Free Press describe an "audience roaring for most of the 90 minutes"

Musician.

Albom is an accomplished songwriter, pianist and lyricist. In 1992, he wrote the song "Cookin' For Two" for a television movie, "Christmas in Connecticut", directed by Arnold Schwarzenegger. The song was nominated for The CableACE Award. Albom has been featured on the cover of Making Music Magazine. He also wrote the song "Hit Somebody (The Hockey Song)", which was recorded by singer/songwriter Warren Zevon, with David Letterman on backup vocals. The song was released as a single in Canada and will be adapted into a film by director Kevin Smith. He currently performs with the Rock Bottom Remainders, a band of writers that also features Dave Barry, Stephen King, Ridley Pearson, Amy Tan, Kathi Kamen Goldmark, Sam Barry, and Scott Turow. Their performances raise funds for various children's literacy projects across the country.  In July 2013, Albom co-authored "Hard Listening" (Coliloquy, 2013) with the rest of the Rock Bottom Remainders. The ebook combines essays, fiction, musings, candid email exchanges, and conversations, compromising photographs, audio, and video clips, and interactive quizzes to give readers a view into the private lives of the authors.  Albom is also featured in Making Music Magazine.

Charity work.

"The Dream Fund," established in 1989, provides a scholarship for disadvantaged children to study the arts. "A Time to Help", started in 1998, is a Detroit volunteer group "S.A.Y. (Super All Year) Detroit "is an umbrella program that funds shelters and cares for the homeless." It is now a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization that funds numerous homeless shelters throughout the Metro Detroit area.  His most recent effort, A Hole in the Roof Foundation, helps faith groups of different denominations who care for the homeless repair the spaces they use. Their first project was the I Am My Brother's Keeper roof in the crumbling but vibrant Detroit church, completed in December 2009. The second project, completed in April 2010, was the rebuilding of the Caring and Sharing Mission and Orphanage in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.  Albom also directs the "Have Faith Haiti Mission", a project whose stated objective is "dedicated to the safety, education, health and spiritual development of Haiti’s impoverished children and orphans", incorporating language lessons and Christian prayer.

Other.

During a Detroit Free Press strike in 1995 Albom crossed the picket line and returned to work.  In 1999, Albom was named National Hospice Organization's Man of the Year.  In 2000, at the Emmy Awards, Albom was personally thanked by actor Jack Lemmon during his acceptance speech for his Emmy for Best Actor in a TV Movie or Miniseries for "Tuesdays With Morrie". It would be Lemmon's last major acting role.  In February 2003, Albom was called to testify at Chris Webber's perjury trial. Webber had been a member of the University of Michigan's basketball teams of the early 1990s. He was a member of the "Fab Five" players, the subject of a book by Albom. Webber and three other Wolverines who played in the 1990s were alleged to have received over $290,000 in improper loans from a man considered to be a booster of the University of Michigan, although amounts were never verified. The four other Fab Five members were not implicated and the school was cleared of any direct involvement or knowledge of the loans, which were made to players and their families.  On November 22, 2005, Albom was the sole and final guest on Ted Koppel's farewell appearance on ABC's "Nightline". Koppel had gotten to know Albom through his broadcasts with Morrie Schwartz and the final program dealt with the legacy of those shows and Albom's book.  On October 22, 2007, Albom appeared with former New York Governor Mario Cuomo and Tony Bennett in "An Evening with Tony Bennett" to honor the release of Bennett's "Tony Bennett In The Studio: A Life of Art and Music", for which Albom wrote the foreword.  On May 30, 2017, Albom was one of eight new inductees announced for the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame in Detroit. The ceremony took place on September 15, 2017.

Mitchell David Albom (born May 23, 1958) is an American author, journalist, screenwriter, dramatist, broadcaster, and musician. His books have sold over 39 million copies worldwide. Having achieved national recognition for sports writing in his early career, he is perhaps best known for the inspirational stories and themes that weave through his books, plays, and films. Albom lives with his wife Janine Sabino in Detroit, Michigan.

米奇·阿尔博姆(英语:Mitch Albom, 1958年-5月23日),美国体育记者、小说家、《底特律自由报》()专栏作家。


Early life and marriage.

Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich was the second son of Grand Duke Nicholas Nicolaievich the Elder (1831–1891) and Duchess Alexandra of Oldenburg (1838–1900).  He was born in Saint Petersburg. As was the custom for Russian Grand Dukes (the title applied to all sons and grandsons of a Russian Emperor), the Grand Duke Peter served in the Russian army as a Lt.-General and Adjutant-General.  On 26 July 1889, he married Princess Milica of Montenegro (1866–1951), daughter of King Nicholas I of Montenegro (1841–1921). The Grand Duke and Duchess had four children:

Life at court.

In 1907, his elder brother, Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich, married Grand Duchess Militza's sister, Princess Anastasia of Montenegro, known as Stana. The two couples were socially very influential at the Russian Imperial Court in the early 20th century. The Grand Duke joined a cult nick-named "the black peril", a group interested in the occult. They are credited with introducing first a charlatan mystic named merely Philippe, and then, with graver consequences, Grigori Rasputin (1869–1916) to the Imperial family. Prince Felix Yussupov (1887–1967) – who was their neighbour in Koreiz – once described Znamenka, the Grand Duke and Duchess's palace, as "the central point of the powers of evil". This was later to be a widely held belief within the higher echelons of the divided Russian court. The Dowager Empress Marie firmly believed that the couple plotted with Rasputin and others to gain influence and favours through the neurotic Empress Alexandra (1872–1918). However, by 1914, Alexandra herself referred to them as "the black family" and felt herself to be manipulated by them.

Honours and awards.

The Grand Duke received several Russian and foreign decorations:

Exile.

The couple escaped the Russian Revolution to the south of France. Here Grand Duke Peter Nicholaievich died at Cap d'Antibes, near Antibes on 17 June 1931. His wife died in Alexandria, Egypt in September 1951.

Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia (Russian: Пётр Никола́евич Рома́нов; 22 January [O.S. 10 January] 1864 – 17 January 1931) was a Russian Grand Duke and a member of the Russian Imperial Family.

彼得·尼古拉耶维奇大公(俄语:"Великий князь Пётр Николаевич",1864年1月10日—1931年1月17日),俄罗斯大公,沙皇尼古拉一世的孙子。


情人眼里出西施 (电影)

Plot.

Hal Larson (Jack Black) is a superficial man with a heart of gold whose fixation on the physical beauty of women gets in the way of seeing their inner beauty. Hal and his equally shallow friend, Mauricio (Jason Alexander), spend their nights obnoxiously hitting on beautiful, sexy women at nightclubs and mostly they end up getting rejected. Hal's work life is steady, but he is dismayed after being passed over for a long-sought promotion. His love life is non-existent, as seen when he tries to ask Jill (Susan Ward), his attractive neighbor, out for a date. Jill is not interested as she finds Hal too shallow and she is not attracted to him.  Hal becomes trapped in an elevator with life coach Tony Robbins. While waiting for the elevator to be fixed, Robbins sympathizes with Hal's disappointment but tries to figure out his ideas about women. He hypnotizes Hal into only seeing a person's inner beauty. Hal does not realize he's been hypnotized and later meets Rosemary (Gwyneth Paltrow), daughter of the president of the company where he is employed. Rosemary is morbidly obese, but Hal sees a slender and beautiful trophy blonde. He is immediately smitten by her. Used to being overlooked due to her appearance, Rosemary initially interprets Hal's interest as mockery, but begins to realize his feelings for her are sincere. They begin to date, which includes a bike ride with Hal's friend Walt (Rene Kirby), who has spina bifida.  Mauricio, worried about Hal's new taste in women, convinces Robbins to give him the trigger phrase to undo the hypnosis, which is "Shallow Hal wants a gal". While on a date in a restaurant, Rosemary tells Hal she's been asked by the Peace Corps to go on a 14-month mission in Kiribati. Mauricio phones Hal and says the trigger phrase, breaking Hal's hypnosis. Mauricio confesses to Hal the truth about Robbins' hypnotherapy, but Hal does not believe it until he runs into a woman who initially appeared beautiful to him but whom Hal now sees in her true, physically unattractive state.  Hal begins to avoid Rosemary, who becomes depressed without him around. Distraught that he was not seeing the "real" Rosemary, Hal accepts a dinner invitation from Jill. The two dine together and Jill tells Hal that she has observed him overcoming his shallow nature and is interested in dating him now.  Hal realizes his true feelings for Rosemary who has, coincidentally, arrived at the same restaurant with her family and sees Hal and Jill sitting together. Assuming the worst, Rosemary leaves in tears. Not recognizing Rosemary, Hal walks right by her on his way to a payphone to call her and reassure her of his feelings. Confused and distraught, Rosemary calls Hal a "psycho" over the phone and effectively breaks up with him.  Five days later, Steve informs Hal that Rosemary’s Peace Corps partner, Ralph, wants to be in a relationship with her again. Hal attempts to find Rosemary, but instead encounters a young patient named Cadence at the hospital where Rosemary volunteers. Previously, due to Robbins' hypnosis, Hal saw Cadence as a perfect little girl; he now sees that there are severe burns all over Cadence's face. Inspired by Cadence, Hal changes his views on the physical appearances of people in general.  Hal, during his search for Rosemary, finds that Mauricio had his own reason for stopping Hal's hypnosis: He has an inoperable vestigial tail, which has prevented him from ever getting close to a woman. Mauricio confesses he was envious of Hal's happiness and is afraid to start a relationship with a woman. Hal convinces Mauricio to accept his abnormality, with confidence.  Hal makes up with Mauricio and decides to reconcile with Rosemary. He heads to the Peace Corps recruiting office and confronts Ralph, believing he and Rosemary got back together. Ralph informs Hal that he and Rosemary are not together and that Rosemary's parents are throwing her a farewell party (and Ralph wasn't invited). Hal, Mauricio, Ralph and Ralph's friend Li’iBoy arrive at the home of Rosemary's parents. Rosemary initially rebuffs Hal's presence, but then accepts his apology when Hal professes his love for her. Rosemary informs Hal she is still leaving on her Peace Corps mission. Hal says he is coming, too, having just been sworn into the Peace Corps by Li’iBoy.  Hal and Rosemary reconcile, cheered by the crowd as they kiss. He tries to carry her bridal-style to the car, but finds he cannot lift her. Moved by his gesture and effort, she triumphantly carries him instead. As they drive off, Mauricio meets a woman who loves dogs and the two walk off together as he wags his "tail".

Production.

The Farrelly Brothers admitted that this was a little bit different from some of their previous comedies, but as with all their movies they like for the audience to feel a connection with each of the characters. "Shallow Hal" was a more emotional movie and the producers spent a lot of time trying to ensure it would not be portrayed as a mere "fat joke" type of movie, but one that has a strong message associated with it.  Gwyneth Paltrow played both roles, slim and fat Rosemary (except for a couple of close-up shots of fat Rosemary below the neck, which were played by her body double Ivy Snitzer), and had to wear a specially designed 25-pound fatsuit and encapsulating prosthetic make-up. She has since admitted that she did not enjoy partaking in production of the movie, in particular dreading having to wear the fat suit and makeup. The prosthetic make-up effects and body suits for Rosemary, Rosemary's mother, and all of the secondary characters were designed and created by Tony Gardner and his company Alterian, Inc.

Reception.

Box office.

In its opening weekend at the U.S. box office, "Shallow Hal" grossed $22.5 million, opening at #2 behind "Monsters, Inc.". It grossed a total of $141.1 million, of which $70.7 million was in the United States.

Critical response.

The film received mixed reviews from critics. Review website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 50%, based on 129 reviews, and an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While surprisingly sweeter and warm-hearted than previous Farrelly outings, "Shallow Hal" is also less funny and more bland."  Roger Ebert gave a positive response of three-out-of-four stars, writing, ""Shallow Hal" is often very funny, but it is also surprisingly moving at times."

Shallow Hal is a 2001 American romantic comedy film starring Gwyneth Paltrow and Jack Black about a shallow man who, after hypnosis, begins to see people's inner beauty reflected in their outward appearance. The motion picture was directed by the Farrelly brothers and filmed in and around Charlotte as well as Sterling and Princeton, Massachusetts at Wachusett Mountain. The supporting cast features Jason Alexander, Tony Robbins (as himself), and Laura Kightlinger. The film's score was composed by William Goodrum, Ivy and Cliff Eidelman.

《情人眼里出西施》,2001年由二十世纪大众影片公司发行的美国电影。主要的工作不少也是由法拉利兄弟完成的。


Biography.

While the emperor Tự Đức was alive, Prince Quang Thái was placed under house arrest with his family for having connections with those who opposed him. When the emperor Đồng Khánh died however, the French colonial authorities and the high-ranking mandarins decided that Quang Thái was the ideal successor and enthroned him as the new Vietnamese emperor, Emperor Thành Thái.  Even at the age of 10, Thành Thái was recognized as being very intelligent and was already realizing that the French were keeping watch over him through palace spies. Whereas Đồng Khánh had tried to be friendly with the French, Emperor Thành Thái took a course of passive-resistance. Although he refrained from outright rebellion (which would have been political suicide), he made his feelings clear in other ways, symbolic gestures and biting remarks. He was also a man of the people, and a monarch who cared deeply for his country. The emperor would often slip out of the Forbidden City dressed in the clothes of a commoner to talk with his people directly and see how they were being affected by government policies.  To show that he was friendly with western civilization, Thành Thái was the first Vietnamese monarch to cut his hair in the French style and learn to drive a car. He encouraged French-style education, but maintained bitter feelings over their control of his country. He also supported numerous building projects and took an interest in the everyday lives of his subjects. When traveling among his people, he would hold impromptu "town hall meetings" where the Emperor sat on a mat with his subjects in a circle around him, discussing the issues of the day and hearing their point of view.  Slowly, as the emperor began to realize how thoroughly his palace had been infiltrated with French spies, he had to feign insanity to escape their constant scrutiny. With his enemies believing he was a harmless lunatic, Thành Thái was able to work more forcefully for Vietnamese autonomy while waiting for the right time to throw off colonial rule. He was on his way to join a resistance movement in China when he was arrested by French forces who declared him insane and forced the Emperor to abdicate.  Actually, all of the above is disputed. According to other reliable sources such as Tim Doling's book "Exploring Hue." According to his research, the stories about Thanh Thai pretending to be crazy were generated by his advisors due to the stigma associated with actual mental illness. In fact he shot and killed one of his own advisors and physically abused and even tortured and killed his own concubines when they failed to please him. There is no evidence to support any other stories that explain his madness.  In 1907, his son was installed as Emperor Duy Tân. Thành Thái was exiled first to Vũng Tàu in South Vietnam and when Duy Tân rebelled against the French they were both exiled to Réunion Island in 1916.  Unlike Hàm Nghi, the life of Thành Thái and Duy Tân were tough. they even had no money to pay for rent. In 1925, Emperor Khải Định knew his situation, sent 1,000 piastres to him. Later, Khải Định gave money to him occasionally.  He never gave up hope for the liberation of his country. In 1945, just after the death of Duy Tân, he was allowed to return home, but was kept under house arrest in Vũng Tàu. He died in Saigon on 24 March 1954.

Thành Thái (, ; 14 March 1879 – 20 March 1954) born Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Lân (阮福寶嶙), was the son of Emperor Dục Đức and Empress Dowager Từ Minh. He reigned as emperor for 18 years, from 1889 to 1907.

成泰帝(,1879年-3月14日-1954年-3月20日),本名阮福宝嶙(),在位期间名阮福昭(),是越南阮朝第10任皇帝,1889年—1907年在位。