Plot.

Airline pilot Captain Whip Whitaker uses cocaine to wake up after a sleepless night in his Orlando hotel room. He pilots SouthJet Flight 227 to Atlanta, which experiences severe turbulence at takeoff. Copilot Ken Evans takes over while Whip discreetly mixes vodka in his orange juice and takes a nap. He is jolted awake as the plane goes into a steep dive. Unable to regain control, Whip is forced to make a controlled crash landing in an open field, losing consciousness on impact.  Whip awakens in an Atlanta hospital with moderate injuries and is greeted by his old friend Charlie Anderson, who represents the airline's pilots union. He tells Whip that he managed to save 96 out of 102, losing two crew members and four passengers, but mentions his copilot is in a coma. Whip sneaks away for a cigarette and meets Nicole Maggen, a heroin addict recovering from a recent overdose in the same hospital. The next morning, his friend and drug dealer Harling Mays picks him up from the hospital.  Having retired to his late father's farm, Whip meets Charlie and attorney Hugh Lang, who explain that the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) performed a drug test while he was unconscious. Results showed that Whip was intoxicated during the flight. Hugh promises to get the toxicology report voided on technical grounds and succeeds. Whip visits and soon becomes intimate with Nicole but Whip's drinking habits clash with Nicole's attempts to stay drug-free. Later, he attends a funeral of a crew member, Katerina. He sees surviving flight attendant, Margaret Thomason and asks her to tell the NTSB that he was sober.  Whip pays a visit to his copilot Ken Evans after he awakens from his coma. Evans has likely lost much of his ability to walk and may never pilot an airplane again. Although upset, Evans has no intention of telling the NTSB that Whip was drinking. Nicole decides to separate from Whip after he fails to stay sober. Hounding him, the media catches Whip drunk after he spontaneously drives to the home of his ex-wife and son, both of whom resent him. He stays with Charlie until the NTSB hearing, vowing not to drink. The night before the hearing, Charlie and Hugh move Whip to a guarded hotel room with no alcohol. Although his minibar is empty, he finds the door to an adjacent room unlocked and raids the minibar there.  Whip is discovered by Charlie the next morning, passed out and still drunk. Harling is called to revive him with cocaine. At the hearing, lead NTSB investigator Ellen Block explains that a damaged elevator assembly jackscrew was the primary cause of the crash. She commends Whip on his valor and skill, noting that no other pilot was able to land the plane in trial simulations of the crash. She then reveals that two empty vodka bottles were found in the plane's trash, despite beverages not being served to passengers, and that Whip's blood test was excluded for technical reasons. She then states the only other member of the crew to test positive for alcohol was Katerina, who died in the crash, and with whom Whip had spent the night before. Whip pauses, unable to bring himself to blame Katerina for his actions. He collects himself and comes clean, admitting to being intoxicated the day of the crash; he also admits to currently being drunk.  Thirteen months later, an imprisoned Whip lecturing a support group of fellow inmates says he is glad to be sober and doesn't regret doing the right thing. Whip is seen looking at pictures of Nicole, family and friends on the wall of his cell, along with greeting cards congratulating him on his first anniversary of being sober. He is working to rebuild his relationship with his son, who visits to speak with him about a college application essay he's working on. It's about "the most fascinating person that I've never met". His son begins by asking, "Who are you?" As a plane flies overhead, Whip replies, "That's a good question".

Production.

Robert Zemeckis entered negotiations to direct in April 2011, and by early June had accepted, with Denzel Washington about to finalize his own deal. It was the first time Zemeckis and Washington worked together on a motion picture.  By mid-September 2011, Kelly Reilly was in negotiations to play the female lead, with Don Cheadle, Bruce Greenwood, and John Goodman joining later in the month, and Melissa Leo and James Badge Dale in final negotiations. Screenwriter John Gatins said in early October 2011 that production would begin mid-month. "Flight" was largely filmed on location near Atlanta, Georgia, over 45 days in November 2011. The film's relatively small budget of $31 million, which Zemeckis later calculated was his smallest budget in inflation-adjusted dollars since 1980, was due to tax rebates from Georgia and from Zemeckis and Washington having waived their customary fees.  Gatins explained in a 2012 interview with the "Los Angeles Times" that the dramatic fictional crash depicted in "Flight" was "loosely inspired" by the 2000 crash of Alaska Airlines Flight 261, which was caused by a broken jackscrew. In that incident the broken jackscrew caused a catastrophic failure from which recovery was impossible but Pilot Ted Thompson and First Officer Bill Tansky were actually able to fly their plane inverted in the last moments of that flight. Among the captain's last words on the CVR were:  That crash had no survivors. The airplane in "Flight", a two-engine T-tail jet airliner, appears to be from the same model family as Alaska Airlines 261, a variant of the MD-80. Many elements from the accident were used in the film such as the cause of the accident, segments of the radio communication, and the decision to invert the airplane.  Scroggins Aviation Mockup & Effects was hired to supply production with three decommissioned MD-80 series aircraft that were used in "Flight" to represent the plane in the film, with additional MD-80 series aircraft being used for scenes of the aircraft's cabin and cockpit.

Reception.

Release.

"Flight" opened in 1,884 theaters across North America on November 2, 2012. In its first week, the film ranked second in the domestic box office, grossing $24,900,566 with an average of $13,217 per theater. "Flight" earned $93,772,375 domestically and $68,000,000 internationally for a total of $161,772,375, well above its $31 million production budget.

Critical response.

"Flight" received mostly positive reviews from critics. The film has an approval rating of 77% based on a sample of 232 critics on Rotten Tomatoes, along with a weighted average of 6.93/10. The site's consensus states "Robert Zemeckis makes a triumphant return to live-action cinema with "Flight", a thoughtful and provocative character study propelled by a compelling performance from Denzel Washington." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 based on reviews from 40 critics.  Denzel Washington's performance received praise from various critics. "The Hollywood Reporter"'s Todd McCarthy wrote that the film "provides Denzel Washington with one of his meatiest, most complex roles, and he flies with it." Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film four stars (out of four) writing, ""Flight" segues into a brave and tortured performance by Denzel Washington—one of his very best. Not often does a movie character make such a harrowing personal journey that keeps us in deep sympathy all of the way." He also noted the plane's upside-down flight scene was "one of the most terrifying flight scenes I've ever witnessed" and called the film "nearly flawless". Ebert went on to name the film the sixth best of 2012. Although the film was not nominated for Best Picture, he later noted that he felt it deserved to be. "Entertainment Weekly" wrote, "Denzel Washington didn't get an Oscar nod for nothing: His performance as an alcoholic airline pilot ensnared by his own heroics is crash-and-burn epic."  The film received some criticism from airline pilots who questioned the film's realism, particularly the premise of a pilot being able to continue flying with a significant substance-abuse problem. The Air Line Pilots' Association in an official press release dismissed the film as an inaccurate portrayal of an air crew and stated that "we all enjoy being entertained, but a thrilling tale should not be mistaken for the true story of extraordinary safety and professionalism among airline pilots." Airline pilot Patrick Smith also commented that "a real-life Whitaker wouldn't survive two minutes at an airline, and all commercial pilots—including, if not especially, those who've dealt with drug or alcohol addiction—should feel slandered by his ugly caricature." The pilot also criticised the portrayal of the relationship between copilot and captain, the decision of Whitaker to increase speed dangerously in a storm, and the ultimate dive and crash landing of Whitaker's aircraft.

Flight is a 2012 American drama film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by John Gatins. It stars Denzel Washington as William "Whip" Whitaker Sr., an alcoholic airline pilot who miraculously crash-lands his plane after a mechanical failure, saving nearly everyone on board. Immediately following the crash, he is hailed a hero but an investigation soon leads to questions that put the captain in a different light.

《-{zh:机密真相;zh-hans:机密真相;zh-hant:机密真相;zh-cn:迫降航班;zh-sg:机密真相;}-》(英语:Flight)是一部2012年罗伯特·泽米吉斯执导的美国剧情片,编剧为约翰盖亭,丹泽尔·华盛顿主演。北美于2012年11月2日上映。


History.

AECOM traces its origins to Kentucky-based Ashland Oil & Refining Company, which in turn grew out of Swiss Drilling Company, founded in Oklahoma in 1910 by J. Fred Miles. He gained control of some 200,000 acres and formed Swiss Oil Company in Lexington. In 1924 Miles launched a refining operation called Ashland Refining Company, headed by Paul Blazer. While the parent company struggled, leading to the ouster of Miles, Ashland prospered under Blazer's leadership, and in 1936 he was named chief executive officer of the reorganized company, Ashland Oil & Refining Company. In 1966 Ashland acquired Warren Brothers and became involved in highway construction and construction materials. The company was able to take advantage of refinery byproducts to produce asphalt. Ashland grew into one of the nation's major road-construction firms, and laid a foundation for AECOM. Through a series of acquisitions and technological developments, Ashland grew to include chemical, petrochemical, highway construction, and construction materials firms within its realm, laying the groundwork for a management buyout of Ashland Technology in 1985.  In the 1970s Ashland Oil & Refining became Ashland Oil, Inc. Five years later the company consolidated its construction assets into a construction division and also formed a coal subsidiary, indicative of a changing focus at Ashland. Although it generated more than $1 billion a year in sales, Ashland was a small player in the oil industry at a time when the cost of exploration was prohibitively expensive. By 1980, Ashland sold its production assets, and a year later was reorganized as a modified holding company. A new corporate strategy was implemented as Ashland now focused on refining and marketing, and sought to grow its non-refining businesses. In 1984 Ashland acquired Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall (DMJM), a global provider of transportation-related engineering services. Originally focused on military projects, after World War II it had become one of the first integrated engineering and architectural firms in the western United States. The acquisition of DMJM also included its president, Richard G. Newman. In 1985 DMJM became part of a new subsidiary, Ashland Technology Corporation. Two years later Newman was named its new chief executive and president.  When Ashland chose to return to its core petroleum refining business in the late 1980s, Newman recommended an employee buyback proposal, resulting in the spin-off of Ashland Technology and the creation of AECOM (Architecture, Engineering, Consulting, Operations, and Maintenance) in 1990. The company went on to acquire a number of engineering, design and planning firms including engineering company Maunsell, urbanism and sustainability practice EDAW, Economic Research Associates (ERA), environmental management firm ENSR and The RETEC Group Inc., architects Ellerbe Becket and Davis Langdon, the quantity surveyors and construction consultants.  In 2000, AECOM acquired Metcalf and Eddy, a water and wastewater engineering firm based in Massachusetts, and in September, 2004 it acquired the Canadian company, UMA Engineering Ltd.  AECOM went public during May 2007 with an initial public offering on the NYSE, netting $468.3 million. On January 8, 2008 AECOM acquired The Services Group, Inc., a provider of consulting services to the US Agency for International Development and other multi-lateral donor organizations. On July 28, 2008, AECOM completed its purchase of Earth Tech Inc., a consulting and engineering firm, from Tyco International for $510 million. On July 14, 2010, AECOM announced its acquisition of Tishman Construction Corp., a leading provider of construction management services in the United States and the United Arab Emirates, in a $245 million transaction including $202 million in cash and the remainder in AECOM common stock. On July 13, 2014, AECOM announced its acquisition of URS Corporation, an engineering, construction, and technical services firm for US$56.31 per share in cash and stock. Effective July 10, 2014, it acquired ACE International Consultants SL, a Madrid-based provider of consulting services. In July 2014, it acquired Hunt Construction Group, adding to AECOM's construction services business. In July 2017, AECOM acquired Shimmick Construction Company.  In October 2019 AECOM announced plans to sell their Management Services division to American Securities LLC and Lindsay Goldberg for $2.405 billion. Management Services provides services and support to governmental clients including the Department of Energy and Department of Defense. On 31 January 2020, this transaction was completed with the new company being called Amentum.

Management.

AECOM's first president and CEO was Richard G. Newman, who came to Ashland through its acquisition of Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall (DMJM). Under Ashland Oil's ownership, he was president and chief operating officer of DMJM from October 1985 to December 1988. While president of Ashland Technology Corp. from December 1988 until May 1990, Newman was instrumental in taking it from a division of Ashland Oil to an independent company. He was president when the company changed its name to AECOM Technology Corporation in April 1990. Newman was president until 1993, and then chairman, president and CEO from May 1993 to October 2000, and chairman and CEO from 2000 to 2005.  On October 1, 2005, John M. Dionisio succeeded Newman as president and CEO of AECOM. In 2011, Dionisio became chairman of the company. Dionisio had previously served as COO from October 2003 to October 2005 and president and CEO of the subsidiary DMJM+Harris from October 2000 to October 2003.  In October 2011, Michael S. Burke succeeded Dionisio as president and then in March 2014 succeeded him as CEO. Burke joined AECOM in 2005 and was appointed CFO in 2006.  In 2011, Stephen M. Kadenacy was named chief financial officer, later promoted to president and COO. In 2017, Kadenacy left the company and was succeeded as COO by Randy Wotring.  As of March 3, 2019, key leaders of AECOM are as follows:

Services.

AECOM provides Archaeology, Architecture & Design, Asset Management, Construction, Cost Management, Decommissioning & Closure, Economics, Engineering, Environmental Services, International Development, IT & Cyber Security, Operations & Maintenance, Planning & Consulting, Program, Management/Construction Management, Risk Management & Resilience and Technical Services.

Corporate affairs.

AECOM is headquartered in Los Angeles, California, United States, with clients in more than 150 countries. The company reported a revenue of US$17.4 billion during the 12 months that ended September 30, 2016.  In 2018, the company reported revenue of $20.16 billion, with construction services contributing $8.24 billion and $8.22 billion from its design and consulting unit.

Awards.

AECOM and its projects have received various awards.

AECOM ( ) (formerly AECOM Technology Corporation) is an American multinational engineering firm.

AECOM()(纽约证券交易所:ACM;法兰克福证券交易所:E6Z),于1990年成立,是世界知名的建筑工程顾问公司,提供专业技术和管理服务的全球集团,业务涵盖交通运输、基础设施、环境、能源、水务、政府服务等领域。财富500强(Fortune 500)中名列第156位,于纽约证券交易所上市。AECOM目前正参与全球20个规模最大的土木基础设施项目中13个专案工作。主要业务范围包括以下专业领域: 能源、环境、建筑设计、建筑工程、施工服务、规划设计、经济规划、政府服务、矿业、石油和天然气、专案管理、工程造价咨询、交通运输、水务。


History.

Brothers Bruno and Sergio Costa founded a coffee roastery in Lambeth, London, in 1971, supplying local caterers. The family had moved to England from Parma, Italy, in the 1960s. Costa branched out to selling coffee in 1978, when its first store opened in Vauxhall Bridge Road, London.  In 1985, Sergio bought out Bruno's share of the company. Bruno went on to found a tableware company. By 1995, the chain had 41 stores in UK, and was acquired by Whitbread, the UK's largest hotel and coffee shop operator, becoming a wholly owned subsidiary. In 2009, Costa opened its 1,000th store, in Cardiff. In December 2009, Costa Coffee agreed to acquire the Polish chain Coffeeheaven for £36 million, adding 79 stores in central and eastern Europe.  In 2018, Whitbread faced pressure from two of its largest shareholders, activist group Elliott Advisers and hedge fund Sachem Head to sell or demerge Costa Coffee, the theory being the individual businesses would be worth much more than as one company. On 25 April 2018, Whitbread announced its intention to fully demerge Costa within two years. Subsequently, Coca-Cola announced a deal to acquire the chain. On 3 January 2019, The Coca-Cola Company completed the acquisition of Costa Coffee for $4.9 billion from Whitbread.  On 20 November 2019, Costa Coffee announced that Dominic Paul would step down as CEO of the company and be succeeded by Jill McDonald.  In March 2020, all UK coffee shops were forced to close indefinitely due to nationwide lockdown rules introduced by the government to limit the spread of COVID-19. In late May, a select few branches reopened for takeaway only, while many more branches opened for drive-through orders.

Products.

Costa sells:  Costa Coffee moved its own roastery from Lambeth to Basildon, Essex, in May 2017 with an investment of £38 million, increasing the roasting capacity from 11,000 to 45,000 tonnes of coffee beans per year.  Costa Coffee employs Gennaro Pelliccia as a coffee taster, who had his tongue insured for £10m with Lloyd's of London in 2009.

Operations.

Locations.

Costa Coffee operates 2,467 outlets in the United Kingdom as of October 2019. Overseas, it operates 1,413 stores in 32 countries. The first Costa store outside the UK opened in the UAE in 1999 and, in September 2017, was the first coffee shop worldwide to start delivering coffee via drones to customers sunbathing on Dubai's beaches.

Costa Express.

Following Whitbread's £59.5m acquisition of Coffee Nation, a chain of coffee machines, the machines were re-branded as Costa Express. The company plans to expand to target hospitals, universities and transport interchanges. In Denmark, Costa Express machines are located in Shell stations. Costa Express machines were previously available in Shell locations in Canada, but have since been removed. In the UK, grocery store chain SPAR has become a major operator of petrol station stores, most of which have Costa Express machines installed.

World distribution.

As of September 2018, Costa Coffee was available on 3 continents in 32 countries, with 3,882 total locations.

Controversy.

On 19 August 2019 Costa Coffee attracted media attention due to claims of unfair deductions from the pay of its employees. Reports stated that current and former employees had £200 deducted from their pay for training as well as additional deductions for till discrepancies and running costs.  Claims of unfair deductions were triggered by a Twitter post suggesting that staff at a Costa store were forced to reimburse money lost to scammers who came into the store.  Trying to distance themselves from the controversy, Costa said contracts for franchise stores are managed by partners and that some staff contracts did have "clauses relating to deductions".  On 23 August additional claims appeared in the media that Costa Coffee franchise workers are "not treated like humans".  The report included managers' alleged refusal to pay for sickness or annual leave, working outside of contracted hours and the retention of tips.  It cited an anonymous former employee at a store under Goldex Essex Investments Ltd who claimed they had almost £1,000 of their holiday pay deducted from their salary, despite being contracted to work 48 hours a week.  The report went on to say that baristas and employees at managerial level have complained about the numerous deductions outlined in Costa Coffee contracts written by franchise partners. A former manager is quoted as saying she had £150 deducted from her wages because she was five minutes late opening the store.  Other fines outlined in the contracts were for used uniform that was damaged when returned to the employer, excessive waste and till discrepancies.  In response to this article a Costa Coffee spokesperson said an independent audit has been launched.

Costa Book Awards.

Costa Coffee has been the sponsor of the Costa Book Awards (formerly the Whitbread Book Awards) since 2006.

Costa Coffee is a British coffeehouse chain which is a subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company. It is headquartered in Dunstable, England.

咖世家(英语:Costa Coffee)是一家总部位于英国的咖啡连锁店。除了意式咖啡门店外,也提供烘焙咖啡豆的批发。1995年公司被收购。曾经是惠特贝瑞的子公司。2019年起成为可口可乐的子公司。


History.

Pasighat was founded in 1911 A.D. by the British Raj as a gateway to administrative convenience of the greater Abor Hills and the north area in general. Primarily there were settlements of "Adi" tribesmen who are still living in the villages in and around Pasighat. The year 2011 marked 100 years of its existence.  Cognizance of Pasighat emerged due to the last Anglo-Abor War that was fought in 1912 subsequent to the fourth Anglo-Abor War in 1894. This necessitated the first-ever administrative headquarters being established here with an Assistant Political Officer posted. In the post-independence era, Pasighat is credited with the first Airfield (near Paglek, P. I. Line) established in 1946.  The first "Agricultural Institute" in Arunachal Pradesh was also established at Pasighat in 1950. Other forms of later infrastructural development include:  Early proponents for shifting the state capital from Shillong (the then "NEFA"), underlined Pasighat's better infrastructure. However, the privilege was lost to the present capital Itanagar in 1974. The only significant development in Pasighat that came after that was the "College Of Horticulture" and "Forestry Central Agriculture University" established on 7 March 2001.

Geography.

Pasighat is located at. It has an average elevation of. Pasighat has a typical lowland Northeast India humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cwa") a little too cool to qualify as a tropical monsoon climate ("Am").  The unique trough-like features surrounded by high hills on three sides make Pasighat ideal for attracting rain-bearing clouds which come in from the Assam plain. The rain-bearing wind gets obstructed by the hills and brings exceptionally heavy rainfall from June to September when the average monthly rainfall is – equivalent to over per day. Winter is marked by strong, cool, dry northeasterly winds from the Siberian High, which make Pasighat fog-free even in winter. Days during the “cool” season from November to February are generally warm and clear, whilst the “hot” spring season from March to May sees an increasing frequency of heavy thunder downpours and very warm to hot, humid weather with even mornings warm.  The Brahmaputra River emerges from the foothills under the name of "Dihang "or "Siang" in Pasighat. It enters the plains from here, in the west of "Sadiya" town in Arunachal Pradesh. Flowing south-west, it receives its main left-bank tributaries, viz. "Dibang" and "Lohit"; thereafter, it is known as the "Brahmaputra" in the plains. Then it crosses the Pasighat area heading for the Assam plains.

Economy.

Agriculture is the main occupation of the local people. Rice is the main food crop produced in the area. There are several large tea gardens in the vicinity of the town which attract workers from all over the region. Lumbering was a big sustaining industry till the Supreme Court clamped down on the industry during the 1990s. There is also a bit of tourism in Pasighat, being the oldest town in Arunachal Pradesh. Agriculture, horticulture, and tourism continue to be the main source of economy for the town.

Demography.

As of 2011 India Census, Pasighat had a population of 24,656. Males constitute 50.62% (12,482 males) of the population and females 49.37% (12,174 females). Pasighat has an average literacy rate of 79.6%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 85.33%, and female literacy is 73.74%. In Pasighat, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.  Pasighat is predominantly inhabited by the Adi people.

Culture.

The people of Pasighat celebrate a variety of festivals. Solung, Aran, and Etor are important festivals. Legend has it that the festival regarded as Solung, which is the principal festival of the Adi, came into existence when the Goddess of wealth, Kiine-Naane, had asked them in person to carry out this worship or 'puja'.  Solung is celebrated by the Adis for five days in the month of September. The first day or the "Solung Gidi Dogin" is the day when they prepare for this event. "Doreph Long", the second day is the day of animal slaughters. "Binnyat Binam" or the third day is the day of prayers. "Taktor of Ekoph" is the fourth day and on this day arms and ammunition are manufactured. "Miri" or the fifth day is the day of farewell. The songs that are sung during Solung are the lyrics of "Solung Abang" that show the life of humans, animals, plants, etc.  The Adi people are also known for their colorful "Ponung" dance and war dance called "Taapu".

Connectivity.

Pasighat is connected by the NH-515 and have frequent services from Guwahati, Lakhimpur or Itanagar. Waterways crossing the Brahmaputra River from Dibrugarh by ferry to Oryamghat that is situated at a distance of 32 km from Pasighat and can take a bus or taxi. Nearest rail head is at Murkongselek which is terminal station of the Rangia-Murkongselek broad gauge track, The rail head is proposed to be extended up to pasighat. The BG railway line will link North-Assam area with Pasighat town, the district headquarter of East Siang of Arunachal, located at a rail route distance of 26.5 km. About 24.5 km of the route falls in Arunachal territory. The Rangia - Murkongselek BG conversion (with extension up to Pasighat) project was one of the two major rail projects in Northeast announced by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh during 2010. This broad gauge line is supposed to be proceeding on to Roing, Parsuramkund, Rupai, and other places the state. A preliminary engineering-traffic survey for the Pasighat-Tezu-Parshuram Kund was conducted by Northeast Frontier Railways at the request of the state government.Arunachal Pradesh State Transport Services (APSTS) is another means of transportation in the district which is linked with other districts and nearby villages. APSTS buses are also run from Pasighat to Itanagar, the capital of the state, from Pasighat to Shillong, Meghalaya via Guwahati on the daily basis. Bus services are available to Guwahati, Assam which are run by private operators. Private- owned Winger and Tata Sumo services also run across the district and run in the another districts. Also, regular flights from Pasighat to Guwahati and Guwahati to Pasighat on selected weekdays have also started since April 2018. Guwahati and Kolkata are connected with Pasighat Airport by Alliance Air.

Tourism.

Pasighat is the land of the mighty Siang and indigenous hanging bridges. A waterfall graces the mountain cliffs and chills the vicinity. Attractions in the town include:

Pasighat is the headquarters of East Siang district in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. Situated at the eastern foothills of the Himalayas at above mean sea level, Pasighat is Arunachal's oldest town. The Government of India included Pasighat in the Smart Cities Mission development scheme in June 2017.

巴昔卡(Pasighat),一译帕西格,是印度阿鲁纳恰尔邦东桑朗县的一个城市。南侧与阿萨姆邦接壤。因背倚喜马拉雅山脉,印度洋暖湿气流被阻挡,故该地区终年雨量充沛。2001年巴昔卡的人口为21972人。


Cardinals.

The College of Cardinals had probably 43 (or 42) members in February 1130. It seems that no more than 37 (36) were present at Rome on the death of Honorius II:  Probably six cardinals were absent from Rome:

Preparations for the election.

Both parties of the College of Cardinals were of almost an equal size. The party of Aymeric had 19 members, while that of his opponents 24, but the party of the Chancellor was certainly better organized.  One of the undeniable aspects of that division is that the Anacletans were mainly older cardinals, veterans of the investiture controversy, created either by Paschalis II or early in the pontificate of Callixtus II, while Innocentine cardinals with few exceptions were created after Concordat of Worms (1122), which established peace with the Emperor. Out of nineteen cardinals created before 1122, only five supported the Chancellor, while out of twenty four appointed from that time onwards as many as fourteen. The other possible reasons for such radical tensions in the College (e.g. national divisions, connections to different spiritual centres) are widely discussed by historians without final conclusion.  In the elected committee the party of Aymeric had 5 members out 8. This was due to the way of their election – each of the three cardinalatial orders had to elect their own representatives. Although adherents of Aymeric were in the minority in the whole College, they had a majority among cardinal-bishops and cardinal-deacons, while their opponents were mainly cardinal-priests. Therefore, the faction of the Chancellor acquired a majority in the electoral body  The following cardinals were elected to the committee (the opponents of Aymeric are denoted with †):

Death of Honorius II and the election of Innocent II.

Honorius II died in the night 13/14 February 1130 in the Roman monastery of S. Gregorio, after a long illness. Cardinal Aymeric arranged a hasty burial there and immediately called the members of the committee to the monastery to proceed for the election of a new pope. But Cardinals Pierleoni and Gionata, realising that the commission certainly would elect a supporter of the Chancellor, withdrew from it hoping that a lack of quorum would prevent it from functioning. But Aymeric ignored this fact and the commission assembled with six members only. Despite the protests of Cardinal Pietro Pisano, who was a distinguished canonist, the committee elected one of its members, Cardinal Gregorio Papareschi of S. Angelo, who accepted the election and took the name Innocent II. He was enthroned in the Lateran Basilica early in the morning on February 14. His election was almost immediately recognized by six other cardinals: two bishops (Giovanni of Ostia and Mathieu of Albano) and four priests (Joselmo of S. Cecilia, Petrus of S. Anastasia and Giovanni of S. Crisogono; the identity of the fourth one is uncertain, but most probably it was Gerardo of S. Croce). In a short time they were joined also by the next eight cardinals.

The election of Anacletus II.

The majority of the cardinals, however, did not recognize Innocent II under the influence of Pietro Pisano, who, as a distinguished canonist, declared that his election was invalid. On February 14 in the morning the opponents of Aymeric and his candidate assembled under the leadership of Pietro Pierleoni in the church of S. Marco to elect the new Pope. Initially, Cardinal Pierleoni proposed the election of the Dean of the College Pietro Senex of Porto, but he refused to accept the papal dignity. Then the cardinals unanimously elected Pierleoni himself, who took the name of Anacletus II.  It is not known how many cardinals elected Anacletus II. The decree proclaiming his election issued on the same day was subscribed by 14 cardinals:  It is not known whether the remaining five adherents of Pierleoni, who are believed to have been present at Rome, participated in the electoral proceedings. There is no doubt, however, that the lesser clergy of Rome was represented in the election. The electoral decree of Anacletus II bears the subscriptions of some of them, including Subdeacon Gregorio, "primicerius scholae cantorum", who was appointed Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro the following February 21, and Rainiero, Archpriest of the Patriarchal Liberian Basilica.

Division of the College of Cardinals.

The double election resulted with the open split of the College of Cardinals into two parties. Their compositions can be established in the following way:  Therefore, at the beginning of the schism 18 cardinals belonged to the College of Innocent II, and 28 to the College of Anacletus II.  The Innocentine cardinals, who are not mentioned by "Liber Pontificalis", and the Anacletan, who did not subscribe the letter to king Lothair, are denoted with †.  Stefano Stornato joined the obedience of Innocent II no later than 1132; Lectifredo of S. Vitale and Giovanni Dauferio did the same in 1133, Pietro Pisano in 1137, and Desiderio of S. Prassede shortly before the end of the schism in 1138. It seems that ca. 1135 Comes of S. Sabina also abandoned Anacletus II.

The schism.

Both popes were consecrated and crowned on the same day, February 23. Innocent II received episcopal consecration from Cardinal Giovanni of Ostia in the church S. Maria Nuova, the titular deaconry of Chancellor Aymeric. Anacletus II was consecrated by Cardinal Pietro of Porto in the Vatican Basilica, which means that Anacletus took the advantage in the city from the very beginning. Almost all Roman aristocracy (with the significant exception of the Frangipani family), the majority of the lesser clergy and the people of Rome recognized Anacletus II and at the end of May Innocent II had to flee to France. After his defection to France even the Frangipani submitted to Anacletus.  In France, however, Innocent II found a strong ally in the person of Bernard of Clairvaux. Under Bernard’s influence, almost all European monarchs and episcopates recognized the exiled Innocent II. Anacletus II, although he controlled Rome and the Patrimony of St. Peter, received the support only of the Normans of southern Italy, Scotland, Aquitaine, some cities in northern Italy (incl. Milan), and perhaps Outremer and probably also Poland.  Both elections were irregular, because they contradicted the rules established by the decree "In Nomine Domini" in 1059, but both sides defended the legality of the respective pontificates. The adherents of Anacletus argued that he was elected by the majority of the cardinals, lower clergy and the people of Rome. The partisans of Innocent II answered that Innocent II was elected by majority of the cardinal-bishops, who according to the decree In Nomine Domini had to play the preeminent role in the election. Their opponents answered with another version of the decree (false, but very popular at the time), which stated that the pope was elected by "cardinals" (meaning cardinal-priests and deacons), while cardinal-bishops could only express their approval or disapproval. Both parties used, by analogy, the Benedictine rule, which stated that in the case of a double election for abbot, the valid election was the one made by "the sounder part" ("sanior pars") of the electors – but there was no consensus which part of the College was "sounder" in this case.  Decisive for the verdict about the legality of both pontificates were not the legal arguments, but the attitude of the Catholic world, which had almost universally recognized Innocent II. His main supporters were Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux, Archbishop of Magdeburg Norbert of Xanten and King Lothair III of Germany. The few secular lords who had initially supported Anacletus gradually abandoned his cause as lost; only King Roger II of Sicily, who had received the crown from Anacletus in exchange for support, stood at his side to the very end. Although Anacletus II was able to retain the control of the city of Rome and the Patrimony of St. Peter until his death in January 1138, his successor quickly made his submission to Innocent II, who is now regarded as true Pope.

The papal election of 1130 (held February 14) was convoked after the death of Pope Honorius II and resulted in a double election. Part of the cardinals, led by Cardinal-Chancellor Aymeric de la Chatre, elected Gregorio Papareschi as Pope Innocent II, but the rest of them refused to recognize him and elected Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, who took the name of Anacletus II. Although Anacletus had the support of the majority of the cardinals, the Catholic Church considers Innocent II as the legitimate Pope, and Anacletus II as Antipope.

1130年教宗选举是在教宗何诺二世离世后于1130年2月14日或2月15日举行的教宗选举。这次选举是自1061年举行教宗选举以来枢机团首次分裂成2个阵营,而每个阵营各自选出1位教宗。原本选举是由艾默里克·德·拉·渣达枢机带领的一部分枢机选出额我略·巴巴拉斯基枢机为教宗诺森二世。不过,其他参与选举的枢机不满意该结果而自行选出伯多禄·比亚尼枢机为教宗克雷二世。虽然克雷二世得到更多枢机支持,但是天主教会将诺森二世视为合法教宗,而克雷二世则为对立教宗。


History.

Before the establishment of the kingdom, the region had been known as "Makassar" and its people as "Suku Makassar" (tribe of Makassar). The history of the kingdom can be divided into two eras: pre-Islamic kingdom and post-Islamic sultanate.

Pre-Islamic Kingdom.

According to the epic poem The Nagarakretagama, in praise of King Rajasanagara of Majapahit, it lists Makassar as one of the kingdom's tributaries in 1365.  The first queen of Gowa was "Tomanurung Baine". There is not much known about the exact time when the kingdom was established nor about the first queen, and only during the ruling of the 6th king, "Tonatangka Kopi", local sources have noted about the division of the kingdom into two new kingdoms led by two Kopi's sons: Kingdom of Gowa led by "Batara Gowa" as its 7th king covering areas of Paccelekang, Pattalasang, Bontomanai Ilau, Bontomanai 'Iraya, Tombolo and Mangasa while the other son, "Karaeng Loe ri Sero", led a new kingdom called Tallo which includes areas of Saumata, Pannampu, Moncong Loe, and Parang Loe.  For years both kingdoms were involved in wars until the kingdom of Tallo was defeated. During the reign of King of Gowa X, "I Manriwagau Daeng Bonto Karaeng Lakiung Tunipalangga Ulaweng" (1512-1546), the two kingdoms were reunified to become twin kingdoms under a deal called "Rua Kareng se're ata" ("dual kings, single people" in Makassarese) and enforced with a binding treaty. Since then, when someone becomes a king of Tallo, he also becomes the king of Gowa. Many historians then simply call these "Gowa-Tallo" twin kingdoms as "Makassar" or just "Gowa."

Islamic Sultanate.

The traces of Islam in South Sulawesi existed since the 1320s with the arrival of the first Sayyid in South Sulawesi, namely "Sayyid Jamaluddin al-Akbar Al-Husaini", who is the grandfather of Wali Songo.  The conversion of the kingdom to Islam is dated as September 22, 1605 when the 14th king of Tallo-Gowa kingdom, "Karaeng Matowaya Tumamenaga Ri Agamanna", converted to Islam, where later changed his name to "Sultan Alauddin". He ruled the kingdom from 1591 to 1629. His conversion to Islam is associated with the arrival of three ulama from Minangkabau: "Datuk Ri Bandang", "Datuk ri Tiro" and "Datuk Patimang".  From 1630 until the early twentieth century, Gowa's political leaders and Islamic functionaries were both recruited from the ranks of the nobility. Since 1607, sultans of Makassar established a policy of welcoming all foreign traders. In 1613, an English factory built in Makassar. This began the hostilities of English-Dutch against Makassar.  The most famous Sultan of the kingdom was Sultan Hasanuddin, who from 1666 to 1669 started a war known as "Makassar War" against the Dutch East India Company (VOC) which was assisted by the prince of Bone kingdom of Bugis dynasty, Arung Palakka.

Dissolution of Sultanate.

Since 1673 the area around Fort Rotterdam grew into a city currently known as Makassar. Since 1904 the Dutch colonial government had engaged in the South Sulawesi expedition and started war against small kingdoms in South Sulawesi, including Gowa. In 1911 the Sultanate lost its independence after losing the war and became one of the Dutch Indies' regencies. Following the Indonesian Independence from Netherlands in 1945, the sultanate dissolved and has since become part of the Republic of Indonesia and the former region becomes part of Gowa Regency.

Makassar War.

In 1644, Bone rose up against Gowa. The Battle of Passempe saw Bone defeated and a regent heading an Islamic religious council installed. In 1660 Arung Palakka, the long haired prince of the Sultanate of Bonu, led a Bugis revolt against Gowa, but failed.  In 1666, under the command of Admiral Cornelis Speelman, The Dutch East India Company (VOC) attempted to bring the small kingdoms in the North under their control, but did not manage to subdue the Sultanate of Gowa. After Sultan Hasanuddin ascended to the throne as the 16th sultan of Gowa, he tried to combine the power of the small kingdoms in eastern Indonesia to fight the VOC.  On the morning of 24 November 1666, the VOC expedition and the Eastern Quarters set sail under the command of Speelman. The fleet consisted of the admiralship "Tertholen", and twenty other vessels carrying some 1860 people, among them 818 Dutch sailors, 578 Dutch soldiers, and 395 native troops from Ambon under Captain Joncker and from Bugis under Arung Palakka and Arung Belo Tosa'deng. Speelman also accepted Sultan Ternate's offer to contribute a number of his war canoes for the war against Gowa. A week after June 19, 1667 Speelman's armada set sail toward Sulawesi and Makassar from Butung. When the fleet reached the Sulawesi coast, Speelman received news of the abortive Bugis uprising in Bone in May and of the disappearance of Arung Palakka during the crossing from the island of Kambaena.  The war later broke in 1666 between the VOC and the sultanate of Gowa. The war continued until 1669, after the VOC had landed its strengthened troops in a desperate and ultimately weakening Gowa. On 18 November 1667 "the Treaty of Bungaya" was signed by the major belligerents in a premature attempt to end the war.  Feeling aggrieved, Hasanuddin started the war again. Finally, the VOC requested assistance for additional troops from Batavia. Battles broke out again in various places with Sultan Hasanuddin giving fierce resistance. Military reinforcements sent from Batavia strengthened the VOC's military capability, allowing it to break the Sultanate of Gowa's strongest fortress in Somba Opu on June 12, 1669 which finally marked the end of the war. Sultan Hasanuddin resigned from the royal throne, dying on June 12, 1670.  After the Makassar war, Admiral Cornelis Speelman destroyed the large fortress in Somba Opu, and built up Fort Rotterdam (Speelman named this fortress after his birthplace in Netherlands) in its place as the headquarters of VOC activities in Sulawesi. In 1672 Arung Palakka was raised to the throne to become the sultan of Bone.  The war is considered the greatest war the VOC had ever had.

Government.

Political administration.

The variety of titles used by leaders of small polities is bewildering: anrongguru, dampang, gallarrang, jannang, kare, kasuiang, lao, loqmoq, todo, and more besides. All were local titles Makassarese used before the rise of Gowa. Gowa’s expansion brought some systematic order to this variety.  Granting titles was an important method of establishing and recognizing a given person/s and a given community’s place within society. Ideally, but not always infact, this hierarchy of titles corresponded to the natural hierarchy of the white blood that the nobles possessed. Distinguishing nobles from commoners, for example, was the right to have a royal or daeng name aswell as a personal name. Distinguishing lower ranking nobles such as anaq ceraq from higher-ranking nobles like anaq tiqno was the latter’s right to a karaeng title. Granted by the ruler of Gowa, karaeng titles not only signified the bearer’s accepted high status, but were often toponyms that gace the bearer the right to demand tribute and labour from the community of that name.  Offices did become the domain of the nobles with karaeng titles. The most important of these was Tumabicarabutta, whose task it is was to assist the ruler of Gowa as regent and chief advisor. This pattern of the ruler of Talloq advising the ruler of Gowa became the norm in the first part of the 17th century.  Another important office was Tumailalang (literally, “the person on the inside”), the trio of ministers. From the title it appears that the Tumailalang were inchange of managing everyday affairs within Gowa, there was a join tumailalang-sabannaraq office during the reign of Tumapaqsiriq Kallonna. During the subsequent reign, Tunipalannga separated these offices and by the reign of Tunijalloq, there were 2 Tumailalang, later known as the elder tumailalang toa and the younger tumailalang lolo. All holders of the Tumailalang posts were high-rangking karaengs.

List of rulers.

Islamic period of Gowa started during the reign of I Mangari Daeng Manrabbia Sultan Alau'ddin in 1605.

Sultanate of Gowa (sometimes written as "Goa"; not to be confused with Goa in India) was one of the great kingdoms and the most successful kingdom in the South Sulawesi region. People of this kingdom come from the Makassar tribe who lived in the south end and the west coast of southern Sulawesi.

戈瓦苏丹国(印尼语:Sultanate of Gowa,戈瓦Gowa有时写作戈阿Goa,勿与印度的果阿Goa混淆)是苏拉威西地区最强大最成功的王国。苏丹国的人民来自于居住在苏拉威西岛南半岛最南端西海岸的望加锡部落。


Early life (1887–1912).

Samuel Eliot Morison was born July 9, 1887, in Boston, Massachusetts, to John Holmes Morison (1856–1911) and Emily Marshall (Eliot) Morison (1857–1925). He was named for his maternal grandfather Samuel Eliot—a historian, educator, and public-minded citizen of Boston and Hartford, Connecticut. The Eliot family, which produced generations of prominent American intellectuals, descended from Andrew Eliot, who moved to Boston in the 1660s from the English village of East Coker. The most famous of this Andrew Eliot's direct descendants was poet T.S. Eliot, who titled the second of his "Four Quartets" "East Coker".  Morison attended Noble and Greenough School (1897–1901) and St. Paul's (1901–1903) prior to entering Harvard University, where he was a member of the Phoenix S K Club. At the age of fourteen, he learned to sail, and soon after learned horsemanship—both skills would serve him well in his later historical writings. He earned both a Bachelor of Arts and Master's degree from Harvard in 1908. After studying at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques (1908–1909), Morison returned to Harvard.

Scholar and historian (1913–1941).

Morison originally intended to major in mathematics until Albert Bushnell Hart talked him into researching some papers of an ancestor stored in his wine cellar. His Harvard dissertation was the basis for his first book "The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis, Federalist, 1765–1848" (1913), which sold 700 copies. After earning his Ph.D. at Harvard, Morison became an instructor in history at the University of California, Berkeley in 1912. In 1915 he returned to Harvard and took a position as an instructor. During World War I he served as a private in the US Army. He also served as the American Delegate on the Baltic Commission of the Paris Peace Conference until June 17, 1919.  In 1922–1925 Morison taught at Oxford University as the first Harmsworth Professor of American History. In 1925 he returned to Harvard, where he was appointed a full professor. One of several subjects that fascinated Morison was the history of New England. As early as 1921 he published "The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860". In the 1930s Morison published a series of books on the history of Harvard University and New England, including "Builders of the Bay Colony: A Gallery of Our Intellectual Ancestors" (1930), "The Founding of Harvard College" (1935), "Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century" (1936), "Three Centuries of Harvard: 1636–1936" (1936), and "The Puritan Pronaos" (1936). In later years, he returned to the subject of New England history, writing "The Ropemakers of Plymouth" (1950) and "The Story of the 'Old Colony' of New Plymouth" (1956) and editing the definitive work, "Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1647" (1952).  During his time at Harvard, Morison became the last professor to arrive on campus on horseback. He was chosen to speak at the 300th Anniversary celebration of Harvard in 1936 and a recording of his speech is included as part of the "Harvard Voices" collection.  In 1938 Morison was elected as an honorary member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati.  In 1940, Morison published "Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century", a book that presaged his succeeding publications on the explorer, Christopher Columbus. In 1941, Morison was named Jonathan Trumbull Professor of American History at Harvard. For "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" (1942), Morison combined his personal interest in sailing with his scholarship by actually sailing to the various places that Columbus explored. The Harvard Columbus Expedition, led by Morison and including his wife and Captain John W. McElroy, Herbert F. Hossmer, Jr., Richard S. Colley, Dr. Clifton W. Anderson, Kenneth R. Spear and Richard Spear, left on 28 August 1939 aboard the 147 foot ketch "Capitana" for the Azores and Lisbon, Portugal from which they sailed on the 45 foot ketch "Mary Otis" to retrace Columbus' route using manuscripts and records of his voyages reaching Trinidad by way of Cadiz, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. After following the coast of South and Central America the expedition returned to Trinidad on 15 December 1939. The expedition returned to New York on 2 February 1940 aboard the United Fruit liner. The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1943.

Naval war service (1942–1952).

In 1942, Morison met with his friend President Franklin D. Roosevelt and offered to write a history of United States Navy operations during the war from an insider's perspective by taking part in operations and documenting them. The President and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox agreed to the proposal. On May 5, 1942, Morison was commissioned a lieutenant commander in the US Naval Reserve, and was called at once to active duty. Gregory Pfitzer explained his procedures:  Morison worked with a team of researchers to prepare the "History of United States Naval Operations in World War II", published in 15 volumes between 1947–1962, documenting everything from strategy and tactics to technology and the exploits of individuals. British military historian Sir John Keegan called it the best to come out of that conflict. Issued as "The Rising Sun in the Pacific" in 1948, Volume 3 won the Bancroft Prize in 1949.  Morison was promoted to the rank of captain on December 15, 1945. On August 1, 1951, he was transferred to the Honorary Retired List of the Naval Reserve and was promoted to Rear Admiral on the basis of combat awards.  In "History as a Literary Art: An Appeal to Young Historians" (1946), Morison argued that vivid writing springs from the synergy of experience and research:

Later years (1953–1976).

In 1955, Morison retired from Harvard University. He devoted the rest of his life to writing. In quick succession, Morison wrote "Christopher Columbus, Mariner" (1955), "Freedom in Contemporary Society" (1956), "The Story of the 'Old Colony' of New Plymouth, 1620–1692" (1956), "Nathaniel Holmes Morison" (1957), "William Hickling Prescott" (1958), "Strategy and Compromise" (1958), and "John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography" (1959), which earned Morison his second Pulitzer Prize.  In the early 1960s, Morison's focus returned to his New England youth, writing "The Story of Mount Desert Island, Maine" (1960), "One Boy's Boston, 1887–1901" (1962), "Introduction to Whaler Out of New Bedford" (1962), and "A History of the Constitution of Massachusetts" (1963). In 1963, "The Two-Ocean War" was published, a one-volume abridged history of the United States Navy in World War II.  In 1964, Morison received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Lyndon B. Johnson. In presenting the distinguished historian with the highest civilian award in the United States, Johnson noted: Morison's later years were devoted to books on exploration, such as "The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It" (This book was written jointly with Mauricio Obregón) (1964), "Spring Tides" (1965), "The European Discovery of America" (1971–1974), and "Samuel de Champlain: Father of [New France" (1972). His research for the latter book included sailing many of the routes taken by Champlain, and tracing others by airplane.  Morison's first marriage to Elizabeth S. Greene produced four children—one of whom, Emily Morison Beck, became editor of "Bartlett's Familiar Quotations". Elizabeth died August 20, 1945. In 1949, Morison married Baltimore widow Priscilla Barton. Priscilla died February 22, 1973.

Death and legacy.

Morison died of a stroke on May 15, 1976. His ashes are buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Northeast Harbor, Maine.  During his life Morison had received two Pulitzer Prizes, two Bancroft Prizes, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences' Emerson-Thoreau Medal (1961), and numerous honorary degrees, military awards, and honors from foreign nations.  On July 19, 1979, the frigate USS "Samuel Eliot Morison" was launched, honoring Morison and his contributions to the United States Navy. Morison's legacy is also sustained by the United States Naval History and Heritage Command's Samuel Eliot Morison Naval History Scholarship. Boston's Commonwealth Avenue Mall features a bronze statue depicting Morison in sailor's oilskin.  Morison's last known public appearance was on April 8, 1976, when he served as the ribbon cutter to open the USS Constitution Museum. "The Museum's research library and an annual award given by the Museum for scholarship in history are both named in his honor." The museum gives the annual Samuel Eliot Morison Award to a person whose public service has enhanced the image of the USS "Constitution", and who reflects the best of Samuel Eliot Morison: artful scholarship, patriotic pride, and eclectic interest in the sea and things maritime.  In 1976, the "American Heritage" magazine initiated an award named in honor of Morison called the Samuel Eliot Morison Award, honoring an American author whose work shows "that good history is literature as well as high scholarship." It lasted two years.  Since 1982, the Naval Order of the United States gives an honor in Morison's name, the Samuel Eliot Morison Award for Naval Literature, for significant works about the US Navy.  In 1985, the Society for Military History established the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize, recognizing an author's body of contributions in the field of military history.

Criticism.

Slavery.

Morison was criticized by some African-American scholars for his treatment of American slavery in early editions of his book "The Growth of the American Republic", which he co-wrote with Henry Steele Commager and later with Commager's student William E. Leuchtenburg. The book originated as Morison's two-volume "Oxford History of the United States" (Oxford University Press, 1927). First published in 1930, the first two editions of the textbook, according to these critics, echoed the thesis of "American Negro Slavery" (1918) by Ulrich Bonnell Phillips. This view, sometimes called the Phillips school of slavery historiography, was considered an authoritative interpretation of the history of American slavery during the first half of the twentieth century, despite the intense criticism by some African-American scholars for its alleged racist underpinnings. Phillips's theories remained authoritative, considered by many white scholars to be ground-breaking and progressive when first proposed. In 1944, the NAACP began its criticism of "The Growth of the American Republic".  In 1950, while denying any racist intent—he noted his daughter's marriage to the son of Joel Elias Spingarn, the former President of the NAACP — Morison reluctantly agreed to most of the demanded changes. Morison refused to eliminate references to slaves who were loyal and devoted to their masters because they were treated well, and to some positive "civilizing" effects of the American system of slavery. Morison also refused to remove references to stereotypes of African Americans that he believed were vital in accurately depicting the racist nature of American culture in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—an era when even the most enlightened progressive thinkers routinely explained many aspects of human behavior as a result of innate racial or ethnic characteristics. In the 1962 edition of the textbook, Morison removed additional content that these critics found offensive.

Battle of Savo Island.

In his semi-official account of the Battle of Savo Island, a disastrous defeat for the U.S. Navy in World War II, Morison partly blamed the defeat on the failure of an Australian aircrew to inform the Americans of the approaching Japanese forces. Morison appears to have based this story on inaccurate, now refuted, information. On October 21, 2014 the US Navy issued a letter of apology to the last surviving member of the RAAF Hudson crew, who had sighted and duly reported the approach of the Japanese Naval Task Force; the letter states that "RAdm. Morison's criticism was unwarranted".

Honors and awards.

Award ribbons  Other honors  Honorary degrees  Literary prizes

Works.

The following is a list of books written by Samuel Eliot Morison, arranged alphabetically.

Samuel Eliot Morison (July 9, 1887 – May 15, 1976) was an American historian noted for his works of maritime history and American history that were both authoritative and popular. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1912, and taught history at the university for 40 years. He won Pulitzer Prizes for "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" (1942), a biography of Christopher Columbus, and "John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography" (1959). In 1942, he was commissioned to write a history of United States naval operations in World War II, which was published in 15 volumes between 1947 and 1962. Morison wrote the popular "Oxford History of the American People" (1965), and co-authored the classic textbook "The Growth of the American Republic" (1930) with Henry Steele Commager.

塞缪尔·艾略特·莫里森(英语:Samuel Eliot Morison)是一位美国海军历史学家,以其海军历史相关著作的权威性和可读性著名,最高军衔为海军后备役少将。莫里森于1912年在哈佛大学获得了哲学博士学位,后于该校教授历史长达40年。


谢赫·艾哈迈德·莫阿兹·哈提卜

Early life and career.

Born in 1960, Khatib comes from a well-known and notable Sunni Muslim Damascene family. His father, Sheikh Mohammed Abu al-Faraj al-Khatib, was a prominent Islamic scholar and preacher at the Umayyad Mosque.  At university, Khatib studied applied geophysics. He spent six years working for the Al-Furat Petroleum Company, Syria's main oil producer. He is also a member of the Syrian Geological Society and the Syrian Society for Psychological Science; he was president of the Islamic Society of Urbanization. His status as the former imam made him a key figure in Syria's Sunni religious establishment.  Khatib established the Islamic Civilization Society. He taught Sharia (Islamic Law) at the "Dutch Institute Sheikh Badr al-Din al-Husni" in Damascus, and Daawa (Call to Islam) studies at the Tahzib Institute for Sharia Sciences, as well as traveling extensively to teach internationally.

Political and religious views.

Khatib has been described as a moderate Islamist. Foreign Policy questioned this, pointing to articles on his website that contained numerous instances of antisemitic writing; including in Khatib's own articles, which also contained a degree of animosity towards the West.  The Syrian journalist and writer Rana Kabbani, a long time friend of Khatib, said, "Over the years, we have had a very intense political conversation about what needed to be done in Syria, long discussions about what was wrong with the society and what could be done about it." Kabbani continued to say, "He comes from an area in the old city of Damascus, a part of the city that was noted for its advocacy against French colonialists, producing freedom fighters. It was a traditional Damascene Muslim scene, a devout Sunni area with a long history of resistance. He cared very deeply about the victims of the 1982 massacre [in the Syrian city of Hama]. He was always seeking for ways to house or educate those [survivors] that the state wanted killed or banished."  He is a supporter of Qatar-based Egyptian Sunni Muslim cleric and preacher Yusuf al-Qaradawi. He even placed al-Qaradawi on equal footing with the Tunisian Mohamed Bouazizi, whose self-immolation marked beginning of the Arab Spring. He referred to al-Qaradawi as "our great Imam". Khatib has also referred to Shia Muslims as ""rejectionists"" and stated that the Shi'ites ""establish lies and follow them"", on occasions when he spoke to an Arab public. Analysts thus suspect him of adhering to some sectarian anti-Shia (and thus anti-Alawi) resentment. In an interview with Al Jazeera he said it would be better if Alawites would convert to Shia Islam, so they could follow a clear and structured faith. In stark contrast to his speeches and statements in Arabic, on other occasions Khatib has stressed that all creeds will need to be respected within Syria.  He was imprisoned several times for his criticism of the Syrian government during the ongoing armed uprising against President Bashar al-Assad before he fled the country and settled in Cairo. Khatib himself is not allied to any political party. Khatib is an active proponent of political plurality, including equality for women.  In October 2012, he was critical of the role Salafist militants had played as the civil war violence escalated, saying their prominence had allowed western and other countries to portray the uprising in Syria as "extremist".  In his statement to a crowd near Damascus soon after the Syrian uprising in 2011, he said “My brothers, we lived all our lives, Sunnis, Shiites, Alawites, and Druze, as a one-hearted community. And with us lived our dear brothers [Christians] who follow Isa [Jesus], peace be upon him. We should adhere to this bond between us and protect it at all times.” Adding that “Any garden is so nice if full of flowers of all kinds." After being elected president of the National Coalition for Revolutionary Forces and the Syrian Opposition he said “I say to you that Alawites are closer to me than many other people I know,” and “When we talk about freedom, we mean freedom for every single person in this country.” Despite this, he does not favour secular government; in a November 2011 interview, Khatib called for Sunni scholars and Islamic Sharia law to form the base of any future Syrian political and judicial system, which was realised shortly before his resignation from the role of president.

Involvement in the Syrian revolution.

In July 2012, Khatib fled Syria following multiple periods of imprisonment.  On 11 November 2012, Khatib was elected President of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, a coalition of opposition groups formed the same day. The coalition has since been recognized as the legitimate government of Syria by a number of countries. After his election, Khatib called on world powers to fully arm the Free Syrian Army. He has also called on the U.S. to reconsider its 2012 decision to declare the Al-Nusra Front as a terrorist organization, describing Al-Nusra as an ally in the rebellion to topple the Assad government and refusing US requests to denounce Al-Nusra's tactics.  Prior to his appointment, Khatib was open to negotiating with President Bashar al-Assad, arguing that dialogue did not mean "surrendering to the regime's cruelty" and was the "lesser of two evils." On 30 January 2013 he created controversy in the Syrian opposition by offering to meet with Assad.  Khatib resigned his post on 24 March 2013, although he continued in office until 21 April. Khatib did not specify the reason for his resignation. The refusal of Western powers to provide military support appeared to be a factor, as was the controversial election of Ghassan Hitto as prime minister of a government in exile, a development that seemed to reduce the likelihood of successful peace negotiations. In a subsequent interview, Khatib cited interference by regional funding nations—apparently Saudi Arabia and Qatar—as his reason for quitting.

Ahmad Moaz Al-Khatib Al-Hasani (, born 1960) is a former president of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces. He is also a former imam of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus.

谢赫·艾哈迈德·莫阿兹·哈提卜(,1960年)是叙利亚反对派和革命力量全国联盟总裁,是叙利亚大马士革倭马亚大清真寺前大阿訇。


Early life.

Born in Barreiro, Portugal, to parents from Guinea-Bissau, Martins Indi moved to Rotterdam, Netherlands, with his family, at the age of three months. He began playing football with youth teams at amateur club Spartaan '20 before joining the Feyenoord Academy at the age of 13.

Club career.

Feyenoord.

Martins Indi joined Feyenoord's first team squad as an academy graduate at the start of the 2010–11 season. He made his professional debut for Feyenoord on 19 August 2010, when he was part of the starting line-up in the Europa League home match against Gent (1–0). Three days later, on 22 August 2010, he also made his Eredivisie debut in the 1–1 draw against Heracles Almelo. On 12 September 2010, Martins Indi received a red card for the first time in his club career in stoppage time in a 2–0 loss against NAC Breda. On 17 April 2011, Martins Indi scored his first Eredivisie goal for Feyenoord in a 6–1 win over Willem II, He, along with Ryo Miyaichi and Georginio Wijnaldum, made headlines after the match having done a sound job defensively and having capped a promising performance with a header goal from a corner kick.  In the 2011–12 season, Martins Indi became a regular starter under Feyenoord's new manager Ronald Koeman. On 22 October 2011, Martins Indi scored his first league goal of the season in a 2–1 loss against VVV-Venlo. On 22 February 2012, Martins Indi signed a new contract that would keep him contracted at De Kuip until the summer of 2016. He played 31 times in 2011–12 as Feyenoord finished in 2nd position behind Ajax. He remained a key player under Koeman in the 2012–13 and 2013–14 campaigns, playing in 39 and 31 games respectively.

Porto.

On 15 July 2014, Martins Indi transferred to Primeira Liga side Porto for €7.7 million. He scored his first goal for Porto in a 2–1 home win over Braga on 5 October 2014. Martins Indi played 37 times in the for Porto as they finished runners-up to Benfica in the league whilst they were also eliminated by Bayern Munich at the quarter-final stage of the UEFA Champions League. In 2015–16, he made 33 appearances as the side finished 3rd and at the end of the campaign he was told by new manager Nuno Espírito Santo he was free to leave the Estádio do Dragão.

Stoke City.

On 31 August 2016, Martins Indi joined Premier League side Stoke City on loan for the 2016–17 season. He made his debut for Stoke on 10 September 2016 against Tottenham Hotspur. Martins Indi formed a defensive partnership with Ryan Shawcross which helped Stoke make a recovery from a poor start to the season. On 31 December 2016 Martins Indi scored this first goal in English football in a 4–2 defeat away at Chelsea. In May 2017 Martins Indi stated that he wants to turn his loan move into a permanent transfer in the summer. However Mark Hughes admitted that a deal with Porto for Martins Indi had hit an "impasse" and at the end of the season he returned to Porto.  After lengthy negotiations between Stoke and Porto, Martins Indi eventually joined Stoke on 11 August 2017, signing a five-year contract for a fee of £7 million. Martins Indi struggled with injuries in 2017–18, making 19 appearances as Stoke suffered relegation to the EFL Championship. He remained with Stoke in the second tier in 2018–19 playing 41 times as the side finished in 16th position. He scored a rare goal in a 2–0 win against Bolton Wanderers on 2 October 2018. During the season Martins Indi was played out of position at left back by both Gary Rowett and Nathan Jones. Towards the end of the season with Stoke having failed to mount a promotion challenge, Martins Indi admitted that he was contemplating leaving as he looks for a return to the top level.

International career.

Since being involved in Feyenoord's first team squad, Martins Indi has been eligible to play for either Portugal or the Netherlands as he has a double passport. Additionally, he has also been eligible to play for Guinea Bissau as that is his parents nationality. Martins Indi favoured the Dutch team. On 25 October 2009, Martins Indi made his national team debut for the Netherlands under-17 squad in a 2–1 loss to Colombia at the 2009 U-17 World Cup before coming off for Ouasim Bouy in the 79th minute. This was his only appearance for the Dutch U17 team. On 23 May 2010, Martins Indi was called up to the Netherlands under-19 squad and played the full 90 minutes in a 3–0 victory over Germany.  On 15 August 2012, he played his first full international game against Belgium. Despite losing 4–2, Martins Indi made an impressive debut and helped create both Dutch goals. He became a regular player for the Netherlands national team during qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, scoring his first international goals in 4–1 defeats of Hungary and Romania. In 2013, Martins Indi represented the Netherlands under-21 team at the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. His performances saw him included in UEFA's all-star squad for the tournament.  On 13 June 2014, Martins Indi made his World Cup debut in a 5–1 victory over reigning champions Spain. On 18 June, in his second World Cup game against Australia, Martins Indi was knocked unconscious by Tim Cahill and taken to hospital with a suspected concussion. He recovered faster than expected and he missed only one match in the group stage, against Chile. The Netherlands eventually finished third in the tournament.  Martins Indi was sent off after 10 minutes of an eventual 2–0 friendly defeat away to Italy on 4 September 2014 after conceding a penalty by fouling Simone Zaza and denying him a goalscoring opportunity. In a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match on 3 September the following year, he was again dismissed for striking Kolbeinn Sigþórsson, as the Dutch lost 1–0 at the Amsterdam Arena in Danny Blind's first game in charge.

Personal life.

On 23 March 2012, Martins Indi became a father after his girlfriend Mecia gave birth to a daughter. Martins Indi is fluent in Portuguese and still speaks it with his parents. He is an observant Muslim.

Career statistics.

International goals.

Netherlands score listed first, score column indicates score after each Martins Indi goal."

Rolando Maximiliano "Bruno" Martins Indi (born 8 February 1992) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a defender for Championship club Stoke City.

布鲁诺·马田斯·恩迪(Bruno Martins Indi,1992年-2月8日)荷兰足球运动员,司职后卫。现时为英超球会斯托克城及荷兰国家足球队球员。


Legal structure.

None of the "firms" within the Big Four is actually a single firm; rather, they are professional services networks. Each is a network of firms, owned and managed independently, which have entered into agreements with the other member firms in the network to share a common name, brand, intellectual property, and quality standards. Each network has established a global entity to co-ordinate the activities of the network. In the case of KPMG, the co-ordinating entity is a Swiss association, and in the cases of Deloitte, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Ernst & Young, the co-ordinating entity is a UK limited company. Those entities "do not" themselves perform external professional services, nor do they own or control the member firms. Nevertheless, these networks colloquially are referred to as "firms" for the sake of simplicity and to reduce confusion with lay-people. These accounting and professional services networks are similar in nature to how law firm networks in the legal profession work.  In many cases, each member firm practices in a single country, and is structured to comply with the regulatory environment in that country.  Ernst & Young also includes separate legal entities which manage three of its four geographic areas: the Americas, Asia-Pacific, and EMEIA (Europe, the Middle East, India and Africa) groups, the fourth area being Japan, which has no larger co-ordination branch. These entities coordinate services performed by local firms within their respective areas, but "do" "not perform" services or hold ownership in the local entities. There are rare exceptions to this convention; in 2007, KPMG announced a merger of four internationally distinct member firms (in the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein) to form a single firm.

History of Mergers.

Since the 1980s, numerous mergers and one major scandal involving Arthur Andersen, have reduced the number of major professional-services firms from eight to four.

Big Eight.

The firms were called the Big Eight for most of the 20th century, reflecting the international dominance of the eight largest firms:  Most of the Big Eight originated in an alliance formed between British and U.S. audit firms in the 19th or early 20th centuries. The firms' initial international expansion were driven by the needs of British and American based multinationals for worldwide service. They expanded by forming local partnerships, or by forming alliances with local firms. Arthur Andersen was the exception: the firm originated in the United States, and then expanded internationally by establishing its own offices in other markets, including the United Kingdom.  Price Waterhouse was a U.K. firm which opened a U.S. office in 1890, and later established a separate U.S. partnership. The UK and U.S. Peat Marwick Mitchell firms adopted a common name in 1925. Other firms used separate names for domestic business, and did not adopt common names until much later. For instance, Touche Ross was named such in 1960, Arthur Young, McLelland, Moores & Co in 1968, Coopers & Lybrand in 1973, Deloitte Haskins & Sells in 1978, and Ernst & Whinney in 1979.  In the 1980s the Big 8, each with global branding, adopted modern marketing and grew rapidly. They merged with many smaller firms. KPMG was the result of one of the largest of these mergers. In 1987, Peat Marwick merged with the Klynveld Main Goerdeler group to become KPMG Peat Marwick, later known simply as KPMG. Note that this was not the result of a merger between any of the Big Eight.

Big Six.

Competition among these firms intensified, and the Big Eight became the Big Six in 1989. In that year, Ernst & Whinney merged with Arthur Young to form Ernst & Young in June, and Deloitte, Haskins & Sells merged with Touche Ross to form Deloitte & Touche in August.  The Big Six after both mergers occurred were:  There has been some merging of ancestor firms, in some localities, which would aggregate brands belonging to the Big Four today, but in different combinations than the present-day names would otherwise suggest. For example, the United Kingdom local firm of Deloitte, Haskins & Sells merged instead with the United Kingdom firm of Coopers & Lybrand. The resulting firm was called Coopers & Lybrand Deloitte, and the local firm of Touche Ross kept its original name. It wasn't until the mid-1990s that both UK firms changed their names to match those of their respective international organizations. Meanwhile, in Australia, the local firm of Touche Ross merged instead with KPMG. It is for these reasons that the Deloitte & Touche international organization was known as DRT International (later DTT International), to avoid use of names which would have been ambiguous, as well as contested, in certain markets.

Big Five.

The Big Six became the Big Five, in July 1998, when Price Waterhouse merged with Coopers & Lybrand to form PricewaterhouseCoopers.  The Big Five at this point in time were:

Big Four.

Finally, the insolvency of Arthur Andersen stemming from their involvement in the 2001 Enron Scandal, produced the Big Four:  The Enron collapse and ensuing investigation prompted scrutiny of the company's financial reporting, which that year was audited by Arthur Andersen. Arthur Andersen was eventually indicted for obstruction of justice for shredding documents related to the audit in the Enron scandal. The resulting conviction, although it was later overturned, still effectively meant the end of Arthur Andersen, because the firm was not allowed to take on new clients while they were under investigation. Most of its country practices around the world were sold to members of what is now the Big Four -notably Ernst & Young (now known as EY) globally; Deloitte & Touche in the United Kingdom, Canada, Spain, and Brazil; and PricewaterhouseCoopers (now known as PwC) in China and Hong Kong.

Revenue Comparison.

In 2010, Deloitte, with its 1.8% growth, was able to outpace PricewaterhouseCoopers' 1.5% growth, gaining "first place" in revenue size, and became the largest firm in the professional services industry. In 2011, PwC re-gained first place with 10% revenue growth. In 2013, these two firms claimed the top two spots with only a $200 million revenue difference, that is, within half a percent. However, Deloitte saw faster growth than PwC over the next few years (largely due to acquisitions) and reclaimed the title of largest of the Big Four in Fiscal Year 2016.  It was estimated that the Big Four had about a 67% share of the global accountancy market in 2012, while most of the rest was divided among so called mid-tier players, such as Grant Thornton, BDO, and Crowe Global.

Criticism.

Cartel fears.

In Australia, the heads of the big four firms have met regularly for dinner, a parliamentary committee was told in 2018. The revelation was among issues which led to an inquiry by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission into possible collusion in the selling of audit and services. However, Ernst & Young told the inquiry that the dinners, which were held once or twice a year, were to discuss industry trends and issues of corporate culture such as inclusion and diversity.

Tax avoidance.

According to Australian taxation expert George Rozvany, the Big Four are "the masterminds of multinational tax avoidance and the architects of tax schemes which cost governments and their taxpayers an estimated $US1 trillion a year". At the same time they are advising governments on tax reforms, they are advising their multinational clients how to avoid taxes.

Market concentration.

In the wake of industry concentration and the occasional firm failure, the issue of a credible alternative industry structure has been raised. The limiting factor on the expansion of the Big Four to include additional firms, is that although some of the firms in the next tier have become quite substantially large, or have formed international networks, effectively all large public companies insist on having an audit performed by a Big Four network. This creates the complication that smaller firms have no way to compete well enough to make it into the top end of the market.  In 2011, the House of Lords of United Kingdom completed an inquiry into the financial crisis, and called for an Office of Fair Trading investigation into the dominance of the Big Four. It is reported that the Big Four audit all but one of the companies that constitute the FTSE 100, and 240 of the companies in the FTSE 250, an index of the leading mid-cap listing companies.

Corporate collusion.

Documents published in June 2010 show that some UK companies' banking covenants required them to use one of the Big Four. This approach from the lender prevents firms in the next tier from competing for audit work for such companies. The British Bankers' Association said that such clauses are rare. Current discussions in the UK consider outlawing such clauses.  In Ireland, the Director of Corporate Enforcement, in February 2011 said, auditors "report surprisingly few types of company law offences to us", with the so-called "big four" auditing firms reporting the least often to his office, at just 5% of all reports.  The January 2018 collapse of the UK construction and services company Carillion raised further questions about the Big Four, all of which had advised the company before its liquidation. On 13 February 2018, the Big Four were described by MP and chair of the Work and Pensions Select Committee Frank Field as "feasting on what was soon to become a carcass" after collecting fees of £72m for Carillion work during the years leading up to its collapse. The final report of a Parliamentary inquiry into the collapse of Carillion, published on 16 May 2018, accused the Big Four accounting firms of as a "cosy club", with KPMG singled out for its "complicity" in signing off Carillion’s "increasingly fantastical figures" and internal auditor Deloitte accused of failing to identify, or ignoring, "terminal failings". The report recommended the Government refer the statutory audit market to the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA), urging consideration of breaking up the Big Four. In September 2018, Business Secretary Greg Clark announced he had asked the CMA to conduct an inquiry into competition in the audit sector, and on 9 October 2018, the CMA announced it had launched a detailed study. MPs have asked for the separation of the "Big Four" into multiple units after the collapse of Carillion and BHS as it would help in providing the professional skepticism required to furnish high quality audits.  A 2019 analysis by PCAOB in the United States observed that the big four accounting firms bungled almost 31% of their audits since 2009. In another project study on government oversight, it was seen that while the auditors colluded to present audit reports that pleased their clients, the times when they didn't they lost business. Despite this large-scale collusion in audits, the PCAOB in its 16-year history has only made 18 enforcement cases against the "big four". Although these auditors have failed audits in 31% of cases (808 cases in total), they have only faced action by PCAOB in 6.6% of the cases. KPMG has never been fined despite having the worst audit failure rate of 36.6%.

Global member firms.

Branding list  Showing year of formation through merger, or adoption of single brand name.

The Big Four is the nickname used to refer collectively to the four largest professional services networks in the world, consisting of Deloitte, Ernst & Young, KPMG, and PricewaterhouseCoopers. The four networks are often grouped together for a number of reasons; they are each comparable in size relative to the rest of the market, both in terms of revenue and workforce; they are each considered equal in their ability to provide a wide scope of quality professional services to their clients; and, among those looking to start a career in professional services, particularly accounting, they are considered equally attractive networks to work in, because of the frequency with which these firms engage with "Fortune" 500 companies.

四大(英语:Big Four),又译为四大会计师事务所、四大审计公司,合称EDPK,是指4家最大的国际专业服务网络,由二战后的八大会计师事务所(英语:Big Eight)多次合并而成。他们原本都是会计师事务所,但因业务逐渐扩及鉴证服务、税务、管理顾问、咨询、精算、企业财务、法律服务等整合性的企业服务,因而以「专业服务」称之。有别于一般的跨国公司,其于世界各地以类似加盟的形式设立据点,各地据点在经营上拥有一定的自主权。


Club career.

Valencia.

Senior debut.

Born in Torrent, Valencian Community, Alcácer was a product of Valencia's youth system. He made his senior debut in the 2009–10 season aged only 16, scoring three goals in 15 games with the reserve side and suffering relegation from Segunda División B.  On 11 November 2010, Alcácer appeared in his first match with the first team, playing the full 90 minutes in a 4–1 home win against UD Logroñés – 7–1 on aggregate – in the Copa del Rey (the fixture was also Isco's senior bow). During that season, he netted 27 times to help the B's return to the third level as champions.

2011–12 season.

On 12 August 2011, after Alcácer had netted the third and final goal in a 3–0 friendly win over Roma and was leaving the Mestalla Stadium accompanied by his parents, his father fell to the ground after suffering a heart attack. Despite 30 minutes of efforts by medics to revive him, the 44-year-old died. He returned to training less than a week later for "therapy purposes", and played the entirety of a fixture with the reserves three days after that.  Alcácer made his La Liga debut for Valencia on 14 January 2012, coming on as a substitute for Sofiane Feghouli for the last 20 minutes of a 0–1 away loss against Real Sociedad. He made two other brief appearances from the bench, whilst scoring at the rate of one goal every two games with the B-team.

2012–13 season: Loan to Getafe.

Alcácer went on loan to Getafe for 2012–13, his first official game being against Deportivo La Coruña where he played 20 minutes in an eventual 1–1 away draw. He scored his first goal in the top division on 7 January 2013 at Rayo Vallecano, in a 1–3 loss; during his spell in Madrid, he netted four times in total.

2013–14 season.

After returning to Valencia, Alcácer scored his first senior goal for his formative club on 3 October 2013, during an away game against Kuban Krasnodar in the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League campaign. He first found the net for "Los Che" in the domestic league on 25 January 2014 in a 2–2 home draw against Espanyol, and grabbed another the following matchday, scoring the 3–2 winner at the Camp Nou against Barcelona.  On 10 April 2014, Alcácer scored the first hat-trick of his professional career, helping overturn a 0–3 first-leg deficit to beat Basel 5–0 at home and qualify for the semi-finals of the Europa League. It was his 14th competitive goal of the season, and his seventh in continental competition; this European haul made him the edition's second-highest scorer after compatriot Jonathan Soriano, who netted eight for Red Bull Salzburg.

2014–15 season.

On 17 August 2014, Alcácer scored the first goal in a 2–1 home win over Milan for the Orange Trophy, through a long-range shot, and was assigned the number ′9′ jersey for 2014–15, previously worn by Hélder Postiga. On 9 December, near the end of a 1–1 draw at Granada, he was given a straight red card for striking Juan Carlos.  On 27 January 2015, it was revealed that Alcácer extended his contract until 2020 and his buy-out clause had been raised to €80 million.

2015–16 season.

On 7 November 2015, Alcácer and Dani Parejo scored twice each in a 5–1 win away to third-place Celta. The following 21 January, the latter was stripped of his captaincy in favour of the former by manager Gary Neville, after a poor run of results.  After three months without a goal, Alcácer broke his barren spell with a hat-trick in a 4–0 home win over Eibar on 20 April 2016. He finished the campaign with 15 across all competitions, in an eventual 12th-place finish.

Barcelona.

On 30 August 2016, Alcácer signed for Barcelona for €30 million on a five-year deal, and on the same day Munir El Haddadi went in the other direction on loan, to be replaced by the former as the team's fourth-choice forward behind Lionel Messi, Neymar and Luis Suárez. He made his debut on 10 September in a 1–2 home loss to Alavés, making only eight passes in 66 minutes before being substituted by Suárez.  Alcácer scored his first official goal for the "Blaugrana" on 21 December 2016, helping with the fifth in a 7–0 home win over Hércules to see his team qualify for the round-of-16 in the Spanish Cup. The following 4 February, he netted a first league goal for his new team in a 3–0 home win over Athletic Bilbao, starting in place of the rested Suárez.  Filling in for the suspended Suárez, Alcácer played the full 90 minutes in the domestic cup final, scoring Barcelona's last goal in the 3–1 defeat of Alavés. On 5 November 2017, he netted a brace in a 2–1 home win against Sevilla that kept his team four points clear at the top of the league table. He scored his first goal for the club in the UEFA Champions League one month later, helping to a 2–0 group stage win over Sporting CP.

Borussia Dortmund.

On 28 August 2018, Alcácer joined Bundesliga team Borussia Dortmund on a season-long loan with an option to buy. He made his debut on 14 September, replacing Maximilian Philipp midway through the second half of the home fixture against Eintracht Frankfurt and scored the final goal in a 3–1 win. He added five goals coming off the bench in his next two matches, two late goals to seal a 4–2 victory at Bayer Leverkusen, and a hat-trick in a 4–3 defeat of Augsburg at the Westfalenstadion in which he won the game with a free kick in the last minute.  On 18 December 2018, Alcácer scored his tenth goal from the bench for the season in a 2–1 away loss to Fortuna Düsseldorf, and in doing so set a new Bundesliga record for the most goals scored in a single campaign by a substitute. The club exercised their option to sign him permanently for €23 million on 1 February 2019, and he signed a five-year contract.  Alcácer finished 2018–19 with 18 league goals, trailing only Bayern Munich's Robert Lewandowski for top scorer, but lost his place the following January after the signing of Erling Haaland.

Villarreal.

Alcácer returned to the Spanish top flight on 30 January 2020, agreeing to a five-and-a-half-year deal at Villarreal and becoming the club's most expensive signing ever in the process at €25 million. He scored on his debut against Osasuna, helping the hosts win 3–1.

International career.

Alcácer represented Spain at all youth levels. With the under-17 side, he reached the final at the 2010 UEFA European Championship, playing alongside Valencia teammate Juan Bernat and being crowned the competition's top scorer with six goals, his 14 including qualifiers setting a new record; additionally, he won the European Under-19 Championship twice, in 2011 and 2012.  On 29 August 2014, Alcácer was named by full side manager Vicente del Bosque in a 23-man squad for matches against France and Macedonia in September, making his debut on 4 September after replacing Diego Costa midway through the second half of an eventual 0–1 friendly loss to the former. Profiting from Costa's injury, four days later he made his first start, against Macedonia at the Estadi Ciutat de València, scoring his team's second goal in a 5–1 victory for the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifiers and also providing the assist for Sergio Busquets' third; in their next qualifier, away to Slovakia on 9 October, the substitute scored an 82nd-minute equaliser, although Spain went on to lose 1–2.  A year later to the day, as a first-half replacement for the injured Álvaro Morata, Alcácer scored twice in a 4–0 win over Luxembourg which sealed qualification, and he finished the qualification campaign with five goals, the most by a Spanish player. He was not selected for the final tournament in France, however.  In October 2018, amidst a good start to his spell at Dortmund and more than two years after his last international appearance, Alcácer was called back by new manager Luis Enrique for the games against Wales and England. He scored a brace in the first match, a 4–1 friendly victory in Cardiff. Spain lost 2–3 in the second, but he came on as a substitute in the second half and scored with his first touch of the ball, through a glancing header into the far post corner of the goal which beat Jordan Pickford.

Career statistics.

International goals.

(Spain score listed first, score column indicates score after each Alcácer goal)

Honours.

Valencia Mestalla  Barcelona  Borussia Dortmund  Spain U19  Individual

Francisco "Paco" Alcácer García (; born 30 August 1993) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Villarreal and the Spanish national team.

法兰斯古·艾卡沙·加西亚(Francisco Alcácer i García,1993年-8月30日),通常称为柏高·艾卡沙(Paco Alcácer)是一名西班牙足球运动员,担任前锋,现时效力西甲球会比利亚雷阿尔。