Plot.

Jack Torrance's alcoholism and explosive temper have cost him his teaching job at Stovington, a respectable prep school. He is also on the verge of losing his family, after assaulting his young son Danny in a drunken rage just a year earlier. Horrified by what he has become, Jack tells his wife Wendy that should he ever start drinking again, he will leave them one way or another, implying that he would rather commit suicide than continue living as an alcoholic.  Now, nursing a life of sobriety and pulling in work as a writer, Jack takes on the job of looking after the Overlook Hotel, a large colonial building in a picturesque valley in the Colorado Rockies. Jack believes that the job will provide desperately needed funds and give him the time to complete his first play.  Upon entering the Overlook and meeting its head cook, Dick Hallorann, Danny discovers that his psychic powers grant him a form of telepathy. Danny has an adult mentor named Tony who talks to him in his visions and shows him the future. Hallorann tells Danny that he too "shines", and that Danny can contact him telepathically anytime he needs assistance. The Torrances are given a tour of the Overlook before being left alone in the hotel for the winter.  It gradually becomes evident that there is a malevolent force within the hotel that seems determined to use Danny for an unknown, possibly sinister purpose. This force manifests itself with flickering lamps and spectral voices and eventually a full-on masked ball from the Overlook's past. Danny is the first to fully notice the darker character of the hotel, having experienced visions and warnings that foreshadow what he and his parents will encounter over the winter.  The ghosts also appear to Jack, led by Delbert Grady, the Overlook's former steward who murdered his entire family and killed himself at the hotel's command. Grady and the other spirits tell Jack that Wendy and Danny are turning against him, and that his only option is to kill them. They also supply him with an open bar, and he begins drinking again. As Jack's sanity deteriorates, Wendy begins to fear for her and Danny's safety.  Hallorann, whom Danny had contacted telepathically, travels from Florida to Colorado, only to be assaulted by Jack with a croquet mallet and left for dead. Danny telepathically communicates with his father, who momentarily breaks free of the ghosts' grip, and then tells him that the old boiler has been neglected. Danny, Wendy, and Hallorann (who had only been stunned by the attack) escape to safety. Jack sacrifices himself to prevent the ghosts from repossessing him and allows the boiler to explode and destroy the Overlook.  Ten years later, Danny graduates from high school, showing that Tony was Danny's adult incarnate self. Wendy and Halloran are present at the ceremony. Jack's spirit is also present, looking on Danny with pride. Back in Colorado, the Overlook is being rebuilt as a resort for the summer, as the ghosts of the original hotel await potential victims.

Cast.

Several of Garris' colleagues who work in the horror genre cameo in the miniseries' ballroom scene, such as David J. Schow, Christa Faust, P. G. Sturges, Richard Christian Matheson, and Frank Darabont. Stephen King appears as Gage Creed, the orchestra conductor, and Shawnee Smith cameos as a waitress. Sam Raimi also briefly appears as a gas station attendant.

Production.

Development.

The creation of this miniseries is attributed to Stephen King's dissatisfaction with director Stanley Kubrick's 1980 film of the same name. In order to receive Kubrick's approval to re-adapt "The Shining" into a program closer to the original story, King had to agree in writing to eschew his frequent public criticism of Kubrick's film, save for the sole commentary that he was disappointed with Jack Nicholson's portrayal of Jack Torrance as though he had been insane before his arrival at the Overlook Hotel. ABC's success with previous miniseries adaptations of King's work, such as "It" (1990), "The Tommyknockers" (1993), and "The Stand" (1994), made them more than willing to offer the author to work on the screenplay for "The Shining" miniseries with small Broadcast Standards and Practices enforced. The casting team had a very difficult time finding an actor for the role of Jack Torrance as most of the considerations who rejected the role worried about being compared to Nicholson's performance in the Kubrick version. Two of the many actors considered included Tim Daly and Gary Sinise. King got very impatient, threatening to "wait another 18 years" if the role for Jack Torrance wasn't booked. Finally, via a suggestion from Rebecca De Mornay, Weber was chosen for the role four days before filming began. Weber accepted the offer because he was a fan of the Mick Garris-directed miniseries for "The Stand" and found the script he read to be "multi-layered" and relatable. King was the one who chose De Mornay for the role of Wendy. The producers approached her in 1994, and she accepted the role, enjoying the script for being more "scary," "disturbing," "entertaining," and closer to the novel than the Kubrick version.

Filming.

Aside from the motive behind the creation of the miniseries, the 1997 rendition featured an important set piece that helped to inspire the original story: The Stanley Hotel in Estes Park, Colorado. King used the hotel that inspired him to write the book as the miniseries' location, with some interior shots in stages also in Denver. Garris tried to make the hotel feel as "enclosed" as possible to add a vibe of claustrophobia when in a closed hotel; the crew did this by emphasizing the "darkness" of the hotel, painting some of Stanley's areas that had recently been painted white brown.  The production team began shooting at the Stanley Hotel in March 1997, the date chosen as it was Denver's snowiest month. However, on the day filming began, they realized the hotel as well as most of Estes Park was in a "snow shadow," meaning it garnered the least amount of snow out of all Denver areas. As a result, they spent $100,000 in snowmaking machines sent from Los Angeles while lucking out on "three or four" shooting days with actual snow falling on Estes. Producer Mark Carliner attributed the lucky snowfalls to a Ute shaman doing a ritual at the highest peak of the Rocky Mountains. The cast and crew, such as Cynthia Garris, Mick Garris' wife who plays the woman in Room 217; and Dawn Jeffrey-Nelson, Courtland Mead's acting coach claimed paranormal experiences occurring at the hotel during shooting.  Some of the cast enjoyed working on "The Shining". Mead "wasn't scared" as he had acted previously in horror films like "" (1996); John Durbin enjoyed the "madness" he got to portray with his character of Horace Derwent; and Stanley Anderson, who accepted the part of Delbert Grady based on his disappointment with the Kubrick version, tried to play the character "real" but with "a sense of distance to [his] view of the other and the world, so it comes out as irony or wryness." However, it was tough for Weber to play his character; because the scenes were not shot in chronological order, it was very difficult to master the character's mental state deterioration, due to it occurring gradually as the story progresses.

Effects.

Steve Johnson and his XFX team were responsible for the effects of "The Shining". When it came to the moving topiary animals, both live static and computer-animated versions of them were made; however, only the CGI animals made the cut. For the more-than-80 dead extra characters in the ballroom, Bill Corso came up with the idea to add black marks on their cheeks and foreheads to make them look dead. A special-effects-predominant ballroom sequence wasn't in the final version, where Gage Creed and his orchestra "run like tallow," in King's words. Garris' reason was that it slowed down the miniseries' pacing and wasn't as "close[] to the real world" as the other scenes. For the makeup of the woman in Room 217, thin shells of Saran Wrap were first glued on to certain areas of the actress' body via K-Y jelly. Then, "some really milky-looking flesh tones" were added over the wrap and purple tones under it, before thin latex was covered over the entire body with certain areas ripped off. Foam latex was also used to slightly alleviate how "creepy" the woman's make-up looked. As Johnson explained what the effects team were going for with the dead lady, "the idea was to try to do something that was different, that would look cool, play in the scene and be allowed on TV."

Reception.

The first part of "The Shining" garnered 19.8 million viewers, becoming the twelfth-highest viewed program with a rating of 12.5 and a market share of 19. The second part also ranked number twelve in the amount of viewings, with 18.3 million watching the program that resulted it to be have a 12.1 rating and a market share of 20. The third part was the fourteenth-most-viewed airing, receiving 18.2 million viewers, a rating of 11.9 and a market share of 16.  "The Shining" opened to overwhelming praise from critics when it aired in 1997, which included a ten-out-of-ten review from "TV Guide". The miniseries' "carefully" and "masterfully crafted" pacing was highlighted by several reviewers, including Ray Richmond of "Variety", who also noted its "edge-of-your-seat creepiness" and "surprising emotional complexity and depth." The depth and creepiness was also praised by Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly". However, Tom Shales of "The Washington Post" advised his readers to "avoid [the miniseries] like the plague, because it is the plague."  The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 42% of critics have given the miniseries a positive review based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Stephen King's televisual adaption of his own novel is more faithful than its cinematic counterpart, but unfortunately this miniseries is hobbled by a drab literalism of the text and cheesy effects that diminish the scares." Drew Grant of "The New York Observer", in 2014, ranked the miniseries as the worst made-for-TV King adaptation.

Accolades.

"The Shining" won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Makeup and Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries or a Special. It was also nominated for Outstanding Miniseries but lost to "Prime Suspect 5: Errors of Judgement" in the category. It also won two Saturn Awards for Best Single Genre Television Presentation and Best Genre TV Actor (Steven Weber). Courtland Mead was nominated for a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Movie / Pilot / Mini-Series: Young Actor Age 10 or Under.

The Shining (stylized as Stephen King's The Shining) is a three-episode horror television miniseries based on the 1977 Stephen King novel of the same name. Directed by Mick Garris from King's teleplay, it is the second adaptation of King's book after the 1980 film by Stanley Kubrick and was written and produced by King based on his dissatisfaction with Kubrick's version. ABC was quick to offer King the ability to write his script for the adaptation of his book thanks to the previous success of King's miniseries, "The Stand" (1994), which was also directed by Garris. The miniseries was shot at The Stanley Hotel in Estes Park, Colorado, King's inspiration for the novel, in March 1997.

《鬼店》(英语:The Shining,又称为《史蒂芬·金之鬼店》(Stephen King's The Shining))是分成三集的恐怖电视迷你影集,改编自史蒂芬·金的同名小说《闪灵》。由米克·盖瑞斯执导,史蒂芬·金编剧。这系列于1997年公开放映。


Description.

Vetigastropods range in size from approximately 0.08 in (2 mm) long in the case of Scissurelloidea or Skeneoidea, to more than 11.8 in (300 mm) in length, as with the Haliotoidea. External colours and patterns are typically drab, but such groups as the Tricolioidea and some Trochoidea and Pleurotomarioidea have bright colours and glossy shells. The clade is characterized by having an intersected crossed platy shell structure.  Shells range from elongate turret-shaped structures, to near-spherical. Shell sculpture varies greatly from simple concentric growth lines, which may or may not be barely visible on the shell surface, to heavy radial and axial ribbing. The shell aperture is normally oval, and often tangential to the coiling axis. Most species have an operculum (a small lid-like organ). Within the shell, Vetigastropods have a single pair of cephalic tentacles, and a distinct snout containing the mouth. The lateral sides of the body typically have sensory epipodial tentacles.

Distribution.

Vetigastropods are found throughout all oceans of the world, including tropical areas, temperate regions, and under polar ice.

Habitat.

Vetigastropods are present in most marine environments from intertidal zones to the deep sea. They exist on rocky substrates, in soft sediments, and some have been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps.

Behaviour.

Most vetigastropods are dioecious, although some deep-sea varieties are hermaphrodites. Vetigastropods usually eject their gametes directly into the sea for fertilization, thus there is no courtship or mating between individuals for most species.

Diet.

Vetigastropods typically feed on such organisms as bryozoans, tunicates, and sponges. Several species such as Haliotoidea and Trochoidea have evolved to feed directly on such plant material as algae and marine angiosperms. Deep-sea vetigastropods typically consume sediment.

Reproduction.

Vetigastropods normally have very small eggs that produce lecithotrophic (yolk feeding) or non-feeding larvae. Many vetigastropods secrete egg envelopes and have glandular pallial structures that produce masses of jelly-coated eggs.  Larger species typically have yearly cycles of spawning, and produce millions of eggs per reproductive season. Smaller species produce fewer eggs, but can spawn year round.

Taxonomy.

The Vetigastropoda have been referred to as a superorder as recently as at least 2007, by M. Harzhauser and in 2005 by D. Heidelberger and L. Koch following Ponder & Lindberg, 1997, although Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 refer to this group simply as a clade, leaving taxonomic determination as a future option. The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) follows Bouchet & Rocroi regarding the taxonomic content of the Gastropoda but gives ranks to the higher taxa and defines Vetigastropoda as a subclass.  Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 treats the Vetigastropoda as a major clade and as a sister clade to the Caenogastropoda but includes the Vetigastropoda in what are referred to as Basal taxa that are certainly Gastropoda. Ponder & Lindberg, 1997 previously assigned the Vetigastropoda, as a superorder, to the Subclass Orthogastropoda. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that this taxon is one of the four natural groups within the Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda, Caenogastropoda, Patellogastropoda, and Heterobranchia. Research on the mitochondrial genome arrangement has shown that the Vetigastropoda (and Caenogastropoda) mostly retain the ancestral gene arrangement.

Superfamilies.

Superfamilies within the Vetigastropoda include:

Vetigastropoda is a major taxonomic group of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that form a very ancient lineage. Taxonomically the Vetigastropoda are sometimes treated as an order, although they are treated as an unranked clade in Bouchet and Rocroi, 2005.

古腹足类(学名: )在1997年的分类作古腹足总目,原来是原始腹足目的成员。根据布歇特和洛克罗伊的腹足类分类 (2005年)基本上包括了各种笠螺。


Early life.

Takakusu was born in Hiroshima Prefecture, adopted by the Takakusu family of Kobe, and sent to England to study Sanskrit at Oxford University (1890). After receiving his doctorate, he continued his studies in France and Germany.

Academic career.

Upon his return to Japan in 1894, he was appointed Professor at the Tokyo Imperial University and Director of Tokyo School of Foreign Languages.  He founded the Musashino Girls' School in 1924. The institution evolved on the principle of "Buddhist-based human education," moving in 1929 to its present location in Nishitōkyō, Tokyo and becoming Musashino Women's University. The institution Takakusu founded is now known as.  From 1924 to 1934, Takakusu and others established the, later known as the, which collected, edited, and published the "Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō". This massive compendium is now available online as the Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association (CBETA) Tripitaka.  In 1930, he was named President of the Tokyo Imperial University. He was a member of the Imperial Academy of Japan and a Fellow of the British Academy. He was a recipient of Asahi Cultural Prize and the Japanese government's Order of Culture. He was awarded an honorary degree by Tokyo Imperial University; and he was similarly honored by the universities at Oxford, Leipzig, and Heidelberg.  At the time of his death in June 1945, he was Professor Emeritus of Sanskrit at the Tokyo Imperial University.

Devotion to Esperanto.

In 1906, he was one of the founder member of the Japanese Esperantists Association (JEA), and its head in the Tokyo section. When in 1919, a new organization, the Japanese Esperanto Institute (JEI) was founded, he became a member of the director board.

, who often published as J. Takakusu, was a Japanese academic, an advocate for expanding higher education opportunities, and an internationally known Buddhist scholar. He was an active Esperantist.

高楠顺次郎(,1866年-6月29日-1945年-6月28日),生于日本广岛县御调郡八幡村字篝(现三原市),佛教学者与教育学者,为日本最早进行梵文研究佛教学者之一,将现代佛教研究引进日本。对于印度哲学与佛教在日本的发展有很大贡献,其中最大的成就为刊印大正新修大藏经100卷,此版本大藏经为目前日本学术界应用较广之大藏经。


Measures.

There are four main ways of looking at land degradation and its impact on the environment around it:  A problem with defining land degradation is that what one group of people might view as degradation, others might view as a benefit or opportunity. For example, planting crops at a location with heavy rainfall and steep slopes would create scientific and environmental concern regarding the risk of soil erosion by water, yet farmers could view the location as a favourable one for high crop yields.

Different types.

In addition to the usual types of land degradation that have been known for centuries (water, wind and mechanical erosion, physical, chemical and biological degradation), four other types have emerged in the last 50 years:  Overall, more than 36 types of land degradation can be assessed. All are induced or aggravated by human activities, e.g. Soil erosion, Soil contamination, Soil acidification, sheet erosion, silting, aridification, salinization, urbanization, etc.

Causes.

Land degradation is a global problem largely related to agricultural use, deforestation and Climate Change. Causes include:  Overcutting of vegetation occurs when people cut forests, woodlands and shrublands—to obtain timber, fuelwood and other products—at a pace exceeding the rate of natural regrowth. This is frequent in semi-arid environments, where fuelwood shortages are often severe. Overgrazing is the grazing of natural pastures at stocking intensities above the livestock carrying capacity; the resulting decrease in the vegetation cover is a leading cause of wind and water erosion. It is a significant factor in Afghanistan. The growing population pressure, during 1980–1990, has led to decreases in the already small areas of agricultural land per person in six out of eight countries (14% for India and 21% for Pakistan).  Population pressure also operates through other mechanisms. Improper agricultural practices, for instance, occur only under constraints such as the saturation of good lands under population pressure which leads settlers to cultivate too shallow or too steep soils, plough fallow land before it has recovered its fertility, or attempt to obtain multiple crops by irrigating unsuitable soils.  High population density is not always related to land degradation. Rather, it is the practices of the human population that can cause a landscape to become degraded. Populations can be a benefit to the land and make it more productive than it is in its natural state. Land degradation is an important factor of internal displacement in many African and Asian countries.  Severe land degradation affects a significant portion of the Earth's arable lands, decreasing the wealth and economic development of nations. As the land resource base becomes less productive, food security is compromised and competition for dwindling resources increases, the seeds of famine and potential conflict are sown.

Climate change and land degradation.

According to the Special Report on Climate Change and Land of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change climate change in one of the causes of land degradation. The report state that: "Climate change exacerbates land degradation, particularly in lowlying coastal areas, river deltas, drylands and in permafrost areas (high confidence). Over the period 1961–2013, the annual area of drylands in drought has increased, on average by slightly more than 1% per year, with large inter-annual variability. In 2015, about 500 (380–620) million people lived within areas which experienced desertification between the 1980s and 2000s. The highest numbers of people affected are in South and East Asia, the circum Sahara region including North Africa, and the Middle East including the Arabian Peninsula (low confidence). Other dryland regions have also experienced desertification. People living in already degraded or desertified areas are increasingly negatively affected by climate change (high confidence)."  Significant land degradation from seawater inundation, particularly in river deltas and on low-lying islands, is a potential hazard that was identified in a 2007 IPCC report. As a result of sea-level rise from climate change, salinity levels can reach levels where agriculture becomes impossible in very low-lying areas.

Sensitivity and resilience.

Sensitivity and resilience are measures of the vulnerability of a landscape to degradation. These two factors combine to explain the degree of vulnerability. Sensitivity is the degree to which a land system undergoes change due to natural forces, human intervention or a combination of both. Resilience is the ability of a landscape to absorb change, without significantly altering the relationship between the relative importance and numbers of individuals and species that compose the community. It also refers to the ability of the region to return to its original state after being changed in some way. The resilience of a landscape can be increased or decreased through human interaction based upon different methods of land-use management. Land that is degraded becomes less resilient than undegraded land, which can lead to even further degradation through shocks to the landscape.

Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land. It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. Natural hazards are excluded as a cause; however human activities can indirectly affect phenomena such as floods and bush fires.

水土流失(也被称为侵蚀作用或土壤侵蚀)是自然界的一种现象,是指地球的表面不断受到风、水、冰融等外力的磨损,地表土壤及母质、岩石受到各种破坏和移动、堆积过程以及水本身的损失现象,包括土壤侵蚀及水的流失。


耶鲁 (不列颠哥伦比亚省)

History.

The town was founded in 1848 by the Hudson's Bay Company as Fort Yale by Ovid Allard, the appointed manager of the new post, who named it after his superior, James Murray Yale, then Chief Factor of the Columbia District. In its heyday at the peak of the gold rush, it was reputed to be the largest city west of Chicago and north of San Francisco. It also earned epithets such as "the wickedest little settlement in British Columbia" and "a veritable Sodom and Gomorrah" of vice, violence and lawlessness.  Yale played an important role in certain events of the gold rush period which threatened British control in the region with annexation by the United States: the Fraser Canyon War and McGowan's War. The Governor came to Yale during the first crisis, and government officials Matthew Baillie Begbie, Chartres Brew and Richard Clement Moody during the second, to address American miners and take control of matters. The unrest threatened the rule of the Crown over the Mainland (or "New Caledonia" as it was called before the creation of the mainland colony. (New Caledonia was usually applied to the fur district northwest from present-day Prince George, British Columbia).  As Yale was the head of river navigation, it was the best location to be designated for the start of the Cariboo Wagon Road, as there were no usable roads between Yale and the settlements nearer the Fraser's mouth. The Cariboo Road, built in the early 1860s, ran from Yale to Barkerville via Lytton, Ashcroft and Quesnel.  By the start of the 1870s, an overland route from New Westminster was finally built - the Yale Road along the south side of the river. It was formerly known as the Grand Trunk Road and in the 21st century as Old Yale Road; it survives in sections from Surrey through Abbotsford and Chilliwack (though no longer entirely a continuous "highway"). Its counterpart on the north side of the river was the Dewdney Trunk Road, built in the same period in advance of railway construction in the 1880s. That road ran only to Dewdney, just east of Mission City.  Because of its unique role as a transshipment point for the Cariboo Road, Yale prospered for another twenty years after the gold rush. Although it declined in population, it retained some prestige and such sophistication as had grown up within the rough gold town. It was as familiar to early provincial high society as were New Westminster and distant Barkerville. During the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, construction ran directly through the village, built on flatland by the river. It destroyed the town's old commercial core and the connection of the town life to the waterfront.  As Yale was handy for travel to and from New Westminster and the railway's destination on Burrard Inlet (soon after named Vancouver), it became the headquarters and residence of the American railway contractor Andrew Onderdonk, who supervised its construction. The town boomed with population and new businesses because of railway spending and employment. Yale and nearby Emory City, in the vicinity of Hill's Bar, where the gold rush had begun, as well as all the major Canyon towns to Ashcroft, thronged with temporary residents and business of various kinds and legitimacies.  Three-times daily rail service to Vancouver - begun in the early 1880s before construction in the Canyon was finished in 1885 - made Yale a popular excursion run. With construction ended, however, the population dropped dramatically in Yale by 1890, and continued to decline afterward. Daily return service remained in effect until World War I. When Onderdonk moved on in 1886, he donated his estate for a girls' school, All Hallows. This was ranked as one of the main society schools in the colony and continued to operate for decades, into the 1920s.  Construction of the railway destroyed parts of the Cariboo Wagon Road, which was severed between Yale and Boston Bar and between Lytton and Spences Bridge. A new highway north from Yale was not built until the Cariboo Highway in 1922, partly built using surviving roadgrades of the original wagon road and since upgraded to the Trans-Canada Highway. For a long time, this was the main route between the Interior and the Coast. After major reconstruction of the Cariboo Highway in the 1950s, involving the construction of several major tunnels, the difficult old canyon stretch of the route achieved highway quality (instead of in name only), and towns such as Yale boomed once again. With the opening of the faster Coquihalla Highway in the 1980s, Yale's economy and population fell off as traffic bypassed it.

Television.

Yale has been featured on the historical television series "Gold Trails and Ghost Towns," season 1, episode 7.

Yale is an unincorporated town in the Canadian province of British Columbia.

耶鲁(英语:Yale)是加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省菲沙河谷地区一个非建制聚落,坐落菲沙河峡谷,离合普以北约26公里。耶鲁上游的菲沙河水流湍急,船只一般只能往上游航行至耶鲁为止,此聚落因此在1850年代的菲沙河谷淘金潮中扮演了重要的角色。然而,耶鲁的重要性于20世纪大减,居民相继迁离。据2011年加拿大人口普查所示,耶鲁的居民数目为136人。


Early life.

Heard was born in Austin, Texas, to Patricia Paige (née Parsons), an internet researcher, and David Clinton Heard, who owned a small construction company. She has a younger sister named Whitney. The family lived outside Austin. Heard's father broke horses in his freetime, and she grew up riding horses, hunting, and fishing with him. She also participated in beauty pageants, although as an adult she has stated that she could no longer "support the objectification". When Heard was 16, her best friend died in a car crash. Heard, who was raised Catholic, subsequently declared herself an atheist. Around the same time, she began reading books by writers such as Ayn Rand, Ray Bradbury, and George Orwell, and began questioning society around her. At the age of 17, she no longer felt comfortable in Texas and dropped out of her Catholic high school to move to New York City. She eventually earned a diploma through a home-study course. In NYC, she supported herself through modeling, but soon moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career.

Career.

Early work (2003—2007).

Heard's earliest acting work included appearances in two music videos, Kenny Chesney's "There Goes My Life" and Eisley's "I Wasn't Prepared", and small supporting roles in the television series "Jack & Bobby" (2004), "The Mountain" (2004), and "The O.C." (2005). She made her film debut in a minor role in the sports drama "Friday Night Lights" (2004), followed by small supporting roles in films such as "Drop Dead Sexy" (2005), "North Country" (2005), "Side FX" (2005), "Price to Pay" (2006), "You Are Here" (2006), and "Alpha Dog" (2006), and guest starring spot in an episode of the police procedural "Criminal Minds".  Heard's first starring role was playing the main character's love interest in The CW's teen drama "Hidden Palms", which the network wanted to replace summer reruns of other series aimed for teenage audiences. The series premiered in the United States on May 30, 2007 to mixed to negative reviews. It was also unpopular with audiences, leading the CW to air only eight of the planned 12 episodes before canceling it. The same year, Heard also appeared in the short movie "Day 73 with Sarah", the critically panned teen drama "Remember the Daze", and an episode of the Showtime series "Californication".

Mainstream recognition (2008—2016).

Heard gained more mainstream recognition in 2008, when she appeared in supporting roles in the Judd Apatow-produced stoner comedy "Pineapple Express" and the martial arts drama "Never Back Down", both of which were box office successes. That year, she won a Breakthrough Award at the Hollywood Film Festival. Her other 2008 film releases were the critically panned Bret Easton Ellis adaptation "The Informers", in which she was part of an ensemble cast, and "All the Boys Love Mandy Lane", an unconventional slasher film in which she had one of her first leading roles. Its director, Jonathan Levine, said he had chosen Heard for the title role because "there was a certain type of beauty and a certain type of innate intelligence that Amber brought to it that is not something you find every day. Certainly, not something you would find in somebody her age. The wisdom she projects I thought was pretty remarkable." "Mandy Lane" had already premiered at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival, and had been initially picked for distribution by Harvey Weinstein. After a negative test screening, Weinstein dropped the film, and it was then released in the United Kingdom in 2008 by a different distributing company. It did not have a theatrical release in the United States until 2013. The "Los Angeles Times" stated that Heard gave her most "definitive [performance] to date [2013]" in the film, and "The Washington Post" wrote that she gave a "psychologically interesting performance".  In 2009, Heard had roles in the critically panned horror film "The Stepfather" and in three comedies, the limited-release indie "ExTerminators", the critically and commercially successful "Zombieland", and the box office disappointment "The Joneses". Although she otherwise received relatively little attention from established critics due to her roles being mainly supporting at this point, "Variety" wrote that "she steals the show" from the film's more established star, Demi Moore, in "The Joneses". The following year, Heard starred in the indie drama "The River Why" and continued her work in the horror genre in John Carpenter's "The Ward", which was a critical and commercial disappointment. Carpenter has later stated that he was disappointed in the film but "loved working with Amber and would work with her again without hesitation." She also co-produced and starred in the independent thriller "And Soon the Darkness".  Heard's next role was as the female lead opposite Johnny Depp in the Hunter S. Thompson adaptation "The Rum Diary" (2011), which received mixed reviews and was not a commercial success. Heard's other 2011 film release was "Drive Angry", a supernatural action thriller in which she was paired with Nicolas Cage. Although the film was critically panned and underperformed commercially, film critic Roger Ebert wrote that she "does everything that can possibly be done" with her character, a waitress who becomes entangled in an undead man's mission to save his daughter from a cult. In February 2011, Heard also appeared on the British television program "Top Gear". Heard appeared in no new films until 2013, when she starred in the thriller "Paranoia", the action-comedy "Machete Kills", and the satirical drama "Syrup". All three were critical and box office failures. Her only film release in 2014, the action-thriller "3 Days to Kill", was a box office success but panned by critics.  Heard had prominent roles in four films released in 2015, which led James Mottram of the British newspaper "The Independent" to call it a "watershed year" in her career. In the comedy-drama "Magic Mike XXL" she played a photographer who flirts with Channing Tatum's protagonist; like its predecessor, "Magic Mike" (2012), the film was a large box office success. "Digital Spy" described Heard as "a convincing girl-next-door type". Heard also had a small supporting role as a ballet dancer in Tom Hooper's critically successful historical drama "The Danish Girl" (2015), which premiered at the 72nd Venice Film Festival. In her third 2015 release, the independent crime thriller "The Adderall Diaries", she starred opposite James Franco, Christian Slater, and Ed Harris. Indiewire gave the film a mixed review and stated that Heard was "miscast" but "displays much potential and has succeeded in a bid to be taken more seriously." Her fourth role in 2015 was opposite Christopher Walken in the television film "One More Time", which aired on Starz. For her role as a struggling singer-songwriter, she took singing lessons and learned to play piano and guitar. "International Business Times" described Heard as "talented enough to share a few heartfelt moments in a character that mostly operates on the defensive." The "Los Angeles Times" called her performance "superb" and "The Film Stage" stated that Heard did an "admirable job".  In addition to her other roles in 2015, Heard played the female lead in the Martin Amis adaptation "London Fields", which was initially scheduled to premiere at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. It was pulled from the festival roster after director Mathew Cullen sued the film's producers, accusing them of fraud and of using his name to promote a cut of the film he did not support. The film's stars, including Heard, had also written to the producers, objecting to the cut that was seen at press and industry screenings in Toronto. "London Fields" and Heard's performance received highly negative reviews, and she stated that "it was one of the most difficult movies to film and it has proven to continue to be difficult...I can't say I did her [the character] justice." In November 2016, Heard was sued by the film's producers for $10 million, claiming that she and Cullen made unauthorized changes to the film's script and failed to finish voice-over work. Heard countersued claiming the producers violated a nudity clause in her contract. In September 2018, a settlement was reached, and "London Fields" was released, becoming a box office failure and earning Heard a nomination for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress.

DC Extended Universe and upcoming projects (2017–2020).

In 2017, Heard appeared as part of an ensemble cast in Lake Bell's indie comedy "I Do... Until I Don't" and joined the DC Extended Universe (DCEU) cast as Mera, Aquaman's Atlantean queen, in the superhero film "Justice League". She reprised the role the following year in "Aquaman" (2018), which co-starred Jason Momoa, Nicole Kidman and Willem Dafoe and marked Heard's first major role in a studio film. She has stated that one of the reasons attracting her to the part was Mera being "a strong, independent, self-possessed superhero in her own right", who rejects being called Aquawoman instead of by her own name. "Aquaman" became the fifth most profitable release of 2018, and the most profitable DCEU installment up to that point. The same year, Heard was appointed global ambassador for cosmetics giant L'Oréal Paris.  In 2019, Heard played supporting roles in the independent dramas "Her Smell" and "Gully". Her upcoming projects included the CBS All Access miniseries "The Stand", based on Stephen King's eponymous novel and co-starring James Marsden, Odessa Young and Henry Zaga.

Activism.

Heard has raised awareness about domestic and sexual violence. Together with actors Gabourey Sidibe and Freida Pinto, she read a speech on behalf of sexual assault victim Emily Doe at "Glamour" Women of the Year Awards in 2016; Doe was the recipient of an award. Heard also made a public service announcement about domestic violence for the #GirlGaze Project, and has written about her experiences of domestic violence in the December 2016 issue of "Porter" magazine and in an op-ed for "The Washington Post" in December 2018. She has been an American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) ambassador for women's rights with a focus on gender-based violence since December 2018, and has also been named a Human Rights Champion for the Stand Up for Human Rights campaign by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. In May 2019, she gave a speech in support of the SHIELD Act on Capitol Hill, discussing her experience of having had her private nude photos hacked and distributed online without her consent during the iCloud leaks of celebrity photos in 2014. On November 4, 2019, "The New York Times" published an op-ed written by Heard on the subject. In September 2019, she appeared at WE Day UN, an event arranged by WE Charity and UNAIDS.

Personal life.

In a 2008 interview, Heard stated that she is agnostic. She is fluent in American Sign Language and Spanish.  Heard publicly came out at GLAAD's 25th anniversary event in 2010, but has stated, "I don't label myself one way or another—I have had successful relationships with men and now a woman. I love who I love; it's the person that matters." Of her decision to come out, she said: "I think when I became aware of my role in the media, I had to ask myself an important question 'Am I part of the problem?' And I think that when millions and millions of hard-working, taxpaying Americans are denied their rights and denied their equality you have to ask yourself what are the factors that are an epidemic problem and that's what this is."  Heard was in a relationship with photographer Tasya van Ree from 2008 to 2012. In 2009, Heard was arrested in the state of Washington for misdemeanor domestic violence, allegedly after grabbing van Ree and hitting her arm. Ultimately, no charges were filed against Heard. The police lawfully deleted records of the arrest in 2011 after a request, but the King County District Court retained their own records. In 2016, van Ree defended Heard as the incident went public, stating that Heard had been "wrongfully" accused and that the incident had been "misinterpreted and over-sensationalized".  In 2014, Heard was one of the victims of the iCloud leaks of celebrity photos, in which her private nude photos were hacked and distributed without her consent.  Following her divorce from actor Johnny Depp, Heard dated tech entrepreneur Elon Musk for one year, until early 2018.

Relationship with Johnny Depp.

Heard met Depp while filming "The Rum Diary" in 2009, and they began living together the following year. They were married in a private civil ceremony at their home in Los Angeles on February 3, 2015. In April 2015, Heard and Depp breached Australia's biosecurity laws when they failed to declare their two Yorkshire terriers to the Australian Customs Service when they flew by private jet into Queensland, where he was working on "". Heard pleaded guilty to falsifying quarantine documents, stating that she had made a mistake due to sleep deprivation. She was placed on a $1,000 one-month good behavior bond for producing a false document; Heard and Depp also released a video in which they apologized for their behavior and urged people to adhere to the biosecurity laws. "The Guardian" called the case the "highest profile criminal quarantine case" in Australian history.  Heard filed for divorce from Depp on May 23, 2016, and obtained a temporary restraining order against him, stating in her court declaration that he had been verbally and physically abusive throughout their relationship, usually while under the influence of drugs or alcohol. In response, Depp denied those accusations, and through his representatives, alleged that she was "attempting to secure a premature financial resolution by alleging abuse." Heard testified about the abuse under oath at a divorce court deposition. Evidence of the alleged abuse from her court filings was also published in the media. A settlement was reached on August 16, 2016, and the divorce was finalized in January 2017. Heard dismissed the restraining order, and the former couple issued a joint statement saying that their "relationship was intensely passionate and at times volatile, but always bound by love. Neither party has made false accusations for financial gain. There was never any intent of physical or emotional harm." Depp paid Heard a settlement of US$7 million, which she donated to the ACLU and the Children's Hospital Los Angeles.  In early 2019, Depp sued Heard for US$50 million for defamation over an op-ed she wrote for "The Washington Post" in December 2018, which "depended on the central premise that Ms. Heard was a domestic abuse victim and that Mr. Depp perpetrated domestic violence against her". The fact that the piece did not specifically mention Depp by name is not disputed by either party. Depp also alleged that Heard had been the abuser, and that her allegations constituted a hoax against him; his legal team also published alleged evidence of Heard's abuse of Depp. In response, Heard said that Depp's claims are not true and repeated her allegations and evidence, maintaining that Depp was abusive towards her. She asked a judge to dismiss the lawsuit—which Depp filed in Virginia, where the "Post" is located—so that the case could be tried in California (where most of the witnesses reside), but this request was denied.

Amber Laura Heard (born April 22, 1986) is an American actress and model. Born and raised in Texas, she made her film debut in a minor supporting role in the sports drama "Friday Night Lights" (2004), followed by a series of other small roles in television and film. Her first leading role was in the horror film "All the Boys Love Mandy Lane" (2006), but it was not released in the United States until 2013 due to distribution problems. Her second major role came in the short-running The CW television series "Hidden Palms" (2007).

艾梅柏·劳拉·希尔德(英语:Amber Laura Heard,1986年-4月22日),美国女演员与模特儿。


Description and Distribution.

The family is found in the tropics and subtropics plus all of Australia. Most of the members in it are woody plants - lianas or trees such as "Dillenia" - but herbaceous species such as "Pachynema" are also present in Dilleniaceae. The leaves of the plants in the family are wide and well-developed, but in "Pachynema" and certain species of "Hibbertia" they are strongly modified. The flowers are mainly showy and colorful with visible reproductive components. Buzz pollination is common in the group. Fruits of some species, such as "Dillenia indica" (elephant apple), are edible.

Taxonomy and Phylogeny.

The position of the family in the phylogenetic tree and its classification among the other eudicots is uncertain. Some studies suggested that Dilleniaceae may be sister to Rhabdodendraceae which is a clade that was thought to be sister to all the rest Caryophyllales. The caryophyllid "Rhabdodendron" and the members in the family with the questionable placement in fact share some morphological characteristics but it was found that Rhabdodendraceae is actually sister only to the core members of its order.  Another possible situation places Dilleniaceae as an ancient group, sister to the superrosidae clade (the family shares some common morphology with Vitales) but this is not absolutely proven.  The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), also recognizes this family, unplaced as to order, assigned to the clade core eudicots.  APG II debates either including it in order Caryophyllales or reinstating the order Dilleniales for just this one family, but decides to leave it unplaced.

Evolution.

The family is remarkable because of its variability of morphological characteristics that now are much steadier in other Angiosperm groups. Thus, Dilleniaceae may be an ancient clade that expresses some phylogenetic relation between the higher Eudicots and the rather more primitive groups. It is estimated that the clade diverged around 115 million years ago in Mid Cretaceous but the crown group was formed much later - only 52 million years before the present.

Dilleniaceae is a family of flowering plants with 11 genera and about 430 known species. Such a family has been universally recognized by taxonomists. It is known to gardeners for the genus "Hibbertia", which contains many commercially valuable garden species.

五桠果科(学名:)包括13属共400余种,基本都是生长在澳大利亚的热带和亚热带地区,大部分是木本植物,有大树但也有草本植物。其中钮扣花属("Hibbertia")被广泛用于园艺栽培,有许多具有商业价值的花卉种类;锡叶藤属("Tetracera")的叶面粗糙,用于擦光锡器和工具;五桠果属("Dillenia")一些种类的果实可以食用。中国有2属4种,都是生长在云南、广东和广西等地区。


Club career.

Early years / Getafe.

Paredes was born in Oviedo. After starting playing football at hometown Asturias club Real Oviedo and being relegated from the second division in the 2002–03 season, he left for two additional campaigns in Real Madrid's B-side, Real Madrid Castilla, who competed in the third level.  In 2005–06, Paredes joined Getafe CF also in the Madrid area, and made his official – and La Liga – debut on 28 August 2005, in a 2–0 away win against Real Sociedad. He appeared in only seven games that season, barred by first-choice Mariano Pernía, but would be the undisputed starter in the following after the Argentine left for Atlético Madrid.

Zaragoza.

For 2007–08, Paredes signed with Aragon's Real Zaragoza, agreeing on a five-year deal. Initially backing up Juanfran, he finished as first-choice as the team eventually got relegated; he was again starter in the following campaign, helping to an immediate promotion back.  Pushed by new signing Ivan Obradović, Paredes featured in just 20 league matches in 2009–10, but was still the most utilized left-back as Zaragoza retained its top division status. In the summer he was deemed surplus to requirements by manager José Aurelio Gay, being limited to training. In early September 2010, during a training session, both got involved in a serious argument that nearly evolved to a physical confrontation; subsequently, the player was suspended by the club, being reinstated – and inserted in the starting XI – in November, as Gay was sacked and replaced by Javier Aguirre.  In the following years, Paredes featured more often than not as a central defender. Zaragoza returned to division two at the end of the 2012–13 season, and he was released on 25 February 2014 alongside José María Movilla, finding about the news through the club's website.

Albacete.

In January 2015, after nearly one year without a club, Paredes signed for Albacete Balompié in the second tier.

Javier Paredes Arango (born 5 July 1982) is a Spanish former footballer who played mainly as a left back.

查维亚·柏利迪斯·阿兰戈(,1982年-7月5日),西班牙足球运动员,目前效力西甲球队,司职后衞。


General rules.

As in Sudoku, the goal of each puzzle is to fill a grid with digits –– 1 through 4 for a 4×4 grid, 1 through 5 for a 5×5, 1 through 6 for a 6×6, etc. –– so that no digit appears more than once in any row or any column (a Latin square). Grids range in size from 3×3 to 9×9. Additionally, KenKen grids are divided into heavily outlined groups of cells –– often called “cages” –– and the numbers in the cells of each cage must produce a certain “target” number when combined using a specified mathematical operation (one of addition, subtraction, multiplication or division). For example, a linear three-cell cage specifying addition and a target number of 6 in a 4×4 puzzle must be satisfied with the digits 1, 2, and 3. Digits may be repeated within a cage, as long as they are not in the same row or column. No operation is relevant for a single-cell cage: placing the "target" in the cell is the only possibility (thus being a "free space"). The target number and operation appear in the upper left-hand corner of the cage.  In the English-language KenKen books of Will Shortz, the issue of the non-associativity of division and subtraction is addressed by restricting clues based on either of those operations to cages of only two cells in which the numbers may appear in any order. Hence if the target is 1 and the operation is - (subtraction) and the number choices are 2 and 3, possible answers are 2,3 or 3,2. Some puzzle authors have not done this and have published puzzles that use more than two cells for these operations.

History.

In 2007, toy inventor Robert Fuhrer, owner of Nextoy and creator of Gator Golf, Crocodile Dentist, and dozens of other popular toys and games, encountered KenKen books published in Japan by the educational publisher Gakken Co., Ltd. and titled. Fuhrer's company Nextoy, LLC (now holder of a trademark on "KenKen" and "KenDoku" as a name for brain-training puzzles) and chess International Master David Levy helped bring the puzzles to the attention of Michael Harvey, an editor of "The Times" (London). Harvey, impressed with what he calls its "depth and magnitude", arranged for publication of such puzzles, starting in March 2008, in "The Times". Other papers, including the "New York Times", followed suit. KenKen now appears in more than 200 newspapers in the United States and worldwide. In 2014, KenKen signed an agreement with DTI, the software division of inflight entertainment expert Advanced Flight Alliance AG, and its parent company Global Eagle Entertainment, to provide KenKen on international flights. In 2015, KenKen partnered with German news organization "Der Spiegel". The magazine, which is one of Europe's largest news publications, offers KenKen puzzles on their mobile app. KenKen is also being used by over 30,000 teachers throughout the United States to teach math skills, problem solving techniques, logic, and critical thinking. Today KenKen can be played online at www.kenkenpuzzle.com, the New York Times and Yahoo! Games online sites, as well as on its iOS, Android and Kindle Fire apps.

Example.

The objective is to fill the grid in with the digits 1 through 6 such that:  Some of the techniques from Sudoku and Killer Sudoku can be used here, but much of the process involves the listing of all the possible options and eliminating the options one by one as other information requires.  In the example here:

Extensions.

More complex KenKen problems are formed using the principles described above but omitting the symbols +, −, × and ÷, thus leaving them as yet another unknown to be determined. Other authors of puzzles include more complex operations, including exponentiation, modulus, and bit-wise operations. Ranges of values can be varied, such as including zero, or having negative values (e.g., -2 to +2 in a 5-by-5 square).

Education.

One of KenKen's main uses is in the classroom as a means of teaching basic arithmetic and logic skills. In 2009, KenKen LLC began the KenKen Classroom (KKCR) Program, which allowed teachers to subscribe to a weekly newsletter providing KenKen puzzle sets, as well as other brain teasers, and KenKen news. Today, over 25,000 educators are a part of the KKCR Program. In addition to KKCR, KenKen also helps educators organize their own KenKen clubs and tournaments in their schools. KenKen partners with educators to help students learn while having fun. KenKen has collaborated with the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), to create a mobile app in order to help students develop their math and logic skills. KenKen is featured on Scholastic Corporation's online sites Scholastic Math and Scholastic Dynamath, as well as on The Math Forum @ Drexel.

Tournaments.

Beginning in 2010, KenKen CEO Robert Fuhrer has organized yearly KenKen tournaments held at the Chappaqua Library in Chappaqua, New York. Tournaments are open to all ages and skill levels. In addition to the Chappaqua tournament in December, Fuhrer partnered with IBM to host an international tournament in May 2015. In 2016, five students in India, Gaurav Pandey, Neharika Rajesh, Visharad Srivastava, Devika Pillai and Kajal Agarwal, beat 75,000 competitors to secure a place in the International Round that was held in New York on 18th Dec 2016. In addition to the visitors, many local students ages 8–18 competed in the tournament. The tournament was won by eight-year-old Gaurav Pandey, who beat out competitors up to twice his age. In 2016, the United Arab Emirates also took part in KenKen International Championship, with over 6000 students from more than 60 schools participating. Of those, eight of the top ranking students from the UAE 2016 finals represented the country in the International Level round in New York City on December 18: Eeshan Sharma from GEMS Modern Academy; Ganesh Ramm from The Oxford School, Dubai; Helem Jos from Sunrise English Private School; Mythri Muralikannan from The Millennium School Dubai; Paarth Gupta from GEMS Dubai American Academy; Aryaman Chawla from Dubai College; Gamin Kwon from The English College; and Ghaia Aljarwan from Rosary School.  In December 2016, the KenKen International Championship was held in New York City. Winners were John Gilling, Ellie Grueskin and Molly Olonoff.  Over the past several years KenKen has expanded internationally and now runs national tournaments in multiple countries for students. There are three age groups and the student winners of each division attend the KenKen International Championship in New York. Student divisions include Sigma (Approximate age is 14 and up), Kappa (Approximate age 11-14), and Delta (Approximate age 11 and younger). There is also an adult division and a senior division for those over the age of 60. ! Year!! Division!! 1st Place!! 2nd Place!! 3rd Place!! 4th Place!! 5th Place

KenKen and KenDoku are trademarked names for a style of arithmetic and logic puzzle invented in 2004 by Japanese math teacher Tetsuya Miyamoto, who intended the puzzles to be an instruction-free method of training the brain. The name derives from the Japanese word for. The names Calcudoku and Mathdoku are sometimes used by those who do not have the rights to use the KenKen or KenDoku trademarks.

算独(MATHDOKU/KENDOKU/KENKEN) 算独或贤独是花式数独的一支,原型于 2004年日本人宫本哲也(Tetsuya Miyamoto)所改良发行,其主要理念为启发性的自学式的数学益智游戏。


Biography.

Abdessemed was born in Constantine, in eastern Algeria, to a Chaoui Berber family. He grew up in the area of the Aurès Mountains, and attended the in Batna. He then studied at the in Algiers. He left in 1994.  Between 1994 and 1999, Abdessemed attended the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts in Lyon, in eastern central France. He then lived and worked in the Cité internationale des arts in Paris. In 2000–2001 he was a resident artist at P.S.1 in New York. After spending some time in Berlin, he returned in 2004 to Paris. He is a French citizen.  He met his wife in a bar in Lyon called L’Antidote in the mid-1990s, an episode represented in the small replica of the venue in a vitrine in the exhibition at MAC in Lyon.

Work.

Adel Abdessemed grew up in Algeria amid civil war tensions, and has been greatly affected by the media exposure of the Gulf War and its global impact. If the collapse of the machine and the first Big War at the beginning of the 20th Century contributed in no small part to the establishment of an art that was suddenly provoking and difficult to look at, the availability of images from the war front in the 1990s made the same process impossible. There is little point in trying to tackle brutality by denouncing it via a series of trite statements or graphic imagery. Adel Abdessemed stated about his work «I think my work is actually positive. The world is violent – not me».  Abdessemed's life-size sculptural variations of iconic images, such as the nine-year-old Phan Thị Kim Phúc (nicknamed ‘the Napalm Girl’) running away naked from an explosion throughout the Vietnam War in 1972 or the French football player Zinedine Zidane headbutting Marco Materazzi during the 2006 FIFA World Cup Final ("Headbutt") are only two examples of how the immediacy of such moments take on fresh meaning when solidified in a form designed to make them still and everlasting. And even in those moments when the relationship between subject and rendition is a bit more fluid, as for example with the combination of the Antonio Canova-inspired sculpture group "Is Beautiful" with the terracotta-made, hard working men depicted in "Sham", the outcome doesn't seem to change. This is not a literal representation of reality, but rather a sublimation of iconic images to art that takes place.  Adel Abdessemed is known to have a special way to laugh. While studying art in Algeria, one of his professors defined it ‘The Devil’s Laugh’.

Adel Abdessemed (born 1971) is an Algerian contemporary artist. He has worked in a variety of media, including animation, installation, performance, sculpture and video. Some of his work relates to the topic of violence in the world.

阿岱尔·阿德斯梅(Adel Abdessemed,1971年3月2日-),出生于阿尔及利亚君士坦丁的一位法国当代艺术家 。


Foundation.

The party was founded in July 1951 by prominent center-left and leftist politicians, some of which were former members of ELAS. While initially "EDA" was meant to act as a substitute and political front of the banned Communist Party of Greece, it eventually acquired a voice of its own, rather pluralistic and moderate. This development was more clearly shown at the time of the 1968 split in the ranks of Communist Party of Greece, with almost all former members of "EDA" joining the faction with Euro-communist, moderate tendencies.

History.

"EDA" participated in all the elections in Greece from 1952 until 1964. In the 1958 elections it managed to become the leading party of the opposition, an achievement all the more surprising in view of the recent end of the Greek civil war and the consequently prevailing anti-Left politics at the time.  In the 1961 election and 1964 election, "EDA" indirectly supported the Center Union against the National Radical Union (NRU). Before the 1963 election, Greece entered a protracted period of political and social unrest, with the assassination of "EDA" MP Gregoris Lambrakis, providing further inflammation. "EDA" and the Center Union accused prime minister Constantine Karamanlis and the NRU of the murder, which resulted in more (sometimes violent) manifestations. Karamanlis denounced his accusers, and warned that they contributed to the political instability of the country. An independent judicial inquiry held under public prosecutor Christos Sartzetakis concluded that those responsible for the assassination were far-right extremists linked with rogue elements in the Greek security forces. However, no specific instructions from the ruling political leadership were identified, nor proven in the subsequent trial of the perpetrators.

The party's end.

With the advent of the dictatorship of 1967, the party was outlawed by the regime and its members were persecuted.  After the restoration of democracy, "ΕDΑ" reappeared in the elections of 1974 in an alliance with the Communist Party of Greece and the Communist Party of Greece (Interior), which were allowed to operate once again, and other leftist parties, under the leadership of Ilias Iliou, the most prominent politician of the Left in Greece at the time. Following a split in the alliance, "ΕDΑ" never participated independently in Greek politics again after 1977. Under the leadership of Manolis Glezos, the party took part in the elections of 1981 and 1985 in an alliance with and within the ranks of Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK).

Politicians of EDA.

Well-known politicians of EDA were:

The United Democratic Left (, "Eniéa Dimokratikí Aristerá" (EDA)) was a political party in Greece, active mostly before the Greek military junta of 1967–74.

统一民主左翼(希腊语:Ενιαία Δημοκρατική Αριστερά,Eniéa Dimokratikí Aristerá)是希腊的一个左翼政党。该党成立于1951年7月,由希腊的一些中左翼、左翼政治家及希腊人民解放军的一些前成员创建。该党从成立之时起,便作为当时被宣布为非法的希腊共产党的合法替代组织运作。在1958年希腊议会选举中,该党成为希腊议会最大的反对党。1967年,希腊右翼军人发动政变上台后,该党被取缔,转入地下活动。1974年,希腊军政府垮台,该党恢复公开活动,并与希腊共产党和希腊共产党(国内派)在1974年希腊议会选举中结成选举联盟。1977年后,该党实力日微,逐渐瓦解。


Current version.

The current official version of "Marcha Real", as described in Royal Decree 1560/1997, is a sixteen-bar long phrase, divided in two sections, each one is made up of four repeated bars (AABB form). Tempo is set to ♩= 76 and key to B-flat.  The long, complete version is the honors music for the King, while a shorter version without the repetitions is performed for the Princess of Asturias, the President of the Government of Spain, or during sporting events.  There are also three official arrangements: one for orchestra, another for military band, and a third for organ, written by Francisco Grau Vegara and requested by the Government of Spain. All in all, there are six different official adaptations, for each arrangement and length. They all were recorded by the Spanish National Orchestra and the Spanish Royal Guard Band as an official recording and released on compact disc for a limited period of time.

Copyright issues.

As the harmonisation of "Marcha Real" was written by Pérez Casas in the early 20th century, the copyright has not yet expired. The government bought it from Pérez Casas' estate in 1997 for 130 million pesetas (781,315.734 euros) to avoid future legal problems. Until it expires, the copyright belongs to the Ministry of Culture and collecting societies charge copyright fees, which has led to criticism.  As a result, many different harmonisations have been devised by performers to avoid paying. Nonetheless, the rights to the 1997 Francisco Grau revision were transferred to the government at no charge, but they were not placed in the public domain.

Lyrics.

Though the has no lyrics, words have been written and used for it in the past. One version was used during Alfonso XIII's reign and another during the Francoist State; however, none of them were ever made official. The national anthem has been played without words since 1978, when the lyrics that had been approved by General Francisco Franco were abandoned.

Lyrics competition.

After witnessing a rendition of "You'll Never Walk Alone" at Anfield in 2007, the President of the Spanish Olympic Committee (COE), Alejandro Blanco, said he felt inspired to seek lyrics to "La Marcha Real" ahead of Madrid's bid to host the 2016 Olympic Games. That same year Telecinco, enticed by the COE, organized a National contest and posted 25 different lyrics on their website which they thought best matched COE's requirements. The winner was chosen after 40,000 people voted. The lyrics by Enrique Hernández-Luike, magazine publisher and poet, spoke of freedom, peace and the Constitution. The winning lyrics were sung by the Ronda de Aranzueque choir in Pastrana, and filmed by German television. However, the COE organized a new competition for the lyrics, which resulted in between 2,000 and 7,000 entries (depending on source). A private team of jurors chose the entry by Paulino Cubero, then unemployed. The new lyrics received criticism, resulting in them being pulled only five days later, and the idea was scrapped indefinitely.  A number of the autonomous communities of Spain have their own regional anthems.

Former lyrics.

Alfonso XIII lyrics.

Lyrics by Eduardo Marquina (1879–1946) <poem lang="es" style="margin-right:2em; float:left;">La bandera de España (Coro) Gloria, gloria, corona de la Patria, soberana luz que es oro en tu Pendón. Vida, vida, futuro de la Patria, que en tus ojos es abierto corazón...! Púrpura y oro: bandera inmortal; en tus colores, juntas, carne y alma están. Púrpura y oro: querer y lograr; Tú eres, bandera, el signo del humano afán. Gloria, gloria, corona de la Patria, soberana luz que es oro en tu Pendón. Púrpura y oro: bandera inmortal; en tus colores, juntas, carne y alma están.  España guiadora (Solo) ¡Pide, España! ¡Tu nombre llevaremos donde quieras tú; que honrarlo es nuestra ley! ¡Manda, España, y unidos lucharemos, porque vivas tú, sin tregua pueblo y rey! Una bandera gloriosa nos das; ¡nadie, viviendo, España, nos la arrancará! Para que, un día, nos pueda cubrir, ¡danos, España, el gozo de morir por ti!  ¡Viva España!... (Coro) ¡Viva España! Del grito de la Patria, la explosión triunfal abrió camino al sol; ¡Viva España! repiten veinte pueblos y al hablar dan fe del ánimo español... ¡Marquen arado martillo y clarín su noble ritmo al grito de la Patria fe! ¡Guíe la mente a la mano hasta el fin, al "Viva España" asista toda España en pie!</poem> <poem style="float:left;">Flag of Spain (Chorus) Glory, glory, crown of the Fatherland sovereign light which in your standard is gold. Life, life, future of the Fatherland, in your eyes it is an open heart Purple and gold: immortal flag; in your colors, together, flesh and soul are. Purple and gold: to want and to achieve; You are, flag, the sign of human effort. Glory, glory, crown of the Fatherland sovereign light which in your standard is gold. Purple and gold: immortal flag; in your colors, together, flesh and soul are.  Spain guiding (Solo) Ask of us, Spain! Your name we will take anywhere you want; because honoring it is our law! Command us, Spain, and united we will fight, so that you may live, relentless people and king! You give us a glorious flag; Nobody, who is alive, Spain, will take it from us! So that, one day, we can be covered by it, Give us, Spain, the joy of dying for you!  Long live Spain!... (Chorus) Long live Spain! The cry of the Fatherland, the triumphant explosion Has opened the way to the sun; Long live Spain! repeated twenty peoples and when they speak they have faith in the Spanish will... Mark plow hammer and bugle your noble rhythm at the cry of the Fatherland faith! Guide the mind and the hand until the end, the "Long Live Spain" Spain attends all standing!</poem>

Other languages translation.

<poem lang="eu" style="margin-right:1em; float:left;">Basque  La bandera de España (Coro) Gora Espainia! Denok batera abes dezagun ahots ezberdinez bihotz bakarrez Gora Espainia! Haran berdeetatik itsaso zabaleraino anaitasun ereserkia Maita ezazu aberria besarkada ematen dielako zeru urdinaren pean herri askeei Justizia eta handitasuna demokrazia eta bakea Historiari ekartzen dioten seme-alabei loria.</poem> <poem lang="ca" style="margin-right:1em; float:left;">Catalan  Bandera d'Espanya (Coro) Glòria, glòria, corona de la Pàtria sobirana llum que en el seu estàndard és d'or. la vida la vida, el futur de la Pàtria, en els teus ulls és un cor obert Bandera d'Espanya Porpra i or: bandera immortal; Ministeri d'Educació en els teus colors, juntes, carn i ànima hi són. Porpra i or: voler i aconseguir; Tu ets, bandera, el signe de l'humà afany. Glòria, glòria, corona de la Pàtria sobirana llum que en el seu estàndard és d'or. Porpra i or: bandera immortal; en els teus colors, juntes, carn i ànima hi són.</poem> <poem lang="gl" style="float:left;">Galician  Bandeira de España (Coro) Gloria, gloria, coroa da Patria soberano luz que no seu defecto é ouro. Vida, vida, futuro da Patria, nos seus ollos é Bandeira de España Púrpura e ouro: bandeira inmortal; en túas cores, xuntas, carne e alma están. Púrpura e ouro: a querer e conseguir; Está, a bandeira, o sinal do esforzo humano. Gloria, gloria, coroa da Patria soberano luz que no seu defecto é ouro. Púrpura e ouro: bandeira inmortal; en túas cores, xuntas, carne e alma están.</poem>

Franco-era lyrics.

Lyrics adapted from an earlier version on 1928 written by José María Pemán (1897–1981) during the reign of Alfonso XIII and the government of Miguel Primo de Rivera. The changes intended to fit the symbols of the initially fascist ideology of Francisco Franco, referred to as National-Catholicism, which were the "salute with the extended right arm" and the "yoke and arrows" this last one used in the Middle Ages by Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon to represent the union of their dynasties and their kingdoms.  <poem lang="es" style="margin-right:1em; float:left;">¡Viva España! Alzad los brazos, hijos "(original in J.M. Pemán: Viva España, alzad la frente, hijos)" del pueblo español, que vuelve a resurgir.  Gloria a la Patria que supo seguir, sobre el azul del mar, el caminar del sol.  ¡Triunfa España! Los yugos y las flechas "(original in J.M. Pemán: ¡Triunfa España! Los yunques y las ruedas)" cantan al compás del himno de la fe.  Juntos con ellos cantemos de pie la vida nueva y fuerte del trabajo y paz.  ¡Viva España! Alzad los brazos, hijos "(original in J.M. Pemán: Viva España, alzad la frente, hijos)" del pueblo español, que vuelve a resurgir.  Gloria a la Patria que supo seguir, sobre el azul del mar, el caminar del sol.</poem> <poem style="margin-right:1em; float:left;">Long live Spain! Raise your arms, sons "(original in J.M. Pemán: Long live Spain! Raise your foreheads, sons)" of the Spanish People, which rebirths anew.  Glory to the Fatherland that knew how to follow, over the Ocean blue, the course of the setting sun.  Triumph, Spain! The yokes and the arrows "(original in J.M.a Pemán: Triumph, Spain! The anvils and the wheels)" sing to the rhythm of the anthem of faith.  Let's stand and sing along with them for the new and strong life of work and peace.  Long live Spain! Raise your arms, sons "(original in J.M.a Pemán: Long live Spain! Raise your foreheads, sons)" of the Spanish People, which rebirths anew.  Glory to the Fatherland that knew how to follow, over the Ocean blue, the course of the setting sun.</poem>

Carlist lyrics.

<poem lang="es" style="margin-right:1em; float:left;">Spanish Viva España, gloria de tradiciones, con la sola ley que puede prosperar.  Viva España, que es madre de Naciones, con Dios, Patria, Rey con que supo imperar.  Guerra al perjuro traidor y masón, que con su aliento impuro hunde la nación.  Es su bandera la historia de su gloria; por ella dará su vida el español  Fe verdadera que en rojo de amor aprisiona briosa un rayo de sol.</poem> <poem lang="en" style="margin-right:1em; float:left;">English Long live Spain, glory of traditions, with the single law that can thrive.  Long live Spain, the mother of Nations, with God, Fatherland, King with which it knew how to reign  War to the oathbreaker traitor and freemason, that with his impure breath sinks the nation  It is its flag the history of its glory; for it will the Spaniard give his life  True faith, which in the red of love imprisons a lively ray of sunshine.</poem> <poem lang="eu" style="margin-right:1em; float:left;">Basque Gora Espainia, tradizioak, aintza lege bakar daiteke aurrera.  Gora Espainia, Nazio, ama Dios, Patria, Rey dituen. gailenduko zuen  Perjurer gerra traidorea eta masoi, bere arnasa ezpuruetan nazioaren lotzen zaio.  Zure bandera da bere aintza istorioa; izango begiratu Espainiako bere bizitza  benetako fede gorria maite duten imprisons Chihiroren a Eguzki-izpien.</poem> <poem lang="ca" style="margin-right:1em; float:left;">Catalan Visca Espanya, glòria de tradicions, amb la sola llei que pot prosperar.  Visca Espanya, que és mare de Nacions, amb Déu, Pàtria, Rei amb que va saber imperar.  Guerra al perjur traïdor i maçó, que amb el seu alè impur enfonsa la nació.  És la seva bandera la història de la seva glòria; per ella donarà la seva vida l'espanyol  Fe veritable que en vermell d'amor empresona coratjosa un raig de sol.</poem> <poem lang="gl" style="float:left;">Galician Viva España, gloria de tradicións, coa única lei pode prosperar.  Viva España, a nai das Nacións, Deus, Patria, Rei que el prevalece.  Guerra en que cometeu perxurioer traidor e masón, co seu impuro hálito afunde a nación.  é a súa bandeira a historia da súa gloria; polo que vai manter súa vida no Español  verdadeira fe o amor que vermello aprisiona espirituoso un raio de sol.</poem>

Interpretation and etiquette.

Military bands of the Spanish Armed Forces and the National Police Corps of Spain and civilian Marching bands and Concert bands play the B flat-major version of the anthem adapted for wind bands (as arranged by Francisco Grau), and playing the A major version is optional.  The bugle call "To the Colors" in Spain is the version played by Bugle bands in Spanish churches in religious occasions and processions organized by civil groups and the parishes. Various versions adapted for the drum and the bugle are used, even though brass instruments play the anthem as well. But in some bugle bands, the A flat version of the anthem (the old official one, adapted for the bugle) is played. Only a bugle call is sounded when the B flat version is played.  Being the national anthem, and played in honor of the King and the Queen of Spain, it is common for all to stand once it is played. Even though it is also played in church events, respect for the royal family is required by everyone in attendance; civilians stand at attention, and those in uniform salute when not in formation.

The "Marcha Real" (; "Royal March") is the national anthem of Spain. It is one of only four national anthems in the world (along with those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and San Marino) that has no official lyrics (although it had lyrics in the past, they are no longer used).

《皇家进行曲》(),原是首军乐,后来成为西班牙国歌,无歌词。


Origin.

This festival was (according to one tradition) said to have been supposedly created during one of the battles between the Asuras (or to be more specific Soorapadman) and the Devas. At one point, the latter were defeated several times by the former. The Devas were unable to resist the onslaught of the Asura forces. In despair, they approached Shiva and entreated to give them an able leader under whose heroic leadership they might obtain victory over the Asuras. They surrendered themselves completely and prayed to Shiva. Shiva granted their request by creating the mighty warrior, Skanda, out of his own power or Achintya Shakti. He at once assumed leadership of the celestial forces, inspired them and defeated the Asura forces and to recognise that day the people created the festival, Thaipusam.  According to Skanda Puranam, the legend of Murugan, and Thirupugal which are divine verses on Murugan, adhere to Shaivam principles. Murugan is the embodiment of Shiva's light and wisdom and devotees pray to him to overcome the obstacles they face, as He is the divine vanquisher of evil. The motive of Thaipusam festival is to pray to God to receive his grace so that bad traits are destroyed.

"Kavadi Attam".

The "Kavadi Attam" (""kavadi" dance") is a ceremonial act of devotional sacrifice through dance, food offerings, and bodily self-mortification. It is often performed by devotees during the festival of Thaipusam in honor of Murugan. The "kavadi" is a semicircular, decorated canopy supported by a wooden rod that the pilgrim carries on their shoulders to the temple. The devotee makes the pilgrimage (the "nadai payanam") with bare feet, bearing food offerings on the "kavadi". Depending on the location of the temple, this walk to the temple can take more than a week. The temple of Murugan in Palani is a popular destination, as it is one among the "arupadai veedu" ("six houses" - the sites sacred to Murugan). The Palani Murugan temple also has a reputation as a place of healing. Bogar (an ancient siddhar and devotee of Murugan) made the statue of Murugan in Palani, with the mixture of several sidhha medicines.  Devotees prepare for the celebration by keeping their body always clean, doing regular prayers, following a vegetarian diet and fasting before the Thaipusam. "Kavadi"-bearers have to perform elaborate ceremonies at the time of assuming the "kavadi" and at the time of offering it to Murugan. The "kavadi"-bearer observes celibacy and consumes only certain types of foods known as "satvik" food, once a day, while continuously thinking of God. On the day of the festival, devotees shave their heads and undertake a pilgrimage along a set route, while engaging in various acts of devotion, notably carrying the various types of "kavadi". The devotees believe that worshiping lord Murugan every year in this way makes them physically and mentally healthy, and helps clear them of karmic debts they may have incurred.  At its simplest, the pilgrimage may entail walking the route carrying a pot of milk, but mortification of the flesh by piercing the skin, tongue or cheeks with "vel" skewers is also common. In addition, some pierce their tongues or cheeks, all the way through, with a small spear.  A similar practice is performed by the Nagarathar community in Pazhani, India. This is known as the Nagarathar Kavadi.

Thaipusam in India.

In Palani Sri Dhandayuthapani temple, 10 day Festival (Brahmotsavam) is held during Thaipusam. Thirukalyanam (Celestial Wedding) will be held on the day before Thaipusam. On Thaipusam, Therottam will be held. Lord Muthukumaraswamy will bless devotees in Thanga Guthirai Vahanam (Golden Horse), Periya Thanga Mayil Vahanam (Golden Peacock), Theppotsavam (Float Festival) during the 10 day festival.  In Chidamabaram (Thillai) Panchamurthi Veedhi Ula, Thirthavari, Thaandava Darsanam Aarthi will be held on Thaipusam. In Madurai Sri Meenakshi Amman Temple, Sri Meenakshi Sundareshwarar Theppotsavam (Float Festival) will be held at Mariammam Theppa Kulam. In Mylapore Kapaleeswarar Temple, 3 Day Theppotsavam will be held during Thaipusam Pournami.

Outside India.

Outside India, Thaipusam celebrations take place in USA, Mauritius, Malaysia, South Africa and Singapore. It is a public holiday in several states in Malaysia. In Malaysia, the temple at Batu Caves, near Kuala Lumpur & Arulmigu Balathandayuthapani Temple, Penang near George Town, Penang & Nattukkottai Chettiar Temple, Penang and Ipoh Kallumalai,Perak, often attracts over one million devotees and tens of thousands of tourists.  In Singapore, Hindu devotees start their procession at the Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple in the early morning, carrying milk pots as offerings or attaching "kavadis" and spikes pierced on their body. The procession travels for 4 kilometres before finishing at Tank Road, Sri Thendayuthapani Temple.  Thaipusam in Mauritius is celebrated with thousands of attendees taking Cavadee. While the festival is celebrated across the country, the grandest one is always at Kovil Montagne (Sri Siva Subramanya Thirukovil). Nestled in Corps de Garde Mountain in Quatre Bornes, it was founded in 1890 by a humble and pious Tamil Indian immigrant, Velamurugan.  Also celebrated at nearby islands of Seychelles and Reunion  Thaipusam Kavady ceremony is celebrated in cities of Durban (Clairwood Shree Siva Soobramonior Temple) and Cape Town of South Africa.  At Fiji, the Thaipusam Festival is celebrated at Sri Siva Subrahmanya Swami Temple, Nadi Town. In Indonesia, the procession mainly held in the capital of North Sumatra province, Medan. On the eve of Thaipusam, the Hindus gathered together at "Sree Soepramaniem Nagarattar Temple" at "Kejaksaan Road" to accompanying a 125 years old chariot or locally known as "Radhoo" from the temple to the main temple nearby (about ) at Sri Mariamman Temple at Kampung Madras which opens 24-hours for the festival. The "kavadi" procession are also happening at the day, but it takes on different temples around Medan and other parts in the province depends on them celebrate it.  In the United States of America, the Shiva Murugan Temple in Concord, California celebrates the Thaipoosam preceded by a walk. Some people walk more than from the city of Fremont, some walk from the city of San Ramon to Concord, and most walk from Walden Park in Walnut Creek to Concord. Over 2000 people participated in the walk for last several years.

Thaipusam or Thaipoosam (), is a festival celebrated by the Tamil community on the full moon in the Tamil month of "Thai" (January/February), usually coinciding with Pushya star, known as Poosam in Tamil. The festival is also observed among Keralites and is vernacularly called Thaipooyam (Malayalam: ). It is mainly observed in countries where there is a significant presence of Tamil community such as India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Mauritius, Singapore, South Africa, Canada and other places where ethnic Tamils reside as a part of the local Indian diaspora population such as Réunion, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica and the other parts of the Caribbean.

大宝森节()是淡米尔人所庆祝的一个印度教节日,每年在淡米尔历的“泰月”(第十个月)满月时举行,时在公历的一月或二月。该节日是马来西亚六州两地(槟城州、霹雳州、雪兰莪州、森美兰州、柔佛州、吉打州、 布城和吉隆坡)的法定假日之一。大宝森节庆祝湿婆和雪山女神的幼子战神穆鲁干(Murugan)的生日,在这一天他得到了雪山女神的馈赠——一支长矛,最终使其消灭了魔鬼Soorapadman。


Background.

Following the Russian October Revolution of 1917, the new Bolshevik government signed a separate peace treaty with Germany. The collapse of the Eastern Front of World War I presented a tremendous problem to the Entente powers since it allowed Germany to shift troops and war material to the Western Front of World War I. As well as this, the 50,000-strong Czechoslovak Legion, fighting on the side of the Allied Powers, was no longer in friendly territory, and was attempting to fight its way out through the east to Vladivostok along the Bolshevik-held Trans-Siberian Railway. At times, the Czechoslovak Legion controlled the entire Trans-Siberian railway and several major cities in Siberia.  Faced with these concerns, the United Kingdom and France decided to intervene in the Russian Civil War against the Bolsheviks. They had three objectives:  The British and French asked the United States to furnish troops for both the North Russia Campaign and the Siberian Campaign. In July 1918, against the advice of the United States Department of War, President Wilson agreed to send 5,000 US troops as the American North Russia Expeditionary Force (aka the Polar Bear Expedition) and 10,000 US troops as the American Expeditionary Force Siberia. In the same month, the Beiyang government of the Republic of China responded to an appeal by Chinese people in Russia and sent 2,000 troops by August. The Chinese later occupied Outer Mongolia and Tuva and sent a battalion to the North Russian Campaign as part of their anti-Bolshevik efforts.

Participants.

British Empire.

The British Army deployed 1,500 troops to Siberia. These came from the 1/9th (Cyclist) Battalion, Hampshire Regiment (deployed from India) and the 25th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (deployed from Iraq).

Canada.

The Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force, authorised in August 1918 and commanded by Major General James H. Elmsley, was sent to Vladivostok to bolster the Allied presence there. Composed of 4,192 soldiers, the force returned to Canada between April and June 1919. During this time, the Canadians saw little fighting, with fewer than 100 troops proceeding "up country" to Omsk, to serve as administrative staff for 1,500 British troops aiding the White Russian government of Admiral Alexander Kolchak. Most Canadians remained in Vladivostok, undertaking routine drill and policing duties in the volatile port city.

China.

At the request of Chinese merchants, 2,300 Chinese troops were sent to Vladivostok to protect Chinese interests there. The Chinese army fought against both Bolsheviks and Cossacks.

Italy.

The "Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Estremo Oriente" was made of Alpini troops, supported by 2,500 Italian ex-POWs who had fought in the Austro-Hungarian Army and enrolled in the Legione Redenta.  The Italians played a small but important role during the intervention, fighting together with the Czechoslovak Legion and other allied forces using heavily armed and armoured trains to control large sections of the Siberian railway.  The main areas of operation were the Irkutsk, Harbin and Vladivostok regions.

Japan.

The Japanese were initially asked in 1917 by the French to intervene in Russia but declined the request. However, the army general staff later came to view the Tsarist collapse as an opportunity to free Japan from any future threat from Russia by detaching Siberia and forming an independent buffer state. The Japanese government at first refused to undertake such an expedition and it was not until the following year that events were set in motion that led to a change in this policy.  In July 1918, President Wilson asked the Japanese government to supply 7,000 troops as part of an international coalition of 25,000 troops, including an American expeditionary force, planned to support the rescue of the Czechoslovak Legions and securing the Allied war material stockpiles. After heated debate in the Diet, the administration of Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake agreed to send 12,000 troops, but under solely Japanese command, independent of the international coalition.  Once the political decision had been reached, the Imperial Japanese Army took over full control under Chief of Staff Yui Mitsue and extensive planning for the expedition was conducted.

United States.

The American Expeditionary Force Siberia was commanded by Major General William S. Graves and eventually totaled 7,950 officers and enlisted men. The AEF Siberia included the U.S. Army's 27th and 31st Infantry Regiments, plus large numbers of volunteers from the 13th and 62nd Infantry Regiments along with a few from the 12th Infantry Regiment. Set up to operate the Trans-Siberian railroad, the Russian Railway Service Corps was formed of US personnel.  Although General Graves did not arrive in Siberia until September 4, 1918, the first 3,000 American troops disembarked in Vladivostok between August 15 and August 21, 1918. They were quickly assigned guard duty along segments of the railway between Vladivostok and Nikolsk-Ussuriski in the north.  Unlike his Allied counterparts, General Graves considered his mission in Siberia to be to provide protection for American-supplied property and to help the Czechoslovak Legions evacuate Russia, and that it did not include fighting against the Bolsheviks. Repeatedly calling for restraint, Graves was often at odds with commanders of British, French and Japanese forces who wanted the Americans to take a more active part in the military intervention in Siberia.

Allied intervention (1918–1919).

The joint Allied intervention began in August 1918. The Japanese entered through Vladivostok and points along the Manchurian border with more than 70,000 Japanese troops being involved. The deployment of a large force for a rescue expedition made the Allies wary of Japanese intentions. On September 5, the Japanese linked up with the vanguard of the Czechoslovak Legion. A few days later the British, Italian and French contingents joined the Czechs and Slovaks in an effort to re-establish the east Front beyond the Urals; as a result the European allies trekked westwards. The Japanese, with their own objectives in mind, refused to proceed west of Lake Baikal and stayed behind. The Americans, suspicious of Japanese intentions, also stayed behind to keep an eye on the Japanese. By November, the Japanese occupied all ports and major towns in the Russian Maritime Provinces and in Siberia east of the city of Chita.  In the summer of 1918 onwards, the Japanese army lent its support to White Russian elements; the 5th infantry division and the Japanese-backed Special Manchurian Detachment of Grigory Semyonov took control over Transbaikalia and founded a short-lived White Transbaikalia government.  The various Allied forces did not function well together, because of the underlying chaos and suspicion. In a letter to Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence Sydney Mewburn, James H. Elmsley, commander of the British and Canadian forces, gave a description of the situation:  In one incident an American unit, 27th Infantry Regiment (Wolfhounds) was part of the Evgenevka incident, a face-off between the Wolfhounds and the Japanese Military.

Aftermath.

Allied withdrawal (1919–1920).

With the end of the war in Europe, the Allied Powers decided to support the anti-Bolshevik White forces and effectively intervene in the Russian Civil War. Allied army support was given to Admiral Kolchak's White government at Omsk, while the Japanese continued to support Kolchak's rivals in Grigory Semyonov and Ivan Kalmykov. In the summer of 1919, the White regime in Siberia collapsed, after the capture and execution of Admiral Kolchak by the Red Army.  In June 1920, the Americans, British and the remaining allied coalition partners withdrew from Vladivostok. The evacuation of the Czechoslovak Legion was also carried out in the same year. However, the Japanese decided to stay, primarily due to fears of the spread of communism so close to Japan, and the Japanese controlled Korea and Manchuria. The Japanese were forced to sign the Gongota Agreement of 1920 in order to evacuate their troops peacefully from Transbaikal. It meant an unavoidable end to Grigory Semyonov's regime in October 1920.  The Japanese army provided military support to the Japanese-backed Provisional Priamur Government based in Vladivostok against the Moscow-backed Far Eastern Republic. The continued Japanese presence concerned the United States, which suspected that Japan had territorial designs on Siberia and the Russian Far East. Subjected to intense diplomatic pressure by the United States and the United Kingdom, and facing increasing domestic opposition due to the economic and human cost, the administration of Prime Minister Kato Tomosaburo withdrew the Japanese forces in October 1922.

Legacy.

Effects on Japanese politics.

Japan's motives in the Siberian intervention were complex and poorly articulated. Overtly, Japan (as with the United States and the other international coalition forces) was in Siberia to safeguard stockpiled military supplies and to "rescue" the Czechoslovak Legion. However, the Japanese government's intense hostility to communism, a determination to recoup historical losses to Russia, and the perceived opportunity to settle the "northern problem" in Japan's security by either creating a buffer state, or through outright territorial acquisition, were also factors. However, patronage of various White Movement leaders left Japan in a poor diplomatic position vis-à-vis the government of the Soviet Union, after the Red Army eventually emerged victorious from the Russian Civil War. The intervention tore Japan's wartime unity to shreds, leading to the army and government being involved in bitter controversy, as well as renewed factional strife in the army itself.  Japanese casualties from the Siberian Expedition included some 5,000 dead from combat or illness, and the expenses incurred were in excess of 900 million yen.

The Siberian intervention or Siberian expedition of 1918–1922 was the dispatch of troops of the Entente powers to the Russian Maritime Provinces as part of a larger effort by the western powers, Japan and China to support White Russian forces and the Czechoslovak Legion against Soviet Russia and its allies during the Russian Civil War. The Imperial Japanese Army continued to occupy Siberia even after other Allied forces withdrew in 1920.

西伯利亚干涉战争(英语:Siberian Intervention)是1918年-1922年间第一次世界大战协约国武装干涉俄国内战的一部分,主要由日本和美国领头的协约国军队在俄国远东海岸登陆,直接武装支援沙俄白军推翻在远东布尔什维克地方政权。1920年协约国其他国家撤离后,日军则单独留在俄国远东直到被苏联红军击败,并于1922年终于撤出俄国。


Genera "incertae sedis".

These 108 genera within the Sordariomycetes have an uncertain taxonomic placement (incertae sedis), according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota. A question mark preceding the genus name means the placement of that genus within this order is uncertain.  "Abyssomyces" – "Acerbiella" – "Acrospermoides" – "Ameromassaria" – "Amphisphaerellula" – "Amphisphaerina" – "Amphorulopsis" – "Amylis" – "Anthostomaria" – "Anthostomellina" – "Apharia" – "Apodothina" – "Apogaeumannomyces" – "Aquadulciospora" – "Aquamarina" – "Aropsiclus" – "Ascorhiza" – "Ascoyunnania" – "Assoa" – "Aulospora" – "Azbukinia" – "Bactrosphaeria" – "Barrina" – "Biporispora" – "Bombardiastrum" – "Brenesiella" – "Byrsomyces" – "Byssotheciella" – "Caleutypa" – "Calosphaeriopsis" – "Caproniella" – "Chaetoamphisphaeria" – "Ciliofusospora" – "Clypeoceriospora" – "Clypeosphaerulina" – "Cryptoascus" – "Cryptomycina" – "Cryptovalsa" – "Cucurbitopsis" – "Curvatispora" – "Dasysphaeria" – "Delpinoëlla" – "Diacrochordon" – "Dontuzia" – "Dryosphaera" – "Endoxylina" – "Esfandiariomyces" – "Frondisphaera" – "Glabrotheca" – "Heliastrum" – "Hyaloderma" – "Hydronectria" – "Hypotrachynicola" – "Immersisphaeria" – "Iraniella" – "Khuskia" – "Konenia" – "Kravtzevia" – "Kurssanovia" – "Lecythium" – "Leptosacca" – "Leptosphaerella" – "Leptosporina" – "Lyonella" – "Mangrovispora" – "Melomastia" – "Microcyclephaeria" – "Mirannulata" – "Monosporascus" – "Myrmecridium" – "?Naumovela" – "?Neocryptospora" – "Neolamya" – "Neothyridaria" – "Oceanitis" – "Ophiomassaria" – "Ornatispora" – "Pareutypella" – "Phomatospora" – "Phyllocelis" – "Plectosphaerella" – "Pleocryptospora" – "Pleosphaeria" – "Pontogeneia" – "Porodiscus" – "Protocucurbitaria" – "Pulvinaria" – "Pumilus" – "Rehmiomycella" – "Rhamphosphaeria" – "Rhizophila" – "Rimaconus" – "Rhopographella" – "Rhynchosphaeria" – "Rivulicola" – "Romellina" – "Saccardoëlla" – "Sarcopyrenia" – "Sartorya" – "Scharifia" – "Scoliocarpon" – "Scotiosphaeria" – "Servaziella" – "Sporoctomorpha" – "Stearophora" – "Stegophorella" – "Stellosetifera" – "Stomatogenella" – "Strickeria" – "Sungaiicola" – "Synsphaeria" – "Tamsiniella" – "Thelidiella" – "Thyridella" – "Thyrotheca" – "Trichospermella" – "Trichosphaeropsis" – "Vleugelia" – "Zignoina"

Familia "incertae sedis".

These are families in the Sordariomycetes whose taxonomic affinities are not sufficiently well known to be placed in any order.

Sordariomycetes is a class of fungi in the subdivision Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota), consisting of 28 orders, 90 families, 1344 genera. Sordariomycetes is from the Latin sordes (filth) because some species grow in animal feces, though growth habits vary widely across the class.

粪壳菌纲(学名:)是真菌界子囊菌门盘菌亚门的一个纲,其下包括有15个目、64个科、1119个属及 10564个品种。粪壳菌纲物种一般都会产生子囊。


Geography.

The municipality of Guidonia Montecelio, formed by the main towns of Guidonia and Montecelio, lies to the north-east of Rome, some kilometres from the Grande Raccordo Anulare - a ring-shaped motorway which forms a circle around the capital. The terrain of Guidonia Montecelio is mainly flat, and the community lies in between the Via Nomentana and the Via Tiburtina.  It borders with Fonte Nuova, Marcellina, Palombara Sabina, Rome, San Polo dei Cavalieri, Sant'Angelo Romano and Tivoli. The hamlets ("frazioni") are Albuccione, Bivio di Guidonia, Colle Fiorito, Colleverde, La Botte, Marco Simone, Montecelio, Pichini, Setteville, Setteville Nord, Villalba and Villanova.

History.

Montecelio was founded in 998 as a fortified "castrum" ("Castrum Monticellorum").  In 1915 the "Regio Esercito" (Italian Royal Army) built a major military airport in the area for its "Corpo Aeronautico Militare" (Military Aviation Corps), the predecessor of the Italian Royal Air Force founded in 1923.  Guidonia was erected as a "comune" in 1937 by Benito Mussolini, its name chosen to honour the "Regia Aeronautica" general Alessandro Guidoni (1880–1928), who had died on 27 April 1928 while testing a new parachute at the air force facilities.

Economy.

Today the town is part of the Rome metropolitan area, with a massive presence of industry (mainly travertine caves and cement industry) and the service sector. The number of residents commuting to Rome is high, with transport in a critical situation.  Guidonia is also home to Marco Simone Golf and Country Club, which will host the Ryder Cup in 2022.

International relations.

Guidonia Montecelio is twinned with:

External links.

<br

Guidonia Montecelio (), commonly known as Guidonia, is a town and "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, Lazio, central Italy.

圭多尼亚蒙特切利奥(,),一般称作圭多尼亚(),是位于意大利中部拉齐奥大区罗马首都广域市的市镇,距离环绕首都罗马的A90高速公路几公里远。该镇以平原为主,毗邻新丰特、马尔切利纳、帕隆巴拉萨比纳、罗马、圣波洛德伊卡瓦列里、圣安杰洛罗马诺和蒂沃利。