History.

The airport has been named "United Airport" (1930–1934), "Union Air Terminal" (1934–1940), "Lockheed Air Terminal" (1940–1967), "Hollywood–Burbank Airport" (1967–1978), "Burbank–Glendale–Pasadena Airport" (1978–2003), "Bob Hope Airport" (since 2003 as the legal name), and in 2017 was rebranded as "Hollywood Burbank Airport" due to the lack of recognition of "Bob Hope Airport"'s geographic region.  United Aircraft and Transport Corporation (UA&T) was a holding company created in 1928 that included Boeing Aircraft and United Air Lines, itself a holding company for a collection of small airlines that continued to operate under their own names. One of these airlines was Pacific Air Transport (PAT), which Boeing had acquired because of PAT's west coast mail contract in January 1928. UA&T sought a site for a new airport for PAT and found one in Burbank. UA&T had the benefit of surveys that the Aeronautics Department of the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce had conducted starting in 1926 to identify potential airport sites.  It took UA&T a year and the cooperation of the city to assemble the site. The site was rife with vines and trees and the ground had to be filled and leveled, but it had good drainage, a firm landing surface, steady winds, and good access to ground transport. Construction was completed in just seven months. In an age when few aircraft had brakes and many had a tail skid instead of a wheel, runways were not usually paved; those at Burbank had a mixture of oil and sand. There were no taxi strips, but the designers left room for them. Two of the runways were over long; a third was ; all were wide. Generous dimensions, and the site had room for expansion.  "United Airport" was dedicated amid much festivity (including an air show) on Memorial Day weekend (May 30 – June 1), 1930. The airport and its handsome Spanish Revival-style terminal was a showy competitor to nearby Grand Central Airport in Glendale, which was then Los Angeles' main airline terminal. The new Burbank facility was actually the largest commercial airport in the Los Angeles area until it was eclipsed in 1946 by the Los Angeles Airport in Westchester when that facility (formerly Mines Field, then Los Angeles Municipal Airport) commenced scheduled airline operations.  The Burbank facility remained United Airport until 1934 when it was renamed "Union Air Terminal". The name change came the same year that Federal anti-trust actions caused United Aircraft and Transport to dissolve, which took effect September 26, 1934. The Union Air Terminal moniker stuck until Lockheed bought the airport in 1940 and renamed it "Lockheed Air Terminal".  In March 1939 sixteen airline departures a day were scheduled out of Burbank: eight on United Airlines, five on Western Airlines and three on TWA (American Airlines' three departures were still at Glendale). Commercial air traffic continued even while Lockheed's extensive factories supplied the war effort and developed military and civil aircraft into the mid-1960s. The April 1957 OAG lists nine weekday departures on Western, six on United, six on Pacific Air Lines, one on TWA and one on American Airlines (a nonstop to Chicago Midway Airport). Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) had 48 Douglas DC-4 departures a week to SFO and SAN (PSA did not fly out of LAX until 1958). In 1958, Oakland-based Transocean Air Lines was operating Lockheed Constellation propliner service three times a week nonstop to Honolulu as well as a Constellation flight operated twice a week on a round trip routing of Oakland - Burbank - Chicago Midway Airport - New York Idlewild Airport (now JFK Airport) - Hartford. By the summer of 1962, PSA was operating all of its nonstop flights to San Francisco and San Diego with new Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprop aircraft with a combined total of 32 departures a week from Burbank. Jet service arrived at Burbank during the late 1960s with Pacific Air Lines operating Boeing 727-100s nonstop to Las Vegas and San Francisco as well one-stop direct to Eureka/Arcata. Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) flew from Burbank to the San Francisco Bay Area and San Diego with 727s, and Hughes Airwest (previously Air West) flew Douglas DC-9-10s and McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30s nonstop to Las Vegas, Phoenix, Salt Lake City and Denver with one-stop DC-9s to Houston Hobby Airport. Hughes Airwest even operated one-stop DC-9 jet service to Grand Canyon National Park Airport near the south rim of the Grand Canyon. In 1986 United Airlines Boeing 767-200s flew nonstop to Chicago O'Hare Airport; the wide body 767 was the largest passenger airliner ever to serve Burbank. AirCal McDonnell Douglas MD-80s flew nonstop to the Bay Area and direct to Lake Tahoe.  In 1967 Lockheed renamed the facility "Hollywood-Burbank Airport". In 1970 Continental Airlines began Boeing 727-200 flights to Portland and Seattle via San Jose and also flew the short hop to Ontario. Continental later offered flights to Chicago via Ontario. Continental went on to serve Denver with nonstop Boeing 727-200s from BUR. Alaska Airlines began serving Burbank in 1981 with Boeing 727-100s and 727-200s flying nonstop and direct to Seattle and Portland, which was Alaska Air's first service to southern California. Aloha Airlines pioneered nonstop jet service from BUR to Hawaii, flying Boeing 737-700s to Honolulu before ceasing all passenger operations.  A 1973 decision by the United States Supreme Court in "City of Burbank v. Lockheed Air Terminal, Inc." overturned an airport curfew imposed by the city of Burbank on flights between 11:00 PM and 7:00 AM under the U.S. Constitution's Supremacy Clause on the grounds that airports were subject to federal oversight by the Federal Aviation Administration and under the terms of the Noise Control Act of 1972.  The facility remained Hollywood-Burbank Airport for more than a decade until 1978 when Lockheed sold it to the Burbank–Glendale–Pasadena Airport Authority. The airport then got its fifth name: "Burbank–Glendale–Pasadena Airport" (1978–2003). On November 6, 2003, the airport authority voted to change the name to "Bob Hope Airport" in honor of comedian Bob Hope, a longtime resident of nearby Toluca Lake, who had died earlier that year and who had kept his personal airplane at the airfield. The new name was unveiled on December 17, 2003, on the 100th anniversary of the Wright brothers' first flight in 1903, the year that Bob Hope was born.  After much debate between the Airport Authority, the city of Burbank, the Transportation Security Administration, and Burbank residents, in November 2007 it was decided that a new $8-million to $10-million baggage screening facility for Terminal B is legal, considering the anti-growth limitations placed on the airport. The facility will house a $2.5-million explosive detection system, used for the automatic detection of explosives within checked luggage. However, the facility is still in the early planning phases.  On June 27, 2014, a $112 million Regional Transportation Center opened. The 520,000-square-foot center at Hollywood Way and Empire Avenue was also built to withstand a major earthquake while serving as an emergency "nerve center." The industrial-looking hub with a red steel roof will be adorned by 16, three-story art panels. Solar panels generating 1.5 megawatts of energy will also be added to its roof. A nearby parking garage was built to handle more than 1,000 cars, while traffic lights have been reworked around the airport.

Future.

There is also a replacement terminal in the works at the airport. A plan to develop a new airport terminal building was unveiled by the Burbank–Glendale–Pasadena Airport Authority in 2013. The replacement terminal would cost a reported $400 million and meet newer seismic standards and be further away from the runway as required by the Federal Aviation Administration. The new location is west of Hollywood Way on undeveloped property that has been used in recent years for parking. The Burbank City Council left it up to voters to decide on the plan. Known as Measure B, the proposal went before Burbank city voters on November 8, 2016, and passed with 69 percent of the voters approving it.  The next step in the terminal replacement process is for the Airport Authority to finalize the new terminal's design, get FAA approval and then secure the required financing from the FAA and other sources. Airport funding sources include FAA grants, parking fees, landing fees charged to airlines, as well as rents from restaurants and other concession businesses operating at the airport. There are also fees charged on airline tickets sold, including passenger facility charges and federal taxes. Once the funding is nailed down, the Airport Authority will bid for the project. The replacement terminal is expected to encompass 355,000 square feet and the same number of gates (14). Also, air travelers will see more restrooms, additional restaurant and concession space, improved security screening areas and other enhanced passenger amenities.

Facilities.

Hollywood Burbank Airport covers 555 acres (224 ha) at an elevation of 778 feet (237 m) above sea level. It has two asphalt runways: 15/33 is 6,886 by 150 feet (2,099 x 46 m) and 8/26 is 5,802 by 150 feet (1,768 x 46 m). Airliners generally take off on Runway 15 due to wind from the south, and land crosswind on Runway 8 since that is the only runway with ILS and clear terrain for the approach. Flights from the northeast sometimes land visually on Runway 15 to save the extra distance circling to Runway 8. When the wind is from the north airliners often make a visual left-base approach to Runway 33, with a left turn close to the airport.  In the year ending September 30, 2018, the airport had 133,669 operations, average 366 per day: 43% general aviation, 40% scheduled commercial, 17% air taxi, and <1% military. In October 2018, 91 aircraft were then based at this airport: 38 jet, 28 single-engine, 16 multi-engine, and 9 helicopter.

Terminals.

Hollywood Burbank Airport has two terminals, "A" and "B", joined together as part of the same building. Terminal A has nine gates numbered A1 to A9 and Terminal B has five gates numbered B1 to B5.

Ground transportation.

Hollywood Burbank Airport can be reached using the Hollywood Way exit off Interstate 5, the Hollywood Way (westbound) or Pass Avenue (eastbound) exit off State Route 134, or the Victory Boulevard exit off State Route 170. Car and pedestrian access to the terminal is provided at either Hollywood Way and Thornton Avenue or on Empire Avenue one block west of Hollywood Way. On-site parking consists of valet parking, short-term parking, and Parking Lots D and E. Remote Parking Lot A is located at Hollywood Way and Winona Avenue. Remote Parking Lot B is located on Hollywood Way north of Burton Avenue. Remote Parking Lot C is located on Thornton Avenue west of Ontario Street. Shuttle buses are provided from Parking Lots A, B, C, and D to the terminal buildings. A shuttle stop is also located at the corner of Hollywood Way and Thornton Avenue.  Lyft, Uber, and Wingz all use the passenger drop-off location in front of the main terminal for departing travelers—and arrivals use the adjacent Short Term Parking structure directly opposite the Terminal.  There are two bus stop areas: Hollywood Way-Thornton Avenue (a short walk east of Terminal A) and Empire Avenue/Intermodal, a short walk south of Terminal B next to the train station. All Burbank-bound lines serve the Downtown Burbank Metrolink station.  Amtrak's Coast Starlight and Pacific Surfliner and Metrolink's Ventura County Line serve the Burbank Airport–South station located south of the airport. The train station is a short quarter mile walk from the terminal area, and a free shuttle bus with luggage racks connects the terminals and the train station. From this station, the Ventura County Line provides access to downtown Los Angeles and Ventura County; Amtrak's Pacific Surfliner provides access to San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, downtown Los Angeles, Anaheim, and San Diego.  Metrolink's Antelope Valley Line stops at the Burbank Airport–North station located about 1 mile north of the terminal near the intersection of San Fernando Boulevard and Hollywood Way, and a free shuttle bus takes passengers to the terminal. From this station, the Antelope Valley Line provides access to downtown Los Angeles and the Antelope Valley.

Accidents and incidents.

Bob Hope Airport was initially built for smaller aircraft; as a consequence, the airport has one of the smallest commercially used runways in the United States. The result is a challenging landing for even the most experienced pilots.

Hollywood Burbank Airport, legally and formerly marketed as Bob Hope Airport, is a public airport northwest of downtown Burbank, in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The airport serves Downtown Los Angeles and the northern Greater Los Angeles area, including Glendale, Pasadena, and the San Fernando Valley. It is closer to Griffith Park, Hollywood, and Downtown Los Angeles than Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), and is the only airport in the area with a direct rail connection to downtown Los Angeles. Non-stop flights mostly serve cities in the western United States, while JetBlue Airways has daily flights to New York City and Boston and Delta Airlines has daily flights to Atlanta.

好莱坞伯班克机场(英语:Hollywood Burbank Airport;)是美国一个民用机场,位于加州洛杉矶县的伯班克市。


2010年MTV音乐录影带大奖

Performances.

The house artist was Deadmau5. The following performed along with him:  Outside in the parking lot there were the following performances:

Awards.

Winners are in bold text.

Video of the Year.

Lady Gaga – "Bad Romance"

Best Male Video.

Eminem – "Not Afraid"

Best Female Video.

Lady Gaga – "Bad Romance"

Best New Artist.

Justin Bieber (featuring Ludacris) – "Baby"

Best Pop Video.

Lady Gaga – "Bad Romance"

Best Rock Video.

Thirty Seconds to Mars – "Kings and Queens"

Best Hip-Hop Video.

Eminem – "Not Afraid"

Best Dance Music Video.

Lady Gaga – "Bad Romance"

Best Collaboration.

Lady Gaga (featuring Beyoncé) – "Telephone"

Breakthrough Video.

The Black Keys – "Tighten Up"

Best Direction.

Lady Gaga – "Bad Romance" (Director: Francis Lawrence)

Best Choreography.

Lady Gaga – "Bad Romance" (Choreographer: Laurieann Gibson)

Best Special Effects.

Muse – "Uprising" (Special Effects: Humble and Sam Stephens)

Best Art Direction.

Florence + the Machine – "Dog Days Are Over" (Art Directors: Louise Corcoran and Aldene Johnson)

Best Editing.

Lady Gaga – "Bad Romance" (Editor: Jarrett Fijal)

Best Cinematography.

Jay-Z and Alicia Keys – "Empire State of Mind" (Director of Photography: John Perez)

Latino Artist of the Year.

Aventura

Controversy.

will.i.am's blackface criticism.

Some viewers took offense to the producer/ rapper will.i.am's outfit, especially the dark makeup, which, to some fans, was reminiscent of the antiquated, racially charged practice of blackface. After fans blasted the rapper online, he took to Twitter to defend the look as artistic expression and not an embrace of the controversial maquillage typically used to lampoon African-Americans. Will.i.am responded to the backlash on his Twitter stating "1st. just because I where all black including head mask as expression and emphasize my outfit, it shouldn't be looked at as racial," Will tweeted. "Let go of the past. there are far more important things 2 bark about. (Jobs, health, education) not a black man wearing all black everything." Will.i.am insisted the face paint was a harmless costume choice and that fans concerned with the image Will's look projected should focus on larger issues.

Lady Gaga's meat dress.

While accepting her award for Video of the Year, presented by legendary singer and actress Cher, Lady Gaga wore a dress made entirely from cuts of raw meat. The dress bore a resemblance to an artwork, "", created by Canadian artist Jana Sterbak in 1987. Along with the dress, her hat, shoes, and purse were all made from meat as well. PETA president Ingrid Newkirk issued a statement concerning the controversial outfit. After questioning whether the meat was real or not, Newkirk was quick to disparage Gaga saying, "Meat is the decomposing flesh of a tormented animal who didn't want to die, and after a few hours under the TV lights, it would smell like the rotting flesh it is and likely be crawling in maggots--not too attractive, really." Franc Fernandez, the designer of the meat dress, said later in an interview with MTV, “...it's not a sticky meat. It's not a messy dress at all, surprisingly. [...] It's actually very clean meat, very sturdy and strong and doesn't run at all. [...] The meat dries out, rather than rotting. It becomes jerky.” Gaga later explained to Ellen DeGeneres that the outfit exhibited her disapproval with the United States military's Don't ask, don't tell policy and further clarified, "If we don't stand up for what we believe in and if we don't fight for our rights, pretty soon we're going to have as much rights as the meat on our own bones. And I am not a piece of meat." She also commented on the outfit's nature, "...it is certainly no disrespect to anyone that is vegan or vegetarian. As you know, I am the most judgment-free human being on the earth." Afterwards, DeGeneres, who is a vegan, jokingly gave Gaga a bikini and skirt made from lettuce and other various vegetables.

The 2010 MTV Video Music Awards took place on September 12, 2010 at Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles, honoring the best music videos from the previous year. Chelsea Handler hosted the event, the first woman in sixteen years – since the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards – to do so.

2010年MTV音乐录影带大奖于2010年9月12日在洛杉矶诺基亚剧院举办,以嘉奖前一年的最优秀的音乐录影带。本届音乐录像带大奖由切尔西·汉德勒主持,是16年来第一位主持该奖项的女主持。


Premise.

The series follows the Reagans, a family who has a history of work in law enforcement. Frank Reagan is the Police Commissioner. Frank's oldest son Danny is an NYPD detective, his youngest son Jamie is an NYPD police sergeant, and his daughter Erin works as an assistant district attorney. Frank's second son Joe (though the series mistakenly refers to him as the oldest in more recent episodes) was murdered by a crooked cop in the line of duty in events that pre-date the series, when he was involved with an FBI investigation of a group of corrupt NYPD cops known as the Blue Templar. Frank's father Henry is a former NYPD beat cop who rose through the ranks to become Police Commissioner.  Each member of the family represents a different aspect of police work or the legal process: Frank as the commissioner, Danny as the detective, Jamie as the beat cop, and Erin as the prosecutor. Additionally, while each person's story might occasionally interweave with another's, the show also follows the professional and, at times, personal relationships with their respective partners and colleagues. Frank with Garrett Moore, the NYPD Deputy Commissioner of Public Information and de facto Chief of Staff, Detective 1st Grade Abigail Baker, the Primary Aide to the Commissioner, and later Lieutenant Sidney Gormley, the Special Assistant to the Commissioner and de facto Chief of Department; Danny with Detective Jackie Curatola, and later Detective Maria Baez; Jamie with Officer Eddie "Edit" Janko; and Erin with Detective Anthony Abetemarco, who is an investigator for the DA's office.  The Reagans are an Irish Catholic family that gathers for Sunday dinner each week. According to "People", "the Sunday supper is the heart of each show."  Both Henry's and Frank's wives, Betty and Mary, are deceased, as is son Joe. Erin is divorced and has one daughter, college graduate Nicky, who lived with her mother until accepting a job in San Francisco in season 10. Danny is a widower with two sons, Jack and Sean. He was married to Linda, a nurse who was killed off-screen in a helicopter crash between seasons 7 and 8. Jamie married his partner, Eddie Janko, in the season 9 finale. They acknowledged their mutual attraction during season 7 and became engaged at the end of season 8.  The season 10 finale revealed a long lost son of Joe's that neither he nor the family knew about, a young detective in the firearms unit named Joe Hill.

Production.

Selleck mentioned that he was drawn to the project because of the strong pilot script and that he was concerned about becoming involved in an ongoing series because he did not want to compromise his commitment to the Jesse Stone television movies. Beginning January 19, 2011, "Blue Bloods" was moved to Wednesdays at 10 p.m. for a four-week tryout. In February 2011, the series returned to its Friday night time slot due to the series premiere of "". In the UK, the show helped launch Sky Atlantic by premiering on Tuesday, February 1, 2011, at 10:30 p.m. In Australia, the show premiered in February 2011 in a primetime Wednesday slot on "Network Ten", then from February 2013 for season two was moved from the network's primary SD channel to its HD channel "one" alongside "White Collar", then on August 26, 2013, the show moved back to the primary SD channel on Mondays for season three. In New Zealand, the show premieres on July 13, 2013 on "TV3"" "replacing in a primetime Saturday slot after "".  On October 20, 2012, CBS announced that Jennifer Esposito was being dropped from the series, with her character, Detective Curatola, being placed on indefinite leave of absence. Esposito and CBS had been at odds over her limited availability for work after the actress was diagnosed with celiac disease. She had missed a week after collapsing on set earlier in the season. According to Esposito, CBS challenged her request for a reduced work schedule, and further, kept her from finding work elsewhere. In a press release from CBS, the network said that Esposito had "informed us that she is only available to work on a very limited part-time schedule. As a result, she's unable to perform the demands of her role and we regretfully had to put her character on a leave of absence." Curatola's last appearance was in the season three episode "Nightmares".  According to TV by the Numbers, by committing itself to a third season of "Blue Bloods", CBS all but guaranteed a fourth season, because, as a CBS Television Studios production, CBS had a financial incentive to produce at least the minimum number of episodes needed for stripped syndication. On March 27, 2013, CBS made it official by renewing "Blue Bloods" for a fourth season to begin in the fall of 2013.  "Blue Bloods" was renewed for a fifth season on March 13, 2014, and has since been renewed for seasons 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11.  A house in Bay Ridge in Brooklyn is used for exterior shots of the Reagan house.  The series received $79 million in tax breaks from the state of New York for its seasons four through seven.

Broadcast.

In Australia, the series premiered on Network Ten's primary channel on February 2, 2011. Due to poor ratings of the first season, Ten moved the series to its HD channel One, which premiered the second season on October 31, 2011. Due to decreased viewership of Ten's primary channel, season three moved back from August 26, 2013, and season four returned on March 17, 2014. Foxtel channel TV HITS (styled TV H!TS) have started airing the series from Episode 1, weeknights at 8:30pm AEST as of March 20.  In New Zealand, the series premiered on TV3 on July 13, 2013.  In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Sky Atlantic premiered the series on February 1, 2011, with season two returning on October 4, 2011, season three on December 13, 2012, and season four on November 28, 2013. Season five premiered on January 21, 2015.

Reruns.

Reruns of "Blue Bloods" air nationally in the United States every Wednesday on Ion Television, although it was recently removed from the schedule, and WGN America, the latter of which airs the show daily. CBS Television Distribution currently distributes the series to local outlets on weekends, with two episodes being offered. Repeats of "Blue Bloods" air on Pick in the UK. The show airs twice a day on TV2 Charlie in Denmark.

Reception.

Reviewers have praised the series' on-location shooting. The New York "Daily News" praised Selleck's performance as Frank Reagan, while also praising the family dinner scene for discussion of morally complex issues.  The "Daily News" drew comparisons between Selleck's characters Jesse Stone and Frank Reagan, saying that both Reagan and Stone are moral, principled men of few words. In "Entertainment Weekly"s annual Fall TV Preview, Ken Tucker named "Blue Bloods" one of the "5 Best New Shows" of 2010.  In late 2014, the magazine "Slate"s Laura Hudson criticized the show for its depiction of racial incidents involving the police.  In 2017, Selleck was nominated for a People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Crime Drama Actor for his work on the show.

Ratings.

The pilot episode garnered 15.246 million viewers because of the Live + 7 days after with viewings from DVRs. Without the DVR adding to the live viewing the show's debut episode garnered a total of 13.02 million viewers.  Overall, the ratings have been steady for the series, after the pilot episode. The lowest viewer total through the first seven seasons was 8.88 million in episode eight of season seven (which ran against Game 3 of the 2016 World Series); it was one of the few episodes through the first seven seasons that had fewer than 9 million initial-broadcast viewers. The second-season finale on May 11, 2012, was watched by 10.73 million viewers and received a 1.2/4 ratings/share among adults ages 18–49. The highest (non-pilot) live viewership of 12.93 million occurred in episode 14 of season four ("Manhattan Queens"), which was the series' 81st episode.  In January 2013, CBS announced via press release that "Blue Bloods" was the first scripted Friday series in 10 years to average at least 13 million viewers (live + 7), gaining eight percent more viewers than the previous year. The in 2001 had 14.78 million viewers, while the in 2003 had 14.92 million.  From season 8 onward, ratings have declined. Season 9 was the first season with no episodes reaching 10 million first-run viewers, although "Blue Bloods" still ranked as the eighth most watched program in 2018–19 Live + 7 viewership. Season 9 also saw the lowest first-run viewership for any episode (7.62 million for Ep. 14, "My Brother's Keeper").

Blue Bloods is an American police procedural drama television series that airs on CBS. Its main characters are members of the fictional Reagan family, an Irish Catholic family in New York City with a history of work in law enforcement. "Blue Bloods" stars Tom Selleck as New York City Police Commissioner Frank Reagan; other main cast members include Donnie Wahlberg, Bridget Moynahan, Will Estes, Len Cariou, and Sami Gayle. The show is filmed on location in New York City with occasional references to nearby suburbs. The series debuted on September 24, 2010, with episodes airing on Fridays following "" before being moved to Wednesdays at 10:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific time and 9:00 p.m. Central and Mountain time for a four-week tryout. After four weeks, it returned to its original Friday 10:00 p.m. Eastern time slot, where it has remained since. In May 2020, CBS renewed the series for an eleventh season.

《警察世家》(英语:Blue Bloods,又译-{zh-tw:执法尊家(香港);zh-cn:警网急先锋(台湾);zh-hk:警察世家(中国);}-、-{zh-tw:警察世家(中国大陆);zh-cn:执法尊家(香港);zh-hk:警网急先锋(台湾);}-),是一部关于警察题材的CBS美国电视剧。以纽约市为背景创作的。


Plot.

In 1976, eight-year-old Mary Daisy Dinkle (Bethany Whitmore) lives a lonely life in Mount Waverley, Victoria, Australia. At school, she is teased by her classmates because of an unfortunate birthmark on her forehead; while at home, her distant father, Noel, and alcoholic, kleptomaniac mother, Vera, provide little support. Her only comforts are her pet rooster, Ethel; her favourite food, sweetened condensed milk; and a Smurfs-like cartoon show called "The Noblets". One day, while at the general store with her mother, Mary spots a New York City telephone book and, becoming curious about Americans, decides to write to one. She randomly chooses Max Jerry Horowitz's name from the phone book and writes him a letter telling him about herself, sending it off in the hope that he will become her pen pal.  Max Jerry Horowitz (Philip Seymour Hoffman) is a morbidly obese 44-year-old Jewish atheist who has trouble forming close bonds with other people, due to various mental and social problems. Though Mary's letter initially gives him an anxiety attack, he decides to write back to her, and the two quickly become friends (partly due to their shared love of chocolate and "The Noblets"). Due to Vera's disapproval of Max, Mary tells him to send his letters to her agoraphobic neighbour, Len Hislop, whose mail she collects regularly. When Mary later asks Max about love, he suffers a severe anxiety attack and is institutionalized for eight months. After his release, he is hesitant to write to Mary again for some time. On his 48th birthday, he wins the New York Lottery, using his winnings to buy a lifetime supply of chocolate and an entire collection of Noblet figurines. He gives the rest of his money to his elderly neighbour Ivy, who uses most of it to pamper herself before dying in an accident with a malfunctioning jet pack. Meanwhile, Mary becomes despondent, thinking Max has abandoned her.  On the advice of his therapist, Max finally writes back to Mary and explains he has been diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. Mary is thrilled to hear from him again, and the two continue their correspondence for the next several years. When Noel retires from his job at a tea bag factory, he takes up metal detecting, but is soon swept away (and presumably killed) by a big tidal bore while on a beach. Mary (Toni Collette) goes to the University of Melbourne and has her birthmark surgically removed, and develops a crush on her Greek Australian neighbour, Damien Popodopoulos (Eric Bana). Drunk and guilt-ridden over her husband's death, Vera accidentally kills herself after she drinks embalming fluid (which she mistook for cooking sherry). Mary and Damien grow closer following Vera's death and are later married.  Inspired by her friendship with Max, Mary studies psychology at university, writing her doctoral dissertation on Asperger syndrome with Max as her test subject. She plans to have her dissertation published as a book; but when Max receives a copy from her, he is infuriated that she has taken advantage of his condition, which he sees as an integral part of his personality and not a disability that needs to be cured. He breaks off communication with Mary (by removing the letter "M" from his typewriter), who, heartbroken, has the entire run of her book pulped, effectively ending her budding career. She sinks into depression and begins drinking cooking sherry, as her mother had done. While searching through a cabinet, she finds a can of condensed milk, and sends it to Max as an apology. She checks the post daily for a response and one day finds a note from Damien, informing her that he has left her for his own pen friend, Desmond, a sheep farmer in New Zealand.  Meanwhile, after an incident in which he nearly chokes a homeless man (Ian "Molly" Meldrum) in anger, for throwing away a used cigarette, Max realizes Mary is an imperfect human being, like himself, and sends her a package containing his Noblet figurine collection as a sign of forgiveness. Mary, however, has sunken into despair after Damien's departure, and fails to find the package on her doorstep for several days. Finding some Valium that had belonged to her mother, and unaware that she is pregnant with Damien's child, Mary decides to commit suicide. As she takes the Valium and is on the verge of hanging herself, Len knocks on her door, having conquered his agoraphobia to alert her of Max's package. Inside, she finds the Noblet figurines and a letter from Max, in which he tells her of his realization that they are not perfect and expresses his forgiveness. He also states how much their friendship means to him, and that he hopes their paths will cross one day.  One year later, Mary travels to New York with her infant child to finally visit Max. Entering his apartment, Mary discovers Max on his couch, gazing upward with a smile on his face, having died earlier that morning. Looking around the apartment, Mary is awestruck to find all the letters she had sent to Max over the years, laminated and taped to the ceiling. Realizing Max had been gazing at the letters when he died, and seeing how much he had valued their friendship, Mary cries tears of joy and joins him on the couch.

Production.

Development.

According to the opening credits, the film is based on a true story. In an interview given in April 2009, writer-director Elliot clarified that the character of Max was inspired by "a pen-friend in New York who I've been writing to for over twenty years." Principal photography lasted over 57 weeks, using 133 separate sets, 212 puppets, and 475 miniature props, "including a fully functioning Underwood typewriter which apparently took nine weeks to design and build."

Themes.

The film deals with themes including childhood neglect, friendship, addiction, alcoholism, recovery, the obscurity of life, teasing, loneliness, mental illness, autism (Asperger syndrome in particular), obesity, suicide, depression, isolation, and anxiety.

Music.

The music in the film features Simon Jeffes and the Penguin Cafe Orchestra's "Perpetuum Mobile" (the opening theme) and "Prelude and Yodel", as well as "Russian Rag" by Elena Kats-Chernin. The closing-credits music is "A Swingin' Safari" by Bert Kaempfert and his Orchestra. Other artists include Nana Mouskouri, Dale Cornelius, Leroy Anderson, Pink Martini, London Pops Orchestra, James Last and his Orchestra, The King's Consort and Choir, the Sydney Alpha Ensemble, and the ABC Radio Orchestra.  This film also includes the Pink Martini version of Doris Day's most well-known song, "Que Sera Sera", which is played over Mary's attempted suicide scene.

Reception.

Critical response.

"Mary and Max" received very positive reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval score of 95% based on 64 reviews, with an average rating of 8.11/10. The consensus reads, ""Mary and Max" is a lovingly crafted, startlingly inventive piece of animation whose technical craft is equaled by its emotional resonance." Matt Ravier, writing for "In Film Australia", said the "story is paper-thin and some stretches of it are simply too long, yet whenever the narrative thread threatens to tear the sheer authenticity and bold honesty of the characters save the day". The "Los Angeles Times" called it a "remarkable and poignant" film depicting a "film noir world of blacks, whites and grays for Max and a sepia suburbia for Mary". After the film was released on DVD in the United States, "Slant" said "Adam Elliot's dry wit is pervasive throughout "Mary and Max" and it's nice to see that this unique sense of humor extends to the extras. The writer-director gives a funny and informative audio commentary and a set of hilarious making-of episodes reflects the sardonic tone of the production. The big prize here, however, is the addition of Elliot's Oscar-winning short "Harvie Krumpet". This Geoffrey Rush-narrated tale of the titular Tourette syndrome sufferer is a wonderful introduction both to Elliot's sensibilities and to "Mary and Max"s specific tone."

Box office.

"Mary and Max" grossed $1,444,617 at the Australian box office. The film received no general theatrical release in the United States, though it was showcased at several American film festivals, and was briefly shown at one of the Laemmle Theatres in the Los Angeles area. The film's U.S. distributor (IFC Films) made the film available on DVD and through video on demand. The film was released in France by Gaumont and in Germany by MFA to significant critical and box office success.

Home media.

"Mary and Max" was released on DVD on January 26, 2010 by Icon Entertainment International.

Related exhibition.

An exhibit of artefacts and clips from the film were presented in France and Australia. In France the exhibition was hosted by Gaumont as part of the release. In Australia initially at the Australian Centre for the Moving Image for three months starting in March 2010 and then touring around Australia throughout 2010/2011.

Mary and Max (stylized as Mary and Max.) is a 2009 Australian stop motion animated comedy-drama film written and directed by Adam Elliot as his first animated feature film with music by Dale Cornelius and produced by Melanie Coombs and Melodrama Pictures. The voice cast included Philip Seymour Hoffman, Toni Collette, Eric Bana and Bethany Whitmore, with narration by Barry Humphries. The film premiered on the opening night of the 2009 Sundance Film Festival on January 15, 2009. The film won the Annecy Cristal in June 2009 from the Annecy International Animated Film Festival, and Best Animated Feature Film at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards in November 2009. The film was theatrically released on April 9, 2009 by Icon Entertainment International. "Mary and Max" received acclaim from critics and it earned US$1.7 million on an $8.2 million AUD budget.

《玛丽和马克思》(英语:Mary and Max),2009年上映的逐帧粘土动画电影,真人真事改编的半自传电影。


Olympic Games.

2008 (Beijing, China).

He competed in badminton at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the men's singles and was defeated in the first round by Kęstutis Navickas, 23–21, 12–21, 21–9.

2012 (London, Great Britain).

He competed in badminton at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the men's singles. He was the first Spanish man to win a match at an Olympic Games. He won in the first round against Petr Koukal (Czech Republic), 21–17, 16–21, 21–16, then he lost in the next match, against gold medal Athens Olympics Taufik Hidayat (Indonesia), 20–22, 11–21 after having notable performance in first set earning set point but putting a relatively easy smash into the net.

2016 (Rio, Brasil).

In group stage won first match 21–12 and 21–10 against Jaspar Yu Woon Chai (Brunei), and lost second encounter 18–21 and 19–21 to Hu Yun (Hong Kong) after having good lead in both sets.

World Championships.

2006 (Madrid, Spain).

Pablo Abián played in the 2006 IBF World Championships in the men's singles, and he was defeated in first round by Andrew Smith of England, 21–15, 21–13.

2007 (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia).

The following year he competed at the 2007 BWF World Championships in men's singles again. In the first round he beat Luka Petrič 21–9, 29–27. In the second round he was beaten by Simon Santoso, of Indonesia, 21–18, 21–15.

2010 (Paris, France).

Pablo Abián competed at the 2010 BWF World Championships in men's singles. In the first round he won against Magnus Sahlberg (Sweden) by 21–15, 21–16. In the second round he was beaten by Marc Zwiebler (German) by 21–17, 21–18.

2011 (London, England).

Pablo Abián played the 2011 BWF World Championships in men's singles. In the first round he beat Yuhan Tan by 16–21, 21–17, 21–15. In the second round he won against Marc Zwiebler (German) in an exciting match by 21–17, 7–21, 24–22. In the last sixteen he lost against Kevin Cordón (Guatemala) 19–21, 21–19, 17–21.

2013 (Guangzhou, China).

Pablo Abián played the 2013 BWF World Championships in men's singles. In the first round he won against Osleni Guerrero (Cuba) by 21–14, 23–21. In the second round he beat Ajay Jayaram (India) by 21–9, 21–17. In the last sixteen he lost against Nguyễn Tiến Minh (Vietnam) 21–15, 9–21, 10–21.

European Championships.

In 2008 Pablo Abián was 5th in the European Championship (Herning, Denmark). In the first round he beat Atli Jóhannesson (Iceland) by 21–12, 21–8. In the second round he beath Aamir Ghaffar (England) by 22–20, 21–19. In the last sixteen he beat Steinar Klausen (Norway) 21–8, 21–9. In the quarter-finals he lost against Przemysław Wacha (Poland) 11–21, 17–21.  Pablo Abián played at the Master European Circuit Finals in 2010 (Netherlands), he lost in the final against Rune Ulsing (Denmark).  Pablo Abián finished first in the European Ranking in the season 2010/2011.

World University Championships, Universiade Games and Mediterranean Games.

Pablo Abián reached 5th place in the 2010 World University Championship (Chinese Taipei).  He achieved 5th place in the 2011 Summer Universiade (Shenzhen, China). He lost in the quarter-final against Wen Kai (China) by 12–21, 21–23.  Pablo Abián won the silver medal at the 2012 World University Championship (Gwangju, Korea). He lost the final against Wen Kai (China) by 16–21, 8–21.  He won the silver medal at the 2013 Mediterranean Games played in Mersin (Turkey).

Achievements.

European Games.

"Men's singles"

Mediterranean Games.

"Men's singles"

BWF Grand Prix (1 runner-up).

The BWF Grand Prix has two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It is a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007.  "Men's singles"

BWF International Challenge/Series (27 titles, 14 runners-up).

"Men's singles"

Pablo Abián Vicen (; born 12 June 1985) is a badminton player from Spain. He was the men's singles gold medalists at the 2015 European Games and 2018 Mediterranean Games.

巴勃罗·阿维安(,1985年-6月12日),西班牙男子羽毛球运动员,专长单打项目。


Energy resources.

Oil and natural gas.

The Cooper Basin is the most important on-shore petroleum and natural gas deposits in Australia. The oil and gas window is located 1,250 m below the surface and was originally discovered in the 1960s (although there are larger oil and gas deposits off-shore). The first commercial discovery of gas occurred in 1963. It includes Australia's largest onshore oil field, the Jackson oil field. This field was discovered in 1981. Pipelines transport gas to the major markets of Brisbane, Adelaide and Sydney. Overall about 1,800 petroleum wells have been drilled.  The largest producer in the basin is Santos Limited with its main production facility at Moomba, South Australia at the head of the Moomba Adelaide Pipeline System. The oil and gas deposits in the Cooper Basin tend to be fairly small and fragmentary, but highly economical given the relatively low cost of drilling and completion. Overall there are 160 gas fields and 75 oil fields in production containing about 630 producing gas wells and more than 340 producing oil wells. There are many small listed companies exploring for additional deposits in the region. Some of these companies are Austin Exploration Limited, Cooper Energy, Beach Petroleum Limited, Senex Energy, Bridgeport Energy, Strike Energy, Bengal Energy, Acer Energy, Magellan, Impress Energy and many others.

Geothermal.

Within the basin, exploration companies have conducted extensive research to discover if the area is appropriate for large-scale production. They have drilled and measured the temperature in many holes, estimating that hot granite rocks at 3.5 km deep are 240 °C. The Cooper Basin has been selected for the site of a geothermal project, because these rocks are the hottest in the world at economic drilling depths and away from volcanoes. During reservoir stimulation in 2003, induced seismic events up to magnitude 3.7 were observed.

Impact crater.

The Basin hides an impact crater created "around 300 million years ago." Its discovery by scientist Tonguç Uysal was revealed in October 2010. The crater's "minimum diameter is 80 km", making it one of the largest of Australia's 30 to 50 known or suspected craters.

The Cooper Basin is a Permian-Triassic sedimentary geological basin in Australia. The basin is located mainly in the southwest part of Queensland and extends into north eastern South Australia. It is named after the Cooper Creek which is an ephemeral river that runs into Lake Eyre. For most of its extent, it is overlain by the Eromanga Basin. It covers 130,000 km2.

库珀盆地(Cooper Basin)亦译柯柏盆地,位于澳大利亚南澳大利亚州东北部,属于伊罗曼加盆地的一部分,面积13万平方公里。盆地内富有石油和天然气资源。1963年在盆地的吉吉尔帕(Gidgealpa)发现天然气田,不久又在蒙巴发现了大气田。1969年建成从蒙巴至阿德莱德的天然气管道,1976年另一条管道开始向悉尼输送天然气。20世纪80年代,又发现了新的石油和天然气。目前库珀盆地已成为澳大利亚最重要的石油和天然气生产基地之一。


Operation.

When a user launches an application, the graphics driver tries to determine whether the application would benefit from the discrete GPU. If so, the GPU is powered up from an idle state and is passed all rendering calls. Even in this case, though, the integrated graphics processor (IGP) is used to output the final image. When less demanding applications are used, the IGP takes sole control, allowing for longer battery life and less fan noise. Under Windows the Nvidia driver also provides the option to manually select the GPU in the right-click menu upon launching an executable.  Within the hardware interface layer of the Nvidia GPU driver, the Optimus Routing Layer provides intelligent graphics management. The Optimus Routing Layer also includes a kernel-level library for recognizing and managing specific classes and objects associated with different graphics devices. This Nvidia innovation performs state and context management, allocating architectural resources as needed for each driver client (i.e., application). In this context-management scheme, each application is not aware of other applications concurrently using the GPU.  By recognizing designated classes, the Optimus Routing Layer can help determine when the GPU can be utilized to improve rendering performance. Specifically, it sends a signal to power-on the GPU when it finds any of the following three call types:  Predefined profiles also assist in determining whether extra graphics power is needed. These can be managed using the Nvidia Control Panel.  Optimus avoids usage of a hardware multiplexer and prevents glitches associated with changing the display driver from IGP to GPU by transferring the display surface from the GPU frame buffer over the PCI Express bus to the main memory-based framebuffer used by the IGP. The Optimus Copy Engine is a new alternative to traditional DMA transfers between the GPU framebuffer memory and main memory used by the IGP.

Linux support.

The binary Nvidia driver added partial Optimus support May 3, 2013 in the 319.17. As of May 2013, power management for discrete card is not supported, which means it cannot save battery by turning off Nvidia graphic card completely.  The open-source project Bumblebee tries to provide support for graphics-chip switching. As in the Windows implementation, by default all applications run through the integrated graphics processor. one can only run a program with improved graphical performance on the discrete GPU by explicitly invoking it as such: for example, by using the command line or through specially configured shortcut icon. Automatic detection and switching between graphics processors is not yet available.  Work in progress on a graphical interface - "bumblebee-ui" - aims to allow more convenient starting of programs for improved graphical performance when necessary.  Steam for Linux can be set up to run games using the discrete GPU (Steam Community: Optimus and Steam for Linux).  The Bumblebee Project continues to evolve as more necessary software changes are made to the graphics architecture of Linux. To make most use of it, it is best to use a recent Linux distribution., Bumblebee software repositories are available for Arch Linux, Debian, Fedora, Gentoo, Mandriva, OpenSuSE and Ubuntu. The source package can be used for other distributions.  An attempt by Nvidia to support Optimus through DMA BUF, a Linux kernel-mechanism for sharing buffers across hardware (potentially GPUs), was rebuffed by kernel developers in January 2012 due to license incompatibility between the GPL-licensed kernel-code and the proprietary-licensed Nvidia blob.  When no software mechanism exists for switching between graphics adapters, the system cannot use the Nvidia GPU at all, even if an installed graphics driver would support it.

Modern Optimus Support.

Many linux distributions now support Nvidia offloading, where the nvidia card does all rendering. Since the internal laptop display is physically connected to the intel driver, the nvidia card renders to the intel display memory. To avoid tearing, the xorg server has a mechanism called Prime Synchronisation to time these buffer updates to avoid tearing, similar to vsync; the nvidia driver must be loaded as a kernel module for this to work. This is not usually activated by default.  Unlike bumblebee, this offloading solution allows multi-monitor graphics. The disadvantage is that toggling the nvidia card requires a logout.  The leading implementation of this approach is Ubuntu's 'prime-select' package, which has a command line and graphical tool to turn the nvidia card off. Unlike Windows, this is not done dynamically, and the user must restart the login session for the change to take effect.  Ubuntu's prime-select script is available on Ubuntu derivatives, which in some cases add their own graphical tools. The prime-offload approach has been ported or reimplemented in arch and fedora.  In 2016, Nvidia announced GL Vendor Neutral Dispatch, meaning both intel and nvidia drivers can be simultaneously installed. This has greatly simplified the process of switching modes, although it took until 2018 until distributions started taking advantage.  Some older and high-end laptops contain a BIOS setting to manually select the state of the hardware multiplexer to switch output between the two video devices. In this case, a Linux user can place the laptop in hardware configurations where there is only once graphics device. This avoids the complexities of running two graphics drivers, but if offers no power savings.  Since driver version 435 the proprietary driver supports render offloading of a single window. It creates a virtual display where the dGPU renders to, which will be displayed in the window on the main screen for offloaded application. As of October 2019 this requires usage of the xorg development branch, since needed modifications are not yet released.

Nvidia Optimus is a computer GPU switching technology created by Nvidia which, depending on the resource load generated by client software applications, will seamlessly switch between two graphics adapters within a computer system in order to provide either maximum performance or minimum power draw from the system's graphics rendering hardware.

Optimus(官方中文译名:优驰)是NVIDIA针对笔记型电脑的显示切换技术。它可以实现笔记型电脑中独立显卡与主板内建显卡之间无缝、自动、实时的切换(使用者无需重启或手动调整),从而实现能源的节约。


Etymology.

Kaithi script derives its name from the word Kayastha, a social group of India that traditionally consists of administrators and accountants. The Kayastha community was closely associated with the princely courts and colonial governments of North India and were employed by them to write and maintain records of revenue transactions, legal documents and title deeds; general correspondence and proceedings of the royal courts and related bodies. The script used by them acquired the name Kaithi.

History.

Documents in Kaithi are traceable to at least the 16th century. The script was widely used during the Mughal period. In the 1880s, during the British Raj, the script was recognised as the official script of the law courts of Bihar. Kaithi was the most widely used script of North India west of Bengal. In 1854, 77,368 school primers were in Kaithi script, as compared to 25,151 in Devanagari and 24,302 in Mahajani. Among the three scripts widely used in the 'Hindi Belt', Kaithi was widely perceived to be neutral, as it was used by both Hindus and Muslims alike for day-to-day correspondence, financial and administrative activities, while Devanagari was used by Hindus and Persian script by Muslims for religious literature and education. This made Kaithi increasingly unfavorable to the more conservative and religiously inclined members of society who insisted on Devanagari-based and Persian-based transcription of Hindi dialects. As a result of their influence and due to the wide availability of Devanagari type as opposed to the incredibly large variability of Kaithi, Devanagari was promoted, particularly in the Northwest Provinces, which covers present-day Uttar Pradesh. Kaithi was also nicknamed "Shikasta Nagari" by analogy with Shikasta Nastaliq, because the relationship of Kaithi to Devanagari was perceived as akin to the relationship between the widely used dot-less Shikasta Nastaliq of the time and the more formal printed Nastaliq scripts, which used dotted letters and fuller, less abbreviated letter forms.

Consonants.

All Kaithi consonants have an inherent "a" vowel:

Vowels.

Kaithi vowels have independent (initial) and dependent (diacritic) forms:

Diacritics.

Several diacritics are employed to change the meaning of letters:

Punctuation.

Kaithi has several script-specific punctuation marks: General punctuation is also used with Kaithi:

Digits.

Kaithi uses stylistic variants of Devangari digits. It also uses common Indic number signs for fractions and unit marks.

Unicode.

Kaithi script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2.  The Unicode block for Kaithi is U+11080–U+110CF:

Kaithi, also called "Kayathi" or "Kayasthi", is a historical script that was used widely in parts of northern India, primarily in the present-day states of Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and Bihar. In particular, it was used for writing legal, administrative and private records. It was used for a variety of Indo-Aryan languages, including Angika, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Hindustani, Magahi, Maithili, and Nagpuri.

凯提文(,कैथी),也叫做或,是历史上的一种文字,曾广泛用于北印度,主要是以前的西北行省和Oudh(今天的北方邦)和比哈尔。它曾用于书写法律、行政和私人记录。Unicode技术委员会已经接受了在Unicode标准中编码凯提文的提案,范围是U+11080-110CF。


Education and early life.

David Harold Blackwell was born on April 24, 1919, in Centralia, Illinois to Mabel Johnson Blackwell, a full-time homemaker, and Grover Blackwell, an Illinois Central Railroad worker. He was the eldest of four children. Growing up in an integrated community, Blackwell attended “mixed” schools, where he distinguished himself in mathematics. During elementary school, his teachers promoted him beyond his grade level on two occasions. It was in a high school geometry course, however, that his passion for math began. An exceptional student, Blackwell graduated high school in 1935 at the age of sixteen.  Blackwell entered the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign with the intent to study elementary school mathematics and become a teacher. In 1938 he earned his bachelor's degree in mathematics and a master's degree in 1939, and was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy in mathematics in 1941 at the age of 22, all by the University of Illinois. Blackwell was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.

Career and research.

Blackwell did a year of postdoctoral research as a fellow at Institute for Advanced Study in 1941 after receiving a Rosenwald Fellowship. There he met John von Neumann, who asked Blackwell to discuss his Ph.D. thesis with him. Blackwell, who believed that von Neumann was just being polite and not genuinely interested in his work, did not approach him until von Neumann himself asked him again a few months later. According to Blackwell, "He (von Neumann) listened to me talk about this rather obscure subject and in ten minutes he knew more about it than I did."  He departed when he was prevented from attending lectures or undertaking research at nearby Princeton University (which the IAS has historically collaborated with in research and scholarship activities) because of his race. Seeking a permanent position, he wrote letters of application to 105 historically black colleges and universities. He felt at the time that a black professor would be limited to teaching only at black colleges. He also sought a position at the University of California, Berkeley, and was interviewed by statistician Jerzy Neyman. While Neyman supported his appointment, the wife of the head of the mathematics department objected. It was customary for them to invite all the members of the department over for dinner and "she was not going to have any darkie in her house."

Howard University.

He was offered a post at Southern University at Baton Rouge, which he held in 1942–43, followed by a year as an Instructor at Clark College in Atlanta. He then moved to Howard University in 1944 and within three years was appointed full professor and head of the Mathematics Department. He remained at Howard until 1954.  From 1948 to 1950, Blackwell spent his summers at RAND Corporation with Meyer A. Girshick and other mathematicians exploring the theory of duels. In 1954 Girshick and Blackwell published "Theory of Games and Statistical Decisions".  Blackwell wrote one of the first Bayesian textbooks, his 1969 "Basic Statistics". Blackwell's "Basic Statistics" inspired the 1995 textbook "Statistics: A Bayesian Perspective" by the biostatician Donald Berry.

UC Berkeley.

He took a position at the University of California, Berkeley as a visiting professor in 1954, and was hired as a full professor in the newly created Statistics Department in 1955, becoming the Statistics department chair in 1956. He spent the rest of his career at UC Berkeley, retiring in 1988.  In 2018, UC Berkeley named an undergraduate residence hall in his honor. David Blackwell Hall opened in Fall 2018.

Personal life and death.

Blackwell married Ann Madison on December 27, 1944. They had eight children together.  David Blackwell died of complications from a stroke on July 8, 2010 at Alta Bates Summit Medical Center in Berkeley, California.

David Harold Blackwell (April 24, 1919 – July 8, 2010) was an American statistician and mathematician who made significant contributions to game theory, probability theory, information theory, and Bayesian statistics. He is one of the eponyms of the Rao–Blackwell theorem. He was the first African American inducted into the National Academy of Sciences, the first black tenured faculty member at UC Berkeley, and the seventh African American to receive a Ph.D. in Mathematics.

戴维·哈罗德·布莱克韦尔(David Harold Blackwell,1919年-4月24日-2010年-7月8日),美国统计学家、加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校统计学名誉教授,的提出者之一。 布莱克韦尔是美国国家科学院的首位黑人院士,也是加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校首位黑人终身教员。


Religious significance.

Shia sources quote several hadiths from the Shia Imams and Prophet Muhammad that highlight the importance of pilgrimage to the shrine. A hadith from the Islamic Prophet reads: One of my own flesh and blood will be buried in the land of Khorasan. God the Highest will surely remove the sorrows of any sorrowful person who goes on pilgrimage to his shrine. God will surely forgive the sins of any sinful person who goes on pilgrimage to his shrine.

History.

Early years.

Dar-ul-Imarah (Royal Residence) or the garden of Humayd ibn Qahtaba al-Ta'i was a fortress in the village of Sanabad. It dates back to the era before the Islam religion. It had been placed at the fork road of Sanabad, Neishabour, Sarakhs, Toos and Radkan. In fact, this fortress has been a place for the frontier guards to take position and establish the security of these roads and regions. After the demise of Harun al-Rashid, he was buried in this place. Due to this historical event, the Dar-ul-Imarah was known as the Mausoleum of Haruniyyeh. The original inner building of Dar-ul-Imarah has been in fact a temple used by the Zoroastrians to worship. This building was demolished by the order of al-Ma'mun, and then it was reconstructed according to the special architecture of Khorasan. Four plain and short walls, covered with a low-slope dome, were constructed around the building. Afterwards, the name of the mausoleum (Haruniyyeh) was changed and known as the Mashhad-ur-Reza, due to the Holy Imam. Mashhad literally means a place where a martyr has been buried.

Martyrdom of Ali al-Ridha.

In 818, Imam Ali al-Ridha was murdered by the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun (ruled 813–833) and was buried beside the grave of al-Ma'mun's father, Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809). After this event, the location was called as Mashhad al-Ridha ("the place of martyrdom of al-Ridha"). Shias and Sunnis began visiting his grave on pilgrimage. By the end of the 9th century a dome was built on the grave and many buildings and bazaars sprang up around it. For the next thousand years, it has been devastated and reconstructed several times.  The celebrated Muslim traveler Ibn Battuta visited Mashhad in 1333 and reported that it was a large town with abundant fruit trees, streams and mills. A great dome of elegant construction surmounts the noble mausoleum, the walls being decorated with colored tiles. Opposite the tomb of the Imam is the tomb of Caliph Harun al-Rashid, which is surmounted by a platform bearing chandeliers.

Ghaznavid era.

By the end of the third Hijri century, a dome was built on the grave of Imam Reza and many buildings and bazaars sprang around the holy shrine. In 383 A.H. / 993 A.D., Sebuktigin, the Ghaznavid sultan devastated Mashhad and stopped the pilgrims from visiting the holy shrine of Imam Reza. But in 400 A.H./ 1009 A.D., Mahmud of Ghazni (born 971, ruled, 998-1030 A.D.,) started the expansion and renovation of the holy shrine and built many fortifications around the city.

Saljug era.

Sultan Sanjar (b. 1086 A.D., r. 1097-1157 A.D.), after the miraculous healing of his son in the holy shrine of Imam Reza, renovated the sanctuary and added new buildings within its precincts. At the time of Sultan Sanjar Saljuqi, after Sharaf al-Din Abu Tahir b. Sa'd b. Ali Qummi repaired the shrine, he began to construct a dome over it. In 612 A.H./ 1215 A.D., as borne out by inscriptions on certain tiles, Allaudin Khwarezm Shah carried out renovations on the shrine.

Mongol invasion.

During the Khwarazmian dynasty, Razavi Shrine was paid much attention and some repair and decoration was made inside it. In this era (612 A.H./1215 A.D.), two very glorious embossed Thuluth (a large Naskh handwriting) inscriptions in form of square tile work were fixed on both sides of the shrine entrance-by the side of Dar al-Huffaz porch—in which the names and descent of Imam Reza back to Imam Ali were written. Some other inscriptions and three mihrabs (a special place for prayer-leader in mosques) belonging to this age exist in this holy complex. During the Mongol invasion in 1220 A.D. (617 A.H.), Khorasan was plundered by the invading hordes and the survivors of this massacre took refuge in Mashhad and settled around the holy shrine. Sultan Muhammad Khudabandeh Iljaitu (b. 1282 AD), the Mongol ruler of Iran, converted to Shi'ism and ruled Iran in 703–716 A.H (1304–1316 AD), once again renovated the holy shrine on a grand scale.

Timurid era.

The glorious phase of Mashhad started during the reign of Shahrukh Mirza (b. 1377 A.D., r, 1405-1447), son of Tamerlane, and reached its zenith during the reign of the Safavid Shahs who ruled Iran from 1501 to 1736. Shahrukh Mirza, whose capital was Herat, regularly visited Mashhad for the pilgrimage of the holy shrine of Imam Reza (A.S.). In the 15th century, during the reign of the Timurid Shahrukh Mirza, Mashhad became one of the main cities of the realm. In 1418, his wife Empress Goharshad funded the construction of an outstanding mosque beside the shrine, which is known as the Goharshad Mosque.

Safavid era.

With the emergence of the Safavid dynasty in 1501 A.D. and their declaration of the Twelver Shi'ite sect as the state religion, Mashhad reached the peak of its development and soon became one of the greatest sites of pilgrimage. However, since Khorasan was a border province of the Safavid Empire, Mashhad suffered repeated invasions and periods of occupation by the Uzbek Khans – Muhammad Khan, Abdullah Khan Shaibani, Muhammad Sultan and especially Abdul-Momen Khan. These invasions continued up to 996 A.H./ 1586 A.D., the reign of Shah Abbas I, who finally drove out the Uzbeks from Khorasan.  Sahn Atiq was extended in the time of Shah Abbas I, and during the Safavid era, great efforts were made for its further improvement. Shah Tahmasp I began to repair and gild the minaret near the dome and in 932/1525, precious tiles covering the dome were changed into gold-coated bricks. After they were plundered during Abd al-Mu'min Khan Uzbek invasion, the gold-coated bricks were rebuilt by Shah 'Abbas in 1010/1601, the details of which was written on an enamelled inscription by Ali Reza Abbasi. Shah Abbas also began to establish northern porch, rooms, chambers, facades, as well eastern and western porches. It is said that Mullah Muhsin Fayd Kashani ordered to establish Tawhid Khanah portico in the north side of the Shrine. Allahverdikhan portico, porch in the north side of Dar al-Ziyafah (reception chamber) and Hatam Khani portico, all were built in the time of great princes of Safavids, Allahverdikhan and Hatam Beq Ordoobadi.  Shah Abbas II commanded to repair and tile Sahn Atiq and Shah Sulaiman also ordered the repair of the Holy Shrine Dome which had been split because of the earthquake; this can be read in an erected inscription. He also commanded to establish several Madrasahs (Islamic seminaries). The northern porch of Goharshad Mosque, the Holy Shrine entrance, along with Musallah (place of prayer) located in Payeen Khiyaban (lower street) were repaired and tiled by a skillful Isfahani mason called Ustad Shuja'.

Afsharid and Qajar era.

Nadir Shah Afshar (b. 1688, r. 1736-1747 A.D.) and the Qajar Shahs who ruled Iran from 1789 to 1925 illuminated, beautified and expanded the various courtyards (Sahn), porches (Riwaq) and places in the holy shrine. The golden porch of Sahn Atiq and the minaret on its top were repaired and gilded, the minaret of north porch was erected and illuminated; and Sangab (a vessel or container made of single block of marble) in Ismail Tala'ee Saqqa Khanah (a public place for drinking water) was built in Sahn Atiq. All these happened during Nadir Shah Afshar's monarchy.  There were also some improvements in the Holy Shrine complex during the Qajar Dynasty, including new courtyard establishment and gilding its porch, both of them started during the reign of Fath-Ali Shah and finished during Naser al-Din Shah's reign. The porch and northern façade of Sahn Atiq, as written in the inscription of its top, were also repaired during Mohammad Shah Qajar's rule. Tawhid Khanah was repaired in 1276/1859 in the time of Adud al-Mulk's custodianship. He had the fine paintings and tiles of the Shrine decorated with mirrors in 1275/1858. Naser al-Din Shah, too, had the gold-coated bricks put up on the walls, from dado up to the top of western proch of the new courtyard and its stalactite-shaped ceiling. So it was called "Nasiri Porch". There was also some repairment in both courtyards, the old and the new one during Mozaffar ad-Din Shah's monarchy.  Following the coup in December 1911, Russian artillery shelled revolutionaries who had taken refuge in the holy shrine. The whole complex was greatly damaged in 1911, but it was repaired again after a while by Hussein Mirza Nayyir al-Dawla, Khorasan's governor.

Modern era.

There happened some essential changes round the complex in 1347/1928, when Falakah (round open space with the radius of 180 meters from the top of the Dome was established. Then they began to build the Museum, the library and the Hall for ceremonies. Old Falakah was extended up to a radius of 620 meters before the victory of the Islamic Revolution, and an important part of Holy Buildings' historical structure was demolished without considering its antiquity and elegance.  On 11th Rabi al-Thani 1354 A.H. /13 July 1935, during the Goharshad Mosque rebellion, the armed forces of Reza Shah (b. 1878, r. 1925-1941 A.D.), the founder of Pahlavi dynasty in Iran, invaded the holy shrine and massacred people gathered in the Goharshad Mosque. The people there were protesting against the anti-Islamic law by Reza Shah of banning Hijab (headscarf) for women in Iran. During the days of Iranian Revolution, on 21 November 1978 Mohammad Reza Shah's (b. 1919, r. 1941-1978 A.D.) troops killed a large number of people within the shrine.  The shrine is depicted on the reverse of the Iranian 100 rials coin, issued since 2004.

Specifications.

Courtyards (Sahn).

The complex contains a total of Seven courtyards, which cover an area of over : The courtyards also contain a total of 14 minarets, and 3 fountains.

Halls.

From the courtyards, external hallways named after scholars lead to the inner areas of the mosque. They are referred to as "Bast" ("Sanctuary"), since they were meant to be a safeguard for the shrine areas:  The "Bast" hallways lead towards a total of 21 internal halls (Riwaq) which surround the burial chamber of Ali al-Ridha. Adjacent to the burial chamber is also a mosque dating back to the 10th century known as, Bala-e-Sar Mosque.

Goharshad Mosque.

This mosque is one of the most reputed in Iran and is situated adjacent to the Holy Shrine of Imam Ridha. It was built in 821 AH. under the orders of Goharshad Begum, Shahrukh Mirza's wife. Its area is 9410 Sq Meters and includes a courtyard, four porches and seven large prayer halls. Two minarets, each 40 meters high, are located on both sides of Maqsureh Porch. There is an inscription on the left on the margin of the porch written by Baisonqor, one of the best calligraphists of the time. The Sahib-al Zaman Pulpit is in Maqsureh porch. It was built in 1243 H with walnut wood and without using any iron or nail. This mosque has a public library with 34,650 volumes.

Ali al-Ridha's Tomb.

It is located beneath the Golden Dome (The Golden Dome is the most prominent symbol of the city of Mashad with an altitude of 31.20 meters) and surrounded by different porches each bearing a separate name. The skilled artists have done their best in the creation of this place. It is square in shape and some 135 sq. meters have been added to its area after extension works. The walls are covered by marble up to twenty centimeters and the next ninety two centimeters are covered by expensive tiles known as Sultan Sanjari tiles. Quranic verses and Ahadiths of the Ahle Bait have been carved on these tiles. The important inscription written round the walls is eighty centimeters wide and written by Ali Ridha Abbasi, the famous calligraphist of the Safavid period and bears Surah Jumah of the Quran.

Museums.

There are two Museums in the Holy shrine limits. Astan Quds Museum and Quran Museum. The Astan Quds museum is one of the richest and most exquisite museums of Iran. The building is located in the eastern quarter of Sahne Imam Khomeini and close to Haram square. Some of its objects date back to the 6th century AH. The collection of carpets, rugs and golden covers for the Tomb are all unique and date back to the 11 and 13th centuries.Some inscriptions written by Ali Reza Abbasi are among the valuable objects. Among the unique works of art in the museum is Imam's first tombstone, the inscription of which was carved in kufi relief script belonging to 516 H. Also Quran museum is located in the vicinity of the Astan Quds museum. It contains precious manuscripts of the Glorious Quran attributed to the Holy Imams and some gilded manuscripts. It was opened in 1364 H. The oldest manuscript attributed to the Holy Imams is in kufi script on deer skin belonging to the First century AH.

Other historical appurtenants.

Because of historical background of Imam Reza shrine, it is collection of historical objects such as; Minarets,Nqqareh Khaneh (Place of Kettle Drums), Saqqa Khaneh (Public Drinking Place), Sa'at (the Clock),Dar-al Hoffaz (the place of the Reciters), Towhid Khaneh (place of Divine Unity),Dar-al-Siyadah, Bala-Sar Mosque, Dar-al Rahmah Porch, Allahverdi Khan Dome, Hatam Khani Dome, Golden Dome, Astan Quds Mehmansara.

The Imam Reza shrine () in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imam Reza, the eighth Imam of Twelver Shi‘ites. It is the largest mosque in the world by area. Also contained within the complex are the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries, a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.

伊玛目里达圣陵(),伊朗称之为伊玛目礼萨圣陵(,同时也是清真寺),位于今伊朗的马什哈德,是一座宏伟的建筑群,伊斯兰教什叶派主流派别十二伊玛目派尊奉的第八任伊玛目阿里·里达(伊朗称阿里·礼萨)即安葬于此。它是全世界占地面积最大的清真寺,而可容纳礼拜的人数则居世界第二。建筑群中除了有伊玛目礼萨的陵寝外,还包括:戈哈尔沙德清真寺、一座博物馆、一座图书馆、四座神学院、一座公墓、礼萨伊斯兰科技大学、一座朝圣者餐厅、若干巨大的礼拜大厅和其他建筑。


Early life.

Yuli Edelstein was born in Chernivtsi in the Soviet Union (now Ukraine) to a Jewish family. His mother, Anita Edelstein, was Jewish, while his father, Yuri Edelstein, is the son of a Jewish father and Christian mother. Both converted to Christianity, and Yuri is now a Russian Orthodox priest in Karabanovo of Kostroma Oblast named Father Georgy. While his parents taught at universities in the countryside, Edelstein was raised by his maternal grandparents. His grandfather had taught himself Hebrew at the age of 70 and used to listen to the Voice of Israel on a shortwave radio. When Edelstein's grandfather died, Yuli began to study Hebrew and read books such as "Exodus" by Leon Uris, which inspired him.  In 1977, during his second year of university, Edelstein applied for an exit visa to immigrate to Israel. Turned down, he began to associate with a small group of Hebrew teachers who held classes in their apartments.  In 1979, he was expelled from the university and suffered harassment by the KGB and local police. During this time, he found odd jobs as a street cleaner, security guard, and more.  In 1984, he and other Hebrew teachers were arrested on fabricated charges, Edelstein himself being charged with possession of drugs, and sentenced to three years. He was then sent to Siberian penal colonies and did hard labor, first in Buryatia and then in Novosibirsk. He broke several bones after falling from a construction tower. He was due to be transferred back to Buryatia, but his wife, Tanya, threatened to go on hunger strike if he was returned there.  Edelstein was released in May 1987, on the eve of Israeli Independence Day, the next to last of the "refuseniks" to be freed. He then immigrated to Israel, moving to the West Bank settlement of Alon Shvut. He did his national service in the Israel Defense Forces, attaining the rank of Corporal.

Political career.

Initially a member of the National Religious Party and a vice-president of Zionist Forum, Edelstein founded the Yisrael BaAliyah party together with fellow Soviet dissident Natan Sharansky. He was elected to the Knesset in 1996, and was appointed Minister of Immigrant Absorption in Benjamin Netanyahu's Likud-led government. He was re-elected in 1999, and was appointed Deputy Immigrant Absorption Minister by Ariel Sharon in 2001.  He retained his seat in the 2003 elections, shortly after which Yisrael BaAliyah merged into Likud. Although Edelstein lost his seat in the 2006 elections, in which Likud was reduced to 12 seats (Edelstein was 14th on the party's list), he re-entered the Knesset as a replacement for Dan Naveh in February 2007. He retained his seat in the 2009 elections after being placed twelfth on the party's list, and was appointed Minister of Information and Diaspora in the Netanyahu government.  Following the 2013 elections, he became Speaker of the Knesset. On 25 March 2020, he stepped down as the Speaker.

Statements.

In December 2014, in an interview with "The Jerusalem Post", Edelstein warned world leaders against creating a Palestinian state that he thought would go to war with Israel.  In the same interview, Edelstein stated that he believes in Israeli-Palestinian coexistence. In 2014, he was one of several Members of the Knesset (MK) who submitted complaints against Arab-Israeli Haneen Zoabi for supporting Hamas, which led to her six-month suspension. "I have been in the Knesset for almost 19 years," Edelstein said. "I remember Arab MKs joining me at the March of the Living and proposing social-oriented legislation with me. That is definitely not Zoabi. I believe in coexistence and fighting against those who harm it and I think that Zoabi’s words and actions hurt coexistence. People hear her and think all Arabs must hate us and want to kill us. That is unhealthy, and we have to put an end to it.”  Edelstein criticized Jewish U.S. presidential candidate Bernie Sanders for saying that U.S. military aid to Israel should instead be diverted toward humanitarian aid to Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. Edelstein said that Sanders should'stop talking nonsense'.

Personal life.

After leaving Alon Shvut, Edelstein moved to Neve Daniel, another West Bank settlement. He was married to Tatiana (Tanya) Edelstein, who was a Zionist activist, for 33 years. They met in the Soviet Union when she attended a Hebrew class he was teaching. After immigrating to Israel, she worked as a civil engineer at the Civil Aviation Authority. Tanya and Yuli Edelstein had two children together. In 2014, Tanya died of cancer at the age of 63.  In June 2016, Edelstein married Irina Nevzlin, chair of the board of directors of The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot and President of the NADAV Foundation.

Criticism.

The long-term project of subsidizing housing for elderly migrants prepared by Israel Ministry of Absorption under his supervision and cooperation with Ministry of Construction raised controversy over expenditures overrun incurred by the project. Edelstein claimed that the investigative commission found such claims unsubstantiated.  His attempts to wait with the new Knesset Speaker vote to after the coalition talks, following the 23rd Knesset election of 2020. When the Israeli Supreme Court ordered him to hold the vote. Edelstein decided to resign instead of fulfilling the order, for which he was harshly criticized.

Yuli-Yoel Edelstein (,,, born 5 August 1958) is an Israeli politician serving as Minister of Health since 2020. One of the most prominent refuseniks in the Soviet Union, he was the 16th Speaker of the Knesset from 2013 until his resignation on 25 March 2020.

尤利·埃德尔斯坦(),全名尤利-约尔·埃德尔斯坦(,, ;1958年-8月5日),以色列政治人物。2013年3月至2020年3月,担任以色列国会议长。


History.

During the Samhan Period Buan County was called Mahan, and it was also called Jiban statelets among the 54 Mahan statelets. During the Beakjae Period there were two small localities: Gaehwa and Heunlyangmae. In B.C 757(16th year of King Gyeongdeok's regime), after Silla united the three kingdoms, Gyehwa was renamed as Buryeong (sometimes called Gyebal) and was a part of Gobu. Honliang was renamed as Hee-an and was also a part of Gobu.  During the Goryeo period, the county was called Boan-hyeon and was also nicknamed as Namju. In late Goryeo, during King U's regime, there were local governors were posted to Buryeong-hyeon and Boan-hyeon.  In the Joseon period  During year 14 and 16 of king Taejong's regime, the two localities Buryeong-hyeon and Boan-hyeon were merged and separated several times. Then in December 1416, the two localities were merged and was named Buan, the "bu" coming from Buryeong and the "an" coming from Boan. The following year a locality named Heungdeokjin was made a part of Buan and was renamed as Buanjin. A high-level civil servant named the Byeongmasa ruled over the county. In 1423 (5th year of King Sejong's regime), the ruler was changed from Cheomjeoljesa to Hyeongam. Locality Buan was changed into Boan County in 1895 (32nd year of King Gojong's regime), when several different terms representing localities (bu, mok, gun, and hyeon) were unified to a single therm - gun(county). In 1914, during the Japanese occupation, the administrative district was changed: Wido become a part of Yeonggwang County(South Jeolla Province), and Biando was annexed to Gunsan City. Baeksan, Geoma, and Deoklim of Gobu County were annexed to Buan County.  In 1943 Byreong-myeon was upgraded into Buan-eup.  On January 1, 1963, According to changes in the administrative districts, Wido-myeon of Yeonggwang County (South Jeolla Province) was annexed to Buan County.  With the reclamation works of Gaehwado in 1978, the country's territory was increased by 3,968ha. In 1983 Sannae-myeon and Jinseo-myeon were divided into Gawhwa-myeon and Jinso-myeon. Currently, the administrative district consists of 1 eup and 12 myeon. The total area is 493km2 (farming land 42%, forest land 42%, other 16%). Buan county is located and longitude 126 degrees 40 minutes, latitude 35 degrees 40 minutes. It is located to the west of North Jeolla Province and its border meets with Gunsan City at the sea. To the north there is Gimje City, to the southeast there is Jeongeup City, and to the south there is Gochang County. The land is low in the east side and high on the west site. The peninsula sticks out on the Yellow Sea. To the southwest direction a mountain named Byeonsan stands in layers. To the northeast there are wide and rich fields. The coast line which runs from the mouth of the Dongjingang River to Julpo-myeon Upo-ri, is 66km long. The influence of sea winds bring about a lot of snow in the winter.

Transport.

Buan Bus Terminal provides direct services to Seoul, Daejeon and Gwangju, as well as services within North Jeolla province to Jeonju, Gimje, Iksan, Gunsan, Jeongeup and Gochang. The nearest railway station is at Gimje on the Honam Line.

Notable places.

Eight Scenic Views of Byeonsan Museum Temple

Twining.

twinned :  Friendship :

External links.

Buan County government home page

Buan County ("Buan-gun") is a county in North Jeolla Province, South Korea. It is bounded by the city of Jeongeup on the east, the county of Gochang on the south, the city of Gimje on the north, and Yellow Sea on the west. Buan is divided into 1 "eup", 12 "myeon", and 510 "ri". Buan had a 2001 estimated population of 74,716 people and a 2018 population of 54,441 people with an area of 493.35km. Famous people from Buan include Joseon Dynasty kisaeng and poet, Yi Mae-chang. Like many rural areas in southern Korea, it has seen shrinking population with many younger people moving north to larger cities such as Seoul. This county should not be confused with Muan, the new capital of South Jeolla Province.

扶安郡(),是大韩民国全罗北道西部的一个郡,位于边山半岛上,西临海。面积193.54平方公里,2001年人口74,716人。下分1邑、12面。


Theoretical design and efficiency.

BFS uses a doubly linked list data structure, but the data structure is treated like a queue. Task insertion is (1). Task search for next task to execute is () worst case. It uses a single global run queue which all CPUs use. Tasks with higher scheduling priorities get executed first. Tasks are ordered (or distributed) and chosen based on the virtual deadline formula in all policies except for the realtime and Isochronous priority classes.  The execution behavior is still a weighted variation of the Round-Robin Scheduler especially when tasks have the same priority below the Isochronous policy. The user tuneable round robin interval (time slice) is 6 milliseconds by default which was chosen as the minimal jitter just below detectable by humans. Kolivas claimed that anything below the 6 ms was pointless and anything above 300 ms for the round robin timeslice is fruitless in terms of throughput. This important tuneable can tailor the round robin scheduler as a trade off between throughput and latency. All tasks get the same time slice with the exception of realtime FIFO which is assumed to have infinite time slice.  Kolivas explained the reason why he choose to go with the doubly linked list mono-runqueue than the multi-runqueue (round robin) priority array per CPU that was used in his RDSL scheduler was to put to ease fairness among the multiple CPU scenario and remove complexity that each runqueue in a multi-runqueue scenario had to maintain its own latencies and <nowiki>[task]</nowiki> fairness. He claimed that deterministic latencies was guaranteed with BFS in his later iteration of MuQSS. He also recognized possible lock contention problem (related to the altering, removal, creation of task node data) with increasing CPUs and the overhead of (log ) next task for execution lookup. MuQSS tried to resolve those problems.

Virtual deadline.

The virtual deadline formula is a future deadline time that is the scaled round robin timeslice based on the nice level offset by the current time (in niffy units or nanosecond jiffies aka an internal kernel time counter). The virtual deadline only suggests the order but doesn't guarantee that a task will run exactly on the future scheduled niffy.  First a prio ratios lookup table is created. It is based on a recursive sequence. It increases 10% each nice level. It follows a parabolic pattern if graphed, and the niced tasks are distributed as a moving squared function from 0 to 39 (corresponding from highest to lowest nice priority) as the domain and 128 to 5089 as the range. The moving part comes from the formula_1 variable in the virtual deadline formula that Kolivas hinted.  formula_2  formula_3  The task's nice-to-index mapping function formula_4 is mapped from nice −20...19 to index 0...39 to be used as the input to the prio ratio lookup table. This mapping function is the TASK_USER_PRIO() macro in sched.h in the kernel header. The internal kernel implementation slightly differs with range between 100–140 static priority but users will see it as −20...19 nice.  The virtual deadline is based on this exact formula:  formula_5  formula_6  formula_7 Alternatively,  formula_8 where formula_9 is the virtual deadline in u64 integer nanoseconds as a function of nice formula_10 and formula_1 which is the current time in niffies (as in nanosecond jiffies), formula_12 is the prio ratio table lookup as a function of index, formula_4 is the task's nice-to-index mapping function, formula_14 is the round robin timeslice in milliseconds, formula_15 is a constant of 1 millisecond in terms of nanoseconds as a latency reducing approximation of the conversion factor of formula_16 but Kolivas uses a base 2 constant formula_15 with approximately that scale. Smaller values of formula_18 mean that the virtual deadline is earlier corresponding to negative nice values. Larger values of formula_18 indicate the virtual deadline is pushed back later corresponding to positive nice values. It uses this formula whenever the timeslice expires.  128 in base 2 corresponds to 100 in base 10 and possibly a "pseudo 100." 115 in base 2 corresponds to 90 in base 10. Kolivas uses 128 for "fast shifts," as in division is right shift base 2.  <nowiki>*</nowiki> The alternative formula is presented for ease of understanding. All math is done in integer math so precision loss would be great. It is possibly why Kolivas deferred the division by 128 to one of the largest numbers as a multiple of 128 resulting in no remainder.

Scheduling policies.

BFS uses scheduling policies to determine how much of the CPU tasks may use. BFS uses 4 scheduling tiers (called scheduling policies or scheduling classes) ordered from best to worst which determines how tasks are selected with the ones on top being executed first.  Each task has a special value called a prio. In the v0.462 edition (used in the -ck 4.0 kernel patchset), there are total of 103 "priority queues" (aka prio) or allowed values that it can take. No actual special data structure was used as the priority queue but only the doubly linked list runqueue itself. The lower prio value means it is more important and gets executed first.

Realtime policy.

The realtime policy was designed for realtime tasks. This policy implies that the running tasks cannot be interrupted (i.e. preempted) by the lower prio-ed task or lower priority policy tiers. Priority classes considered under the realtime policy by the scheduler are those marked SCHED_RR and SCHED_FIFO. The scheduler treats realtime round robin (SCHED_RR) and realtime FIFO (SCHED_FIFO) differently.  The design laid out first 100 static priority queues.  The task that will get chosen for execution is based on task availability of the lowest value of prio of the 100 queues and FIFO scheduling.  On forks, the process priority will be demoted to normal policy.  On unprivileged use (i.e. non-root user) of sched_setscheduler called with a request for realtime policy class, the scheduler will demote the task to Isochronous policy.

Isochronous policy.

The Isochronous policy was designed for near realtime performance for non-root users.  The design laid out 1 priority queue that by default ran as pseudo-realtime tasks, but can be tuned as a degree of realtime..  The behavior of the policy can allow a task can be demoted to normal policy when it exceeds a tuneable resource handling percentage (70% by default) of 5 seconds scaled to the number of online CPUs and the timer resolution plus 1 tick. The formula was altered in MuQSS due to the multi-runqueue design. The exact formulas are:  formula_20  formula_21  where formula_14 is the total number of isochronous ticks, formula_23 is the timer frequency, formula_10 is the number of online CPUs, formula_25 is the tuneable resource handling percentage not in decimal but as a whole number. The timer frequency is set to 250 by default and editable in the kernel, but usually tuned to 100 Hz for servers and 1000 Hz for interactive desktops. 250 is the balanced value. Setting formula_25 to 100 made tasks behave as realtime and 0 made it not pseudo-realtime and anything in the middle was pseudo-realtime.  The task that had an earliest virtual deadline was chosen for execution, but when multiple Isochronous tasks are in existence, they schedule as round robin allowing tasks to run the tuneable round robin value (with 6 ms as the default) one after another in a fair equal chance without considering the nice level.  This behavior of the Isochronous policy is unique to only BFS and MuQSS and may not be implemented in other CPU schedulers.

Normal policy.

The normal policy was designed for regular use and is the default policy. Newly created tasks are typically marked normal.  The design laid out one priority queue and tasks are chosen to be executed first based on earliest virtual deadline.

Idle priority policy.

The idle priority was designed for background processes such as distributed programs and transcoders so that foreground processes or those above this scheduling policy can run uninterrupted.  The design laid out 1 priority queue and tasks can be promoted to normal policy automatically to prevent indefinite resource hold.  The next executed task with Idle priority with others residing in the same priority policy is selected by the earliest virtual deadline.

Preemption.

Preemption can occur when a newly ready task with a higher priority policy (i.e. higher prio) has an earlier virtual deadline than the currently running task - which will be descheduled and put at the back of the queue. Descheduled means that its virtual deadline is updated. The task's time gets refilled to max round robin quantum when it has used up all its time. If the scheduler found the task at the higher prio with the earliest virtual deadline, it will execute in place of the less important currently running task only if all logical CPUs (including hyperthreaded cores / SMT threads) are busy. The scheduler will delay preemption as long as possible if there are unused logical CPUs.  If a task is marked idle priority policy, it cannot preempt at all even other idle policy marked tasks but rather use cooperative multitasking.

Task placement, multiple cores.

When the scheduler discovers a waking task, it will need to determine which logical CPU to run the wakening task on the non-unicore system. The scheduler favors most the idle hyperthreaded cores (or idle SMT threads) first on the same CPU that the task executed on, then the other idle core of a multicore CPU, then the other CPUs on the same NUMA node, then all busy hyperthreaded cores / SMT threads / logical CPUs to be preempted on the same NUMA node, then the other (remote) NUMA node and is ranked on a preference list. This special scan exists to minimize latency overhead resulting of migrating the task.  The preemption order is similar to the above paragraph. The preemption order is hyperthreaded core / SMT units on the same multicore first, then the other core in the multicore, then the other CPU on the same NUMA node. When it goes scanning for a task to preempt in the other remote NUMA node, the preemption is just any busy threads with lower to equal prio or later virtual deadline assuming that all logical CPUs (including hyperthreaded core / SMT threads) in the machine are all busy. The scheduler will have to scan for a suitable task with a lower or maybe equal priority policy task (with a later virtual deadline if necessary) to preempt and avoid logical CPUs with a task with a higher priority policy which it cannot preempt. Local preemption has a higher rank than scanning for a remote idle NUMA unit.  When a task is involuntary preempted at the time the CPU is slowed down as a result of kernel mediated CPU frequency scaling (aka CPU frequency governor), the task is specially marked "sticky" except those marked as realtime policy. Marked sticky indicates that the task still has unused time and the task is restricted executing to the same CPU. The task will be marked sticky whenever the CPU scaling governor has scaled the CPU at a slower speed. The idled stickied task will return to either executing at full Ghz speed by chance or to be rescheduled to execute on the best idle CPU that is not the same CPU that the task ran on. It is not desirable to migrate the task to other places but make it idle instead because of increased latency brought about of overhead to migrating the task to another CPU or NUMA node. This sticky feature was removed in the last iteration of BFS (v0.512) corresponding to Kolivas' patchset 4.8-ck1 and did not exist in MuQSS.

schedtool.

A privileged user can change the priority policy of a process with the schedtool program or it is done by a program itself. The priority class can be manipulated at the code level with a syscall like sched_setscheduler only available to root, which schedtool uses.

Benchmarks.

In a contemporary study, the author compared the BFS to the CFS using the Linux kernel v3.6.2 and several performance-based endpoints. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) in the vanilla Linux kernel and the BFS in the corresponding kernel patched with the ck1 patchset. Seven different machines were used to see if differences exist and, to what degree they scale using performance based metrics. Number of logical CPUs ranged from 1 to 16. These end-points were never factors in the primary design goals of the BFS. The results were encouraging.  Kernels patched with the ck1 patch set including the BFS outperformed the vanilla kernel using the CFS at nearly all the performance-based benchmarks tested. Further study with a larger test set could be conducted, but based on the small test set of 7 PCs evaluated, these increases in process queuing, efficiency/speed are, on the whole, independent of CPU type (mono, dual, quad, hyperthreaded, etc.), CPU architecture (32-bit and 64-bit) and of CPU multiplicity (mono or dual socket).  Moreover, on several "modern" CPUs, such as the Intel Core 2 Duo and Core i7, that represent common workstations and laptops, BFS consistently outperformed the CFS in the vanilla kernel at all benchmarks. Efficiency and speed gains were small to moderate.

Adoption.

BFS is the default scheduler for the following desktop Linux distributions:  Additionally, BFS has been added to an experimental branch of Google's Android development repository. It was not included in the Froyo release after blind testing did not show an improved user experience.

MuQSS.

BFS has been retired in favour of MuQSS, known formally as the Multiple Queue Skiplist Scheduler, a rewritten implementation of the same concept.

Theoretical design and efficiency.

MuQSS uses a bidirectional static arrayed 8 level skip list and tasks are ordered by static priority <nowiki>[queues]</nowiki> (referring to the scheduling policy) and a virtual deadline. 8 was chosen to fit the array in the cacheline. Doubly linked data structure design was chosen to speed up task removal. Removing a task takes only (1) with a doubly skip list versus the original design by William Pugh which takes () worst case.  Task insertion is (log ). The next task for execution lookup is (), where is the number of CPUs. The next task for execution is (1) per runqueue, but the scheduler examines every other runqueues to maintain task fairness among CPUs, for latency or balancing (to maximize CPU usage and cache coherency on the same NUMA node over those that access across NUMA nodes), so ultimately (). The max number of tasks it can handle are 64k tasks per runqueue per CPU. It uses multiple task runqueues in some configurations one runqueue per CPU, whereas its predecessor BFS only used one task runqueue for all CPUs.  Tasks are ordered as a gradient in the skip list in a way that realtime policy priority comes first and idle policy priority comes last. Normal and idle priority policy still get sorted by virtual deadline which uses nice values. Realtime and Isochronous policy tasks are run in FIFO order ignoring nice values. New tasks with same key are placed in FIFO order meaning that newer tasks get placed at the end of the list (i.e. top most node vertically), and tasks at 0th level or at the front-bottom get execution first before those at nearest to the top vertically and those furthest away from the head node. The key used for inserted sorting is either the static priority or the virtual deadline.  The user can choose to share runqueues among multicore or have a runqueue per logical CPU. The speculation of sharing runqueues design was to reduce latency with a tradeoff of throughput.  A new behavior introduced by MuQSS was the use of the high resolution timer for below millisecond accuracy when timeslices were used up resulting in rescheduling tasks.

The Brain Fuck Scheduler (BFS) is a process scheduler designed for the Linux kernel in August 2009 as an alternative to the Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) and the O(1) scheduler. BFS was created by veteran kernel programmer Con Kolivas.

脑残排程器(BFS, Brain Fuck Scheduler)是操作系统内部的行程调度器(process scheduler),由澳洲人Con Kolivas 所撰写。