Host selection.

A number of countries and cities expressed their interest to host the second European Games in 2019 but only the Netherlands submitted an official bid. At the meeting of an Extraordinary General Assembly on 16 May 2015, the Netherlands was unanimously approved as host of the second edition of the Games. The competition intended to be nationwide and based in seven cities, including Amsterdam, The Hague, Eindhoven, Rotterdam, Utrecht. On 10 June 2015, the Netherlands announced their refusal to hold the second European Games after insufficient funding for the Games, projected to cost €57.5m. The European Olympic Committee president, Patrick Hickey said the news was "disappointing". Following this, a number of countries expressed interest in hosting the games: Belarus (Minsk), United Kingdom (Glasgow), Poland (Poznan), Russia (Kazan and Sochi), Turkey (Istanbul).  In November 2015, Russia was announced as a future host country for the II European Games. At the same time, the WADA began its investigation of the doping scandal in Russia which led to the IOC's refusal to support the holding of major sports events in Russia, including the second European Games.  During the meeting of the EOС General Assembly, held in Minsk on 21 October 2016, Minsk was selected as a host city for the second European Games. A contract was signed on 1 September 2017 by the chairman of the Minsk City Executive Committee Andrei Shorets, the president of the EOC Janez Kocijančič, the Minister of Sport and Tourism of Belarus Alexander Shamko, first Vice-President of the NOC of Belarus Andrey Astashevich, Director of the 2nd European Games 2019 Georgy Katulin, Secretary-General of the European Olympic Committees Rafael Pagnozzi.

Organising Committee.

On 12 May 2017, the President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko signed a decree on the Foundation of the Directorate of the II European Games 2019. The founders of the foundation are the National Olympic Committee, the Minsk City Executive Committee and the Ministry of Sports and Tourism. Georgy Katulin, General Secretary of the National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Belarus, was appointed the CEO of the foundation in August 2017. In November 2017, the management launched the official website of the games.  In April 2019, Lukashenko announced that the Games were on budget and on time and that "everything should meet the highest standards". Sergei Rumas, Belarus's prime minister and the head of the Organising Committee also said that all the facilities would be finished by 15 May and that "95 per cent of the equipment has already been installed".  On 20 May 2019, Lukashenko signed Decree No.191, entitled "On security measures during the 2nd European Games in Belarus". It gave the Ministry of Defense the power to restrict access to certain areas and placed a ban on drones, unmanned aerial vehicles and model airplanes at competition venues. Drones and planes violating the decree will be seized until 2 July, when the Games end.

Volunteers.

The start of the volunteer selection began in September 2017 during the "Dobrofest" and registration ended on 1 April 2019. In April 2019, the head of the volunteer network for the Games, Nadezhda Anisovets, said that the appeal resulted in 24,000 applications, much larger than the 8,000 needed for the Games. Most of them are students of Belarusian universities. Applications were also received from 52 other countries including Russia, Australia, the USA, Mexico, and Egypt. The basic requirements for the candidate are communication skills and high English-language proficiency. The selected volunteers will be involved in over 34 functional areas. Each volunteer will be given a special uniform, badges and souvenirs.

Opening Ceremony.

The Opening ceremony was held at National Olympic Stadium Dinamo and ran from 22:10 to 00:45 FET. It was produced by Russian company Art City 5, and was directed by Alexander Vavilov (Belarus) and (Russia). Augmented reality imagery was used during the ceremony. The main musical performers were Anna Netrebko, Ilya Silchukov with Elena Salo and Dimash Kudaibergen. During the parade of nations, Greece entered the stadium first. The host nation Belarus marched last, while other countries entered in English alphabetical order. Each delegation is escorted by girls in dresses representing the Kupala wheel, a symbol of the sun for Eastern Slavs decorated with traditional Belarusian ornaments. Attending the ceremony was President Alexander Lukashenko, who opened the games, Janez Kocijančič of the European Olympic Committee, as well as other foreign delegations such as Igor Dodon representing Moldova, Aleksandar Vučić representing Serbia as well as Dmitry Medvedev and Ramzan Kadyrov representing Russia. Georgian President Salome Zourabichvili, who was due to attend the ceremony, left early due to the civil unrest in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi.

Closing Ceremony.

The Closing ceremony was held at National Olympic Stadium Dinamo and ran from 22:00 to 23:50 FET. In attendance were IOC President Thomas Bach, Russian President Vladimir Putin, Tajik President Emomali Rahmon, and Armenian President Armen Sarkissian.

Transportation.

On 27 December 2017, it was announced about the finalising of the development of a comprehensive transport service plan for the competition, based on the needs of all stakeholders and the experience of the previous Olympic and European Games host cities: Beijing, London, Baku. The main goal of the developed plan is to optimise the routes in such a way that any participant can get to any stadium in no more than half an hour. Rail services between Masyukovshchina (Minsk-Arena), Belarus (regatta course Zaslawye) and Loshitsa (Čyžoŭka-Arena) will operate with higher frequency during the event. In addition, the existing bus network will be expanded by 10 to 12 new routes to the competition sites, which will run up to 300 buses and trolleybuses.  In August 2018, new digital information boards were unveiled in order to improve the public transport network for foreign visitors. Valery Shkuratov, the director of Metropolitan Transport and Communications (the firm which manage the transit systems in the city), said that more than 270 displays had already been installed.  In October 2018, it was announced that the Minsk metro would have full 4G coverage by the time the Games began. The next month, fourteen taxi companies in Minsk as well as several governmental and administrational departments signed a memorandum of understanding to guarantee fair prices during the Games. In March 2019, it was announced that the taxis adhering to the scheme would carry a logo to enable customers to identify them.

Venues.

The Organising committee plans to involve already existed sports facilities after their renovation. The Opening and closing ceremonies, as well as competitions in track and field, will be held at the Dinamo Stadium (Minsk, Kirov, 8).  Athletes, team officials and other team personnel will stay on the grounds of Minsk University, which has the capacity to host up to 7,500 people. The students have been evicted for the duration of the Games and given alternative accommodation. Part of the village facilities has already been put into operation, part of it will be completed by April 2019. Each apartment has two bedrooms and can hold up to 4 people. The village also has a canteen, gym, merchandise store and cultural centre.

Participating countries.

Fifty European Olympic Committees member countries competed at the games. Numbers in brackets denote the number of athletes being sent to the Games.

Games.

A total of 15 sports will be presented: archery, athletics, badminton, basketball 3-on-3, beach football, boxing, canoe sprint, cycling, gymnastics, judo, karate, sambo, shooting, table tennis and wrestling. A number of disciplines were dropped after the 2015 European Games: all aquatics (diving, swimming, synchronised swimming and water polo), BMX racing, mountain biking, fencing, taekwondo, triathlon and all volleyball (beach volleyball and indoor volleyball). Ten of the sports will offer qualification opportunities for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.

Calendar.

The competition schedule consists of 200 events. The agenda as the competition schedule may change.

Archery.

At the 2019 European Games in Minsk, eight events of archery will be contested. Archers will shoot at the Olympic Sports Complex over seven days of competition. The 2019 Games will be the first to include compound archery.

Athletics.

Athletics competitions will held be from 23 to 28 June at the Dinamo Stadium with a seating capacity of 22,000. Athletes will compete over six days in men's, women's and mixed track and fields events.

Badminton.

Badminton competition will take place at the Falcon Club with a seating capacity of 2,000 from 24 to 30 June. The competition will be held over a seven-day period and include five medal events in men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles and mixed.

Basketball 3x3.

Basketball competitions will be held from 21 to 24 June at the Palova Arena with a seating capacity of 1,000. The competition will take place in the half-court 3x3 format, and both the men's and women's tournaments will feature 128 athletes.

Beach soccer.

The beach soccer tournament will be held from 25 to 29 June at the Olympic Sports Complex with a seating capacity of 1,500. Ninety-six male athletes will compete over five days of competition.

Boxing.

Boxing competitions will be held from 21 to 30 June at the URUCHIE Sports Palace. The competition consists ten weights events for men and five for women.

Canoe sprint.

Canoeing will be contested between 25 and 27 June at the ZASLAVL Regatta Course. A total of sixteen medal events in canoe and kayak across both genders will be held. The European Games will replace the 2019 Canoe Sprint European Championships. Therefore, the winners of each discipline will be considered as European Champion 2019.

Cycling.

Two disciplines of cycling will be contested at the games: road cycling and track cycling. A total of 24 medal events will be held. Competitions on-road cycling will take place in Minsk city and region from 22 to 25 June. Competitions on track cycling will take place at Minsk Arena velodrome from 27 to 30 June. Road cycling will take place in Minsk City centre.

Gymnastics.

Gymnastics at the games will be held in five categories: artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, trampolining, acrobatics, and aerobics. All competitions will take place at the Minsk-Arena with a seating capacity of 8,000. The acrobatics competitions will take place from 22 to 23 June. The competition will be held over a two-day period and include six medal events in women's trios and mixed pairs. Competitions on aerobics will take place from 24 to 25 June. The competition will be held over a two-day period and include two medal events in mixed pairs and teams. The gymnastic trampoline competitions will take place from 24 to 25 June. The competition will be held over a two-day period and include four medal events. The artistic gymnastics will take place from 27 to 30 June. The competition will be held over a four-day period and include twelve medal events. The rhythmic gymnastics will take place from 22 to 23 June. The competition will be held over a two-day period and include eight medal events.

Judo.

Judo competitions will be held from 22 to 25 June at the Čyžoŭka-Arena with a seating capacity of 8,800. The competition will consist of seven weight events and one team event in each gender; a total of 15 medal events. The European Games will replace the Judo European Championship.

Karate.

Karate competitions will be held from 29 to 30 June at the Čyžoŭka-Arena with a seating capacity of 8,800. The competition will consist of twelve events, six in each gender—individual Kata and ten weighted Kumite.

Sambo.

Sambo competitions will take place at the Minsk Sports Palace from 22 to 23 June and will consist of 18 events, nine in each gender.

Shooting.

Shooting at the games will be held in two categories: shooting rifle and pistol and shooting shotgun. Competitions on shooting rifle and pistol will take place at the Shooting Center from 22 to 29 June. Competitions on shooting shotgun will take place at the Sporting Club from 22 to 28 June. In total, the competition will be held over an eight-day period and include nineteen medal events.

Table tennis.

Table tennis will take place from 22 to 29 June at Tennis Olympic Center with a seating capacity of 1,000. Athletes will compete in five events.

Wrestling.

The wrestling events will be held at the Minsk Sports Palace with a seating capacity 3,300 from 25 to 30 June. 18 events will be held, six events in freestyle for men, six events for women, and six in the Greco-Roman style for men.

Marketing.

Logo.

The prototype for creating the 2nd European Games' logo in Minsk was the Kupala fire and "paparat-kvetka", which plays an important role in the Slavic culture. According to legend, "paparat-kvetka" blossoms once a year at midnight on Kupala Night. Anyone who sees this flowering will become the owner of unusual abilities and talents.

Mascot.

In autumn of 2017, an open republican contest for the development of the mascot of the European Games was announced. Anyone could take part in the competition. Over 2,000 variants were collected from professionals and amateurs. The public presentation of the winning version took place in Minsk on 29 November 2018. The mascot chosen was a baby fox named "Lesik" who wears a shirt and shorts with the colours of the games' logo and wears shoes and a baseball hat with the games' slogan.  Lesik's story is based after The Little Prince, when after the Little Prince leaves Earth, Lesik the Fox misses his new friend and wants to make more. He learns of a legendary flower called the Paparats Kvetka which can help his dream come true, but he needs to travel 1 million steps to Belarus to find it. He represents friendship, development, harmony, discipline, determination, cheerfulness, invincibility and vigour, according to the mascot's creators.

Slogan.

The slogan of the event is "Bright Year, Bright You!", which also successfully points to the national domain of the Republic of Belarus and the official international abbreviation BY. The Belarusian equivalent of the slogan is the phrase "Час яскравых перамог!", and the Russian is "Время ярких побед!".

Torch relay.

The torch relay "Flame of Peace" was planned for before the games. In addition to traditional running with a torch, there were also creative performances organised along the route. The torch relay will last for 50 days and will cover 7,700 km. The relay will include 450 torchbearers, 100 volunteers and 10 flame keepers. The torch relay will begin on 3 May in Rome.  The torch itself was designed by Yulia Braychuk, weighs 1.7 kg and is 81 cm tall. It is made from stainless steel and can be attached to a bike or wheelchair.

Promotion.

Selfie contest.

The deadline for submitting the selfie photos was October 2018. The criteria for evaluating photos include compliance with the theme and conditions of the contest, as well as artistic taste and originality. The final results were to be announced in late December 2018; however, the competition was extended to the 31 December. It was then later announced that the deadline would be extended again to the 25 February 2019.  The winners were awarded diplomas from Belteleradiocompany, as well as sets of tickets for the events of the European Games in Minsk and the official gear of the National Team of the Republic of Belarus. It happened on 21 June, nearly 30 minutes prior to Opening Ceremony of the Games.

Sponsors.

Sponsorship was approved as one of the sources to reduce the number of budgetary funds for the games according to the decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus of 12 May 2017 «On the Directorate of the second European Games 2019». On 15 December 2017, the official sponsor of the games became the operator of electronic interactive games «Sport Pari». On 22 December 2017, it was announced that the telecommunication operator velcom is the official telecommunication partner of the 2nd European Games of 2019.  In March 2019, the Games' Organising Committee signed a memorandum of understanding with UNAIDS to strengthen co-operation in promoting safe lifestyles, preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS and eliminating discrimination around the infection.

Stamps.

On 1 February 2019, Belposhta, the Belarussian postal service, released the official stamps for the Games. The four designs depict a cyclist, a runner, a rower and a dancer and were designed by Marina Vitkovskaya, with 120,000 sets being printed. There was an official cancellation ceremony in Minsk City Hall on the day of release.

Broadcasting rights.

In February 2019, International Sports Broadcasting, a Spanish firm, was chosen as the host broadcaster for the Games, beating Match TV and Medialuso-Mediapro. The company had previously broadcast the 1st European Games in Baku. In March 2019, ISB was allowed to sell global broadcasting rights for the Games, with around 117 countries that have already been granted viewing rights. ISB and the Games' organisers have expressed that they hope to broadcast to more than 160 countries.

Cultural Program.

The European Games featured a cultural program that included historical European martial arts. The program consisted of a tournament with 28 unique nations from 3 continents competing in 4 different weapon categories. Also, there was an exhibition of rare, original swords, fencing treatises, and martial arts paraphernalia from the 15th through the early 20th centuries. The exhibition also featured a conference of lectures and presentations from scholars on historical martial arts on 21 June 2019.

Art exhibition.

On 7 June 2019, an exhibition celebrating the Games and its cultural legacy called "The High Art of Sport", opened at the National Centre for Contemporary Arts in Minsk. The exhibition contained more than 500 items, including materials from the Belarusian State Archive and works from artists from 11 of the competing countries. It was to be run until 4 August.

The 2nd European Games 2019 (, "Yewrapyeyskiya hul’ni 2019";, "Yevropeyskiye igry 2019") was held in Minsk, Belarus, from 21 June to 30 June 2019. The games featured 200 events in 15 sports (23 disciplines). Around 4,000 athletes from 50 countries participated. Ten of the sports offered qualification opportunities for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. The opening ceremony at the Dinamo Stadium was held on 21 June and the closing ceremony at the Dinamo Stadium was held on 30 June.

2019年欧洲运动会(,)为第二届欧洲运动会,是欧洲运动员的综合运动会。于2019年6月21日至30日在白俄罗斯明斯克举行,主办权最初由荷兰取得,后改为俄罗斯。荷兰由于成本考虑及缺乏支持而放弃主办,而原本接棒主办的俄罗斯,则因该国的禁药问题而被国际奥林匹克委员会规定不得主办大型国际赛事而放弃主办资格。最后于2016年10月21日,欧洲奥林匹克委员会宣布由白俄罗斯的明斯克作为2019年的主办城市。


History.

1990s.

Fosun Group was founded in 1992 as the Guangxin Technology Development Company by five graduates of Fudan University in Shanghai: Guo Guangchang, Liang Xinjun, Wang Qunbin (), Fan Wei (), and Tan Jian (). Fosun started its business by doing market research. The major holding company of the group, Fosun Pharmaceutical Company, was incorporated in 1994 in mainland China. The company specialized in producing medication for Hepatitis A, which occurs often in China. Then Fosun extended its business into the healthcare industry, real estate, etc.

2000s.

In 2004, a new holding company of the group, Fosun International Limited was incorporated in Hong Kong. In July 2007, Fosun International was listed on the main board of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong as SEHK:656.

2010s.

During 2011, the three major growth engines of Fosun, industrial profits, investment profits and asset management profits rose rapidly, enabling Fosun to make strides toward its vision of becoming "a premium investment group with a focus on China's growth momentum".  From 2010 through 2015, Fosun spent billions buying foreign firms in the healthcare, tourism, fashion, and banking industries in the US and Europe. These included France's Club Med, Britain's Thomas Cook Group, Canada's Cirque du Soleil, American clothing label St John, and Greek jeweler Folli Follie. At the end of 2014 Fosun acquired the US insurer Meadowbrook for around $433 million, marking the first full purchase of a US insurer by a Chinese company. Fosun also purchased Australian oil company Roc Oil, its first acquisition in the petroleum industry.  On 11 December 2015, the chairman of Fosun, Guo Guangchang, was reported missing. Guo however reappeared on 14 December 2015 at a Fosun board of directors meeting. During his disappearance, Fosun requested that trading of shares be temporarily suspended. The Fosun board of directors issued a statement saying that Guo was assisting in a government inquiry which, in their opinion, did not present a “material adverse impact” on Fosun's finances or operations.  On 21 July 2016, it was confirmed that Fosun had bought the English football club Wolverhampton Wanderers from its previous owner Steve Morgan for an estimated £45 million. Under Fosun's ownership, Wolves have progressed from being a mid table side in the Football League Championship (second tier of English football) to finishing seventh in the FA Premier League, reaching an FA Cup semi-final and qualifying for European competition.  In 2016 Fosun began to invest in India. “Delhivery” was one such investment made in 2017, in addition to previous investments in MakeMyTrip, India's largest online travel company and Gland Pharma. Fosun is also involved in the Indian real estate market.  On 28 August 2019, Thomas Cook Group announced that the group "had agreed the main terms of a rescue package that will see Hong Kong’s Fosun Tourism take over its tour operations and creditor banks and bondholders acquire its airline"  In early November 2019, Fosun said it would purchase the Thomas Cook brand for £11m. The company viewed itself as a "potential saviour" by purchasing the name.

Response to COVID-19 pandemic.

During the coronavirus pandemic of 2020, Fosun Pharmaceuticals partnered with German biotech firm Biopharmaceutical New Technologies, (BioNTech) to work on and distribute an experimental coronavirus vaccine. Once approved, Fosun will market the vaccine in China, and BioNTech will retain the rights to sell it internationally.  Fosun was part of an alliance of Chinese companies that donated medical supplies to 23 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.  In March 2020, Fosun brought medical supplies to Milan, Italy, including 5,500 protective suits and 40,000 N95 respirator masks together with the Longfor Group and Beijing Taikiang Yicai Foundation. This donation was in addition to 5,000 masks that had been donated to Milan’s municipal government earlier by Fosun.  Fosun launched the Global anti-Virus Relief Scheme which created a forum for China, the US, the UK, and Portugal to share information and experience about COVID-19 in early March 2020. Several companies have also joined the effort, including Baidu, New Oriental, Xiaomi and Sequoia Capital. Fosun has distributed close to 4 million units of medical supplies around the world, including surgical masks, protective suits, and diagnostic reagents.  Fosun donated medical protection supplies to South Korea in two shipments in March, 36,000 early in the month and additional 22,000 later in the month. The company also donated supplies to the UK, Japan and India.  At the end of March 2020, the Chinese National Medical Products Administration gave Fosun Pharmaceutical emergency approval for the use of a novel coronavirus nucleic acid detection kit that it developed.  Fosun, Haitong Securities, and the Portuguese football agency Gestifute brought 461 kilos representing 58,400 units of medical supplies to Shanghai’s sister city in Portugal, Porto at the end of March 2020.  Fosun delivered medical supplies in several shipments during March 2020 to the city of Wolverhampton, UK, the home of the Wolves football team, which is owned by Fosun.  The company donated N95 masks to New York’s NYU Langone Medical Center and Mount Sinai Hospital as well as similar donations to hospitals in Chicago, Boston, New Jersey, California and elsewhere in the United States. The Coalition of Asian-American IPA (CAIPA) accepted 7,000 N95 masks from Fosun, and then distributed them to hospitals throughout the New York area during March 2020.

Business Structure.

Fosun has a wide array of business activities, including investing in other firms, managing a number of private equity funds, and entering joint ventures.

Equity Investments.

Fosun has invested in a number of businesses throughout different sectors, such as asset management, insurance, and industrial operations.

Shareholders.

The major shareholder of Fosun International was a Hong Kong incorporated company Fosun Holdings, which was a wholly owned subsidiary of British Virgin Islands incorporated company Fosun International Holdings. Three founders of Fosun International, Guo Guangchang, Liang Xinjun and Wang Qunbin, owned 64.45%, 24.44% and 11.11% respectively in Fosun International Holdings. Fan Wei, another founder, withdrew his stake in Fosun International Holdings in September 2015.

Fosun International Limited is a Chinese conglomerate and investment company. Founded in 1992 by Guo Guangchang and four others, the company is headquartered in Shanghai and was incorporated in Hong Kong in 2004. Its Co-CEOs are Xu Xiaoliang and Chen Quiyu. Wang Qunbin joined Guo Guangchang as Co-Chairman in early 2020. The company is located in 16 countries and is one of the largest privately owned conglomerates in China. It was ranked 416th on the Forbes Global 2000 ranking in 2018.

复星国际有限公司 (),简称复星或复星国际,是中国大陆最大的民营综合企业控股公司之一。前身是复星集团,是由四位复旦大学的毕业生-郭广昌、梁信军、汪群斌、和范伟等共同创建于1992年,是中国大陆的市场经济改革中涌现出的代表企业之一,公司总部位于上海,但注册地在香港,所以有「上海和黄」的称号。旗下有多家子公司,如复星医药、上海复地等。


Club career.

Early career.

Henry's parents, Beverly and Menocal Henry, moved to Canada from Jamaica. He started playing soccer when he was ten and played youth soccer with the Brampton Youth Soccer Club and North Mississauga.

Toronto FC.

Henry joined the Toronto FC Academy in November 2008, and captained the team through two seasons in the Canadian Soccer League in 2009 and 2010.  He appeared for Toronto FC in the 2010 Nutrilite Canadian Championship against the Vancouver Whitecaps and a 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League Qualifying match against Motagua. He also made his MLS debut and played in another 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League Match against Árabe Unido<ref name="Doneil Henry » CONCACAF Champions League 2010/2011"></ref> during the 2010 season. He also played in an international friendly against Bolton Wanderers. He signed with Toronto FC on August 26, 2010 becoming the first TFC Academy player to sign for the first team.  On June 15, 2011, in a 0–0 away draw against New England Revolution, Henry drew high praise from Taylor Twellman who was commentating on the game. After coming on for Richard Eckersley in the second half against Real Salt Lake on April 28, 2012, he scored his first goal for Toronto in the 77th minute in a 3–2 away defeat. On August 21, the club announced that it had re-signed him to a long term deal. During the 2011–12 CONCACAF Champions League, he made four appearances during the 2011 season and an appearance during the 2012 season.<ref name="Doneil Henry » CONCACAF Champions League 2011/2012"></ref> He also made two appearances in the 2012–13 CONCACAF Champions League during the 2012 season.<ref name="Doneil Henry » CONCACAF Champions League 2012/2013"></ref>  Henry scored his second goal for Toronto outside the penalty box in a 2–0 home victory over rival Montreal Impact in the Canadian Championship on April 24, 2013. Prior to the 2014 season he spent some time training with Premier League side West Ham United. After scoring mid-week in the Canadian Championship against Montreal Impact he scored the 92nd minute game winner against Columbus Crew in a 3–2 home victory May 31, 2014.

Apollon Limassol.

In October 2014, it was officially announced that Henry had been sold to 2014–15 UEFA Europa League and Cypriot First Division participants Apollon Limassol, for an undisclosed fee in April 2014 prior to the commencement of the 2014 MLS season. Representatives from Toronto FC confirmed that the deal has a sell on clause and that they intended to enter into talks with Henry and Apollon Limassol with the hope of keeping the player on loan again for the 2015 MLS season.

West Ham United.

Having previously had two training stints with West Ham in the Premier League after the player was recommended to manager Sam Allardyce by Ryan Nelsen, Henry signed for the club on January 3, 2015 on a "long term" contract for an undisclosed fee. He made his West Ham debut on August 6, 2015 in a 2–1 away defeat to Romanian side FC Astra in the Europa League qualifying stages. His team was eliminated as a result of the defeat. This was his only appearance and he left the club in December 2017 when his contract was cancelled by mutual consent.

Loans to Blackburn Rovers.

On March 4, Henry was loaned by West Ham to Blackburn Rovers in the Football League Championship, on a one-month loan. He made his debut on the same day against Sheffield Wednesday, a 2–1 win for Rovers, a performance described by Rovers' manager, Gary Bowyer as "magnificent". In his second match for Blackburn on March 11, he got an assist in a 94th-minute goal from Jordan Rhodes to give them a 1–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers. In his third game for Blackburn, a 3–1 away win against Charlton Athletic, he sustained a hamstring injury which manager Bowyer said would mean the end of the season for Henry. With his loan cut short, he returned to West Ham United. He returned to Blackburn on loan on November 24, 2015.

Loan to AC Horsens.

On August 31, 2016, Henry was loaned by West Ham to Danish Superliga club AC Horsens for half a season. On October 23 Henry started his first game in the starting line-up, against Randers FC. The game resulted in a clean sheet and 1-0 victory for Horsens and Henry. In Henry's second start with Horsens, he suffered an ACL tear, which would end his season. He went back to West Ham in start of January 2017.

Vancouver Whitecaps FC.

On December 22, 2017, Henry was signed by Vancouver Whitecaps FC. On April 25, 2018 Henry was loaned to United Soccer League club Ottawa Fury until the end of May. According to Vancouver Whitecaps FC head coach Carl Robinson, the goal of the loan was to help Henry reach full fitness by getting competitive match time. Henry made three appearances for Ottawa, all of which were clean sheets, but was forced to sit out the last two games of his loan, one due to bronchitis and one due to fatigue. On May 29, he was reported to have returned to Vancouver. Henry would make his Whitecaps debut in June 2018, shortly after returning from Ottawa Fury on loan.  He scored his first league goal for Vancouver against Minnesota United in Vancouver's 2019 MLS season opener on March 2.

Suwon Samsung Bluewings.

On November 20, 2019, Henry was transferred to South Korean K League side Suwon Samsung Bluewings for an undisclosed fee.

International career.

Henry played three matches for the Canada U-20 men's national soccer team.  He was selected for the Canada U23 roster to partake in the 2012 CONCACAF Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournament. After sitting out the first game he started and scored the opening goal against the United States U23, the match ended in a 2–0 victory for Canada.  Henry earned his first cap for Canada's senior team August 15, 2012 in a friendly against Trinidad and Tobago. He started the match before being subbed out at halftime for Pedro Pacheco, the game ended in a 2–0 victory. On December 10, 2012 he was awarded the 2012 Canadian U-20 Player of the Year, receiving 37.8% of the vote and just beating out Samuel Piette for the award.  On June 27, 2013 Henry was listed as a part of the confirmed 23-man squad for Colin Miller's Canada squad for 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup.  Henry was named to the squad for the 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup on May 30, 2019.  Henry scored his first goal for Canada on September 7, 2019 against Cuba in a CONCACAF Nations League match.

Doneil Jor-Dee Ashley Henry (born April 20, 1993) is a Canadian professional soccer player who plays as a centre-back for South Korean club Suwon Samsung Bluewings and the Canadian national team.

多尼尔·亨利(英语:Doneil Jor-Dee Ashley Henry,1993年-4月20日)是一名加拿大职业足球员,司职后卫,现时效力韩国K联赛1球会水原三星蓝翼。


2017年世界花式滑冰锦标赛

Venues.

Hartwall Arena's main arena, with an ice surface measuring 60 m x 30 m, was used for all competitions and several practice sessions. The rest of the practice sessions took place at Hartwall Arena's practice rink (58 m x 28 m) and Pirkkola ice rink (for pairs, 60 m x 30 m). Hartwall Arena's main rink and practice rink facilities are in the same venue. Pirkkola practice rink is about four kilometres from Hartwall Arena.

Records.

The following new ISU best scores were set during this competition:

Qualification.

Minimum TES.

Participants were required to have attained minimum technical element scores at an earlier senior international competition. The scores had to be obtained at least 21 days before the first official practice day of the championships.

Number of entries per discipline.

Based on the results of the 2016 World Championships, each ISU member nation was allowed to field one to three entries per discipline.

Entries.

Countries began publishing their selections as early as December 2016. The International Skating Union published a complete list on 9 March 2017.

Results.

Men.

Yuzuru Hanyu set a new world record for the free skating (223.20 points).

Ladies.

Evgenia Medvedeva set a new world record for the free skating (154.40 points) and for the combined total (233.41 points).

Ice dancing.

Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir set a new world record for the short dance (82.43 points) and for the combined total (198.62 points). Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron set a new world record for the free dance (119.15 points).

Medals summary.

Medalists.

Medals for overall placement: Small medals for placement in the short segment: Small medals for placement in the free segment:

By country.

Table of medals for overall placement: Table of small medals for placement in the short segment: Table of small medals for placement in the free segment:

The 2017 World Figure Skating Championships were held 29 March – 2 April 2017 in Helsinki, Finland. The host was named in June 2014. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pairs, and ice dancing. The event also determined the number of entries for each country at the 2018 World Championships and the 2018 Winter Olympics.

2017年世界花式滑冰锦标赛(英语:2017 World Figure Skating Championships)于2017年3月29日至4月2日在芬兰哈特瓦尔体育馆举行。


History.

This star's high proper motion was first documented by Benjamin Gould in 1885. At that time the star was identified as Cordoba Z.C. 23h 1584. As it lies very close to the origin of the astronomical right ascension coordinates during the 1950 epoch, it became the first star in both the Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars and the Luyten Half-Second star catalogues.

Properties.

The stellar classification of this star has been rated from M1.5V to M4.0V by various sources. Gliese 1 is estimated to have 45–48% of the Sun's mass and 46–48% of the Sun's radius.  This star is suspected of being a BY Draconis-type variable star with the provisional variable star designation "NSV 15017". It is also suspected of being a flare star. Like other flare stars, it emits X-rays. The temperatures of the layers of the atmosphere of this star have been measured.  This star has been examined for an orbiting companion using speckle interferometry in the near infrared part of the spectrum. However, no companion was found to a magnitude limit of 10.5 at 1 AU from the primary, out to a magnitude limit of 12.5 at 10 AU. Radial velocity measurements have likewise failed to reveal the presence of a companion orbiting this star. This search excludes a planet with a few Earth masses orbiting in the habitable zone, or a Jupiter-mass planet orbiting at a radius of 1 AU or less. The radial velocity shows little or no variability, with a measurement precision of less than 20 m/s.  The space velocity components of this star are U = +77.2, V = -99.5 and W = -35.6 km/s. It is orbiting through the Milky Way galaxy with an orbital eccentricity of 0.45, and a distance from the galactic core that varies from 3,510 to 9,150 parsecs. By comparison, the Sun is currently 8,500 parsecs from the core. Stars with high peculiar velocities are termed runaway stars. This star has a high peculiar velocity of 111.3 km/s, and the velocity vector for this star may link it with the Tucana-Horologium and/or the AB Doradus stellar associations.

Gliese 1 is a red dwarf in the constellation Sculptor, which is found in the southern celestial hemisphere. It is one of the closest stars to the Sun, at a distance of 14.2 light years. Because of its proximity to the Earth it is a frequent object of study and much is known about its physical properties and composition. However, with an apparent magnitude of about 8.5 it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye.

格利泽1"(Gliese-Jahreiss 1或GJ 1)"是在南半球玉夫座内的一颗红矮星。它是最靠近太阳的恒星之一,距离大约是14.2光年。但是它的视星等只有8.5等,因为太暗必须借助于望远镜才能看见


History.

On 13 December 1899, Alfred Edwards and others founded the "Milan Cricket and Football Club". Edwards, a former British vice-consul in Milan and a well-known personality of the Milanese high society, was the club's first elected president. Initially, the team included a cricket section, managed by Edward Berra, and a football section managed by David Allison. The Milan team soon gained relevant notability under Herbert Kilpin's guide. The first trophy to be won was the "Medaglia del Re" ("King's Medal") in January 1900, and the team later won three national leagues, in 1901, 1906 and 1907. The triumph of 1901 was particularly relevant because it ended the consecutive series of wins of Genoa, which had been the only team to have won the title prior to 1901. On 9 March 1908, issues over the signing of foreign players led to a split and the foundation of "Football Club Internazionale".  The first derby match between the two Milanese rivals was held in the final of the Chiasso Cup of 1908, a football tournament played in Canton Ticino, Switzerland, on 18 October of that year; the "Rossoneri" won 2–1. While Inter and Milan faced each other sporadically in the early years, the rivalry has been renewed annually since the inaugural 1926-27 season of the Divisione Nazionale, the first truly national Italian league. The two teams have played each other at least twice a year since then.  In the 1960s, the Milan derby saw two big stars of Italian football come face-to-face. One of the most representative players of Inter was Sandro Mazzola, the son of former Torino player Valentino Mazzola who, along with most of his Torino teammates, died in the 1949 Superga air disaster after dominating Serie A for four seasons. His Milan counterpart was Gianni Rivera, nicknamed "Golden Boy" for his talent. This era saw brilliant derby matches and an increasing rivalry: while Milan won the European Cup in 1962–63, Inter followed with back-to-back success in the following years. Milan again won the title in 1968–69. During this successful period for both teams, Milan were coached by Nereo Rocco and Inter by Helenio Herrera, both coaching many notable players. The rivalry continued on the Italian national team, where two players from their respective clubs would often not play together, with one usually being substituted by the other at half-time. Rivera ended up losing the starting line-up to Mazzola in the 1970 final against Brazil, in which Italy was defeated 1–4 by the South Americans. He would later enter in the 84th minute after Italy were already far behind.  Arguably Milan's greatest-ever era took place during the late 1980s and had extended through to the mid-2000s. Often hailed as the greatest-ever Milan side, the team stemming from the 1989 European champions managed by Arrigo Sacchi, contained legendary Milan players, Marco van Basten, Ruud Gullit, Frank Rijkaard and Paolo Maldini, amongst others. Milan's dominance, both domestically and internationally, had seen them capture four league titles and three European Cups (finishing runners-up two additional times) between 1989 and 1996. During this time, Inter had gone on to finish runners-up in the 1992–93 season (behind Milan) and won two UEFA Cups.  Inter's long wait for a league title that began after 1989 finally arrived in 2006, when the "Calciopoli" scandal stripped Juventus of the 2005–06 title (as well as deducting points from Milan's final overall total) and handed it to the Inter, who were placed third behind both Juventus and Milan. This was seen as a controversial decision by many, as even though the title won the previous season by Juventus was also stripped, it was left un-awarded, which many felt should have also been the case with the 2005–06 title. Inter went on to win the 2006–07 Serie A title as well in a season that saw Juventus relegated from the top division, and Milan, as punishment, starting the season with negative points. Inter's triumphant campaign included a record-breaking run of 17 consecutive victories and victories in both fixtures against Milan. During the same season, however, Milan had captured their seventh European Cup/ UEFA Champions League, defeating Liverpool in the Final in Athens. As the Italian league recovered from the aftermath of the match-fixing scandal, Inter continued to dominate, winning each league up until the 2009–10 season in which they secured the title on the last day of the season. That season had also seen Inter become the first Italian side to win a treble. In addition to their league title, Inter had secured the Coppa Italia and their first Champions League title since 1965. The following season, however, Milan, with the acquisition of several players that included former Inter striker Zlatan Ibrahimović, recaptured the "Scudetto", their 18th overall, leading the league standings from as early as November until the end of the season. That season also saw Milan win both derby matches, keeping clean sheets in both fixtures.  Since 2011-12, both Milan teams have lagged behind Juventus in Serie A, with a disappointing ninth-place finish for Inter in 2012–13 and a difficult campaign for Milan in 2014–15, finishing tenth. Despite this, Inter have been the better of the two in derby matches, with ten wins, six draws and four losses (including one in the 2011 Supercoppa Italiana and one in the 2017–18 Coppa Italia).

Official match results.

The 2002–03 UEFA Champions League semi-final tie was won by Milan on away goals rule.<br>

Statistics.

Top goalscorers.

Below is the list of players who have scored at least six goals in official meetings.

Most appearances.

Below is the list of players who have played at least thirty games in official meetings.

Head-to-head ranking in Serie A (1930–2019).

• Total: Milan with 41 higher finishes, Inter with 45 higher finishes (as of the end of the 2018–19 season).  Notes:

Players who played for both clubs.

Note: Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only.

The Derby della Madonnina, also known as the Derby di Milano (Milan Derby, in English), is a derby football match between the two prominent Milanese clubs, Internazionale and A.C. Milan. It is called "Derby della Madonnina" in honour of one of the main sights in the city of Milan, the statue of the Virgin Mary on the top of the Duomo, which is often referred to as the "Madonnina" ("Little Madonna" in Italian).

米兰德比(),亦称圣母德比(),是意大利米兰是的两家足球俱乐部AC米兰和国际米兰的同城德比。米兰德比被视为世界上最为激烈的足球同城德比之一。其在每年的意大利足球甲级联赛中上演两次,在意大利杯和欧洲冠军联赛的赛事中也会偶尔出现。“圣母德比”中的圣母指的是米兰大教堂中的。


Early life.

Russell was born on May 25, 1963 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, to Clyde E. "Gene" Russell and Donna J. Porter Russell. Russell grew up in Del City, Oklahoma. The youngest of three, Russell nearly died at birth due to an opposite blood type with his mother. After weeks of intensive care, he recovered and would face several other brushes with death. At the age of seven, Russell was nearly killed by the deadly tornado that hit near Lake Eufaula, Oklahoma on June 11, 1970 while visiting his grandparents. Later that year, Russell nearly died from a ruptured appendix and underwent two surgeries with weeks of intensive care at Midwest City Hospital.  Russell attended school at Del City Elementary and Kerr Junior High. He became a Christian reading a Gideon's New Testament he picked up at Kerr in 1977. In 1980, Russell was an exchange student to Germany, living in Kasseedorf near Eutin in Schleswig-Holstein. Graduating from Del City High School in 1981, Russell was President of his senior class and voted most likely to succeed. After earning a four-year Army ROTC scholarship, Russell attended Ouachita Baptist University in Arkadelphia, Arkansas. After graduating with a degree in Public Speaking, Russell was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army infantry.

Military career.

Receiving his Infantry training at Fort Benning, Georgia, Russell married Cindy Myers, whom he met at Ouachita, on December 21, 1985. Russell would graduate from the U.S. Army Infantry Officers' Basic Course, Airborne School, Mortar School and a year later from the U.S. Army Ranger School in Class 11–87.  Russell served 21 years in airborne, light and mechanized assignments in the Arctic, the desert, the Pacific, in Europe and in the Continental United States. He served more than seven years overseas and deployed operationally to Kosovo, Kuwait, Afghanistan and Iraq.  During Operation Iraqi Freedom, Russell commanded the 1st Battalion, 22nd Infantry 'Regulars' and conducted combat in Tikrit, Iraq from the spring of 2003 to the spring of 2004. His task force was a part of Colonel James Hickey's 1st Brigade, 4th Infantry Division. Russell's battalion was broadly covered during the first year of the war by CNN, Fox News Channel, ABC, NBC, CBS, "TIME", Associated Press and Reuters. His unit was a central player in the hunt and capture of Saddam Hussein and has been featured in the Discovery Channel's "Ace in the Hole" and BBC Panorama's 'Saddam on the Run' documentaries. Russell has also been featured in a documentary highlighting his military life and political transition in the American Patriots Unsung series called 'Sacred Honor.'  Russell is highly decorated, having received the Legion of Merit, the Bronze Star Medal with Valor Device and Oak Leaf Cluster, the Combat Infantryman's Badge and his unit in Iraq was awarded the Valorous Unit Award for its role in the hunt and capture of Saddam Hussein.  Russell continued in command of the 1st Battalion, 22nd Infantry until June, 2005, when he was selected to become the Chief of Tactics at the US Army Infantry School at Ft. Benning, GA. Turning down a Queen's University Fellowship to Kingston, Canada for the U.S. Army War College and promotion to colonel, Russell retired as a lieutenant colonel in 2006. He returned to Oklahoma with his wife and five children.

Post-military career.

Russell began an active veterans advocacy career upon retirement and worked closely with other veterans to bolster the soldiers voice in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. He formed Vets for Victory with several decorated warriors holding rallies in several states to embolden the public to support the troops. Russell also toured the country with many distinguished and highly decorated veterans such as David Bellavia, author of "House to House"; Marcus Luttrell, author of "Lone Survivor"; Jeremiah Workman, author of "Shadow of the Sword"; and Sean Parnell, author of "Outlaw Platoon".  As a motivational speaker, Russell embarked on a successful speaking career in hundreds of cities since 2007. He has been featured as a keynote speaker at such notable events as the Ring Banquet at the U.S. Air Force Academy and was honored as the Paul R. Smith Award recipient for his distinguished service in Iraq at the American Veterans Center 15th Annual Awards Gala in 2012. He is managed by Premiere Speakers Bureau of Franklin, Tennessee.  Russell has also been a successful writer and author. His opinion pieces have appeared in many major publications, and he is the author of "We Got Him!: A Memoir of the Hunt and Capture of Saddam Hussein", published by Simon & Schuster in December 2011. An earlier version of the work was published by Deeds Publishing that year. The book has received critical acclaim for its vivid portrayal of combat and the events surrounding the hunt for the Iraqi dictator and his capture. It received numerous endorsements to include General Tommy Franks and the foreword was written by General Ray Odierno.  Russell also has appeared on many national television and radio shows as a military and foreign affairs commentator. In addition, he has made appearances on Spike TV's "Deadliest Warrior" and four episodes of Outdoor Channel's "Gun Stories".  Russell is also the owner and founder of Two Rivers Arms, a small rifle manufacturing business that makes copies of the Iraqi Tabuk AK-47 and Iraqi Tabuk Sniper Rifle. The company built half a dozen special Iraqi rifle replicas for Clint Eastwood's film "American Sniper".

Political career.

Russell began his service to the public in 2008 when he defeated four opponents in one of the most contested races in the Oklahoma State Senate that year. Russell won the initial Republican primary with 42% of the vote, leading by 15 points. He won the Republican run off with 67% of the vote.  As a state senator Russell authored the Soldiers Relief Act that made Oklahoma’s serving military tax exempt, affecting over 50,000 soldiers and their families. He also authored the Soldiers Credentialing Act, a law allowing credit for soldiers skills through direct certification rather than additional schooling allowing them to quickly enter the work force. Additionally, Russell authored a number of bills that became law related to the 2nd Amendment. Shortly after the publication of his book, Russell announced he would not seek reelection and he decided to focus on his business, public speaking and veterans advocacy.  In January 2014, Russell announced he would seek the seat of the United States House of Representatives in, which was being vacated by James Lankford in his US Senate bid. On June 24, 2014, Russell led the field in the six-way Republican Primary. On Tuesday, August 26, 2014, Russell won the run-off despite being heavily outspent to win the Republican nomination. On November 4, 2014, Russell was elected to Congress with 60.1% of the vote, defeating Democratic State Senator Al McCaffrey and three Independent candidates, Buddy Ray, Tom Boggs and Robert Murphy.  On June 28, 2016, Russell won the Republican Primary in his bid for re-election to Congress with more than 80% of the vote, defeating Frank Volpe. On November 8, 2016, Russell was elected to a second term in Congress.  Russell was the main sponsor of H.R. 194, Federal Agency Mail Management Act of 2017, which became law on November 21, 2017 during the 115th Congress, 1st Session (2017). This bill would require the General Services Administration (GSA) to provide guidance and assistance to federal agencies for effective mail processing, leading to a more efficient, cost-saving system.  Russell was instrumental in blocking the privatization of air traffic control. Russell's criticism of privatization extended to national security concerns as well as keeping the national airspace open to all Americans. The Federal Aviation Administration's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center is in Oklahoma City. Russell, along with Congressman Ralph Abraham, was recognized by several national aviation organizations for their efforts and received the 2018 Hartranft Award presented by the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association.  On June 26, 2018, Russell was nominated as Republican candidate for a third term with nearly 84% of the vote. However, Russell lost to Democratic opponent Kendra Horn on November 6, 2018. Nearly every rating organization labeled Russell as the favorite, and FiveThirtyEight gave Russell a 93 percent chance of victory. Ultimately, Russell could not overcome a 9,900-vote deficit in Oklahoma County, home to three–fourths of the district's population–more than three times the overall margin of 3,300 votes.

Personal life.

Russell is a fifth-generation Oklahoman. His hobbies include teaching Sunday school, reading and studying history, playing the guitar and singing, as well as collecting military antiques and firearms. Russell has been married to the former Cindy Myers of Columbus, Arkansas since 1985. They have five grown children, three of whom were adopted from Hungary. They are members of First Southern Baptist Church in Del City.

Education.

Russell is a graduate of Del City High, Class of 1981. He was inducted into the Del City Hall of Fame in its very first class along with professional football player Bob Kalsu who was killed in Vietnam and two-time Olympic Gold Medalist John Smith.  Russell graduated from Ouachita Baptist University with a BA in Public Speaking. He was the president and pledge master of his fraternity and cadet corps commander of the ROTC Cadets.  Russell also earned a MMAS in Military History with a focus on East Asia from the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in 1998. His other military education includes the Infantry Officers Basic Course, the Armored Officers Career Course, the Combined Arms Staff School and the Battalion Commanders Course.  Russell's military skills schools include, Airborne School, Ranger School, Northern Warfare Summer and Winter Phase, Mortar School, and the Bradley Gunners and Commanders Courses.

Military Awards and Decorations.

Russell has been decorated for campaign service, meritorious achievement, and valor. His decorations include the Legion of Merit, the Bronze Star Medal for valor and service, the Meritorious Service Medal (six awards), the Joint Service Commendation Medal, the Army Commendation Medal (three awards), the Army Achievement Medal (four awards), the National Defense Service Medal (two awards), the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, the Kosovo Campaign Medal, the Afghanistan Campaign Medal, the Iraq Campaign Medal, the Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal, the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal, the Military Outstanding Volunteer Service Medal, the NATO Medal for Kosovo, and Russell is a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. He was awarded the Ranger Tab, the Combat Infantryman Badge and the US Army and Korean Parachutists Badge.

Steven Dane Russell (born May 25, 1963) is an American soldier and politician. He served in the United States House of Representatives for from 2015 to 2019, after serving in the Oklahoma Senate from 2009 to 2013. Russell is a member of the Republican Party.

史提夫·拉塞尔(Steven Dane Russell;1963年-5月25日)是美国的一位政治人物。自2015年开始,他是奥克拉荷马州第5选举区选出的美国众议院议员。他的党籍是共和党。拉塞尔曾经在美国陆军服役,官至中校。在成为国会议员之前,他曾是奥克拉荷马州参议院议员。


Revealing.

The Apple Inc. CEO at the time, Steve Jobs, revealed the development of the game in his keynote speech on 9 September 2009. The game was released for the Nintendo DS and iPhone OS. Both iPhone and DSi users are able to use their devices' camera function to display portrait photographs as wanted posters in-game.

Gameplay.

"Assassin's Creed II: Discovery" is a side-scroller game wherein players assumed the role of Ezio Auditore da Firenze. Primarily set in Italy, Ezio navigated through the game's levels and accomplished specific goals prior to the mission.  As well as this, Ezio was able to scale most buildings by its side only, and could also roll, jump, and swing through the environment. Likewise to the previous installments, enemy guards were present within the game, which Ezio could either avoid or confront, depending on the player's choice and the current situation. Several guard archetypes were present within the game, such as the Halberd Guards (a stationary version of the Seekers), Captain Guards (a more agile variation of the Brute), archers and many others.  In terms of weapons, Ezio had his father's Hidden Blade at his disposal, alongside a sword and throwing knives. Ezio could then utilize all of these against hostile targets to dispose of them, either in an open or covert manner. Likewise to "Assassin's Creed II", Ezio could assassinate guards by pulling them down from ledges, as well as hiding using bales of hay, with the addition of new hiding spots such as wooden barrels and obscure open spaces.  Combat in the game was similar to the previous "Assassin Creed" titles in a number of ways. When engaging in sword combat, players could execute chain attacks which break the defense of the enemy guards, and also perform counterattacks, which could result in an instant kill or allow for a brief moment to attack. Accompanying this, players could perform a clash with a target, which resulted in a test of strength, complete with a pressure bar at the side of the display. Players then had to fight the guard's resistance in order to incapacitate them, or else Ezio would take damage.  Memories were played out in missions, similar to "Assassin's Creed II", in that players were given synchronization points by clearing the mission, provided the required objectives were met in the mission's structure. These specific factors were the following: Time cleared, kills, damage taken, and notoriety. In order to achieve perfect synchronization with the requirements, the player had to complete the level as fast as possible, kill as many as they could, and take minimal damage respectively, though the required values varied from mission to mission.  There were several mission types set in a specific memory, which defined how Ezio should have approached them, or the mission would be a failure. In all, there were three mission types in the game: There were also challenge rooms present in the game, which required Ezio to clear a specific objective. The challenge rooms were played through in the Animus corridor, similar to the tutorial levels in the game. Cheats, dubbed "Animus hacks", were present within the game, which could be unlocked by obtaining enough synchronization points. These cheats ranged from character skins to boosted gameplay movement and perks, which gave the player an advantage or allowed them to customize Ezio.  However, only one hack could be used at a time, and once a level was finished with a hack activated, the level wouldn't continue automatically to the next, instead returning the player to the level menu.  Collectibles were also present in game, with there being a total of 5 different variations: Memory paths, which could be used as a guide to show a player where to progress; Renaissance maps, which unlocked the aforementioned challenge rooms; Knives, which refilled Ezio's throwing knives supply; Wanted posters, which could be torn off to increase the health meter once the required amount was met, and finally art pieces, which could be collected by unlocking hidden rooms in missions.  The iPhone and Nintendo DSi versions of the game allowed the player to integrate their facial likeness into the game through photos, replacing Ezio's placeholder image in the wanted posters with the player's own image. Also, the art pieces found in the iPhone version could be imported for use as wallpapers.

Plot.

In the year 1491, while in the midst of searching for the Apple of Eden, the Assassin Ezio Auditore da Firenze was summoned by the Venetian Thieves Guild leader Antonio de Magianis to assist in the dilemma of his contact from Spain, Luis de Santángel. Representing the navigator Christopher Columbus, Luis asked Ezio for his protection, fearing that the company he kept bore ill fate against him. Though reluctant at first, Ezio agreed to assist, once he heard of Christoffa's connections with the Spaniard, Rodrigo Borgia.  Luis' suspicions proved right, and Ezio intercepted the planned assassination attempt of Christoffa, before pointing him to safety as he fled the meeting place. The two would then meet up again at Venice's garden district, along with Luis. There, they asked Ezio to recover an atlas for their expedition in their hostel, which contained important maps that detailed vital routes. As a final favor, Ezio agreed and successfully intercepted the atlas, before he handed it to the two.  Before setting off for their expedition, Luis informed Ezio about the status of the Spanish Assassins Guild, who were all apprehended by Tomás de Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition. When asked by Ezio how he knew of the Assassins, Luis mentioned to him that he was well-connected.  Returning to Antonio, Ezio announced that his search for the Piece of Eden was postponed, believing that it was his duty to help reform the Brotherhood in Spain. Following this, Ezio left the Thieves Guild in Venice and set off to start his search for the Assassins in Barcelona.  After some brief trouble with a French rogue, Ezio searched for the Spanish Assassin members, which led him to the Assassin Guild, only to find himself ambushed. After fleeing into the underground sewers to avoid the soldiers who had surprised him, Ezio encountered a member of the Assassin guild, Raphael Sánchez.  After an introduction, Raphael informed Ezio that the Spanish Assassins were apprehended by the Inquisitor Gaspar Martínez, and that he should go and meet with him if he was to learn more. Leaving the underground area, Ezio infiltrated the quarters of Martínez, and there the man denied holding Assassins prisoner, yet admitted that one of them was to be burned at the stake. After learning this, Ezio assassinated Gaspar, and took a list of names from his body. From there, Ezio left to save the Assassin.  Evading most of the guards, Ezio was able to save the Assassin, before he met with Sánchez to discuss the list that he had found. After reading the scroll, Sánchez concluded that the names were possibly a list of targets tied to the Spanish Inquisition. In order to eliminate them, Ezio and Sánchez traveled to Zaragoza to seek out the Inquisition's calificador, Pedro Liorente. Arriving at Pedro's location, Ezio witnessed the murder of an Assassin by the order of Pedro Liorente and Tomás de Torquemada, whose orders came directly from Rodrigo Borgia himself, and vowed to free the remaining prisoners before they too are executed.  Despite increased security, Ezio rescued the imprisoned Assassins and assassinated Pedro Liorente after he denied the Templars' existence. Returning to Raphael with the news, Raphael revealed himself to be the Treasurer to Queen Isabella and that the Assassins have been combating a Templar scheme in the form of the Inquisition and their hope of ridding Spain of all the Moors. Coming to Granada, Ezio learned of Luis Santangel's working in the King's court and was tasked with finding a Templar spy and a passage into the besieged Alhambra palace. The Spanish Assassins began to suspect that the Templars were planning their own expedition west to uncover the New World. Ezio made his way inside and discovered that the Templars had been keeping King Muhammed XII prisoner to purposefully prolong the siege and drain the Queens' resources on the ongoing war. Ezio freed King Muhammed XII and carried the news of his abdication.  As retaliation for upsetting the Templar plan with the Moor King, a new round of arrests and executions was ordered by Tomás de Torquemada. Ezio prevented some arrests and assassinated the Inquisitor in charge of the operation, Juan de Marillo.  After hearing the news of the war ending and King Muhammed XII and Queen Isabella's meeting to discuss terms of his surrender, Christoffa threatened to indulge other offers to sponsor his journey if the Queen didn't act fast to give him an answer. Not being satisfied because the Queen was still uncommitted to his cause, Christoffa headed to Paris, France to accept an offer from King Charles. Ezio found Cristoffa en route to France and protected him from another attack and convinced him to return to Queen Isabella as she had changed her mind thanks to counselling from Luis Santangel and Raphael Sanchez.  After Christoffa successfully launched his exploration voyage, Tomás de Torquemada dispatched Inquisitor soldiers to murder Luis Santangel and Rapheal Sanchez as revenge for their disruptive counseling to the Queen. Ezio was successful in preventing both attacks and tracked down Tomás de Torquemada in hopes of learning about his ties to the Templars. Upon finding and confronting him, Ezio learned that the Borgia is one of three Papal candidates that year, but with the assassination attempt unsuccessful, he returned to the other Assassins to share that Tomás de Torquemada did not seem to be a Templar himself (which was later shown to be false in the "Assassin's Creed" movie, released in December 2016, and in "Assassin's Creed Rebellion", where Torquemada's death at Assassin hands is officially shown) and that it was probably for the best that he wasn't able to assassinate him as his death would have caused more turmoil instead of ending it.

Reception.

Unlike "Assassin's Creed Bloodlines", "Assassin's Creed II: Discovery" received generally positive reviews. "IGN" gave it an 8/10 for the Nintendo DS, and a 7/10 for the iOS. "GameSpot" rated it a 7/10 on the Nintendo DS. "Official Nintendo Magazine" Australia/New Zealand were more negative on the game giving it 55%, praising the game for the switch to 2D and the character animation, but complaining of lackluster missions, poor level design and fiddly controls, calling it a "Missed opportunity to right's wrongs" and a "by the numbers platforming experience."  "GameZone" Natalie Romano gave the game an 8/10, saying it is "An impressive game true to the series, "Assassin's Creed II: Discovery" is actually an entertaining title that makes the best companion to the console version. That said, the game is far from perfect but it's easy to look past the flaws when the game is too fun to even want to put down. If you bought "Assassin's Creed II" then you really must buy "Discovery"."

Assassin's Creed II: Discovery is a video game for the Nintendo DS and iOS developed by Griptonite Games and written by Darby McDevitt. It's part of the "Assassin's Creed" series of video games. Ubisoft's producer Ben Mattes officially revealed the development of the game in Apple Inc.'s keynote speech on September 9, 2009, for a November 17 release. The iOS version was delayed, but Ubisoft did not comment with a reason for the delay. In contrast to "", the previous title in the "Assassin's Creed" series to be on these devices, "Discovery" is a 2.5D side-scroller. Both iPhone and DSi users are able to use their devices' camera function to display portraits as wanted posters in-game. "Discovery" was released concurrently with "Assassin's Creed II" and "". The game takes place within "Assassin's Creed II" after The Battle of Forli DLC in Sequence 12 and right before the Bonfire of the Vanities DLC in Sequence 13, and during the events of "Assassin's Creed Rebellion".

《刺客信条II:探索》(英语:"Assassin's Creed II: Discovery")是一款面向任天堂DS及iOS平台的动作游戏,是刺客信条系列游戏的分支。2009年9月9日,苹果公司CEO史蒂夫·乔布斯在他的主题演讲中正式公布该游戏的开发进度,并宣布将于11月17日发售。11月17日,任天堂DS版本如期在北美地区发售,但是iOS的版本却延期发售,对此育碧并没有说明原因。


History.

This photosystem is known as PSI because it was discovered before Photosystem II, although future experiments showed that Photosystem II is actually the first enzyme of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Aspects of PSI were discovered in the 1950s, but the significances of these discoveries was not yet known. Louis Duysens first proposed the concepts of Photosystems I and II in 1960, and, in the same year, a proposal by Fay Bendall and Robert Hill assembled earlier discoveries into a cohesive theory of serial photosynthetic reactions. Hill and Bendall's hypothesis was later justified in experiments conducted in 1961 by the Duysens and Witt groups.

Components and action.

Two main subunits of PSI, PsaA and PsaB, are closely related proteins involved in the binding of the vital electron transfer cofactors P, Acc, A, A, and F. PsaA and PsaB are both integral membrane proteins of 730 to 750 amino acids that contain 11 transmembrane segments. A [4Fe-4S] iron-sulfur cluster called F is coordinated by four cysteines; two cysteines are provided each by PsaA and PsaB. The two cysteines in each are proximal and located in a loop between the ninth and tenth transmembrane segments. A leucine zipper motif seems to be present downstream of the cysteines and could contribute to dimerisation of PsaA/PsaB. The terminal electron acceptors F and F, also [4Fe-4S] iron-sulfur clusters, are located in a 9-kDa protein called PsaC that binds to the PsaA/PsaB core near F.

Photon.

Photoexcitation of the pigment molecules in the antenna complex induces electron transfer.

Antenna complex.

The antenna complex is composed of molecules of chlorophyll and carotenoids mounted on two proteins. These pigment molecules transmit the resonance energy from photons when they become photoexcited. Antenna molecules can absorb all wavelengths of light within the visible spectrum. The number of these pigment molecules varies from organism to organism. For instance, the cyanobacterium "Synechococcus elongatus" ("Thermosynechococcus elongatus") has about 100 chlorophylls and 20 carotenoids, whereas spinach chloroplasts have around 200 chlorophylls and 50 carotenoids. Located within the antenna complex of PSI are molecules of chlorophyll called P700 reaction centers. The energy passed around by antenna molecules is directed to the reaction center. There may be as many as 120 or as few as 25 chlorophyll molecules per P700.

P700 reaction center.

The P700 reaction center is composed of modified chlorophyll a that best absorbs light at a wavelength of 700 nm, with higher wavelengths causing bleaching. P700 receives energy from antenna molecules and uses the energy from each photon to raise an electron to a higher energy level. These electrons are moved in pairs in an oxidation/reduction process from P700 to electron acceptors. P700 has an electric potential of about −1.2 volts. The reaction center is made of two chlorophyll molecules and is therefore referred to as a dimer. The dimer is thought to be composed of one chlorophyll "a" molecule and one chlorophyll "a"′ molecule (P700, webber). However, if P700 forms a complex with other antenna molecules, it can no longer be a dimer.

Modified chlorophyll "a".

Modified chlorophyll "a" is an early electron acceptor in PSI. Chlorophyll "a" accepts electrons from P700 before passing them along to another early electron acceptor.

Phylloquinone A.

Phylloquinone A is the next early electron acceptor in PSI. Phylloquinone is also sometimes called vitamin K. Phylloquinone A oxidizes a in order to receive the electron and in turn reduces F in order to pass the electron to F and F.

Iron–sulfur complex.

Three proteinaceous iron–sulfur reaction centers are found in PSI. Labeled F, F, and F, they serve as electron relays. F and F are bound to protein subunits of the PSI complex and F is tied to the PSI complex. Various experiments have shown some disparity between theories of iron–sulfur cofactor orientation and operation order.

Ferredoxin.

Ferredoxin (Fd) is a soluble protein that facilitates reduction of to NADPH. Fd moves to carry an electron either to a lone thylakoid or to an enzyme that reduces. Thylakoid membranes have one binding site for each function of Fd. The main function of Fd is to carry an electron from the iron-sulfur complex to the enzyme ferredoxin– reductase.

Ferredoxin– reductase (FNR).

This enzyme transfers the electron from reduced ferredoxin to to complete the reduction to NADPH. FNR may also accept an electron from NADPH by binding to it.

Plastocyanin.

Plastocyanin is an electron carrier that transfers the electron from cytochrome b6f to the P700 cofactor of PSI.

Ycf4 protein domain.

The Ycf4 protein domain is found on the thylakoid membrane and is vital to photosystem I. This thylakoid transmembrane protein helps assemble the components of photosystem I, without it, photosynthesis would be inefficient.

Evolution.

Molecular data show that PSI likely evolved from the photosystems of green sulfur bacteria. The photosystems of green sulfur bacteria and those of cyanobacteria, algae, and higher plants are not the same, however there are many analogous functions and similar structures. Three main features are similar between the different photosystems. First, redox potential is negative enough to reduce ferredoxin. Next, the electron-accepting reaction centers include iron–sulfur proteins. Last, redox centres in complexes of both photosystems are constructed upon a protein subunit dimer. The photosystem of green sulfur bacteria even contains all of the same cofactors of the electron transport chain in PSI. The number and degree of similarities between the two photosystems strongly indicates that PSI is derived from the analogous photosystem of green sulfur bacteria.

Photosystem I (PSI, or plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase) is one of two photosystems in the photosynthetic light reactions of algae, plants, and cyanobacteria. Photosystem I is an integral membrane protein complex that uses light energy to catalyze the transfer of electrons across the thylakoid membrane from plastocyanin to ferredoxin. Ultimately, the electrons that are transferred by Photosystem I are used to produce the high energy carrier NADPH. The combined action of the entire photosynthetic electron transport chain also produces a proton-motive force that is used to generate ATP. PSI is composed of more than 110 cofactors, significantly more than Photosystem II.

光系统 I( PSI,或质体蓝素 - 铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶 )是藻类、植物和一些细菌的光合作用光反应中的第二个光系统。 光系统 I是一种完整的膜蛋白复合物,它使用光能,以产生高能量载体ATP和NADPH。 PSI包含超过110个辅助因子,远远超过光系统II。


Service history.

Under the Interborough Rapid Transit.

Service on what was later known as the 4 began on June 2, 1917, as the first portion of the IRT Jerome Avenue Line opened between 149th Street—Grand Concourse and Kingsbridge Road. Since the extension of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line between 149th Street and Grand Central was not yet open, this section was served by shuttle trains using elevated train cars. On April 15, 1918, with the extension of the Jerome Avenue Line to Woodlawn, shuttle service was also extended. On July 17, 1918, the Lexington Avenue Line local tracks were opened, allowing another shuttle service to run between 149th Street–Grand Concourse and Grand Central. On August 1, 1918, the entire Jerome and Lexington Avenue Lines were completed and the connection to the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line at 42nd Street was removed. Trains began running between 167th Street and Bowling Green, with shuttles to Woodlawn.  On December 11, 1921, Lexington Avenue–Jerome Avenue subway trains began running north of 167th Street at all times, replacing elevated trains, which ran to Woodlawn during rush hours, but from then on terminated at 167th Street during non-rush hours.  At a hearing of the New York State Transit Commission on October 15, 1924 about where it planned to allocate the second hundred of 350 new steel cars, it was announced that service on the IRT Eastern Parkway Line from Atlantic Avenue to Livonia Avenue was almost certainly going to be increased by 25 to 50% in the coming six to eight weeks. Two options were discussed at the hearing. The commission, in response to intense requests from riders on the line, called for the introduction of express service between Atlantic Avenue and Utica Avenue on tracks which had been unused since the line's opening in 1920. It proposed extending half of 4 trains from Atlantic Avenue to New Lots Avenue, running express to Utica Avenue. The introduction of express service would have made it possible to run 30 more trains per hour east of Atlantic Avenue (27 trains per hour had been operating), decreasing overcrowding from 325% to 185%. The plan preferred by the IRT was to place 70 cars on the West Side Line for service to Flatbush Avenue, and Pennsylvania Avenue and New Lots Avenue, and 40 additional cars for service along Eastern Parkway.  On November 17, 1924, the Transit Commission ordered the IRT to use 100 new subway cars to increase service by no later than December 1. Among the changes in service ordered was the operation of through service on the 4 between Kingsbridge Road and Woodlawn, eliminating shuttle service. This change was made possible by 20 of the new cars. The Transit Commission headed the IRT's recommendation not to have half of 4 trains run express due to the dangerous operating condition it would have created. The IRT stated that two minutes would not be enough time to turn around trains terminating at Atlantic Avenue while maintaining the headway between trains and that this service pattern would risk train collisions. Operating this service pattern would have required 2 minutes and 45 seconds to turn around trains, which would reduce capacity by 25%. While operating all 4 trains to Utica Avenue would have obviated the problem, the IRT did not have enough cars to run such a service. Instead, the Transit Commission accepted the IRT's plan to allocate 70 new cars to West Side express service to Brooklyn. Express service along Eastern Parkway would start at the earliest in February 1925 when additional new cars arrived.  Beginning on November 4, 1925, 4 trains were extended from Atlantic Avenue to Crown Heights–Utica Avenue during rush hours, from 6:30 to 9:30 a.m. and 5 and 7 p.m., allowing for the introduction of express service along this section of the IRT Eastern Parkway Line. This extension was made possible by the delivery of the last of 350 new steel cars. The increased service required 80 cars, or eight trains of ten cars each.  On November 23, 1927, evening 4 service was extended from Atlantic Avenue to Utica Avenue between 7:14 and 8 p.m.. After the Transit Commission determined that this was not a sufficient increase in service, it announced on November 26 that evening 4 service to Utica Avenue would continue until 1 a.m.. This change took place on December 5, and increased service between Atlantic Avenue and Utica Avenue by 100%. The following year, midday 4 service also went to Utica Avenue.  As of 1934, 4 trains ran from Woodlawn to Utica Avenue weekday rush and Saturday morning peak and afternoon, to Atlantic Avenue weekday midday, Saturday morning after the peak, and late nights, and to South Ferry evenings and Sundays. Trains ran express in Manhattan except during late nights, and in Brooklyn. This was the first time the 6 became the Pelham Shuttle between Pelham Bay Park and 125th Street–Lexington Avenue.  On August 20, 1938, Saturday morning after the peak service was extended to Utica Avenue.

Under the New York City Board of Transportation.

Beginning on May 10, 1946, all 4 trains were made express during late nights running on 12 minute headways as the 6 went back to Brooklyn Bridge during that time. Previously 4 trains ran local from 12:30 to 5:30am. At this time 4 trains terminated at Atlantic Avenue.  Beginning on December 16, 1946, trains were extended from Atlantic Avenue to New Lots Avenue during late nights, running express between Atlantic and Franklin Avenues.  The New York City Board of Transportation, a predecessor to the New York City Transit Authority, began to introduce replacements to older subway cars beginning with the R12 cars in 1948. With these cars, numbers were publicly designated to the former IRT lines. Lexington–Jerome trains were assigned the number 4. By 1964, all cars had the route numbers on them.  During 1950, Saturday morning service was cut back to South Ferry.  Starting on December 15, 1950, four 4 trains began operating during rush hours to Flatbush Avenue on the Nostrand Avenue Line. Also on that day, weekday midday service was cut back from Atlantic Avenue to South Ferry. Additionally, on January 18, 1952, 4 service to Atlantic Avenue during weekday middays was restored.

Under the New York City Transit Authority.

On March 19, 1954, late-night service in Brooklyn became local, but resumed operating express between Atlantic and Franklin Avenues on June 29, 1956.  On May 3, 1957, the weekday rush trains to Flatbush Avenue were discontinued, while at the same time evening, Saturday and Sunday afternoon trains were extended to Utica Avenue, while Sunday morning trains were extended to Atlantic Avenue.  Starting on March 1, 1960, late-night 4 trains resumed making all stops in Manhattan; this was the first time the 4 and 6 ran local in Manhattan together late nights. This arrangement ended on October 17, 1965, when the 4 went back express in Manhattan late nights.  Beginning on April 8, 1960, nearly all AM rush hour 4 trains ran to Flatbush Avenue, and PM rush hour 4 trains alternated between Flatbush and Utica Avenues. During weekday evenings and late nights 4 trains also went to Flatbush Avenue, making all stops in Brooklyn.  As a result of the opening of the main portion of the Chrystie Street Connection along the Manhattan Bridge on November 26, 1967, the 4 train was color-coded magenta under the first color scheme. The color coding of lines was introduced as a matter of having a universal system of signage and nomenclature.  By 1972, the 4 began to skip 138th Street weekdays during rush hours in the peak direction which it continues to do (AM to Manhattan and PM from there). At that time, the 4 went to Atlantic Avenue at all times, but was extended to Utica Avenue rush hours running express in Brooklyn along Eastern Parkway. Select 4 trains also ran to Flatbush Avenue rush hours as well running express between Atlantic and Franklin Avenues, and late-night service made all stops in Brooklyn to Flatbush Avenue.  On May 23, 1976, Sunday morning trains were extended to Utica Avenue, running express in Brooklyn.  Effective June 1979, the 4 train assumed its current line color of forest green as a result of a nomenclature update to assign colors to a trunk line, plus line colors not serving Manhattan.  Beginning on January 13, 1980, all 4 trains resumed operating local in Manhattan during late night hours to replace the, which again became the Pelham Shuttle between 125th Street and Pelham Bay Park. This service cut affected 15,000 riders, and was criticized by Manhattan Borough President Andrew Stein as no public hearing was held.  On July 10, 1983, rush hour 4 trains were rerouted from Flatbush Avenue to Utica Avenue, and late evening and late night and Sunday morning service was rerouted from Flatbush Avenue to New Lots Avenue, making all local stops.  On August 29, 1988, weekday midday 4 trains were extended from Atlantic Avenue to Utica Avenue, made possible by the termination of 5 service at Bowling Green. In addition, service was increased 50% during evenings between 8 p.m. and midnight, on Saturday afternoon and on Sunday between 10 a.m. and 7 p.m. In January 1989, during middays, southbound service resumed operating express between Franklin Avenue and Utica Avenue following the elimination of 5 train layups.  Late night express service was reinstated from January 21, 1990 to October 5 of that year, as a result of the 6 being extended back to Brooklyn Bridge during that time. While late night 6 service to Brooklyn Bridge was permanently restored on October 3, 1999, the 4 continued to run local at those times, providing Lexington Avenue local stations service every ten minutes.

Recent changes.

From April 2000 to August 2001, midday 4 service was temporarily cut back from Utica Avenue to Atlantic Avenue to accommodate the rebuilding of the IRT New Lots Line. 3 train service was split into two sections to allow for the line to be rebuilt, with transfers available at Utica Avenue. Work took place on weekday middays between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m., and New Lots service operated in one of three ways: shuttle buses replaced trains, all trains operated in both directions on a single track, or shuttle trains ran. 4 trains terminated at Atlantic Avenue when shuttle or single-track trains were in operation.  From June 8, 2009, to June 26, 2009, New York City Transit conducted a pilot program for express Jerome Avenue Line service. During a one hour period, four morning weekday rush hour trains from Woodlawn only stopped at Mosholu Parkway, Burnside Avenue and 149th Street–Grand Concourse before resuming regular service in Manhattan and Brooklyn. The express was expected to save riders 3.5 minutes. The pilot was made possible due to signaling upgrades to the line's center track made as part of the 2005—2009 Metropolitan Transportation Authority Capital Program.  On July 6, 2009, select Bronx bound 4 trains began running express from 167th Street to Burnside Avenue to terminate at the latter station before running out of service to the Jerome Yard.  On October 26, 2009, another 4 express pilot program was implemented based on the success of the first and ran until December 11, 2009. This program was the same as the one in June except that express trains stopped at Bedford Park Boulevard–Lehman College. This express service was expected to cut runtime by four minutes.  As a result of planned repairs to Hurricane Sandy-related damage in the Clark Street Tube, which carries the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, on weekends from June 17, 2017 to June 24, 2018, the 4 was extended to New Lots Avenue on weekends, making local stops in Brooklyn south of Nevins Street in place of the.  On November 17, 2019, New York City Transit cut weekday evening 3, 4 and 5 service in order to accommodate planned subway work. This change, which was approved by the MTA Board on June 27, 2019, started late night 4 service to New Lots Avenue, an hour earlier, at 10:30 p.m. instead of 11:30 p.m., replacing 3 service, which was cut back to Times Square–42nd Street. These changes in service were expected to save the agency $0.9 million annually.

Route.

Service pattern.

The following table shows the lines used by the 4, with shaded boxes indicating the route at the specified times:

Stations.

For a more detailed station listing, see the articles on the lines listed above.

The 4 Lexington Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or "bullet", is colored since it uses the IRT Lexington Avenue Line in Manhattan.

4号莱辛顿大道快车(英语:Lexington Avenue Express),又称纽约地铁4号线,是纽约地铁纽约地铁A分部的一条路线。由于该线使用IRT莱辛顿大道线通过曼哈顿主要地区,因此其路线徽号为绿色。