Signs and symptoms.

Fever is the most common symptom of COVID-19, but is highly variable in severity and presentation, with some older, immunocompromised, or critically ill people not having fever at all. In one study, only 44% of people had fever when they presented to the hospital, while 89% went on to develop fever at some point during their hospitalization. A lack of fever does not verify someone is disease free.  Other common symptoms include cough, loss of appetite, fatigue, shortness of breath, sputum production, and muscle and joint pains. Symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea have been observed in varying percentages. Less common symptoms include sneezing, runny nose, sore throat, and skin lesions. Some cases in China initially presented with only chest tightness and palpitations. A decreased sense of smell or disturbances in taste may occur. Loss of smell was a presenting symptom in 30% of confirmed cases in South Korea.  As is common with infections, there is a delay between the moment a person is first infected and the time he or she develops symptoms. This is called the incubation period. The typical incubation period for COVID‐19 is five or six days, but it can range from one to fourteen days with approximately ten percent of cases taking longer.  An early key to the diagnosis is the tempo of the illness. Early symptoms may include a wide variety of symptoms but infrequently involves shortness of breath. Shortness of breath usually develops several days after initial symptoms. Shortness of breath that begins immediately along with fever and cough is more likely to be anxiety than COVID-19. The most critical days of illness tend to be those following the development of shortness of breath.  A minority of cases do not develop noticeable symptoms at any point in time. These asymptomatic carriers tend not to get tested, and their role in transmission is not fully known. Preliminary evidence suggested they may contribute to the spread of the disease. In June 2020, a spokeswoman of WHO said that asymptomatic transmission appears to be "rare," but the evidence for the claim was not released. The next day, WHO clarified that they had intended a narrow definition of "asymptomatic" that did not include pre-symptomatic or paucisymptomatic (weak symptoms) transmission and that up to 41% of transmission may be asymptomatic. Transmission without symptoms does occur.

Complications.

Complications may include pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure, septic shock, and death. Cardiovascular complications may include heart failure, arrhythmias, heart inflammation, and blood clots. Approximately 20-30% of people

Cause.

Transmission.

<section begin="Transmission"/> COVID-19 spreads primarily when people are in close contact and one person inhales small droplets produced by an infected person (symptomatic or not) coughing, sneezing, talking, or singing. The WHO recommends of social distance; the U.S. CDC recommends. People can transmit the virus without showing symptoms, but it is unclear how often this happens. One estimate of the number of those infected who are asymptomatic is 40%.  People are most infectious when they show symptoms (even mild or non-specific symptoms), but may be infectious for up to two days before symptoms appear (pre-symptomatic transmission). They remain infectious an estimated seven to twelve days in moderate cases and an average of two weeks in severe cases.  When the contaminated droplets fall to floors or surfaces they can, though less commonly, remain infectious if people touch contaminated surfaces and then their eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands. On surfaces the amount of active virus decreases over time until it can no longer cause infection, and

Virology.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, first isolated from three people with pneumonia connected to the cluster of acute respiratory illness cases in Wuhan. All features of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus occur in related coronaviruses in nature. Outside the human body, the virus is killed by household soap, which bursts its protective bubble.  SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to the original SARS-CoV. It is

Pathophysiology.

The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID‐19 because the virus accesses host cells via the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is most abundant in type II alveolar cells of the lungs. The virus uses a special surface glycoprotein called a "spike" (peplomer) to connect to ACE2 and enter the host cell. The density of ACE2 in each tissue correlates with the severity of the disease in that tissue and some have suggested decreasing ACE2 activity might be protective, though another view is that increasing ACE2 using angiotensin II receptor blocker medications could be protective. As the alveolar disease progresses, respiratory failure might develop and death may follow.  SARS-CoV-2 may also cause respiratory failure through affecting the brainstem as other coronaviruses have been found to invade the central nervous system (CNS). While virus has been detected in cerebrospinal fluid of autopsies, the exact mechanism by which it invades the CNS remains unclear and may first involve invasion of peripheral nerves given the low levels of ACE2 in the brain.  The virus also affects gastrointestinal organs as ACE2 is abundantly expressed in the glandular cells of gastric, duodenal and rectal epithelium as well as endothelial cells and enterocytes of the small intestine.  The virus can cause acute myocardial injury and chronic damage to the cardiovascular system. An acute cardiac injury was found in 12% of infected people admitted to the hospital in Wuhan, China, and is more frequent in severe disease. Rates of cardiovascular symptoms are high, owing to the systemic inflammatory response and immune system disorders during disease progression, but acute myocardial injuries may also be related to ACE2 receptors in the heart. ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the heart and are involved in heart function. A high incidence of thrombosis (31%) and venous thromboembolism (25%) have been found in ICU patients with COVID‐19 infections, and may be related to poor prognosis. Blood vessel dysfunction and clot formation (as suggested by high D-dimer levels) are thought to play a significant role in mortality, incidences of clots leading to pulmonary embolisms, and ischaemic events within the brain have been noted as complications leading to death in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Infection appears to set off a chain of vasoconstrictive responses within the body, constriction of blood vessels within the pulmonary circulation has also been posited as a mechanism in which oxygenation decreases alongside the presentation of viral pneumonia.  Another common cause of death is complications related to the kidneys. Early reports show that up to 30% of hospitalized patients in both China and New York have experienced some injury to their kidneys, including some persons with no previous kidney problems.  Autopsies of people who died of COVID‐19 have found diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), and lymphocyte-containing inflammatory infiltrates within the lung.

Diagnosis.

The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease. The standard method of testing is real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a nasopharyngeal swab; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used. Results are generally available within a few hours to two days. Blood tests can be used, but these require two blood samples taken two weeks apart, and the results have little immediate value. Chinese scientists were able to isolate a strain of the coronavirus and publish the genetic sequence so laboratories across the world could independently develop polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to detect infection by the virus., antibody tests (which may detect active infections and whether a person had been infected in the past) were in development, but not yet widely used. The Chinese experience with testing has shown the accuracy is only 60 to 70%. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first point-of-care test on 21 March 2020 for use at the end of that month.  Diagnostic guidelines released by Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University suggested methods for detecting infections based upon clinical features and epidemiological risk. These involved identifying people who had at least two of the following symptoms in addition to a history of travel to Wuhan or contact with other infected people: fever, imaging features of pneumonia, normal or reduced white blood cell count, or reduced lymphocyte count.  A study asked hospitalised COVID‐19 patients to cough into a sterile container, thus producing a saliva sample, and detected the virus in eleven of twelve patients using RT-PCR. This technique has the potential of being quicker than a swab and involving less risk to health care workers (collection at home or in the car).  Along with laboratory testing, chest CT scans may be helpful to diagnose COVID‐19 in individuals with a high clinical suspicion of infection but are not recommended for routine screening. Bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacities with a peripheral, asymmetric, and posterior distribution are common in early infection. Subpleural dominance, crazy paving (lobular septal thickening with variable alveolar filling), and consolidation may appear as the disease progresses.  In late 2019, the WHO assigned emergency ICD-10 disease codes for deaths from lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and U07.2 for deaths from clinically or epidemiologically diagnosed COVID‐19 without lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Pathology.

Few data are available about microscopic lesions and

Prevention.

Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include staying at home, avoiding crowded places, keeping distance from others, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least 20 seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene, and avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing and recommends using the inside of the elbow if no tissue is available. Proper hand hygiene after any cough or sneeze is encouraged. The CDC has recommended cloth face coverings in public settings where other social distancing measures are difficult to maintain, in part to limit transmission by asymptomatic individuals. The U.S. National Institutes of Health guidelines do not recommend any medication for prevention of COVID‐19, before or after exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, outside the setting of a clinical trial.  Social distancing strategies aim to reduce contact of infected persons with large groups by closing schools and workplaces, restricting travel, and cancelling large public gatherings. Distancing guidelines also include that people stay at least apart. There is no medication known to be effective at preventing COVID‐19. After the implementation of social distancing and stay-at-home orders, many regions have been able to sustain an effective transmission rate ("R") of less than one, meaning the disease is in remission in those areas.  As a COVID-19 vaccine is not expected until 2021 at the earliest, a key part

Management.

People are managed with supportive care, which may include fluid therapy, oxygen support, and supporting other affected vital organs. The CDC recommends those who suspect they carry the virus wear a simple face mask. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used to address the issue of respiratory failure, but its benefits are still

Prognosis.

The severity of COVID‐19 varies. The disease may take a mild course with few or no symptoms, resembling other common upper respiratory diseases such as the common cold. Mild cases typically recover within two weeks, while those with severe or critical diseases may take three to six weeks to recover. Among those who have died, the time from symptom onset to death has ranged from two to eight weeks.  Children make up a small proportion of reported cases, with about 1% of cases being under 10 years and 4% aged 10–19 years. They are likely to have milder symptoms and a lower chance of severe disease than adults. In those younger than 50 years the risk of death is less than 0.5%, while in those older than 70 it is more than 8%. Pregnant women may be at higher risk of severe COVID‐19 infection based on data from other similar viruses, like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), but data for COVID‐19 is lacking. According to scientific reviews smokers are more likely to require intensive care or die compared to non-smokers, air pollution is

History.

The virus is thought to be natural and has an animal origin, through spillover infection. The first known human infections were in China. A study of the first 41 cases of confirmed COVID‐19, published in January 2020 in "The Lancet", reported the earliest date of onset of symptoms as 1December 2019. Official publications from the WHO reported the earliest onset of symptoms as 8December 2019. Human-to-human transmission was confirmed by the WHO and Chinese authorities by 20 January 2020. According to official Chinese sources, these were mostly linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, which also sold live animals. In May 2020, George Gao, the director of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, said animal samples collected from the seafood market had tested negative for the virus, indicating that the market was the site of an early superspreading event, but it was not the site of the initial outbreak.  There are several theories about where the very first case (the so-called patient zero) originated. According to an unpublicised report from the Chinese government, the first case can be traced back to 17 November 2019; the person was a 55-year old citizen in the Hubei province. There were four men and five women reported to be infected in November, but none of them were "patient zero". By December 2019, the spread of infection was almost entirely driven by human-to-human transmission. The number of coronavirus cases in Hubei gradually increased, reaching 60 by 20 December and at least 266 by 31 December. On 24 December, Wuhan Central Hospital sent a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) sample from an unresolved clinical case to sequencing company Vision Medicals. On 27 and 28 December, Vision Medicals informed the Wuhan Central Hospital and the Chinese CDC of the results of the test, showing a new coronavirus. A pneumonia cluster of unknown cause was observed

Epidemiology.

Several measures are commonly used to quantify mortality. These numbers vary by region and over time and are influenced by the volume of testing, healthcare system quality, treatment options, time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics such as age, sex, and overall health.  The death-to-case ratio reflects the number of deaths divided by the number of diagnosed cases within a given time interval. Based on Johns Hopkins University statistics, the global death-to-case ratio is (/) as of. The number varies by region.  Other measures include the case fatality rate (CFR), which reflects the percent of diagnosed individuals who die from a disease, and the infection fatality rate (IFR), which reflects the percent of infected individuals (diagnosed and undiagnosed) who die from a disease. These statistics are not time-bound and follow a specific population from infection through case resolution. Many academics have attempted to calculate these numbers for specific populations.  Outbreaks have occurred in prisons due to crowding and an inability to enforce adequate social distancing. In the United States, the prisoner population is aging and many of them are at high risk for poor outcomes from COVID‐19 due to high rates of coexisting heart and lung disease, and poor access to high-quality healthcare.

Infection fatality rate.

Our World in Data states that, as of 25 March 2020, the infection fatality rate (IFR) cannot be accurately calculated. In February, the World Health Organization reported estimates of IFR between 0.33% and 1%. The University of Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) estimated a global CFR of 0.8 to 9.6 percent (last revised 30 April) and IFR of 0.10 to 0.41 percent (last revised 2May). According to CEBM, random antibody testing in Germany suggested an IFR of 0.37% (0.12% to 0.87%) there. Firm lower limits of infection fatality rates have been established

Sex differences.

Early reviews of epidemiologic data showed greater impact of the pandemic and a higher mortality rate in men in China and Italy. The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported the death rate was 2.8 percent

Ethnic differences.

In the U.S., a greater proportion of deaths due to COVID-19 have occurred among African Americans. Structural factors that prevent African Americans from practicing social distancing include their concentration in crowded substandard housing and in "essential" occupations such as public transit and health care. Greater prevalence of lacking health insurance and care and of underlying conditions such as diabetes, hypertension and heart disease also increase their risk of death. Similar issues affect Native American and Latino

Society and culture.

Name.

During the initial outbreak in Wuhan, China, the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus" and "Wuhan coronavirus", with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan pneumonia". In the past, many diseases have been named after geographical locations, such as the Spanish flu, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, and Zika virus.  In January 2020, the World Health Organisation recommended 2019-nCov and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory

Misinformation.

After the initial outbreak of COVID‐19, conspiracy theorists spread misinformation and

Decreased emergency room use.

In Austria, 39% fewer persons sought help for cardiac symptoms in the month of March. A study estimated that there were 110 incidents of preventable cardiac death as compared to 86 confirmed deaths from Coronavirus as of 29 March.  A preliminary

Other animals.

Humans appear to be capable of spreading the virus to some other animals. A domestic cat in Liège, Belgium, tested positive after it started showing symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting, shortness of breath) a week later than its owner, who was also positive. Tigers and lions at the Bronx Zoo in New York, United States, tested positive for the virus and showed symptoms of COVID‐19,

Research.

No medication or vaccine is approved with the specific indication to treat the disease. International research on vaccines and medicines in COVID‐19 is underway by government organisations, academic groups, and industry researchers. In March, the World Health Organisation initiated the "Solidarity Trial" to assess the treatment effects of four existing antiviral compounds with the most promise of efficacy. The World Health Organization suspended hydroxychloroquine from its global drug trials for COVID-19 treatments on 26 May 2020 due to safety concerns. It had previously enrolled 3,500 patients from 17 countries in the Solidarity Trial. France, Italy and Belgium also banned the use of hydroxychloroquine as a COVID-19 treatment.  There has been a great deal of COVID-19 research, involving accelerated research processes and publishing shortcuts to meet the global demand. To minimise the harm from misinformation, medical professionals and the public are advised to expect rapid changes to available information, and to be attentive to retractions and other updates.

Vaccine.

There is no available vaccine, but various agencies are actively developing vaccine candidates. Previous work on SARS-CoV is being used because both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 use the ACE2 receptor to enter human cells. Three vaccination strategies are being investigated. First, researchers aim to build a whole virus vaccine. The use of such a virus, be it inactive or dead, aims to elicit a prompt immune response of the human body to a new infection with COVID‐19. A second strategy, subunit vaccines, aims to create

Medications.

At least 29 phase II–IV efficacy trials in COVID‐19 were concluded in March 2020, or scheduled to provide results in April from hospitals in China. There are more than 300 active clinical trials underway as of April 2020. Seven trials were evaluating already approved treatments, including four studies on hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine. Repurposed antiviral drugs make up most of the research, with nine phase III trials on remdesivir across several countries due to report by the end of April. Other candidates in trials include vasodilators, corticosteroids, immune therapies, lipoic acid, bevacizumab, and recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.  The COVID‐19 Clinical Research Coalition has goals to 1) facilitate rapid reviews of clinical trial proposals by ethics committees and national regulatory agencies, 2) fast-track approvals for the candidate therapeutic compounds, 3) ensure standardised and rapid analysis of emerging efficacy and safety data and 4) facilitate sharing of clinical trial outcomes before publication.  Several existing medications are being evaluated for the treatment of COVID‐19, including remdesivir, chloroquine,

Cytokine storm.

A cytokine storm can be a complication in the later stages of severe COVID‐19. There is preliminary evidence that hydroxychloroquine may be useful in controlling cytokine storms in late-phase severe forms of the disease.  Tocilizumab has been included in treatment guidelines by China's National Health Commission after a small study was completed. It is undergoing a phase2 non-randomised trial at the national level in Italy after showing positive results in people with severe disease. Combined with a serum ferritin blood test to identify a cytokine storm (also called cytokine storm syndrome, not to be confused with cytokine release syndrome), it is meant to counter such developments, which are thought to be

Passive antibodies.

Transferring purified and concentrated antibodies produced by the immune systems of those who have recovered from COVID‐19 to people who need them is being investigated as a non-vaccine method of passive immunisation. This strategy was tried for SARS with inconclusive results. Viral neutralisation is the anticipated mechanism of action by which passive antibody therapy can mediate defence against SARS-CoV-2. The spike protein

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has resulted in an ongoing pandemic. The first confirmed case has been traced back to 17 November 2019. Traces of the virus have been found in December-2019 wastewater that was collected from Milan and Turin. As of, more than cases have been reported across countries and territories, resulting in more than deaths. More than people have recovered. Common symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, and loss of smell and taste. While the majority of cases result in mild symptoms, some progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) possibly precipitated by cytokine storm, multi-organ failure, septic shock, and blood clots. The time from exposure to onset of symptoms is typically around five days, but may range from two to fourteen days.

2019冠状病毒病(英语:Coronavirus disease 2019,缩写:COVID-19),另称新型冠状病毒肺炎(新-{}-冠肺炎)、武-{}-汉肺炎、严重特殊-{}-传染性肺炎、严重新型传染性病原体呼吸系统病等,是一种由严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2(缩写:-{SARS-CoV-2}-)引发的传染病。该病首名病人2019年末于中华人民共和国湖北省武汉市确诊,其后此病在全球各国大规模爆发并急速扩散,截至,疫情已经波及226个国家和地区,感染逾779万人并导致其中逾42万名病人病逝,目前仍在持续扩散中。联合国秘书长古特雷斯认为,2019冠状病毒病疫情是人类自第二次世界大战以来面临的最严峻危机。


Mechanism of ejection from the Milky Way.

Studies say that a triple-star system was traveling through the center of the Milky Way when it came too close to the galactic center (which is thought to have a giant black hole). One of the stars was captured by the black hole causing the other two to be ejected from the Milky Way, where they merged to form a hot blue star. The star is moving at a speed of, about three times faster than the Sun's orbital velocity around the galaxy's center, and also faster than the galaxy's escape velocity.  The star is about 200,000 light years from the galaxy's center. Some doubt has surrounded the previous studies based on the speed and position of HE 0437-5439. The star would have to be at least 100 million years old to have traveled that distance from the galactic core, yet its mass and blue color indicate that it had burned only for 20 million years. These observations led to the explanation that it was part of a triple-star system consisting of two closely bound stars and one outer star. The black hole pulled the outer star away, which granted the star's momentum to the tight binary system and boosted both stars to escape velocity from the galaxy. As the stars traveled away, they went into normal stellar evolution, with one of them becoming a red giant and engulfing the other and forming one giant star — a blue straggler.  In 2008, a team of astronomers found a match between the star's chemical composition and the characteristics of stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Support that the star originated in the LMC was strengthened because the star is only 65,000 light years away from the nearby galaxy. Later observations using the Hubble Space Telescope showed that the star originated from the Milky Way's galactic center.

HE 0437-5439 is a massive, unbound hypervelocity star (HVS), also called HVS3. It is a main sequence B-type star located in the Dorado constellation. It was discovered in 2005 with the Kueyen telescope, which is part of the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope array. HE 0437-5439 is a young star, with an age of around 30 million years. The mass of the star is almost nine times greater than the mass of the Sun and the star is located 200,000 light years away in the direction of the Dorado constellation, 16 degrees northwest of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and farther away than the LMC. The star appears to be receding at an extremely high velocity of, or. At this speed, the star is no longer gravitationally bound and will leave the Milky Way galaxy system and escape into intergalactic space. It was thought to have originated in the LMC and been ejected from it soon after birth. This could happen if it originally was one of a pair of stars and if there is a supermassive black hole in the LMC.

HE 0437-5439是一颗大质量的、未受到星系引力束缚的超高速星(HVS),因此也被称为HVS3。它是一颗B型的主序星,在天球上位于剑鱼座,是在2005年是由欧洲南方天文台甚大望远镜(VLT)中的一台8.2米望远镜——Kueyen望远镜所发现。HE 0437-5439是一颗年轻的恒星,年龄在3000万年左右。它的质量接近太阳质量的9倍,距离地球约20万光年,在天球的位置在大麦哲伦星系西北16度处,与地球距离比大麦哲伦星系还远。


Career.

In October 1979, Baviera received a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service, "cum laude" at the University of the Philippines. As a student of modern Chinese history at the University of Beijing, she was allowed to do research in China for the first time from 1981 to 1983. She learned the Chinese language, received a diploma from the Beijing Language Institute and traveled to the north and west of the country. In 1987, Baviera received a Master of Arts in Asian studies, specializing in China and East Asia. The doctorate in political science followed in 2003. Before living in China, she was a leftist, but during her time there she "learned to recognize and shun the shallowness of political propaganda when I saw it, Mao’s as much as Marcos’s".  From 1980 to 1986, she worked as a researcher and trainer at the Foreign Service Institute of the State Department. Until 1990, she taught at the Faculty of Political Science at the University of the Philippines and then until 1993 as a research coordinator at the Philippine-China Development Resource Center. From June 1993 to May 1998, Baviera was head of the Center for International Relations and Strategic Studies of the Foreign Service Institute and taught parallel from 1996 to 1997 at the Faculty of Political Science of the Ateneo de Manila University.  From June 1998 to December 2001, Baviera was Executive Director of the Philippine-China Development Resource Center and at the same time until June 2005 Associate Professor at the University of the Philippines Asian Center. From September 2003 to October 2009, she was also Dean of the Asian Center. From July 2005, she was full professor and from July 2010 chief editor for Asian Politics & Policy of the Policy Studies Organization in Washington, D.C. Most recently, she was President and CEO of the Asia Pacific Pathways to Progress Foundation.

Death.

On the morning of March 21, 2020, Baviera died of pneumonia caused by the COVID-19 at the San Lazaro Hospital, Manila. She contracted the disease on March 12, when she returned after participating in a security conference in Paris, France. She was one of two Filipino delegates - the other being Alan T. Ortiz - who were exposed to the disease at the conference and later succumbed to it.  She was the widow of Jorge Villegas Baviera, who died in 2018, and had three children.

Aileen San Pablo Baviera (August 26, 1959 – March 21, 2020) was a Filipino political scientist and sinologist. She was one of the leading China experts in her country.

艾琳·圣巴勃罗·巴维耶拉(Aileen San Pablo Baviera,1959年-8月26日-2020年-3月21日),菲律宾政治学家、汉学家。她被认为是菲律宾最重要的中国专家之一。


Cities.

Australia contains five cities that consist of over one million people. Most of Australia's population live close to coastlines.

Ancestry.

The earliest accepted timeline for the first arrivals of indigenous Australians to the continent of Australia places this human migration to at least 65,000 years ago, most probably from the islands of Indonesia and New Guinea.  Captain James Cook claimed the east coast for Great Britain in 1770, the west coast was later settled by Britain also. At that time, the indigenous population was estimated to have been between 315,000 and 750,000, divided into as many as 500 tribes speaking many different languages.  Between 1788 and the Second World War, the vast majority of settlers and immigrants came from the British Isles (principally England, Ireland and Scotland), although there was significant immigration from China and Germany during the 19th century. In the decades immediately following the Second World War, Australia received a large wave of immigration from across Europe, with many more immigrants arriving from Southern and Eastern Europe than in previous decades. Since the end of the White Australia policy in 1973, Australia has pursued an official policy of multiculturalism, and there has been a large and continuing wave of immigration from across the world, with Asia being the largest source of immigrants in the 21st century.  In the 2016 Australian census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were: At the 2016 census, 649,171 people (2.8% of the total population) identified as being Indigenous — Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.

Immigration and country of birth.

In 2019, 30% of the Australian resident population, or 7,529,570 people, were born overseas.  Australia's population has quadrupled since the end of World War I, much of this increase from immigration. Australia has the world's eighth-largest immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 30% of the population, a higher proportion than in any other nation with a population of over 10 million. Most immigrants are skilled, but the immigration quota includes categories for family members and refugees.  The following table shows Australia's population by country of birth as estimated by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2019. It shows only countries or regions or birth with a population of over 100,000 residing in Australia.  For more information about immigration see Immigration to Australia and Foreign-born population of Australia.

Religion.

Australia was, historically, a majority Protestant nation with a large Catholic minority. Australia has become a religiously diverse country with 22% being Catholic, 30% having no religion and there are significant numbers of Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus and others. While Australia has no official religion, the various governments of Australia refer to the Christian God in their ceremonies, as do the various Australian Courts. Generally, 52.1% of Australians are Christian, 30.1% have no religion and 8.2% are other religions.  In an optional question on the 2016 Census, 52.1% of the Australian population declared some variety of Christianity. Historically the percentage has been far higher and the religious landscape of Australia is changing and diversifying. Also in 2016, 30.1% of Australians stated "no religion" and a further 9.6% chose not to answer the question. The remaining population is a diverse group which includes Muslims (2.6%), Buddhists (2.4%), Hindus (1.9%), Sikhs (0.5%), and Jews (0.4%).  The Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001 Census Dictionary statement on religious affiliation states the purpose for gathering such information:  "Data on religious affiliation are used for such purposes as planning educational facilities, aged persons' care and other social services provided by religion-based organisations; the location of church buildings; the assigning of chaplains to hospitals, prisons, armed services and universities; the allocation of time on public radio and other media; and sociological research."  As in many Western countries, the level of active participation in religious services is lower than would be indicated by the proportion of the population identifying themselves as affiliated with a religion; weekly attendance at Christian church services is about 1.5 million, or about 7.5% of the population. Christian charitable organisations, hospitals and schools play a prominent role in welfare and education services. The is the second biggest sector after government schools, with more than 650,000 students (and around 21 per cent of all secondary school enrolments).

Language.

Although Australia has no official language, English has always been entrenched as the "de facto" national language. Australian English is a major variety of the language with a distinctive accent and lexicon, and differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling. General Australian serves as the standard dialect.  According to the 2016 census, English is the only language spoken in the home for close to 72.7% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are:  A considerable proportion of first- and second-generation migrants are bilingual.  Over 250 Indigenous Australian languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact, of which less than 20 are still in daily use by all age groups. About 110 others are spoken exclusively by older people. At the time of the 2006 census, 52,000 Indigenous Australians, representing 12% of the Indigenous population, reported that they spoke an Indigenous language at home. Australia has a sign language known as Auslan, which is the main language of about 5,500 deaf people.

Indigenous population.

The earliest accepted timeline for the first arrivals of indigenous Australians to the continent of Australia places this human migration to at least 40,000 years ago.  These first inhabitants of Australia were originally hunter-gatherers, who over the course of many succeeding generations diversified widely throughout the continent and its nearby islands. Although their technical culture remained static—depending on wood, bone, and stone tools and weapons—their spiritual and social life was highly complex. Most spoke several languages, and confederacies sometimes linked widely scattered tribal groups. Aboriginal population density ranged from approximately one person per along the coasts to one person per in the arid interior. Food procurement was usually a matter for the nuclear family, requiring an estimated 3 days of work per week.  Dutch navigators landed on the coasts of modern Western Australia and Queensland several times during the 17th century. Captain James Cook wrote that he claimed the east coast for Great Britain in 1770 while standing on Possession Island off the west coast of Cape York Peninsula. The west coast was later settled by Britain also. At that time, the indigenous population was estimated to have been between 315,000 and 750,000, divided into many tribes speaking many different languages. In the, 495,757 respondents declared they were Aboriginal, 31,407 declared they were Torres Strait Islander, and a further 21,206 declared they were both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.  Since the end of World War II, efforts have been made both by the government and by the public to be more responsive to Aboriginal rights and needs.  Today, most of Australia's Indigenous population live on the east coast of Australia, where almost 60% of Indigenous Australians live in New South Wales (208,476) and Queensland (188,954) which roughly represents 2–5% of those state's populations. The Northern Territory has an Indigenous population of almost 70,000 and represents about 30% of the total Northern Territory population.

Historical population.

Note that population estimates in the table below do not include the Aboriginal population before 1961. Estimates of Aboriginal population prior to European settlement range from 300,000 to one million, with archaeological finds indicating a sustainable population of around 750,000. Where available, actual population figures from census years are included.

Total Fertility Rate from 1850 to 1899.

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.  The following figures show the total fertility rates since the first years of British colonisation.

Crude birth rates from 1860 to 1899.

The crude birth rate is the total number of live births per 1,000 population in a year. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics.

Historical percent distribution of the total population by age.

Historical median age of the population.

Median age of the Australia population through history. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics.

Vital statistics since 1900.

Source:  In 2012, the total fertility rate of Australian-born women was 1.94, while for overseas-born women, it was 1.81, while in 2013, it was 1.91 and 1.79 respectively. In 2017, TFR was 1.68 for overseas women (overseas father 1.73) and 1.78 for native women (native father 1.69).

Life expectancy at birth from 1921 to 2015.

Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations.  1921–1950  1950–2015  Source: "UN World Population Prospects"

Other general demographic statistics.

As of February 2018, the population growth rate was 0.9%. This rate was based on estimates of (April 2019):  Much of the data that follows has been derived from the CIA World Factbook and the Australian Bureau of Statistics, through censuses.

Population.

The following figures are ABS estimates for the resident population of Australia, based on the 2001 and 2006 Censuses and other data.

Life expectancy at birth.

At the time of Australian Federation in 1901, the rate of natural increase was 14.9 persons per 1,000 population. The rate increased to a peak of 17.4 per thousand population in the years 1912, 1913 and 1914. During the Great Depression, the rate declined to a low of 7.1 per thousand population in 1934 and 1935. Immediately after World War II, the rate increased sharply as a result of the start of the post–World War II baby boom and the immigration of many young people who then had children in Australia. A rate plateau of over 13.0 persons per 1,000 population occurred for every year from 1946 to 1962.  There has been a fall in the rate of natural increase since 1962 due to falling fertility. In 1971, the rate of natural increase was 12.7 persons per 1,000 population; a decade later it had fallen to 8.5. In 1996 the rate of natural increase fell below seven for the first time, with the downward trend continuing in the late 1990s. Population projections by the Australian Bureau of Statistics indicate that continued low fertility, combined with the increase in deaths from an ageing population, will result in natural increase falling below zero sometime in the mid-2030s. However, in 2006 the fertility rate rose to 1.81, one of the highest rates in the OECD.  Since 1901, the crude death rate has fallen from about 12.2 deaths per 1,000 population, to 6.4 deaths per 1,000 population in 2006.

Incarceration and punishment.

In March 2019, there was 43,320 adults imprisoned in Australia, which was an incarceration rate of 221 prisoners per 100,000 adult population., or 169 per 100,000 total population. Additionally, there was 75,544 people in community corrections (various non-custodial punishments such as parole, bail, probation and community service).  In June 2018, there was about 980 minors imprisoned in Australia on an average night.

Literacy.

As of 2016, Indian Australians were the highest educated migrant group in Australia with 54.6% of Indians in Australia having a bachelor's or higher degree, more than three times Australia's national average of 17.2% in 2011.

Population density.

, the population density of Australia was reported as. This makes Australia the 3rd least densely populated country in the world, after Namibia and Mongolia.

The demography of Australia covers basic statistics, most populous cities, ethnicity and religion. The population of Australia is estimated to be as of. Australia is the 52nd most populous country in the world and the most populous Oceanian country. Its population is concentrated mainly in urban areas and is expected to exceed 28 million by 2030.

2017年有24,770,700人(2006年6月统计时,男性人口有9,799,252,女性有10,056,036;男女比例为49.4%与50.6%。总人口中,澳洲原住民人口有455,031,占总人口比例2.3%。是年有1,407余万人在人口普查表上表示出生于澳洲,856,939人于英国、389,463人于新西兰;在家中使用粤语者有244,553人、现代标准汉语者为220,601人;(不包括习惯使用英语的华裔人口即有46.5万人)。


2019冠状病毒病土耳其疫情

Background.

On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan

Timeline.

January 2020.

On 10 January 2020, the Ministry of Health set up the Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board. It consists of 26 members specialized in fields such as chest diseases, infectious diseases and clinical microbiology. The number of board members later increased to 31 with the joining of experts and academics in virology, internal medicine and intensive care medicine. The board works out guidelines for the treatment by medicals and measures to be followed by the public, and updates them in context of the disease's

February 2020.

On 1 February, Turkey announced its decision to stop all the flights from China. The border with Iran was closed on 23 February after the Iranian authorities didn't adhere to the advice of Turkey to quarantine the Iranian city

March 2020.

Turkish cities carried out massive disinfection work in public places and mass transit vehicles. In Istanbul, the municipality decided to install hand sanitizers at stations of metrobuses.

11–20 March.

In the early hours of 11 March 2020 (), the Minister of Health Fahrettin Koca announced that a Turkish man who had contracted the virus while travelling in Europe was the country's first confirmed coronavirus case. The patient had been placed in isolation at an undisclosed hospital, and family members of the patient were put under observation.  On March 12, 2020, government spokesman İbrahim Kalın announced that all primary, secondary and university schools in Turkey will be closed.  On 13 March, Health Minister Fahrettin Koca made an announcement via his official Twitter account, confirming that a relative of the first person infected with coronavirus had fallen ill with the disease and

21–31 March.

On 21 March, the Ministry of Interior announced a total curfew for those who are over the age 65 or chronically ill.  On 23 March, at a press conference, Koca announced that a drug called Favipiravir, which was reported by Chinese authorities to be effective in treating the disease, was imported and started to be administered to intensive care patients. Koca also announced that healthcare workers would be paid an additional fee on their paychecks for 3 months. On the same day, Fatih Terim, a famous Turkish association football manager and former player, was diagnosed with the COVID-19.  In a press conference jointly organized by Minister of Health and Minister of National Education on 25 March, it was announced that the number of patients in the intensive care unit was 136 and two patients over 60

April 2020.

On 1 April 2020, Minister Koca confirmed that there were 2,148 new cases and 63 more deaths. The total number of cases increased to 15,679 and the death toll reached 277. The total number of tests performed so far was 106,799. At the same time, it was announced that there were confirmed cases for the first time in all 81 provinces and there were deaths reported in 39 provinces. The province with the highest number of cases and deaths was Istanbul with 8,852 cases and 117 deaths. It was

May 2020.

The IMM Scientific Advisory Board shared the results of their meeting on 3 May and announced that 7 + 4 days of curfew covering 16–26 May should be announced to stop the spread of the virus at the end of Ramadan. They also shared an explanation on the risks of starting an early normalization process: "The plateau provided was achieved as a result of our people's compliance with the restriction directives that have been carried out. This goodness should not bring relief or temporary relaxation in measures. In the report

June 2020.

On 1 June, domestic flights were resumed and most public spaces were opened, including restaurants, swimming pools, beaches, parks, libraries and museums.  On 2 June,

Government response.

Education.

On 8 March, the Ministry of National Education announced that they were using special disinfectants to keep schools clean against the virus threat. Minister Ziya Selçuk said that every surface open to contact at the schools is being sanitised, noting that vocational schools producing 100 tons of disinfectants daily supply the disinfectants for schools.  Minister Selçuk organized a press conference on 12 March and announced that disinfection would be carried out in all schools after the closure. He said that the weekly curriculum would be structured and the necessary

Travel and gathering restrictions.

The Grand National Assembly of Turkey announced that no visitors would be accepted to parliament between 13–31 March. On 13 March, Turkey announced its decision to stop all flights to and from Germany, France, Spain, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Sweden, Austria and the Netherlands starting from Saturday at 08.00 am until 17 April. On the same day, Minister of Justice Abdulhamit Gül announced that meetings in all open and closed prisons, the use of family meeting rooms and transfers between prisons were delayed for two weeks.  On 14 March, following a meeting between President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev, the two countries temporarily stopped land and air transportation. On the same day, Turkey and Georgia announced their mutual decision to close the Sarpi Border Gate.  On 15 March, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism announced that between 16 and 30 March all libraries in Turkey would be closed. The Ministry of the Interior announced that pavilions, discotheques, bars and night clubs would be closed

Economics.

On 18 March, President Erdoğan urged public to stay at home and not to visit hospitals outside emergency cases. Erdoğan further stated that public banks will deliver pensions to retirees above the age of 76 to their homes, with the minimum amount of payment for retired people being 1,500. A 100 billion economic measures package was also announced by the government to address financial issues of companies and low-income households. With this package the government promised to raise the Credit

Prisoner release.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Turkish parliament accepted a bill which could enable the release of up to 100,000 prisoners, including people

Detainment and misinformation.

Law enforcement agencies detained 19 people for creating panic and fear in society by using "fake" images and audio files in social media and targeting officials/officers with "unfounded and provocative" posts and "by suggesting that the virus had spread widely in Turkey and that officials had taken insufficient measures", according to the officials. Some foreign newspapers considered

Repatriation of citizens abroad.

More than 60,000 Turkish nationals have been repatriated from 75 countries since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Turkey’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced on 25 April. After landing in Turkey, the

International aid.

During the pandemic, Turkey provided medical aid to other countries to assist in fighting the coronavirus. This help includes face masks, protective overalls, test kits and sanitiser gels.  On 1 April, an Airbus A400M Atlas cargo plane of the Turkish Air Force carried aid to Spain and Italy as part of efforts of NATO allies to respond to the coronavirus pandemic. Reports said the medical supplies donated by Turkey to Spain and Italy consisted of personal protection equipment and disinfectants, including 450,000 masks. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg welcomed this example of NATO solidarity in action by saying he was “proud to see NATO Allies supporting each other through our disaster relief center.” Turkey sent the medical supplies after Italy and Spain had requested assistance via NATO’s Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response Coordination Center,

Refugees, asylum-seekers, and migrants.

The welfare of Turkey's 3.6 million Syrian refugees, along with its 370,000 asylum seekers and an additional number of irregular migrants, is considered to be a particularly acute challenge for Turkey, as these populations are particularly vulnerable to contracting and spreading the disease, with the associated risks being geographically heterogeneous.  Together, refugees, irregular migrants, and asylum-seekers surpass 5 million, mostly residing in towns and major cities, with only 2% in camps. In Istanbul and Şanlıurfa, one in five refugees lack access to clean drinking water, and one in three lack access to hygiene items. Living quarters are crammed, and 45% of Syrian refugees in Turkey live in poverty, 14% in extreme poverty. Syrian refugees and asylum-seekers have the legal right to basic health services, however Tekin-Koru writing for CEPR Public Policy notes on the contrary that, according to a 2019 Doctors of the World report, 23% of refugees do not actually have access to healthcare services in urban areas, while in rural areas that figure is 58%. While Turkish citizens receive face masks free of charge, refugees

Social impact.

During the pandemic, the proportion of domestic violence in Turkey increased by 38.2% in March.  While

Research.

A Turkish research team in Istanbul is conducting a small study on the use of chloroquine as a prophylactic, in combination with zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin D.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey is part of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The disease was confirmed to have reached Turkey on 11 March 2020, after a man who had returned to Turkey from Europe, tested positive. The first death due to COVID-19 in the country occurred on 15 March 2020 and by 1 April, it was confirmed that COVID-19 had spread all over Turkey. On 14 April 2020, the head of the Turkish Ministry of Health Fahrettin Koca announced that the spread of the virus in Turkey has reached its peak in the fourth week and started to slow down.

本条目说明2019冠状病毒病疫情于土耳其之情况,土耳其官方表示,于2020年3月11日()出现首宗确诊病例。并于2020年3月17日出现因2019冠状病毒病的首宗死亡病例。土耳其卫生部长于2020年3月23日宣布2019冠状病毒病疫情已遍及全国。


Geological history.

There are several hypotheses regarding the geological history of Acidalia Planitia based on evidence from satellite data.

Springs and steam vents.

Acidalia Planitia was once covered by ancient crust. Its surface eroded into knobs of iron/magnesium phyllosilicates during the Amazonian. Sediments filled the empty plain, leaving the phyllosilicate knobs as protrusions through the surface. The spatial density of these knobs is consistent with the ancient crust that was once above Acidalia Planitia.  Hydrated silica materials surround the phyllosilicate knobs and the sides of rocky slopes. Rather than covering the entire surface, these features are localized. This indicates that the plain was once home to springs and steam vents not extensive bodies of water such as oceans or glaciers.

Oceans.

Utopia Planitia is a similar plain at the same latitude as Acidalia Planitia. Etched flows in its terrain suggest that mud flowed into Utopia Planitia creating a large reservoir of water and mud in the deepest part of the basin, about 1000 km across. This may have been the remnants of a more extensive ocean that covered all of the northern lowlands including Acidalia Planitia. The Vastitas Borealis Formation (VBF) stretched across both Utopia and Acidalia Planitiae and delineated the threshold for an ancient ocean. The two segments of the VBF at Utopia and Acidalia have congruent ages, reliefs, crater frequencies, albedos, thermal properties, and superpositions of geological features. This suggests that the Acidalia Planitia may have once been covered by a large Martian ocean.

Glaciers.

Craters on Acidalia Planitia are asymmetrical. Mars Orbital Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data revealed that the slopes of the pole-facing crater walls are shallower than the equator-facing slopes. Other studies show the opposite asymmetry to be true. The two theories indicate either biased glacial deposition during the Amazonian era or long-term creep of hundreds of meters of ice-rich regolith beneath the surface, respectively.

Geological features.

Gullies.

Martian gullies are small, incised networks of narrow channels and their associated downslope sediment deposits, found on the planet of Mars. They are named for their resemblance to terrestrial gullies. First discovered on images from Mars Global Surveyor, they occur on steep slopes, especially on the walls of craters. Usually, each gully has a dendritic "alcove" at its head, a fan-shaped "apron" at its base, and a single thread of incised "channel" linking the two, giving the whole gully an hourglass shape. They are believed to be relatively young because they have few, if any craters. A subclass of gullies is also found cut into the faces of sand dunes which are themselves considered to be quite young. On the basis of their form, aspects, positions, and location amongst and apparent interaction with features thought to be rich in water ice, many researchers believed that the processes carving the gullies involve liquid water. However, this remains a topic of active research.

Mud volcanoes.

Cone-shaped features with higher albedo than surrounding rocks litter the surface of Acidalia Planitia. The most similar terrestrial feature to these formations are mud volcanoes. On Mars, mud volcanoes have an average diameter of ~1 km and a relief of 10 to 180 meters. Their higher albedo is a result of more crystalline iron oxides than the rest of Acidalia Planitia. Mud volcanoes erupt sediments from deep beneath the surface and change the rising rocks very minimally. These rocks are used to analyze organic matter as mud volcanoes also create subterranean conduits for ancient ground water that may have hosted microbiota.

In popular culture.

In the 2011 novel "The Martian" by Andy Weir, and its 2015 film adaptation, Acidalia Planitia is the landing site of the Ares III mission, where the protagonist is stranded following a dust storm.

Acidalia Planitia is a plain on Mars. It is located between the Tharsis volcanic province and Arabia Terra to the north of Valles Marineris, centered at. Most of this region is found in the Mare Acidalium quadrangle, but a small part is in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle. The plain contains the famous Cydonia region at the contact with the heavily cratered highland terrain.

阿西达里亚平原(拉丁语:Acidalia Planitia),或译为阿西达利亚平原,火星上的一个平原。位于塔尔西斯火成岩省和阿拉伯高地之间,到水手号峡谷和克里斯平原的北方,中心位于。阿西达里亚平原包含了著名的塞东尼亚区,这是火星北方大平原和南方陨击高原的交界。


Definition.

War crimes are defined as acts which violate the laws and customs of war established by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, or acts that are grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol I and Additional Protocol II. The

History.

Philippine–American War.

Following the end of the Spanish–American War in 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States as part of the peace settlement. This triggered a more than a decade-long conflict between the United States Armed Forces and the revolutionary First Philippine Republic under President Emilio Aguinaldo.  War crimes committed by the United States Army in the Philippines include the March across Samar, which led to the court martial and forcible retirement of Brigadier General Jacob H. Smith. Smith instructed Major Littleton Waller, commanding officer of a battalion of 315 U.S. Marines assigned to bolster his forces in Samar, regarding the conduct of pacification, in which he stated the following: Since it was a popular belief among the Americans serving in the Philippines that native males were born with bolos in their hands, Major Littleton Waller asked: A sustained and widespread massacre of Filipino civilians followed. All food and trade to Samar were cut off, with the intention of starving the revolutionaries and the civilian populace into submission. Smith's strategy on Samar involved widespread destruction of land and towns to force inhabitants to stop supporting the guerrillas and turn to the Americans out of fear of starvation. He used his troops in sweeps of the interior in search for guerrilla bands and in attempts to capture Philippine General Vicente Lukbán, but he did nothing to prevent contact between the guerrillas and the townspeople. American columns marched across the island, destroying homes and shooting people and draft animals. The exact number of Filipino civilians killed by US troops will never be known. Littleton Waller, in a report, stated that over an eleven-day period his men burned 255 dwellings, shot 13 carabaos, and killed 39 people. An exhaustive research made by a British writer in the 1990s put the figure at about 2,500 dead; Filipino historians believe it to be around 50,000. As a consequence of his order in Samar, Smith became known as "Howling Wilderness Smith". Regarding the massacres in Bud Dajo, Major Hugh Scott, the District Governor of Sulu Province, where the incidents occurred, recounted that those who fled to the crater "declared they had no intention of fighting, ran up there only in fright, and had some crops planted and desired to cultivate them." The description of the engagement as a "battle" is disputed because of both the overwhelming firepower of the attackers and the lopsided casualties. The author Vic Hurley wrote, "By no stretch of the imagination could Bud Dajo be termed a 'battle'". Mark Twain strongly condemned the incident in several articles he published, and commented: "In what way was it a battle? It has no resemblance to a battle. We cleaned up our four days' work and made it complete by butchering these helpless people."  A higher percentage of Moros were killed than in other incidents now considered massacres. For example, the highest estimate of Native Americans killed at the Wounded Knee Massacre is 300 out of 350, a death rate of 85%, whereas in Bud Dajo, there were only six Moro survivors

World War I.

According to historian Richard Rubin, American Doughboys developed an intense hatred of all soldiers of the Imperial German Army

World War II.

Pacific theater.

On January 26, 1943, the submarine USS "Wahoo" fired on survivors in lifeboats from the Japanese transport "Buyo Maru". Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood asserted that the survivors were Japanese soldiers who had turned machine-gun and rifle fire on the "Wahoo" after she surfaced, and that such resistance was common in submarine warfare. According to the submarine's executive officer, the fire was intended to force the Japanese soldiers to abandon their boats and none of them were deliberately targeted. Historian Clay Blair stated that the submarine's crew fired first and the shipwrecked survivors returned fire with handguns. The survivors were later determined to have included Allied POWs of the Indian 2nd Battalion, 16th Punjab Regiment, who were guarded by Japanese Army Forces from the 26th Field Ordnance Depot. Of 1,126 men originally aboard "Buyo Maru", 195 Indians and 87 Japanese died, some killed during the torpedoing of the ship and some killed by the shootings afterwards.  During and after the Battle of the Bismarck Sea (March 3–5, 1943), U.S. PT boats and Allied aircraft attacked Japanese rescue vessels as well as approximately 1,000 survivors from eight sunken Japanese troop transport ships. The stated justification was that the Japanese personnel were close to their military destination and would be promptly returned to service in the battle. Many of the Allied aircrew accepted the attacks as necessary, while others were sickened.  American servicemen in the Pacific War deliberately killed Japanese soldiers who had surrendered, according to Richard Aldrich, a professor of history at the University of Nottingham. Aldrich published a study of diaries kept by United States and Australian soldiers, wherein it was stated that they sometimes massacred prisoners of war. According to John Dower, in

European theater.

Rhine meadow camp atrocities (see James Bacque).  In the Laconia massacre, U.S. aircraft attacked Germans rescuing survivors from the sinking British troopship in the Atlantic Ocean. Pilots of a United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) B-24 Liberator bomber, despite knowing the U-boat's location, intentions, and the presence of British seamen, killed dozens of "Laconia"'s survivors with bombs and strafing attacks, forcing "U-156" to cast its remaining survivors into the sea and crash dive to avoid being destroyed.  The "Canicattì massacre" involved the killing of Italian civilians by Lieutenant Colonel George Herbert McCaffrey. A confidential inquiry was made, but McCaffrey was never charged with any offense relating to the massacre. He died in 1954. This fact remained virtually unknown in the U.S. until 2005, when Joseph S. Salemi of New York University, whose father witnessed it, reported it.  In the "Biscari massacre", which consisted of two instances of mass murder, U.S. troops of the 45th Infantry Division killed roughly 75 prisoners of war, mostly Italian.  According to an article in "Der Spiegel" by Klaus Wiegrefe, many personal memoirs of Allied soldiers have been wilfully ignored by historians until now because they were at odds with the "greatest generation" mythology surrounding World War II. However, this has recently started to change, with books such as "The Day of Battle", by Rick Atkinson, in which he describes Allied war crimes in Italy, and "D-Day: The Battle for Normandy", by Antony Beevor. Beevor's latest work suggests that Allied war crimes in Normandy were much more extensive "than was

Korean War.

The No Gun Ri massacre refers to an incident of mass killing of an undetermined number of South Korean refugees by U.S. soldiers of the 7th Cavalry Regiment (and in a U.S. air attack) between 26–29 July 1950 at a railroad bridge near the village of Nogeun-ri, southeast of Seoul. In 2005, the South Korean government certified the

Vietnam War.

The My Lai Massacre was the mass murder of 347 to 504 unarmed citizens in South Vietnam, almost entirely civilians, most of them women and children, conducted by U.S. soldiers from the Company C of the 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 11th Brigade of the 23rd (Americal) Infantry Division, on 16 March 1968. Some of the victims were raped, beaten, tortured, or maimed, and some of the bodies were found mutilated. The massacre took place in the hamlets of Mỹ Lai and My Khe of Sơn Mỹ village during the Vietnam War. Of the 26 U.S. soldiers initially charged with criminal offenses or war crimes for actions at My Lai, only William Calley was convicted. Initially sentenced to life in prison, Calley had his sentence reduced to ten years, then was released after only three and

Gulf War.

At a 1992 symposium at Albany Law School, international law professor Francis Boyle argued that the Coalition air campaign during the Gulf War fit the definition of genocide due to indiscriminate targeting of civilians and non-military infrastructure.

Highway of Death.

During the American led coalition offensive in the Gulf War, American, Canadian, British and French aircraft and ground forces attacked retreating Iraqi military personnel and fleeing civilian convoys attempting to head towards Baghdad on the night of February 26–27, 1991, resulting in the destruction of thousands of vehicles and 200 to 1,000+ deaths. Activist and former United States Attorney General Ramsey Clark argued that these attacks violated the Third Geneva Convention, Common Article 3, which outlaws the killing of soldiers who "are out of combat." Clark included it in his 1991 report "WAR CRIMES: A Report on United States War Crimes Against Iraq to the Commission of Inquiry for the International War Crimes Tribunal".  Additionally, journalist Seymour Hersh, citing American witnesses, reported that a platoon of U.S. Bradley Fighting Vehicles from the 1st Brigade, 24th Infantry Division opened fire on a large group of more than 350 disarmed Iraqi soldiers who had surrendered at a makeshift military checkpoint after fleeing the devastation on Highway 8.

War on Terror.

In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U.S. Government adopted several new measures in the classification and treatment of prisoners captured in the War on Terror, including applying the status of unlawful combatant to some prisoners, conducting extraordinary renditions and using torture ("enhanced interrogation techniques"). Human Rights Watch and others described the measures as being illegal under the Geneva Conventions.

Command responsibility.

A presidential memorandum of February 7, 2002, authorized U.S. interrogators of prisoners captured during the War in Afghanistan to deny the prisoners basic protections required by the Geneva Conventions, and thus according to Jordan J. Paust, professor of law and formerly a member of the faculty of the Judge Advocate General's School, "necessarily authorized and ordered violations of the Geneva Conventions, which are war crimes." Based on the president's memorandum, U.S. personnel carried out cruel and inhumane treatment on captured enemy fighters, which necessarily means that the president's memorandum was a plan to violate the Geneva Convention, and such a plan constitutes a war crime under the Geneva Conventions, according to Professor Paust.  U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales and others have argued that detainees should be considered "unlawful combatants" and as such not be protected by the Geneva Conventions in multiple memoranda regarding these perceived legal gray areas.  Gonzales' statement that denying coverage under the Geneva Conventions "substantially reduces the threat of domestic criminal prosecution under the War Crimes Act" suggests, to some authors, an awareness by those involved in crafting policies in this area that U.S. officials are involved in acts that could be seen to be war crimes. The U.S. Supreme Court challenged the premise on which this argument is based in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, in which it ruled that Common Article Three of the Geneva Conventions applies to detainees in Guantanamo Bay and that the military tribunals used to try these suspects were in violation of U.S. and international law.  Human Rights Watch claimed in 2005 that the principle of "command responsibility" could make high-ranking officials within the Bush administration guilty of the numerous war crimes committed during the War on Terror, either with their knowledge or by persons under their control. On April 14, 2006, Human Rights Watch said that Secretary Donald Rumsfeld could be criminally liable for his alleged involvement in the abuse of Mohammed al-Qahtani. On November 14, 2006,

United States war crimes are the violations of the laws and customs of war of which the United States Armed Forces has committed after the signing of the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. These have included the summary execution of captured enemy combatants, the mistreatment of prisoners during interrogation, the use of torture, and the use of violence against civilians and non-combatants.

美国战争罪行是指《海牙公约》签署以来,美国武装部队被指控犯下的违反战争法和战争惯例的行为。其中包括草率处决被俘的敌方战斗人员、在审讯期间虐待囚犯以及对平民非战斗人员使用暴力。


2019冠状病毒病阿联酋疫情

Background.

On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, which was reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019.  The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 has been much lower than SARS of 2003, but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll.

Timeline.

January 2020.

On 29 January, the first case in the UAE was confirmed to be a 73-year-old Chinese woman who came to the country on holiday with her family from Wuhan. The family of four, 36-year-old mother, 38-year-old father, 10-year-old child, and the 73-year-old grandmother arrived in the Emirates on 16 January and took the grandmother to a doctor with flu-like symptoms on 23 January, where it was discovered that the family was infected. The announcement led to a sell out of face masks across the UAE.  On 31 January, the fifth case of coronavirus in the UAE was confirmed, in someone who had travelled from Wuhan to Dubai.

February 2020.

On 8 February, the sixth and seventh cases, of Chinese and a 43-year-old Filipino, were confirmed.  On 9 February, the first patient, a 73-year-old Chinese woman, was released after recovering.  On 10 February, the eighth case was confirmed to be an Indian expatriate who had interacted with a recently diagnosed person.  On 14 February, two more patients recovered and were discharged from the hospital. The two patients were a 41-year-old Chinese father and his eight-year-old boy.  On 16 February, the ninth case was confirmed to be a 37-year old Chinese man.  On 21 February, the tenth and eleventh case were confirmed to be a 34-year-old Filipino national and a 39-year-old Bangladeshi national who had contact with a Chinese national who had been diagnosed with the virus.  On 22 February, the government announced that two more people, a 70-year old Iranian visitor and his 64-year-old wife, have been diagnosed, taking the total to thirteen.  On 27 February, six more new cases were announced, including four Iranians, one Bahraini and one Chinese national. On the same day, it was announced that case 2, of the 36-year-old Chinese woman, and another 37-year-old Chinese person were discharged after recovering.  On 28 February, two Italian technicians visiting the country to participate in the UAE Tour, a top level cycling race, were tested positive. 612 people involved in the UAE Tour were quarantined in the homes and the W Abu Dhabi hotel and the Crowne Plaza Abu Dhabi hotel, both in Yas Island, and the two hotels were put on lockdown. The 612 people were all screened and the results were negative.

March 2020.

On 1 March, six more people tested positive for the coronavirus in the UAE, the Ministry of Health and Prevention said, bringing the total number of infected persons to 27. The patients include two Russians, two Italians, a German and a Colombian citizen, who had been in contact with two Italian participants of the UAE Tour who tested positive for coronavirus at the weekend.  On 3 March, a 16-year-old female Indian student in Dubai tested positive for the coronavirus after contracting it from her parent who came back after traveling abroad. The parent developed symptoms five days after returning to Dubai. Both the student and her family were quarantined.  On 5 March, the Ministry of Health and Prevention confirmed that a 17-year-old male Emirati student has tested positive for coronavirus and showed no symptoms of it. The student is now stable and is receiving necessary healthcare.  On 6 March, two Chinese patients recovered, bringing the total number of recovered cases in the UAE to seven. The two recoveries, a 38-year-old father and his 10-year-old child, were from the first family to contract the virus, and all members of the Chinese family are now virus-free. On the same day, it was announced that 15 cases of different nationalities have tested positive for the virus, taking to 45 the total infections in the country. 13 cases consisted of one individual each from Thailand, China, Morocco and India, two individuals each from Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia, Iran and three individuals from the UAE were detected through early reporting by individuals. All these cases arrived from abroad. Two cases, each from the UAE and Egypt, have been diagnosed with the virus by active surveillance system for being in close contact with confirmed cases announced previously in connection with the UAE Tour.  On 9 March, the UAE recorded 14 new cases, the Ministry of Health and Prevention said, bringing the total number of reported cases to 59. In a statement, the health ministry said the cases involve four Emiratis, three Italians, two Bangladeshis, two Nepalese, a Russian, an Indian and a Syrian national. On the same day, it was announced that two Emiratis, two Ethiopians and a Thai national recovered from the virus, bringing to 12 the total recovered cases in the country.  On 10 March, the UAE Ministry of Health and Prevention on Tuesday confirmed 15 new cases, bringing the total number of infected people in the country to 74. The 15 cases involve three Italians, two Emiratis, two from UK, two from Sri Lanka, two Indians, a German, a South African, a Tanzanian and an Iranian. On the same day, it was announced that five cases recovered, consisting for three Emiratis, one Egyptian and one Moroccan.  On 11 March, 11 new cases were announced, bring the total number of cases in the UAE to 85. The individuals were placed under quarantine as suspected cases subsequent to their entry into the UAE and following required testing and monitoring, the individuals were confirmed to be positive. The 11 individuals diagnosed include two Italians, two Filipinos, one Montenegrin, one Canadian, one German, one Pakistani, one Emirati, one Russian and one British citizen. On the same day, it was announced that a Bangladeshi, a Chinese, and an Italian person recovered from the virus, bringing the total number of recovered cases in the country to 20.  On 15 March, 12 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number of cases to 98. The patients are three Indians, and one each from the UAE, the Philippines, South Africa, Australia, China, Lebanon, the UK, Italy, and Iran. On the same day, 3 people have recovered from the virus bringing the total number to 26, the people are two Emiratis and an Indian.  On 18 March, 15 new cases were announced, with the total number of infected people to 113. Patients are from Kyrgyzstan, Serbia, Italy, Netherlands, Australia, Germany, USA, Greece, Russia, Ukraine, Bangladesh, Britain, and Spain.  On 19 March, UAE confirmed 27 new cases of the novel coronavirus on Thursday along with 30 recoveries in total. The total number of COVID-19 cases in UAE stands at 140, with five new cases including three Emiratis, one Syrian and one Sri Lankan.  On 20 March, the first two deaths were confirmed.  On 21 March, there were deaths of two patients with underlying health conditions.  On 22 March, there were seven recoveries, and 13 new cases.  On 23 March, UAE announces 45 new coronavirus cases. Total cases reported in the country are now 198. The government urged people to stay in their homes and only leave home for an emergency or for work, said Ministry of Interior.  On 24 March, four new recovery cases and 50 new cases were confirmed. These new cases were among individuals who had close contact with cases announced previously, as well as people who returned from abroad.  On 25 March, UAE announced 85 new cases, for a total of 333 infections in the country, with seven recoveries reported by the official spokesperson of the UAE health service. Seven people recovered, for a total of 52 recoveries. On the same day, 64 people were arrested for breaking home quarantine after they came in direct contact with people infected with the virus.  On 27 March, UAE 72 new cases and three recoveries were confirmed.  On 28 March, UAE on Saturday announced 63 new cases of COVID-19, raising the total of confirmed cases to 468.  On 29 March, UAE the Ministry of Health and Prevention announced 102 new cases, taking the total cases in the country to 570. The 102 new cases patients consisted of one person from New Zealand, Slovakia, Morocco, Greece, China, France, Germany, Algeria, Iraq, Colombia, Venezuela, and Poland. Two people from Brazil, Sweden, Australia, Ethiopia, Canada, Lebanon, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and Portugal. Three people from Italy and Ireland. Six people from Egypt. Seven people from the UAE and the Philippines. 16 people from Britain. 30 people from India. On the same day, the three new recoveries were announced takes the total tally of recoveries to 58, and another person died from the virus, taking the toll to three in UAE, until March 29.  On 30 March, there were 41 new cases, for a total of 611. Two more deaths were announced, for a total of five, and there were three recoveries.  On 31 March, 53 new confirmed cases were announced, for a total of 664, and one death for a total of six.

April 2020.

On 1 April, the Ministry of Health and Prevention announced 150 new coronavirus cases for a total of 814, with a total number of eight deaths from the virus.  On 2 April, the Ministry of Health and Prevention announced 210 new cases for a total number of cases to 1,024, with 96 recoveries.  On 3 April, 240 new cases were announced for a total of 1,264, with 108 having fully recovered, and one patient having died.  On 4 April, the Ministry of Health and Prevention reported another 241 new coronavirus cases, bringing the total number of COVID-19 patients to 1,505.  On 5 April, the Ministry of Health and Prevention reported 294 new cases of the COVID-19 coronavirus, taking the total number of cases in the country to 1,799. MoHAP also announced 19 new recoveries, taking the total number of recoveries to 144.  On 6 April, the Ministry of Health and Prevention reported another 277 new coronavirus cases of different nationalities, bringing the total number of cases of infection to 2076, with 11 deaths from the virus, and a total of 167 recovered patients.  On 7 April there were 283 new cases, for a total of 2,359. There were 186 recoveries and 12 deaths due to coronavirus.  On 8 April, 300 new cases and 53 new recoveries were announced, with the total number of cases standing at 2,659, with 239 recoveries.  On 9 April, there were 331 new coronavirus cases and two deaths, with a total of 14 deaths.  On 10 April, there were 370 new confirmed cases, for a total of 3,360. 150 patients recovered, bringing the total number of recovered cases to 418. There were two deaths from the virus, for a total of 16.  On 11 April, there were 376 new cases of coronavirus, for a total of 3,736. The total number of recoveries rose to 588. Four patients died of the virus, bringing the total number of deaths to 20.  On 13 April there were 398 new cases, and 172 new recoveries, for a total of 852.  On 14 April there were 412 new cases, for a total of 4,933. There were 81 new recoveries, for a total of 933.  On 15 April there were five deaths, and 432 new cases for a total of 5,365.  On 16 April there were two deaths, and 460 new cases for a total of 5,825. There were 61 new recoveries, for a total of 1,095.  On 17 April there were 477 new cases, for a total of 6,302. Two Emiratis died, and 93 patients recovered, for a total of 1,188 recoveries and 37 deaths.  On 19 April there were 479 new cases, for a total of 6,781. There were 98 new recoveries, for a total of 1,286, and 41 deaths.  On 20 April there were 484 new cases, for a total of 7,265. There were two deaths, taking the total to 43, and 74 recoveries, for a total of 1,360.  On 21 April there were 490 new cases, for a total of 7,755. There were three deaths, taking the total to 46, and 83 recoveries, for a total of 1,443.  On 22 April there were 483 new cases for a total of 8,238. 103 patients had recovered, for a total of 1,546. Six people died, bringing the number of deaths to 52.  On 23 April there were 525 new cases for a total of 9,281, 123 new recoveries for a total of 1,760, and eight deaths for a total of 64.  On 24 April there were 518 new cases among various nationalities. The total number of cases in the UAE reached 9,281.  On 25 April there were 532 new cases among various nationalities. The total number of cases in the UAE reached 9,813. Additionally, the total number of people recovered reached 1,887.  On 26 April there were 536 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 10,349. The government also announced the recovery of 91 additional cases.  On 27 April there were 490 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 10,839. The government also announced the recovery of 112 cases.  On 28 April there were 541 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 11,380. The government also announced the recovery of 91 cases.  On 29 April there were 549 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 11,929. The government also announced the recovery of 148 cases.  On 30 April there were 552 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 12,481. The government also announced the recovery of 100 cases.

May 2020.

On 1 May there were 557 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 13,038. The government also announced the recovery of 114 cases.  On 2 May there were 561 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 13,599. The government also announced the recovery of 121 cases.  On 3 May there were 564 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 14,163. The government also announced the recovery of 99 cases.  On 4 May there were 567 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 14,730. The government also announced the recovery of 203 cases.  On 5 May there were 462 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 15,192. The government also announced the recovery of 187 cases.  On 6 May there were 546 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 15,738. The government also announced the recovery of 206 cases.  On 7 May there were 502 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 16,240. The government also announced the recovery of 213 cases.  On 8 May there were 553 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 16,793. The government also announced the recovery of 265 cases.  On 9 May there were 624 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 17,417. The government also announced the recovery of 458 cases.  On 10 May there were 781 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 18,198. The government also announced the recovery of 509 cases.  On 11 May there were 680 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 18,878. The government also announced the recovery of 577 cases.  On 12 May there were 783 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 19,661. The government also announced the recovery of 631 cases.  On 13 May there were 725 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 20,384. The government also announced the recovery of 511 cases.  On 14 May there were 698 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 21,084. The government also announced the recovery of 407 cases.  On 15 May there were 747 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 21,831. The government also announced the recovery of 398 cases.  On 16 May there were 796 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 22,627. The government also announced the recovery of 603 cases.  On 17 May there were 796 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 23,358. The government also announced the recovery of 581 cases.  On 18 May there were 832 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 24,190. The government also announced the recovery of 1,065 cases. This marks the first day where the number of recoveries surpasses the number of new cases found.  On 19 May there were 873 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 25,063. The government also announced the recovery of 1,214 cases.  On 20 May there were 941 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 26,004. The government also announced the recovery of 1,018 cases.  On 21 May, There were 894 new cases bringing the total number of cases in UAE to 26,898. The government also announced the recovery of 946. The 4 new Deaths due to COVID-19 Were reported within UAE bringing the total number of deaths in UAE To 237.  On 22 May there were 994 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 27,892. The government also announced the recovery of 1,043 cases.  On 23 May there were 812 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 28,704. The government also announced the recovery of 697 cases.  On 24 May there were 781 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 29,485. The government also announced the recovery of 561 cases.  On 25 May there were 822 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 30,307. The government also announced the recovery of 601 cases.  On 26 May there were 779 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 31,086. The government also announced the recovery of 325 cases.  On 27 May there were 883 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 31,969. The government also announced the recovery of 389 cases.  On 28 May there were 563 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 32,532. The government also announced the recovery of 314 cases.  On 29 May there were 638 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 33,170. The government also announced the recovery of 412 cases.  On 30 May there were 726 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 33,896. The government also announced the recovery of 449 cases.  On 31 May there were 661 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 34,557. The government also announced the recovery of 386 cases.

June 2020.

On 1 June there were 635 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 35,192. The government also announced the recovery of 406 cases, bringing the total number of recoveries to 18,338.  On 2 June there were 596 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 35,788. The government also announced the recovery of 388 cases, bringing the total number of recoveries to 18,726.  On 3 June there were 571 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 36,359. The government also announced the recovery of 427 cases, bringing the total number of recoveries to 19,153.  On 4 June there were 659 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 37,018. The government also announced the recovery of 419 cases, bringing the total number of recoveries to 19,572.  On 5 June there were 624 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 37,642. The government also announced the recovery of 765 cases, bringing the total number of recoveries to 20,337.  On 6 June there were 626 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 38,268. The government also announced the recovery of 724 cases, bringing the total number of recoveries to 21,061.  On 7 June there were 540 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 38,808. The government also announced the recovery of 745 cases, bringing the total number of recoveries to 21,806.  On 8 June there were 568 new cases bringing the total number of cases in the UAE to 3sex9,376. The government also announced the recovery of 469 cases, bringing the total number of recoveries to 22,275.

Government responses.

Aid and repatriation.

On 4 March, by the request of their country's respective governments, 215 people stranded in Wuhan – from countries that include Syria, Iraq, Mauritania, Sudan, Brazil, Egypt, Yemen and Jordan – were flown to the UAE capital in a plane equipped with medical facilities.  On 6 April, Abu Dhabi National Exhibitions Company, owner of the ExCeL London conference centre, turned the conference centre into a coronavirus hospital for up to 4,000 patients in the UK. Two planes were chartered by the government of the UAE authorities to bring 80 Emirati nationals home from the UK.  On 12 April, UAE announced its intent to arrange repatriation flights for Indians and other stranded citizens stranded in UAE and wishing to go back to their countries.

Curfew.

On 26 March, the country imposed night curfew as disinfection in the country began. On 28 March, the country announced that curfews and disinfection would be extended until April 5.  On March 31, Al Ras area, one of Dubai's densely populated areas that's home to the gold souk and museums, was placed under lock down for two weeks starting 31 March preventing all residents from leaving or entering the area.  On 4 April, a 24-hour curfew was imposed on Dubai, with stricter restrictions on movement imposed, which was reduced to 10-hours from 10:00 pm and 6:00 am starting April 24.

Economy.

On 23 March, the government shut malls for two weeks. Fish, meat and vegetable markets also closed for a renewable period of two weeks. On 23 April, both Abu Dhabi and Dubai governments announced that some restrictions were being reduced in respect to mall closures with their respective economic departments stating that they were consulting with stakeholders in opening malls in line with government plans for a gradual increase in economic activity in the country. The types of shops allowed to reopen is very limited with regulations to not exceed 30% capacity at any time.

Education.

On March 3, UAE's Ministry of Education announced that schools and universities across the country will close for a month starting Sunday, March 8, as part of efforts to contain the spread of coronavirus. Spring break, which originally begins on March 29, instead began on March 8 and lasted for two weeks. Distance learning was introduced during the remaining two weeks, with pupils learning from home. On 30 March, UAE announced that the 2-week online "distance learning" for schools and universities would continue until the end of the academic year in June.  On 18 March, UAE advisory asking Emirati students abroad to immediately return if their university closes. On 24 March, UAE called for all Emirati students studying abroad to return within 48 hours.

Health.

On 23 January, Abu Dhabi International Airport and Dubai International Airport announced that travelers arriving directly from China would have their temperatures screened.  The Dubai Health Authority (DHA) directed all DHA-licensed hospitals to consider all suspected and confirmed cases as emergencies and patients are to be treated free of charge, including those without insurance. On 22 March, Dubai started a 11-day sterilisation campaign as an effort to contain the coronavirus. On 28 March, Abu Dhabi crown prince Mohammed bin Zayed announced that a new testing site has opened.

Religion.

On March 16, prayers at Mosques and all other places of worship in the UAE have been suspended as of 9 pm as a precautionary measure against coronavirus. Tarawih prayers were not allowed during Ramadan, and the only prayer held in grand Mosques with an Imam and two people was broadcast daily for Muslims to watch at home. Also, several churches in the UAE had announced temporary closures and the suspension of Mass starting March 12.

Telecommunication.

On 24 March, TRA unblocks Skype for Business, Google Hangouts amid the coronavirus outbreak. The TRA explained that residents will now be able to use Microsoft Teams, Zoom and Blackboard, which are available on all networks in the country. Microsoft Skype for Business and Google Hangouts are compatible with fixed Internet networks.

Transportation.

Flights.

On 22 March, Emirates announced that it will be suspending all passenger flights effective March 25 in response to the coronavirus, but will continue to operate cargo flights for essential goods. The government also suspended all passenger and transit flights. The suspension of flights will commence at 23:59 (UAE local time) on Wednesday 25 March and will last for an initial 14 days, subject to further directives by the relevant authorities.  On 1 April, Emirates SkyCargo suspended operations at the Al Maktoum International Airport and moved them to the Dubai International Airport.  Trams and metro  On 29 March, the Dubai Metro and Dubai Tram were suspended until April 26.  Roads  On 27 March, Dubai lifted their ban on trucks weighting 2.5 tonnes. On 31 March, Abu Dhabi installed a disinfection gate at one of its bus stations. On 14 April, Inter-city bus services was suspended in Sharjah until further notice, and Dubai Municipality issued a circular restricting the movement of workers to other emirates; where the transport of labor workers to areas outside of Dubai will be prohibited, as movement will be restricted to the boundaries of the emirate, the purpose of which is to restrict the outside entry of workers not residing in Dubai, and to be implemented to date

Censorship.

The UAE introduced criminal penalties for the spread of false information and rumours related to the outbreak.

Testing.

On April 22, 2020, "Reuters" reported that about hundreds of low-income migrant workers were seen queuing up across the road outside an Abu Dhabi hospital with the temperature outdoors exceeding 35 degrees Celsius, to get tested for Coronavirus. The tests were free of charge in the entire United Arab Emirates only if the person shows symptoms, has travel history, has come in contact with a positive case. However, if not, the test costs around 370 dirham ($100). The doctors confirmed a sharp daily increase in the number of positive cases specifically in the densely populated communities that house low-income group workers.

The COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The first confirmed case in the United Arab Emirates was announced on 29 January 2020. It was the first country in the Middle East to report a confirmed case. The first patient, a 73-year-old Chinese woman, was released on 9 February after recovering. The first two deaths were confirmed on March 20. On 22 March, Dubai started an 11-day sterilisation campaign as an effort to contain the coronavirus. Night curfew was imposed 4 days later while the country began disinfection. School closure was first announced on March 8 for 4 weeks. 3 weeks later, it was announced that school will be closed until the end of the academic year.

2019冠状病毒病阿联酋疫情,介绍在2019新型冠状病毒疫情中,在阿拉伯联合酋长国发生的情况。2020年1月29日,阿拉伯联合酋长国确诊了首例感染患者。