Taxonomy and phylogeny.

The German naturalist Eduard Rüppell published the first scientific description of the milk shark, as "Carcharias acutus" (the specific epithet means "sharp" in Latin), in his 1837 "Fische des Rothen Meeres" ("Fishes of the Red Sea"). It has since been listed under several different genera, including "Carcharhinus" and "Scoliodon", before finally being placed in the genus "Rhizoprionodon" via synonymization with the type species, "R. crenidens". As Rüppell did not mention a type specimen, in 1960, Wolfgang Klausewitz designated a -long male caught off Jeddah, Saudi Arabia as the lectotype for this species.  The common name "milk shark" comes from a belief held in India that eating this shark's meat enhances lactation. Other names for this species include fish shark, grey dog shark, little blue shark, Longmans dogshark, milk dog shark, sharp-nosed (milk) shark, Walbeehm's sharp-nosed shark, and white-eye shark. A 1992 phylogenetic analysis by Gavin Naylor, based on allozymes, found that the milk shark is the most basal of the four "Rhizoprionodon" species examined. The extinct "R. fischeuri", known from Middle Miocene (16–12 Ma) deposits in southern France and Portugal, may be the same as "R. acutus".

Distribution and habitat.

The milk shark has the widest distribution of any "Rhizoprionodon" species. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, it is found from Mauritania to Angola, as well as around Madeira and in the Gulf of Taranto off southern Italy. In the Indian Ocean, it occurs from South Africa and Madagascar northward to the Arabian Peninsula, and eastward to South and Southeast Asia. In the Pacific Ocean, this species occurs from China and southern Japan, through the Philippines and Indonesia, to New Guinea and northern Australia. The milk shark likely once had a contiguous distribution by way of the Tethys Sea, until during the Miocene epoch, when eastern Atlantic sharks were isolated from Indo-Pacific sharks by the collision of Asia and Africa.  Occurring close to shore from the surf zone to a depth of, the milk shark favors turbid water off sandy beaches and occasionally enters estuaries. In Shark Bay, Western Australia, juvenile milk sharks inhabit seagrass meadows composed of "Amphibolis antarctica" and "Posidonia australis". Although some sources state this species avoids low salinities, it has been reported several times from fresh water in Cambodia, as far upstream as the Tonlé Sap. Milk sharks may be found anywhere in the water column from the surface to the bottom. Off KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, its numbers fluctuate annually with a peak in summer, suggesting some form of seasonal movement.

Description.

The largest member of its genus, off West Africa the milk shark has been reported to reach and for males, and and for females, though there is uncertainty regarding the species identity of these specimens. Even if accepted, these figures are considered exceptional and most individuals do not exceed in length. Generally, females are heavier and attain a greater maximum size than males.  The milk shark has a slender build with a long, pointed snout, large, round eyes with nictitating membranes (protective third eyelids), and no spiracles. On each side of the head behind the corner of the jaw, there are usually seven to 15 enlarged pores. The nostrils are small, as are the adjacent triangular skin flaps. There are long furrows at the corners of the mouth on both the upper and lower jaws. The tooth rows number 24–25 in both jaws. The upper teeth are finely serrated and strongly oblique; the lower teeth have a similar shape, though the serrations are smaller and the tips curve gently upward. The teeth of juveniles are smooth-edged.  The broad, triangular pectoral fins originate below the third or fourth gill slits, and are no longer than the front margin of the first dorsal fin. The anal fin is about twice as long as the second dorsal fin and preceded by long ridges. The first dorsal fin originates over the pectoral fin free rear tips, and the much smaller second dorsal fin originates over the last third of the anal fin base. The dorsal fins do not have a ridge between them. The lower lobe of the caudal fin is well-developed and the upper lobe has a ventral notch near the tip. This shark is plain gray, brown-gray, or purple-gray above, and white below. The leading edge of the first dorsal fin and the trailing edge of the caudal fin may be dark, and the trailing edges of the pectoral fins may be light.

Biology and ecology.

One of the most (if not "the" most) abundant near-shore sharks within its range, the milk shark feeds mainly on small benthic and schooling bony fishes. Occasionally squid, octopus, cuttlefish, crabs, shrimp, and gastropods are also taken. In Shark Bay, the most important prey are silversides, herring, smelt-whitings, and wrasses; this is also the only local shark species that preys on the Waigeo seaperch ("Psammoperca waigiensis"), found in seagrass beds avoided by other sharks. In the Gulf of Carpentaria, it feeds mainly on halfbeaks, herring, and mullets, and is also a major predator of penaeid prawns. Smaller sharks eat proportionately more cephalopods and crustaceans, switching to fish as they grow older.  Many predators feed on the milk shark, including larger sharks such as the blacktip shark ("Carcharhinus limbatus") and Australian blacktip shark ("Carcharhinus tilstoni"), and possibly also marine mammals. Off KwaZulu-Natal, the decimation of large sharks by the use of gillnets to protect beaches has led to a recent increase in milk shark numbers. A known parasite of this species is the copepod "Pseudopandarus australis". There is some evidence that male and female milk sharks segregate from each other.

Life history.

Like other requiem sharks, the milk shark is viviparous; females usually have a single functional ovary (on the left) and two functional uteruses divided into separate compartments for each embryo. The details of its life history vary across different parts of its range. Females generally produce young every year, though some give birth every other year or even every third year. Mating and parturition take place in spring or early summer (April to July) off western and southern Africa, and in winter off India, Alternately, off Oman parturition occurs year-round with a peak in spring. Parturition also occurs continuously in Australian waters; in the Herald Bight of Shark Bay, the number of newborns peaks in April and again in July. One proposed explanation for the lack of reproductive seasonality in these subpopulations is a lengthier and/or more complex reproductive cycle than has been detected (such as a period of dormancy in embryonic development, though there is presently no evidence of this occurring). Females do not store sperm internally.  The litter size ranges from one to eight, with two to five being typical, increasing with female size. In Omanese waters, females on average outnumber males in a litter by more than 2:1, and all-female litters are not uncommon. Similar but less extreme sex imbalances have also been reported from litters of milk sharks off Senegal and eastern India. The reason for this imbalance is unknown, and it has not been observed in related species such as the Atlantic sharpnose shark ("R. terraenovae"). Gestation of the embryos takes around a year and proceeds in three phases. In the first phase, lasting two months to an embryonic length of, the embryo relies on yolk for sustenance and gas exchange occurs across its surface integument and possibly also the yolk sac. During the second phase, which also lasts for two months to an embryonic length of, the external gill filaments develop and the yolk sac begins to be resorbed, the embryo ingesting histotroph (a nutritious substance secreted by the mother) in the meantime. In the third phase, lasting six to eight months, the depleted yolk sac is converted into a placental connection through which the fetus receives nourishment until birth.  Young sharks are typically born at a length of and weigh. There is an atypical record of a female, caught off Mumbai, carrying a fetus only long that was already nearly fully developed, long before gestation was complete. Pregnant females make use of inshore nursery areas to give birth, taking advantage of the warmer waters and abundant food; known nursery areas include the Banc d'Arguin National Park off Mauritania, and Cleveland Bay and Herald Bight off Australia. In Herald Bight, large groups of small milk sharks can be found in shallow tidal pools, as well as in seagrass beds where they are sheltered from predators by the dense, tall vegetation. The sharks move out of these coastal embayments when they mature.  Males and female milk sharks mature at lengths of and respectively off West Africa, and respectively off southern Africa, and and respectively off Oman. These discrepancies in maturation size may be a result of regional variation or incidental selection from heavy fishing pressure. The growth rate for milk sharks off Chennai have been calculated as in the first year, in the second year, in the third year, in the fourth year, in the fifth year, and per year from then on. The age at maturation is thought to be 2–3 years, and the maximum lifespan is at least 8 years.

Human interactions.

The milk shark is harmless to humans because of its small size and teeth. Caught using longlines, gillnets, trawls, and hook-and-line, this shark is marketed fresh or dried and salted for human consumption, and is also used for shark fin soup and fishmeal. Its abundance makes it a significant component of artisanal and commercial fisheries across its range. Off northern Australia, it ranks among the most common sharks caught in trawls, and comprises 2% and 6% of the annual gillnet and longline catches, respectively. This species is also one of the most commercially important sharks caught off Senegal, Mauritania, Oman, and India. Some sport fishers regard it as a game fish.  The International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed the milk shark under Least Concern; despite being heavily fished, it has a wide distribution and remains fairly common. The reproductive characteristics of this species suggests it is capable of withstanding a somewhat high level of exploitation, though not as much as the grey sharpnose shark ("R. oligolinx") or Australian sharpnose shark ("R. taylori"). In the 1980s and early 1990s, stock assessments of the milk shark off India's Veraval coast concluded catches by gillnet and trawl fisheries were below the maximum sustainable level. However, these studies were based on methodologies that have subsequently been proven unreliable for shark populations. Moreover, fishing pressure in the region has increased substantially since the assessments were conducted.

The milk shark ("Rhizoprionodon acutus") is a species of requiem shark, and part of the family Carcharhinidae, whose common name comes from an Indian belief that consumption of its meat promotes lactation. The largest and most widely distributed member of its genus, the milk shark typically measures long, and can be found in coastal tropical waters throughout the eastern Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific regions. Occurring from the surface to a depth of, this species is common near beaches and in estuaries, and has been recorded swimming up rivers in Cambodia. Juveniles are known to inhabit tidal pools and seagrass meadows. The milk shark has a slender body with a long, pointed snout and large eyes, and is a nondescript gray above and white below. This shark can be distinguished from similar species in its range by the long furrows at the corners of its mouth, and seven to 15 enlarged pores just above them.

尖头曲齿鲛(学名:),又名尖吻斜锯牙鲨,为白眼鲛科斜锯牙鲨属下的一个种。


Early life.

Wolff was born in Los Angeles, California, to jazz pianist Michael Wolff and actress Polly Draper. He is the older brother to actor/musician and singer-songwriter Alex Wolff. His maternal grandfather is venture capitalist and civic leader William Henry Draper III, and he is also a nephew of venture capitalist Timothy C. Draper, cousin to actress Jesse Draper, and a great-grandson of banker and diplomat William Henry Draper, Jr. His father is Jewish, while his mother is from a Christian background; Wolff was brought up "culturally Jewish."

Career.

When Nat and his younger brother Alex were toddlers, they arose from the bathtub shouting: "We're the naked brothers band!" Their father tells of Nat teaching himself to play major and minor chords on the piano when he was four years old. As his father recalls: "I asked him, How did you learn them?' He said, 'Dad, they're right here.' I said, 'What are those chords?' He said, 'These are my proud chords." By age five, Wolff had started writing his own songs, and by the time he was in preschool, he constructed a band called The Silver Boulders with his best friends.  Nat first gained notice in the wake of the September 11 attacks when he held his birthday party outside his apartment, which is where he performed his composition titled "Firefighters". The benefit concert was a success; it raised over $46,000 and was donated to the children of New York City Fire Department's Squad 18. Alex eventually joined the band as the drummer; both boys were emboldened by The Beatles. When Wolff was young, he put signs on his bedroom door stating: "I want to be a child actor!" At first, his mother refused because she did not want her children exposed to stardom when they were young. As a result, Draper decided to appease Nat by letting him film his own sitcom called "Don't Eat Off My Plate".  He began his acting career Off-Broadway with a minor role in his mother's play "Getting Into Heaven" (2003) and in the Off-Broadway production of "Heartbeat to Baghdad" (2004), both at The Flea Theater. He later gained recognition, at the age of nine, for starring in, contributing lead vocals, instrumentation, and lyrics for the 2005 musical comedy film "", which was written and directed by his mother, and obtained the Audience Award for a Family Feature Film at the Hamptons International Film Festival. The film was bought by Nickelodeon as the pilot to the television series of the same name (2007–09) which was created, written, produced and directed by his mother, while his father co-starred and produced and supervised the music. Moreover, Nat's younger brother was featured in the ensemble cast and also wrote and performed the music.  The series earned him one BMI Cable Award for composing the series' music, as well as two Young Artist Award nominations and one KCA nomination for Best TV Actor. The show produced two soundtrack albums and the single "Crazy Car" reached #83 on the Top 100 "Billboard" Charts. Wolff, who was six when he wrote the song, is believed to be the youngest person ever to compose a charting song on the "Billboard" charts. His unreleased song "Yes We Can", in honor of President Barack Obama, was heard by the President and his two daughters who enjoyed it and called him. Prior to the encounter, Nat had the occasion of meeting Obama, who emboldened him to write the composition.  Wolff's other film credits include appearing in the Nickelodeon television film special "Mr. Troop Mom" (2009), the romantic comedy "New Year's Eve" (2011), and the independent comedic drama "Peace, Love & Misunderstanding" (2011). In 2010, he starred in his brother's play "What Would Woody Do?" at The Flea Theater. Wolff co-starred in the comedy film "Admission" (2013), "Palo Alto" (2013), and the comedy film "Behaving Badly" (2014). That same year, his supporting role in the drama film "The Fault in Our Stars" earned him two Teen Choice Awards in the categories of Choice Movie: Scene Stealer and Choice Movie: Chemistry.  In 2015, Wolff starred in "Paper Towns", his second film adaptation of a John Green novel following "The Fault in Our Stars". He played the lead role, Quentin "Q" Jacobsen, a teenage boy in love with his neighbor (played Cara Delevingne). Writing for "Variety", critic Justin Chang stated: "Wolff, who's present in just about every scene, manages to hold the center as a young man who isn't overly concerned about either standing out or fitting in, and whose behavior can often be as hesitant as it is impulsive." He will star in the off-Broadway revival of Sam Shepard's play "Buried Child" with Ed Harris and Taissa Farmiga. The production is scheduled to run from February 2 through March 13, 2016.  In 2017, Wolff starred in "Death Note", a Netflix film based on the manga of the same name, and the romantic comedy "Home Again". In 2018, he appeared in the independent thriller "Rosy", directed by Jess Bond, and the drama "Stella's Last Weekend", directed by his mother Polly Draper and co-starring his brother Alex. In 2019, he appeared in "Good Posture", directed by Dolly Wells, and in 2020 appeared in "Mortal", directed by André Øvredal.

Albums.

Soundtrack albums as part of the TV series "The Naked Brothers Band"  Studio albums as duo Nat & Alex Wolff

Nathaniel Marvin Wolff (born December 17, 1994) is an American actor, musician, and singer-songwriter. He gained recognition for composing the music for "The Naked Brothers Band" (2007–2009), a Nickelodeon television series he starred in with his younger brother Alex that was created by their actress mother Polly Draper. Wolff's jazz pianist father Michael Wolff co-produced the series' soundtrack albums, "The Naked Brothers Band" (2007) and "I Don't Want to Go to School" (2008), both of which ranked the 23rd spot on the Top 200 "Billboard" Charts.

-{zh-tw:纳撒尼尔;zh-cn:纳撒尼尔;zh-hk:弥敦尼尔;}-·马文·“纳特”·沃尔夫(英语:Nathaniel Marvin "Nat" Wolff,1994年-12月17日)是一名美国男演员、歌手、创作歌手、作曲家、键盘手和吉他手。沃尔夫在尼可国际儿童频道的音乐喜剧电视剧《我哥们的摇滚乐队》(2007年-2009年)中的演出和创作的音乐获得了广大的认同,这是他和同为演员的母亲波利·德雷珀共同创作;这使他赢得了BMI有线奖。后来,沃尔夫出演了电影《生命中的美好缺憾》(2014年),又让他获得了两项青少年票选奖。同年,也获得了好莱坞青年奖男星突破演出提名。2015年9月29日,沃尔夫有望主演《死亡笔记本》的好莱坞版电影。电影定于2017年推出。


Club career.

James' first professional contract was with Premier League side Fulham. Although he never made a senior first-team appearance, he made many appearances for the reserve side. James was offered a one-year contract extension by Fulham in 2007, however James declined the offer to pursue first team opportunities elsewhere.  In February 2008, he signed a two-year contract with Tampere United. Even though the 2008 season wasn't a very successful one for his team, James debut season was impressive, in 17 league games he scored three goals and also provided eight assists in his breakthrough season. He represented Tampere United in their four Champions League Qualifiers scoring two goals.  James was signed by Football League Two side Barnet in March 2010 on a free transfer subject to international clearance. James made his first team debut as a late substitute in a 3–1 home victory over Chesterfield on 5 April 2010. James was released at the end of the season due to change of management at Barnet.  After his departure from his third Finnish side FC Haka, James was signed by second-tier American club Colorado Springs Switchbacks F.C. on a free transfer on 12 January 2017. He was officially released from the club after making only four appearances due to injuries on 27 July 2017  On 19 November 2017, he returned to New Zealand and played for Eastern Suburbs AFC of ISPS Handa Premiership  On 9 March 2018, he moved to Finland for KTP of Ykkönen. After he arrived to the team, he played 90 mins and scored in the next day versus PEPO Lappeenranta in 2017–18 Finnish Cup

Later career.

In January 2019, James received his UEFA B Coaching Licence. As part of his personal development, James reached out to New Zealand national under-20 football team head coach Des Buckingham, to join the preparation camp in the lead up to the FIFA U-20 World Cup where he helped the coaching staff out. Before that, he also picked up coaching experience at the academies of West Bromwich Albion and Arsenal.  In November 2019 it was confirmed, that James would play for Klubi 04, the reserve team of HJK Helsinki. Beside that, he would also function as an assistant coach to the clubs U14 team.

International career.

James played for the England youth team representing them over 30 times at Under 16–18 levels but has now chosen to play for the country of his birth, New Zealand. Ricki Herbert included him in the All Whites squad just days after receiving international clearance to play for New Zealand for the friendly match against then-World Champions Brazil on 5 June 2006, which they lost 4–0. He has made a number of appearances for his country since his debut, playing the likes of Charlton Athletic and Sevilla in friendlies. He also scored a consolation goal against Sevilla which was calmly slotted away.  Impressive performances in these matches has won him the New Zealand Soccer International Young Men's Player of the Year award for 2006. He was a member of the New Zealand under-20 team that qualified for the under-20 World Cup in Canada, scoring seven goals in six games including a hat-trick against Samoa. It was the first time New Zealand had a team qualify for the under-20 world cup.  James was named as part of the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup New Zealand squad to travel to South Africa, but was not named in New Zealand's 2010 FIFA World Cup squad.  James returned to the national side for the 2013 OSN Cup.

Christopher "Chris" Paul James (born 4 July 1987) is a professional football player who currently plays for Klubi 04 in the Kakkonen third highest level of the Finnish football league. He is also the assistant coach of HJK Helsinki's U14 team.

克里斯·詹姆斯(英语:Chris James;1987年-7月4日)是新西兰的一位职业足球运动员,在场上司职中场。他现在效力于法国球队色当足球俱乐部。他也代表新西兰国家足球队参加比赛。詹姆斯的职业足球生涯开始于英超球队富勒姆足球俱乐部。詹姆斯曾代表英格兰U16至U18足球队参赛超过30次,但在成人之后他现在他的出生地新西兰作为自己的国家队。


World War I.

The division was established as the 34th Division of the National Guard in August 1917, consisting of units from Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota. On 25 August 1917, it was placed under the command of Maj. Gen. Augustus P. Blocksom, who was succeeded by Brig. Gen. Frank G. Mauldin briefly on 18 September 1917, but was back in command by 10 December 1917.  The division initially included the 67th Infantry Brigade, formed in August 1917 in the Iowa and Nebraska National Guards and the 68th Infantry Brigade. The 67th Brigade comprised the 133rd Infantry Regiment and the 134th Infantry Regiment. The 68th Brigade comprised the 135th Infantry Regiment and the 136th Infantry Regiment.  The division takes its name from the shoulder sleeve insignia designed for a 1917 training camp contest by American regionalist artist Marvin Cone, who was then a soldier enlisted in the unit. Cone's design evoked the desert training grounds of Camp Cody, New Mexico, by superimposing a red steer skull over a black Mexican water jug called an "olla." In World War I, the unit was called the "Sandstorm Division." German troops in World War II, however, called the U.S. division's soldiers "Red Devils" and "Red Bulls," the division later officially adopted the divisional nickname Red Bulls. Brig. Gen. Frank G. Mauldin took command. The 34th Division arrived in France in October 1918, but it was too late for the division to be sent to the front, as the end of hostilities was near, an armistice being signed the following month.  Brig. Gen. John Alexander Johnston took command 26 October 1918, and some personnel were sent to other units to support their final operations. Charles Dudley Rhodes took command in December and led the division until its departure for the United States in January 1919. The 34th was disbanded on 18 February 1919 at Camp Grant, Illinois.

World War I order of battle.

Units of the 34th Division during World War I included:

Between the world wars.

The units of the 34th Division returned to their home stations and reverted to their state designations, to prepare for the reorganization of the National Guard in the early 1920s. On 17 January 1921, the Observation Squadron, Minnesota National Guard was federally recognized as the first aviation unit in the Minnesota National Guard. Per War Department naming conventions, the squadron was re-designated the 109th Observation Squadron on 25 January 1923.  Per the National Defense Act of 1920, the 34th Division was allotted the states of Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, and assigned to the VII Corps in 1921. War Department policy mandated that National Guard division headquarters could not be organized and federally recognized until 75 percent of their intended subordinate units had been organized and federally recognized; the headquarters of the 34th Division was organized and federally recognized on 14 July 1924.  On 16 May 1934, the truck driver's union initiated a strike (Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934), which quickly degenerated into open violence in the streets of Minneapolis. Minnesota Governor Floyd B. Olson activated the National Guard and 4,000 guardsmen to suppress the chaos. Utilizing roving patrols, curfews, and security details, the 34th quickly restored order, thus enabling negotiated settlement of the labor dispute.  On 18 June 1939, a tornado hit Anoka, Minnesota, and Governor Harold E. Stassen called on the Guard again. 300 Guardsmen patrolled the streets and imposed a quasi-martial law while the community was stabilized.

Prelude to World War II.

The expanding war in Europe threatened to draw a reluctant United States into the conflict. As the potential of U.S. involvement in World War II became more evident, initial steps were taken to prepare troops what for lay ahead through "precautionary training." The division was deemed one of the most service-ready units, and Ellard A. Walsh was promoted to major general in June 1940, and then succeeded to division commander in August, following month-long command tours intended to honor senior generals Lloyd D. Ross (Iowa), George E. Leach (Minnesota), and David S. Ritchie (North Dakota) before their retirements. Gamer  The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was signed into law 16 September, and the first conscription in U.S. history during peacetime commenced.  The 34th was subsequently federalized on 10 February 1941, with troops from North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Iowa. The division was transported by rail and truck convoys to the newly constructed Camp Claiborne in Rapides Parish, Louisiana near Alexandria.  The soldiers started rigorous training including maneuvers in Alexandria starting 7 April 1941. The climate during the summer was especially harsh. The division then participated in what became known as the Louisiana Maneuvers, and became a well-disciplined, high-spirited, and well-prepared unit.  In the early phase of the maneuvers, General Walsh, who suffered from chronic ulcers, became too ill to continue in command, and was replaced by Major General Russell P. Hartle on 5 August 1941.

World War II.

Order of battle.

In common with other U.S. Army divisions during World War II the 34th was reorganized from a square to a triangular division before seeing combat. The division's three infantry regiments became the 133rd, 135th, and 168th Infantry Regiments, together with supporting units.

Combat chronicle.

On 8 January 1942, the 34th Division was transported by train to Fort Dix, New Jersey to quickly prepare for overseas movement. The first contingent embarked at Brooklyn on 14 January 1942 and sailed from New York the next day. The initial group of 4,508 men stepped ashore at 12:15 hrs on 26 January 1942 at Dufferin Quay, Belfast, Northern Ireland. They were met by a delegation including the Governor (Duke of Abercorn), the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (John Miller Andrews), the Commander of British Troops Northern Ireland (Lieutenant General Sir Harold Franklyn), and the Secretary of State for Air (Sir Archibald Sinclair).  While in Northern Ireland, Hartle was tasked with organizing an American version of the British Commandos, a group of small "hit and run" forces, and promoted his aide-de-camp, Captain William Orlando Darby to lead the new unit. Darby assembled volunteers, and of the first 500 U.S. Army Rangers, 281 came from the 34th Infantry Division. On 20 May 1942, Hartle was designated commanding general of V Corps and Major General Charles Ryder, a distinguished veteran of World War I, took command of the 34th Division. The division trained in Northern Ireland until it boarded ships to travel to North Africa for Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa, in November 1942.  The 34th, under command of Major General Ryder, saw its first combat in French Algeria on 8 November 1942. As a member of the Eastern Task Force, which included two brigades of the British 78th Infantry Division, and two British Commando units, they landed at Algiers and seized the port and outlying airfields. Elements of the 34th Division took part in numerous subsequent engagements in Tunisia during the Allied build-up, notably at Sened Station, Sidi Bou Zid and Faid Pass, Sbeitla, and Fondouk Gap. In April 1943 the division assaulted Hill 609, capturing it on 1 May 1943, and then drove through Chouigui Pass to Tebourba and Ferryville. The Battle of Tunisia was won, and the Axis forces surrendered.  The division skipped the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) and instead trained intensively for the invasion of the Italian mainland, with the main landings being at Salerno (Operation Avalanche) on 9 September 1943, D-Day, to be undertaken by elements of the U.S. Fifth Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Mark Clark. The 151st Field Artillery Battalion went in on D-Day, 9 September, landing at Salerno, while the rest of the division followed on 25 September. Engaging the enemy at the Calore River, 28 September, the 34th, as part of the VI Corps under Major General John Lucas, relentlessly drove north to take Benevento, crossed the winding Volturno three times in October and November, assaulted Monte Patano, and took one of its four peaks before being relieved on 9 December.  In January 1944, the division was back on the front line battering the Bernhardt Line defenses. Persevering through bitter fighting along the Mignano Gap, the 34th used goat herds to clear the minefields. The 34th took Monte Trocchio without resistance as the German defenders withdrew to the main prepared defenses of the Gustav Line. On 24 January 1944, during the First Battle of Monte Cassino they pushed across the Gari River into the hills behind and attacked Monastery Hill which dominated the town of Monte Cassino. While they nearly captured the objective, in the end their attacks on the monastery and the town failed. The performance of the 34th Infantry Division in the mountains has been called one of the finest feats of arms carried out by any soldiers during the war. The unit sustained losses of about 80 per cent in the infantry battalions. They were relieved from their positions 11–13 February 1944. Eventually, it took the combined force of five Allied infantry divisions to finish what the 34th nearly accomplished on its own.  After rest and rehabilitation, the 34th Division landed at the Anzio beachhead 25 March 1944. The division maintained defensive positions until the offensive of 23 May, when it broke out of the beachhead, took Cisterna, and raced to Civitavecchia and the Italian capital of Rome. After a short rest, the division, now commanded by Major General Charles Bolte, drove across the Cecina River to liberate Livorno, 19 July 1944, and continued on to take Monte Belmonte in October during the fighting on the Gothic Line. Digging in south of Bologna for the winter, the 34th manned the line opposite the German 65th Infantry Division. The Red Bull Division jumped off as part of the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy, 15 April 1945, and captured Bologna on 21 April after hard fighting against the 65th. Pursuit of the routed enemy to the French border was halted on 2 May upon the German surrender in Italy and the end of World War II in Europe.  On 27 June 1944 the 16th SS-Panzer Grenadiers command post in San Vincenzo, Italy was overrun by the 1st Battalion of the 133rd Infantry Regiment. The command post was a town center apartment which had been commandeered, when the owners returned to their apartment they found a signed large leather-bound Stieler's Hand Atlas which had been left behind.  The division participated in six major Army campaigns in North Africa and Italy. The division is credited with amassing 517 days of front-line combat, second only to the 654 days of fighting by the 32nd Infantry Division. One or more 34th Division units were engaged in actual combat for 611 days.

Cold War to 2001.

The 34th was inactivated on 3 November 1945. The division was reformed within the Iowa and Nebraska National Guards in 1946–7.  In 1960 its units comprised the 1 BG-133 Inf, 2 BG-133 Inf, 1 BG-134 Inf, 2 BG 134 Inf, 1 BG-168 Inf, 1st and 2nd Bns 168th Arty, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Battalions 185th Arty, 1st Bn 133rd Armor, 2nd Squadron 133rd Armor (Cav), 734th Ord Bn, 128th Engineer Battalion, 109th Med Bn, 234th Signal Bn, 234th Transportation Battalion, 34th QM Co., 34th Avn Co, 34th Admin Co., 34th Aircraft Maintenance Detachment.  It disbanded again in 1963, being replaced in part by the 67th Infantry Brigade. It also retained its Division HQ as a Command HQ to supervise training of combat and support units in the former division area for some years. The 47th Infantry Division was headquartered at St Paul, MN, by 1963, as the National Guard division covering the former 34th's area.  The division was reactivated as a National Guard division (renaming the 47th Division) for Minnesota and Iowa on 10 February 1991 upon the fiftieth anniversary of its federal activation for World War II. At that point the division transitioned into a medium division, with a required strength of 18,062 soldiers.  In 2000 the Minnesota Legislature renamed all of Interstate 35 in Minnesota the "34th Division (Red Bull) Highway," in honor of the division and its service in the World Wars.

Twenty-first century.

Shortly after its rebirth in 1991, the division began a process of reorganization and change that has continued to the present. One of the most significant developments was transformation from its old brigade structure into brigade combat teams and the broadening of its multi-state base. The Rosemount-based 34th Red Bull Infantry Division provides command and control for 23,000 Citizen-Soldiers in eight different states. In Minnesota the 34th ID includes the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Combat Aviation Brigade, 84th Troop Command and the 347th Regional Support Group. Known as the Red Bulls, the 34th Infantry Division is capable of deploying its Main Command Post, Tactical Command Post, and Division Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion to provide command and control for Army brigades.  Outside Minnesota, the 34th Infantry Division provides training and operational guidance to the 1–112th Security & Support Battalion, ND National Guard; 1–183rd Aviation Battalion, Idaho National Guard; 1–189th Aviation Battalion, Mont. National Guard; 115th Fires Brigade, Wyo. National Guard; 116th Heavy Brigade Combat Team, Idaho National Guard; 141st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, ND National Guard; 157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, Wis. National Guard; 196th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, SD National Guard; 2nd Brigade Combat Team, Iowa National Guard; and the 32nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Wis. National Guard. Combined, the division represents 23,000 Citizen-Soldiers in units stationed across eight different states.  Since October 2001, division personnel served in Operation Joint Forge in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Operation Joint Guardian in Kosovo. Other deployments during the same time period have included Operation Vigilant Hammer in Europe, the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, and Egypt, and Joint Task Force Bravo – Honduras.  The 34th Infantry Division has deployed approximately 11,000 soldiers on operations since October 2001. At home this has included troops deployed for Operation Noble Eagle; abroad, units and individual soldiers have deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq.

Current structure.

34th Infantry Division exercises training and readiness oversight of the following elements, but they are not organic and include a division headquarters and headquarters battalion, one armored brigade combat team, two infantry brigade combat teams, a cavalry brigade combat team, a field artillery brigade, and several attached units:

The 34th Infantry Division is an infantry division of the United States Army, part of the National Guard, that participated in World War I, World War II and multiple current conflicts. It was the first American division deployed to Europe in World War II, where it fought with great distinction in the Italian Campaign.

第34步兵师是美国陆军的一支步兵师,隶属于国民警卫队。历经第一次世界大战,第二次世界大战及多场现代化战争。该师是二战中首个部署至欧洲的美国师,并在意大利战役中战功卓著。


Polish observatory.

Preparation and construction.

According to Wladyslaw Midowicz, the first and only director of the observatory, the construction of "Biały Słoń" was suggested by a group of influential Warsaw astronomers who managed to convince General Leon Berbecki, director of the influential Airborne and Antigas Defence League, to support it. General Tadeusz Kasprzycki, minister of military affairs, also backed the construction of the observatory.  The building design was approved sometime in 1935. Construction of this impressive building began in the summer of 1936 with an official ceremony for the placing of the cornerstone. Biały Słoń was a very expensive structure with total costs exceeding one million Polish złoty, a huge burden for the state budget of the time. The design was based on the Przemyśl Castle and shaped like a letter "L" with a tower.  The whole complex consists of three major features that could be considered as separate structure connected together, a tower, a main building, and smaller service attachment. Due to relief, "Biały Słoń" had five stories facing the Czechoslovakian side (today Zakarpattia Oblast) and two stories facing the Polish (today Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast). The whole complex was built mostly from local sandstone. Due to lack of roads, the construction materials were brought by horses or either by hand or back of local Hutsuls and soldiers of the 49th Hutsul Rifle Regiment from the Vorokhta train station located some away. The walls of a lower attachment and the semi-basement floor have thickness of, while upper floors -. The roof of a building was covered with copper sheets. At the southern side was located a rotunda on which was located a telescope. The copper dome of the telescope opened automatically.  The "Biały Słoń" had 43 rooms including a conference hall, living quarters, offices, a cafeteria, a battery station, and a boiler room in the basement (the lower structure). The upper floors were occupied by astronomers and meteorologists, most of whom worked for the State Meteorological Institute and Astronomical Observatory of the Warsaw University. Their work was to carry out meteorological observations for the Polish Air Force. In the lower levels, there were lodgings of soldiers of the "Karpaty" Regiment of the Border Defence Corps, with headquarters in Stryj. Altogether, the number of inhabitants never exceeded 20. Among those who worked there were professor Wlodzimierz Zonn, doctor Jan Gadomski, and professor Eugeniusz Rybka.

Opening and operations.

The opening ceremony of the building took place on July 29, 1938. Its official name was the "Observatory of the State Meteorological Institute", but soon it took on the nickname "Biały Słoń", due to the color of its walls. The observatory was lavishly equipped, with a custom-made astrograph and refracting telescope made by the renowned British company Grubb Parsons of Newcastle upon Tyne. It had its own power plant with two Diesel motor-generators and central heating fueled by oil, which was transported in iron barrels from the "Polmin" company in Borysław (today Boryslav). The military authorities also installed their own equipment, including two radiotelephone prototypes constructed to withstand high altitude.  The observatory was located in a remote, deserted area, with the nearest store and mail office away (at Żabie, today Verkhovyna), the nearest doctor away, and a rail station in Kolomyia as far as away. The directory of the observatory a local of Mykulychyn Władysław Midowicz wrote that the staff's main problem, however, was water, as no waterworks had been constructed and it had to be carried from a stream away.  For fourteen months (July 1938-September 1939) the Observatory was the highest-elevated, permanently inhabited, building of interbellum Poland. As entry was permitted only with a special military pass, local Hutsuls made up several legends about the building and its inhabitants. Wladyslaw Midowicz wrote that the Hutsuls thought that the Observatory was in fact a mighty cannon, capable of attacking neighboring countries.

World War II and abandonment.

On September 18, 1939, following the Soviet aggression on eastern part of Poland (see: Kresy), the personnel of the Observatory packed the most important equipment (including the refractor) and left toward the Hungarian border. At first it was taken to the Budapest Konkoly Observatory, and by the end of war to the Vienna Observatory. Within the first years after the war, the equipment returned to Poland. The three-lens objective today is located in the Silesian Planetarium (Katowice).  At the end of the month, the Red Army captured the building. After the region was united with the Ukrainian SSR, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU) sent an expedition. On 31 December 1939 the first academician-astronomer of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR Oleksandr Orlov ascended to the observatory. He established that the most valuable equipment has been taken out of the building, including five lenses of big diameter, two lenses of smaller diameter, two micrometers, and two chronometers. Based on the Orlov's report, the NASU Presidium declared that the Carpathian Astronomical Observatory (the newly acquired name) is transferred to the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, based on the resolution of the government of the Ukrainian SSR of 2 January 1940. The director of the Carpathian Observatory was appointed academician Oleksandr Orlov. Until June 1941 it was used as a meteorological station. In the summer of 1941 (see: Operation Barbarossa), the Observatory was seized by the Wehrmacht, which in turn was passed to the Hungarian troops, who were stationed there until winter 1941. After that, the deserted building became a ruin, even though it had not been damaged during the war, the locals reused all remaining material. Even the cast iron batteries were taken away.  It was reported that Germans have taken out metal parts of astrograph to Lviv. Now they are kept indoors of the Lviv University Faculty of Physics.

Revival.

Recovery of the building started only after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, but very slow. In mid-1990s scientists of the Lviv Polytechnic, led by professor Anatoliy Dultsev, together with their colleagues from Warsaw Polytechnic, brought forward the idea of rebuilding of the Observatory. In October 1996 a special conference took place in Lviv and Yaremche, but according to "atomnet.pl" from May 1997 no works have been started.  On January 24, 2002 another Scientific council took place in Yaremche to renew the rebuilding project of the observatory. In the beginning of October 2002 the head of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast administration Mykhailo Vyshyvaniuk sent an official letter to the President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma about the project. By the end of November of the same year Vyshyvaniuk received an answer from the First Deputy of the President administration Valeriy Khoroshkovskiy stating that the proposition was reviewed and recognized as one for the international discussion for the restoration. In that regard the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was given the required orders. Between 1998 and 2010 there took place some a dozen of summer expeditions which contributed to the historical reconstruction of the building's construction.  In 2012 the Ministry of Culture of Poland has directed some $70,000 as a grant program which is in partnership with the Ciscarpathian University. Along with Warsaw and Ciscarpathian university, total amount of money allocated for preparation works accounted to $100,000. Since July 2012 there started some preparation work and continued in fall of 2012, having all window openings be sealed with bricks and roof covered. It was decided to enclose the building in order to get rid of moisture. The whole cost of the project is $2 million. Initially the project was to be finished by 28 July 2015.  At least since 2015, there is a small chapel erected next to the former observatory complex.  In December 2017 it was reported that the White Elephant will be equipped with a lightning protection system and the Ciscarpathian University already ordered documentation for a projected budget. The lightning prevention system is intended to be installed by the summer of 2018.

Mountain rescue post.

Since 2015 within the building is located a mountain rescue post of the Ivano-Frankivsk branch of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine. The post is unique as it is the most high-altitude government institution in Ukraine. The post is insulated and electrified. There is a wifi and separate space for visitors.  The tourist traffic over Chornohora Ridge is constant and especially in summer exceeds 6,000 people per month according to statistics of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine in 2017. Between summer of 2016 and summer of 2017, the mountain was visited by 4,000 groups with total population exceeding 22,000 people with 9,000 of which were foreigners. Some 420 groups (about 1,500 people) managed to find shelter at the top. The rescue post conducted seven search and rescue missions saving eight people and providing various type of help to 89 others.  In 2017 there was initiated a creation of a joint Polish-Ukrainian mountain rescue service and a school of mountain rescue. During the actively ongoing restoration activities in 2017, main rooms of mountain shelter are not available, but some provisionally space was created without heating capabilities.

Biały Słoń (English: "White Elephant"; Ukrainian: Білий слон, Bily slon) is a Polish name for an abandoned campus of the former Polish Astronomical and Meteorological Observatory of Warsaw University, located at remote area on the peak of Pip Ivan in the Chornohora range of the Carpathian Mountains, Ukraine. Currently the structure is used as a mountain shelter with a small search and rescue team with some rooms adopted for lodging and recovery.

白象(波兰语:Biały Słoń,意为白象),是一个废弃的前波兰天文和气象观测站,位于乌克兰喀尔巴阡山偏远地区的皮普伊万峰顶。最接近的民居是伊万诺-弗兰科夫斯克州Verkhovyna区的Zelena村庄。该天文台旧址已被列为古迹。在建立该天文台时,该地区是波兰第二共和国一部分。始建于1937年,并在1938年夏天完成,在当时是波兰内地处最高而有人居住的建筑。


尼奥绍号舰队油料补给舰 (AO-23)

Construction and commissioning.

She was laid down under Maritime Commission contract by Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Kearny, New Jersey, 22 June 1938; launched on 29 April 1939; sponsored by Mrs. Emory S. Land, wife of Rear Admiral Emory S. Land (Ret.), Chairman of the Maritime Commission; and commissioned on 7 August 1939, with Commander AV. E. A. Mullan in command.  Conversion at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard was completed on 7 July 1941, "Neosho" immediately began the vital task of ferrying aviation fuel from west coast ports to Pearl Harbor. On such a mission she arrived in Pearl Harbor on 6 December, discharged a full cargo to Naval Air Station Ford Island, and prepared for the return passage.

Service history.

Next morning, the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor found "Neosho" alert to danger; her captain—Commander John S. Phillips—got her underway and maneuvered safely through the Japanese fire, concentrated on the battleships moored at Ford Island, to a safer area of the harbor. Her guns fired throughout the attack, splashing one enemy plane and driving off others. Three of her men were wounded by a strafing attacker.  For the next five months, "Neosho" sailed with the aircraft carriers or independently, since escort ships—now few and far between—could not always be spared to guard even so precious a ship and cargo. Late in April, as the Japanese threatened a southward move against Australia and New Zealand by attempting to advance their bases in the Southwest Pacific, "Neosho" joined Task Force 17 (TF 17). At all costs, the sea lanes to the dominions had to be kept open, and they had to be protected against attack and possible invasion.  As the American and Japanese fleets sought each other out in the opening maneuvers of the climactic Battle of the Coral Sea on 6 May 1942, "Neosho" refueled the carrier and the heavy cruiser, then retired from the carrier force with a lone escort, the destroyer. The next day at 1000, Japanese search planes spotted the two ships and misidentified them as a carrier and her escort. 78 aircraft from "Shōkaku" and "Zuikaku" soon arrived and began searching in vain for the "carrier" force. Eventually, they gave up and returned to sink "Sims" and leave "Neosho"—victim of seven direct hits and a suicide dive by one of the bombers—ablaze aft and in danger of breaking in two. She had shot down at least three of the attackers. One of her crewmen, Oscar V. Peterson, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his efforts to save the ship in spite of his severe injuries suffered in the attack.  Sound seamanship and skilled damage control work kept "Neosho" afloat for the next four days. The stricken ship was first located by a RAAF aircraft, then an American PBY Catalina flying boat. At 13:00 on 11 May, the destroyer arrived, rescued the 123 survivors and sank by gunfire the ship they had kept afloat. With "Henley" came word that the American fleet had succeeded in turning the Japanese back, marking the end of their southward expansion in World War II.

Awards.

"Neosho" received two battle stars for her service.

USS "Neosho" (AO-23) was a "Cimarron"-class fleet oiler serving with the United States Navy, the second ship to be named for the Neosho River in Kansas and Oklahoma.

尼奥绍号(USS Neosho,AO-23)是锡马龙级舰队油料补给舰的2号舰,也是第2艘以尼奥绍河为名的美国海军船舰。尼尔绍号是由美国海事委员会(United States Maritime Commission)所订购,1938年6月22日在位于新泽西州的联邦造船与干坞公司放置龙骨,1939年4月24日下水,掷瓶者为海事委员会主席艾莫理·兰德(Emory S. Land)少将的夫人伊丽莎白·兰德(Elizabeth Land),8月7日服役,首任舰长为威廉·穆兰(William E. A. Mullan)中校。


Early life and career.

As a child, Gortat participated in football and track and field, where he competed in the high jump. His father, Janusz Gortat, was a Polish boxer and a bronze medalist in the light heavyweight class during the Munich 1972 and Montreal 1976 Olympics, and his mother, Alicja Gortat, was a representative of the Polish national team in volleyball. He has an older brother, Robert, who is also a boxer.  Gortat grew up in Łódź, Poland together with his brother Filip. He graduated from Technical School in Łódź. Apart from Polish, he is fluent in English, German, and Serbian.  Gortat started his career with ŁKS Łódź, then played three seasons for RheinEnergie Cologne in Germany's Basketball Bundesliga, with whom he won the domestic championship in 2006 and played in the 2006–07 Euroleague season for the first time in the team's history. After being drafted 57th overall in the 2005 NBA draft by the Phoenix Suns (with his rights later traded to the Orlando Magic), Gortat elected to keep playing with Cologne in Germany until 2007.

NBA career.

Orlando Magic (2007–2010).

On August 2, 2007, Gortat signed with the Orlando Magic. On November 20, 2007, he was assigned to the Anaheim Arsenal of the NBA Development League. He was recalled from the D-League on December 2, and he made his debut for the Magic on March 1, 2008 against the New York Knicks. On April 16, 2008, in the Magic's last game of the 2007–08 season, little-used Gortat played 28 minutes and registered 12 points and 11 rebounds in a 103–83 Magic win over the Washington Wizards. On December 15, 2008, starting in place of the injured Dwight Howard, Gortat played 28 minutes and recorded 16 points and 13 rebounds. On April 13, 2009, again starting in place of Howard, Gortat played almost 43 minutes and topped his career high in rebounding with 18 rebounds and had 10 points. On April 30, 2009, Gortat made his first playoff start in Game 6 against the Philadelphia 76ers, replacing Howard, who was suspended because of his actions in game 5. He had 11 points and 15 rebounds as the Magic eliminated the 76ers 4–2. That Magic playoff run continued all the way to the NBA Finals, making Gortat the first Polish-born player to ever appear in the championship series.  On July 8, 2009, Gortat, a restricted free agent, signed an offer sheet for five years and $34 million with the Dallas Mavericks. However, Orlando prevented Gortat from going to Dallas by matching the offer sheet on July 13, 2009. Gortat was said to be "very disappointed" to stay with the Magic, since continuing as backup to Dwight Howard would mean limited playing time, whereas playing for Dallas would likely have meant being the starting center.

Phoenix Suns (2010–2013).

On December 18, 2010, Gortat was traded to the Phoenix Suns along with Vince Carter, Mickaël Piétrus, a 2011 first-round draft pick (which would become Nikola Mirotić), and $3 million, in exchange for Jason Richardson, Earl Clark, and then-former Magic player and former teammate Hedo Türkoğlu. Due to Steve Nash wearing the #13 jersey, which was the number that Gortat had worn in Orlando and Poland, he decided to wear #4 for his tenure with the Suns. During his first season with the Suns, his numbers increased as his minutes grew, initially coming off the bench, then starting at center in place of Robin Lopez. During his time in Phoenix, Gortat continued to be known as "The Polish Hammer" a nickname originally given to him during his time with the Orlando Magic.  During the lockout-shortened 2011–12 season, Gortat averaged 15.4 points and 10.0 rebounds per game. He was the only Suns player to start and play every game of the regular season. Gortat also joined the likes of former Magic teammate Dwight Howard, Andrew Bynum, and DeMarcus Cousins as the only centers to average a double-double that season. After the season ended, he was named to the Polish national basketball team for the FIBA EuroBasket 2013 qualification round. In the second game against Finland, he scored 27 points and grabbed 21 rebounds to help Poland qualify for 2013's FIBA Eurobasket tournament.  On November 7, 2012, he scored 23 points, grabbed 10 rebounds, and had a career-best 7 blocks in a 117–110 victory against the Charlotte Bobcats. In late February, Gortat suffered a knee injury, and was left off the team for the rest of the season.

Washington Wizards (2013–2018).

On October 25, 2013, Gortat was traded, along with Shannon Brown, Malcolm Lee, and Kendall Marshall, to the Washington Wizards in exchange for Emeka Okafor and a 2014 protected first-round draft pick.  On February 27, 2014, Gortat recorded a career-high 31 points and 12 rebounds in a 134–129 triple overtime win over the Toronto Raptors. On May 13, he recorded 31 points (his playoff career high) and 16 rebounds to help the Wizards avoid elimination in Game 5 of their second-round series with the Indiana Pacers. He became the first Wizards player with at least 30 points and 15 rebounds in a playoff game since Moses Malone in 1987. The Wizards went on to lose Game 6 of the series, falling 4–2 to the Pacers.  On July 10, 2014, Gortat re-signed with the Wizards to a reported five-year, $60 million contract.  On December 28, 2015, Gortat was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played December 21–27, earning the honor for the first time in his career. On February 29, 2016, he scored 13 of his 18 points in the fourth quarter and grabbed a career-high 20 rebounds in the Wizards' 116–108 win over the Philadelphia 76ers.

Los Angeles Clippers (2018–2019).

On June 26, 2018, Gortat was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers in exchange for Austin Rivers. On February 7, 2019, he was waived by the Clippers.  On February 16, 2020, Gortat officially announced his retirement from basketball.

Marcin Gortat (; born February 17, 1984) is a Polish former professional basketball player. The, center is the son of boxer Janusz Gortat. He was drafted in the second round by the Phoenix Suns in the 2005 NBA draft and played for the Orlando Magic, Phoenix Suns, Washington Wizards, and Los Angeles Clippers.

马尔钦·雅努什·戈塔特(,1984年-2月17日),波兰职业篮球员,效力于美国NBA联盟。他是第一个打入NBA总决赛的波兰人。他在2005年的NBA选秀中第2轮第27顺位被凤凰城太阳选中。他在太阳时期被人暱称为「波兰大槌」(The Polish Hammer」。


Plot.

A goat named Mei wanders into a barn one night, seeking shelter from a storm. In the barn, the goat meets another refugee. The two can neither see nor smell each other, but nevertheless they huddle together, fending off the cold, and begin to talk. Eventually, they establish a friendship. The two decide to meet later and will recognize each other by using the password "one stormy night". The next day, when they meet, Mei learns that his companion from the night before was a wolf named Gabu. Despite their natural predisposition as enemies, they share a common bond and begin meeting regularly. However, Mei's flock and Gabu's pack eventually find out about their relationship and forbid the friendship. In a truly underhanded tactic, the pack and flock attempt to force Mei and Gabu to use each other to get information on their enemies. Mei and Gabu, no longer wanting to be bound by their respective clan's unjust regulations and hoping to preserve their friendship, cross a river during a storm. They hope to find an "emerald forest" free from persecution.  However, Giro, the leader of Gabu's pack, holds a grudge against goats and views Gabu as a traitor to all wolves. Giro and his pack begin to hunt down the two companions. Gabu and Mei reach the summit of a mountain where they stop and rest, exhausted from fighting their way through a snowstorm. Mei, knowing that Gabu has not eaten in days, offers to sacrifice himself as sustenance. Gabu reluctantly agrees initially, but soon realizes that no matter how hungry he is, he cannot eat his friend. Gabu hears his pack approaching and leaves Mei to face them, ready to defend his goat friend to the death. As Gabu is about to go face the wolf pack, there is an avalanche which sweeps them all away. The next morning, Mei digs through the snow blocking the cave and sees the "emerald forest" they had been searching for in the distance. Gabu is missing, but Mei finds him in another cave. Mei finds that Gabu has lost his memory of their friendship and all the events that preceded the avalanche due to the trauma of surviving that disaster, and Mei knows not how to undo the damage. While waiting for the moon to come out, Gabu taunts Mei that he plans on eating him. Mei, saying that he wouldn't have minded being eaten by Gabu before, accuses the wolf of not being the Gabu he previously knew and deems him pathetic for not even attempting to remember his past. Disappointed and disillusioned, Mei shouts that had he known things would take this turn it would have been better if they had never met each other on "one stormy night". On hearing these words, Gabu's memory slowly returns in flashes before in a rapid burst. After regaining himself, Gabu turns to Mei and speaks his name as well as wondering why they are in the cave; having no recollection of his time while amnesiac. A stunned and overjoyed Mei, deciding it would not matter to tell Gabu about his amnesia, claims to have been waiting for Gabu this whole time and they happily reunite. In the end, Mei and Gabu both enjoy watching the moon as it rises, marveling at its beauty and swearing that their friendship will last forever no matter what. Giro and the wolf pack are shown to have survived the avalanche and are seen running away back to their home gorge.

Book series.

The picture book series, published by Kodansha, Ltd., has been released in Japanese in seven volumes.

Stage.

Since 1997, Engekishūdan En has annually performed the story on the "En Kodomo Stage." Performers have included Yoshie Minami, Akio Kaneda, Rintarō Nishi, and Rieko Takahashi among others.  In 2004, Aoni Production sponsored the Voice Fair 2004's dramatization of "Arashi no Yoru ni" and "Aru Hareta Hi ni", which starred Katsue Miwa as Mei and Minori Matsushima as Gabu.  In 2007, Yoshikazu Yokoyama directed the Engekishūdan Studio Life musical version, in which Sayaka Yoshino portrayed Mei.

Media.

Animated film.

The film "Arashi no Yoru Ni", directed by Gisaburō Sugii and animated by Group TAC, was released in Japan on December 10, 2005. The film stayed on the top 10 list for the Japanese box office for well over a month, with over 1,200,000 viewers in the first month alone. On January 20, 2006, "Arashi no Yoru Ni" was screened in Taiwan. Altogether, the film grossed over ¥1.8 billion. The Japanese DVD was released on June 23, 2006 as both a special edition and a standard edition. In 2007, the film was nominated for the Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year.

English Dub.

A small group of voice actors and sound engineers acquired permission from the original producers Tokyo Broadcasting System Television (TBS) to make a complete English Re-dub of the "Arashi No Yoru Ni" movie for YouTube. The first part of the movie was uploaded on December 31, 2008 and was completed on November 5, 2009. On December 23, 2009 the team released an AC3 file which replaces the Japanese voice cast with an English voice cast. The team was unable to obtain the rights to the song "Star" by Aiko, the original theme song for the movie. The ending was replaced with the song "Watch the Moon Rise" written and performed by Tustin Gilmer Macafee under the name MFE. The vast majority of the voicework for the movie was also undertaken by Tustin Gilmer Macafee, a "nom de voce" for privacy reasons.

Drama CD.

"Sound Theater: Arashi no Yoru ni" was released on December 22, 2006.

Anime television series.

A CG-animated television series,, has been produced by Sparky Animation in co-operation with Duckbill Entertainment, Baku Enterprise and Bandai Visual and began airing in Japan on TV Tokyo from April 4, 2012 with both Japanese and English audio tracks. The opening theme is "Friendship Birthday" by Sea☆A whilst the ending theme is "Dear My Friend" by U-KISS. This animation is a co-production between Japan and Singapore. The animation has been conceived in Japan, then rewritten and adapted to English with pre-recorded voices. Afterwards, it was dubbed into Japanese. In contrast to the original books, where Mei was never given a specific gender and the feature movie which had Mei as a male goat, the television series casts Mei as female.

Cast.

Director: Amino Tetsuro  Screenplay and director of English version: Gerri Sorrells  Co-production for English version: Jim Weatherford, Jarico International Inc.

References.

Most of the content of this article comes from the.

When "Arashi no Yoru ni" was published in 1994, Kimura had no plans to continue the story as a series, but due to the popularity of the story and receiving considerable encouragement, he continued the story through five more books, ending with in 2002. As the series became more popular, a compilation called was released in 2004 and a movie adaptation was produced. Soon after, Kimura wrote the seventh and last book,.

《翡翠森林狼与羊》(又名《暴风雨之夜》,,英语:"One Stormy Night")是一部根据木村裕一的《狼与羊》系列绘本改编,由杉井仪三郎导演的动画电影。该电影讲述了野狼卡滋与小羊羊咩在一个暴风雨之夜偶然相遇并结交为友,共同寻找传说中狼与羊可以和平共处的“翡翠森林”的故事。


Sections.

From 14 March 2015, the line consists of the following three sections.  There are three small freight branches; from Echigo-Ishiyama Station to Niigata Freight Terminal, from Kami-Nuttari Junction to Nuttari Station, and from Kami-Nuttari Junction to Higashi-Niigata-kō Station.

Services.

Shinonoi–Nagano.

All trains run through on the Shinonoi Line or the Shinano Railway Line. , the following services are operated.

Stations.

Yokokawa–Shinonoi.

The section between Yokokawa and was closed and the section between Karuizawa and Shinonoi was transferred to the ownership of the third-sector railway operator Shinano Railway from 1 October 1997 with the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen (Nagano Shinkansen) between Takasaki and Nagano.

Nagano–Naoetsu.

The section between Nagano and Naoetsu was transferred to the ownership of the third-sector railway operators Shinano Railway and Echigo Tokimeki Railway from 14 March 2015 with the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen extension north of Nagano.

History.

The Japanese Government Railways opened the Takasaki to Yokokawa section in 1885, the Naoetsu to Sekiyama section the following year, and the Sekiyama - Nagano - Karuizawa section in 1888. In order to surmount the 552 metre altitude difference between Yokokawa and Karuizawa (which are 10 km apart), it then constructed an Abt rack section through the Usui Pass, which opened in 1893, and was double-tracked for 1 km from Karuizawa to the top of the rack section. A horse-drawn tramway operated between Yokokawa and Karuizawa until the rack section opened. The Hokuetsu Railway opened the Naoetsu to Nagaoka section in 1897, extending the line to Niigata in 1904. That company was nationalised in 1907. In 1909, the Imperial Japanese Railway authories invited bids for the electrification of the route. A German company was selected to provide the engines and General Electric supplied the turbines at the power station. In 1912, the rack section was electrified using third rail at 600 V DC, this being the first use of this method in Japan. The electrification allowed for the use of faster and longer trains which reduced journey times and also pollution from the steam engines. A link to archival footage of the rack section operation is available here

Double-tracking.

The Karuizawa to Nagano section was double-tracked between 1917 and 1920, with the Nagaoka to Miyauchi section double-tracked in 1931, and the Niitsu - Kamo section in 1944. Double-tracking of the remainder of the Niigata to Naoetsu line was undertaken in sections between 1958 and 1973.  Double-tracking of the remainder of the Takasaki to Kaminagano line was undertaken in sections between 1963 and 1973, commencing with the replacement of the rack mechanism with an adhesion only electrified (1,500 V DC catenary) operation on the 1 in 15 (6.7%) grade. The rack equipment was initially kept as a contingency, and removed two months after the adhesion-only operation commenced and had proved its reliability.  The Kurohime to Myoko-Kogen section was double-tracked in conjunction with a realignment in 1980. The Mure to Kurohime section was also realigned and prepared for double-tracking (including new double-track size tunnels), but the second track was not laid.

Electrification.

The Miyauchi to Nagaoka section was electrified in 1947 at 1,500 V DC in conjunction with the electrification of the Joetsu Line, with the Nagaoka to Niigata section electrified in 1962, the same year the Takasaki to Yokokawa section was commissioned to facilitate the extension to Nagano the following year via the new adhesion line through the Usui Pass mentioned above. The Nagano to Naoetsu section was electrified in 1966, and extended to Miyauchi in 1969.

Separation into sections.

In 1997, following the opening of the Nagano Shinkansen, the Yokokawa to Karuizawa section was closed, and the Karuizawa to Shinonoi section transferred to the third-sector Shinano Railway.  On 14 March 2015, following the extension of the Hokuriku Shinkansen to, the to section was also spun off to the following two third-sector operating companies owned primarily by the respective prefectures and municipalities.

The is a railway line, consisting of three geographically separated sections, operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Japan. It was originally one continuous line connecting and via ; however, with the opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen, some sections were transferred to the third-sector railway companies or abandoned.

信越本线()是一条连结群马县高崎市高崎站和群马县安中市横川站、长野县长野市<unk>之井站和长野站、以及新潟县上越市直江津站和新潟县新潟市中央区新潟站,属于东日本旅客铁道(JR东日本)的铁路线(干线)。除此以外,另有越后石山站-新潟货物总站、上沼垂信号场-的货物支线。路线名取自长野县的古令制国「信浓国」与新潟县的古令制国「越后国」。


History.

The 5×5×5 cube was created by Udo Krell in 1981. Out of many designs that were proposed, Udo Krell's design was the first 5×5×5 design that was manufactured and sold. Uwe Mèffert manufactured the cube and sold it in Hong Kong in 1983.  Ideal Toys marketed the 5x5x5 cube in Germany as the "Rubik's Wahn" (Wahn meaning delusion or illusion). The 5×5×5 cube got its name when the cube was marketed in Japan under the name "Professor's Cube". Mèffert reissued the cube under the name "Professor's Cube" in the 1990s.  Early versions of the 5×5×5 cube sold at Barnes & Noble were marketed under the name "Professor's Cube" but currently, Barnes and Noble sells cubes that are simply called "5×5." Mefferts.com offers a limited edition version of the 5×5×5 cube called the Professor's Cube. This version has colored tiles rather than stickers. Verdes Innovations sells a version called the V-Cube 5.

Workings.

The original Professor's Cube design by Udo Krell works by using an expanded 3×3×3 cube as a mantle with the center edge pieces and corners sticking out from the spherical center of identical mechanism to the 3×3×3 cube. All non-central pieces have extensions that fit into slots on the outer pieces of the 3×3×3, which keeps them from falling out of the cube while making a turn. The fixed centers have two sections (one visible, one hidden) which can turn independently. This feature is unique to the original design.  The Eastsheen version of the puzzle uses a different mechanism. The fixed centers hold the centers next to the central edges in place, which in turn hold the outer edges. The non-central edges hold the corners in place, and the internal sections of the corner pieces do not reach the center of the cube.  The V-Cube 5 mechanism, designed by Panagiotis Verdes, has elements in common with both. The corners reach to the center of the puzzle (like the original mechanism) and the center pieces hold the central edges in place (like the Eastsheen mechanism). The middle edges and center pieces adjacent to them make up the supporting frame and these have extensions which hold the rest of the pieces together. This allows smooth and fast rotation and creating arguably the fastest and most durable version of the puzzle at that time. Unlike the original 5×5×5 design, the V-Cube 5 mechanism was designed to allow speedcubing. Most current production 5×5×5 speed cubes have mechanisms based on Verdes' patent.

Durability.

The original Professor's Cube is inherently more delicate than the 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube because of the much greater number of moving parts. Because of the fragile design, the Professor's Cube is not suitable for speedcubing. Applying excessive force to the cube when twisting it may result in broken pieces. Both the Eastsheen 5×5×5 and the V-Cube 5 are designed with different mechanisms in an attempt to remedy the fragility of the original design.

Permutations.

There are 98 pieces on the exterior of the cube: 8 corners, 36 edges, and 54 centers (48 movable, 6 fixed).  Any permutation of the corners is possible, including odd permutations, giving 8! possible arrangements. Seven of the corners can be independently rotated, and the orientation of the eighth depends on the other seven, giving 3 (or 2,187) combinations.  There are 54 centers. Six of these (the center square of each face) are fixed in position. The rest consist of two sets of 24 centers. Within each set there are four centers of each color. Each set can be arranged in 24! different ways. Assuming that the four centers of each color in each set are indistinguishable, the number of permutations of each set is reduced to 24!/(24) arrangements, all of which are possible. The reducing factor comes about because there are 24 (4!) ways to arrange the four pieces of a given color. This is raised to the sixth power because there are six colors. The total number of permutations of all movable centers is the product of the permutations of the two sets, 24!/(24).  The 24 outer edges cannot be flipped, since the interior shape of those pieces is asymmetrical. Corresponding outer edges are distinguishable, since the pieces are mirror images of each other. Any permutation of the outer edges is possible, including odd permutations, giving 24! arrangements. The 12 central edges can be flipped. Eleven can be flipped and arranged independently, giving 12!/2 × 2 or 12! × 2 possibilities (an odd permutation of the corners implies an odd permutation of the central edges, and vice versa, thus the division by 2). There are 24! × 12! × 2 possibilities for the inner and outer edges together.  This gives a total number of permutations of  The full number is precisely 282 870 942 277 741 856 536 180 333 107 150 328 293 127 731 985 672 134 721 536 000 000 000 000 000 possible permutations (about 283 duodecillion on the long scale or 283 tresvigintillion on the short scale).  Some variations of the Professor's Cube have one of the center pieces marked with a logo, which can be put into four different orientations. This increases the number of permutations by a factor of four to 1.13×10, although any orientation of this piece could be regarded as correct. By comparison, the number of atoms in the observable universe is estimated at about 10. Other variations increase the difficulty by making the orientation of all center pieces visible. An example of this is shown below.

Solution.

Speedcubers usually favour the reduction method of grouping similar edge pieces into solid strips, and centers into one-colored blocks. This allows the cube to be quickly solved with the same methods one would use for a 3×3×3 cube. As illustrated to the right, the fixed centers, middle edges and corners can be treated as equivalent to a 3×3×3 cube. As a result, once reduction is complete the parity errors sometimes seen on the 4×4×4 cannot occur on the 5×5×5, or any cube with an odd number of edges for that matter.  Yau5 is another method speedcubers use. It is named after its proposer, Robert Yau. The method starts by solving the opposite centers, then solving three cross edges. Next, the remaining centers and last cross edge are solved. Any remaining unsolved edges are solved, and can be solved like a 3x3x3.  Another frequently used strategy is to solve the edges and corners of the cube first, and the centers last. This method is referred to as the Cage method, so called because the centers appear to be in a cage after the solving of edges and corners. The corners can be placed just as they are in any previous order of cube puzzle, and the centers are manipulated with an algorithm similar to the one used in the 4×4×4 cube.  A less frequently used strategy is to solve one side and one rim first, then the 2nd, 3rd and 4th rim, and finally the last side and rim. That is, like building a building. First the basement, then each floor, and finally the roof.

World records.

The world record fastest 5×5×5 solve is 34.92 seconds, set by Max Park of the United States on 25 January, 2020 at Houston Winter 2020, in Houston, Texas.  The world record for average of five solves (excluding fastest and slowest) is 39.65 seconds, also set by Max Park on 22 June, 2019 at CubingUSA Western Championship 2019 in Los Angeles, California, with the times of 40.34, (36.06), (42.65), 40.82, and 37.80 seconds.  The record fastest time for solving a 5×5×5 cube blindfolded is 2 minutes, 21.62 seconds (including inspection), set by Stanley Chapel of the United States on 15 December 2019 at Michigan Cubing Club Epsilon 2019 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Michigan.  The record for mean of three solves solving a 5x5x5 cube blindfolded is 2 minutes, 27.63 seconds (including inspection), also set by Stanley Chapel of the United States on 15 December 2019 with the times of 2:32.48, 2:28.80 and 2:21.62

In popular culture.

A Filipino TV series from ABS-CBN Entertainment named "Little Big Shots" shows a 10-year old cuber named Franco, who solved a Professor's Cube in 1:47.12 minutes

The Professor's Cube is a combination puzzle, a 5×5×5 version of the Rubik's Cube. It has qualities in common with both the original 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube and the 4×4×4 Rubik's Revenge, and knowing how to solve either can help when working on the 5×5×5 cube.

五阶扭计骰(英语:Professor's Cube),为5×5×5的立方体结构的魔术方块,由乌多.克雷尔(Udo Krell)发明。


Early life.

Tovey was born and raised in Billericay, Essex. He is the younger of two children of Carole Haynes (formerly Webb) and George Tovey, who run a Romford-based coach service taking passengers from Essex to Gatwick Airport. Tovey has an older brother, Daniel. He attended Harold Court School in Harold Wood and Shenfield High School. As a boy, Tovey said, he "was an avid collector of various things and prone to participating in fads."  His parents supported his efforts, taking him to archaeological digs and museums, buying him a metal detector, and going to conventions for mineralogists. For a time he wanted to be a history teacher, but after seeing "Dead Poets Society", "The Goonies", and "Stand By Me", he decided to be an actor. For a time during his teens, he worked as a kitchen assistant in Billericay's King's Head pub.

Career.

Tovey began his career as a child actor. He joined a local drama club, and garnered the attention of a talent agent. He worked from the age of 11 and missed so much school that his father suggested he should cut back, but his mother convinced his father to let their son continue. His TV career started in 1994, when he was cast in "Mud", a children's series broadcast on CBBC.  He left high school at the age of 16, and started a BTEC in performing arts at Barking College. He was expelled after a year for refusing a role in the school play in favour of a paying acting job. He acted in plays in Chichester under the direction of Debra Gillett, wife of Patrick Marber. He met Marber through Gillett, and Marber cast him in the play "Howard Katz" at the National Theatre. He also performed in "His Girl Friday" and "His Dark Materials" there.  In 2004, he took the role of Rudge in Alan Bennett's play "The History Boys" at the Royal National Theatre as well as touring to Broadway, Sydney, Wellington and Hong Kong and playing the role in the radio and film adaptations. He originally auditioned for the role of Crowther but agreed to act the part of Rudge after Bennett promised to beef up the role. Insecure because he had not attended drama school like many of his peers, he enrolled in numerous workshops and readings offered by the National Theatre.  In spring 2007, Tovey had a recurring role in BBC Three comedy "Rob Brydon's Annually Retentive", playing Rob's producer, Ben. He played Midshipman Alonso Frame, in 2007 "Doctor Who" Christmas Special "Voyage of the Damned". Russell T. Davies, the show's executive producer and lead writer, had suggested Tovey as a future replacement for David Tennant, before it was announced that the Eleventh Doctor would be played by Matt Smith. Tovey reprised his role as Midshipman Alonso Frame in the 2009-10 "Doctor Who" Christmas special, "The End of Time".  Tovey played werewolf George Sands, one of three supernatural housemates in the drama "Being Human". The pilot premiered on BBC Three on 18 February 2008. A six-part series was commissioned with the first episode broadcast on 25 January 2009. Tovey left the regular cast of the show at the start of the fourth season on 5 February 2012. In November 2012 AudioGO Ltd released an audiobook version of Mark Michalowski's "Being Human" tie-in novel "Chasers", which is narrated by Tovey.  In a 2008 interview in "Attitude", Tovey expressed his desire to play darker roles: "really dark, fucked-up characters... like drag queens, rent boys, someone who has been abused, a rapist", though noting that he does not consider himself "fucked-up".  In March 2009, the actor played a leading role in "A Miracle" at the Royal Court Theatre as Gary Trudgill, a British soldier returning to Norfolk from abroad. On 8 March 2009 he presented the Award for Best Actress to Margaret Tyzack for her performance in "The Chalk Garden" at the Laurence Olivier Awards in Grosvenor House.  In 2009, Tovey worked on the film "Huge" and starred in two television pilots: "Young, Unemployed and Lazy" (a BBC Three sitcom), renamed to "Him & Her" in 2010, and "The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret" (part of "Comedy Showcase"), a Channel 4 comedy with Spike Jonze and Will Arnett, written by David Cross and Shaun Pye.  He also appeared in three shorts: "Drop" (which premièred at the 2009 Rushes Soho Shorts Film Festival), "Roar", "Roar" premiered at the Palm Springs Film Festival on 24 June 2009.  In 2011, he became the voice over/narrator for the BBC Three show "Sun, Sex and Suspicious Parents" and its spinoffs, which ran for five series up to July 2015. Tovey has narrated every episode aired  Tovey played Budgie, one of Gavin's friends, in the BBC comedy-drama "Gavin & Stacey". In January 2012, he appeared in the British crime drama "Sherlock", playing Henry Knight in the episode "The Hounds of Baskerville". He had a lead role in the ITV sitcom "The Job Lot" which aired in 2013 and is set in a busy unemployment bureau in the West Midlands.  In 2013, Tovey signed on to appear in the American television series "Looking", about a group of gay friends living in San Francisco. Its 8-episode first season broadcast on HBO in 2014. Tovey was promoted to series regular for the second season.  In 2015, Tovey starred in "Banished", a historical drama series written by Jimmy McGovern about a group of British convicts in Australia in the 18th century.  In 2015 Tovey made his first of many live appearances for arts and entertainment company Pin Drop Studio, reading a short story to an audience followed by an interview by Simon Oldfield.  In 2016, Tovey was cast in the ABC network thriller drama "Quantico" for the series regular role of Harry Doyle.  In September 2017, it was revealed that Tovey would be voicing Ray Terrill / The Ray, a reporter who gains light-based powers after being exposed to a genetic light bomb, in the animated web series "" on CW Seed. Tovey appeared in "Crisis on Earth-X", the Arrowverse crossover event between "Supergirl", "Arrow", "The Flash" and "Legends of Tomorrow".  In April 2017, Tovey returned to the Royal National Theatre to appear in Marianne Elliot's revival of the Tony Kushner play "Angels in America", opposite Andrew Garfield and Nathan Lane.  In 2019, Tovey co-starred in an ensemble cast on the show "Years and Years", and appeared with Helen Mirren and Ian McKellen in the drama film "The Good Liar".

Writing.

Tovey is also an author, playwright and screenwriter. He has written three plays (all unperformed as of August 2010), and one of his short stories was published in women's magazine "Company". He also wrote a short film, "Victor", and as of August 2010 was seeking funding to produce the picture.

Personal life.

Tovey is openly gay. During his adolescent years, Tovey's homosexuality caused friction within his family. Although he says he came out to himself when he was 15 or 16, he came out to his parents when he was 18. Tovey and his father subsequently had a serious disagreement, with his father suggesting that, had he known earlier, he would have asked Tovey to take hormones or undergo some other medical treatment to "fix the problem". Tovey says his parents were deeply concerned about the possibility he might contract HIV, which might have contributed to the disagreement. The birth of Tovey's nephew Nathan in October 2004 helped them mend their relationship.  In 2015, Tovey was the subject of public criticism from the LGBT+ press regarding comments he made about effeminate gay men. In his interview with Tom Lamont of "The Observer", the actor stated that his schooling made him feel as though he "had to toughen up", going on to say "If I'd have been able to relax, prance around and sing in the street, I might be a different person now." Much of the criticism centred on what was perceived to be a passive criticism of effeminate gay men, with Tovey saying that "I thank my dad for that, for not allowing me to go down the path." Tovey later apologised for the remarks and suggested they did not reflect his views.  Tovey was reported to be dating rugby coach Steve Brockman from early 2016. They became engaged in February 2018 but separated in June of the same year. They reconciled in 2019.

Other credits.

Radio and readings.

Tovey has read several books for audio, notably a 2017 performance of "The Picture of Dorian Gray". He is the narrator for the 20th anniversary edition audiobook of Nick Hornby's "High Fidelity", released in 2015. Also, since 2016, he is the reader for audiobooks of Liz Pichon's "Tom Gates" book series, starting from book 10, "Super Good Skills (Almost...)", taking over from Rupert Grint.

Russell George Tovey (born 14 November 1981) is an English actor. He is known for playing the role of werewolf George Sands in the BBC's supernatural drama "Being Human", Rudge in both the stage and film versions of "The History Boys", Steve in the BBC Three sitcom "Him & Her", Kevin Matheson in the HBO original series "Looking" and its subsequent series finale television film "", Titanic midshipman Alonso Frame in the "Doctor Who" episode "Voyage of the Damned" and as Henry Knight in BBC TV series "Sherlock". He has also starred as Harry Doyle in the drama-thriller series "Quantico" on the ABC network.

罗素·乔治·托维(Russell George Tovey,1981年11月14日出生) 是一位英国演员,出演了不少电视节目、电影和舞台剧。托维最知名于出演在2008年开始的BBC超自然戏剧《魔性人心》的狼人。2011年11月,托维宣布将离开《魔性人心》以专心演出BBC 3情景喜剧《他 & 她》。他的其他著名角色包括HBO原创剧集《寻》中的凯文,以及《神探夏洛克》第二季第二集中的。


Design.

When in 1934 Italy announced that it would begin building two s armed with guns, the French Navy immediately began preparations to counter them. The small s that had been ordered provided the template for the next French battleship design, but it needed to be scaled up to match the new Italian vessels, both in terms of offensive and defensive characteristics. The design staff considered 380 and guns, but the latter could not be incorporated in a design that remained within the limit imposed by the Washington Naval Treaty and was quickly discarded. The "Dunkerque"s carried their armament in two quadruple gun turrets arrayed in a superfiring pair forward of the superstructure, and the designers experimented with other arrangements, including combinations of triple and twin turrets, but the need to minimize the length of the armor belt (and thus its weight) necessitated the "Dunkerque" layout.

Service.

Construction.

The contract for "Richelieu" was awarded to the Arsenal de Brest on 31 August 1935, and the keel for the new ship was laid down on 22 October in the No. 4 dock that had recently built. The slipway was not long enough to accommodate the entire length of the new battleship, and so the hull had to be built in pieces. The main section of the hull, which amounted to, was built on the slipway, while a length of the bow and an length of her stern were built elsewhere and attached after the rest of the ship was launched on 17 January 1939. The French decision to lay down "Richelieu" in 1935 put the country in violation of the Washington Treaty, which was to expire on 31 December 1936, as the combined tonnage of the two "Dunkerque"s and "Richelieu" exceeded the that had been allotted to France during the moratorium on new battleship construction. France used the Anglo-German Naval Agreement,

World War II.

Under Vichy control: 1940–1942.

With German troops advancing across France by mid-June, the Navy decided to evacuate "Richelieu" to Dakar in French West Africa; while earlier plans had been to send the fleet to British ports to continue the war, when the possibility of a negotiated armistice arose, the government decided that the fleet would be a useful bargaining chip. As a result, vessels should be preserved under French control, away from German occupation. At 06:45, the ship took on a load of ammunition and fuel, though she received only 198 quarter charges of propellant for her main battery, which amounted to powder sufficient for 49 shots. Material that had not yet been installed was also hastily loaded onto the ship, to be fitted once "Richelieu" reached the safety of Dakar. She also took aboard gold reserves from the Bank of France and 250 cadets from the "École Navale" (Naval Academy). There was insufficient time to allow the full complement to assemble and board the ship, and at 04:00 the next morning, "Richelieu" got underway while German troops approached Brest. "Richelieu" steamed in company with the destroyers and while German aircraft made several ineffective attacks against the ships. The battleship's anti-aircraft guns returned fire without success. Initially cruising at a speed of, boiler trouble forced the ships to decrease speed to. The motors for her rudder also repeatedly broke down on the voyage, though the crew was able to repair them. While cruising off Casablanca, French Morocco at 17:00 on 20 June, the torpedo boats were detached to refuel, their place being taken by the new destroyer. The two vessels then proceeded on to Dakar, where they arrived at 17:44 on 23 June.  On arriving in Dakar, an uneasy situation confronted "Richelieu" while armistice negotiations were still underway. The commander of French naval forces in the region, "Contre-amiral" ("CA"—Rear Admiral) Plançon and the governor-general of French West Africa,, were inclined to remain in the war against Germany. Also, significant British naval units were in the area, including the aircraft carrier moored in Dakar and the British South Atlantic Squadron, which

Free-French career: 1943–1945.

Postwar era.

Immediately after the surrender of Japan, French and British forces began their attempts to reassert control in their Japanese-occupied colonies. On 7 September, "Richelieu" got underway in company with the British battleship to take part in Operation Zipper, the amphibious landing on Sumatra. Two days later, "Richelieu" detonated a magnetic mine, though she suffered only minor damage; the force of the blast pushed in some hull plates by and inflicted minor shock damage to the lighting system, but the vessel remained with the fleet. After landing the troops with no opposition, "Richelieu" moved to Singapore on 11 September to participate in Operation Tiderace, the liberation of the city, the following day. She returned to Trincomalee on 16 September before getting underway again on 27 September, bound for Indochina. She steamed with "Le Triomphant" as escorts for the transport ships and, which carried French soldiers to restore colonial rule in Indochina. French rule was opposed by the Viet Minh, and on arrival "Richelieu" was used to support the forces ashore in a variety of capacities: she served as a staging area, hospital, artillery support, and troop transport. She also contributed a landing party to the forces fighting to reassert French control.  "Richelieu", "Le Triomphant", and "Le Fantasque" took part in Operation Mapor at Nha Trang from 20 to 26 November, providing heavy fire support to soldiers fighting in the area. By this time, a French squadron consisting of the aircraft carrier and the cruisers,, and had arrived in mid-October, allowing "Richelieu" to be returned to France. Before leaving, "Richelieu" sent her four single 40 mm guns and most of her 20 mm guns ashore, along with a considerable stockpile of ammunition for the guns and 152 mm shells. She departed on 29 December and arrived in Toulon on 11 February 1946, thereafter taking part in the transport effort to send French soldiers back from France to North Africa. With that completed, she steamed north to Cherbourg, arriving to be dry-docked on 16 March. Repairs lasted until 20 July, and consisted of replacing the starboard propeller, correcting the hull damage from the mine in September 1945, and thoroughly overhauling her boilers.  With the repairs completed, "Richelieu" sailed to Britain to carry the crew for the aircraft carrier, which was to be loaned to the French for five years, serving as "Arromanches". "Richelieu" thereafter began a training cruise that included stops in Casablanca, Mers-el-Kébir, and Dakar. Later that year, she visited Portugal in company with "Arromanches". She returned to Brest for modifications to the secondary battery from February to March 1947. The ship thereafter formed the core of a battle group that included three ex-German destroyers, based in Cherbourg. The group,

Richelieu was a French fast battleship, the lead ship of the. Built as a response to the Italian, the "Richelieu"s were based on their immediate predecessors of the with the same unconventional arrangement that grouped their main battery forward in two quadruple gun turrets. They were scaled up to accommodate a much more powerful main battery of eight guns (compared to the guns of the "Dunkerque"s), with increased armor to protect them from guns of the same caliber. "Richelieu" was laid down in 1935 and was launched in 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II in Europe. As war with Germany became increasingly likely, work on the ship was rushed to prepare her for commissioning in April 1940.

黎塞留号战列舰()是黎塞留级战列舰的首舰,该级别也是法国建造的最后一级战列舰,同时也是世界首艘1922年华盛顿海军条约后建造的现代战舰,整体设计类似于敦刻尔克级战列舰放大版。本舰以法国第一任首相红衣主教黎塞留命名,于1935年在布雷斯特动工,该舰建造目的主要是为了对抗意大利维托里奥·维内托级战列舰,并是法国首艘标准排水量达35,000吨的作战船舰,其前甲板以超射布局装设2座四联装380毫米主炮砲塔,后甲板则不设主炮,取而代之是以品字形排列的3座三联装152毫米副炮。在装甲与水下保护,堪称是当时当代水准,只略逊于日本大和级战列舰。然而在防空上,该舰防空砲砲塔较少,并且只有光学射控系统。在航速上,试运行时其航速比欧洲同世代的战舰还要快一些,并优于当时美国的高速战舰。


Location.

Zhongshan Soccer Stadium was located across of Yumen Street () and Minzu West Road (). Nearby was the Yuanshan Station of Taipei Metro (Tamsui Line, Red Line)

Events.

The stadium has hosted a number of concerts by internationally renowned music stars. The King of Pop Michael Jackson performed two sold out concerts at the stadium on October 18 and 22 1996, during his History World Tour (attendance : 98.000). Bon Jovi performed at the stadium on April 28, 1995 during These Days Tour. Australian pop star Kylie Minogue performed there on December 4, 2008 as part of her KylieX2008 world tour.

Closure.

In March 2007, Taipei City Government announced that Yuanshan will be replacing Guandu Plain as the main venue of the 2010 International Garden and Horticulture Exhibition to be hosted in Taipei. In their plan, Chungshan Soccer Stadium, being one of the major parts of the Yuanshan area, would serve as the primary venue of the exhibition featuring indoor activities. As a result, the stadium was closed on July 1, 2008.  However, the Chinese Taipei Football Association made a statement in its official site on June 29, 2007 opposing the proposal. They stated that Chungshan Soccer Stadium was the only FIFA-approved stadium in Taiwan at present. If it is closed, Taiwan (Chinese Taipei) would lose its home ground and would not be allowed to hold international football competitions.  Though there were several ongoing construction projects for new stadiums, including the World Games Stadium for World Games 2009 in Kaohsiung and the new Taipei Municipal Stadium for 2009 Summer Deaflympics in Taipei. But both cannot be complete prior to the end of 2008.  On September 30, 2007, Taipei City Mayor Hau Lung-pin committed to delay the stadium's closing schedule to the end of 2008 for hosting 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification and 2008 AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers. The stadium was closed on November 28, 2008.

Transportation.

The stadium was accessible within walking distance South East from Yuanshan Station of the Taipei Metro.

Zhongshan Soccer Stadium, Chungshan Soccer Stadium, or Taipei Soccer Stadium () was a multi-purpose stadium in Zhongshan District, Taipei, Taiwan. It was established in 1923 as during the Japanese period. The soccer stadium was opened in 1989, it was reconstructed from the former site of Yuanshan Baseball Ground () under the guidance of then Chinese Taipei Football Association President Chiang Wei-kuo. Although it was built as a soccer-specific stadium, it was mostly used for live concerts or other activities due to lack of professional football league in Taiwan. The stadium was able to hold 20,000 people for football games and 40,000 for concerts. It was managed by the Hope Foundation led by former athlete Chi Cheng.

中山足球场是一座位于台湾台北市中山区的足球场。宽184米、长300米的这座球场是台北市史上第一座标准足球场,其前身为圆山运动场。2007年时,为了配合在2010年开展的台北国际花卉博览会,马英九市长决定封场进行改装,成为花博公园园区内展馆之一的争艳馆,预计在花博结束后还原,但到现在为止,续作为多功能展览馆使用中。