Early and personal life.

Born in Guinea-Bissau, Fati moved to Herrera, Seville with his family at the age of six, when his older brother Braima signed for Sevilla. Another brother Miguel is also a footballer.  His father is ex-footballer Bori Fati, who was from Guinea-Bissau. After emigrating to Portugal, he set up some teams in the lower leagues. There, he read a story of the Andalusian town Marinaleda, a self-declared communist utopia located near Seville, that was offering work to immigrants. After begging for food on the streets of Marinaleda, he met the mayor Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo and found a job as a driver. He then settled in the nearby town of Herrera, where Ansu spent most of his childhood and started his football training. Though born in Guinea-Bissau, Bori has said he is "a Sevillian".

Club career.

After representing local side Herrera and the youth teams of Sevilla, he joined Barcelona's La Masia in 2012, aged ten, a year after his brother had made the same move.  On 24 July 2019, Fati signed his first professional contract with Barcelona, agreeing to a deal until 2022. On 25 August, before even appearing with the reserves, Fati made his first team – and La Liga – debut, coming on as a late-game substitute for goalscorer Carles Pérez in a 5–2 home win over Real Betis. Aged 16 years and 298 days, he became the second-youngest player to debut for the club, only 18 days older than Vicenç Martínez in 1941.  On 31 August 2019, he scored his first professional goal in a 2–2 away draw between Barcelona and Osasuna at the age of 16 years and 304 days, becoming the Barcelona senior team's youngest goalscorer ever and the third-youngest scorer in the history of La Liga.  On 14 September 2019, in his first career start, Fati became the youngest player in the history of La Liga to score and assist in the same match, at the age of 16 years and 318 days. Fati scored in the 2nd minute and assisted Frenkie de Jong's goal in the 7th minute of an eventual 5–2 home win against Valencia.  On 17 September, Fati made his Champions League debut in a 0–0 away draw against Borussia Dortmund, becoming the youngest player to feature for Barcelona in the competition at the age of 16 years and 321 days, breaking the previous record held by Bojan Krkić (17 years and 22 days); he also became the third-youngest player ever to appear in the competition. On 10 December, Fati became the youngest goalscorer in UEFA Champions League history at the age of 17 years and 40 days when he scored the game winner in Barcelona’s 2–1 victory over Inter Milan at the San Siro.  On 2 February 2020, Fati became the youngest player to score a brace in La Liga, scoring both goals in Barcelona’s 2–1 win over Levante UD.

International career.

Fati was originally eligible to represent Guinea-Bissau at international level, but did not represent the nation of his birth at any level. After his debut in La Liga, the Spanish Football Federation (RFEF) showed interest in him, with "Diario AS" reporting that the Spanish government had set its sights on granting Fati citizenship with a view to including him in the squad for the 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup. He is also reportedly eligible for a Portuguese passport through his grandparents' birth in colonial Portuguese Guinea.  Fati was granted Spanish citizenship on 20 September 2019, renouncing his Bissau-Guinean citizenship. He was called up to the Spanish under-21 team on 11 October 2019, following an injury to Carles Pérez. Fati made his debut for the Spanish under-21 team on 15 October 2019 against Montenegro.

Anssumane "Ansu" Fati Vieira (born 31 October 2002) is a professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Spanish club Barcelona. Fati was born in Guinea-Bissau, but represents Spain internationally.

安苏曼·“安苏”·法蒂(,2002年-10月31日),是一名西班牙足球运动员。现效力于巴塞罗那足球俱乐部,场上主要担任翼锋。


Club career.

Barcelona.

Born in Granollers, Barcelona, Catalonia, Pérez joined FC Barcelona's youth setup in 2012, from RCD Espanyol. On 3 October 2015, while still a youth, he made his senior debut with the reserves by coming on as a second-half substitute for Maxi Rolón in a 0–0 Segunda División B away draw against Levante UD B.  In July 2017, Pérez was promoted to the B-side, now in Segunda División. He made his professional debut on 19 August 2017, replacing Vitinho in a 2–1 away win against Real Valladolid.  Pérez scored his first professional goals on 21 January 2018, netting a hat-trick in a 3–1 away defeat of CD Tenerife. On 12 June, after suffering relegation with the reserve side, he renewed his contract for two further years.  Pérez made his first team – and La Liga – debut on 19 May 2019, replacing Malcom in a 2–2 away draw against SD Eibar. He scored his first goal for the "Blaugrana" on 25 August, scoring his team's third in a 5–2 home routing of Real Betis. He scored his first UEFA Champions League goal as the opener in a 2–1 away victory against Inter Milan.

Roma.

On 30 January 2020, Pérez left Barcelona for Italian side Roma. A loan move with the obligation to purchase his rights permanently for a fee of €11 million in the summer. He scored his first UEFA Europa League goal in a 1–0 home victory against Gent in the Round of 32.

Honours.

Barcelona

Carles Pérez Sayol (born 16 February 1998) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a right winger for Italian club Roma on loan from FC Barcelona.

卡莱斯·佩雷斯·塞约尔(,1998年-2月16日)是一名西班牙职业足球运动员,现外借至意大利足球甲级联赛球队罗马,场上司职右翼锋。


History.

In 1762, a severe earthquake changed the flow of the Jamuna river and created a new river named Baral. On the west bank of this Baral river, new land emerged and most of the land of surrounding it belonged to Zamindar Siraj Ali Chowdhury. So, after his name gradually this area got its recognition as Sirajganj. Currently it is famous for its hand-loom cottage industries and more than 50% people here are related with this business.

Location.

Sirajganj District is the gateway to the North Bengal. It is bordered on the north by Bogra District and Natore District; on the west by Natore District and Pabna District; on the south by Pabna District and Manikganj District; on the east Manikganj District, Tangail District and Jamalpur District.

Geography.

Sirajganj District of Rajshahi division has an area of about. The main rivers are Jamuna, Baral, Ichamati, Karatoya, Phuljor and Hurasagor. The annual average temperature reaches a maximum of 34.6 °C, and a minimum of 11.9 °C. The annual rainfall is.

Administration.

Sirajganj Sub-division was established in 1885 under Pabna district and it was turned into a district in 1984. Of the nine upazilas of the district Ullahpara is the largest () and Kamarkhanda is the smallest (). Moreover, the district has six municipals, six Parliament seats, 82 unions and 2016 villages.

List of Upazilas.

There are nine (9) Upazilas, namely :

History of the War of Liberation In 1971.

Sector in liberation.

During the Liberation war of Bangladesh, Sirajganj was under sector number seven.

Fighting and attaining freedom.

Palashdanga Juba Shibir (youth camp) was formed at Kalibari of Bhadraghat union under Kamarkhanda upazila. During the WAR OF LIBERATION this Juba Shibir played remarkable role in encounters against the Pak army at different places of Bangladesh. On 20 April, an encounter was held between the freedom fighters and the Pak army at a place near the Ghatina bridge in Ullahpara upazila in which 15 Pak soldiers were killed; in this encounter 50 freedom fighters and civilians were also wounded. On 23 April, the Pak army conducted mass killing, plundering, violation of women and burning at Ullahpara. On 25 April, the Pak army shot many people dead at Chariashika and Charia Kalibari near Hatikamrul Square of this upazila. A battle was fought between the freedom fighters and the Pak army on 11 November at Naogaon of Tarash upazila in which 130 Pak soldiers and razakars were killed. The freedom fighters attacked the Sambhudia Pak military camp of Chauhali upazila on 19 November and captured two firearms. On 27 November, the freedom fighters again attacked the Sambhudia camp causing considerable damages to the camp; in this attack 5 freedom fighters were wounded. Chauhali upazila was liberated on 29 November. In December 1971, a battle was fought between the Pak army and the freedom fighters at village Baraitala of Gandail union under Kazipur upazila in which several freedom fighters lost their lives. The Pak army in collaboration with the local razakars conducted heavy plundering and set many houses of Malipara on fire on 22 June and at Sambhudia in mid August. The freedom fighters attacked the Sambhudia Pak military camp on 19 November and captured two firearms. On 27 November the freedom fighters again attacked the Sambhudia camp causing considerable damages to the camp; in this attack 5 freedom fighters were wounded. Chauhali upazila was liberated on 29 November. On 7 December 1971, a battle was fought between the freedom fighters and the Pak army on WAPDA dam of Rajapur union in which the Pak army was defeated and one freedom fighter was killed. Besides, another battle was fought between the freedom fighters and the Pak army at the north side of the graveyard of Tamai Paschimpara of Bhangabari union in which three Pak soldiers and two freedom fighters were killed. Encounters between the freedom fighters and the Pak army were held at different places of the upazila including at Sailabari, Degree College and on the bank of the river Jamuna. On 14 December, Ullahpara was liberated and with this the capitulation of the whole of Sirajganj district was completed.

Marks of the War of Liberation.

Mass graves 2 (Baroitala of Kazipur upazila, Asbaria of Tarash upazila);  Martyr memorial monument 2 (“Durjay Bangla” at Chandidasgati of Sirajganj sadar upazila and Ghatina of Ullahpara upazila).

Population.

The population has been measured at 3,220,814, made up of 80% Muslim, 18.5% Hindu and 1.5% other. Males make up 51.14% of the population and females 48.86%.

Education.

There are many schools and colleges in the district of Sirajganj - see this institution list. Harinathpur A.M. Multilateral High School (estd. 1969), B.L. Govt. High School (estd.1869), Shaleha Ishaque Girls School, Enayetpur Islamia High School (est. 1947), Enayetpur Betil High School & College (estd. 1947), ICL School, Enayetpur, Chowbari Islamia High School (estd.1913), Salop High School (estd.1905), Hoimobala girls high school, Provakar vidyaniketan-tamai, Adachaki High school" Tamai M.L High School, Dhanghara High School, Harina Bagbati High School, Boyra Bhennabari High School and Ghorachara High School.Shah Kamal Dakhil Madrasha(estd.1992), Among them. The students of these institutions are very enthusiastic, studious, brilliant and extremely great in their behavior. The most famous colleges in Sirajganj are 'Sirajganj Govt. University College', Govt. Akbar Ali College (estd.1970), Ullapara Science College and Salanga Degree College. Pukurpar S & B Fazil Madrasha. Fuljore Degree College, situated by the side of the approach road of the Jamuna Bridge, Salop College in Ullapara and Kuripara College in Sadar Upozilla in recent years are playing an important role to educate the rural peoples of Sirajganj. There is an English-medium(Edexcel certified) school, Jewel's Oxford Int'l School and College, in this district. There is also an English version school in here named Sirajganj Collectorate School and College, which is administered by the District Commissioner. There is a public medical college named Shaheed M. Monsur Ali Medical College. Also, there are two private medical college named North Bengal Medical College & Hospital and Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College & Hospital. Students of Sirajganj are very enthusiastic about study, they take part in various extra- curricular activities like the Math and Science Olympiads, Spelling Bee, art competitions etc. It is the birthplace of many geniuses and great minds like Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Vasani and Yadav Chakravarty. Rabindra varati university

Historical Places of Sirajganj.

Chalan Beel Chalan Beel is a wetland in Bangladesh. It is a large inland depression, marshy in character, with rich flora and fauna. Forty-seven rivers and other waterways flow into the Chalan Beel.[1] As silt builds up in the beel, its size is being reduced.

Bangabandhu Bridge.

Also known as the Jamuna Bridge. It is 4.8 kilometers long and it has 50 pillars and 49 spans. Rail crossing connects Bangladesh and the region to the cross-continental Trans-Asian Railway, which has led to a radical shift in the economics of the area. Costing nearly 700 million US dollars, the bridge was the largest infrastructure project Bangladesh had ever attempted in its history. To many, it represents the nation's rapid development and move to become a moderate economic power.  One does not have to pay to look at the bridge, but there is a fee to cross it! This can change, but usually amounts to 400 taka (just about US$5) for a car, 800 taka for the vehicles of middle size and 1200 taka for the heavy vehicles to cross the bridge. Another experience can be to hire a local boat or fisherman to take you underneath the bridge, to see it in all its concrete glory.

Rabindra Kachharibari.

The famed poet and philosopher, Rabindranath Tagore, created many of his literary works while living in this mansion. His grandfather purchased the estate in 1840, and Tagore would often visit in the late-1800s to escape the busier side of his life.  The building has since been converted into a museum and a memorial in his name. Many artefacts and memorabilia items are on display in the museum, including shoes, wooden sandals, a piano and a harmonium. The building itself is of interesting architectural heritage, and contains 7 rooms. Maintenance by the authorities has been patchy. Some areas have been well-restored, while others are in desperate need of repair. It has been reported that significant repairs are taking place as of 2012, Tagore's 150th birth anniversary.  Each year, locals and officials celebrate Tagore's birthday at the mansion. This falls on three days around 25 Boishakh in the Bengali calendar, generally correlating with between 6 and 8 May.  The museum is located in the town of Shahzadpur, open Monday to Saturday, 9am to 6pm. Entry is 20 taka.

Nabaratna Mandir.

Nabaratna is a place as well as palace situated beside sirajgonj road, hatikumrul, sirajgonj. Nabaratna has historical value in the history of land lords in Bangladesh.  The navaratna style of temple architecture (Sanskrit: नवरत्न, meaning “nine gems”) incorporates two main levels, each with four spired corner pavilions, and a central pavilion above, for a total of nine spires. The style arose in Bengal during the eighteenth century as an elaboration of the pancharatna style that had five pavilions (four at the corners and one above).

Bridges in Sirajgnaj.

Like many other districts in Bangladesh, Sirajgnaj is also a district with many rivers. The main bridges are Bangabandhu Multipurpose Bridge over the River Jamuna, Nalka Bridge Over the River Foljodre, Eliot Bridge etc.

Sirajganj (, "Sirajganj Jela" also "Sirajganj Zila") is a district in north-central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rajshahi Division.

锡拉杰甘杰(Sirajganj District)为孟加拉国拉杰沙希专区辖县,地处孟加拉国中部。县境东北部与博格拉县接壤,南与巴布纳县毗邻,东与坦盖尔、杰马勒布尔县为界,西连诺多尔和博格拉县。全县年平均降雨量1,610毫米,平均气温11.9°C(最低)至34.6°C(最高)。县域总面积2,497.92公里2,总人口2,707,011人(2001),全县共分为9乡(),政府驻锡拉杰甘杰镇。


History.

Origin.

Football Association of Malaysia (FAM) decided to privatise the Malaysian League in 2004 season onwards where Liga Super and Liga Premier was formed. Teams in Liga Perdana 1 and Liga Perdana 2 was then was put through a qualification and playoff to be promoted into Liga Super. Teams that failed the qualification was put into now a new second-tier league, the Liga Premier.  The Liga Perdana 1 was the nation's top-tier league from 1994 until 2003 when it was succeeded by the formations of professional football league, Liga Super in 2004 by Football Association of Malaysia. The Liga Perdana 2 then was replaced by the new Liga Premier where the teams was divided into two different groups.  The inaugural season for the new second-tier league started in 2004 with 18 teams divided into 2 groups.  Between 2004 and 2006, Liga Premier was divided into two groups of 8 teams:  At the end of the season, the top team from each group of the Liga Premier was promoted to the Liga Super. The teams which finished bottom of each group were relegated to the Liga FAM. The two group champions also faced-off to determine the Liga Premier championship.

2007 league revamp as a single group.

For the 2006-07 season, the Liga Premier was reorganised into a single league of 11 teams instead of being a competition involving two separate groups of teams. There were a fewer number of teams due to more teams being promoted to Liga Super, as part of the league expansion, while some others withdrew from Liga Premier.  From 2007 onwards, Liga Premier was combined into one single league.

2010 league season with 12 teams.

Over the years since its formation, the league has witnessed numerous changes to its format in order to accommodate the changes to rules and number of teams competing in the league where only since 2010 the number of teams competing has been stabilised with 12 teams.  In 2015, Football Malaysia LLP was created in the course of privatisation of the Malaysian football league system. The partnership saw all 24 teams of Liga Super and Liga Premier including FAM as the Managing Partner and MP & Silva as a special partner (FAM's global media and commercial advisor) to become stakeholders in the company. The company owns, operates and runs five entities in Malaysian football under its jurisdiction, which include Liga Super, the Liga Premier, the Piala FA, the Piala Malaysia and the Piala Sumbangsih. It aims to transform and move Malaysian football forward.

Club licensing regulations.

Every team in the Liga Premier must have a licence to play in the league, or else they are relegated. To obtain a licence, teams must be financially healthy and meet certain standards of conduct as organisations. As part of privation effort for the league, all clubs compete in MSL and MPL will be required to obtained FAM Club Licensing.  As a preliminary preparation towards the total privatisation of the league, FAM Club Licensing Regulation is being created with the hope of it being enforced throughout MSL fully by the end of 2018 and MPL by end of 2019.

Privatisation of league football clubs.

In November 2016, Melaka United Soccer Association became the third FAM affiliates to separate itself from the management of football team with the privatisation of its football team as separate entity called as Melaka United Football Club for 2017 Liga Super season onwards. The other two are Pahang Football Association with Pahang F.C. and Johor Football Association with Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C. in early 2016.  The state Football Association such as Johor Football Association will now changing its focus to state football development and managing state league.  In February 2017, FMLLP has released a statement regarding the official status of Johor Darul Ta'zim and Johor Darul Ta'zim II where Johor Darul Ta'zim II has now become an official feeder club for Johor Darul Ta'zim since the feeder club agreement between both club has been approved in 19 Ogos 2016. Through the agreement, both clubs will be allowed additional four players transfer quota which can be used outside normal transfer windows for player between both clubs. The feeder club will also required to register a minimum of 12 players under the age of 23 for its squad from 2017. A feeder club will be required to be in the league below the main club at all times which mean Johor Darul Ta'zim II will never be allowed to reach promotion even if the club won the Liga Premier. By 2018, the feeder club must field four players under the age of 23 in their first eleven during match day and the feeder club is not allowed to play in other cup competition where the parent club compete such as Piala Malaysia and Piala FA.

Logo evolution.

Since the inception of the league as the second-tier league in 2004, numerous logo has been introduced for the league to reflect the sponsorship purpose. In its inaugural season, Dunhill logo was incorporated as title sponsors and it was the only season sponsored by the tobacco company before tobacco advertising was banned in the country.  From 2004 to 2010, the Liga Premier incorporated the TM brand as part of its logo as the title sponsor.  After the end of TM sponsorship for seven consecutive years, FAM launched a new logo for the 2011 season where it has been partnering with Astro Media as strategic partner for Malaysian League marketing. The Astro brand was only incorporated as part of the Liga Premier logo from 2012 season including the wording of Malaysia and the partnership continue until the end of 2014 season.  In 2015 season, no title sponsor was incorporated when the league was sponsored by MP & Silva. For 2016 season a new logo was introduced as part of the takeover of the league by FMLLP where 100PLUS has been announced as title sponsor.

Finances.

The FMLLP will introduce the merit-point system starting in 2016 season. Points will be awarded based on a team’s league position, progress in the Cup competitions (Piala FA and Piala Malaysia) and the number of live matches shown. A point in season’s Malaysian League will be worth RM41,000.  The money will be distribute twice per season. First during early season where the team will received a "basic" payment out of that particular year league sponsorship and the second payment will be received at the end of the season where all merit-point has been calculated. For 2016 season, the first "basic" payment will consist of 30 percent cut out of RM 70 Million league sponsorship that equal to RM 21 million which will be distributed among 24 teams of Liga Super and Liga Premier.  Team in Malaysian league has quite often involved in financial problem as their spending is more than their revenue. The Professional Footballers Association of Malaysia (PFAM) is one of the active member in pursuing the issue of unpaid salaries. In January 2016, PFAM president's suggest a couple solutions to promote financial sustainability on the competing team's part where the team's should make long-term investments by operating according to their budgets and requiring teams wage bills to be no bigger than 60 percent of their total spending. Other suggestion including for the salaries to be deducted directly from team grants and winning prizes, for points to be deducted from teams experiencing payment issues, and a ruling that requires teams to settle all their late salary payments before the start of every new season.  In response to this issues, FMLLP decided starting 2016 season, football clubs would be given warnings with the deduction of three league points if they failed to pay player's salary. If the problem persists, it will affect the licence of the clubs. When the club licence is withdrawn, the team will not be able to compete next season. If the team don't adopt the right structure, they will be left behind and club licensing will be a problem for them, and the team will drop out from competing in the league.  Other than this, each teams do raise revenue from sponsorship from local, regional and international sponsors for their team.

Media coverage.

Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM), a free-to-air channel has been broadcasting Malaysian league for a years even before the formation of Liga Super. They continued to broadcast the league most of the times exclusively until end of 2010 where Astro Media was announced as sponsors and to manage the broadcasting right of the league for four years spanning from 2011 until 2014 season. During this time, the league was broadcast on one of the cable channel of Astro Media, which is Astro Arena alongside the RTM for the free-to-air broadcast. In 2015, Astro lost the broadcasting right for the league where the right was given to Media Prima, a parent company of multiple free-to-air channel alongside the broadcast with RTM. In 2016, RTM has stopped broadcast Malaysia Premier League. However, the broadcasting right for 2016 season has been given to Media Prima for 3 years with a maximum of three games in each gameweek will be shown live on television.  In 2019, Mycujoo wins the Premier League rights. For 2019 season, Mycujoo will aired up to 3 games per week and in 2020, will aired all 140 games per season.  Although the broadcasting rights were held by the broadcasters, the Liga Premier has not shown live matches for quite some time as most of the production has been fully utilised for the Liga Super matches. As a result, most of the time, matches from Liga Premier were only shown as highlights for the sports news segment.

Champions.

Since Liga Premier inception as second-tier league in 2004, Kedah has become the most winners of Liga Premier with two titles.

Best performing teams.

Table below is the list of number of championship wins by winners since 2004.

Great honours.

Great honours for Premier League are titled for the team who won 2 trophies "(double)" and 3 trophies "(treble)" in the same season. It covers Liga Premier, Piala FA and Piala Malaysia.

Players.

Golden Boot winners.

Below is the list of golden boot winners of Liga Premier since its inception as second-tier league in 2004.

Foreign players.

Foreign players policy has changed multiple times since the league inception. In 2009, FAM took a drastic measure when they change the foreign players policy when they were banned from playing in the league until 2011. Foreign players were only allowed be back to the league starting from the 2012 season onwards.  All foreign players must obtain International Transfer Certificate from their previous national football governing body that their previous clubs affiliated before they can be register with FAM in order to play in Liga Premier.

Malaysia Premier League () is the current second-tier football league in Malaysia. The league replaced the former second-tier league Liga Perdana 2 in Malaysian football league system.

马来西亚首要足球联赛(英语:Liga Premier Malaysia)是马来西亚国内第二级别的足球联赛赛事,联赛成立于2004年,赛事由马来西亚电讯及Astro集团赞助。


Early life and career.

Gauke was educated at Northgate High School in Ipswich, Suffolk. He read Law at St Edmund Hall, Oxford and the College of Law in Chester, where he graduated in legal practice in 1995.  In 1993, he was a researcher for Barry Legg, the Conservative MP for Milton Keynes South West. He worked as a trainee solicitor with Richards Butler from 1995, being admitted as a solicitor in 1997. From 1999 to 2005, he was a solicitor in the financial services group at Macfarlanes, a corporate law firm.  Gauke was elected as the vice-chairman of the Brent East Conservative Association for two years from 1998, and contested the seat at the 2001 general election finishing in second place 13,047 votes behind the Labour MP Paul Daisley.

Parliamentary career.

Gauke was elected to the House of Commons at the 2005 general election for Hertfordshire South West following the retirement of Richard Page. Gauke won the seat with a majority of 8,473, making his maiden speech on 9 June 2005. Between 2005 and 2008, he served as a member of the Procedure Select committee. He was a member of the Treasury Select Committee between 2006 and 2007, before joining the Opposition front bench as Shadow Treasury Minister.  Following his re-election at the 2010 general election, he was appointed Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury.  In December 2013, Gauke was reported to HM Revenue and Customs after advertising an unpaid six-month "training post" at his constituency office in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire.  After four years in the post of Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury, Gauke moved to become the Financial Secretary to the Treasury.  On 13 July 2016, Gauke was made a member of the Privy Council, giving him the style The Right Honourable. The following day, he was appointed Chief Secretary to the Treasury following the appointment of Theresa May to Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.  On 11 June 2017, Gauke was appointed Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, leaving the Treasury after seven years.  On 8 January 2018, Gauke succeeded David Lidington as Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor. He is the first solicitor to have held the post.  On 8 June 2019, following Gauke's "refusal to enact the commitments made in the Conservative manifesto" and his supporting the leadership candidacy of Rory Stewart in favour of persisting with May's withdrawal agreement, his constituency association wrote to all members calling a special meeting for a vote of no-confidence.  On 20 July 2019, Gauke confirmed to "The Sunday Times" that he would resign as Secretary of State after Prime Minister's Questions on 24 July 2019, citing that he could not serve Boris Johnson as Prime Minister and run the risk of pursuing a no-deal exit from the European Union. Gauke and other similarly minded MPs became known in the media as the "Gaukeward Squad".

Expenses.

Gauke claimed £10,248.32 in stamp duty and fees involved in the purchase of his second home in London, a flat. A Channel 4 "Dispatches" programme revealed that he was claiming expenses on the flat in central London despite having a property located only one hour away on public transport.  Gauke sold the flat in August 2012, keeping £27,000, the property price having increased by £67,000 since purchase. He paid nearly £40,000 of this to the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority (IPSA) as MPs only have to pay back any profit made in the previous two years.  He told the British public that negotiating a price discount with tradesmen for paying in cash for the purposes of evading tax is morally wrong.

Sitting as an independent.

On 3 September 2019, Gauke joined 20 other rebel Conservative MPs to vote against the Conservative government of Boris Johnson. The rebel MPs voted with the Opposition to seize control of parliamentary business from the government, allowing the subsequent passage of the Benn act. The government had declared that voting against the original motion would be viewed as a matter of confidence in the government, as voting in favour of the motion would effectively be "destroying the government's negotiating position and handing control of parliament to Jeremy Corbyn." After voting against the government on a "confidence-issue," all 21 were advised that they had lost the Conservative whip, expelling them as Conservative MPs and requiring them to sit as independents. If they decided to run for re-election in a future election, the party would block their selection as Conservative candidates.  Gauke stood in his constituency as an independent candidate, but came second with 26% of the vote. The seat was retained by the Conservatives with a majority of 14,408.

Post-parliament.

In May 2020, six months after leaving parliament, it was announced that Gauke was re-joining Macfarlanes as their head of policy.

Personal life.

Gauke is married to Rachel (née Rank), who is a professional support lawyer specialising in corporate tax at legal research provider LexisNexis. They have three sons and live in Chorleywood in Hertfordshire.  He is a lifelong supporter of Ipswich Town F.C.

David Michael Gauke (; born 8 October 1971) is a British politician and solicitor who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for South West Hertfordshire from 2005 to 2019. He served in the Cabinet under Theresa May, most notably as Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor from 2018 to 2019. First elected as a Conservative, Gauke had the Conservative whip removed on 3 September 2019 and until the dissolution sat as an independent politician.

-{zh-cn:戴维·迈克尔·高克; zh-tw:大卫·迈克尔·高克; zh-hk:郭达玮}-(英语:David Michael Gauke,1971年-10月8日)是英国政治人物和事务律师,2005年起担任下议院西南赫特福德郡选区议员,2017年6月起出任就业和养老金大臣,于2018年1月调任为司法大臣。党籍原是保守党,2019年9月因议会表决时支持从同党首相鲍里斯·强森手中夺回议会议程控制权,因而被开除党籍。


Background.

Track changes.

Ahead of the race it was announced that a third DRS zone would be added between turns 13 and 14, down the Esplanade Drive, to aid overtaking. The detection point is established before turn 13.

Championship standings before the race.

Entering the round Lewis Hamilton and Mercedes led the drivers and constructors championships by 63 and 154 points respectively. The size of their leads meant that both would still be leading their respective championships after the race regardless of the race's outcome.

Entries.

The drivers and teams entered were the same as those for the previous race with no additional stand-in drivers for the race or practice. This race was the first occasion that Haas entered a race without title sponsor Rich Energy following the termination of the sponsorship contract.

Practice.

FP1.

Charles Leclerc retired early into FP1 and Mercedes' Valtteri Bottas suffered a snap of oversteer, causing a crash at Turn 19. Thus, a red flag was brought out. Max Verstappen led the timing charts, 0.167 seconds ahead of 2nd place Sebastian Vettel during the practice session. Nico Hulkenberg set an impressive time, landing him 6th on the timing charts, albeit 1.5 seconds off of Verstappen.

FP2.

Early in the session Alexander Albon lost his front wing after locking up and bumping the wall at Turn 10. Lewis Hamilton gained an edge over Verstappen during the session, topping timing charts 0.184 seconds ahead of him. Leclerc managed to set a lap, though he was 1.245 seconds off of Hamilton. The two Ferrari drivers were reportedly frustrated after encountering numerous traffic incidents. Carlos Sainz managed P7, 1.3 seconds off of Hamilton.

Race.

Daniel Ricciardo and George Russell made contact at turn one on the first lap, causing damage to Russell's front wing. Nico Hülkenberg and Carlos Sainz Jr. collided at turn five, also on lap one, with both cars suffering punctures. Russell, Hülkenberg and Sainz subsequently all made pit stops at the end of the first lap, fitting the hard-compound tyres with Russell also replacing his front wing. Sainz's mechanics encountered a problem with the rear jack during his pit stop and the car was therefore stationary for 42.4 seconds. Sainz subsequently emerged from the pits a lap down on the leaders and with aerodynamic damage caused by the punctured tyre.  For the following laps, the leaders of the race cut their pace considerably in order to conserve tyres and manage their cars' temperatures, often lapping nearly 15 seconds slower than the pole time. This had the effect of bunching up the field, and the usual gap between the front-running and midfield cars did not appear. At the end of lap 19, Sebastian Vettel and Max Verstappen became the first of the front-runners to make a pit stop, from third and fourth place respectively. Vettel emerged in tenth place, whilst Verstappen emerged in twelfth behind Hülkenberg. Charles Leclerc made his pit stop from the lead on the following lap, emerging behind his Ferrari teammate and thus handing the net lead of the race to Vettel.  Lewis Hamilton, who was yet to stop, inherited the lead of the race. Valtteri Bottas made his pit stop at the end of lap 22, emerging behind Verstappen and ahead of Alexander Albon, maintaining his net position. Hamilton was left out on ageing soft-compound tyres until the end of lap 26, in the hope that the Ferrari drivers, at the time running in sixth and seventh, would be slowed down by the midfield cars ahead. This plan did not work, and Hamilton emerged from the pits not only behind both Ferrari drivers, but also almost six seconds behind Verstappen. Hamilton did come out ahead of his teammate Bottas, who was instructed to slow down after his pit stop to ensure Hamilton would leave the pit lane ahead of him. Due to the slow pace of the lead cars in previous laps, they emerged behind the midfield cars of Antonio Giovinazzi, Pierre Gasly, Ricciardo and Lance Stroll. Vettel and Leclerc began to make their way through this group, with Vettel cementing his net lead by clearing the cars quicker than his teammate. Giovinazzi held the lead of the race for four laps until he was overtaken by Vettel on lap 31. This marked the first time a team other than Mercedes, Ferrari or Red Bull had led a race lap since Bottas led for Williams at the 2015 British Grand Prix and the first time Alfa Romeo had done so since Andrea de Cesaris led the 1983 Belgian Grand Prix.  After the front-running cars had cleared the midfield cars on lap 34, the order was Vettel, Leclerc, Verstappen, Hamilton, Bottas, Albon, Giovinazzi, Ricciardo, Hülkenberg and Lando Norris. Ricciardo attempted an overtake on Giovinazzi, with the two cars colliding. Giovinazzi was pushed off the track and lost places to Hülkenberg and Norris, whilst Ricciardo suffered a puncture causing him to drop down the order and forcing a pit stop at the end of the lap. He emerged from the pits in 18th place. On lap 34, Romain Grosjean attempted to overtake Russell around the outside of turn eight. Grosjean clipped the left rear of Russell's car, causing the Williams to swerve into the outside wall. This marked Willams' first retirement of the season and the first retirement of Russell's career. The incident brought out the safety car as the Williams was cleared from the track. Grosjean suffered a damaged front wing, making a pit stop at the end of the lap for a replacement and dropping him to 18th place. The stewards later deemed the collision a racing incident, and no action was taken.  Racing resumed on lap 41. Lance Stroll, running in 13th place, clipped the inside of the wall at turn 17, causing a puncture and front wing damage. He returned to the pits and emerged last of the running cars in 19th. On lap 43, Stroll's teammate Sergio Pérez pulled over to the side of the track from tenth place after suffering an oil leak. The safety car was brought out whilst the marshals removed Pérez's stranded car. Racing resumed again on lap 48, on lap 50 Daniil Kvyat attempted an overtake for twelfth place on the inside of Kimi Räikkönen at turn one. The cars made contact through their front wheels and the impact broke the suspension of Räikkönen's car. The incident brought out the third safety car of the race.  The safety car came in on lap 52. The final ten laps saw Charles Leclerc unsuccessfully attempt to catch his teammate Sebastian Vettel. After being overtaken by Robert Kubica and falling to last place, Kevin Magnussen took a pit stop at the end of lap 57, switching to soft-compound tyres and setting the fastest lap of the race. Since he finished the race in 17th place, Magnussen was not awarded the point for the fastest lap, which is only available if the driver finishes in the top ten. Vettel crossed the finish line to take victory, his first win since the 2018 Belgian Grand Prix. With Leclerc finishing second, this was Ferrari's first 1-2 finish since the 2017 Hungarian Grand Prix, and the first time a team has ever recorded a 1-2 finish at Singapore since the race became a Formula One World Championship event in 2008.  After the race Giovinazzi was summoned to the stewards for allegedly driving too close to the recovery crane after George Russell's crash on lap 34. Giovinazzi was given a 10-second penalty, however, since he finished 18 seconds ahead of Romain Grosjean, this did not affect his tenth place finish.

The 2019 Singapore Grand Prix (formally known as the Formula 1 Singapore Airlines Singapore Grand Prix 2019) was a Formula One motor race held on 22 September 2019 at the Marina Bay Street Circuit in Marina Bay, Singapore. The race was the 15th round of the 2019 Formula One World Championship and marked the 20th running of the Singapore Grand Prix and the 12th time the race had been held at Marina Bay.

2019年新加坡大奖赛(英语:2019 Singapore Grand Prix),官方名称为2019年一级方程序赛车新加坡航空新加坡大奖赛(英语:Formula 1 Singapore Airlines Singapore Grand Prix 2019),是2019年9月20日至9月22日举办于新加坡的一场一级方程序赛车赛事。比赛在滨海湾市街赛道进行,总计61圈。这是2019年世界一级方程序锦标赛的第15场分站赛事,以及自2008年首度举办以来,第12届的新加坡大奖赛。


Overview.

Ants of the genus "Atta" are leafcutter ants that comprise one of the two genera of leafcutting ants within the tribe Attini, along with "Acromyrmex". They have no sting, thus inject no venom, although they are known as strong biters.  "Atta" spp. exhibit a high degree of polymorphism, with four castes being present in established colonies: minims (or garden ants), minors, mediae, and majors (also called soldiers or dinergates). Their immature development undergoes four larval stages, regardless of the ultimate caste, wherein larvae are also associated with fungal hyphae.  The high degree of polymorphism in this genus is also suggestive of its high degree of advancement. Every caste has a specific function, and some remarkably advanced phenomena have been observed in "Atta" species. An example of such is the behaviour of the minim ants, which climb on the cut sections of leaf while they are carried back to the nest by the media workers to protect the latter from a particular species of phorid fly that parasitises the leaf-carrying caste. While hitchhiking, the minims also work to decontaminate the fragment before it arrives at the nest, and feed on the sap of the leaf. The minims behaving this way demonstrates the highly derived character of the species.  Like "Acromyrmex", "Atta" spp. subsist mostly on a particular species of fungus that they cultivate on a medium of masticated leaf tissue. This is the sole food of the queen and other colony members that remain in the nest. The media workers also gain subsistence from plant sap they ingest while physically cutting out sections of leaf from a variety of plants. Before leaving their parent colonies, winged females carry a small section of fungus in their infrabucchal pocket, and with this, the subsequently wingless queens seed the fungus gardens of incipient colonies. The queen does not eat from the fungus initially; she gives it time to grow by fertilizing it with her fecal matter. She survives on her fat body reserves, eating 90% of the eggs she lays, and catabolizing her wing muscles.  "Atta" spp. have evolved to change food plants constantly, preventing a colony from completely stripping off leaves and thereby killing trees, thus avoiding negative biological feedback on account of their sheer numbers. This does not diminish the huge quantities of foliage they harvest; "Atta" is estimated to be responsible for the decomposition of 20% of all leaves in South America. Consequently, the genus is considered a major agricultural pest species in areas where its range coincides with farming activity.  Workers of the genus have few cuticular bacteria.

Evolution.

The leafcutter ants ("Atta" and "Acromyrme]") are different from other ants by their underground fungi cultivation; the two genera split off from a common ancestor species about 10 million years ago (Mya). The "Trachymyrmex" group and "Sericomyrmex" are the closest relatives to the leafcutters; they split off about 17 Mya. Leafcutter ants are very specialized organisms in that they coevolved with another organism through symbiosis. This process took millions of years to occur, about 50 Mya, which is when these ants began their relationship with fungi. The fungus eventually lost the ability to produce spores and the ants capitalized on that by making the fungus its main food source. About 66 Mya, South America was isolated from other land masses, and this is when gardening ants started their relationship with a fungus. Leafcutter ants are thought to have propagated the same fungal lineage for 25 million years, which means they caused the fungus to reproduce.

Ecological effects.

Leafcutter ants can create bottom-up gaps by forming their large nests. The ants excavate soil rich in organic matter, and store additional organic matter in their underground chambers. This creates rich soils that promote plant growth. The ants can also trim the leaves of plants in the understory, allowing for more light to hit the forest floor. They can also control the types of trees and other plants by selectively bringing seeds into the underground chambers. Depending on the location of the chamber, a seed can grow by reaching light.

Uses.

As food.

"Atta" species are a popular ingredient in Mexican cuisine, particularly in the southern states such as Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, and Oaxaca. It is considered a delicacy, as well as a food of high protein content, so is often served as a main dish, not as garnish, despite its small portions. They may be eaten as the sole filling in tacos. "Atta", the type of ant most eaten in Mexico, has a nutty flavor.  Also in Brazil, the queens of leafcutter ants (locally known as "tanajuras") are highly appreciated as delicacies in several regions. The techniques involving their capture and cooking are considered an immaterial patrimony of the people of the Tianguá municipality, in Ceará.  "Atta" spp. are also eaten by the Guanes tribe.

Atta is a genus of New World ants of the subfamily Myrmicinae. It contains at least 17 known species.

美洲切叶蚁属 ("Atta" ),亦简称作切叶蚁属,为家蚁亚科,分布于新世界,共有 17 个现生物种,1 个化石物种。


Career.

Li Liguo is a native of Yutian County in Hebei province. He began working in January 1970 at the Construction Equipment Factory of Shenyang, capital of Liaoning province, and joined the Communist Party of China in November 1974.  Li worked at a number of factories in Shenyang for 15 years, until entering the government in June 1985, when he was appointed Deputy Secretary of the Communist Youth League of Liaoning province. From January 1990 to 1993 he was the Vice Mayor of Panjin, a prefecture-level city in Liaoning. He also enrolled in post-secondary education programs on a part-time basis, earning a master's degree in engineering in April 1992 from Northeastern Institute of Engineering (now known as Northeastern University).  In January 1993 Li Liguo was transferred to Tibet Autonomous Region, becoming the Deputy Communist Party Secretary of the autonomous region in January 1999 and Vice Chairman of the Tibet CPPCC in 2003.  In December 2005 Li was transferred to the central government and appointed Executive Vice Minister of Civil Affairs. He was promoted to Minister in June 2010, replacing retiring Li Xueju. In March 2013 he was reappointed Minister of Civil Affairs of the Li Keqiang cabinet.  Li is a full member of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

Investigation.

In the October 2016 footage of "Xinwen Lianbo", Li Liguo was missing from the attendees of the sixth plenum of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, stirring speculation that he had been sacked due to scandal. He was successively removed from his positions beginning in November. On January 9, 2017, it was confirmed at a news conference that Li Liguo was undergoing investigation by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI). Li was the first sitting minister of Li Keqiang Government to come under investigation by the CCDI since Xi Jinping assumed General Secretary of the Communist Party of China in 2012.  On February 9, 2017, the CCDI announced that Li Liguo was stripped from his position as Minister of Civil Affairs and demoted to deputy-department-level () for failing to impose strict party discipline at the ministry and allowing "systematic corruption" to occur under his watch. His party membership was put on two-year probation, pending future consideration. He also lost his eligibility to be a delegate to the 18th Party Congress.

Li Liguo (; born November 1953) is a Chinese politician. He served as the Minister of Civil Affairs between 2010 and 2016, and formerly served as Deputy Communist Party Secretary of the Tibet Autonomous Region, among other roles. He was investigated by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection in late 2016, was assigned responsibility for corruption at the Ministry of Civil Affairs, and stripped of his post as minister. His party membership was put on two-year probation.

李立国(1953年-11月),河北玉田人。1970年1月参加工作,1974年11月加入中国共产党。辽宁大学经济系函授大专班毕业,东北工学院管理系管理工程专业毕业,在职研究生学历,工学硕士。第十七届中纪委委员,第十八届中央委员。曾任中共西藏自治区党委副书记、西藏自治区政协副主席、中华人民共和国民政部部长等职。


Structure.

Müller glia.

Müller glia are radial glial cells that are present in the developing, as well as the adult, retina. As in the cortex, Müller glia have long processes that span the entire width of the retina, from the basal cell layer to the apical layer. However, unlike cortical radial glia, Müller glia do not appear in the retina until after the first rounds of neurogenesis have occurred. Studies suggest that Müller glia can dedifferentiate into readily dividing neural progenitors in response to injury. The characteristics that truly set Müller glia apart from radial glia in other areas of the brain, is their possession of optical properties. The majority of the retina is actually largely light scattering, suggesting that Müller glia serve as the main fiber responsible for the relay of light to the photoreceptors in the rear of the retina. Properties that help Müller glia achieve this function include a limited number mitochondria (which are very light scattering), as well as a specialized arrangement of internal protein filaments.  Müller glia are the predominant type of macroglia in the retina, so they take on many of the supportive functions that astrocytes and oligodendrocytes usually handle in the rest of the central nervous system.

Bergmann glia.

Bergmann glia (also known as radial epithelial cells, Golgi epithelial cells, or radial astrocytes) are unipolar astrocytes derived from radial glia that are intimately associated with Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Since bergmann glia appear to persist in the cerebellum, and perform many of the roles characteristic of astrocytes, they have also been called "specialized astrocytes." Bergmann glia have multiple radial processes that extend across the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex and terminate at the pial surface as a bulbous endfoot. Bergmann glial cells assist with the migration of granule cells, guiding the small neurons from the external granular layer down to the internal granular layer along their extensive radial processes. Besides their role in early development of the cerebellum, Bergmann glia are also required for synaptic pruning. Following Purkinje cell death induced by CNS injury, Bergmann glia undergo extensive proliferative changes so as to replace lost or damaged tissue in a process known as gliosis.

Development.

Radial glial cells originate from the transformation of neuroepithelial cells that form the neural plate during neurogenesis in early embryonic development. This process is mediated through the down-regulation of epithelium-related protein expression (such as tight junctions) and an up-regulation of glial-specific features such as glycogen granules, the astrocyte glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST), the intermediate filament vimentin, and, in some instances, including humans, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).  After this transition, radial glia retain many of the original characteristics of neuroepithelial cells including: their apical-basal polarity, their position along the lateral ventricles of the developing cortex, and the phasic migration of their nuclei depending on their location with the cell cycle (termed “interkinetic nuclear migration”).

Function.

Progenitors.

Radial glia are now recognized as key progenitor cells in the developing nervous system. During the late stages of neurogenesis, radial glial cells divide asymmetrically in the ventricular zone, generating a new radial glial cell, as well as a postmitotic neuron or an intermediate progenitor (IPC) daughter cell. Intermediate progenitor cells then divide symmetrically in the subventricular zone to generate neurons. Local environmental cues such as Notch and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling, developmental period, and differing abilities of radial glia to respond to environmental cues have all been shown to influence the type of radial glia and radial glia-derived daughter cells that will be produced. FGF and Notch signaling regulate the proliferation of radial glia and the rate of neurogenesis, which affects the surface area expansion of the cerebral cortex and its ability to form surface convolutions known as gyri (see gyrification). Radial glial cells show high levels of calcium transient activity, which is transmitted between RGCs in the ventricular zone and along the radial fibers bidirectionally to/from the cortical plate. The calcium activity is thought to promote RGC proliferation and could be involved in radial communication before synapses are present in the brain. Additionally, recent evidence suggests that cues from the external sensory environment can also influence the proliferation and neural differentiation of radial glia.  At the conclusion of cortical development, most radial glia lose their attachment to the ventricles, and migrate towards the surface of the cortex, where, in mammals, most will become astrocytes during the process of gliogenesis.  While it has been suggested that radial glia most likely give rise to oligodendrocytes, through the generation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), and OPCs can be generated from radial glial cells "in vitro", more evidence is yet needed to conclude whether this process also occurs in the developing brain.  Recently, radial glia that exclusively generate upper-layer cortical neurons have also been discovered. Since upper cortical layers have expanded greatly in recent evolution, and are associated with higher-level information processing and thinking, radial glia have been implicated as important mediators of brain evolution.

Migration Pattern.

The best characterized and first widely accepted function of radial glia is their role as scaffolds for neuronal migration in the cerebral and cerebellar cortexes. This role can be easily visualized using the electron microscope or high-resolution time-lapse microscopy, through which neurons can be seen tightly wrapped around radial glia as they travel upwards through the cortex. Additional evidence suggests that many neurons may move between neighboring radial glial fibers during migration.  While excitatory neuronal migration is largely radial, inhibitory, GABAergic neurons have been shown to undergo tangential migration. Tangentially migrating neurons also appear to initiate contact with radial glial fibers in the developing cortex of ferrets, implicating radial glial cells in both of these forms of migration.  As radial glia seem to differentiate late in spinal cord development, near the onset of gliogenesis, it is unclear whether they are involved in spinal cord neurogenesis or migration.

Compartmentalization.

Radial glia have also been implicated in forming boundaries between different axonal tracts and white matter areas of the brain.

Clinical significance.

As radial glia serve as the primary neural and glial progenitors in the brain, as well as being crucial for proper neuronal migration, defects in radial glial function can have profound effects in the development of the nervous system.  Mutations in either Lis1 or Nde1, essential proteins for radial glial differentiation and stabilization, cause the associated neurodevelopmental diseases Lissencephaly and microlissencephaly (which literally translate to “smooth brain”). Patients with these diseases are characterized by a lack of cortical folds (sulci and gyri) and reduced brain volume. Extreme cases of Lissencephaly cause death a few months after birth, while patients with milder forms may experience mental retardation, difficulty balancing, motor and speech deficits, and epilepsy.  Death of neural progenitor cells has recently been linked the mosquito-borne virus, Zika. Epidemiological evidence indicates infection of the embryo within the first two trimesters of pregnancy has potential to cause fetal birth defects and microcephaly, possibly due to the death of progenitor cells. Further, mutations in microcephaly associated genes which encode proteins such as WDR62 can lead to radial glial depletion during brain development which ultimately leads to a smaller brain size and mental disabilities.

History.

Camillo Golgi, using his silver staining technique (later deemed the Golgi method), first described radially oriented cells spanning from the central canal to the outer surface of the embryonic chick spinal cord, in 1885.  Using the Golgi method, Giuseppe Magini then studied the mammalian fetal cerebral cortex in 1888, confirming the similar presence of elongated radial cells in the cortex (also described by Kölliker just before him), and observing “various varicosities or swellings” on the radial fibers. Intrigued, Magini also observed that the size and number of these varicosities increased later in development, and were absent in the adult nervous system. Based on these findings, Magini then hypothesized that these varicosities could be developing neurons. Using a combination Golgi and hematoxylin staining method, Magini was able to identify these varicosities as cells, some of which were very closely associated with the radial fibers.  Additional early works that were important in elucidating the identity and function of radial glia, were completed by Ramón y Cajal, who first suggested that the radial cells were a type of glia through their similarities to astrocytes; and Wilhelm His, who also proposed the idea that growing axons may use radial cells for orientation and guidance during development.  Despite the initial period of interest in radial glia, little additional information was learned about these cells until the electron microscope and immunohistochemistry became available some 60 years later.

Radial glial cells, or radial glial progenitor cells (RGPs), are bipolar-shaped progenitor cells that are responsible for producing all of the neurons in the cerebral cortex. RGPs also produce certain lineages of glia, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Their cell bodies (somata) reside in the embryonic ventricular zone, which lies next to the developing ventricular system.

放射状胶质细胞,又称伯格曼胶质细胞(Bergmann glia cell),为神经胶质细胞的一种。


Basilica and Convent of Nossa Senhora do Carmo, Recife

圣母圣衣圣殿 (累西腓)

History.

The first Carmelite friars arrived in Brazil in 1580, coming from Portugal. In 1584, with the foundation of a convent in Olinda the first one built in Brazil, the first Brazilian festivity was held in honor to Our Lady of Mount Carmel.  In 1654 the Our Lady of Mount Carmel was established in Recife. In 1665, Captain Diogo Cavalcanti Vasconcelos began the construction of the basilica and ordered the execution of the main chapel at his own expense, without the royal license which, demanded in 1674, was granted only on March 8, 1687. In that same year the Palácio da Boa Vista, erected by John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen, was donated to the Order to be integrated to the complex of the Basilica and the Convent. The temple was completed almost one hundred years later, in 1767.  In this church the head of Zumbi dos Palmares was exposed until complete decomposition.  The church is next to the Convent do Carmo, where Frei Caneca made his religious vows and he became a priest, and where he is supposed to be buried.  In 1909 the Our Lady of Mount Carmel was proclaimed Patroness of Recife, and 21 of September 1919 was "crowned". In 1917, the church was added to the St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City. In 1922, the temple was elevated to the status of basilica.  The Basilica and the Convent do Carmo were registered on October 5, 1938 by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN).

Architecture.

The church follows the Baroque style. The main body has two floors, both with three openings of bowed arches and ornaments in stonemasonry. In the upper floor, between the windows, there are two niches with statues, interconnected in the upper part of oculuss filled with grids, and also framed. Above, triangular frontispiece of truncated vertices and curved sides, with shield of the Order, heavy flowery volutes, and culminating with a niche with image of Our Lady, pinnacles and a cross. Laterally the church has two towers, the one on the right remains unfinished, and the one on the left, about 50 meters high, stands on four floors, with openings of shape of varying size: that of the base is a door with arch, and a successively open arch door, with a baluster, a simple oculus, and a bell-window also in full arc. Crowning the tower, dome with several ornate overlapping cornices, oculus, pinnacles and cross.  In the interior its decoration in gilt is priceless. Among the highlights are the twelve secondary altars and the main chapel, with its fabulous altarpiece with a life-size image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, lined with angels and saints, in a frame of luxuriant work of gold carving. The other altars are also richly decorated, highlighting those of Our Lady of the Candles and the one of St. Teresa of Ávila, Sts. Crispin and Crispinian.  Several interventions in the 19th and 20th centuries ended up de-characterizing some original aspects of the interior, especially the painting of the carvings. Practically the whole Basilica was repainted in white and gold. A recent restoration project, which removed the overcoating layers, revealed all the beauty of the marbled decoration typical of the 18th century, with the Basilica being reopened on July 6, 2001, after three years of work. Other alterations in the main altar included the enthronement of the present image of Our Lady, another one of Christ and the installation of a reliquary to guard the sacramental breads. The restoration of the chapel also contemplated the rosewood chair, with the restoration of lost parts of the wood and the recovery of the six panels with images of saints and the six tribunes with balusters that are above the stall.

The Basilica and Convent of Nossa Senhora do Carmo () Also Basilica of Recife It is a catholic architectural complex, belonging to the Our Lady of Mount Carmel, that is in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil.

圣母圣衣圣殿(葡萄牙语:Basílica e Convento de Nossa Senhora do Carmo;英语:Basilica and Convent of Our Lady of Mount Carmel)是一座罗马天主教宗座圣殿,位于巴西伯南布哥州累西腓。


History.

The African Cup of Rugby Union took place for the first time in 2000, with five teams taking part in the event, Morocco, Tunisia, Namibia, Zimbabwe and the hopes South Africa, the winner of the competition. In 2004, a second division called CAR Development Trophy and named now African Development Trophy, actually, it's reserved to U19 national teams. In 2006, the Africa Cup was coupled with the Rugby World Cup qualification, the winner qualified to the Rugby World Cup. In 2011, a Division 1A was created and in 2014, the division took place as a four-team championship.  The winner of the 2022 Africa Gold Cup will qualify for the 2023 Rugby World Cup and the runner-up will qualify for its final qualification tournament in November 2022.

Format.

The competition has several levels on past, with a system of promotion-relegation. The Africa Cup (level 1A), Division 1B and Division 1C.<br> Currently, levels were replaced with a same system of promotion-relegation by The Africa Gold Cup, Silver Cup, Bronze Cup and Regional Challenge.

Current divisions.

As in previous Africa Cup seasons, all participating teams were divided into multiple tiers. For 2018, the tiers are as follows:  In addition to the main fifteens tournaments, an Under-20 competition featuring eight teams was held in April and a rugby sevens tournament involving twelve teams was held in November. A women's rugby sevens tournament is also to be scheduled.  The following teams will take part in the 2018 Rugby Africa season.<br> Rankings are taken from the start of each division

Summary.

Below is a list of previous tournaments and final results:

Overall.

The overall record of the teams are as follows:

The Rugby Africa Gold Cup perpetual trophy.

The Rugby Africa Gold Cup is the perpetual trophy awarded to the winner of the Africa Cup (Africa Gold Cup), an annual rugby union tournament involving Africa's top six national 15-man teams (excluding South Africa), organised by World Rugby’s African association, Rugby Africa, since 2000.  The Rugby Africa Gold Cup perpetual trophy – a Rugby World Cup qualifier – has been officially unveiled during the International Sports Press Association (AIPS) Congress in Brussels on May 8, 2018, in the presence of Abdelaziz Bougja, President of Rugby Africa, Nicolas Pompigne-Mognard, Founder of APO Group and main official partner of Rugby Africa, Gianni Merlo, President of the, and Mitchell Obi, President of AIPS Africa.  It has been presented to the winner of the Rugby Africa Gold Cup for the first time in August 2018.  Prior to this date, each winner of the Rugby Africa Gold Cup received a trophy cup.  The back of the perpetual Trophy has been engraved with the text ""Presented by Nicolas Pompigne-Mognard, Founder of APO Group; Abdelaziz Bougja, President of Rugby Africa"". It's estimated there is enough space for seventy (70) more winning teams' names to be engraved on the base of the perpetual trophy and that it will be used until – at least – the year 2080.  Handmade by Swatkins, Great Britain’s leading Trophy, Award and Silverware manufacturer since 1898, the Rugby Africa Gold Cup is a Gold Plated Perpetual Trophy Cup. Standing at a height of 47 centimeters (18.5 inches) and weighing 3.3 kilograms, it features a smooth Georgian bodied design, complete with patterned handles, a stepped lid that is supplied complete with a circular solid African Mahogany base. The Trophy has been engraved with the text ‘Rugby Africa Gold Cup’ and has the shape of Africa in pride of place on the main body. To complete, on the gold plated plinth band this holds the names of the winners. It's estimated there is enough space for – at least – seventy (70) winning teams' names to be engraved on the base of the perpetual trophy.  The Rugby Africa Gold Cup flight case has been especially designed by Great Britain’s leading flight case manufacturer, Flightcase Warehouse. The fully custom Spider Flight Cases is a strong and lightweight 7mm Astroboard flight case construction, complete with Steel corners and aluminum extrusions, filled with internal padding foam, with a cut to shape outline of the Trophy. There is a personalized aluminum plate on the Trophy Flight case with engraving “Rugby Africa Gold Cup”.

The Africa Cup is an annual rugby union tournament involving African nations, organised by Rugby Africa. The tournament was first held in 2000, and has since been contested on an annual basis. Prior to being renamed the Africa Cup in 2006, the tournament was known as the CAR Top 9 and CAR Top 10.

非洲杯是每年一度在非洲举行的橄榄球比赛,由非洲橄榄球联盟举办。非洲杯于2000年首辨,其后每年举行一次,该赛事2006年被命名为非洲杯(Africa Cup)。自2008年开始赛事逐渐改为类似世界冰球锦标赛的分组赛。 南非队一直以业余球员组成的国家队出阵非洲杯,2008年开始至今未参赛。


Early life and education.

Born in Warsaw on 19 May 1910, Jędrychowski hailed from a middle-class Catholic family, who owned properties and apartment houses in Wilno, then in the Russian part of Poland. His mother was of German origin.  He studied law and social science at Stefan Batory University in Wilno, graduating in 1932. Then he obtained a master's degree in law from the same university. He also received a PhD in economics. He began his political career as a radical leftist Catholic in the group called "Odrodzenie" (renaissance) when he was an undergraduate student. Then he switched to a youth organization "Legion Mlodych" (The Legion of Youth) that was founded by Józef Piłsudski after he took over the Polish government in 1926. Jędrychowski became a member of the group's regional command.

Career and activities.

Jędrychowski began his career as an assistant lecturer in economics at Stefan Batory University. In 1936, he joined the Communist Party. In September 1939, he began to work as a journalist in Wilno. Then he was named deputy editor of the local communist daily which had been published by the Soviet authorities. He became a Soviet citizen and a member of the Soviet Communist Party. Following the annexation of Lithuania to the Soviet Union he served at the Supreme Soviet as a deputy.  Later he continued his activities in the Polish committee of national liberation’ (PKWN), which was formed on 22 July 1944. Shortly after he began to serve as the PKWN's representative in Moscow. He was also the Warsaw government’s delegate in France in 1945. In addition, he headed the department of information and propaganda under the PKWN. From 1945 to 1947 he served as minister of navigation and foreign trade in the national unity government. Next he joined the Polish United Workers' party. And he became an alternate member of the party's central committee or politburo.  He served as the vice president or deputy prime minister at the Polish cabinet, also known as Rada Ministrów, from 12 December 1951 to 24 October 1956. He worked as the head of the planning office, Komisja Planowania, from 1956 to 1971. He was also promoted to the full membership of the party's central committee on 21 October 1956, being one of nine members. At the committee he assumed the post of chief economic advisor. He served as the minister of foreign affairs from 22 December 1968 to 22 December 1971. In December 1971, his membership at the central committee of the party ended. Next he was named minister of finance in 1971 and his term ended in 1974.

Stefan Jędrychowski (19 May 1910 – 26 May 1996) was a Polish journalist and communist politician, who served as deputy prime minister, foreign minister and finance minister in Poland.

斯特凡·英德里霍夫斯基(,1910年-5月19日-1996年-5月26日),波兰经济学家,政治人物。波兰统一工人党中央政治局委员(1956年-1971年)。


Biography.

Chiyo-ni was born in Matto, Kaga Province (now Hakusan, Ishikawa Prefecture), in February 1703, the eldest daughter of a scroll mounter. At an early age, Chiyo-ni was introduced to art and poetry, and she began writing haiku poetry at the age of seven. By the age of seventeen, she had become very popular all over Japan for her poetry.  Her poems, although mostly dealing with nature, work for a unity of nature with humanity. Her own life was that of the haikai poets who made their lives and the world they lived in one with themselves, living a simple and humble life. She was able to make connections by being observant and carefully studying the unique things around her ordinary world and writing them down.  At age twelve, Chiyo-ni's studied under two haiku poets who had themselves apprenticed with the great poet Matsuo Bashō, and many in her time saw her as one of Bashō's true heirs, both in her poetry and in her humble attitude of warm awareness toward the world and her simple living. She studied Basho's style of writing poems in her early years, although she did develop on her own as an independent figure with her own unique voice.  She was well aware of being considered Bashō's heir and on a portrait of Bashō she wrote in Calligraphy:  She appears to say that while she did listen to him, she also did not copy him, "not to listen, fine too."  In around 1720 she married a servant of the Fukuoka family of Kanazawa, and had one child with him, a son, who died in infancy. Her husband died of disease not long after in 1722. She valued her independence too much, and despite her loneliness, she did not remarry, so she returned home to her parents.  It may be that after her husband's death Chiyo-ni lived with and cared for her elderly parents and worked in the families scroll mounting business. She wrote:  After her parents died, she adopted a married couple to carry on the family business and in 1754, at the age of fifty-two (by East Asian age reckoning), Chiyo-ni chose to become a Buddhist nun. "Not", she said, "in order to renounce the world, but as a way 'to teach her heart to be like the clear water which flows night and day." Chiyo-ni shaved her head and started to live in a temple with other nuns and took the Buddhist name Soen. She continued her writing and lived the rest of her simple yet peaceful life in the manner of haikai.  In 1764, she was chosen to prepare the official gift for Maeda Shigemichi, the daimyō of her region, to the Korean Delegation led by civil minister Jo Eom. Chiyo-ni crafted and delivered 21 artworks based on her twenty-one haiku.  Chiyo-ni died in 1775.

Fukuda Chiyo-ni (Kaga no Chiyo) (福田 千代尼; 1703 - 2 October 1775) was a Japanese poet of the Edo period, widely regarded as one of the greatest poets of haiku (then called hokku). Some of Chiyo's best works include The Morning Glory, Putting up my hair, and Again the women.

加贺千代女(1703年-1775年-10月2日),又称加贺之千代、千代女或千代尼,号草风。生于,是日本江户时代的著名的女俳人。


History.

Founded in 1874, it has been administered by the Servite fathers for its entire history. Ground was broken for the current building on June 17, 1890 and the church was dedicated on January 5, 1902. The Parish served an Irish and Italian congregation for many years. The sorrowful mother novena was a major devotion at the parish during the first half of the 20th century, drawing worshippers from across the country and reaching many more listeners by radio. The church also houses the National Shrine of St. Peregrine, the patron of those suffering from cancer. In the 1960s and 1970s the parish became predominantly African-American.  The Basilica was used for a brief scene in the 1987 film "The Untouchables" in which Sean Connery's character explains "The Chicago Way" to Kevin Costner's character.

Architecture.

The church was designed in an Italian Renaissance Revival architectural style by Henry Engelbert, John F. Pope, and William J. Brinkmann. It features a barrel-vaulted ceiling that wraps around a high altar made entirely of Carrara marble. It was declared a basilica by the Vatican in 1956.

Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica in architecture books.

Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica is featured in a number of books on Chicago architecture, most notably "The AIA Guide to Chicago" by Alice Sinkevitch (Harvest Books 2004). Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica is also in a number of books devoted to church architecture, among them "Chicago Churches: A Photographic Essay" by Elizabeth Johnson (Uppercase Books Inc, 1999), "Heavenly City: The Architectural Tradition of Catholic Chicago" by Denis R. McNamara (Liturgy Training Publications 2005), "The Archdiocese of Chicago: A Journey of Faith" by Edward R. Kantowicz (Booklink 2007), "Chicago Churches and Synagogues: An Architectural Pilgrimage" by George A. Lane (Loyola Press 1982), as well as "The Spiritual Traveler: Chicago and Illinois: A Guide to Sacred Sites and Peaceful Places" by Marylin Chiat (HiddenSpring 2004).

Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica (officially: the Basilica of Our Lady of Sorrows) is a Roman Catholic basilica on the west side of Chicago, Illinois, which houses the National Shrine of Saint Peregrine, a national shrine. Located at 3121 West Jackson Boulevard, within the Archdiocese of Chicago, it is, along with St. Hyacinth and Queen of All Saints, one of only three churches in Illinois designated by the Pope with the title of basilica.

七苦圣母圣殿(Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica)是一座罗马天主教宗座圣殿,位于芝加哥西区的西杰克逊大道3121号。


2019 Speaker of the British House of Commons election

2019年英国下议院议长选举

John Bercow.

John Bercow, the Member of Parliament for the constituency of Buckingham, was elected to the post of Speaker in 2009. The 2009 election was triggered by the resignation of Michael Martin at the height of the parliamentary expenses scandal. Martin was perceived as being part of a cover-up of inappropriate Parliamentary expenses and faced an unprecedented motion of no confidence in his speakership after he made comments from the chair that attacked a "Daily Telegraph" leak of parliamentarians' expenses claims. Bercow beat nine other candidates to become Speaker; he defeated fellow Conservative MP George Young in the third and final round by a margin of 322–271.  As Speaker, Bercow garnered a reputation of being a moderniser of the office—he notably eschewed the use of embroidered court dress in favour of business suits—and having a friendly relationship with backbenchers, allowing more urgent questions and backbench business than his predecessors. His backbencher-friendly reputation often put him at odds with the Government: in March 2015, a Government attempt to bring in an election by secret ballot after the general election two months later was defeated by opposition and backbench MPs who saw the effort as an attempt by the Government to depose a Speaker they disliked.  Bercow was elected without contest after the 2010, 2015, and 2017 general elections. In October 2018, it was reported that Bercow had informed friends of his intention to step down as Speaker in mid-2019, after ten years in the role. At the time, Bercow was facing several allegations of bullying his parliamentary staff. In May 2019, he delayed his impending resignation; he stated that he did not feel it was “sensible to vacate the chair” whilst events such as Brexit were debated heavily in Parliament.  Bercow's relationship with the Government had deteriorated over 2019; in March, he allowed backbenchers to attempt to take control of the Order Paper and pass the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019, which forced Brexit to be delayed from March to October 2019. After backbenchers took control of the Order Paper again to pass the European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019, former Leader of the House of Commons, Andrea Leadsom, wrote an opinion column in the 8 September edition of the "Mail on Sunday" which accused the Speaker of "flagrant abuse" of parliamentary process and welcomed the Buckingham Conservative Association's intent to break with tradition and stand a candidate against him at the next general election.  On 9 September 2019, hours before the prorogation of Parliament, Bercow made a statement from the chair announcing his impending resignation: if Parliament voted for a general election that night, he would stand down at the election; if Parliament rejected an early election, he would stand down at the close of business on 31 October. Bercow said his choice of date — also the day when the United Kingdom was due to leave the European Union — was to ensure minimal disruption to the debates on the Queen's Speech in mid-October. His resignation came at a time of major legislative conflict between Parliament and the Government; a speakership election before a general election made it more difficult for the Government—which did not have a working majority in Parliament—to install a friendlier Speaker. Bercow resigned as an MP on 4 November.

Procedure.

The rules for the election of the Speaker were introduced in 2001 and are set out in Section 1 of the Standing Orders of the House of Commons. All candidates for Speaker were required to be a sitting Member of Parliament and be nominated by at least twelve and at most fifteen Members of Parliament, at least three of whom must be from a political party different from that of the candidate. Each MP could only nominate one candidate. On the morning of the election, the nominations were transmitted to the Clerk of the House alongside the candidate's statement of consent to nomination. The House then met at and was presided over by Father of the House Kenneth Clarke (Independent, Rushcliffe), during the election. If there had been only one candidate, a motion would have been laid before the House to ask if the candidate should take the Chair as Speaker. If the question was challenged, the decision would have been put to a division.  There were seven candidates for election and each candidate gave a five-minute speech to the House before the start of voting. The House then voted by secret ballot, using the exhaustive ballot voting system. Each MP cast one vote and an absolute majority was required. If no candidate won a majority, the individual with the fewest votes was eliminated, as were any candidates who received less than 5% of the votes cast. The House then continued to vote until one member received a majority of the vote. After four rounds of voting, Sir Lindsay Hoyle received an absolute majority. At that point, the Father of the House Kenneth Clarke put the question "That Sir Lindsay Hoyle do take the Chair of this House as Speaker"; which was passed without audible opposition. Hoyle was then, by tradition, dragged to the Chair by his fellow MPs.  Hoyle formally became Speaker upon receiving the Queen's approbation shortly after his election. The approval was given on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II by a royal commission consisting of Robert James Buckland, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain; Baroness Evans of Bowes Park, Leader of the House of Lords; Lord Dholakia, Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords; Lord Judge, Convenor of the Crossbench Peers; and Baroness Smith of Basildon, Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords.

Candidates.

Following reports that John Bercow planned to step down in 2019, a number of potential candidates attracted speculation in the media. Candidates and their intentions are given below:

Nominations.

The official list of candidates, along with the MPs who nominated them, was released on the morning of 4 November. Nominations were as follows: Notably, Eleanor Laing and Rosie Winterton nominated each other.

Results.

The results of the first secret ballot were announced at 16:15 on 4 November 2019. The second ballot results were announced at 17:45. The third ballot results were announced at 19:15. Sir Lindsay Hoyle was announced as the winner at 20:20.  Following the final vote, the question was put "That Sir Lindsay Hoyle do take the Chair of this House as Speaker", which was carried without any audible opposition. After this, Hoyle was dragged to the Chair (as per House custom) by Nigel Evans and Caroline Flint, and gave an inaugural speech as Speaker elect. Hoyle received royal approbation later in the evening from the royal commissioners and, at that time, officially became Speaker.  Hoyle was re-elected, unopposed, to the position on 17 December 2019 following the General election of 12 December.

The election for the 158th Speaker of the House of Commons took place on 4 November 2019. Sir Lindsay Hoyle was elected with 325 votes in the final ballot, out of a total of 540 votes cast.

2019年英国下议院议长选举在11月4日举行,以选出第159任英国下议院议长,最终林赛·霍伊尔在最后一轮投票的540票中夺得325票,成为新任议长。是次选举乃因时任议长约翰·伯科在2019年9月9日宣布辞职并卸任下议院议员,其表示除非议会在10月31日前被解散,否则自己的辞职将会在10月31日会议结束后生效。一旦议会被解散的话,新议长将会在新会期首日上任。最终下议院在10月29日通过提前大选至同年12月12日,国会在议长选举后两日的11月6日被解散。不过,新议长林赛·霍伊尔会在11月8日主持英国青年议会的例行会议。


History.

Yuen Long District Sport Association was established by former chairmen of Hong Kong Football Association, Fu Lee Sha and Tsang Sam Chiu in 1959.  The team entered the former Hong Kong Third Division in 1959–60 season. The team carried a three-year plan to get promotion to Hong Kong First Division. In 1961–62, the team became the first district team to compete in First Division. In 1962–63, the team gained their first top Division League title. In 1967–68, the team captured their first Senior Shield by beating Tung Sing. In 1968–69, the team turned professional until 1972–73 when it focused on a youth squad. In 1978–79, the team beat the league giant Seiko in FA Cup final, which avoided Seiko from capturing all the 6 major trophies in the season. In 1979–80, the team quit the league due to financial problems.  With the creation of the Hong Kong Third District Division, Yuen Long was reformed and entered the league in 2003.  They were promoted to the First Division in the 2013–14 season, as champions of the Hong Kong Second Division, seven points ahead the runner-up Happy Valley. From 2013 to 2015, they were branded as I Sky Yuen Long due to the sponsorship from Simsen International Corporation Limited.  Yuen Long were branded as KMB Yuen Long between 2015 and 2017 due to a sponsorship agreement with Kowloon Motor Bus. The agreement was terminated in June 2017.  Ahead of the 2017–18 season, Yuen Long announced a sponsorship agreement with Sun Bus and rebranded as Sun Bus Yuen Long. The club captured their first Senior Shield in 50 years, when they defeated Eastern 3–0 in the final. However, despite winning silverware, Sun Bus dropped their sponsorship of the club at the end of the season. Eventually on 24 May 2018, chairman Wilson Wong announced that the club had secured enough funding to continue in the Hong Kong Premier League for 2018–19, although the club would have to rebuild their squad with mostly U-23 players.  Ahead of the 2018–19 season, Yuen Long were confirmed as Best Union Yuen Long for sponsorship reasons.  On 12 June 2020, after 7 consecutive seasons in the top-flight, Yuen Long confirmed their withdrawal from participating in the 2020–21 HKPL season due to lack of funds after the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Hong Kong. They would be playing in the Hong Kong First Division League in the new season.

Team staff.

!Position!Staff

Current squad.

First Team.

"(on loan from Kitchee)"

Out on loan.

"(on loan at Rangers)"

Yuen Long Football Club (), currently known as Best Union Yuen Long () for sponsorship reasons, are a Hong Kong professional football club based in Yuen Long which currently competes in the Hong Kong Premier League.

元朗足球会(英语:Yuen Long Football Club)是香港一间足球会,为成立于1958年的元朗区体育会旗下的足球队。1961–62年球季首次在港甲作赛,并于1962–63年球季勇夺甲组联赛冠军,是球会历史上的唯一顶级联赛锦标,曾于1980年退出联赛。2012–13年球季赢得乙组冠军后,才重返顶级联赛。元朗足球会亦是港超联的创始成员之一,并在首季以第6名完成。


History of Tyniec.

The history of human settlement in the area of the village dates back to the paleolithic period. On top of the Gora Klasztorna hill traces of a neolithic settlement were found. It had a ceramics work, there also was a mint, which manufactured silver Celtic coins.  Probably in the early 10th century, Tyniec was settled by the Vistulans, which some time ca. 1000 became part of the early Kingdom of Poland. The village was a royal property, and the decision of King Casimir the Restorer to locate a Benedictine abbey here (ca. 1040) is regarded as one of the most important events in the history of Tyniec. In 1259 the village was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Poland, by Tatar hordes heading from Kraków towards Silesia. Complete destruction was brought again in the Swedish invasion of Poland. In 1772, during the Bar Confederation, the village was defended by the Polish rebels, fighting the Russians. After the Partitions of Poland, Tyniec, together with the abbey, was annexed by the Habsburg Empire, and remained in the province of Galicia from 1772 until late 1918. In 1816, Austrian authorities closed down the abbey, and the complex gradually began to turn into a ruin.  In the 19th century, Tyniec was a large, yet poor village. Its houses were concentrated in two areas – around the monastery, and along the ancient Kraków – Oświęcim road. Its residents supported themselves by transporting people and goods through the Vistula in their boats and small ferries. In 1973 Tyniec was annexed by the city of Kraków.

Cyrillo-Methodian Monastery.

Historically, and prior to the arrival of the Latins, the monks at Tyniec were part of the Cyrillo-Methodian Christian tradition. These Cyrillo-Methodian monks preceded the arrival of the Benedictines. The Cyrillo-Methodian tradition began in Moravia in the year 862. The brothers, Saints Cyril and Methodius, were the missionaries who established the practice of vernacular linguistic Christianity for the Moravian Slavs. This tradition quickly spread throughout the region and into the parts of what is today Poland. The monks at the Tyniec monastery practiced the liturgical Mass and read from translations of the psalms and gospel in the Proto-Slavic tongue derived from this tradition. In 1096, the Monks of Tyniec were expelled and the Papally approved Slavonic Rite Mass suppressed. These expulsions coincided with the rule of Polish Duke Władysław I Herman, who attributed the birth of his first boy to the help of the Benedictines of Saint Gilles in southern France whom he earlier sent great riches too begging for a healthy child. These expulsions paralleled events in almost the same year throughout the region, most notably at the Sazava Monastery where the Slavonic Rite Mass was also still in use at the same time as in Tyniec. There too, the Cyrillo-Methodian Sazawa monks were expelled and replaced with monks of the Latin rite. These expulsions at Sazawa coincided with the rule of the Duke of Bohemia, Bretislaus II.

Benedictine Abbey.

It is not known when exactly the Benedictine abbey was founded. King Casimir the Restorer is speculated to have re-established the Abbey in 1040 during his rebuilding of the newly established Kingdom of Poland, after a Pagan rebellion and a disastrous Czech raid of Duke Bretislaus I (1039).  The Benedictines, invited to Tyniec by King Casimir the Restorer, were tasked with restoring order as well as cementing the position of the State and the Church. First Tyniec Abbot was Aaron, who became the Bishop of Kraków. Since there is no conclusive evidence to support the foundation date as 1040, some historians claim that the current abbey was founded by Casimir the Restorer’ son, King Boleslaw II the Generous.  In the second half of the 11th century, a complex of Romanesque buildings was completed, consisting of a basilica and the abbey. In the 14th century, it was destroyed in Tatar and Czech raids, and in the 15th century it was rebuilt in Gothic style. Further remodelings took place in the 17th and 18th centuries, first in Baroque, then in Rococo style. The abbey was partly destroyed in the Swedish invasion of Poland, and soon afterwards was rebuilt, with a new library. Further destruction took place during the Bar Confederation, when Polish rebels turned the abbey into their fortress.  In 1816, Austrian authorities liquidated the abbey, and in 1821–1826, it was the seat of the Bishop of Tyniec, Grzegorz Tomasz Ziegler. The monks, however, did not return to the abbey until 1939, and in 1947, remodelling of the neglected complex was initiated. In 1968, the Church of St. Peter and Paul was once again named the seat of the abbot. The church itself consists of a Gothic presbytery and a Baroque main nave. Several altars were created by an 18th-century Italian sculptor Francesco Placidi. The church also has a late Baroque pulpit by Franciszek Jozef Mangoldt.  For more than a century, the abbey remained uninhabited. Only in the last days of July 1939, a month before the outbreak of World War II, eleven Belgian monks moved into the monastery.

Tyniec is a historic village in Poland on the Vistula river, since 1973 a part of the city of Kraków (currently in the district of Dębniki). Tyniec is notable for its famous Benedictine abbey founded by King Casimir the Restorer in 1044. The name of the village comes from a Celtic language word "tyn", which means wall or fence, and which means that the history of Tyniec as a fortified settlement (see gord) dates back to pre-Slavic times.

泰涅克(Tyniec)是波兰的一个历史村庄,位于维斯瓦河河畔。自1973年开始,泰涅克是克拉科夫的一部分。泰涅克以其的历史建筑而著称,其中最为著名的是本笃会修道院。村庄的名称来自于凯尔特语的「围墙」一词「tyn」,显示这里自前斯拉夫时代就有人生活。


History.

Jingshan's history dates to the Liao and Jin dynasties, almost a thousand years ago. The high artificial hill was constructed in the Yongle era of the Ming dynasty entirely from the soil excavated in forming the moats of the Imperial Palace and nearby canals. All of this material was moved by manual labor and animal power. Jingshan consists of five individual peaks, and on the top of each peak there lies an elaborate pavilion. These pavilions were used by officials for gathering and leisure purposes. These five peaks also draw the approximate historical axis of central Beijing.  The dictates of "feng shui" long praised tombs and residences sited south of a nearby hill, serving to channel both harmful "yin" and cold northern winds. With Jingshan serving that purpose, it gained the name Feng Shui Hill. It is also well known to locals as Coal Hill, from an old rumor that the emperors kept a hidden stash in the park.  The Chongzhen Emperor, the last ruler of the Ming dynasty, committed suicide by hanging himself from a tree in Jingshan in 1644 after Beijing fell to Li Zicheng's rebel forces.

Relationship with the Forbidden City.

Jingshan Hill is separated from the Forbidden City by the palace moat. However, until 1928 the park sat directly by the moat and was accessible on the south side only from the Forbidden City via the Gate of Divine Might. In 1928, a new road (New Jingshan Street) was built to the north of the palace moat. This fully separated Jingshan Hill from the Forbidden City. The Gate of Divine Might became the back door of the Palace Museum, and the front gate of Jingshan Park now stood to the north of the new road.  The street addresses of both the Forbidden City and Jingshan Park are on New Jingshan Street. Jingshan Park is now a popular place for people to gather and socialize. One can often find elderly folks dancing, singing opera and doing other cultural activities, such as kuaiban, at Jingshan Park.

Access.

The park has four entrances, one in each of the cardinal directions, but only three are currently open to the public. The south entrance is located across Jingshan Front Street from the Forbidden City and is accessible by Beijing Bus routes 101, 103, 109, 124, 202, 211, 609 and 685. The west entrance on Jingshan West Street and Doushan Street is a short walk from the east gate of Beihai Park and is accessible by Bus routes 5 and 609. Trolleybus routes 111 and 124 stop at the east entrance. The north entrance is currently closed to the public. It is at the T-intersection between Jingshan Back Street and Di'anmen Inner Street and is accessible by Bus routes 5, 111, 124 and 609.

Jingshan Park is an imperial park covering immediately north of the Forbidden City in the Imperial City area of Beijing, China. The focal point is the artificial hill Jingshan, literally "Prospect Hill". Formerly a private imperial garden attached to the grounds of the Forbidden City, the grounds were opened to the public in 1928. The park was formally established in 1949. It is listed as a Key State Park and is administratively part of Xicheng District in downtown Beijing.

景山公园位于中国北京市西城区的景山前街,西临北海,南与故宫神武门隔街相望,是元、明、清三代的御苑。公园坐落在明清北京城的中轴线上,公园中心的景山,曾是全城的制高点。


History.

The title seems to have come into use some time after 1800, as a formal way of referring to the peer who managed government business in the upper House, irrespective of which salaried position they held in the cabinet. However, it may have been used as early as 1689, applied to George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax, when he was Speaker of the House of Lords during the Convention Parliament of that year.  The role developed during the first quarter of the eighteenth century, at the same time as the role of Prime Minister and the system of Cabinet government. In the wake of the English Civil War, the Glorious Revolution and the succession of the Hanoverians to the throne, Britain evolved a system of government where ministers were sustained in office by their ability to carry legislation through Parliament. It was therefore necessary for a member of the government to take responsibility for steering government legislation through each House.  The Earl of Sunderland initiated aspects of the role during the Whig Junto under Queen Anne. Sunderland and the other Whigs were dismissed from office in reaction to their co-ordination of government matters, which was taken as a threat to the power of the monarch. Sunderland returned to power under George I, as Lord Privy Seal. The first documentary evidence of the existence of the role comes from 1717, when Sunderland became Secretary of State for the Northern Department: in the form of lists of peers invited to the office of the Northern Secretary immediately before sessions of Parliament.  When the Prime Minister sat in the House of Lords, which was common until the beginning of the twentieth century, he usually held the position of Leader of the House of Lords. When the Prime Minister sat in the Commons, the position of Leader of the Lords was often held by the Foreign Secretary or Colonial Secretary. In some coalition governments, it was held by the party leader who was not Prime Minister.  Since the end of the Marquess of Salisbury's last government, in 1902, the position clearly exists in its own right as a member of the cabinet. Since 1966 it has only been combined with sinecure positions and the holder has not been a departmental minister though some have held additional responsibilities such as Quintin Hogg, 2nd Viscount Hailsham also being designated "Minister for Science" or Margaret Baroness Jay also being "Minister for Women". The first female Leader of the Lords was Janet Young, Baroness Young in 1981–1983.

Leaders of the House of Lords.

"Because the post is a parliamentary one and not a ministerial office in its own right, it is not always included in official lists of government offices, especially for earlier periods. This can make it difficult to determine who the Leader of the House of Lords was in a particular ministry."

Deputy Leaders.

The following peers have served as Deputy Leaders of the House of Lords since 1963:

The Leader of the House of Lords is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom who is responsible for arranging government business in the House of Lords. The role is always held in combination with a formal Cabinet position, usually one of the sinecure offices of Lord President of the Council, Lord Privy Seal or Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Unless the Leader is also a departmental minister, being Leader constitutes the bulk of his or her government responsibilities, but it has never been an independent salaried office. The Office of the Leader of the House of Lords is a ministerial department.

上议院领袖(英语:Leader of the House of Lords),乃英国内阁阁员,负责安排政府上议院事务,此职位通常由枢密院议长、掌玺大臣或兰开斯特公爵领地事务大臣兼任。除非他也是部门部长,否则上议院领袖会承担大部分政府责任,但从未成为一个独立受薪官职。上议院领袖办公室是一个英国政府部门。