History.

The history of the cathedral is linked with that of the city, and is allegedly located where the patron saint of Glasgow, Saint Mungo, built his church. The tomb of the saint is in the lower crypt. Walter Scott's novel "Rob Roy" gives an account of the kirk.  Built before the Reformation from the late 12th century onwards and serving as the seat of the Bishop and later the Archbishop of Glasgow, the building is a superb example of Scottish Gothic architecture. It is also one of the few Scottish medieval churches (and the only medieval cathedral on the Scottish mainland) to have survived the Reformation not unroofed.  James IV ratified the treaty of Perpetual Peace with England at the high altar on 10 December 1502. The cathedral and the nearby castle played a part in the battles of Glasgow in 1544 and 1560. Twenty years after the Reformation, on 22 April 1581 James VI granted the income from a number of lands to Glasgow town for the kirk's upkeep. He traced the ownership of these lands to money left by Archbishop Gavin Dunbar as a legacy for repairing the cathedral. The town council agreed on 27 February 1583 to take responsibility for repairing the kirk, while recording they had no obligation to do so. The church survives because of this resolution. Inside, the rood screen is also a very rare survivor in Scottish churches.  The cathedral has been host to number of congregations and continues as a place of active Christian worship, hosting a Church of Scotland congregation. The current minister (since April 2019) is the Rev Mark E. Johnstone DL MA BD, who was previously minister at St. Mary's Church, Kirkintilloch. The building itself is in the ownership of The Crown, is maintained by Historic Scotland, and is a popular destination for tourists.

University of Glasgow.

The University of Glasgow originated in classes held within the precinct of the cathedral. William Turnbull, Bishop of Glasgow was primarily responsible for the foundation of the university around the year 1451. In 1460, the university moved out of the cathedral to an adjacent site on the east side of the High Street, known locally as the college, and moved to its current home on Gilmorehill in 1870.

Music.

Glasgow Cathedral Choir is a professional adult ensemble, singing at the two regular Sunday services each week. The current director of music is Andrew Forbes and the cathedral organist is Malcolm Sim. The four-manual Father Willis organ was installed in 1879, and has been maintained by Harrison & Harrison since they rebuilt the instrument in 1996.

Other cathedrals in Glasgow.

Other cathedrals in Glasgow are St. Andrew's Cathedral (Roman Catholic), St. Mary's Cathedral (Scottish Episcopal) and St Luke's Cathedral (Greek Orthodox).

Glasgow Cathedral, also called the High Kirk of Glasgow or St Kentigern's or St Mungo's Cathedral, is the oldest cathedral on mainland Scotland and is the oldest building in Glasgow. Since the Reformation the cathedral continues in public ownership, within the responsibility of Historic Environment Scotland. The congregation is part of the Church of Scotland's Presbytery of Glasgow and its services and associations are open to all. The cathedral and its kirkyard are at the top of High Street, at Cathedral Street. Immediately neighbouring it are Glasgow Royal Infirmary, opened in 1794, and the elevated Glasgow Necropolis, opened in 1833. Nearby are the Provand's Lordship, Glasgow's oldest house and its herbal medical gardens, the Barony Hall (Barony Church), University of Strathclyde, Cathedral Square, Glasgow Evangelical Church (North Barony Church), and St Mungo Museum.

格拉斯哥大教堂(Glasgow Cathedral),也称圣肯迪格恩大教堂(St Kentigern's Cathedral)或圣芒戈大教堂(St Mungo's Cathedral),是位于苏格兰格拉斯哥的一座苏格兰国教会的大教堂。格拉斯哥大教堂有着悠久的历史,其历史可追溯至苏格兰宗教改革之前,并且曾是罗马天主教格拉斯哥大主教区的一座主要教堂,也曾是格拉斯哥大主教的主教座位(现在是格拉斯哥圣安德鲁大教堂)。格拉斯哥大教堂现在所属于苏格兰国教会中格拉斯哥教务评议会。格拉斯哥大教堂的具体位置是高街(High Street)的北部,大教堂街(Cathedral Street)的东部,隔壁是格拉斯哥皇家医院。


History.

The Macon and Western Railroad was extended to a new station in Griffin in 1842. In 1938, Alma Lovell had been distributing religious Bible tracts as a Jehovah's Witness but was arrested for violating a city ordinance requiring prior permission for distributing literature. In "Lovell v. City of Griffin", the U.S. Supreme Court found that the city had violated her First Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment rights. The Griffin Commercial Historic District (among the National Register of Historic Places listings in Spalding County, Georgia) is generally bounded by Central Alley, Sixth Street, Taylor Street and Eighth Street. The district includes the Griffin Grocery Company Building, now the Griffin Regional Welcome Center.

Geography.

Griffin is located at (33.247602, -84.270891). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and (0.55%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 23,451 people, 8,876 households, and 5,955 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,615.0 people per square mile (623.6/km2). There were 9,636 housing units at an average density of 663.6 per square mile (256.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 49.88% African American, 46.98% White, 0.17% Native American, 0.99% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.98% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.22% of the population.  There were 8,876 households out of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.1% were married couples living together, 24.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.17.  In the city, the population was spread out with 28.7% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.2 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $30,088, and the median income for a family was $33,963. Males had a median income of $30,488 versus $21,352 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,563. About 17.7% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.4% of those under age 18 and 16.0% of those ages of 65 or over.

Education.

The Griffin-Spalding County School District holds grades pre-school to grade twelve and consists of eleven elementary schools, four middle schools, and three high schools. The district has 661 full-time teachers and over 10,648 students. Griffin Technical College was located in Griffin from 1963 and, following a merger, a branch of Southern Crescent Technical College is in Griffin. The Griffin Synodical Female College was established by Presbyterians but closed. The University of Georgia maintains a branch campus in Griffin. Griffin Region College and Career Academy located within the City limits GRCCA preparing students for college and careers through actual college courses for both high school and college credits. Very popular Civil Air Patrol awarding-winning aerospace education program promotes aerospace, aviation and STEM-related careers with engaging, standards-based, hands-on curriculum and activities. It shapes the experiences and aspirations of youth both in and outside of CAP’s cadet program.

Sports and recreation.

The Griffin Warriors, a World Basketball Association team, played at the high school in 2006.  Griffin, during the “golden ages” of baseball hosted several minor league class D teams  Griffin Lightfoots, Georgia-Alabama League (1915-1916) Griffin Griffs, Georgia-Alabama League (1917) Griffin, Georgia State League (1920) Griffin, Georgia State League (1921) Griffin Pimientos, Georgia-Alabama League (1947-1949, 1951) (class d affiliate to the St. Louis Browns) Griffin Tigers, Georgia-Alabama League (1950)

Media.

"The Griffin Daily News" is a local paper, founded in 1872. WMVV is a local Christian station, WHIE AM broadcasts country music, while WKEU (AM) broadcasts oldies. WYFK, a Christian station, has their W290AG translator in Griffin.

Culture.

The "Griffin Ballet Theatre" was founded in 1994.  "Main Street Players" Professional Theater was founded in 2001, it is located 115 N Hill St, Griffin, GA 30223  "Griffin Museum" The Griffin Museum is located upstairs in the Welcome Center and contains an impressive array of Griffin artifacts and memorabilia dating from as far back as the mid-1800s.  "Griffin Choral Arts" was founded in 2007. Griffin Choral Arts is a 50-voice auditioned regional community chorus performs four major concerts each season.  "The Griffin Chamber Music Society" was founded in 2017.  "Griffin/Spalding Art Association" was founded in 1969.  "Griffin music club" was founded in 1942 Affiliated with the National Federation of Music Clubs (NFMC).  "Griffin Area Concert Association" was founded in 1969. The Griffin Area Concert Association has worked to build and maintain, through a non-profit plan, a permanent arts audience in Griffin, Spalding County and its environs by offering memberships at a reasonable cost for a wide variety of quality live entertainment presented by national and international performing artists featuring dance, musical theater, solo instrumentalists, vocal, string or brass ensembles and other performing arts.  " Griffin Spalding Historical Society" was founded in 1969. It is located in The Bailey Tebault House houses. The Historical Society provides tours of our headquarters, the Bailey Tebault House, located at 633 Meriwether Street Griffin, Georgia. To schedule a tour, please call at 770.239.2432.  The Griffin-Spalding Athletic Hall of Fame is located at 841 Memorial Drive, Griffin, GA 30224.  Since 1962 early Christmas Parade parade getting the whole community in the holiday mood, with floats and marching bands. Presented by the Southside Riders.  "Kiwanis of Griffin" Founded in 1940, has become one of the largest community service organizations in Spalding County.  In downtown Griffin is located one of the best haunted houses in Georgia "Sinister Suites Haunted Hotel". Hotel Built in 1910, the Sinister Suites was the place to stay. Closed in the 1970s. Now the hotel is open to the public as a haunted attraction during October. This is a really unique attraction because it is a haunted hotel with a gruesome and dark past. There is features a five-story, 60,000-square foot walk through the hotel. Enter at your own risk!

Griffin is a city in and the county seat of Spalding County, Georgia. It is part of the Atlanta metropolitan area. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 23,643.

格里芬(英语:Griffin)是一个位于美国乔治亚州斯波尔丁县的城市。根据2010年美国人口普查,该地共人口23643人,而该地的面积约为37.80平方千米。同时该地也是斯波尔丁县的县治。


History.

Medieval history.

The area of what now is Ussuriysk was settled by Yulou Mohe tribes. From the mid-9th century, it became Solbin-bu of the Balhae Kingdom. It is then populated by the Dōnghǎi Jurchens, under control of Liao dynasty. The city then become capital of Jīn Dynasty's Sùpín circuit (速頻路). Then it went under control of Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties respectively.

Modern era.

In 1866, the settlement of Nikolskoye () was founded on the area of today's Ussuriysk, named after Saint Nicholas. Due to its advantageous geographic location at the crossing of the transportation lines, the village experienced rapid growth during the 1870s, turning into a trade center. Its role increased after the railroad connecting Khabarovsk and Vladivostok (now a part of the Trans-Siberian Railway) was built, and in 1898 it was granted town status and renamed Nikolsk-Ussuriysky ().  By the beginning of the 20th century the town's population totaled 15,000 people, and the annual turnover of its trade enterprises was equal to three million rubles. After the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, Nikolsk-Ussuriysky became one of the most important commercial and economic centers of the Russian Far East. In 1913, the city ranked fourth after Vladivostok, Blagoveshchensk, and Khabarovsk in terms of population. Enterprises were established processing agricultural products such as mills, dairies, soap-boiling plants, and tanneries, as well as macaroni and sausage factories and breweries. Brick factories, quarries, and saw-mills were also built.  The central part of the city began to be built up with two- and three-story masonry buildings. In 1914, there were fourteen educational institutions, a theater, a circus, and three movie-theaters in Nikolsk-Ussuriysky.  After the October Revolution of 1917, the city's economy experienced rapid growth. The city specialized in processing agricultural products. The name of the city was changed to Voroshilov in 1935 after Kliment Voroshilov. With Nikita Khrushchev's ascent to power after Stalin's death the city's name was changed to "Ussuriysk" after the nearby Ussuri River in 1957.  Until the 1980s, the city ranked second in the krai in population, having only recently yielded to Nakhodka. Ussuriysk is still second only to Vladivostok as a theatrical and higher-educational center (it is home to the Pedagogical and Agricultural Institutes, and the Higher Military School).

Administrative and municipal status.

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with thirty-seven rural localities, incorporated as Ussuriysk City Under Krai Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Ussuriysk City Under Krai Jurisdiction is incorporated as Ussuriysky Urban Okrug.

Economy.

The city's industry is represented by twenty-eight enterprises, including twelve of the food industry, two of light industry, six of metal industry, and four of construction industry. Ussuriysk has always specialized in the production of consumer goods. That is why at present it is in a more favorable situation as compared with other large cities of Primorye where enterprises of war industry prevailed. The largest enterprises of light industry are "Primorsky Sakhar" (which provides the Russian Far East with sugar, producing 160,000 tonnes per year), "Dalsoya" (which produces vegetable oil, margarine, and soap), "Ussuriysky Balsam" (24 kinds of liqueur and vodka products, and balsams made of a blend of dozens of herbs). Five articles of "Ussuriysky Balsam" were given diplomas of the first and the second degrees at all-Russian competition of alcohol products.  One more economic feature of Ussuriysk is its wholesale trade. There are approximately thirty specialized and multipurpose trade bases, many of which had developed contacts with foreign partners before the external economic policy was liberalized in Russia.  Among the city's other enterprises that are worth mentioning are the "Grado" firm which annually produces up to 600,000 pairs of footwear, and the Locomotive Repairing Plant. The annual industrial output of Ussuriysk equals 8% of Primorsky Krai's production. Besides, the city is the crossing point of all major highways and railroads of the krai.

Theaters.

The "Ussuriysk Drama Theater" of the Eastern Military District is located at #31 Sovyetskaya Street. The theater was founded in 1937 and is one of the two theaters of the Russian Army (the other is the Central Theater of the Russian Army in Moscow). The theater maintains the military–patriotic tendency and realistic style.  The "Ussuriysk Drama Theater" is located at #33 Volodarskogo Street. It was opened in 1937. The theater is of classical tendencies. Plays are staged both for adults and children. The hall can accommodate 428 people.

Architecture and monuments.

The central part of the city, including Lenina, Chicherina, Krasnoznamyonnaya, and Ageyeva Streets, is of historic value. The city's oldest hotel (#28 Lenina St.) was constructed in 1880. #53 Lenina St., which houses the city's oldest movie-theater "Grand-Illyuzion", was built in 1908.  On the central square there is a monument to the Red Guards and partisans, who died in the battles at Ussuriysk in June 1918. A monument to Vladimir Lenin is on the Railway Station Square.  Steam locomotive YeL 629 is set on plinth as a memorial to three Bolshevik revolutionaries (Lazo, Lutsky, and Sibirtsev) who were allegedly burned alive by the White Guards in its firebox in 1920. The Intercession Church at #80A Chicherina St. was built in 1914. It is the only religious building in the krai that has been kept without any reconstruction since 1917 and is used for its original purpose.

Landscape.

Ussuriysk is very green because of many trees (such as poplars, elms, and jasmine, have been transplanted here from the taiga) and ranked third after Arsenyev and Vladivostok.

Twin towns and sister cities.

Ussuriysk is twinned with:

Ussuriysk () is a city in Primorsky Krai, Russia, located in the fertile valley of the Razdolnaya River, north of Vladivostok, the administrative center of the krai, and about from both the China–Russia border and the Pacific Ocean. Population:

双城子,俄文名乌苏里斯克(),是俄罗斯滨海边疆区的一个城市,坐落在兴凯湖平原上,科马罗夫卡河和拉科夫卡河之间,距离海参崴112千米,双城子面积为3690平方千米。城市的主要工业为食品加工。因为双城子是铁路的一个重要交汇点,双城子又有机车修理工业,其中之一的大型双城子机车工厂建于1895年,是当时的双城子铁路主要的维修工厂。在2015年,双城子人口为168,137人,是滨海边疆区第二大城市(次于海参崴),其所在的双城子市在2015年人口总共为194,250人。双城子最早在1866年被沙俄命名作尼古拉斯阔耶(Nikolskoye,Нико́льское)。随着西伯利亚大铁路修建,1898年改名为尼科利斯克-乌苏里斯基(Nikolsk-Ussuriysky, Нико́льск-Уссури́йский)。1934年7月22日,设立尼科利斯克-乌苏里斯基州,州府驻尼科利斯克-乌苏里斯基市。。1935年改称伏罗希洛夫市。1956年改称乌苏里斯克市。


科肖克顿县 (俄亥俄州)

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.6%) is water.

Demographics.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 36,655 people, 14,356 households, and 10,164 families living in the county. The population density was 65 people per square mile (25/km2). There were 16,107 housing units at an average density of 29 per square mile (11/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.35% White, 1.09% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.20% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. 0.59% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 29.4% were of German, 23.4% American, 11.6% English and 9.3% Irish ancestry according to Census 2000. 93.9% spoke English, 2.4% German, 1.5% Pennsylvania Dutch, and 0.9% Dutch as their first language.  There were 14,356 households out of which 32.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.80% were married couples living together, 9.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.20% were non-families. 25.40% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.01.  In the county, the population was spread out with 26.20% under the age of 18, 7.80% from 18 to 24, 27.40% from 25 to 44, 24.00% from 45 to 64, and 14.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.70 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $34,701, and the median income for a family was $41,676. Males had a median income of $31,095 versus $21,276 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,364. About 7.00% of families and 9.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.40% of those under age 18 and 9.10% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 36,901 people, 14,658 households, and 10,089 families living in the county. The population density was. There were 16,545 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the county was 97.0% white, 1.1% black or African American, 0.3% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.8% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 29.5% were German, 14.2% were Irish, 11.2% were English, and 10.3% were American.  Of the 14,658 households, 30.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.7% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 31.2% were non-families, and 26.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.98. The median age was 40.8 years.  The median income for a household in the county was $39,469 and the median income for a family was $47,931. Males had a median income of $39,701 versus $26,706 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,635. About 12.4% of families and 17.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.0% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

Prior to 1912, Coshocton County was Democratic in presidential elections, only voting Republican twice from 1856 to 1908. The election was a bellwether from 1912 to 1936. But starting with the 1940 election it has become a Republican stronghold county with Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 and Bill Clinton in 1992 being the two lone Democrats to win the county since then.

Government.

The county courts meet in the courthouse located in Coshocton. Built in 1875, it is still in use today.

Communities.

Townships.

Coshocton County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 36,901. Its county seat is Coshocton. The county lies within the Appalachian region of the state. The county was formed on January 31, 1810 from portions of Muskingum and Tuscarawas Counties and later organized in 1811. Its name comes from the Delaware Indian language and has been translated as "union of waters" or "black bear crossing".

科肖克顿县(英语:Coshocton County)是位于美国俄亥俄州东部的一个县。面积1,470平方公里。根据美国2010年人口普查,共有人口36,901人。县治科肖克顿 (Coshocton)。


History.

On September 10, 1813, during the War of 1812, nine vessels of the United States Navy under Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, decisively defeated six vessels of Great Britain’s Royal Navy in the Battle of Lake Erie near Put-in-Bay. This action was one of the major battles of the war.  Ottawa County was formed on March 6, 1840 from portions of Erie, Lucas and Sandusky counties. It was named after the North American Indian tribe of the Ottawa.  In 1974, the County Courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  The county is notable in presidential politics for being a bellwether, having continuously voted for the winning candidate for thirteen elections beginning in 1964.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (56%) is water. It is the third-smallest county in Ohio by land area. It borders Ontario across Lake Erie.

Demographics.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 40,985 people, 16,474 households, and 11,729 families living in the county. The population density was 161 people per square mile (62/km2). There were 25,532 housing units at an average density of 100 per square mile (39/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 96.56% White, 0.65% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.44% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. 3.75% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 16,474 households out of which 29.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.90% were married couples living together, 8.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.80% were non-families. 25.00% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.92.  In the county, the population was spread out with 23.30% under the age of 18, 6.70% from 18 to 24, 26.80% from 25 to 44, 26.80% from 45 to 64, and 16.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 97.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.70 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $44,224, and the median income for a family was $51,919. Males had a median income of $39,823 versus $24,727 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,973. About 4.20% of families and 5.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.40% of those under age 18 and 5.40% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 41,428 people, 17,503 households, and 11,884 families living in the county. The population density was. There were 27,909 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the county was 96.5% white, 0.8% black or African American, 0.3% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.9% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 4.2% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 44.6% were German, 11.9% were Irish, 9.8% were English, 6.3% were American, and 6.1% were Polish.  Of the 17,503 households, 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.1% were non-families, and 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.82. The median age was 46.3 years.  The median income for a household in the county was $53,463 and the median income for a family was $64,258. Males had a median income of $52,736 versus $33,557 for females. The per capita income for the county was $27,809. About 6.3% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

Prior to 1912, Ottawa County was a Democratic Party stronghold in presidential elections. Starting with the 1912 election, the county has become a national bellwether, only backing losing candidates in 1940, 1944 & 1960.

Government and politics.

County officials.

The County elects 9 officeholders.

Transportation.

Major highways.

10 major highways run through Ottawa County, including two interstates, and eight state routes.

Communities.

Townships.

Ottawa County is a county located in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 41,428. Its county seat is Port Clinton. The county is named either for the Ottawa Indians who lived there, or for an Indian word meaning "trader".

渥太华县(英语:Ottawa County)是美国俄亥俄州北部的一个县,北隔伊利湖与加拿大相望。面积1,515平方公里。根据美国2000年人口普查,共有人口40,985。县治克林顿港(Port Clinton)。


Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (1.0%) is water. Many parts of Scioto County are heavily forested, especially in the western half of the county with Shawnee State Park.

Other parks.

Shawnee State Forest and Park, the state's largest with over, covers most of western Scioto County, and Brush Creek State Park touches part of northwestern Scioto County. The county also has numerous parks and recreational areas in each of its townships, including Earl Thomas Conley Park on U.S. 52 west of Portsmouth. Public lands in the county also include the Wayne National Forest on the Ironton Ranger District. The forest encompasses almost in three townships in Scioto County (Vernon, Green township, and Bloom 4,008.29 acres).  Within the city limits of Portsmouth, there are fourteen parks for the residents and for community use. These parks include Alexandria Park (Ohio and Scioto River confluence), Allard Park (Bonser Avenue in Sciotoville), Bannon Park (near Farley Square), Branch Rickey Park (on Williams Street near levee), Buckeye Park (near Branch Rickey Park), Cyndee Secrest Park (Sciotoville), Dr. Hartlage Park (Rose Street in Sciotoville), Labold Park (near Spartan Stadium), Larry Hisle Park (23rd Street and Thomas Avenue), Mound Park (17th and Hutchins Streets), York Park (riverfront), Spartan Stadium, Tracy Park (Chillicothe and Gay Streets), and Weghorst Park (Fourth and Jefferson Streets).

Demographics.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 79,195 people, 30,871 households, and 21,362 families residing in the county. The population density was 129 people per square mile (50/km2). There were 34,054 housing units at an average density of 56 per square mile (21/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 94.88% White, 2.73% Black or African American, 0.63% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 1.31% from two or more races. 0.60% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 30,871 households out of which 31.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.30% were married couples living together, 13.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.80% were non-families. 26.90% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.96.  In the county, the population was spread out with 24.40% under the age of 18, 9.60% from 18 to 24, 28.30% from 25 to 44, 22.70% from 45 to 64, and 14.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.20 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $28,008, and the median income for a family was $34,691. Males had a median income of $32,063 versus $21,562 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,408. About 15.20% of families and 19.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.40% of those under age 18 and 12.80% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 79,499 people, 30,870 households, and 20,911 families residing in the county. The population density was. There were 34,142 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the county was 94.4% white, 2.7% black or African American, 0.5% American Indian, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.1% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 22.9% were German, 15.0% were Irish, 12.1% were American, and 10.1% were English.  Of the 30,870 households, 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.3% were non-families, and 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.96. The median age was 38.8 years.  The median income for a household in the county was $32,812 and the median income for a family was $44,122. Males had a median income of $40,876 versus $29,675 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,778. About 16.4% of families and 20.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.4% of those under age 18 and 11.8% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

This county is a bit of a swing county, as most elections prior to 2016 were won by close margins. However, Donald Trump (in 2016) won well over 60% of the county's vote.

Government.

Portsmouth is the county seat for Scioto County; the county courthouse is located at the corner of Sixth and Court streets. It was designed by John Scudder Adkins and constructed in 1936 during the Great Depression as a public works project. The county jail, once located in the courthouse, is now located in a new facility at the site of the former Norfolk and Western rail depot, near U.S. 23. It was constructed in 2006.  Scioto County is the site of the state's Southern Ohio Correctional Facility, which is located in Lucasville. The facility is Ohio's only maximum security prison and is the site of Ohio's death house, where death row inmates are executed.  The county maintenance garage is also located in Lucasville.

County officials.

Source

Economy.

Scioto County's economy has been strongly based on that of Portsmouth after heavy industry replaced agriculture and river trade as most important. Through the early 20th century and until the 1970s, heavy industry such as steel mills and shoe factories drove the county's economy. Since the closure of these factories, Scioto County has suffered a loss of jobs and revenue.  In the early 21st century, the service industry and healthcare, such as the Southern Ohio Medical Center (SOMC), is the largest employer in the county. Scioto County is home to the newest state university in Ohio, Shawnee State University. Shawnee State enrolls between 3,300 and 4,000 students and grants associate, baccalaureate and master's degrees. Much of the recent economic growth and change in the county is related to SOMC and Shawnee State University. Recently Infra-Metals announced the development of a new steel shipping/fabrication site in New Boston, Ohio in the Bob Walton Industrial Park. This plant is under construction and will have access to both barge and rail loading facilities.  In November 2002, the Portsmouth Uranium Enrichment Plant in nearby Piketon was recognized as an ANS Nuclear Historic Landmark by the American Nuclear Society. It had served a military function from 1952 until the mid-1960s, when the mission changed from enriching uranium for nuclear weapons to one focused on producing fuel for commercial nuclear power plants. The Portsmouth Uranium Enrichment Plant ended enriching operations in 2001. It began to support operational and administrative functions and perform external contract work. All uranium enrichment in the area has been taken over by a sister plant located in Paducah, Kentucky. Uranium enrichment functions had been shared by the two plants. USEC interests in the area remain strong, and the American Centrifuge Plant was constructed in the first decade of the 21st century in Piketon. This commercial uranium enrichment facility was expected to employ up to 500 people and reach an initial annual production level of 3.5 million SWU by 2010.  Scioto County has also been the benefactor of Suncoke (coke (fuel) production). Sole Choice, Inc., the largest manufacturer of shoelaces in the world, is located in the county. Graf Brothers Flooring and Lumber, the world's largest manufacturer of rift and quartered oak products, has two satellite log yards in the county. The company's main office is located across the river in South Shore, Kentucky.

Education.

Colleges and universities.

The Ohio University Southern Campus was located in Scioto County until the early 1980s when it was relocated to Lawrence County (Ironton). The former Ohio University buildings were used by Shawnee State Community College. The curriculum and facilities were developed to a full four-year undergraduate program and graduate studies, being established in 1986 as Shawnee State University from the former Scioto County Technical College, Ohio's thirteenth and newest institution of higher education.

K–12 schools.

Scioto County has ten public school districts,one career technical center one private school system, and one charter school system, as well as several Christian schools. These districts include Bloom-Vernon (South Webster), Clay, Green, Minford, New Boston, Northwest, Notre Dame (Catholic), Portsmouth, Scioto County Career Technical Center (serving both K–12 and post-secondary students), Sciotoville Community School/East HS (charter), Valley, Washington-Nile (Ports. West) and Wheelersburg.  "See also Ohio High School Athletic Association and Southern Ohio Conference"

Libraries.

The Portsmouth Public Library was established as a Carnegie library in 1906. It now has four branch facilities and a bookmobile to serve the county as well. The library has branches in Lucasville, New Boston, South Webster and Wheelersburg.

Transportation.

Highways.

Scioto County is served by two major highways, the north-south U.S. 23 and the east-west U.S. 52. Other routes include SR 73, SR 104, SR 125, SR 139, SR 140, SR 335, SR 348, SR 522, SR 728, SR 776, and SR 823.

Rail.

Norfolk Southern offers a railyard for long-distance shipping and is currently reopening the repair shops. Amtrak offers a passenger service to the Portsmouth/Scioto County area under the "Cardinal" route. The passenger station is located in South Shore, Kentucky, across the Ohio River.

Air.

Scioto County offers air services with the Greater Portsmouth Regional Airport located in Minford, Ohio, which is approximately northeast of Portsmouth on SR 335. The nearest airport with scheduled passenger service is West Virginia's Huntington/Tri-State Airport (HTS) located approximately east of Portsmouth on I-64.

Public transportation.

Public transportation for Scioto County is offered through Access Scioto County (ASC).

Media.

Scioto County is a dividing line of numerous television markets, which includes the Columbus, Cincinnati and Huntington-Charleston markets. Local television stations include: WSAZ-NBC,(channel 3.1) WZAS-myNetwork (myZtv channel 3.2), WOWK-CBS (channel 13.1), WCHS-ABC (channel 8.1) and WQCW, a CW affiliate with an office in Portsmouth and Charleston, and more recently WTZP "The Zone" which is an America One Affiliate that offers a larger amount of local programming such as news, high school sports, community events and locally produced shows about the area. Local radio stations WIOI, WPYK, WNXT, and WZZZ serve the radio listeners in the county and surrounding areas.  The county is also served by three newspapers. The "Portsmouth Daily Times" is the county's only daily newspaper. The "Community Common" is a free bi-weekly newspaper, and the "Scioto Voice" is a weekly newspaper that is mailed to subscribers. The "University Chronicle" is the student-led newspaper at Shawnee State University.  Of these only three are actually locally owned and operated (WTZP, WIOI, and "The Scioto Voice").

Sports.

Professional.

Scioto County had a series of semi-pro football teams in the 1920s and 1930s, the most notable being the Portsmouth Shoe-Steels, whose roster included player-coach Jim Thorpe. From 1929 to 1933, Portsmouth was home to a professional football team, The Portsmouth Spartans. This team later became the NFL franchise Detroit Lions in 1934. The Portsmouth Spartans also competed in the first professional football night game versus the Green Bay Packers in 1930.  On the baseball front, the Portsmouth Explorers were one of the original teams in the Frontier League, a non-affiliated minor league baseball organization. The Explorers played in the league's first three seasons, from 1993 to 1995. In 1938, Portsmouth was also the home of the Portsmouth Red Birds, a minor league team owned by the St. Louis Cardinals.

Collegiate.

Shawnee State University (SSU) is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA-Division II). SSU has participated in 24 National Championships in 6 of 11 sponsored sports. The university's women's basketball team has won an NAIA National Title in 1999 and finished in the final four in 1995. The softball team has had national exposure as well, reaching the "Sweet 16" on several occasions. The team finished 10th in 1992, 8th in 1995, 9th in 1996, and 9th in 2001.

Amateur.

The twelve local high schools, the other educational institutions, the adult leagues, and the development leagues (e.g. AAU and club organizations) generate a great deal of participation as either participants or as followers of sports' teams. The teams have made 60 trips to the Ohio High School Athletic Association championships, winning 19 state titles. These have included four softball titles (Clay HS in 1980, 1981, & 1983 and Wheelersburg HS in 2016); five baseball titles (East HS in 1973, Valley HS in 1975, and Wheelersburg HS in 1996, 2012, and 2013); four football titles (two by Notre Dame HS in 1967 and 1970 and two by Wheelersburg HS in 1989 and 2017); and six boys' basketball titles (1931, 1961, 1978, and 1988 by Portsmouth HS and 2006 by South Webster HS).

Culture.

The Vern Riffe Arts Center, on the campus of Shawnee State University, hosts many local and traveling performances, including Broadway plays and Miss Ohio pageants. Scioto County is home to the Boneyfiddle Historical District (which is on the National Register of Historic Places), SSU's Clark Planetarium, the 1810 House, Greenup Locks & Dam, the Philip Moore Stone House, Roy Rogers' Memorabilia Exhibit, the Southern Ohio Museum and Spartan Municipal Stadium.

Events.

Scioto County is best known for Portsmouth's "River Days" activities that include a parade, a pageant associated with the local high schools, boat races on the Ohio River (in the past), musical performances and a carnival. River Days occurs on Labor Day (the first Monday of September) weekend with the activities beginning on Thursday evening and the parade and pageant on Saturday.  The Scioto County Fair is held on the first full week of August of each year. It is one of the largest in the state, drawing approximately 75,000 visitors each year (with the single-day record being 17,000). The first county fair was held in 1828; in 1908 Lucasville became the official site when three fairs (Mount Joy, Portsmouth and Lucasville) merged into one. The Roy Rogers' Homecoming Festival is held each June, and the county has numerous fireworks displays on the

Communities.

Townships.

Scioto County is a county located along the Ohio River in the south central region of the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 79,499. Its county seat is Portsmouth. The county was founded March 24, 1803, from Adams County and is named for an Indian word referring to deer or deer-hunting.

赛欧托县(英语:Scioto County)是美国俄亥俄州南部的一个县,位于俄亥俄河与赛欧托河汇合之处,并隔俄亥俄河与肯塔基州相望。面积1,596平方公里。根据美国2000年人口普查,共有人口79,195人。县治朴次茅斯 (Portsmouth)。


Club career.

Sporting.

Born in Marrazes, Leiria, Patrício played as a striker at a young age. Reportedly, a Sporting CP scout was in the area and saw him play in goal, being impressed enough to sign the 12-year-old to the club's youth academy. He made his Primeira Liga debut on 19 November 2006, in a 1–0 away win against C.S. Marítimo in the tenth round: standing in for habitual club and country first-choice Ricardo, he saved a penalty kick 15 minutes before the end of the game.  In the 2007–08 season, after Ricardo's departure to Real Betis, Patrício beat competition from Sporting veteran Tiago and new signing Vladimir Stojković to become the undisputed starter. He made his UEFA Champions League debut on 27 November 2007, in a 1–2 group stage loss at Manchester United.  During the 2008 off-season, Patrício was the subject of a rumored transfer to Italian giants Inter Milan. Nothing came of it, however, and in that year's Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira final, against FC Porto, he stopped a Lucho González penalty in a 2–0 final success, also being an everpresent fixture in the league.  In the qualifying rounds of the 2009–10 Champions League, at FC Twente, Sporting were trailing 0–1 in the 94th minute, after a 0–0 tie in the first leg: Patrício rushed to the opposing area for a corner kick, where he went up for a header with Nikita Rukavytsya. Both players seemed to make contact with the ball, and it was helped into the net for an own goal via the boot of Peter Wisgerhof as the latter side qualified for the last games prior to the group stage.  On 20 December 2012, Patrício was awarded Sporting's Footballer of the Year award for a second consecutive year. On 18 October 2014, with the score at 2–1 for his team, he saved a penalty by Jackson Martínez to help oust Porto from the Taça de Portugal with a 3–1 win at the "Estádio do Dragão".  On 24 October 2016, Patrício was one of 30 players nominated for the 2016 Ballon d'Or award alongside Portugal teammates Pepe and Cristiano Ronaldo. The following 18 February he appeared in his 400th competitive game with Sporting, putting on a Player of the match performance in a 1–0 home win against Rio Ave FC.  On 15 May 2018, Patrício and several of his teammates, including coaches, were injured following an attack by around 50 supporters of Sporting at the club's training ground after the team finished third in the league and missed out on Champions League qualification. Despite the events, he and the rest of the team agreed to play in the Portuguese Cup final scheduled for the following weekend, eventually losing 2–1 to C.D. Aves.

Wolverhampton Wanderers.

On 1 June 2018, Patrício submitted a request to terminate his Sporting contract with grounds for just cause, due to the dressing room violence from supporters as well as seeing an €18 million move to newly promoted Premier League team Wolverhampton Wanderers fall through, after Sporting president Bruno de Carvalho pulled out of negotiations at the last minute. He completed the move on 18 June, on a four-year deal, and it was announced on 31 October that both clubs had agreed a €18 million deal as settlement of his departure to England.  Patrício opted to wear the No.11 shirt for Wolves as opposed to the habitual No.1, in honour of Carl Ikeme, who had just retired following treatment for acute leukaemia. He made his league debut on 11 August 2018, in a 2–2 home draw against Everton.

International career.

From 2007, Patrício started appearing for the Portuguese under-21 side. On 29 January of the following year, senior team coach Luiz Felipe Scolari called him up for a 1–3 friendly defeat against Italy in Zürich, although he did not leave the bench; on 12 May he was picked to the squad for UEFA Euro 2008, but did not play in the tournament.  Although not part of the provisional 24-player list for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, Patrício was named in a backup list of six players. He made his debut on 17 November 2010, playing the second half of a 4–0 friendly win with Spain.  After Eduardo was relegated to the bench at his new club, S.L. Benfica, Patrício became the starter under national team boss Paulo Bento, and both players finished the Euro 2012 qualifying campaign with five games (450 minutes) as Portugal qualified for the final stages. He was the starter in the finals in Poland and Ukraine, conceding four goals in five matches in an eventual semi-final exit.  Patrício was included in Bento's 23-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup as first-choice, and made his debut in the competition in the first encounter against Germany, which ended with a 0–4 loss. He missed the second game against the United States, due to injury.  Patrício appeared in his 50th international on 30 June 2016, during Euro 2016: after the 1–1 draw to Poland at the "Stade Vélodrome" during the first 120 minutes, he saved Jakub Błaszczykowski's attempt in a 5–3 penalty shootout win that qualified to the semi-finals. Having won the tournament with a solid display in the final, he also made the squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. On 17 November that year, he captained the side for the first time in a goalless draw with Italy in the UEFA Nations League.  As Portugal defeated the Netherlands in the 2019 UEFA Nations League Final on home soil at the "Estádio do Dragão", Patrício earned his 81st cap, thereby surpassing Vítor Baía as the nation's most capped goalkeeper.

Honours.

Club.

Sporting

International.

Portugal

Rui Pedro dos Santos Patrício (; born 15 February 1988) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for English club Wolverhampton Wanderers and the Portugal national team.

鲁伊·佩得罗·多斯·桑托斯·帕特里西奥(,,1988年-2月15日),葡萄牙职业足球员,司职守门员,现效力于英超伍尔弗汉普顿流浪,曾效力葡超球会葡萄牙体育。


History.

Founding.

The University of Houston began as Houston Junior College (HJC). On March 7, 1927, trustees of the Houston Independent School District (HISD) Board of Education unanimously passed a resolution that authorized the founding and operating of a junior college. The junior college was operated and administered by HISD.  Originally HJC was located on San Jacinto High School campus and

University beginnings.

The junior college became eligible to become a university in October 1933 when the Governor of Texas, Miriam A. Ferguson, signed House Bill 194 into law. On April 30, 1934, HISD's Board of Education adopted a resolution to make the school a four-year institution, and Houston Junior College changed its name to the University of Houston.  UH's first session as a four-year institution began June 4, 1934, at San Jacinto High School with an enrollment of 682. In 1934,

State university.

In 1953, the university established KUHT—the first educational television station in the nation—after the four-year-long Federal Communications Commission's television licensing freeze ended. During this period, however, the university as a private institution was facing financial troubles. Tuition failed to cover rising costs, and in turn, tuition increases caused a drop in enrollment.  After a lengthy battle between supporters of the University of Houston, led by school president A.D. Bruce, and forces from state universities, including the University of Texas, geared to block the change, Senate Bill 2 was passed on May 23, 1961, enabling the university to enter the state system in 1963.  The University of Houston, initially reserved for white and non-black students, was racially desegregated circa the 1960s as part of the

Restructuring and growth.

In 1997, the administrations of the UH System and the University of Houston were combined under a single chief executive officer, with the dual title of Chancellor of the UH System and President of the University of Houston. Arthur K. Smith became the first person to hold the combined position. Since 1997, the University of Houston System Administration

Campus.

The campus of the University of Houston is located in "southeast" (just SE of downtown) Houston, with an official address of 4800 Calhoun Road. It was known as University of from 1983 to 1991. The campus spans and is roughly bisected by Cullen Boulevard—a thoroughfare that has become synonymous with the university. The Third Ward Redevelopment Council defines University of Houston as being part of the Third Ward. Melissa Correa of KHOU also stated that the university is in the Third Ward.  The university campus includes numerous green spaces, fountains, and sculptures, including a work by famed sculptor Jim Sanborn. Renowned architects César Pelli and Philip Johnson have designed buildings on the UH campus. Recent campus beautification projects have garnered awards from the Keep Houston Beautiful group for improvements made to the Cullen Boulevard corridor.  The University of Houston (UH) is the flagship institution of the University of Houston System (UHS). It is a multi-campus university with a branch campus located in Sugar Land. The University of (UHCL), the University of Houston–Downtown (UHD), and the University of (UHV) are separate universities; they are not branch campuses of UH.

Campus layout.

The University of Houston's campus framework has identified the following five core areas and districts: inner campus, the Arts District, the Professional District, the Wheeler District, and the Stadium District. In addition, the campus contains several outlying areas not identified among the four districts.  The inner campus contains the academic core of the university and consists of the M.D. Anderson Library, the College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, the College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics including the Physics Department, the College of Technology, and the Honors College. The interior of the campus has the original buildings: the Roy G. Cullen Building, the Old Science Building, and the Ezekiel W. Cullen Building. Academic and research facilities include the Cullen Performance Hall, the Science and Engineering Research and Classroom Complex, and Texas Center for Superconductivity, and various other science and liberal arts buildings. This area of campus features the reflecting pool at Cullen Family Plaza, the Lynn Eusan Park, and various plazas and green spaces.  The Arts District is located in the northern part of campus and is home to the university's School of Art, the Moores School of

Facilities.

The university's Energy Research Park is a research park specializing in energy research, consisting of 74 acres and 19 acres of undeveloped land. Much of the physical property was originally developed in 1953 by the oilfield services company Schlumberger as its global headquarters. It was acquired by the university in 2009.  The University of Houston Libraries is the library system of the university. It consists of the M.D. Anderson Library and three branch libraries: the Music Library, the Weston A. Pettey Optometry Library, and the William R. Jenkins Architecture and Art Library. In addition to the libraries administered by the UH Libraries, the university also has the O'Quinn Law Library and the Conrad N. Hilton Library.  The campus has the Cynthia Woods Mitchell Center for the Performing Arts, which houses the Lyndall Finley Wortham Theatre and Moores Opera Center. The Cullen Performance Hall is a 1,544 seat proscenium theater which offers a variety of events sponsored by departments and organizations at the university in addition to contemporary music concerts, opera, modern dance, and theatrical performances put

Institutional structure.

Governance.

The University of Houston (UH) is one of four separate and distinct institutions in the University of Houston System, and was known as University of from 1983 to 1991. The University of Houston (UH) is the flagship institution of the University of Houston System (UHS). It is a multi-campus university with a branch campus located in Sugar

Administration.

The president is the chief executive officer (CEO) of the University of Houston, and serves concurrently as chancellor of the University of Houston System. The chancellor is the CEO of the UH System, and the position is appointed by its board of regents. As of January 2008, Renu Khator has been president

Academics.

The university offers 282 degree programs. With final approval of a Ph.D. in Communication Sciences and Disorders, a Doctorate in Nursing Practice, and a Doctorate in Medicine, the University will offer 51 doctoral degrees including three professional doctorate degrees in law, optometry, and pharmacy. Awarding more than 9,000 degrees annually, UH's alumni base exceeds 260,000 and is the largest in the Houston area.  UH is one of four public universities in Texas with a Phi Beta Kappa chapter. The University of Houston's faculty includes three-time Pulitzer Prize winner Edward Albee, National Medal of Science recipient Paul Chu from the Physics Department, and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Jody Williams.  The College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences has the Creative Writing Program, which was founded by alumnus Donald Barthelme and offers degrees in poetry, fiction, and non-fiction. The Gerald D. Hines College of Architecture is one of only 36 schools to have an accreditation from the National Architectural Accrediting Board.  The University of Houston's academic colleges are as follows: In August 2016, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board approved the creation of the Hobby School of Public Affairs. The school, named in honor of former Texas Lt. Gov. Bill Hobby, builds on the existing educational and research programs of the Center for Public Policy, which was founded at UH in 1981. The designation officially moves the Master of Public Policy Degree from the UH College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences to the Hobby School of Public Affairs and approves the addition of a Master of Public Policy degree as a dual degree with the Graduate College of Social Work's Master of Social Work.  In October 2018, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board approved the creation of the College of Medicine. A site has been selected for the College's new building, and the inaugural class is planned for 2020.

Rankings.

The University of Houston was ranked the 31st top college in the United States by Payscale and CollegeNet's Social Mobility Index college rankings. The "U.S. News & World Report" ranks the university No. 192 in its National University Rankings, and No. 102 among top public universities. The Princeton Review has listed UH as one of America's best colleges. The institution ranks in the Top 50 American Research Universities, and is among the Top 300 in the global Academic Ranking of World Universities.  The University of Houston Law Center was

Research.

The Carnegie Foundation classifies the University of Houston as a doctoral degree-granting institution with "highest research activity." The designation makes UH one of only six public universities in Texas with that classification.  The university conducts $150 million annually in academic and scientific research, and operates more than 40 research centers and institutes on campus. Through

Student life.

The University of Houston is notable for its diverse student body, and "U.S. News & World Report" ranks UH as the second-most ethnically diverse research university in the United States. UH's Asian and Hispanic student population is among the highest in the state. Due to the high percentage of Hispanic students on campus, UH has been deemed a Hispanic-serving institution. Its international student population is primarily from Asia.

Art, music and theatre.

Located in the Fine Arts Building, Blaffer Art Museum is a contemporary art museum dedicated to emerging, mid-career, and underrepresented artists and bodies of work through exhibitions, publications, and public programs. Its educational programs include public lectures, artists' talks, docent tours, audio guides, and youth programs such as Studio Saturday, Summer Arts, and the Young Artist Apprenticeship Program.  The Cullen Performance Hall is a 1,544 seat proscenium theater located near Entrance 1. The hall offers a variety of events sponsored by departments and organizations at the university in addition to contemporary music concerts, opera, modern dance, and theatrical performances put on

Housing.

Fifteen percent of UH students live on campus. UH has several on campus dormitories: Moody Towers, The Quadrangle, Cougar Village I & II, Cougar Place, Calhoun Lofts, Bayou Oaks, Cullen Oaks, and Cambridge Oaks.  Moody Towers, frequently just called "Moody," is one of the tallest complexes on campus and the largest area of residence halls. Each of the two towers consists of eighteen stories and together house 1,100 students. The Towers feature a newly renovated dining hall. The rooms in Moody were renovated during the summer of 2011.  The Quadrangle, also known as "The Quad," is the oldest housing area on campus and consists of several coed dorm halls: Bates, Law, Oberholtzer, Settegast, and Taub. Oberholtzer Hall features a smaller, albeit cozy dining hall. The Quadrangle houses 800 students. The rooms in The Quads were renovated during the summer of 2011. Bates Hall was the temporary home to many commuter students unable to drive home due to the flooding around campus caused

Media.

The official student newspaper is "The Cougar", formerly "The Daily Cougar", and has been published since 1927. Students also produce the "Houstonian" magazine, which acts as a yearbook; "Cooglife", a monthly lifestyle magazine; and

Traditions.

The seal of the University of Houston, officially adopted in 1938, is a stylized version of the coat-of-arms of General Sam Houston. The first official version was placed on the floor of the Roy Gustav Cullen Building.  The official colors of the University of Houston are scarlet red and albino white. These were the colors of Sam Houston's ancestor, Sir Hugh, and were adopted by UH at the same time as the official seal. Scarlet red symbolizes courage or inner strength to face the unknown, and white symbolizes the goodness and purity of spirit embodied in helping one's fellow man.  Cougar Red Friday is part of the ongoing Keep Houston Red initiative at the University of Houston. Students and staff are encouraged to wear red shirts on Friday to show pride and passion for the university.  The school's official mascot is a cougar, which was adopted in 1947 and later named Shasta. The university owned a series of female cougars, but this tradition ceased in 1989, upon the death of Shasta V. When a cougar cub was orphaned in Washington State and moved to the Houston Zoo in 2011, the university adopted it as its first live male cougar mascot.  The Frontiersmen - initially exclusive to members of the Sigma Chi fraternity, but later opened membership to the entire student body - is a group of students who participate in university events to drive school spirit. At football games, the Frontiersmen—donning cowboy hats, Wrangler Jeans, and dusters for attire—run across the field with the university's flag and the Flag of Texas after each score.  Frontier Fiesta—a re-creation of a 19th-century Western town, with music, food and historical exhibits—is a major event on campus each spring semester. The student-led festival is a part of a long-standing tradition dating back to the 1940s established by Gan Bey which later became the Sigma Chi Fraternity's Epsilon Xi chapter at UH. Frontier Fiesta attained widespread notoriety when the Sigma Chi variety show performance known as "Bella Union" garnered national attention on the cover of Life magazine as "The Greatest College Show on Earth" and soon-after drew crowds numbered in the tens of thousands from all across the country to participate in the festivities. As Frontier Fiesta grew it eventually evolved into what we know today as the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo. Although, there is still an annual "Frontier Fiesta" held on UH's campus - the Houston Rodeo is today's closest resemblance to the original Frontier Fiesta.  The BLAZE is an oil field warning siren that was chosen to represent the university's ties to the petroleum industry. The purchase of the siren was completed in 1991. The Sigma Chi Fraternity has been in charge of the siren and gave it the name "The BLAZE" in honor of its fallen brother, David Blazek.  Cougar First Impressions—a program headed by the UH Staff Council—takes place every year on the first two days of classes, when faculty and staff turn out to welcome new and returning students.

Athletics.

UH's 17-sport intercollegiate program is a member of the American Athletic Conference. Houston was previously a member of Conference USA, of which it was a member from the time the conference was formed in 1995 until 2013. During that timespan, the Cougars won 33 C-USA titles. Prior to 1995, Houston was a member of the Southwest Conference.  After 61 years of athletics at UH, other notable achievements include 16 national titles in men's golf, 1 national title in Cross-Country, five NCAA Men's Basketball Final Four appearances, and two College World Series appearances.  More than 50 Olympic athletes have attended UH, bringing home 33 medals, including 19 gold. Former Olympian and UH alumnus Leroy Burrell returned as the men's track and field head coach in 1998. In April 2014, Kelvin Sampson was named the eighth men's basketball head coach. Ronald Hughey is the current women's basketball coach. On January 1, 2019, Dana Holgorsen was named head coach of the Cougar football team.  In addition to varsity sports, the University of Houston offers a variety of intramural sports programs.

Varsity sports.

The university has an intercollegiate sports program that competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The NCAA's Division I sports at the University of Houston include baseball, basketball, cross country, American football, golf, and track and field for men; basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, and track and field for women.  The Houston Cougars football team has made 27 post-season bowl appearances and has to its credit several Southwest Conference championships and Cotton Bowl Classic appearances, as well as the 2006 Conference USA Championship and the 2015 American Athletic Conference championship. The 1989

Notable people.

Awarding more than 9,000 degrees annually, UH's alumni base exceeds 276,000. The University of Houston has seen many notable persons pass through its halls.  Jack Valenti, long-time president of the Motion Picture Association of America, creator of the MPAA film rating system, and a special assistant in the Lyndon B. Johnson administration, received his B.B.A. from UH. Artist and filmmaker Julian Schnabel is also an alumnus.  Tom Jarriel, longtime ABC News anchor, earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1956.  Dwayne Michael Carter Jr., aka Lil Wayne, is a hip-hop artist from New Orleans. He enrolled in 2005, but dropped out shortly after.  Alice Sebold, a novelist known for "Lucky" and "The Lovely Bones", and Matt Mullenweg, creator of WordPress (the most popular, open-source blogging platform), also attended the university.  Notable athletes within the list include NFL players Wilson Whitley, Glenn Montgomery, Alfred Oglesby, Craig Veasey, Donnie Avery, David Klingler, Kevin Kolb, Billy Milner, Sebastian Vollmer, Case Keenum, and Heisman Trophy winner Andre Ware; baseball stars Doug Drabek, Michael Bourn, and Brad Lincoln; golfers Fred Couples, Billy Ray Brown, Steve Elkington, and Fuzzy Zoeller; track and field legends Carl Lewis and Leroy Burrell; NBA basketball players Hakeem "The Dream" Olajuwon, Clyde "The Glide" Drexler and "The Big E" Elvin Hayes as well as Bo Outlaw, Don Chaney, Michael Young, Damon Jones, Carl Herrera and Otis Birdsong; and legendary Dallas Cowboys coach Tom Landry. The owner of the San Diego Padres and noted philanthropist John Moores holds both undergraduate and law degrees. Wade Phillips, a former head coach of the Denver Broncos, Buffalo Bills, and Dallas Cowboys, is a UH alumnus as well.  Elizabeth Warren, a U.S. Senator representing Massachusetts, a 2020 U.S. Presidential candidate, and formerly a Harvard Law School faculty member and chair of the Congressional Oversight Panel created to oversee the U.S. banking bailout during the 2008–2009 financial crisis, received her B.S. from UH in 1970. Tom DeLay, a former member and majority leader of the U.S. House of Representatives, who represented Texas's 22nd congressional district from 1984 until 2006, also attended the University of Houston. Other politicians who attended UH include Gene Green, a Democratic politician and a U.S. congressman from the state of Texas representing that state's 29th congressional district, which includes most of eastern Houston, along with large portions of Houston's eastern suburbs; and Ted Poe, a Republican politician currently representing Texas's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. Poe's district includes most of northern Houston, as well as most of the Beaumont–Port Arthur metropolitan area.  Other alumni include Jim Parsons, star of the television series "The Big Bang Theory", Brent Spiner of "", actors Robert Wuhl, Loretta Devine, Dennis Quaid, Randy Quaid, Brett Cullen, comedian Bill Hicks and former attorney and talk show host Star Jones, "Project Runway" contestants Chloe Dao and Laura Bennett, sportscasters Jim Nantz and Robert Flores, YouTuber Liza Koshy, singer and rapper Lizzo, and country music star Larry Gatlin and Kenny Rogers.  Crystle Stewart, Miss USA 2008 is a former student at the university, last attending in 2007. Jason Alkire, an artist and fashion designer, is a graduate as well.

Alumni Association.

The University of Houston Alumni Association is the official alumni association of the University of Houston. Formed in 1940, it is a nonprofit organization with a Life

The University of Houston (UH) is a public research university in Houston, Texas, and the main institution of the University of Houston System. Founded in 1927, UH is the university in Texas with over 46,000 students. Its campus spans 667 acres in southeast Houston, and was known as University of Houston–University Park from 1983 to 1991. The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity."

休士顿大学(英语:University of Houston,缩写 UH),是美国德州一所研究型大学,也是休士顿大学系统的主要学府。1927年3月7日创立,截至2018年底有超过42000名在学学生,其中研究所硕士及博士生占近7900名。校园占地667英亩(约270公顷),位于休士顿市区东南方,1983年至1991年被称为休士顿大学-大学公园。卡内基学术基金会将休士顿大学评为“具有最高研究活动的博士学位授予机构”之一。2017年《美国新闻与世界报导》在全美大学排名中排名第170位,在公立大学中排名第90位。


Historicity.

The absurdity of Meng Huo being captured and released seven times led many to doubt the story, and even of Meng Huo's existence. The Republican-era historian Zhang Hualan (張華爛) wrote in his article "Discussion on Meng Huo" (孟獲辯) that Meng was a fictional character invented by later historians, noting that the name "Huo" (獲), which means "captured" in Chinese, is too coincidental considering Meng's fate on being captured – a view shared by many academics.  Meng Huo and the record of his captures first appeared in the "Spring and Autumn Annals of the Han and Jin Dynasties", written by Xi Zuochi in the Eastern Jin dynasty, and were also detailed in the near-contemporary "Chronicles of Huayang". The Liu Song dynasty historian Pei Songzhi, when compiling his annotated version of the "Records of the Three Kingdoms", found Xi's work unreliable at times. Pei did not specifically comment on Meng Huo's historicity, but pointed out elsewhere that Xi wrote history not found in earlier records, hence the historian Fang Guoyu (方國瑜) used Pei's doubts on Xi's unreliability to challenge the story of Meng Huo's seven captures. However, Fang did not go as far as to doubt Meng Huo's existence.  Huang Chengzhong (黃承宗) of the Liangshan Yi Slave Society Museum believes Meng to be a real historical figure, though he is certain that the "seven times freed" story is fiction.  Sichuan University professor Miao Yue (繆<unk>) contended Zhuge Liang would not be able to release the leader if the latter was indeed captured. Tan Liangxiao (譚良嘯), director of the Zhuge Liang Memorial Temple in Chengdu, also stated the "seven times freed" story to be "strange and unbelievable", but like Fang and Huang, he believes Meng Huo did exist in history.

In popular culture.

Meng Huo is featured as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" video game series.

Meng Huo was popularly regarded as a local leader representing the gentries of the Nanzhong region during the Three Kingdoms period of China. The Nanzhong region part of the territories of the state of Shu Han. When the Shu Han emperor Liu Bei died in 223 CE, the local people of Nanzhong rebelled against Shu Han, stating that there were three lords claiming to be the legitimate ruler of China and they no longer knew whom they should pledge allegiance to. In retaliation, the Shu Han chancellor Zhuge Liang launched an invasion on the Nanzhong region and successfully quelled the uprising. The "Spring and Autumn Annals of the Han and Jin Dynasties" (漢晉春秋) and the "Chronicles of Huayang" recorded that Zhuge Liang captured and released the local leader seven times until he finally swore allegiance to Shu Han.

孟获,三国时期益州建宁郡人。蜀汉南方南中一带豪强,曾加入雍闿的叛军,后投降蜀汉,官至御史中丞。《三国志》中并未有其记载,见于《华阳国志》、《汉晋春秋》、《襄阳记》、《资治通鉴》、《通典》等。


Club career.

Born in Koceljeva, Santrač started playing in Takovo Gornji Milanovac youth squad, then moved to Metalac Valjevo in the early 1960s, before transferring to OFK Beograd in 1965. He spent the following nine seasons with the "Romantics", making 244 league appearances and scoring 169 goals. During that time, Santrač was the Yugoslav First League top scorer on four occasions (1968, 1970, 1972 and 1973). He also won the Yugoslav Cup in 1966, scoring a brace in the final against Dinamo Zagreb.  In 1974, after completing his mandatory military service, Santrač moved abroad and joined Swiss club Grasshoppers. He was their best scorer in both seasons during his stay with the club, before returning to OFK Beograd midway through the 1975–76 season. Santrač was transferred to Partizan in the winter of 1978, winning the league after only a few months upon arriving at the club. He spent two more seasons with the Black-Whites, before joining Galenika Zemun during the 1980–81 season.

International career.

Despite being a prolific striker during his entire active playing career, Santrač never established himself in the national team. He made only eight appearances (only 110 minutes played) for Yugoslavia between 1966 and 1974. Santrač scored one goal for the national team in a friendly against Sweden, a game that ended in a 1–1 draw.

Managerial career.

In December 1994, Santrač started his managerial career at the helm of the national team of FR Yugoslavia, while the country was still under UN sanctions. He served as their manager for almost four years, qualifying the team for the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Santrač then moved to China and took charge of Shandong Luneng, winning the double in 1999. He was also manager of Saudi Arabia (2001), and Macedonia (2005).

Death.

On 13 February 2016, Santrač died of a heart attack, aged 69. He was survived by his wife Biljana and sons Aleksandar and Nenad.

Slobodan Santrač (, ; 1 July 1946 – 13 February 2016) was a Yugoslav and Serbian football manager and player who played as a forward. He is the all-time top scorer of the Yugoslav First League with a total of 218 goals, as well as the top scorer in the history of OFK Beograd. He has scored 1301 goals overall on his career., making him the most prolific goalscorer of all time. After finishing his playing career, Santrač was manager of numerous clubs and national teams. He reached the knockout stage with FR Yugoslavia at the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France.

斯洛博丹·桑特拉奇(,Slobodan Santrač,1946年-7月1日-2016年-2月13日),前南斯拉夫足球运动员,著名教练。


Life and work.

After completing secondary school in Hamburg, Hans Reichenbach studied civil engineering at the Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart, and physics, mathematics and philosophy at various universities, including Berlin, Erlangen, Göttingen and Munich. Among his teachers were Ernst Cassirer, David Hilbert, Max Planck, Max Born and Arnold Sommerfeld.  Reichenbach was active in youth movements and student organizations, and published articles about the university reform, the freedom of research, and against anti-Semitic infiltrations in student organizations. His older brother Bernhard Reichenbach shared in this activism and went on to become a member of the Communist Workers' Party of Germany, representing this organisation on the Executive Committee of the Communist International. Hans wrote the Platform of the Socialist Student Party, Berlin which was published in 1918. The party had remained clandestine until the November Revolution when it was formally founded with him as Chairman. He also worked with Alexander Schwab at this time. However following his attending lectures by Albert Einstein in 1919, he stopped participating in political groups.  Reichenbach received a degree in philosophy from the University of Erlangen in 1915 and his Dr.phil. dissertation on the theory of probability, titled "Der Begriff der Wahrscheinlichkeit für die mathematische Darstellung der Wirklichkeit" ("The Concept of Probability for the Mathematical Representation of Reality") and supervised by Paul Hensel and Max Noether, was published in 1916. Reichenbach served during World War I on the Russian front, in the German army radio troops. In 1917 he was removed from active duty, due to an illness, and returned in Berlin. While working as a physicist and engineer, Reichenbach attended Albert Einstein's lectures on the theory of relativity in Berlin from 1917 to 1920.  In 1920 Reichenbach began teaching at the Technische Hochschule Stuttgart as "Privatdozent". In the same year, he published his first book (which was accepted as his habilitation in physics at the Technische Hochschule Stuttgart) on the philosophical implications of the theory of relativity, "The Theory of Relativity and A Priori Knowledge" ("Relativitätstheorie und Erkenntnis Apriori"), which criticized the Kantian notion of synthetic "a priori". He subsequently published "Axiomatization of the Theory of Relativity" (1924), "From Copernicus to Einstein" (1927) and "The Philosophy of Space and Time" (1928), the last stating the logical positivist view on the theory of relativity.  In 1926, with the help of Albert Einstein, Max Planck and Max von Laue, Reichenbach became assistant professor in the physics department of Humboldt University of Berlin. He gained notice for his methods of teaching, as he was easily approached and his courses were open to discussion and debate. This was highly unusual at the time, although the practice is nowadays a common one.  In 1928, Reichenbach founded the so-called "Berlin Circle" (; ). Among its members were Carl Gustav Hempel, Richard von Mises, David Hilbert and Kurt Grelling. The Vienna Circle manifesto lists 30 of Reichenbach's publications in a bibliography of closely related authors. In 1930 he and Rudolf Carnap began editing the journal "Erkenntnis" ("Knowledge").  When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, Reichenbach was immediately dismissed from his appointment at the University of Berlin under the government's so called "Race Laws" due to his Jewish ancestry. Reichenbach himself did not practise Judaism, and his mother was a German Protestant, but he nevertheless suffered problems. He thereupon emigrated to Turkey, where he headed the Department of Philosophy at the University of Istanbul. He introduced interdisciplinary seminars and courses on scientific subjects, and in 1935 he published "The Theory of Probability".  In 1938, with the help of Charles W. Morris, Reichenbach moved to the United States to take up a professorship at the University of California, Los Angeles in its Philosophy Department. Reichenbach helped establish UCLA as a leading philosophy department in the United States in the post-war period. Carl Hempel, Hilary Putnam, and Wesley Salmon were perhaps his most prominent students. During his time there, he published several of his most notable books, including "Philosophic Foundations of Quantum Mechanics" in 1944, "Elements of Symbolic Logic" in 1947, and "The Rise of Scientific Philosophy" (his most popular book) in 1951.  Reichenbach died unexpectedly of a heart attack on April 9, 1953. He was living in Los Angeles at the time, and had been working on problems in the philosophy of time and on the nature of scientific laws. As part of this he proposed a three part model of time in language, involving speech time, event time and — critically — reference time, which has been used by linguists since for describing tenses. This work resulted in two books published posthumously: "The Direction of Time" and "Nomological Statements and Admissible Operations".

Archives.

Hans Reichenbach manuscripts, photographs, lectures, correspondence, drawings and other related materials are maintained by the Archives of Scientific Philosophy, Special Collections, University Library System, University of Pittsburgh. Much of the content has been digitized. Some more notable content includes:

Hans Reichenbach (September 26, 1891 – April 9, 1953) was a leading philosopher of science, educator, and proponent of logical empiricism. He was influential in the areas of science, education, and of logical empiricism. He founded the "Gesellschaft für empirische Philosophie" (Society for Empirical Philosophy) in Berlin in 1928, also known as the “Berlin Circle”. Carl Gustav Hempel, Richard von Mises, David Hilbert and Kurt Grelling all became members of the Berlin Circle. He authored "The Rise of Scientific Philosophy". In 1930, Reichenbach and Rudolf Carnap became editors of the journal "Erkenntnis" (Knowledge). He also made lasting contributions to the study of empiricism based on a theory of probability; the logic and the philosophy of mathematics; space, time, and relativity theory; analysis of probabilistic reasoning; and quantum mechanics.

汉斯·赖欣巴哈(Hans Reichenbach,1891年9月26日——1953年4月9日)德国哲学家。出生于德国汉堡,科学哲学的先驱、柏林小组的创始人、逻辑实证主义(也称作新实证主义或者逻辑经验主义)的支持者。


History.

1620: The first bridge.

The first bridge between Copenhagen and Christianshavn was constructed in 1618-20 by Christian IV in connection with the foundation of Christianshavn. The bridge was called the "Great Amager Bridge" or "the long bridge".

1712: The second bridge.

A new wooden bridge was built in the same location in 1712. It was decorated with four Hercules sculptures by the artist Johan Christopher Sturmberg. Neither the sculptures or images of them exist today.

1816:The third bridge.

The bridge was replaced by a new, wooden bridge in 1816. The bridge had two gates which were decorated with four wooden sculptures of "The Four Winds". They were created by the sculptor Frederik Christian Willerup and are now owned by the Museum of Copenhagen.

1869: The B&W bridge.

In 1868-69, Burmeister & Wain constructed a railway bridge based on renderings from the grocers J. Adolphs and Christian August Broberg. It ran from Slotsholmsgade to Torvegade and it was therefore possible to use the old bridge while it was built. It opened on 1 August 1869.

1908: Axel Berg's bridge.

A new railway bridge was built in 1908. It was designed by the architect Axel Berg and had two characteristic pavilions. It was built by the Port Authority's building master H. C. V. Møller and opened on 30 December 1908. It ran from Børsgade to Torvegade.

1937: The current bridge.

In the first half of the 1930s, it was once again decided to build a new bridge. It was decided to build it at the same site as the old one and it was therefore necessary to build a temporary bridge. It was in use from 1934 to 1937.  The current Knippelsbro was inaugurated on 17 December 1947. It was designed by Kaj Gottlob and built by Wright, Thomsen & Kier in collaboration with Burmeister & Wain.

Name.

The bridge was originally known as Store Amager Bro (English: Great Amager Bridge) or Langebro (English: Long Bridge) and from around 1700 Christianshavns Bro (English: Christianshavn's Bridge) is seen. The current name stems from Hans Knip who became bridge caretaker in 1641, in charge of operating the bridge and collecting tolls from passing ships. His house became known as Knippenshus and during the 17th century the bridge became known as Knippensbro. The current form of the name is seen from the second half of the 19th century but has never been officially approved.

Knippelsbro (English: Knippel Bridge) is a bascule bridge across the Inner Harbour of Copenhagen, Denmark, connecting Børsgade (English: Stock Exchange Street) on Zealand-side Slotsholmen to Torvegade (English: Market Street) on Christianshavn. It is one of only two bridges to carry motor vehicles across the harbour in central Copenhagen, the other being Langebro.

克尼普桥(Knippelsbro)是位于丹麦首都哥本哈根的一座桥梁,是一座上开桥。这座桥梁也是哥本哈根市中心港口仅有的两座机动车可以通行的桥梁,另外一座是长桥。现在的克尼普桥是第五代桥梁,全长115米,竣工于1937年。该桥也出现在丹麦克朗纸币的设计上。


History.

Founding.

The WCL was founded at The Hague in 1920 under the name of the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions (IFCTU) as a confederation of trade unions associated with the Christian Democratic parties of Europe. Originally catering to Roman Catholic constituencies, the IFCTU was designed to provide an alternative to the secular trade unions in Europe at the time, basing its foundation on the "Rerum novarum" and the "Quadragesimo anno".  The first statutes adopted by the group proclaimed its intention to struggle not only for workers' labour rights, but also values like human dignity, democracy, and international solidarity. Jos Serrarens became the first secretary-general of the IFCTU; Joseph Scherrer was its first president.

Rise of fascism and World War II.

In the late 1920s, global economic tumult compounded the growth of authoritarian governments in Europe, which the IFCTU opposed. In response, German officials of the 1930s sent the group's leaders to Nazi concentration camps, and Benito Mussolini banned its Italian affiliate.  During World War II, German forces occupying The Netherlands destroyed the organization's secretariat, and it became inactive until 1945. The federation had difficulty renewing ties with most of its affiliates in Eastern Europe after the end of the war.

Cold War era.

When the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) was founded in September 1945, it invited the IFCTU to join. Delegates to an October congress in Brussels voted to reject the invitation, on the grounds that the WFTU's global unity was "too artificial".  The matter of affiliation with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) is in dispute. The website of the WCL reports that it "preferred to remain independent," particularly in order to criticize both capitalist and communist abuses. However, according to the International Institute of Social History, member unions of the ICFTU were opposed to affiliating with the Christian organization.

WCL reformation.

In the late 1950s, the IFCTU found itself working more frequently with Muslim and Buddhist workers in Asia and Africa. In 1959, the IFCTU convened a seminar in Saigon to determine the possibilities for points of unity among world religions in matters of social behaviour.  In 1968, delegates to the organization's 16th congress in Luxembourg voted to transform it into the World Confederation of Labour (WCL). Breaking with the federation's strictly Christian ideology of the past, the newly adopted Declaration of Principles stated it would henceforth be guided by "either a spiritual concept based on the conviction that man and universe are created by God, or other concepts that lead together with it to a common effort to build a human community united in freedom, dignity, justice and brotherhood."

Globalization and ITUC merger.

As globalization became more of a threat to union membership throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the WCL increased its efforts to carry out a similar global unification of labour leadership. Its 1993 congress in Mauritius attempted to lay out a concrete strategy for responding to business attacks on organized labour around the world. The WCL soon obtained consultative status within the International Labour Organization and joined the International Council of the World Social Forum.  The WCL was formally dissolved on 31 October 2006 when it merged with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) to form the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC).

Areas of activity.

The WCL had nine areas of labour activity where it focused work.

Human rights and international labour standards.

The WCL worked to enforce respect for international law, especially as codified by the ILO. The organization also sought to introduce labour standards into international trade policies.

Women workers.

The World Women's Committee of the WCL convened "representatives from the continents" annually to advocate for women workers and address problems specific to female labourers.

Child labour.

The WCL worked in support of the Global March Against Child Labour and advocated for ILO Convention 182, which addressed serious forms of child labour. The organization also assisted with the First World Congress of Child Workers.

Migrant workers.

The rights of migrants — as humans and as workers — was a particular focus of the WCL's work, especially given its increased presence in a globalized economy.

Economics and society.

Pursuant to the rise of globalization and interest in taking a larger view of macroeconomic policy, the WCL set up a socio-economic programme to address issues of such a scope. In addition to advocacy around matters at the World Trade Organization, the federation sought to reform the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.

Informal economy.

Workers in a society's informal economy — 60 to 90% of the active work population of Africa, according to the ILO — function outside of regulatory and government oversight. The WCL worked to help train local advocates and provide relief to workers in need, including a recycling program for informal economy workers in Brazil.

Training.

The WCL worked to provide capacity building among its various member organizations, training local unionists in areas of recruitment, dues systems, and communications.

Trade action.

The information clearinghouse of the WCL, Trade Action served to promote training; facilitate exchange of knowledge and advice; and support members' participation at meetings of international institutions. It also produced a newsletter, "The World of Trade Action".

International solidarity foundation.

The WCL created the International Solidarity Foundation (ISF) to promote cross-country worker unity and provide emergency assistance (from a Solidarity Fund, established in 1958) to organizations in need. After the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, the ISF launched a solidarity campaign to assist workers and organizers in the region. The foundation worked in partnership with a variety of other groups, including the Confederation of Christian Trade Unions, the Christelijk Nationaal Vakverbond, and the National Trade Union Confederation (Romania).

Affiliated secretariats.

The federation had numerous affiliated trade secretariats, which changed over time. They were smaller that those affiliated to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), and some unions affiliated to the WCL chose instead to affiliate to an ICFTU secretariat.

The World Confederation of Labour (WCL) was an international labour organization founded in 1920 and based in Europe. Totalitarian governments of the 1930s repressed the federation and imprisoned many of its leaders, limiting operations until the end of World War II. In 2006 it became part of the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), ending its existence as an independent organization.

世界劳工联合会(简称世界劳联,缩写WCL)是一个天主教国际工会组织。世界劳联在第三世界设有区域性组织:亚洲工会兄弟会、美洲和加勒比地区的拉美工会中心、非洲工人工会民主组织。