Background.

Austria-Hungary precipitated the Bosnian crisis of 1908–09 by annexing the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which it had occupied since 1878. This angered the Kingdom of Serbia and its patron, the Pan-Slavic and Orthodox Russian Empire. Russian political manoeuvring in the region destabilised peace accords that were already unravelling in what was known as "the powder keg of Europe".  In 1912 and 1913, the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League of Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro and the fracturing Ottoman Empire. The resulting Treaty of London further shrank the Ottoman Empire by creating an independent Principality of Albania and enlarging the territorial holdings of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece. When Bulgaria attacked both Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913, it lost most of its Macedonian region to those countries, and additionally the Southern Dobruja region to Romania and Adrianople (the present-day city of Edirne) to Turkey in the 33-day Second Balkan War, which further destabilized the region.  On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb student and member of a multi-ethnic organisation of national revolutionaries called Young

Military forces.

Austro-Hungarian.

The standing peacetime Austro-Hungarian army had some 36,000 officers and non-commissioned officers and 414,000 enlisted personnel. During the mobilization, this number was increased to a total of 3,350,000 men of all ranks. The operational army had over 1,420,000 men, and a further 600,000 were allocated to support and logistic units (train, munition and supply columns, etc.) while the rest – around 1,350,000 – were reserve troops available for replacing losses and the formation of new units. This vast manpower allowed the Austro-Hungarian army to replace its losses regularly and keep units at their formation strength. According to some sources, during 1914 there were on average 150,000 men per month sent to replace the losses in the field army. During 1915 these numbers rose to 200,000 per month. According to the official Austrian documents in the period from September until the end of December 1914, some 160,000 replacement troops were sent to the Balkan theater of war, as well as 82,000 reinforcements as part of newly formed units.  The pre-war Austro-Hungarian plan for invasion of Serbia envisioned the concentration of three armies (2nd, 5th and 6th)

Serbian.

The Serbian military command issued orders for the mobilization of its armed forces on 25 July and the mobilization began the following day. By 30 July, the mobilization was completed and the troops began to be deployed according to the war plan. Deployments were completed by 9 August, when all of the troops had arrived at their designated strategic positions. During mobilization, Serbia raised approximately 450,000 men of three age-defined classes (or bans) called "poziv", which comprised all able-bodied men between 21

Comparative strength.

These figures detail the number of all Austro-Hungarian troops concentrated on the southern (Serbian) theater of war at the beginning of August 1914 and the resources of the entire Serbian army (the number of troops actually available for the operations on both sides was however somewhat less): Serbia's ally Montenegro mustered an army of some 45–50,000 men, with only 14 modern quick firing field

Order of battle.

Austro-Hungarian army.

August 1914:

1914.

The Serbian campaign started on 28 July 1914, when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and her artillery shelled Belgrade the following day. On August 12 the Austro-Hungarian armies crossed the border, the Drina River (see map).  Initially, three out of six Austro-Hungarian armies were mobilized at the Serbian frontier, but due to Russian intervention, the 2nd Army was redirected east to the Galician theater. However, since the railroad lines leading to Galicia were busy with transport of other troops, the 2nd Army could only start its departure northward on 18 August. In order to make use of the temporary presence of the 2nd Army, AOK allowed parts of it to be used in the Serbian campaign until that date. Eventually, AOK directed significant parts of the 2nd Army (around four divisions) to assist General Potiorek's main force and postponed their transportation to Russia until the last week of August. Defeats suffered in the first invasion of Serbia eventually forced AOK to transfer two divisions from 2nd Army to Potiorek's army permanently.  The V and VI Austro-Hungarian Armies had about 270,000 men who were much better equipped than the Serbs. Overall, Austro-Hungarian command was in the hands of General Potiorek. The Austro-Hungarian Empire had the third largest population in Europe in 1914, behind Russia and Germany (almost twelve times the population of the Kingdom of Serbia), giving it an enormous manpower advantage.

Battle of Cer.

Potiorek rushed the attack against Serbia from northern Bosnia with his Fifth Army, supported by elements of the Second Army from Syrmia. The Second Army was due to be transported to Galicia to face the Russians at the end of August, but he made use of it until then. The Sixth was positioning itself in southern Bosnia and was not yet able to commence offensive operations. Potiorek's desire was to win a victory before Emperor Franz Joseph's birthday and to knock Serbia out as soon as possible. Thus

Battle of Drina.

Under pressure from its allies, Serbia conducted a limited offensive across the Sava river into the Austro-Hungarian region of Syrmia with its Serbian First Army. The main operational goal was to delay the transport of the Austro-Hungarian Second Army to the Russian front. The objective was shown to be futile as forces of the Second Army were already in transport. Meanwhile, the Timok division I of the Serbian Second Army suffered a heavy defeat in a diversionary crossing, suffering around

Battle of Kolubara.

Having thus weakened the Serbian army, the Austro-Hungarian Army launched another massive attack on 5 November. The Serbs withdrew step by step, offering strong resistance at the Kolubara River, but to no avail, due to the lack of artillery ammunition. It was at that time that General Živojin Mišić was made commander of the battered First Army, replacing the wounded Petar Bojović. He insisted on a deep withdrawal in order to give the troops some much-needed rest and to shorten the front. Marshal Putnik finally relented, but the consequence was the abandonment of the capital city of Belgrade. After suffering heavy losses, the Austro-Hungarian Army entered the city on 2 December. This action led Potiorek to move the whole Fifth Army into the Belgrade area and use it to crush the Serbian right flank. This, however, left the Sixth alone for a few days to face the whole Serbian army.  At this point, artillery ammunition finally arrived from France and Greece. In addition, some replacements were sent to the units and Marshal Putnik correctly sensed that the Austro-Hungarian forces were dangerously overstretched and weakened in the previous offensives, so he ordered a full-scale

1915.

Prelude.

Early in 1915, with Ottoman defeats at the Battle of Sarikamish and in the First Suez Offensive, the German Chief of the General Staff Erich von Falkenhayn tried to convince the Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff, Conrad von Hötzendorf, of the importance of conquering Serbia. If Serbia were taken, then the Germans would have a direct rail link from Germany through Austria-Hungary, then down to Istanbul and beyond. This would allow the Germans to send military supplies and even troops to help the Ottoman Empire. While this was hardly in Austria-Hungary's interests, the Austro-Hungarians did want to defeat Serbia. However, Russia

Opposing forces.

During the preceding nine months, the Serbs had tried and failed to rebuild their battered armies and improve their supply situation. Despite their efforts, the Serbian Army was only about 30,000 men stronger than at the start of the war (around 225,000) and was still badly equipped. Although Britain and France had talked about sending serious military forces to Serbia, nothing was done until it was too late. When Bulgaria began mobilizing,

Course of the campaign.

The Austro-Hungarians and Germans began their attack on 7 October with their troops crossing the Drina and Sava rivers, covered by heavy artillery fire. Once they crossed the Danube, the Germans and Austro-Hungarians moved on Belgrade itself. Vicious street fighting ensued, and the Serbs' resistance in the city was finally crushed on 9 October.  Then, on 14 October, the Bulgarian Army attacked from the north of Bulgaria towards Niš and from the south towards Skopje (see map). The Bulgarian First Army defeated the Serbian Second Army at the Battle of Morava, while the Bulgarian Second Army defeated the Serbians at the Battle of Ovche

1916–1918.

The Serbian army was evacuated to Greece and joined up with the Allied Army of the Orient. They then fought a trench war against the Bulgarians on the Macedonia Front. The Macedonian front in the beginning was mostly static. French and Serbian forces re-took limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing Bitola on 19 November 1916 as a result of the costly Monastir Offensive, which brought stabilization of the front.  French and Serbian troops finally made a breakthrough in the Vardar Offensive in 1918, after most of the German and Austro-Hungarian troops had withdrawn. This breakthrough was significant in defeating Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary, which led to the final victory of World War I. After the Allied breakthrough, Bulgaria capitulated on 29 September 1918. Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly

End of the War.

The ramifications of the war were manifold. When World War I ended, the Treaty of Neuilly awarded Western Thrace to Greece, whereas Serbia received some minor territorial concessions from Bulgaria. Austria-Hungary was broken apart, and Hungary lost much land to

Casualties.

Before the war, the Kingdom of Serbia had 4,500,000 inhabitants. According to "The New York Times", 150,000 people are estimated to have died in 1915 alone during the worst typhus epidemic in world history. With the aid of the American Red Cross and 44 foreign governments, the outbreak was brought under control by the end of the year. The number of civilian deaths is estimated by some sources at 650,000, primarily due to the typhus outbreak and famine, but also direct clashes with the occupiers. Serbia's casualties accounted for 8% of the total Allied military deaths. 58% of the regular Serbian Army (420,000 strong) perished during the conflict. According to the Serb sources, the total number of casualties is placed around 1,000,000: 25% of Serbia's prewar size, and an absolute majority (57%) of its overall male population. "L.A. Times" and "N.Y. Times" also cited early Serbian sources which claimed over 1,000,000 victims in their respective articles. Modern western and non-Serb historians put the casualties number either at 45,000 military deaths and 650,000 civilian deaths or 127,355 military deaths and 82,000 civilian deaths. The extent of the Serbian demographic disaster can be illustrated by the statement of the Bulgarian Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov: "Serbia ceased to exist" ("New York Times", summer 1917). In July 1918 the US Secretary of State Robert Lansing urged the Americans of all religions to pray for Serbia in their respective churches.  The Serbian Army suffered a staggering number of casualties. It was largely destroyed near the end of the war, falling from about 420,000 at its peak to about 100,000 at the moment of liberation.  The Serb sources claim that the Kingdom of Serbia lost 1,100,000 inhabitants during the war. Of 4.5 million people, there were 275,000 military deaths and 450,000 among the ordinary citizenry. The civilian deaths were attributable mainly to food shortages and the effects of epidemics such as Spanish flu. In addition to the military deaths, there were 133,148 wounded. According to the Yugoslav government in 1924, Serbia lost 365,164 soldiers, or 26% of all mobilized personnel, while France suffered 16.8%, Germany 15.4%, Russia 11.5%, and Italy 10.3%.  At the end of the war, there were 114,000 disabled soldiers and 500,000 orphaned children.

Attacks against ethnic Serb civilians.

The assassination in Sarajevo of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, was followed by violent anti-Serb demonstrations of angry Croats and Muslims in the city during the evening of 28 June 1914 and for much of the following day. This happened because most Croats and many Muslims considered the archduke the best hope for the establishment of a South Slav political entity within the Habsburg Empire. The crowd directed its anger principally at shops owned

The Serbian Campaign is the series of campaigns launched against Serbia at the beginning of the First World War. The first campaign began after Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914, the campaign to "punish" Serbia, under the command of Austrian Oskar Potiorek, ended after three unsuccessful Austro-Hungarian invasion attempts were repelled by the Serbs and their Montenegrin allies. Serbia's defeat of the Austro-Hungarian invasion of 1914 ranks as one of the great upsets of modern military history.

塞尔维亚战役是第一次世界大战中最早开始的一场战役,始于1914年7月奥匈帝国入侵塞尔维亚王国,一直持续到1918年11月第一次世界大战结束。战场从多瑙河沿岸延伸至马其顿与希腊边境;几乎每一个主要参战国都投入了这场战役之中,最终以协约国胜利告终,奥匈帝国在战后解体,塞尔维亚军队在1918年11月1日凯旋返回贝尔格莱德。


History.

Speculation about the product began shortly after Apple released the iPad 2, which featured front and back cameras as well as a dual-core Apple A5 processor. Speculation increased after news of a 2,048-by-1,536 pixel screen leaked. During this time, the tablet was called the "iPad 3", a colloquial name sometimes still used after the release. On February 9, 2012, John Paczkowski of All Things Digital stated that "Apple’s not holding an event in February—strange, unusual or otherwise. But it is holding one in March—to launch its next iPad." Another common rumor at the time was that the tablet would have an Apple A6 processor.  On February 29, 2012, Apple announced a media event scheduled for March 7, 2012, at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts. The company did not predisclose the subject of the event, but analysts widely expected the event to announce a new version of the iPad. The announcement affected the tablet resale market positively.  At the event, Apple CEO Tim Cook introduced, a Japanese version of Siri, and the third-generation Apple TV before the third-generation iPad. Cook claimed that the new product would be one of the main contributors to the emerging "post-PC world"—a world in which digital life would not be tied to the PC.  The March 16, 2012, release included eight countries including Australia, Canada, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. The March 23, 2012, release included many European countries, Mexico and Macau. The April 20, 2012, release added a dozen countries including South Korea and Malaysia. The April 27, 2012, release added nine more countries, including India and South Africa. May 2012 releases added 31 countries, including Brazil and Turkey.  On October 23, 2012, upon the announcement of the fourth-generation iPad, the third-generation iPad was discontinued. In response to criticism from its owners, the return policy of select Apple Stores was briefly extended to thirty days to allow customers to exchange the third-generation model for the fourth-generation model.

Features.

Software.

The third-generation iPad shipped with iOS 5.1, which was released on March 7, 2012. It can act as a hotspot with some carriers, sharing its internet connection over Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or USB, providing that it is a Wi-Fi + Cellular model. It can also access the App Store, a digital application distribution platform for iOS developed and maintained by Apple. The service allows users to browse and download applications from the iTunes Store that were developed with Xcode and the iOS SDK and were published through Apple. From the App Store, GarageBand, iMovie, iPhoto, and the iWork apps (Pages, Keynote, and Numbers) are available.  The iPad comes with several pre-installed applications, including Safari, Mail, Photos, Videos, YouTube, Music, iTunes, App Store, Maps, Notes, Calendar, Game Center, Photo Booth, and Contacts. Like all iOS devices, the iPad can sync content and other data with a Mac or PC using iTunes, although iOS 5 and later can be managed and backed up without a computer. Although the tablet is not designed to make phone calls over a cellular network, users can use a headset or the built-in speaker and microphone and place phone calls over Wi-Fi or cellular using a VoIP application, such as Skype. The device has dictation, using the same voice recognition technology as the iPhone 4S. The user speaks and the iPad types what they say on the screen provided that the iPad is connected to a Wi-Fi or cellular network.  The third-generation device has an optional iBooks application, which displays books and other ePub-format content downloaded from the iBookstore. Several major book publishers including Penguin Books, HarperCollins, Simon & Schuster and Macmillan have committed to publishing books for the device. Despite being a direct competitor to both the Amazon Kindle and Barnes & Noble Nook, both Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble offer e-reader apps for the iPad.  On September 19, 2012, iOS 6, which contains 200 new features, was released. The iOS 6 update includes new features such as Apple Maps, which replaced a mapping application operated by Google, Facebook integration and the ability to operate Siri on the third-generation iPad.  The third-generation iPad is compatible with iOS 7, which was released in 2013. Although complete support, some newer features such as AirDrop that were released to newer models were not supported. This is the similar support that was also given on the iPhone 4S.  iOS 8 is also supported by the third-generation iPad. However, some features have been stripped down.  iOS 9 supports the third-generation iPad as well. It is the fifth major iOS release that this model supports. The iOS 9 public beta was also compatible with it. This model has been supported for more than 3 years.  iOS 9.3.5 is the latest and final version to support the Wi-Fi only iPad 3rd generation model while the Wi-Fi + Cellular models run iOS 9.3.6.

2019 GPS rollover update.

On July 22, 2019 Apple released iOS 9.3.6 for the WiFi + Cellular models of the third-generation iPad to fix issues caused by the GPS week number rollover. The issues would impact accuracy of GPS location and set the device's date and time to an incorrect value, preventing connection to HTTPS servers and, consequently, Apple's servers for activation, iCloud and the iTunes and App stores. The WiFi model is not affected by the rollover as it lacks a GPS chipset.

Jailbreaking.

Researchers demonstrated within hours of the product release that the third-generation iPad can be "jailbroken" to use applications and programs that are not authorized by Apple. The third-generation iPad can be jailbroken with Redsn0w 0.9.12 or Absinthe 2.0. Jailbreaking violates the factory warranty. One of the main reasons for jailbreaking is to expand the feature set limited by Apple and its App Store. Most jailbreaking tools automatically install Cydia, a native iOS APT client used for finding and installing software for jailbroken iOS devices. Many apps unapproved by Apple are extensions and customizations for iOS and other apps. Users install these programs to personalize and customize the interface, adding desired features and fixing annoyances, and simplify app development by providing access to the filesystem and command-line tools. However, Apple often patches the exploits used by jailbreaking teams with iOS updates. This is why the iPad 3rd Generation is not always jailbreakable.

Hardware.

The device has an Apple A5X SoC with a 1 GHz dual-core 32-bit Cortex-A9 CPU and a quad-core PowerVR SGX543MP4 GPU; 1 GB of RAM; a 5-megapixel, rear-facing camera capable of 1080p video recording; and a VGA front-facing videophone camera designed for FaceTime. The display resolution is 2,048 by 1,536 (QXGA) with 3.1 million pixels—four times more than the iPad 2—providing even scaling from the prior model. The new iPad is thicker than its predecessor by 0.6 mm and is heavier by 51 grams for the Wi-Fi model (652 grams). The Wi-Fi + Cellular models (both at 662 grams) are 49 grams heavier for the AT&T model and 55 grams heavier for the Verizon model compared to the respective iPad 2 3G models (AT&T 3G iPad 2 is 613 grams, and Verizon 3G iPad 2 is 607 grams).  There are four physical switches on the third-generation iPad, including a home button near the display that returns the user to the home screen, and three plastic switches on the sides: "wake/sleep" and "volume up/down", plus a software-controlled switch whose function varies with software update. The display responds to other sensors: an ambient light sensor to adjust screen brightness and a 3-axis accelerometer to sense orientation and to switch between portrait and landscape modes. Unlike the iPhone and iPod Touch's built-in applications, which work in three orientations (portrait, landscape-left and landscape-right), the iPad's built-in applications support screen rotation in all four orientations, including upside-down. Consequently, the device has no intrinsic "native" orientation; only the relative position of the home button changes.  The tablet is manufactured either with or without the capability to communicate over a cellular network; all models can connect to a wireless LAN. The third-generation iPad optionally has 16, 32, or 64 GB of internal flash memory, with no expansion option. Apple sells a "camera connection kit" with an SD card reader, but it can only be used to transfer photos and videos.  The audio playback of the third-generation iPad has a frequency response of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Without third-party software it can play the following audio formats: HE-AAC, AAC, Protected AAC, MP3, MP3 VBR, Audible formats (2, 3, 4, AEA, AAX, and AAX+), ALAC, AIFF, and WAV. A preliminary tear-down of the third-generation iPad by IHS iSuppli showed the likely costs for a 16 GB Wi-Fi + Cellular model at $358.30, 32 GB at $375.10, and 64 GB at $408.70 respectively.  This iPad uses an internal rechargeable lithium-ion polymer (LiPo) battery. The batteries are made in Taiwan by Simplo Technology (60%) and Dynapack International Technology. The iPad is designed to be charged with a high current of 2 amps using the included 10 W USB power adapter and USB cord with a USB connector at one end and a 30-pin dock connector at the other end. While it can be charged by an older USB port from a computer, these are limited to 500 milliamps (0.5 amps). As a result, if the iPad is in use while powered by a computer, it may charge very slowly, or not at all. High-power USB ports found in newer computers and accessories provide full charging capabilities.  Apple claims that the battery can provide up to 10 hours of video, 140 hours of audio playback, or one month on standby; people say the battery lasts about 8 hours doing normal tasks. Like any rechargeable battery, the iPad's battery loses capacity over time. However, the iPad's battery is not user-replaceable. In a program similar to iPod and iPhone battery-replacement programs, Apple promised to replace an iPad that does not hold an electrical charge with a refurbished unit for a fee of US$99 plus $6.95 shipping. User data is not preserved/transferred. The refurbished unit comes with a new case. The warranty on the refurbished unit may vary between jurisdictions.

Accessories.

The Smart Cover, introduced with the iPad 2, is a screen protector that magnetically attaches to the face of the iPad. The cover has three folds which allow it to convert into a stand, which is also held together by magnets. The Smart Cover can also assume other positions by folding it. While original iPad owners could purchase a black case that included a similarly folding cover, the Smart Cover is simpler, easily detachable, and protects only the screen. Smart Covers have a microfiber bottom that cleans the front of the iPad, and wakes up the unit when the cover is removed. It comes in five colors of both polyurethane and the more expensive leather.  Apple offers several other accessories, most of which are adapters for the proprietary 30-pin dock connector, the only port besides the headphone jack. A dock holds the iPad upright at an angle, and has a dock connector and audio line-out port. The iPad can use Bluetooth keyboards that also work with Macs and PCs. The iPad can be charged by a standalone power adapter ("wall charger") compatible with iPods and iPhones, and a 10-watt charger is included.

Reception.

Critical reception.

The third-generation iPad received positive reviews, receiving praise for its Retina display, camera, processor and LTE capabilities. According to Walt Mossberg of All Things Digital, the new model "has the most spectacular display...seen in a mobile device" and holds the crown as "the best tablet on the planet." Jonathan Spira, writing in "Frequent Business Traveler", claimed that it "seems to make everything sharper and clearer."

Issues.

Cellular problems.

Criticism followed the news that in markets outside the US, the tablet cannot communicate with LTE due to its use of 700 MHz and 700/2,100 MHz frequencies, respectively, versus 800 MHz, 1.8 GHz and 2.6 GHz used elsewhere. Soon after the launch, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) took Apple to court for breaking four provisions of Australian consumer law. They alleged that Apple's promotion of the tablet in Australia as the 'iPad Wi-Fi + 4G' misled customers, as the name indicates that it would work on Australia's then-current 4G network. Apple responded to this by offering a full refund to all customers in Australia who purchased the Wi-Fi + Cellular model (when it was previously named "Wi-Fi + 4G") of the iPad.  On April 20, 2012, Apple stated that HSPA+ networks in Australia are 4G, even though the speeds are slower than that of LTE. A month later, on June 21, 2012, Apple was sued for A$2.25 million for false advertising in Australia. In its advertisements Apple claimed that the new iPad was 4G LTE compatible. However, it didn't work with the Telstra LTE mobile data network in Australia. Apple was fined A$2.25 million and was ordered to pay A$300,000 in costs.  Apple agreed to remove all references to 4G (LTE) capability in its UK advertising but as of August had not done so. There was no widespread 4G (LTE) network in the UK at the time, and the third-generation iPad would also be incompatible with future 4G (LTE) networks when they did roll-out there. The Advertising Standards Authority received consumer complaints on the matter. Apple offered to refund customers who bought the device after being misled by the advertising. The result of numerous complaints and lawsuits against Apple regarding the use of the term 4G in their advertisements prompted Apple to rename its "4G" service to "Cellular", with this change appearing on Apple's website on May 13, 2012.

Overheating.

Many users reported abnormally high temperatures on the casing of the unit, especially after running 3D games. If used while plugged in, the rear of the new iPad became as much as hotter than an iPad 2. The difference unplugged was. Thermal imaging tests revealed that the iPad can reach. At this temperature it was warm to touch but not uncomfortable when held for a brief period. In a follow-up report, Consumer Reports said, they "don't believe the temperatures we recorded in our tests of the new iPad represent a safety concern."

Performance.

The claimed superiority of the A5X over the Tegra 3 processor was questioned around launch time by competitor Nvidia; some benchmarks later confirmed the iPad's superiority in graphics performance, while other benchmarks show that the Tegra 3 has greater performance in some areas.

Criticism.

Consumer Reports gave the third-generation iPad a top rating and recommendation, claiming that the tablet was "superb", "very good", and "very fast", and that the 4G network, the Retina display, and overall performance were positive attributes. They elaborated on the display quality, stating that the third-generation iPad was "the best we’ve seen." The iPad's new display was a large enough improvement to prompt Consumer Reports to rate it "excellent," and consequently downgraded the display of other tablets (including the iPad 2) from "excellent" to "very good." As with the preceding models (see the parent article on the iPad), iOS' closed and proprietary nature garnered criticism, particularly by digital rights advocates such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation, computer engineer and activist Brewster Kahle, Internet-law specialist Jonathan Zittrain, and the Free Software Foundation who protested the iPad's introductory event and have targeted the iPad with their "Defective by Design" campaign.

Commercial reception.

Pre-orders were so high for the third-generation iPad that later orders were quoted shipping times of "two to three weeks" after the order was placed. Apple said that "customer response to the new iPad has been off the charts and the quantity available for pre-order has been purchased." Despite the delayed shipping, many users chose to purchase the iPad online instead of waiting in line at the Apple Store. According to an Apple press release, three million units were sold in the first three days. The iPad was purchased mainly by a younger, male demographic. Most of the buyers were either "die-hard Apple fans" or had previously purchased an iPad. An Apple retailer in Dayton, Ohio, claimed that the demand for the tablet was "chaotic" and claimed that its launch was "drastically more significant than the iPad 2 launch." By Q2 of 2012, Apple would hit an all-time high, claiming 69.6 percent of the global tablet market.

The third-generation iPad (marketed as The new iPad, colloquially referred to as the iPad 3) is a tablet computer, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. The third device in the iPad line of tablets, it added a Retina Display, the new Apple A5X chip with a quad-core graphics processor, a 5-megapixel camera, HD 1080p video recording, voice dictation, and support for LTE networks in North America. It shipped with iOS 5, which also provides a platform for audio-visual media, including electronic books, periodicals, films, music, computer games, presentations and web browsing.

第三代iPad(正式名称为新iPad,而iPad 3为俗称)是指苹果公司于2012年3月7日发表的继第一代iPad和第二代iPad之后的平板电脑。此机型配备Retina显示屏,能提供比前两代iPad更清晰、比拟高清电视的图文分辨率。在网络连接方式上,能选择可由指定网络供应商供应4G LTE网络连接上因特网(Wi-Fi+Cellular)的机型,或仅由Wi-Fi上网的机型。


Style.

The original song conceived as the closing credits of the movie was "Frodo's Song" (which exists only in mock-up form), which became "Use Well the Days," written by Howard Shore. The song was Frodo singing to Sam as he left Middle Earth and includes Frodo’s lament in the middle of “The Grey Havens." Director Peter Jackson felt that the song wasn't a good fit as a concluding song for the series, so Shore began to try to write a different closing credits song. As he did, Cameron Duncan, a young New Zealand filmmaker whose work had impressed Jackson and his team, was dying from cancer at 16-years old, and his imminent passing inspired film writer Fran Walsh, composer Howard Shore, and singer Annie Lennox to write "Into the West." The first public performance of the song was at Duncan's funeral.  The melody of the song is one of the musical themes used in the music written for the film, representing the Grey Havens and the land of Valinor that lies beyond. It is used subtly when Gandalf describes the vision of Valinor to Pippin in Minas Tirith, and later triumphantly as Sam carries Frodo up Mount Doom. It returns in cellos and humming voices during the Grey Havens' scenes. The song itself soon follows, with a prominent guitar solo that opens and closes it and continues to accompany the song throughout, and a heartbeat-like motif played by bodhrán drums underneath.  Lyrics from the song come primarily from Legolas’s lament at the end of book 6 chapter 4, "The Field of Cormallen" and the parting scene at the Grey Havens and Frodo’s experience approaching Eressea and Valinor at the end of book 6 chapter 9 "The Grey Havens." The song's meaning has been viewed from a myriad of perspectives: Galadriel singing to Frodo as she welcomes him to the ship, a bittersweet Elvish lament sung by Legolas for those who had sailed across the Sundering Sea, Sam’s feelings towards Frodo as they complete their task and prepare to die on Mount Doom, or even Death itself singing to each member of the fellowship as they prepare to pass away.

Versions.

The song has five different versions, in addition to the version used in "Return of the King" (with the orchestral ending). Promos were made available in late November 2003.

Awards.

The song won the Oscar for Best Original Song at the 76th Academy Awards, one of "Return of the King"'s eleven wins. Lennox also performed the song live at the ceremony; coincidentally, Lennox's performance was one of several introduced by Liv Tyler, who appeared as Arwen in the film.

"Into the West" is a song performed by Annie Lennox, and the end-credit song of the 2003 film "". It is written by Lennox, "Return of the King" producer and co-writer Fran Walsh, and composed and co-written by the film's composer Howard Shore. The song plays in full during the closing credits of "Return of the King", although instrumental music from the song (which forms the theme of the Grey Havens) plays at other points during the film itself.

英语:Into the West是一首由安妮·蓝妮克丝演唱的歌曲,也是2003年电影《魔戒三部曲:王者再临》的片尾曲。本曲由蓝妮克丝、电影制作人与共同编剧法兰·沃许与电影编曲霍华·萧共同创作,于2003年电影《魔戒三部曲:王者再临》的片尾当中演奏。该曲后来被新西兰歌手尤利娅·汤森德、威尔·马丁与美国歌手彼得·霍蓝斯翻唱过。2014年,德国阿卡贝拉重金属乐团Van Canto在第5张专辑"Dawn of the Brave"当中收录并翻唱该曲。


放手去爱 (泰勒·斯威夫特专辑)

Background.

Prior to stardom, Swift received a publishing contract with Sony/ATV Music. Over the course of that period, Swift composed over 250 songs, either alone or collaborating with other songwriters, mostly with Liz Rose or Robert Ellis Orrall, and refused to give them away to already established acts with intentions of someday singing them herself. When later signed to Big Machine Records, Swift compiled her "Taylor Swift" album of material written during her publishing contract, and expected to do the same for her second album. She said, "I've been very selfish about my songs. I had this dream of this project ["Taylor Swift"] coming out for so many years now that I just stockpiled. I'm so happy that I did because now we have a second album full of songs and a third album full of songs, and I don't have to lift a finger." However, when embarking on her first and second tour as opening act for Rascal Flatts and George Strait, respectively, Swift continued to compose numerous songs. "I've written a lot of songs by myself lately, especially since I've been alone so much on the road," she said. "I do love writing on the road – I usually write at the concert venue. I'll find a quiet place in some room at the venue, like the locker room."  As a result of writing subsequent to touring, Swift self-penned most of the material. "I've written like eight songs for the second album by myself. If you're in Arkansas, who's there to write with?" During vacation days from touring, Swift collaborated with Rose, musician John Rich, and singer-songwriter Colbie Caillat.  In the writing process, she was heavily influenced by Sheryl Crow's candidness and truthful, yet vulnerable storytelling, and Brad Paisley's touching, yet humorous nature; she opened for Paisley. She sought to prolong with centering romantic love the theme of the album. Primarily, she did not want to alienate her fans with songs about life on the road, for she could never relate to songs of the sort when younger. She continued, "I really try to write more about what I feel and guys and love because that's what fascinates me more than anything else – love and what it does to us and how we treat people and how they treat us. So pretty much every song on the album has a face that I associate with it." Despite her revelation of not having kissed a male in two years, Swift said the album was not wrung dry of such inspiration because she still underwent breakups and felt its core emotions. Adding it did not "take much [for her] to get that sort of emotion out in a song", she explained physical intimacy did not have to resort to kissing to feel disappointment, frustration, or heartbreak. Although she had written numerous new songs, Swift decided to also include previously written tracks, believing there were stories she did not have the opportunity to put out with "Taylor Swift", and still desired to.  Having grouped over 75 songs, recording with Nathan Chapman, who produced all but one song on "Taylor Swift", commenced soon after having completed touring with Strait; in the process, Swift made her record producing debut. Thereon, she and Chapman recorded and cut an abundance of songs to keep the best material on the album. Thirteen tracks were planned due to Swift's fondness for the number; she considers it to be her lucky number. To aid her in choosing the songs, Swift performed various new tracks – "Permanent Marker", "Missing You", "I'd Lie", "Sparks Fly", and "Fearless" – at the Gold Country Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada on May 29 and 30, 2007; only the latter song was chosen for the album. By January 2008, Swift had recorded approximately half of the songs that would remain on the final cut of "Fearless". The remainder of the songs resulted from the last two recording sessions: one held in March 2008, the other held sometime in the summer of 2008. When asked to describe the album, Swift commented, "It's the same kind of album I made (in 2006) – just two years older. Sound-wise, it's the kind of songs I like to write, which are country songs, but I guess because of the subject matter and because of some of the melodies I love to use, I guess they have crossover appeal."

Development and lyrics.

Swift conceived the title track with Rose and songwriter Hillary Lindsey while touring. It is based on an instrumentation with acoustic guitar, fiddle, and banjo and lyrically speaks of taking courage during a date. "Fifteen" was about Swift's freshman year at Hendersonville High School, where she met her best friend Abigail Anderson. "Love Story" came late into the production of "Fearless". It was inspired by a love interest of Swift's who her family and friends were not fond of. Feeling inspired by William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" (1597), one her favorite narratives, she self-penned the entire track on her bedroom floor in approximately twenty minutes. She began with the line, "This love is difficult but it's real", which was ultimately placed in the song's second refrain, and altered its conclusion from that of "Romeo and Juliet", giving them a happy ending, a fate she believed her favorite characters deserved. Swift wrote "Hey Stephen" about her hidden feelings for Stephen Barker Liles of Love and Theft, a country band that opened several shows for Swift. It is characterized by a playful teen pop melody and accompanied by a subdued Hammond B-3 organ. "White Horse" was written almost a year prior to the release of "Fearless". It is a ballad whose sparse production, based on acoustic guitar and muted piano with accents of cello, emphasized on Swift's soft and breathy vocals. Swift first solely wrote the first verse. The singer then made a phone call to Rose asking for her aid in continuing the song, which was completed in approximately forty-five minutes. Its conception was triggered by a boyfriend of Swift's who she perceived to be Prince Charming, but, in the downfall of the relationship, realized was not. Swift became inspired to compose "You Belong with Me" after she overheard a male friend of hers speaking to his girlfriend through a phone call. Out of the sympathy she felt towards him, Swift developed a concept for a song, and later developed the story line in which she was in love with him. The song is based upon different twangy, up-and-down vocal hooks and has banjos clucking alongside new wave electric guitars.  In the ballad "Breathe", the accompaniment consists entirely of string instruments, and Swift singing in regards to love-gone-wrong scenario. The song was a collaboration between Swift and Caillat that surged out of Swift's interest in Caillat's debut "Coco" (2007). The two arranged a writing session to coincide with Caillat's upcoming concert in Nashville, Tennessee, where they composed "Breathe" about Swift losing a friend very dear to her. "Tell Me Why" was triggered by a love interest she was never in a formal romantic relationship with. Raged by his disparaging and inconsistent behavior towards her, she stormed into Rose's house, and vented about the scenario. She described how she grew tired of his attitude and the discrepancies between his sayings and actions, among other concerns. They consequently put all her ramblings into "Tell Me Why". Swift composed "You're Not Sorry" at the moment where a relationship came tumbling down because of her lying and secretive partner. It is a power ballad with rock music influences; the song commences with piano and progresses to electric guitars mid-song. Swift had developed the fictional plot for "The Way I Loved You" (preferring complicated men for relationships), the title, and sought to write the song with Rich. He was able to relate to the plot, being that he is usually the complicated person in relationships. The two approached the song from two different angles while writing it, which she described to be incredible.  "Forever & Always" was a last-minute addition to "Fearless", being written shortly before audio mastering was held and CD booklets were printed. Swift self-penned the track about the fallout of her relationship with Joe Jonas of the Jonas Brothers. "Forever & Always" was written in a state where she noticed Jonas' slow shift from her and wondered why. Jonas later ended the relationship with Swift for actress Camilla Belle, whom he met on set his "Lovebug" (2008) music video. "The Best Day" was a song Swift dedicated to her mother, Andrea Swift. It is an understated ballad, and the only song on "Fearless" to be written in simple verse form. The song was inspired by an incident during middle school, when Swift called several of her peers on the phone and asked if they wanted to go shopping with her. However, every girl had a different excuse for why they couldn't go. Eventually, Swift's mother agreed to take her to the local mall. When they arrived, Swift saw all of the girls she had called on the phone, goofing around in Victoria's Secret. "Change" was solely composed by Swift about her hopes and aspirations to succeed, although signed to the smallest record label in Nashville, Tennessee. After reassuring to herself that it would be different in the future, she wrote the beginning of "Change". She left the song unfinished, waiting for a remarkable event to trigger its completion. She then completed the track the day after she won the Horizon Award at the 2007 Country Music Association Awards and saw Scott Borchetta, the president of Big Machine Records, crying.

Packaging and release.

After completing the album's first track, Swift reconsidered her personal definition of the word "fearless". To her, "fearless doesn't mean you're completely unafraid and it doesn't mean that you're bulletproof. It means that you have a lot of fears, but you jump anyway." She then started contemplating the word to title the album, and to assure she was making the correct decision, applied to every song on the album. Finding a fearless element to the themes and messages behind the songs, Swift decided to title the album "Fearless". On the liner notes, she further explained the album title, As with her debut album, "Taylor Swift", Swift was very involved with the album packaging. The album's images were photographed by Joseph Anthony Barker, Ash Newell and Sheryl Nields while the cover and graphic designs were executed by Leen Ann Ramey for Ramey Design. "Fearless" was released on November 11, 2008 in the United States and Canada, and on November 15, 2008, in Australia. The album was then re-released on February 27, 2009, in Australia as a limited edition with bonus tracks originally from "Taylor Swift" and a new artwork. An international edition was released March 2, 2009, in Spain, and numerous countries followed in the consequent weeks.

Platinum edition.

Swift had already started composing songs for her next album, what would become "Speak Now" (2010), but had also written songs she believed did not correspond with her scope of the record. She included them in a re-release for "Fearless". Some tracks were written much prior recording, while others were done subsequently. "Jump Then Fall" was self-penned by Swift using a banjo and a "feel-good vibe", which, along with its bouncy character, caused for it to be Swift's favorite song on the re-release. Swift also reworked the tempo and replaced the guitar-driven instrumentation to piano of "Forever & Always" for the new version of "Fearless". The re-release also included Swift's only cover on a studio album, a rendition of American rock band Luna Halo's "Untouchable" (2007). Swift recalled that Borchetta had given her Luna Halo's eponymous second studio album to listen to, and ultimately chose to cover "Untouchable". Swift altered the song both musically and lyrically, and reworking the arrangement and switching the verses while maintaining the refrains similar.  Titled "Fearless Platinum Edition", the re-release was announced on September 10, 2009 with a release date of October 27, 2009. It was then pushed forward one day, to October 26, 2009. "Fearless Platinum Edition" bore a new collector's cover that altered the background color to black and included a CD and a DVD. The CD had an additional six songs – "Jump Then Fall", "Untouchable", "Forever & Always" (Piano Version), "Come in with the Rain", "SuperStar", and "The Other Side of the Door" – placed prior to the original tracks from the album. The DVD comprised music videos ("Change", "The Best Day", "Love Story", "White Horse", and "You Belong with Me"), behind-the-scenes videos (for the latter three), over fifty images (photographed by Austin Swift, the singer's younger brother) and backstage footage from the first concert of the Fearless Tour, and "Thug Story" (a video with rapper T-Pain filmed exclusively for the 2009 CMT Music Awards).

Promotion.

To promote the album Swift released four promotional singles, advertised as "Countdown to "Fearless"". The first promotional single released was "Change" on August 8, 2008. The song was also included as part of the "AT&T Team USA Soundtrack" (2008). "Fearless" was released as the second promotional single on October 14, 2008. The third promotional single, "You're Not Sorry", was released October 28, 2008. The fourth and final song used to promote the album, "You Belong with Me", was released on November 4, 2008.  On June 8, 2008, Swift performed on Clear Channel's "Stripped" to promote "Fearless". Two of the performances would later be released on the Target exclusive version of "Fearless Platinum Edition".

Singles.

"Love Story" was released as the album's lead single on September 12, 2008 via digital distribution. The song was highly acclaimed by music critics who complimented Swift's writing style and the song's plot. The track was also a commercial success internationally. It is Swift's best-selling single to date, pushing over 6.5 million copies worldwide since January 2010, therefore establishing itself among of the best-selling singles of all time. In the United States, "Love Story" has sold over 5 million digital downloads as of May 2011 and became one of the best-selling singles in the United States. It is the best-selling country single of all time, and was later surpassed by Lady Antebellum's "Need You Now" (2009) in April 2011. Furthermore, "Love Story" peaked at number four on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and marked the highest peak by a country song on Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) since Shania Twain's "You're Still the One" (1998).  "White Horse" became "Fearless" second single on December 9, 2008. It garnered generally positive reception with critics commenting that Swift was able to make its message palpable and selecting it among the best tracks on "Fearless". It peaked at number thirteen in the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number two on Hot Country Songs. It sold over 1.6 million copies in the United States as of February 2011 and managed to chart in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. "You Belong with Me" was released as the third single from "Fearless" on April 26, 2009. Critical reception for the song was mixed, ranging from "every single Taylor Swift hit sounds the same" to naming it one of her best songs. However, "You Belong with Me" enjoyed commercial success internationally. In the United States, the song was tied for Swift's best-charting effort with "Today Was a Fairytale" (2010), at number two, until "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" reached number one in 2012. Driven mostly by non-country radio airplay, the song established the largest crossover radio audience since Faith Hill's "Breathe" (2000). Selling over 3.6 million copies as of February 2011, the track is the third-best-selling country single of all time. Roman White directed the music video for "You Belong with Me", which plot centers on the protagonist secretively loving the male lead, although he has a girlfriend; both the protagonist and antagonist were portrayed by Swift. It won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video in 2009, but during Swift's acceptance speech, rapper Kanye West interrupted, protesting in support of nominee Beyoncé Knowles. The incident caused tumult in the media, with many coming to Swift's defense.  "Fifteen" was released as the fourth single from the album on September 1, 2009. It was praised by numerous critics for its vulnerability and accurate portrayal of a real teenager. Commercially, "Fifteen" was mildly successful, peaking at number twenty-one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number nineteen on the Canadian Hot 100. In the United States, the song sold over 1.1 million digital downloads as of February 2011. The music video for the single was directed by White and is heavily accentuated with special effects. It features Swift walking through a garden, where she relives many memories with her friend. "Fearless", the album's title track, became the fifth and final single released from "Fearless" on January 4, 2010. The song generally pleased contemporary critics, many who complimented it for appealing to different age groups. The song peaked at number nine on the "Billboard" Hot 100 after its release as a promotional single. During that time, it was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for the sales of over 500,000 digital downloads. It therefore became the first single released after being certified gold by the RIAA. Once released as a single, "Fearless" was only able to reach the position of number seventy-six. It also peaked at number thirty-two in Spain. The title track has an associated music video consisting of footage of the tour itself and backstage; it was directed by Todd Cassetty.

Tour.

On April 23, 2009, Swift began her first headlining tour called the Fearless Tour in North America. It ran until July 10, 2010 and had four legs and 105 shows in four countries. Sales for the tour began in February 2009 and tickets for several tour dates and venues were sold out in a record of less than one minute.

Critical reception.

"Fearless" received positive reviews from critics, earning a collective score of 73 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 14 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic believed Swift abandoned teen pretenses, styling herself after Shania Twain and Faith Hill prior to becoming divas. He added that Swift presented herself as a "big sister instead of a big star", pointing "Fifteen" as a prime example of it. Despite noting the album's pop music elements outweighed its country music elements and calling it "one of the best mainstream pop albums of 2008", Erlewine said "Fearless" "never [felt] garish, a crass attempt at a crossover success". Ken Tucker of "Billboard" wrote, "Those who thought Taylor Swift was a big deal after the release of her first record be prepared: She's about to get way bigger. Though they're written by a teenager, Swift's songs have broad appeal, and therein lies the genius and accessibility in her second effort." James Reed of "The Boston Globe" believed Swift's charm was in her songwriting and that honesty is what separated her from other teenage starlets at the time who relied on "big-name producers, songwriters, and Disney shows for a music career." Drawing similarities between her ability to "blur the line between commercial country and Top 40 radio", Reed compared the singer to a younger version of the Dixie Chicks. Writing for "MSN Music", Robert Christgau found Swift's message about "believing in love stories and prince charmings and happily ever after" distastefully sentimental, but was nonetheless very impressed with the catchiness and "diaristic realism" of Swift's songs. He believed the record "can pass for a concept album about the romantic life of an uncommonly-to-impossibly strong and gifted teenage girl, starting on the first day of high school and gradually shedding naiveté without approaching misery or neurosis". Leah Greenblatt from "Entertainment Weekly" stated, "A button-cute blond teen with a pocket full of hits – sounds like the early aughts all over again, no? But aside from sharing, possibly, a box of Clairol, there is nothing remotely Britney- or Christina-esque about Swift." Greenblatt presumed that at the time her fan base would remain young females due to her way of communicating with them, but would grow over time.  Alexis Petridis of the British newspaper "The Guardian" had mixed opinions about the album; he thought it was certainly "bland and uninventive", yet executed incredibly well. Over the course of listening to it, he queried if more music of the sort was needed, and concluded that "the feeling that the world is going to answer your query in the affirmative swiftly overwhelms you." Jody Rosen of "Rolling Stone" called Swift "a songwriting savant with an intuitive gift for verse-chorus-bridge architecture that [...] calls to mind Swedish pop gods Dr. Luke and Max Martin." Rosen attributed Swift's particular charm to in how intertwined almost impersonal professionalism with intimate and real confessions. Jonathan Keefe of "Slant Magazine" believed "Fearless" pointed out that Swift was capable of having a long musical career. However, Keefe was disappointed in the album, for it did not showcase significant refinements as she did on "Taylor Swift"; but, with an immature voice and young age, to him, Swift still had enough time to perfect her craft and make a great album. Josh Love of "The Village Voice" wrote, "This remarkably self-aware adolescent's words don't falter, masterfully avoiding the typical diarist's pitfalls of trite banality and pseudo-profound bullshit." Chris Richards of "The Washington Post" said, "In Swift's world, every song is a radio-ready charmer, confirming the 18-year-old's ability to pen a gaggle of consistently pleasing tunes." He noted Swift's voice was only minimally twangy and her vocal delivery was sugary enough to receive heavy rotation on Radio Disney, yet poised enough to do the same on CMT. He also felt Swift was a talented songwriter, but her consistency sometimes fell into uniformity.

Accolades.

At the 52nd Grammy Awards, "Fearless" won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and Best Country Album. Swift's Album of the Year win made her the youngest artist ever at the age of 20 to receive that award, thereby surpassing Alanis Morissette's win for "Jagged Little Pill" at the age of 21. Six years later at the 58th Grammy Awards, Swift won Album of the Year again for "1989", becoming the first woman to win the award twice for her own work. "Fearless" was also the first album in history to win the American Music Award, Academy of Country Music Award, Country Music Association Award, and Grammy Award for Album of The Year in the same year making it the most awarded album in the history of country music.

Commercial performance.

On the week ending November 29, 2008, "Fearless" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with over 592,000 copies sold in its first week – the largest sum for a country album since the Eagles' "Long Road out of Eden" sold over 711,000 copies in a single week in November 2007. In the proceeding week, the album descended to number four with over 217,000 copies sold (a 63 percent decline from the previous week). Three weeks later, the album reclaimed the number one position with over 249,000 copies sold, and was able to top the "Billboard" 200 for a total of 11 non-consecutive weeks. It became the longest chart-topper since Santana's "Supernatural" spent 12 non-consecutive weeks at number one between 1999 and 2000, and the longest reign on the "Billboard" 200 of the 2000s decade. Furthermore, "Fearless" became the longest chart-topper by a female country artist, third by a country artist overall, and sixth by a female artist, along with Mariah Carey's 1990 eponymous debut album. After completing its "Billboard" 200 reign in March 2009, the album continued to sell strongly throughout the remainder of 2009. It went on to sell over 3,217,000 copies in the year, becoming 2009's best-selling album in the US. Thus, Swift, at the age of 20, became the youngest artist to have the year's best-selling album and the only female country artist to have one as well. "Fearless" success extended years beyond its release. The week ending January 30, 2010, was its 52nd week on the top ten of the "Billboard" 200, making "Fearless" one of 18 albums to remain on the top ten for a year or more, and the only one from the 2000s. The album logged a total of 58 weeks on the top ten, becoming the longest-running top ten album by a country artist. On "Billboard"s Top Country Albums chart, "Fearless" remained number one for 35 non-consecutive weeks. The album was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments exceeding ten million copies. As of July 2019, the album has sold 7.18 million copies in the US. It is ranked as the second-biggest-selling album in the last six years and the sixth-best-selling digital album in history. As of December 2017, the album had been on the "Billboard" 200 chart 255 non-consecutive weeks.  In Canada, "Fearless" entered at number one on the albums chart with sales of over 27,000 copies on the week ending November 29, 2008. Although only spending one week at number one, the album charted in Canada for a total of 66 weeks, and was certified quadruple platinum by the Music Canada for shipments exceeding 320,000 copies. The album also managed success overseas. In Australia, it debuted at number 50 on the week ending November 30, 2008 and dropped from the chart in the succeeding week. On the week ending January 25, 2009, it re-entered the Australian Albums Chart at number 42, and, nine weeks later, on the week ending April 26, 2009, peaked at number two. "Fearless" was certified 7× platinum by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments exceeding 490,000 copies. In New Zealand, "Fearless" debuted at number two on the week ending March 16, 2009 and ascended to the top spot in the following week. It was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) for the shipment of 45,000 copies.  The album sold over 400,000 copies throughout Asia as of February 2011. In Japan, it debuted at number 22 with 4,945 copies sold in the first week of July 2009, and peaked at number eight. It was eventually certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for the shipment of over 100,000 copies. In Europe, "Fearless" also performed well, charting at number eighteen on European Top 100 Albums. Achieving its highest peak in Europe, the album debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart on the week ending March 21, 2009. Despite descending in the continuing weeks, the album remained on the UK Albums Chart for 63 weeks, and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for the shipment of 300,000 copies. In Ireland, the album peaked at number seven, and was certified double platinum by the Irish Recorded Music Association (IRMA) for shipments exceeding 30,000 copies. "Fearless" saw less success in mainland Europe, charting within the top twenty in Austria, Germany, Greece, Norway, Russia, and Sweden.

Track listing.

Credits adapted from the album's liner notes  All tracks are produced by Taylor Swift and Nathan Chapman, except where noted.  Notes:

Personnel.

As listed in the liner notes.

Fearless is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. The album was released on November 11, 2008, by Big Machine Records. Swift wrote most of the songs during the time when she was promoting her self-titled debut studio album performing as an opening act for other country artists. Of the 13 tracks on the standard edition, eight were solely written by Swift, and the other were co-written by Swift with Liz Rose, Hillary Lindsey, Colbie Caillat, and John Rich. Swift also made her debut as a record producer, co-producing all songs with Nathan Chapman.

《无惧的爱》(英语:"Fearless")是美国创作歌手泰勒丝发行的第2张专辑。泰勒丝这张专辑在曲式及乐器的使用上,其实乡村味不浓,反倒是流行味比较重;但当时的泰勒丝的歌声很有乡村的口气,再加上专辑中有些歌曲富有乡村气氛的歌词,还是让这张专辑在乡村乐迷听来很顺耳;如此的做法不仅仅能吸引到美国广大的乡村乐迷,也拉拢了喜欢流行曲风的歌迷们。


霍普维尔号驱逐舰 (DD-181)

Construction and career.

United States Navy service.

Named for Pollard Hopewell, she was launched by Newport News Shipbuilding, Newport News, Virginia on 8 June 1918; sponsored by Mrs. Orote Hutcheson. The destroyer was commissioned on 22 March 1919 at Portsmouth, Virginia, Lieutenant Commander R. E. Rodgers in command.  "Hopewell" sailed from Norfolk on 19 April 1919 to join the 3rd Destroyer Squadron in New England waters, and in May was on observation station off the Azores during the historic crossing of the Atlantic by Navy seaplanes. The destroyer returned to New York City on 8 June to complete her interrupted fitting out, and rejoined her squadron in August for firing tests. The winter of 1920 was spent on intensive training and target practice in Caribbean waters.  The ship returned to New England in early May, where she remained until September training reservists and engaging in division maneuvers. Arriving at Charleston, South Carolina on 22 September, "Hopewell" carried out similar operations out of the South Carolina port, returning to New York in May 1921 for reserve training. Sailing from Newport, Rhode Island on 10 October, the destroyer was placed in reserve at Charleston until 10 April, when she departed for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. "Hopewell" decommissioned there on 17 July 1922.  She recommissioned on 17 June 1940 as the United States prepared for World War II, and after operating with the Neutrality Patrol off New England arrived at Halifax on 18 September. She decommissioned on 23 September and was transferred to Great Britain as part of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement.

Royal Navy service.

Renamed HMS "Bath", she crossed the Atlantic and arrived at Devenport on 12 October 1940, and after a short refit, joined the 1st Minelaying Squadron based at the Kyle of Lochalsh. "Bath" was used to escort minesweeping operations by the squadron and for convoys. At the end of January 1941, "Bath" went into refit at Chatham Dockyard to better suit her for escort duties. The aft 4-inch and 3-inch guns were removed, and replaced by a single 12-pounder (76 mm) anti-aircraft gun. Two sets of torpedo tubes were removed, while one mast was removed and the foremast shortened to reduce topweight.

Royal Norwegian Navy service.

On 9 April 1941, following completion of the refit, "Bath" transferred to the exiled Royal Norwegian Navy. As HNoMS "Bath" she began operation as part of the "Liverpool Escort Force" as a member of the 5th Escort Group early in June, escorting convoys between the United Kingdom and Gibraltar, but had a very brief subsequent career, being sunk by the German submarine on 19 August 1941, while escorting the convoy, Convoy OG 71, bound for Gibraltar. She was hit in the engine room on the starboard side by two torpedoes and broke in two, sinking in three minutes. As she sank two of her depth charges exploded killing some of the crew in the water. Of her 128 crew, only 42 were rescued by HMS "Hydrangea" and but two of those subsequently died aboard "Hydrangea".

The first USS "Hopewell" (DD–181) was a in the United States Navy, entering service in 1919. After a brief active life, the ship was deactivated in 1922 and placed in reserve for 18 years before returning to service in 1940 during World War II. She was later transferred to the Royal Navy as HMS "Bath" (I17), as a, and then to the Royal Norwegian Navy as HNoMS "Bath". "Bath" was torpedoed while escorting a trans-Atlantic convoy on 19 August 1941.

霍普维尔号驱逐舰(舷号DD-181),转交英国皇家海军后更名巴斯号,是一艘美国海军建造的驱逐舰,为维克斯级驱逐舰的107号舰。她是美军第一艘以霍普维尔为名的军舰,以纪念美国内战时期的海军军官普勒·霍普维尔(Pollard Hopewell)。


History.

The China Manned Space Engineering Office published a brief description of Tiangong-2 and its successor Tiangong-3 in 2008, indicating that at least two crewed spaceships would be launched to dock with Tiangong-2.  Tiangong-2 was originally expected to be launched by the China National Space Agency by 2015 to replace the prototype module Tiangong-1, which was launched in September 2011. In March 2011, Chinese officials stated that Tiangong-2 was scheduled to be launched by 2015. An uncrewed cargo spacecraft will dock with the station, allowing for resupply.  In September 2014, its launch was postponed to September 2016. Plans for visits in October 2016 by the crewed mission Shenzhou 11 and the uncrewed resupply craft Tianzhou were made public. The station was successfully launched from Jiuquan aboard a Long March 2F rocket on 15 September 2016. Shenzhou 11 successfully docked with Tiangong-2 on 19 October 2016.  Aboard the Shenzhou 11, launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in the Gobi desert, were Commander Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong who formed the inaugural crew for the space laboratory. It was China's first crewed mission for more than three years.  During the 30 days the two astronauts were aboard Tiangong-2, they conducted a number of scientific and technical experiments on the physiological effects of weightlessness, tests on human-machine collaboration on in-orbit maintenance technology and released an accompanying satellite successfully. Accompanying photography and near-distance fly-by observation were also carried out. They collected abundant data and made some achievements in programs of gamma-ray burst polarimeter, space cold atomic clock and preparation of new materials.  Shenzhou 11 separated from the orbiting Tiangong-2 space lab on November 17, reentry module landed successfully at the expected site in central Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region at about 13:59 Beijing Time.  On April 22, 2017, the cargo vessel Tianzhou-1 successfully docked with Tiangong-2 marking the first successful docking and refuelling with the orbiting space laboratory. It subsequently performed a second docking and refueling on June 15, 2017. On September 12, 2017, Tianzhou-1 performed the third and final docking and refuelling with Tiangong-2, with what is termed a fast docking which took 6.5 hours, rather than 2 days, to complete.  In June 2018, Tiangong-2 performed orbital maneuvers lowering the orbit to 292 × 297 kilometers, likely in preparation for deorbiting. It has since returned to its usual orbit.  In July 2019 the China Manned Space Engineering Office announced that it was planning to deorbit Tiangong-2 in the near future, but no specific date was given. The station subsequently made a controlled reentry on 19 July and burned up over the South Pacific Ocean.

Dimensions.

The dimensions of Tiangong-2 were:

Further developments.

Tiānhé-1 is the core module of a planned modular space station. The core module and its other parts are to be launched between 2020 and 2022.

Tiangong-2 () was a Chinese space laboratory and part of the Project 921-2 space station program. Tiangong-2 was launched on 15 September 2016. It was deorbited as planned on 19 July 2019.

天宫二号是中华人民共和国的一个太空实验室,也是921-2空间站计划的一部分。空间实验室由中国太空技术研究院研制,设计可同时承载三名航天员在轨工作,用于取代2011年发射的天宫一号。


Background.

The outgoing government was a Fine Gael–Labour Party coalition led by Taoiseach Enda Kenny and Tánaiste Joan Burton. Fianna Fáil, Sinn Féin, Anti-Austerity Alliance–People Before Profit, Renua Ireland, Social Democrats, Workers and Unemployed Action, and independent non-party TDs formed the opposition in the Dáil. The government was formed on 9 March 2011, the first day of the 31st Dáil elected on 25 February 2011.  Whereas the Constitution gives the Taoiseach authority to dissolve the Dáil, under electoral law the precise date of polling is specified by the Minister for the Environment, who was Alan Kelly of Labour. Electoral law required the 31st Dáil to be dissolved by 9 March 2016. Kenny rejected predictions in October 2015 that he would call an election in November to capitalise on rising Fine Gael support. In January 2016, media reported that Fine Gael and Labour respectively favoured Thursday 25 and Friday 26 February 2016 as the election date; Friday would facilitate voting by students registered to vote at their family home.  After a cabinet meeting on 2 February, Kenny announced that he would be seeking a dissolution the following day. At 09:30 on 3 February he formally told the Dáil this, and that the new Dáil would meet on 10 March; the Dáil was adjourned without statements from the opposition. At 09:58 while Kenny was en route to Áras an Uachtaráin to meet the President, the election date of 26 February was confirmed from his Twitter account. At 10:35 the President issued the proclamation dissolving the Dáil. Later that day, Minister Kelly signed the order setting the polling day. The writs of election are issued by the clerk of the Dáil.

New parties and alliances.

A number of parties and political alliances were formed during the lifespan of the 31st Dáil in order to contest the election:

Gender quotas.

Part 6 of the Electoral (Amendment) (Political Funding) Act 2012 provides that parties will lose half of their state funding unless at least 30% of their candidates at the election are female and at least 30% are male. All parties except Direct Democracy Ireland fulfilled this condition. This contributed in part to the highest percentage of women elected to the Dáil; at 35 TDs, this was 22% of the 158 TDs, an increase from 15% at the previous general election.

Electoral system.

Ireland uses proportional representation with a single transferable vote (PR–STV). The general election took place throughout the state to elect 158 members of Dáil Éireann, a reduction of 8 from the previous 166 members. This follows the passage of the Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2013. The Ceann Comhairle (speaker of the lower house of parliament) is automatically re-elected unless he opts to retire from the Dáil. The election was held in 40 parliamentary constituencies. Each multi-member constituency elects three, four or five Teachtaí Dála (Dáil deputies, "lit. Assembly Deputies)".  The closing date for nominations was 11 February 2016. A total of 551 candidates contested the election, slightly down from the 566 that took part in the 2011 general election, a record figure. The number of candidates for each party was: Fine Gael (88), Fianna Fáil (71), Sinn Féin (50), Green Party (40), Labour Party (36), Anti-Austerity Alliance–People Before Profit (31, of which 18 People Before Profit Alliance and 13 Anti-Austerity Alliance), Renua Ireland (26), Direct Democracy Ireland (19), Social Democrats (14), Independents 4 Change (5), Workers' Party (5), Catholic Democrats (3), Fís Nua (2), Irish Democratic Party (1), Communist Party of Ireland (1). Among the 159 independent candidates and others running without a party platform were 21 independents affiliated to the Independent Alliance, 19 independents affiliated to Right2Change, and the outgoing TD Séamus Healy, who was nominated as a non-party candidate for this election. Voting took place between 07:00 and 22:00 (WET).  Islands off the coast of Donegal, Mayo, and Galway voted one day earlier. All resident Irish and UK citizens were eligible to be on the Dáil electoral register. The 2016–17 register was published on 1 February by the local authorities, who were responsible for maintaining it. Applications for the supplementary register for the general election closed on 9 February, with 30,185 names added.

Retiring incumbents.

The following members of the 31st Dáil announced in advance of the poll that they would not be seeking re-election:

Campaign.

The campaign officially began after the dissolution of Dáil Éireann on 3 February 2016 and lasted until polling day on 26 February 2016. During the campaign, official election posters are permitted in locations which would otherwise constitute litter; some candidates were reported to have illegally erected posters too soon. The Broadcasting Authority of Ireland's moratorium on election coverage lasted from 14:00 on 25 February 2016 until polls had closed.

Television debates.

RTÉ set a minimum of three TDs for a party to be invited to its 15 February debate. The Green Party, which had no TDs (having lost them all in 2011), took an unsuccessful High Court case against the exclusion of its leader Eamon Ryan. An Irish language debate, moderated by Eimear Ní Chonaola was to be broadcast on TG4 on 17 February, but was cancelled due to the weak proficiency in that language of Adams and Burton. Aodhán Ó Ríordáin (Labour) and Pearse Doherty (Sinn Féin) were suggested as fluent replacements, but Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael insisted that a leaders' debate should be confined to party leaders only. TG4 instead broadcast successive one-to-one interviews with each party's representative. There was also a "live audience discussion" on RTÉ Two on 21 February featuring Timmy Dooley (FF), Mary Lou McDonald (SF), Aodhán Ó Ríordáin (Labour), Averil Power (non-party), Eamon Ryan (Greens), Leo Varadkar (FG), and Adrienne Wallace (AAA-PBP). The discussion was hosted by Keelin Shanley at Facebook's Dublin office and featured questions submitted via Facebook and Twitter. There was some controversy surrounding this debate as a representative of special needs parents said she was to appear to ask a question on waiting lists only to be told by RTÉ later that the topic would not be covered.

Results.

Counting of votes began at 09:00 UTC on Saturday 27 February 2016 and continued over the course of the weekend and into the following week, with the final two seats, in Longford–Westmeath, announced after multiple recounts at 05:30 UTC on Thursday 3 March.  It was Fine Gael's lowest number of seats since the 2002 general election, the election that led to Kenny becoming leader (the outgoing finance minister in 2016, Michael Noonan, had been Fine Gael's leader in 2002.) They performed especially poorly outside Dublin, dropping from 59 seats to 36; in Dublin the party fared better, going from 17 to 14 for a net loss of only three. Indeed, Fine Gael became the largest party in the capital for the first time since November 1982, and won seats in every constituency in Dublin for the first time since 1987. Fianna Fáil more than doubled the number of seats that they had coming into the election. Having been without representation in Dublin since the death of Brian Lenihan in 2011, Fianna Fáil managed to win six seats in the capital this time. Sinn Féin recorded their strongest showing under Adams to become the third party, making gains in Leinster and in urban areas of Munster, mostly at the expense of the Labour Party. Labour won their lowest vote share since 1987, and their lowest share of seats ever. Despite speculation that she would lose her seat, Joan Burton became the first sitting Tánaiste to avoid defeat at a general election since Mary Harney in 2002. Labour's vote collapse meant that not until the Longford–Westmeath result did they reach the seven-seat threshold to qualify as a parliamentary group with full speaking rights under current Dáil rules.  The combined vote of 49.8 per cent for Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil was a record low for the two largest parties in the Dáil, eclipsing the previous record of 53.6 per cent set by Cumann na nGaedheal and Fianna Fáil in June 1927. It was the first time the vote for Ireland's two traditionally dominant parties had fallen below 50 per cent in a general election. Fine Gael became the largest party in the Dáil with just 25.5 per cent of the vote, the lowest percentage ever for a first party.

Government formation.

Enda Kenny immediately conceded that the outgoing coalition government of Fine Gael and Labour would be unable to continue. Fine Gael was 29 seats short of a majority, leading to speculation of a possibility of a grand coalition between Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil, of a minority government, or of another general election later in 2016. Talks to form a government got underway in March.  On 29 April, after 63 days of negotiation and three failed votes for Taoiseach, Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil reached an agreement about a Fine Gael minority government. In the days following, Fine Gael negotiated a deal with Independent TDs on the formation of a minority coalition. Enda Kenny was re-elected Taoiseach on 6 May 2016.

The 2016 Irish general election took place on Friday 26 February to elect 157 Teachtaí Dála (TDs) across 40 constituencies to Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Oireachtas, Ireland's parliament. The 31st Dáil was dissolved by President Michael D. Higgins on 3 February, at the request of Taoiseach Enda Kenny.

2016年爱尔兰大选在216年2月26日举行,以选出爱尔兰议会下议院40个选区的157个议席。


Sango Fighter.

The first Sango Fighter game was originally published by Panda Entertainment and released in 1993 for PC/AT platform.  Shareware developer and publisher Apogee Software was planning on licensing and releasing the game in the United States under the title "Violent Vengeance", but the plans for the deal fell through. Instead, the game was distributed in English under its original title by a Taiwanese company named Ascend, albeit without official permission from Panda Entertainment.  In 1995, Taiwan's fledgling 16-bit Super A'can game console saw release of a cartridge version of Sango Fighter, completely programmed inhouse by a single employee of Panda Entertainment. Being a rushed port from the PC version, the A'can adaptation suffered from awkward gameplay and quite a few glitches.  Sango Fighter was also released for the Japanese PC-98 computer, in 1995. For this release, a portion of the game's story text was translated into Japanese. It was otherwise identical to the original DOS version, upon which its code was based. This adaptation was produced by Great Co., Ltd., and released by Imagineer.  The game was illegally ported to the Sega Master System console, with the name "Sangokushi", and released only in South Korea. This port is one of the larger games in the console library, with 8 megabits of data size.  While Sango Fighter was quite popular in Taiwan, a lawsuit by C&E Inc. (producers of the PC fighting game Super Fighter) stopped Panda Entertainment from distributing the game, let alone adapting it to other machines. Thus the game was never able to reach its full market potential.  On February 24, 2009, the full legal rights to both Sango Fighter and its sequel were acquired by the North American company Super Fighter Team. Following this, on June 18, 2009, both Chinese and English language editions of the game were released as a free download on the Official "Sango Fighter" Website. An updated version of the game was released, also as freeware, on February 15, 2011. It featured several significant changes and additions. The current Super Fighter Team version supports English, Chinese and Japanese languages, with Japanese based on the PC-9801 release of the game with newly translated text.  There may have also been a planned, but unfinished 3D sequel by Panda Entertainment. However, the former owner of Panda's intellectual properties stated that no records of any such title exist.

Reception.

Sango Fighter drew much attention of PC gamers when it was released, offering the first fighting game with great graphics for that time and became the definitive fighting game for DOS. The game came in six 1.44 MB floppy disks, considered a large size compared with other games of the same genre.  "Computer Gaming World" in 1994 stated that "Game play in "Sango Fighter" is very good, on par with the PC version of "Street Fighter"". It praised the graphics and sound: "the overall quality of this release is equivalent to any commercial offering". The magazine concluded that the $30 shareware registration fee "is a good value, and comes recommended".

Sango Fighter 2.

A sequel was released in 1995, Sango Fighter 2, with more characters and more detailed graphics. Sango Fighter 2 also featured a conquest mode in which the player attempted to unify the empire by invading other nations. In addition, the kingdom of Wu was added to the game.  On November 6, 2013, Sango Fighter 2 was released as a free download on the Official "Sango Fighter 2" Website. In addition to being translated into English, the updated game also features several new additions and enhancements. The Super Fighter Team version supports English, Chinese and Korean languages.

Characters.

The following is a list of the characters from "Sango Fighter" and "Sango Fighter 2".  Cao Cao is not a playable character in "Sango Fighter 2", but he retains a role as a character within the story. Liu Bei, Sun Quan, Sima Yi, Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu also serve as story characters.  Even though Sun Ce served as leader of the kingdom of Wu historically before his death, in Sango Fighter 2, he is made a subordinate of his younger brother.

The Sango Fighter games are a series of fighting game for DOS made by the Taiwanese Panda Entertainment. Set in the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history, it is very similar to "Street Fighter" and Samurai Shodown, but with historical context.

《三国志武将争霸》是台湾熊猫软件在1993年发行的一只电脑二维格斗游戏,以三国时代为背景。设定人物有曹操、曹魏武将徐晃、夏侯渊、夏侯惇、许褚、典韦,蜀汉武将关羽、张飞、赵云、马超、黄忠,再加上吕布,总共12名武将。此游戏风行一时,是熊猫公司的代表作之一。


Background.

Lloyd George's coalition government was supported by the majority of the Liberals and Bonar Law's Conservatives. However, the election saw a split in the Liberal Party between those who were aligned with Lloyd George and the government and those who were aligned with Asquith, the party's official leader.  On 14 November it was announced that Parliament, which had been sitting since 1910 and had been extended by emergency wartime action, would dissolve on 25 November, with elections on 14 December.  Following confidential negotiations over the summer of 1918, it was agreed that certain candidates were to be offered the support of the Prime Minister and the leader of the Conservative Party at the next general election. To these candidates a letter, known as the Coalition Coupon, was sent, indicating the government's endorsement of their candidacy. 159 Liberal, 364 Conservative, 20 National Democratic and Labour, and 2 Coalition Labour candidates received the coupon. For this reason the election is often called the Coupon Election.  80 Conservative candidates stood without a coupon. Of these, 35 candidates were Irish Unionists. Of the other non-couponed Conservative candidates, only 23 stood against a Coalition candidate; the remaining 22 candidates stood in areas where there were no coupons, or refused the offer of a coupon.  The Labour Party, led by William Adamson, fought the election independently, as did those Liberals who did not receive a coupon.  The election was not chiefly fought over what peace to make with Germany, although those issues played a role. More important was the voters' evaluation of Lloyd George in terms of what he had accomplished so far and what he promised for the future. His supporters emphasised that he had won the Great War. Against his strong record in social legislation, he called for making "a country fit for heroes to live in".  This election was known as a khaki election, due to the immediate postwar setting and the role of the demobilised soldiers.

Coalition victory.

The coalition won the election easily, with the Conservatives the big winners. They were the largest party in the governing majority. Lloyd George remained Prime Minister, despite the Conservatives outnumbering his pro-coalition Liberals. The Conservatives welcomed his leadership on foreign policy as the Paris Peace talks began a few weeks after the election.  An additional 47 Conservatives, 23 of whom were Irish Unionists, won without the coupon but did not act as a separate block or oppose the government except on the issue of Irish independence.  While most of the pro-coalition Liberals were re-elected, Asquith's faction was reduced to just 36 seats and lost all their leaders from parliament; Asquith himself lost his own seat. Nine of these MPs subsequently joined the Coalition Liberal group. The remainder became bitter enemies of Lloyd George.  The Labour Party greatly increased its vote share and surpassed the total votes of either Liberal party. Labour became the Official Opposition for the first time, but they lacked an official leader and so the Leader of the Opposition for the next fourteen months was the stand-in Liberal leader Donald Maclean (Asquith, having lost his seat at this election, was not returned until a by-election in February 1920). Labour could only slightly increase their number of seats, however, from 42 to 57 and some of their earlier leaders including Ramsay MacDonald and Arthur Henderson lost their seats. Labour won the most seats in Wales (which had previously been dominated by the Liberals) for the first time, a feat it has continued to the present day.  The Conservative MPs included record numbers of corporate directors, bankers and businessmen, while Labour MPs were mostly from the working class. Bonar Law himself symbolised the change in the type of a Conservative MP as Bonar Law was a Presbyterian Canadian-born Scottish businessman who became in the words of his biographer, Robert Blake, the leader of "the Party of Old England, the Party of the Anglican Church and the country squire, the party of broad acres and hereditary titles". Bonar Law's ascent as leader of the Conservatives marked a shift in Conservative leaders from the aristocrats who generally led the party in the 19th century to a more middle class leadership who usually led the party in the 20th century. Many young veterans reacted against the harsh tone of the campaign and became disillusioned with politics.

Ireland.

In Ireland, the Irish Parliamentary Party, which favoured Home Rule within the United Kingdom, lost almost all their seats, most of which were won by Sinn Féin under Éamon de Valera, which called for independence. The executions of many of the leaders of the Easter uprising of 1916, the force-feeding of those imprisoned in connection with the uprising who had gone on a hunger strike in 1917, and the Conscription Crisis of 1918 all served to alienate Irish Catholic opinion from the United Kingdom. The Sinn Féin candidates had promised on the campaign trail to win an Irish republic "by any means necessary", which was a code-word for violence, though it is not entirely clear if all Irish voters understood what the phrase meant. The 73 Sinn Féin elected members declined to take their seats in the British House of Commons, sitting instead in the Irish revolutionary assembly, the Dáil Éireann. On 17 May 1918 almost the entire leadership of Sinn Féin, including de Valera and Arthur Griffith, had been arrested. In total 47 of the Sinn Féin MPs were elected from jail. The Dáil first convened on 21 January 1919, which marks the beginning of the Irish War of Independence.  In the six Ulster counties that became Northern Ireland, Unionists consolidated their position by winning 23 out of the 30 seats. Cardinal Logue brokered a pact in eight seats (one, East Donegal, not in the six counties), after nominations closed, where Catholic voters were instructed to vote for one particular nationalist party. Split evenly, the Irish Parliamentary Party won four of those seats and Sinn Féin three. (The pact failed in East Down). Joe Devlin, memorably, also won Belfast (Falls) for the Irish Parliamentary Party in a straight fight with Éamon de Valera of Sinn Féin.  Constance Markievicz became the first woman elected to Parliament. She was a Sinn Féin member elected for Dublin St Patrick's, and like the other Sinn Féin MPs, did not take her seat at Westminster.

Women candidates.

The seventeen women candidates were:

The 1918 United Kingdom general election was called immediately after the Armistice with Germany which ended the First World War, and was held on Saturday, 14 December 1918. The governing coalition, under Prime Minister David Lloyd George, sent letters of endorsement to candidates who supported the coalition government. These were nicknamed "Coalition Coupons", and led to the election being known as the "coupon election". The result was a massive landslide in favour of the coalition, comprising primarily the Conservatives and Coalition Liberals, with massive losses for Liberals who were not endorsed. Nearly all the Liberal MPs without coupons were defeated, although party leader H. H. Asquith managed to return to Parliament in a by-election.

1918年英国大选(United Kingdom general election, 1918)是指英国下议院在第一次世界大战之后于1918年12月举行的选举。这次选举是英国首次赋予全部成人男性选举权,且部分女性也获得了选举权,因此被视为首场英国现代选举。保守党在这次选举中获得大胜。而自由党则陷入分裂,沦为第五大党,此后未能恢复英国两大党之一的地位。


Early life.

Lily-Rose Melody Depp was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, a city west of Paris, on May 27, 1999. She is the daughter of the American actor, producer, and musician Johnny Depp and the French singer, actress, and model Vanessa Paradis. Depp has a younger brother, John "Jack" Christopher Depp III. The French actress Alysson Paradis is her aunt. Depp is also a descendant of colonial freedom fighter Elizabeth Key Grinstead.  In 2012, after 14 years together, Depp's parents separated and arranged joint custody of Depp, who divides her time between Los Angeles and Paris.

Career.

2014–2019: Career beginnings.

Depp began her acting career with a cameo role in "Tusk", which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2014. She acted alongside her friend Harley Quinn Smith, her father, and the film's director Kevin Smith.  In 2015, Depp appeared with the Irish rapper Rejjie Snow in his music video for "All Around the World", which was released in October. In addition to film work, Depp appeared on the cover of various fashion magazines, and has been the Chanel brand ambassador since 2015. She was chosen by Karl Lagerfeld when she was 15 years old. In 2016, Depp was announced by Lagerfeld as the face of Chanel's iconic fragrance, Chanel No. 5 "L'Eau".  Depp reprised her "Tusk" role in "Yoga Hosers", a spin-off that focuses on her and Harley Quinn Smith's characters. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2016.  In May 2016, "The Dancer", in which Depp plays Isadora Duncan, premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in the "Un Certain Regard" category. The film is Stéphanie Di Giusto's directorial debut. For her performance in the film, Depp was nominated for Most Promising Actress at the 42nd César Awards and Most Promising Actress at the 22nd Lumières Awards. In the same year, Depp and Natalie Portman co-starred in Rebecca Zlotowski's "Planetarium" as two spiritualist sisters in 1930s France. It was Portman who cherry-picked Depp to play her younger sister in the film. The film had its premiere at the Venice Film Festival in September 2016.  In 2018, Depp starred opposite Laurent Lafitte in semi horror-flick "Les Fauves" ("Savage"), a French film directed by Vincent Mariette. The film was premiered in France in October 2018. In the same year, Depp starred in romantic comedy "A Faithful Man", directed by Louis Garrel and co-written by Oscar winner Jean-Claude Carrière. The film was premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September and released in France in December 2018. It had its U.S. debut at the New York Film Festival, and was released in New York and Los Angeles in July 2019. She was once again nominated for Most Promising Actress at the 44th César Awards.  Depp next appeared in Netflix short documentary "Period. End of Sentence." with Priyanka Chopra explaining how The Pad Project helped the women in Delhi start their own business making sanitary pads. The documentary won Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject) at the 91st Academy Awards. It was distributed by Netflix in February 2019. In April 2019, Depp was nominated for Most Promising Actress at Romy Schneider Award.  In June 2019, Depp starred alongside her aunt Alysson Paradis in the French independent short film "Quel Joli Temps Pour Jouer Ses Vingt-ans" ("My Last Lullaby"), in which Depp played Paloma, a girl who experiences a great loss of a grandfather. The film won Best Picture at the 2019 New York Film Awards, and Best Narrative Short at the 2019 Los Angeles Film Awards. Mor Cohen of the New York Film Awards wrote, "Great performances by all actors, lead by Lily-Rose Depp, who were so nuanced and intuitive that it was hard to remember these are fictional characters and not real people". For her performance in "My Last Lullaby", Depp won best actress award at the 2019 Los Angeles Film Awards. Les Brandt for the Los Angeles Film Awards noted, "Depp displays sonic waves of artistic expression with her eyes and internal work that was so subtle yet massively powerful and at such a young age was an exciting thing to watch."  Depp next starred opposite Timothée Chalamet and Robert Pattinson in "The King" in which she plays Catherine of Valois, directed by David Michôd. It had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival in September 2019 and has been distributed by Netflix since November 2019. Owen Gleiberman of "Variety" wrote, "Lily Rose-Depp makes her presence felt, for perhaps the first time ever, as Catherine of Valois, whose delicate worldliness matches Henry’s", and Rory O'Connor for "The Film Stage" called it "an excellent cameo".

Upcoming projects.

Depp will join Gary Oldman, Armie Hammer, and Evangeline Lilly in the opioid crisis thriller "Dreamland" that will premiere in 2020. She will also star in Neil Burger's sci-fi thriller "Voyagers" alongside Colin Farrell, Tye Sheridan, Isaac Hempstead Wright, and Fionn Whitehead. Depp next will star alongside George MacKay in Nathalie Biancheri’s "Wolf", and in a Christmas comedy "Silent Night" with Keira Knightley and Roman Griffin Davis among the cast. She is set to reprise her "Tusk" and "Yoga Hosers" role in "Moose Jaws".

Personal life.

Depp is the goddaughter of singer Marilyn Manson. Since her birth, Depp has been the subject of tabloid and media reporting, including birthdays, attendance at society events, and reviews of her fashion choices. She is fluent in both English and French. Depp dropped out of high school in 2016 to focus on her acting career. She has struggled with anorexia in the past and has recovered.  In August 2015, Depp posed for iO Tillett Wright's Self-Evident Truths Project, stating she falls somewhere on the LGBT spectrum. Depp later clarified she was simply making a statement on defining oneself, and not on her own sexuality.  Despite being too young to vote, Depp supported Bernie Sanders during the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries. Depp and her mother Vanessa Paradis were photographed for "Our City of Angels" magazine in February 2017; the sales proceeds for the issue were donated to Planned Parenthood.  Depp dated actor Timothée Chalamet since filming "The King" (2019) from 2018. Various reports citing "British Vogue" claim the couple broke up by early 2020.

Lily-Rose Melody Depp (born May 27, 1999) is a French-American actress and model, born to parents Johnny Depp and Vanessa Paradis. Depp began her acting career with a small role in "Tusk" (2014), and went on to star in the period dramas "The Dancer" (2016), in which she played Isadora Duncan, "Planetarium" (2016), and "The King" (2019). Depp has been nominated for two César Awards for Most Promising Actress, for her performances in "The Dancer" and "A Faithful Man" (2018), respectively. She won Best Actress award at the 4th Los Angeles Film Awards for her performance in "My Last Lullaby" (2019).

莉莉-萝丝·美乐蒂·戴普(英语:Lily-Rose Melody Depp,1999年-5月27日)是一位法国女模特儿和演员。父亲为美国演员强尼·戴普,母亲为法国歌手凡妮莎·帕拉迪丝。莉莉-萝丝亦参与了帕拉迪丝专辑《喜悦 (凡妮莎·帕拉迪丝专辑)》录制。