Composition.

According to journalist Bill Harry, McCartney thought of the lyrics whilst shaving: "I wrote 'All My Loving' like a piece of poetry and then, I think, I put a song to it later". However, McCartney later told biographer Barry Miles that he wrote the lyrics while on a tour bus and after arriving at the venue he then wrote the music on a piano backstage. He also said "It was the first song [where] I'd ever written the words first. I never wrote words first, it was always some kind of accompaniment. I've hardly ever done it since either."  The lyrics follow the "letter song" model as used on "P.S. I Love You", the B-side of their first single. McCartney originally envisioned it as a country & western song, and George Harrison added a Nashville-style guitar solo. John Lennon's rhythm guitar playing uses quickly strummed triplets similar to "Da Doo Ron Ron" by The Crystals, a song that was popular at the time, and McCartney plays a walking bass line.  Lennon expressed his esteem for the song in his 1980 "Playboy" interview, saying, "[I]t's a damn good piece of work... But I play a pretty mean guitar in back."  It has been hypothesized that the piece draws inspiration from the Dave Brubeck Quartet's 1959 song "Kathy's Waltz".

Recording.

The Beatles recorded the song on 30 July 1963 in eleven takes with three overdubs. The master take was take fourteen overdubbed on take eleven. It was remixed on 21 August (mono) and 29 October (stereo).  A slightly longer stereo edition of the song, featuring a hi-hat percussion introduction not found on the common stereo or mono mixes was released in Germany and the Netherlands in 1965 on a compilation album entitled "Beatles' Greatest". This version was later released in the UK, but only as part of "The Beatles Box" (1980). It also turned up on a European CD bootleg release of the US "Rarities" with other bonus tracks not included on the original LP.

Releases and performances.

"All My Loving" was the Beatles' opening number on their debut performance on "The Ed Sullivan Show" on 9 February 1964; the recording was included on "Anthology 1" (1995). The group also performed "All My Loving" three times for BBC radio, once in 1963 and twice in 1964. The final version, which was recorded on 28 February 1964, was included on "Live at the BBC".  The song was used twice in films by the group—it plays in the background at the end of the nightclub scene in "A Hard Day's Night" (1964), though without the drum opening and the coda; while an instrumental version appears in the film "Magical Mystery Tour" (1967).  According to Alan Weiss, a TV producer who happened to be there, "All My Loving" was playing on the sound system at Roosevelt Hospital emergency room when Lennon was pronounced dead after being shot on 8 December 1980.

Reviews.

"All My Loving" has been praised by several critics. Ian MacDonald said, "The innocence of early Sixties British pop is perfectly distilled in the eloquent simplicity of this number" and described the song as helping McCartney be seen as more of an equal to Lennon. Richie Unterberger of AllMusic said it "was arguably the best LP-only track the Beatles did before 1964" and that if it had been released as a single in America it would have been a huge hit.  The guitar work for "All My Loving" has also been lauded by later critics. Harrison's concise solo has been described as reminiscent of Chet Atkins, and Lennon's complex rhythm work (relying on the unusual use of constant triplets) was referred to as "the most recognizable feature" of the song; Lennon himself later described his performance as "a superb piece of guitar."

Personnel.

Personnel per Ian MacDonald:

"All My Loving" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, from their second UK album "With the Beatles" (1963). It was written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon–McCartney), and produced by George Martin. Though not officially released as a single in the United Kingdom or the United States, the song drew considerable radio airplay, prompting EMI to issue it as the title track of an EP. The song was released as a single in Canada, where it became a number one hit. The Canadian single was imported into the US in enough quantities to peak at number 45 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 in April 1964.

《英语:All My Loving》是一首披头士乐队的歌曲,收录于1963年专辑《英语:With the Beatles》中。该曲由保罗·麦卡特尼创作,署名为列侬-麦卡特尼。它在加拿大以单曲形式发行,登顶该国排行榜。尽管这首歌在英美两国都没有发行单曲,但它在广播上非常流行,促使百代唱片以它为标题曲发行了迷你专辑。1964年2月9日,该曲是披头士第一次在美国埃德·沙利文秀上登场时唱的第一首歌。


Gameplay.

"Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon" is an action-adventure game in which the main player character is Luigi, who is sent by Professor E. Gadd to explore abandoned haunted mansions and capture hostile ghosts using the Poltergust 5000, a specialized vacuum cleaner. In the main single-player mode, the player explores five different mansions designed around a specific theme, such as an overgrown greenhouse and a clock factory built over an archaeological site, to retrieve the Dark Moon fragment hidden within.  Exploration through a mansion is divided into multiple mission-based levels that focus on completing a number of objectives, such as retrieving an object, accessing a particular room, or defeating a stronger boss ghost. At the end of each mission, the player is scored based on various factors such as the treasures and ghosts collected. If Luigi takes too much damage from ghost attacks or environmental hazards and loses all his heart points, he will faint and the player must restart the mission. If the player finds and collects a golden bone, Luigi will be revived and continue the mission instead of starting over. The Nintendo 3DS touchscreen shows a mini-map of the mansion's layout, with locations of both locked and unlocked doors. The character Toad accompanies Luigi in certain missions. When the player obtains the Dark Moon fragment hidden in a mansion, they can progress to the next mansion.  To capture a ghost, the player first stuns the ghost using Luigi's flashlight equipped with the Strobulb attachment. While "Luigi's Mansion" required the player to shine the light on the ghost, in "Dark Moon", the player charges the Strobulb to release a burst of light that acts similar to a flashbang. When stunned, the ghost's hit points are exposed, allowing Luigi to vacuum the ghost to decrease its hit points until it is weak enough to be captured. Luigi can vacuum up to three ghosts simultaneously. Some types of ghosts wear protection against the Strobulb and need to be tricked into becoming vulnerable.  In addition to capturing ghosts, the suction and blowing functions of the Poltergust 5000 are used to manipulate and carry objects in the environment. Many of the game's puzzles are designed around this concept. For example, the player uses the vacuum to carry buckets of water, yank pull switches, spin valve handles, and propel small objects. Other objects, such as certain types of switches and locks, react only when exposed to the Strobulb flash. Early in the game, the player obtains the Dark-Light Device, which reveals invisible doors and furniture.  "Dark Moon" features a cooperative multiplayer mode called "ScareScraper" ("Thrill Tower" in Europe), in which up to four players each control a differently colored Luigi. The players explore each floor of a mansion and complete the specified objective within a time limit. When the objective is completed, the players ascend to the next floor. The floors are all randomly generated, with different floor layouts and placement of ghosts and items, and the players may select whether the mansion has a limited or endless number of floors. Four different objective types are available: Hunter, in which all the ghosts on the floor must be captured; Rush, where players race to find the exit to the next floor; Polterpup, where players pursue and capture ghost dogs; and Surprise, in which one of the other three objectives is randomly chosen per floor. "ScareScraper" can be played locally or online via Nintendo Network.

Plot.

King Boo, who escaped his painting after Professor E. Gadd sold it at a garage sale, shatters the Dark Moon, a large crystal which has a pacifying effect on the ghosts that inhabit Evershade Valley, using the magic jewel embedded in his crown. This causes the ghosts to suddenly become hostile, forcing the Professor to take shelter in a bunker while dark, eerie fog covers the valley. The Professor immediately contacts Luigi and sends him to the bunker. He tells Luigi to collect the five pieces of the Dark Moon, which have been scattered to different mansions, to clear out the fog and restore peace to Evershade Valley and capture and contain the ghosts before they leave the valley and wreak havoc on the rest of the world. To help Luigi, he provides him with several gadgets: a flashlight; the Poltergust 5000, an upgraded version of the Poltergust 3000; the Dual Scream, a DS-like device used for communication purposes; and the Dark-Light Device, a special lens used for uncovering hidden objects.  Luigi makes his way through five different mansions in the valley, proceeding to recover Dark Moon pieces from Possessor Ghosts in each mansion and saving the professor's Toad assistants, whom King Boo turned into paintings. The Toads produce security images that provide valuable clues, and each image shows two Boos carrying a bag with a painting inside. Eventually, Luigi and the Professor find out that Mario was turned into a painting and that King Boo is behind the whole crisis. However, after Luigi obtains the final Dark Moon piece in a parallel dimension, King Boo intercepts him as he is being returned to the bunker. King Boo states he destroyed the Dark Moon and reveals his intentions to use the corrupted ghosts to conquer the world. Luigi then battles and defeats King Boo.  When Luigi returns to the Treacherous Mansion, he frees Mario from the painting and reunites with the Professor and the Toads. They rebuild the Dark Moon, which returns the ghosts back to their friendly selves. The professor releases the captured ghosts from the Vault, and they celebrate by taking a photo. The game ends as Luigi returns home with his newly adopted ghost dog, Polterpup.

Development.

"Dark Moon" was developed by Next Level Games, a Canadian developer who had previously worked on Nintendo-published titles "Punch-Out!!" and the "Mario Strikers" series. Development of the game started in late 2010 with producer Shigeru Miyamoto overseeing the production. Miyamoto stated that he chose to work on the sequel because he "wanted to" after designing a prototype Nintendo 3DS version of the original game to test its hardware, which later became a reality in October 2018. The original game for the GameCube was tested for 3D effects, but the feature did not come to fruition until the game's 3DS remake was released in 2018. The North American title of the game was revealed to be renamed from "Luigi's Mansion 2" to "Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon" at Nintendo All-Access during E3 2012.  Miyamoto served as a producer for the game and would check in with the team every two weeks and provide feedback and suggestions. Miyamoto at one point threw out the designed bosses in the game and encouraged the team to come up with bosses that "could only appear in "Luigi's Mansion"". The team also experimented with the Circle Pad Pro, but could not find an adequate use for it, as capturing ghosts no longer required dual analog control.  "Dark Moon" was released in Japan on March 20, 2013, in North America on March 24, and in Europe and Australia on March 28.  An arcade game based on "Dark Moon" titled "Luigi's Mansion Arcade" was released on June 18, 2015 in Japan, which was developed by Capcom and published by Sega under license from Nintendo. It is an on-rails light gun game with a vacuum controller and support for two players. Location tests were conducted during the 2014 Halloween weekend from October 30 until November 3. The Swedish children's magazine "Robot" positively described the arcade game, calling it an intelligent idea and especially praising how "the vacuum cleaner feels so real."

Reception.

"Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon" received critical acclaim, gaining aggregate score 86/100 on Metacritic. "IGN" gave the game a 9.3 out of 10, citing that it was "Nintendo at its inventive best."  Matthew Castle of "Official Nintendo Magazine UK" gave it a 92%, praising the game's 3D visuals and mix of old and new features. However, he also criticized the game for its lack of checkpoints, stating that "Death, though rare, forces Luigi to restart missions from scratch, punishing 30 seconds of weak defence with up to half an hour of collecting treasure and solving puzzles for a second time which feels like rough justice when you make a silly mistake in a surprise ambush." He concluded on a positive note, stating "For as much as "Luigi's Mansion 2" acts like the class clown, all shrieks and pratfalls, it has more heart than any game in recent memory when it isn't yanking them out of ghost chests, naturally. So man up Luigi and embrace your applause. Funny, gorgeous, crammed full of surprises... but enough about Luigi. Nintendo renovates one of its more oddball offerings into a must-have title. The only thing to fear is that it takes another 10 years to return."  Matthew Reynolds of "Digital Spy" gave it 5 out of 5 stars, commenting positively that "Practically every room in this expansive follow-up feels lovingly handcrafted and crammed full of things to tinker with, filled with playful animations and spoils to discover. While combat is less complicated but wholly enjoyable, the game's real priority lies in exploration and puzzles."  Conversely, "GameSpot" gave it a 6.5 out of 10, citing "difficulty spikes and a lack of checkpoints", as well as the stiff controls, but praised the multiplayer functionality.

Sales.

"Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon" debuted to high sales worldwide, becoming the sixth best-selling game of April 2013 in the US selling 415,000 units (375,000 of which were physical copies) and selling 515,975 units in Japan by April 14, 2013. In July 2013, the game sold 150,000 copies in the United States, and by the end of July it had sold 750,000 units in the US, which grew to 1.33 million copies by August 2014. In the United Kingdom, "Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon" charted fifth in the All Formats chart, a position it held for three consecutive weeks, becoming the first 3DS exclusive title of the year to chart.  As of September 2017, "Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon" has sold 5.45 million units worldwide.

Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon, known in Australia and Europe as is an action-adventure video game developed by Next Level Games and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 3DS. It is the sequel to the 2001 Nintendo GameCube game "Luigi's Mansion". The game was released in Japan on March 20, 2013, and later in that same month in most other major regions.

,是由Next Level Games开发并由任天堂在任天堂3DS平台发行的动作冒险游戏。游戏2013年在日本、欧美和台港推出,是2001年GameCube游戏《路易吉洋楼》的续作。这是马里奥系列中,在《马里奥失踪记》(英语:"Mario is Missing!")和《路易吉洋楼》之后,又一款以路易吉为主人公的游戏。


Plot.

Following the events of the original film, the people of Newt, Texas, led by Mayor Burt Hartman (Paul Rae), burn down the farmhouse of the murderous Sawyer clan in an act of vigilante justice. The arsonists are proclaimed heroes of the community, and the entire Sawyer family is killed. However, an infant, Edith Rose Sawyer is found by one of the townsmen, Gavin Miller, who promptly murders her mother, Loretta Sawyer. Gavin and his wife Arlene take the child into their care and raise her as their own daughter.  Decades later, Heather (Alexandra Daddario) discovers that she was adopted after receiving a letter that her grandmother, Verna Carson, has passed away. Heather, her boyfriend Ryan (Trey Songz), her best friend Nikki, and Nikki's boyfriend Kenny travel to her grandmother's home in Newt to collect her inheritance. Along the way, the group picks up a hitchhiker named Darryl. Upon arriving, Heather is given a letter that she neglects to read. As the group explores the house, they decide to stay the night. Heather and her friends leave to buy food and supplies, leaving Darryl behind to look after the house. Darryl begins stealing valuables and is killed by an elderly Leatherface (Dan Yeager) in the basement.  Later that day, Heather and her friends return to find the house ransacked. While Kenny is preparing dinner, he goes downstairs to the cellar where Leatherface impales him on a hook. Heather finds her grandmother’s body and is attacked by Leatherface, but she manages to escape. Nikki and Ryan draw the attention of Leatherface, while Heather gets in the van and picks up her friends. Using his chainsaw, Leatherface cuts through one of the tires, which causes the van to crash, killing Ryan on impact. He then chases Heather to a nearby carnival, where Deputy Carl Hartman (Scott Eastwood), the mayor's son, and the police are patrolling the grounds.  Heather escapes to the police. While at the police department, she begins digging through the files, learning how the Sawyer family was killed and empathizing with them. The sheriff and Hartman send an officer to investigate the Carson estate. Over the phone, the officer reports his findings. He finds Nikki hiding in a freezer but accidentally shoots her in the head before he himself is killed by Leatherface. Leatherface skins the flesh from the officer's cadaver and uses it to create a new flesh mask.  Enraged by the officer's findings, Hartman vows to end the remaining Sawyers, kidnapping Heather and taking her to a slaughterhouse to lure Leatherface. Listening over the deceased officer's police radio, Leatherface learns of Heather's location and goes to the slaughterhouse to kill her. Before he is able to do so, he sees a Sawyer birthmark on Heather's chest and releases her. Leatherface is then attacked from behind by Hartman. Hartman physically and repetitively beats Leatherface, until Heather tosses Leatherface his chainsaw. He uses it to force Hartman to his death in a meat grinder. Afterwards, Leatherface and Heather return to the Carson Estate, where Heather reads the letter she was given. It informs her that she is Edith Sawyer, that Leatherface is her cousin and that he will protect her for the rest of his life, but it also requests that she take care of him in return. She notes how old Leatherface is, and graciously accepts him as her only family.  In a post-credits scene, Heather's adopted parents show up at the Carson estate to visit Heather, intending on greedily splitting her assets. As they wait in front of the door, Leatherface comes through the door with his chainsaw in hand.

Production.

In January 2007, Platinum Dunes executives Bradley Fuller and Andrew Form stated that the company would not be producing the third film in the "Texas Chainsaw Massacre" reboot franchise. In October 2009, it was announced that Twisted Pictures and Lionsgate Films were attempting to purchase the rights to the franchise, with Twisted Pictures producing and Lions Gate distributing. According to "Variety" writer Michael Fleming, the plan was to create a contemporary film in 3-D, with Stephen Susco writing the script. The contract, with rights-holders Bob Kuhn and Kim Henkel, would be for multiple films. In May 2011, Lions Gate announced that it would be partnering with Nu Image to produce the new "Texas Chainsaw Massacre", and that John Luessenhop would direct the film. Mazzocone will act as producer, with production having been set to begin in June 2011. Mazzocone also announced that the story would pick up where Tobe Hooper's original film ends. Adam Marcus and Debra Sullivan were brought in to write the script; Kirsten Elms and Luessenhop worked on rewrites and script polishing. Neither Twisted Pictures nor Nu Image had a credit on the finished film, which had to be re-cut before release, as it received an NC-17 rating due to excessive gore during its initial submission to the MPAA.

Reception.

Critical reviews.

The film was panned for plot-holes and inconsistencies with the original film. On Rotten Tomatoes, "Texas Chainsaw 3D" has an approval rating of 19% based on 79 reviews, with an average rating of 3.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "As an ugly and cynical attempt to rebrand Leatherface as horror anti-hero, "Texas Chainsaw 3D" is a bold move for the franchise." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 31 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale, with 63% of moviegoers being under the age of 25.<ref name="Budget/CinemaScore"></ref>  IGN editor Eric Goldman wrote, "A few fun 3D-aided jump-scares aside, "Texas Chainsaw 3D" is a generic and laughable attempt to follow the original."

Box office.

On its opening night, "Texas Chainsaw" took first place, earning approximately $10,200,000 at the North American box office. The film ultimately took first place for the entire weekend, making $21,744,470. As of March 2013, the film has made $39,093,317 worldwide.

Home media.

On May 14, 2013, the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray/Blu-ray 3D, which includes an UltraViolet digital copy of the film along with multiple commentaries and featurettes, an alternate opening and the trailer.

Merchandise.

In March 2015 Hollywood Collectibles released a 20-inch Leatherface action figure, based on Dan Yeager portrayed figure.

Sequel.

In January 2013, it was revealed that due to the film's financial success, Millennium Films began planning a sequel film to be called "Texas Chainsaw 4" which was expected to begin filming later in 2013 in the state of Louisiana. Millennium Films Chairman Avi Lerner stated that the project was brought to him by Christa Campbell and Lati Grobman and that Millennium had signed on to produce, with Lionsgate distributing the finished product. Executive producer Mark Burg clarified that the sequel was prematurely announced and had not been authorised, "The rights are controlled by Carl [Mazzocone] and Main Line Pictures, no matter what Millennium says. Millennium simply sold the foreign rights and they will not tell us when a sequel is ready to be made. The script was developed by Carl, myself and writer/director John Luessenhop. Maybe they're looking for something to sell at Berlin, but they have no right to announce this sequel." Ultimately, a prequel titled "Leatherface" was released by Lionsgate and Millennium Films in October 2017, from a pitch by writer Seth M. Sherwood focusing on the origin of the eponymous killer. Because of the time it took to release it, the studios lost the rights to make future "Texas Chainsaw Massacre" films.

Texas Chainsaw 3D is a 2013 American slasher film directed by John Luessenhop, with a screenplay by Adam Marcus, Debra Sullivan and Kirsten Elms. It is the seventh installment in "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" franchise and was presented in 3D. The film serves as a direct sequel to the 1974 film "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" (ignoring the events of the subsequent installments). The film stars Alexandra Daddario, Dan Yeager, Trey Songz, Tania Raymonde, Scott Eastwood, Thom Barry, Paul Rae and Bill Moseley, with Gunnar Hansen and Marilyn Burns, who had appeared in the original 1974 film. The story centers on Heather, who discovers that she was adopted after learning of an inheritance from a long-lost grandmother. She subsequently takes a road trip with her friends to collect the inheritance, unaware that it includes her cousin, Leatherface.

《德州电锯杀人狂3D》(英语:Texas Chainsaw 3D)是一部于2013年上映的美国恐怖电影,由约翰·卢森霍普执导,由亚当·玛卡斯、黛布·莎莉文与卡斯顿·安幕斯共同撰写剧本,以及故事由史蒂芬·萨斯科、玛卡斯与莎莉文提供。这是「德州电锯杀人狂系列」的第七部,并以3D化呈现。这部电影是1974年《德州电锯杀人狂》(第一部)的直接续集(剧情无关第二、三、四部与重启作)。故事叙述以女主角海瑟为中心,某天收到一封来自德州关于祖母过世的信件,内容是祖母过世的遗产要由她来继承,随后和她的朋友们一起去德州旅行,发现这个庞大的遗产,并且也发现了自己的真实身份。电影拍摄于2011年7月的夏天,并于2013年1月4日正式发行。


Description.

Reeves's muntjac grows to high at the shoulder and in length, plus a short tail up to long. It weighs between when fully grown. It is reddish-brown in appearance with striped markings on its face. The belly is creamy-white, with lighter fur extending to the neck, chin, and the underside of the tail. The males have short antlers, usually or less, and long upper canines (tusks), usually about long. Females have bony lumps on their foreheads and localized black spots. The Taiwanese subspecies ("M. r. micrurus"), commonly known as the Formosan Reeves' muntjac, is darker than other subspecies.

Behavior.

Reeves's muntjac feeds on herbs, blossoms, succulent shoots, fungi, berries, grasses, and nuts, and has also been reported to eat tree bark. Eggs and carrion are eaten opportunistically. It is also called the barking deer due to its distinctive barking sound, though this name is also used for other species of muntjacs. The barking sound is common during mating or when provoked. Its preferred habitats are forest and shrubland. It is a solitary and crepuscular animal. Both males and females defend small territories that they mark with preorbital gland secretions that are thought to be pheromonal in nature. When fighting, males first use their antlers to push enemies off balance so they can wound them with their upper canine teeth.

Reproduction.

Female muntjacs (known as "does") become sexually mature within the first year of life. Mating occurs throughout the year. Their gestation period lasts from 209 to 220 days. Females limit the number of mating bouts, though time between successive bouts is determined by males (known as "bucks").

Introductions.

Reeves's muntjacs were introduced to the grounds of Woburn Abbey in Bedfordshire in the 19th century by the then Duke of Bedford. While a small number reportedly escaped, they are extremely unlikely to be the source of the current UK population. Larger numbers of Reeves's muntjac escaped from Whipsnade Zoo, and they are the more likely ancestors, in addition to other releases.  Since the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, it has been illegal to release the species except where already established. Colonies exist throughout England south of Derbyshire, and the population continues to grow. In Ireland, sightings in 2008 caused the government, concerned at the risk of the species becoming established, to quickly introduce a year-round hunting season.  In the 1960s, several specimens escaped from an exhibition zoo in the Bōsō Peninsula in eastern Japan. By 2017, their numbers had reached at least 60,000. It is considered a harmful invasive species and has inflicted severe damage to ashitaba plantations. Also, Reeves's muntjac escaped a zoo on Izu Ōshima in 1970 when a fence fell due to a typhoon. A muntjac eradication effort on Izu Ōshima was undertaken in 2007–2014 but failed, and as of 2014, at least 11,000 individuals exist and have a yearly population growth rate of 15%. This failure has been blamed on inadequate survey methods that underestimated the population of the nocturnal species.

Conservation.

In Hong Kong, Reeve's muntjac is a protected species under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. It is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN due to being generally common and widespread.

Economic significance.

The tanned skin of Reeves's muntjac is notable for its softness and is occasionally used in beauty-care products, musical instruments, lenses, and antique items packaging. Low-fat muntjac meat is also noted for its culinary qualities.

References.

This article incorporates material from the article in the Japanese Wikipedia, retrieved on 29 June 2017.

Reeves's muntjac ("Muntiacus reevesi"; ), also known as the Chinese muntjac, is a muntjac species found widely in southeastern China (from Gansu to Yunnan) and Taiwan. It has also been introduced in Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom (south England, the Midlands, east Wales), Ireland, and Japan. It takes its name from John Reeves, an employee of the British East India Company in the 19th century.

山羌(学名:、英语:Reeves's muntjac),-{zh-cn:台湾称山羌、羌仔、麂、麂子、小麂、黄麂; zh-tw:又称羌仔、麂、麂子、黄麂; zh-hk:台湾称山羌、羌仔、麂、麂子、台湾小麂;}-。鹿科麂属的草食性动物, 分布于中国华中、华南地区、台湾。该动物属于可食用野生动物,为台湾原住民的传统猎物之一。2019年1月9日起,台湾农委会林务局将山羌由保育类调整为一般类野生动物,但仍限于地方主管机关所画定之区域内猎捕。


Plot.

In 1945, after sportswriter Wendell Smith suggests that Brooklyn Dodgers owner Branch Rickey consider Jackie Robinson as the black ballplayer Rickey is looking for. Robinson and his team, the Kansas City Monarchs, stop by a gas station. When the attendant refuses Robinson entry to the washroom, Robinson says they will find another station at which to fill up the team bus, and the attendant relents. As Robinson steps out, a scout for the Dodgers sent by Rickey approaches him and invites him to Brooklyn. He is offered a $600 per month contract and a $3500 signing bonus, which Robinson accepts after being warned by Rickey that he must control his temper if he wants to play. Robinson proposes to his girlfriend, Rachel, by phone and she accepts.  During spring training, Robinson earns a roster spot with the Montreal Royals, the AAA affiliate of the Brooklyn farm system. After a great season there and spring training in Panama, he advances to the Dodgers. Many of the players soon sign a petition, stating they refuse to play with Robinson, but manager Leo Durocher insists Robinson will play with the main team, and they relent. When Durocher is suspended by Happy Chandler, the Commissioner of Baseball, for actions in his personal life, leaving the Dodgers without a manager to start the regular season, Burt Shotton agrees to manage the team.  In a game against the Philadelphia Phillies, manager Ben Chapman taunts Robinson, causing him to go back to the dugout and smash his bat out of frustration. With encouragement from Rickey, Robinson then returns to the field and hits a single, steals second base and advances to third on a throwing error, and scores the winning run. When Chapman's behavior toward Robinson generates bad press for the team, the Phillies' owner requires him to pose with Robinson for newspapers and magazine photos.  Later, Robinson's teammate Pee Wee Reese comes to understand what kind of pressure Robinson is facing, and makes a public show of solidarity, standing with his arm around Robinson's shoulders before a hostile crowd at Crosley Field in Cincinnati, silencing them.  In a game against the St. Louis Cardinals, Enos Slaughter "accidentally" spikes Robinson on the back of the leg with his cleats while running the bases.  Robinson's home run against Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher Fritz Ostermueller, who had earlier hit him in the head, helps clinch the National League pennant for the Dodgers, sending them to the World Series, which they would lose to the New York Yankees.

Cast.

Former minor league player Jasha Balcom served as a stuntman for Boseman in some of the film's scenes.

Production.

Development.

Spike Lee planned to write and direct a film based on the life of Jackie Robinson and had it set up at Turner Pictures under his 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks in 1995. The studio wanted to release it in 1997 to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Robinson's breaking of the color barrier, and courted Denzel Washington to star, but the project fell apart in 1996 over creative differences. In March 1997, Lee found favor with Columbia Pictures, who signed him to a three-year first-look deal. Columbia President Amy Pascal reflected that it would bring "enormous potential for Spike to reach audiences that are not traditionally associated with Spike Lee movies." The project eventually fell apart, but in 2004 Robert Redford set up a Jackie Robinson biopic as producer with Deep River Productions, as well as his own production company, Wildwood Productions. Redford also intended to co-star as Branch Rickey, and Howard Baldwin joined as producer the following year. In June 2011, it was announced that Legendary Pictures would develop and produce a Jackie Robinson biopic with Brian Helgeland on board to write and direct, under a distribution deal with Warner Bros. Legendary collaborated with Robinson's widow, Rachel Robinson, to ensure the authenticity of her husband's story. She had previously been involved with Redford's project.

Filming.

"42" was filmed primarily in Macon, Georgia, Birmingham, Alabama, and Chattanooga, Tennessee. Some interior scenes were shot at Atlanta Film Studios Paulding County in Hiram, Georgia.  Most of the interior stadium shots were filmed at historic Engel Stadium in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Utilizing old photographs and stadium blueprints, Ebbets Field, Shibe Park, The Polo Grounds, Crosley Field, Sportsman’s Park, and Forbes Field were recreated for the film using digital imagery.

Reception.

Critical response.

"42" received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 80%, based on 189 reviews, with an average rating of 6.87/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""42" is an earnest, inspirational, and respectfully told biography of an influential American sports icon, though it might be a little too safe and old-fashioned for some." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 62 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare "A+" grade.  Richard Roeper stated, "This is a competent but mostly unexceptional film about a most extraordinary man." Lisa Kennedy, of the "Denver Post", lauded the film, saying "This story inspires and entertains with a vital chapter in this nation's history." Conversely, Peter Rainer, of "The Christian Science Monitor", criticized the film as "TV-movie-of-the-week dull and Robinson's ordeal is hammered home to the exclusion of virtually everything else in his life."  The film's actors were generally praised, with Owen Gleiberman saying of Ford, "He gives an ingeniously stylized cartoon performance, his eyes atwinkle, his mouth a rubbery grin, his voice all wily Southern music, though with that growl of Fordian anger just beneath it." "The Hollywood Reporter" commented that Boseman "has the necessary appeal, proves convincing as an athlete and is expressive in spite of the fact that the man he's playing must mostly keep his true feelings bottled up."  Jackie Robinson's widow, Rachel Robinson, was involved in the production of the film and has praised the end result, saying, "It was important to me because I wanted it to be an authentic piece. I wanted to get it right. I didn't want them to make him an angry black man or some stereotype, so it was important for me to be in there.... I love the movie. I'm pleased with it. It's authentic and it's also very powerful."

Box office.

"42" grossed $95 million in North America and $2.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $97.5 million, against a production.  The film earned $27.3 million for its opening weekend, the best-ever debut for a baseball-themed film. It then made $17.7 million and $10.7 million on its second and third weekends, finishing second and third, respectively.

Home media.

"42" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 16, 2013 in the United States and on February 3, 2014 in the U.K.

Historical inaccuracies.

Robinson and Rachel Isum became engaged in 1943, while he was still in the United States Army and before he began his professional baseball career, unlike in the film where he proposes after signing the contract with the Dodgers.  The Dodgers 1947 spring training was in Havana, Cuba, not in Panama as shown in the film.  The scene of Robinson breaking his bat in the dugout tunnel is not based in fact. Both Rachel Robinson and Ralph Branca, film consultant and Dodger pitcher in the dugout that day, say it did not happen. Director Helgeland concurs, explaining that his justification for including the scene was that he felt "there was no way Robinson could have withstood all that abuse without cracking at least once, even if it was in private."  Red Barber would not have broadcast Dodger away games from the opposing team's ballpark in Philadelphia and Cincinnati, as shown in the film. Radio broadcasts of away games in this era were recreated back at the studio from a pitch by pitch summary transmitted over telegraph wire from the stadium where the game was being played.  Wendell Smith is said to have been the first black member of the Baseball Writers Association of America; Sam Lacy was the first, having joined in 1948.  Pirates pitcher Fritz Ostermueller threw left-handed, not right-handed as in the film. His first inning pitch hit Robinson on the left wrist, not his head, and he claimed it was a routine brushback pitch without racist intent. There was no fight on the mound afterwards. The climactic scene in which Robinson hit a home run to clinch the National League pennant for the Dodgers came in the top of the fourth inning of the game, did not clinch the victory (it made the score 1–0, and the Dodgers eventually won 4–2), and did not clinch the pennant; the Dodgers clinched at least a tie for the pennant on that day before clinching the pennant the next day.

42 is a 2013 American biographical sports film written and directed by Brian Helgeland about the racial integration of American professional baseball by player Jackie Robinson, who wore jersey number 42 through his Major League career. The film stars an ensemble cast that was led by Chadwick Boseman as Robinson, and Harrison Ford as Branch Rickey, with Nicole Beharie, Christopher Meloni, André Holland, Lucas Black, Hamish Linklater, and Ryan Merriman appearing in supporting roles.

《-{zh:42号传奇;zh-hans:42号传奇;zh-hant:42号传奇;zh-hk:42号传奇;zh-mo:42号传奇;zh-tw:传奇42号;}-》(英语:42)是一部2013年的美国电影 由布莱恩·海格兰(Brian Helgeland)执导兼编剧,乍得维克·博斯曼、哈里逊·福特主演。


Notable undrafted players.

These players were not selected in the 2013 NBA draft but have played at least one game in the NBA.

Eligibility and entrants.

The draft is conducted under the eligibility rules established in the league's new 2011 collective bargaining agreement (CBA) with its players union. The CBA that ended the 2011 lockout instituted no immediate changes to the draft, but called for a committee of owners and players to discuss future changes., the basic eligibility rules for the draft are listed below.

Early entrants.

Player who are not automatically eligible must declare their eligibility for the draft by notifying the NBA offices in writing no later than 60 days before the draft. For the 2013 draft, this date fell on April 28. Under NCAA rules, players will only have until April 16 to withdraw from the draft and maintain their college eligibility.  A player who has hired an agent will forfeit his remaining college eligibility, regardless of whether he is drafted. Also, while the CBA allows a player to withdraw from the draft twice, the NCAA mandates that a player who has declared twice loses his college eligibility.

College underclassmen.

Forty-five college players declared for the draft.

International players.

Fifteen players who did not attend college in the US or Canada between the ages of 18 and 22 declared for the draft.

Automatically eligible entrants.

Players who do not meet the criteria for "international" players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria:  Players who meet the criteria for "international" players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria:  In addition to every college players who has completed their college eligibility and every "international" players who was born on or before December 31, 1991, the following player would also be eligible for selection in the 2013 NBA draft:

Draft lottery.

The first 14 picks in the draft belong to teams that miss the playoffs; the order was determined through a lottery. The lottery determined the three teams that will obtain the first three picks on the draft. The remaining first-round picks and the second-round picks were assigned to teams in reverse order of their win-loss record in the previous season.  Below were the chances for each team to get specific picks in the 2013 draft lottery, rounded to three decimal places.

Invited attendees.

The NBA annually invites around 10–15 players to sit in the so-called "green room", a special room set aside at the draft site for the invited players plus their families and agents. The following 13 players were invited (listed alphabetically) to the 2013 NBA draft.

Trades involving draft picks.

Pre-draft trades.

Prior to the day of the draft, the following trades were made and resulted in exchanges of draft picks between the teams.

Draft-day trades.

The following trades involving drafted players were made on the day of the draft.

The 2013 NBA draft was held on June 27, 2013, at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. National Basketball Association (NBA) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players, including international players. State Farm was the presenting sponsor. The lottery took place on May 21, 2013. This was the first draft for New Orleans under their new Pelicans name after playing as the New Orleans Hornets previously. It would also be the last draft for the Charlotte Bobcats under their old name, as they went back to playing under their old Hornets moniker that they last used in 2002 once the 2013–14 NBA season was over. Anthony Bennett, the first pick, bounced around the league, and then was finally released by the Brooklyn Nets after averaging just 5.2 PPG. He is considered the most recent candidate of being named the worst #1 draft pick in recent memory, with next to no major media outlets even considering him a potential #1 pick up until the day of the draft.

2013年NBA选秀于2013年6月27日在美国纽约布鲁克林巴克莱中心举行。在本次选秀中,美国国家篮球协会在美国大学篮球业余运动员和其他符合资格的运动员中挑选球员。这是新奥尔良鹈鹕在改名后首次参与选秀。


Early career.

Kim Yang-gon started his political career as a vice-director of the party's International Liaison Department in 1986, and during this time he also oversaw relations with Japan as head of the DPRK-Japan Friendship Association. He was a recipient of the top Order of Kim Il-sung in 1995. He was promoted to director in 1997 and visited China multiple times during his tenure. In 2005 he also received a position as "councilor" to the National Defence Commission.

Promotion.

Several months after the death of Rim Tong-ok, Kim Yang-gon, considered a confidant to Kim Jong-il, was appointed to replace him as director of the United Front Department of the Workers' Party in March 2007. His first assignment as head of relations with South Korea was a visit to Seoul in November to discuss reapproachment measures with Unification Minister Lee Jae-jeong. At the Party Conference held in September 2010, Kim was also appointed secretary for united front and South Korea policies of the Secretariat and alternate member of the Politburo.  Kim Yang-gon kept his position under Kim Jong-un, and he was awarded the newly created Order of Kim Jong-il in July 2012. He visited South Korea again in October 2014 to attend the closing ceremony of the 2014 Asian Games with Hwang Pyong-so and Choe Ryong-hae, and in late August 2015 to negotiate a deal to halt military provocations around the Demilitarized Zone.

Death.

In December 2015, North Korea's news agency reported that Kim Yang-gon died in a car accident. He was lying in state in Sojang Club in Pyongyang and honored in a state funeral.  He was replaced in January 2016 by Kim Yong-chol.  Kim Yang-gon's funeral committee was composed of:

Kim Yang-gon (, 24 April 1942 – 29 December 2015) was a North Korean politician and a senior official of the ruling Workers' Party of Korea.

金养建(,1942年-4月24日-2015年-12月29日),又译作金养健,朝鲜民主主义人民共和国政治家,生前为朝鲜劳动党中央政治局委员、中央书记局书记,兼任统一战线部部长。


History.

The Korean Wikipedia initially used an older version of MediaWiki. The software had problems representing Hangul, which limited usage. In August 2002, the software was upgraded and started to support non-English scripts such as hangul. However, Internet Explorer continued to have an encoding problem, which kept contributions to the encyclopedia low. Nevertheless, from October 2002 to July 2003, the number of articles increased from 13 to 159, and in August 2003 it reached 348. Finally, in September 2003 the hangul problem was solved. From September 2003, with no accessing difficulty once the encoding error in IE was solved, the number of contributions and visits increased. The Korean Wikipedia's prospects became even more optimistic following the momentum created by substantial coverage in the Korean media.  The Korean Wikipedia won the Information Trust Award in the general Internet culture branch in 2005.

Topics.

In 2019 the Korean Wikipedia has 269 thousand unique categories and 7.73% of them do not have appropriate page in the category namespace. The average article in this language version has 10 categories, while number of unique categories per articles ratio is 0.596. The largest number of articles has Politics (18%) and People (9%) category. In Korean Wikipedia articles related to Military and Philosophy has the highest average quality. Content about Business is read more often and articles in People category have the highest authors' interest on average.

Hangul and Hanja.

The Korean Wikipedia is written almost entirely in hangul. Hanja is only used in order to clarify certain phrases, and is usually parenthesized. There is a group, named, that is actively working to introduce a mixed script system to the Korean Wikipedia. A request for a separate Wikipedia in mixed script, however, was rejected.

Dialects.

There are two major standards in the Korean language, the South Korea standard, and the North Korea standard. North Koreans are underrepresented on the Korean Wikipedia, due to North Korean censorship of the Internet in North Korea. Therefore, most users of the Korean Wikipedia are South Koreans and most articles are written in the South Korean style. The official name of the Wikipedia is. "Hangugeo" is the name for the Korean language in South Korea, and "baekgwa" is a clipped form of "encyclopedia".

Services derived from Korean Wikipedia.

Businesses heavily make use of the Korean Wikipedia in various ways, for its license, the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike License (CC BY-SA), allows modification and distribution for commercial purpose.  Empas integrated the Korean Wikipedia database in its search since 11 August 2005. The feature to search Korean Wikipedia using a mobile phone with a wireless Internet connection through Nate was available to the subscribers of SK Telecom from 6 July 2007. Since 21 August, Daum mirrored Korean Wikipedia and English Wikipedia on its portal, and Naver also started to present the search results from the Korean and English Wikipedia prior to others from 11 January 2008.

Politics.

The South Korean right-wing youth group story K favors a proactive involvement of right-wing media establishments for the Korean Wikipedia.  Despite the South Korean conservative New Rights establishments pressured the government to approve the term, liberal democracy, to represent South Korea in Korean history textbooks, the head of the National Institute of Korean History, Lee Tae-jin (이태진), proposed to use this political term by citing the Korean version of Wikipedia as a main source.  Human rights groups have sent copies of the Korean Wikipedia to North Korea on USB sticks by balloon.

The Korean Wikipedia () is the Korean language edition of the Wikipedia. It was founded in October 2002 and reached ten thousand articles on 4 June 2005. As of September 2019, it has 467,704 articles and is the 23rd largest Wikipedia. In June 2019, the project had 2,401 active editors who made at least five edits in that month.

韩语维基百科()是维基百科的韩语版本,一个自由、开放内容的百科全书计划。目前是在各语言维基百科计划中,规模排名第22(依条目量计算)。开始于2002年10月11日(星期五)下午四时,截至2018年2月7日,韩语维基百科已有408,557篇条目。


Biography.

Kyenge was born in Kambove (Haut-Katanga District) in the Democratic Republic of Congo on 28 August 1964. She arrived in Italy with a student visa in 1983. She has been married since 1994 to an Italian engineer, Domenico Grispino, and has two daughters named Giulia and Maisha. She lives in Castelfranco Emilia. She has a degree in medicine and surgery from the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Rome. She is a specialist in ophthalmology at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia.  In 2002 she founded the Association for Intercultural DAWA ("dawa" is a Kiswahili word meaning "medicine"), with the aim of promoting mutual understanding of different cultures and develop processes of awareness, integration and cooperation between Italy and Africa, particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo where Kyenge focuses mostly her efforts. Since September 2010 she has been the national spokesperson of the Italian association "March First" that works to promote the rights of migrants. She collaborates with various organizations and associations in national campaigns on the rights of citizenship. She collaborates with many Italian magazines, including "Combonifem" and "Corriere Immigrazione", an online newspaper and a weekly journal on the culture of Italy of the present and future.

Political career.

In 2004 Kyenge was elected in a district of the town of Modena for the Democrats of the Left and later became the provincial head of the Forum of International Cooperation and Immigration.  On 7 June 2009 Kyenge was elected provincial councilor in Modena for the Democratic Party (PD) and joined the committee Welfare and social policies. She is also responsible for immigration policies in Emilia-Romagna for the Democratic Party.  On 25 February 2013 Kyenge was elected member of the Chamber of Deputies for the PD in Emilia-Romagna. Immediately after her election to the Italian Parliament, with the support of other signatories (Pier Luigi Bersani, Khalid Chaouki and Roberto Speranza), she began to promote a plan for a law granting citizenship to children of immigrants born on Italian soil (a so-called "Ius soli" law).

Minister for Integration, 2013–14.

In April 2013 Kyenge was appointed Minister for Integration in the grand coalition government formed by Enrico Letta, becoming Italy's first black cabinet minister. Her ministerial nomination was repudiated in some circles on cultural and/or racial grounds, being met by racist insults from individual politicians belonging to the Northern League such as Roberto Calderoli, VP of the Italian Senate, who called her an orangutan, in addition to racist campaigns orchestrated by the New Force party and other far-right groups. Her treatment as Italy's first black minister has been described by "The Economist" as "shameful" with "limited condemnation". Writer and University of Tokyo Professor Flavio Rizzo further analysed the climate around Minister Kyenge in the context of Italian inability to relate to diversity and "the emergence of institutional racism".

Member of the European Parliament, 2014–2019.

Kyenge was elected to the European Parliament in the elections of 2014 as a candidate for the Democratic Party from the constituency of North-East Italy. During her time in parliament, she was a member of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs. In addition to her committee assignments, she served as vice-chairwoman of the parliament's delegation to the ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly. She was also a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Integrity (Transparency, Anti-Corruption and Organized Crime), the European Parliament Intergroup on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights and the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights. She was a MEP from January 7, 2014 through January 7, 2019.  Kyenge led the EU-Election Observer Mission for the 2015 general election in Burkina Faso.

Cécile Kashetu Kyenge (; born Kashetu Kyenge, 28 August 1964) is an Italian politician and ophthalmologist. She was the Minister for Integration in the 2013–14 Letta Cabinet. From 2014 until 2018, she was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP). Kyenge is of Congolese descent.

西西莉·坎基(Cécile Kyenge,1964年-8月28日)是意大利社会融合部部长(Integration minister),成为意大利的第一个非裔部长,出生于刚果共和国。她提出凡在意大利出生者,就能取得意大利公民权的提案,让移民者能更容易成为公民。


The Swiss Family Robinson: Flone of the Mysterious Island

家族鲁宾逊漂流记 不可思议之岛的芙劳拉

Plot.

The Robinson family consists of The patriarch Earnest Robinson, a doctor by profession, Anna Robinson, the matriarch who is a housewife, the oldest son Fritz who aspires to be a musician, the middle child Rebecca "Becca", a tomboy, and the youngest son, Jack. The family receive a letter from Dr Robinson's friend in Australia, Dr Elliot, who wishes for Dr Robinson to treat people in Australia due to the lack of doctors. This is an issue for the children, as Fritz realises there is no way he would be able to study music in Australia due to lack of appropriate institutes. Becca is initially happy, however soon she realises their family maid Marie would not be able to make it. As a compromise, the family decide to have their relatives over, to take care of Fritz while the rest of the family move to Australia. On the day of the voyage, though, Fritz changes his mind at the last moment and jumps onto the ship.  Fritz meets a girl named Emily who he befriends. The rest of the family interact with various people on the ship, such as the time when Dr Robinson has to assist a pregnant woman give birth. One night, a storm rages on the ship. Dr Robinson and his family are not able to make it into the life boat as they were busy trying to tend to the injured. The captain ties Fritz onto a log of wood which saves him from drowning, and the rest of the family prepare a makeshift raft to make their way into an uninhabited island. They set up camp at the shore of the beach but are soon forced to relocate to a treetop due to the presence of jackals. They have Brewster the dog who was the pet of the captain, and they befriend a petit cuscus and they name it Mercedes. They also rescue a goat and its child along with some chickens from the ship. Dr Robinson and Fritz spend most of the day exploring and doing carpentry work, while Anna prepares food and does farming. At one point they see a ship and try to use bullets to signal it, but they fail to catch its attention. They spend their days mostly surviving and building boats/ships. Once heavy rain and wind set, they set out to find a water-proof home, and they come across a cave. The cave had a skeleton with a diary near it, as they read they realise the man, whose name was Eric Bates, never made it off the island and died, presumably from malaria. They give him a proper burial. As Becca explores the cave, she sees a silhouette of a boy running. The next day, Anna finds a boy stealing from their garden. The boy, whose name is TomTom, is an Australian Aboriginee. They find that he lives with a ship captain, Mr Morton. Anna is initially repelled by him due to his rude nature and after he tried to get Jack to smoke a cigarette, but soon warms up to him after realising he had good intentions at heart. TomTom initially refuses to interact with the Robinson family as his family was subjected to slavery at the hands of Europeans, but warms up to Becca and the rest of the family soon. Mr Morton asks the family to build another ship as soon as possible, with the intention of leaving and finding their way to Australia, after they find out the island is actually a volcano which may erupt soon, further there were frequent earthquakes. After staying in the island for over a year, they finally leave to Australia on the ship they built. The voyage takes much longer than expected but they finally make it, barely alive. The family is greeted by Dr Elliot who provides them with a nice house to stay in, while TomTom stay with the Robinsons until Mr Morton finds another ship. They find out that Emily made it alive and was training to be a nurse, hence after a short re-union, she decides to leave for England in order to study medicine and become a nurse. It happens to be the same ship Mr Morton and TomTom were sailing in. The Robinson family say their goodbyes and the anime ends.

The story is loosely based on the 1812 novel "Swiss Family Robinson" by Swiss author Johann David Wyss. As such it exhibits the same geographically impossible array flora and fauna.

《家族鲁宾逊漂流记 不可思议之岛的芙劳拉》(又译《新鲁宾逊漂流记》、《瑞士家庭漂流记》)为日本动画公司制作的〈世界名作剧场〉系列第7部的动画作品。改编自瑞士作家约翰·大卫·威斯的作品《瑞士的鲁宾逊》("Der Schweizerische Robinson")。自1981年1月4日播至同年1981年12月27日,全50话。


Spacecraft design.

Ranger 4 was a Block II Ranger spacecraft virtually identical to Ranger 3. The basic vehicle was, high and consisted of a lunar capsule covered with a balsawood impact-limiter, in diameter, a mono-propellant mid-course motor, a thrust retrorocket, and a gold- and chrome-plated hexagonal base in diameter. A large high-gain dish antenna was attached to the base. Two wing-like solar panels ( across) were attached to the base and deployed early in the flight.  Power was generated by 8,680 solar cells contained in the solar panels which charged an 1 kWh capacity AgZn launching and backup battery. Spacecraft control was provided by a solid-state computer and sequencer and an Earth-controlled command system. Attitude control was provided by Sun and Earth sensors, gyroscopes, and pitch and roll jets. The telemetry system aboard the spacecraft, consisting of two 960 MHz transmitters, one at 3 W power output and the other at 50 mW power output, the high-gain antenna, and an omnidirectional antenna. White paint, gold and chrome plating, and a silvered plastic sheet encasing the retrorocket furnished thermal control.  Because heat sterilization was suspected to have caused the malfunction of Ranger 3's computer, this procedure was dropped on Ranger 4. The seismometer capsule was also painted with a sawtooth pattern for better thermal protection.  The experimental apparatus included: (1) a vidicon television camera, which employed a scan mechanism that yielded one complete frame in ten seconds; 2) a gamma-ray spectrometer mounted on a boom; (3) a radar altimeter; and (4) a seismometer to be rough-landed on the lunar surface. The seismometer was encased in the lunar capsule along with an amplifier, a 50-milliwatt transmitter, voltage control, a turnstile antenna, and six silver-cadmium batteries capable of operating the lunar capsule transmitter for 30 days, all designed to land on the Moon at. The radar altimeter would be used for reflectivity studies, but was also designed to initiate capsule separation and ignite the retro-rocket.

Mission.

Atlas 133D and Agena 6004 arrived at Cape Canaveral in March and began preflight checkouts. Unlike with previous Ranger launches, no serious difficulties were encountered in readying the launch vehicle for flight and the probe also passed all systems tests with ease. On April 20, Ranger 4 was stacked atop the booster and liftoff took place at 3:50 pm EST on April 23. Launch proceeded perfectly this time and there were no anomalies with either the Atlas or the Agena, which performed its second burn to send Ranger 4 on a translunar trajectory.  After separation from the Agena, it was apparent that something was seriously amiss when tracking stations picked up Ranger 4's radio transmitter, but there was no telemetry data being returned or any response when commands were sent to the computer. Without telemetry, it could not be confirmed that the probe's solar panels had unfolded, but the fluctuating radio transponder indicated that Ranger 4 was tumbling and that the solar panels and high-gain antenna were not deployed either.  The Atlas and Agena had both performed perfectly, in fact so well that Ranger 4 would not even need a midcourse correction burn to impact the Moon. However, this was all futile if the spacecraft was inoperative. Ground controllers sent commands to the probe to unfurl the solar panels and high-gain antenna and manually use the attitude control system to stop the rolling motion it was in, but the probe was unresponsive. The Spacecraft Data Analysis Team at JPL concluded that the main timer in Ranger 4's computer had stopped, which disabled the telemetry system, preprogrammed events such as solar panel deployment, and also made the probe completely unresponsive to manual commands. Even though lunar impact would occur as planned, the mission was for all intents and purposes a failure. Making it a more bitter pill to swallow was the nearly-flawless launch vehicle performance. The booster problems that affected Rangers 1-3 had been resolved, only for the probe itself to completely fail, as unlike the previous missions, Ranger 4 did not return any useful data. Finding the cause of the timer malfunction could also be difficult since it had occurred during the coasting phase prior to trans-lunar injection when Ranger 4 was passing between tracking stations in the Caribbean and South Africa.  Without solar power, Ranger 4's batteries ran down on the morning of April 26 and the radio transponder ceased operating. The tiny transmitter in the seismometer capsule continued sending out a 50-milliwatt signal. Ranger 4 impacted the far side of the Moon (229.3 degrees E, 15.5 degrees S) at at 12:49:53 UT on April 26, after 64 hours of flight.  NASA officials tried to put a positive spin on the mission, noting that it was the first time an American spacecraft had reached the surface of the Moon and that the probe was "far more sophisticated" than the Soviet Luna 2 space probe in 1959, which had been little more than a pressurized sphere designed to deposit pennants on the surface at impact. The excellent performance of the Atlas-Agena booster had also raised morale.  This spacecraft, similar in design to Ranger 3, was the first American spacecraft to reach another celestial body. Although the spacecraft did not achieve its primary objective, the Atlas-Agena-Ranger combination performed without fault for the first time. It acquired the dubious honor of being the first spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon as well.

Ranger 4 was a spacecraft of the Ranger program, launched in 1962. It was designed to transmit pictures of the lunar surface to Earth stations during a period of 10 minutes of flight prior to crashing upon the Moon, to rough-land a seismometer capsule on the Moon, to collect gamma-ray data in flight, to study radar reflectivity of the lunar surface, and to continue testing of the Ranger program for development of lunar and interplanetary spacecraft.

游骑兵4号(英语:Ranger 4)是游骑兵计划中的一艘太空船,旨在传送月球表面的图片,它被设计成在撞击前10分钟内将月球表面的影像传送回地球,将可在粗糙表面登陆的测震仪抛掷在月球上,并在飞行途中搜集γ射线的资料,研究月球表面反射的雷达波,和继续测试游骑兵计划发展出的月球和行星际太空船。由于机载电脑的故障造成附载的太阳能板和导航系统故障,因此这艘太空船失事<unk>毁在月球的背面,没有传送回任何的科学资料。


Synthesis.

Sodium nitride can be synthesized in two different ways: by the thermal decomposition of NaNH or by the direct reaction of the elements. The most common way to successfully synthesize sodium nitride has been done by Dieter Fischer & Martin Jansen and Grigori Vajenine using the latter method. The first way is to introduce desired ratios of Na and N in gas phase separately and depositing them in a vacuum chamber on a cooled substrate, which is then heated to room temperate (298 K) to crystallize. The second method is to react elemental sodium with plasma activated nitrogen on a metal surface. This synthesis can be further facilitated by introducing liquid Na-K alloy to the compound with the excess liquid removed and washed with fresh alloy. The solid is then separated from the liquid using a centrifuge. However Vajenine’s method is very air-sensitive and can decompose and combust rapidly, unless exposed to a pure oxygen (O) environment.

Characteristics.

Sodium nitride can be of reddish brown or dark blue color depending on the synthesis of the compound due to intrinsic properties. It shows no signs of decomposition after several weeks when at room temperature. The compound does not have a melting point as it decomposes back into its elemental forms as demonstrated using mass spectrometry around 360 K. The estimated enthalpy of formation for the compound is +64 kJ/mol.

Structure.

Sodium nitride seems to be about 90% ionic at room temperature, but has the band gap typical for a semiconductor. It adopts the anti-ReO structure with a simple lattice made up of NNa octahedra. The compound has N-Na bond lengths of 236.6 pm. This structure has been confirmed through X-ray diffraction and more recently neutron diffraction on powder and single-crystals.

Sodium nitride (NaN) is the inorganic compound with the formula NaN. In contrast to lithium nitride and some other nitrides, sodium nitride is an extremely unstable alkali metal nitride. It can be generated by combining atomic beams of sodium and nitrogen deposited onto a low-temperature sapphire substrate. It readily decomposes into its elements:

氮化钠 (NaN)是一种非常不稳定的碱金属氮化物。氮化钠是2002年由马克斯-普朗克学会的Dieter Fischer及Martin Jansen所合成。合成时,用钠及氮的原子束在低温的蓝宝石上沉积出氮化钠。


History.

The Art Gallery was originally housed in the Jubilee Building with the State Museum and Library. The Jubilee Building, which was intended to be a public library only, was to be opened in honour of Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee in 1887, but instead, only the first stone for the foundation was laid. The foundation stone was laid for the Art Gallery in July 1901 by the Duke of Cornwall and York, shortly after the federation of Australia.  Several notable individuals were involved with the development of the Jubilee Building and Art Gallery, including John Winthrop Hackett, James Battye, Ludwig Glauert, George Pitt Morison and George Temple-Poole. Sir James Dromgole Linton recommended purchases for the State Art Collection. The Art Gallery Administration Building is housed in the former Police Quarters, designed by architect Hillson Beasley, who also designed Government House. It was built during the economic boom created by the 1890s Kalgoorlie gold rush. The Administration Building moved into the Police Quarters in the 1970s during the nickel mining boom.  The Main Gallery Building was built in 1977, and was also spurred by the mining boom. Western Australia was also placing more importance on cultural institutions, and the government was inspired by the upcoming 150th anniversary of federation in 1979. Construction of the Alexander Library began in the same period.  The architect of the main gallery building was Charles Sierakowski from the Public Works Department, who worked with engineer Philip Nadebaum and architectural company, Summerhayes and Associates. It was designed in the Bauhaus method with a Brutalist exterior, which was popular in European design. The slab and shear head column system was an innovative architectural feature in Western Australia at the time.  In 2017 AGWA announced plans to redevelop its sizable rooftop as focus for sculpture, events, restaurants, film etc in a project called AGWA Elevate” targeted for opening before the Gallery’s anniversary in 2020. The Government of Western Australia has pledged $10m towards this project. ‘Six Seasons” a high profile project to increase the focus on AGWA’s Indigenous collection was launched in 2017, and a new dedicated permanent Indigenous gallery was inaugurated alongside “Plain Speak” a special exhibit for the Perth International Arts Festival.

Exhibitions.

The Aesthetic Movement inspired aspects of the Art Gallery's collection.  Ongoing exhibitions include Indigenous traditional and contemporary art from the Northern Territory and Western Australia, and Western Australian art from the 1820s to 1960s alongside topical displays on key themes drawn from the collection. Desert River Sea is a major project exploring indigenous art. "Desert River Sea: Kimberley Art Then and No"w is a ground-breaking six-year visual arts initiative developed by the Art Gallery of Western Australia with funding support from the Rio Tinto Community Investment Fund. Its aim is to bridge the cultural and geographic distance between Aboriginal artists of the diverse Kimberley region, the Gallery in Perth and national and international audiences, thereby forging a network of cultural and artistic exchange and understanding. An annual exhibition called "Year 12 Perspectives" celebrated 25 years in 2017 and highlights works from Western Australian Art and Art and Design students, including paintings, prints, digital art, fashion, design, and sculpture.

The Art Gallery of Western Australia (AGWA) is a public State art gallery that is part of the Perth Cultural Centre, in Perth, Western Australia. It is located near the Western Australian Museum and State Library of Western Australia and is supported and managed by the Department of Local Government, Sport and Cultural Industries of the Government of Western Australia. The current gallery main building opened in 1979. It is linked to the old court house – The Centenary Galleries — which house the historical collection.

西澳大利亚美术馆是澳洲西澳大利亚州伯斯的一座美术馆,位于伯斯文化中心之内,靠近西澳大利亚博物馆和西澳大利亚州立图书馆。西澳大利亚美术馆开幕于1979年。西澳大利亚美术馆收藏了超过15000件美术品,每年参观者平均40万人次。西澳大利亚美术馆最早和州立博物馆及图书馆共同位于禧年大楼之内。现在的美术馆大楼修建于1977年。


2013至2014年英格兰联赛杯

First round.

The draw for the first round took place on 17 June 2013 at 09:30 BST. Ties were played during the week commencing 5 August 2013.

Second round.

The draw for the second round took place on 8 August 2013 at 12:30 BST. All the Premier League clubs that were not partaking in European competition (UEFA Champions League or Europa League) entered in this round along with Reading who were one of the two best relegated teams from the prior season. Wigan Athletic, who were the other of the two best relegated teams did not enter in this round, due to winning the FA Cup and thus a place in the UEFA Europa League. They entered in the third round. All ties were played during the week commencing 26 August 2013.

Third round.

The draw for the third round took place live on Sky Sports on 28 August 2013. All the clubs partaking in European competition (holders Swansea City, Manchester United, Manchester City, Chelsea, Arsenal, Tottenham Hotspur and Wigan Athletic) entered here, as well as the winning teams from the second round. Only Crystal Palace from the Premier League failed to make it to the third round, and only Bristol City, Swindon Town, Peterborough United and Tranmere Rovers remained from League One.

Fourth round.

The draw for the fourth round took place on 25 September 2013 live on Sky Sports. All ties were originally to be played during the week commencing 28 October 2013, but the game between Sunderland and Southampton was later moved to 6 November 2013. Birmingham City, Burnley and Leicester City were the only teams outside of the Premier League left in the competition, all three compete in the Championship.

Fifth round.

The draw for the fifth round took place on 30 October 2013. All ties were played during the week commencing 16 December 2013. Leicester City, who compete in the Championship, were the only team outside of the Premier League left in the competition.

Semi-finals.

The draw for the semi-finals took place on 18 December 2013 after the televised game between Stoke City and Manchester United.

Broadcasting rights.

The domestic broadcasting rights for the competition were held by the subscription channel Sky Sports, who have held rights to the competition since 1996–97. During this season Sky had exclusive live broadcasting rights.  These matches were broadcast live by Sky Sports on television:

The 2013–14 Football League Cup (known as the Capital One Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 54th season of the Football League Cup, a knock-out competition for the top 92 football clubs played in English football league system. Swansea City were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Birmingham City in the 3rd round.

2013年至2014年英格兰联赛杯(英语:2013–14 Football League Cup),或因赞助原因而称为「第一资本杯」(Capital One Cup),是一项淘汰制足球比赛,今次是联赛杯第54次赛季。参赛球队必须为英格兰联赛首四级球队,即英超、英冠、英甲及英乙参赛球队,共有92间球会参加。如球会有参加欧洲足协所主办球会级赛事,该球会会直接晋入第三轮比赛。衞冕冠军为英超-{zh-cn:斯旺西;zh-hk:史云斯;}-,但于第三轮比赛就被英冠伯明翰淘汰出局。


Gameplay.

The game continues on from the side-scrolling platform gameplay of the "Donkey Kong Country" series and sees Donkey Kong and his friends travelling through ten different islands in order to defeat the Snowmads. Controls are similar to the previous game, with the addition of being able to pluck items from the ground and pick up and throw stunned enemies, and various controllers can be used with customizable controls. Like the previous game, players primarily control Donkey Kong who is assisted by a companion, who either provide additional abilities to Donkey Kong, or can be controlled individually by a second player. Along with Diddy Kong, who returns with his barrel jet pack for crossing large gaps, two additional characters are added; Dixie Kong and Cranky Kong. Dixie has the ability to spin her ponytail into a propeller and slowly descend through the air, with an initial boost in height at the start, allowing her and Donkey Kong to fly up out-of-reach platforms or items. Cranky, in a similar mechanic to the "DuckTales" video game, can use his cane to bounce on dangerous surfaces such as spiky thorns and reach higher areas and defeat certain enemies the other Kongs cannot. Filling up a 'Kong-POW' meter allows Donkey Kong and his partner to perform a special move which defeats all on-screen enemies and converts them into items depending on the partner.  The Super Guide from the previous game is absent and is replaced by an expanded shop, run by Funky Kong, offering various support items such as temporary invincibility. Like the previous game, each level contains various Kong letters and puzzle pieces, some of which require specific partners to reach, which unlock various bonuses and hidden levels. The Time Attack mode also returns, now featuring online leaderboards, allowing players to view video replays of the top ranked players.  The Nintendo Switch version of the game features Funky Kong as a new playable character. In the optional easier Funky Mode, Funky Kong is playable with no possible companions, along with an option to switch between him and Donkey Kong. Unlike Donkey Kong in the game's normal mode, Funky Kong comes with five hit points instead of two, while he is also able to double-jump, hover in mid-air, stand on spikes and breathe underwater for an unlimited time. When DK is played, he can gain a companion and each Kong has three hit points.

Plot.

The story begins at Donkey Kong's hut, where the Kongs are celebrating his birthday. Suddenly, one of the balloons flies off the Kong house and over the sea, where Snowmad ships are stationed. Far away from the island, a Pointy Tuck watches over them, locating the Kong house and relaying info to their leader, shrouded in a dark silhouette. Upon the leader nodding their approval, the Pointy Tucks bring him a horn which he blows, creating a large amount of wind, as well as an ice dragon.  Just as he is about to blow the candle out of the fire, Donkey Kong notices a mysterious snowflake that appears and puts out the candle on his birthday cake. He turns away with a frustrated look on his face as he hears an uproar, and he and the other Kongs exit the house. The ice dragon from earlier flies toward Donkey Kong Island, turning the sea under it to ice. The Kongs are then blown away from the island by the ice dragon's intense winds, landing on the Lost Mangroves island. Afterwards, a large ship stations itself where the Volcano from "Donkey Kong Country Returns" used to be, and the Snowmads seize Donkey Kong Island for their own, turning it into a frosty area with continuous snowfall. Donkey Kong and his friends Diddy, Dixie and Cranky land inside an aircraft where the player must use the Y and X buttons to ground pound, causing the plane to break in half.  After traversing across five islands with each posing its own threats, the Kongs finally arrive at Donkey Kong Island under control of the Snowmads. The Kongs make their way through the frozen fortress until they encounter the leader of the Snowmads, Lord Fredrik, who challenges the Kongs to a final battle deep in the depths of the volcano. After a long battle, Donkey Kong delivers the final punch to Lord Fredrik, which sends him flying out through the roof of the Snowmad's ship, destroying it in the process. The Kongs wander out of the remains of the ship and look out from the mountainside to see the end of Lord Fredrik's fall. Lord Fredrik crashes into the remainder of the Snowmad ships out in the seas of the island, defeating the entire Snowmad clan and freeing the island from their control. Donkey Kong then notices that the horn that was used to freeze their island fell out of Lord Fredrik's hands during his fall, which he catches and blows into, producing a breeze of flowers that carries the Kongs to the bottom of the island. The Kongs watch and rejoice as the breeze of the flowers flutter around the island, melting all of the ice and snow, turning Donkey Kong Island back to normal. In a post credits scene, Donkey Kong discovers a box and opens it, unveiling a mysterious relic that unlocks the world Secret Seclusion.

Characters.

The game's story focuses on the Snowmads, a group of Viking-themed arctic animals such as walruses, owls and penguins that invade Donkey Kong Island, forcing Donkey Kong to go against them with the help of his friends Diddy Kong, Dixie Kong, and Cranky Kong. This is Dixie Kong's third appearance in the main series and the first since "", released in 1996. This is also Cranky Kong's first appearance as a playable character in the series.

Development and release.

The game was first announced during Nintendo's E3 2013 Nintendo Direct presentation on June 11, 2013 and was produced by Kensuke Tanabe who, having previously worked on "Super Mario Bros. 2", has incorporated some elements from that game.  In August 2013, Nintendo announced a planned North American release date of December 6, 2013, just in time for the holiday season. However, in October 2013, Nintendo pushed back the release date to February 21, 2014 citing the need for more time to optimize the game. At the VGX Awards on December 7, 2013, the release date was confirmed for North America to be February 21, 2014.  The soundtrack was primarily composed by David Wise, who previously contributed music for the original SNES "Donkey Kong Country" games. Additional music was provided by Daisuke Matsuoka, Minako Hamano, Shinji Ushiroda, and Riyu Tamura under the supervision of Kenji Yamamoto.  Its announcement was a surprise. The development team designed the gameplay to be similar to that of previous series games, apart from a few new features. Retro Studios president Michael Kelbaugh told Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aimé that production started on "Tropical Freeze" because the team "had a lot of gas left in the tank" after finishing "Returns", wanting to include underwater levels and 3D camera work, and to use the Wii U hardware to do "a lot of really new cool tricks." The addition of camera work was the team's biggest change. The dynamic camera swings from a side to a fully 3D view, bringing depth to obstacles in the characters' path. Additionally, "Tropical Freeze" adds Dixie Kong as a partner character, who has a mid-air hover ability that affects how players access platforms. The developers also added "plucking" objects out of the ground, similar to the game mechanic in "Super Mario Bros. 2", on which "Tropical Freeze" producer had also worked. Due to "Donkey Kong" series creator Shigeru Miyamoto being protective over the series, Retro Studios had to prove their ability to handle the license, as Miyamoto said, "This is my baby. You'd better get it right." Miyamoto influenced the game's "ground pound" design and gave other small tips, but was otherwise not involved in its development.  An enhanced port for the Nintendo Switch was released on May 4, 2018. It was developed once again by Retro Studios and includes support for new control schemes and an easier difficulty option, "Funky Mode", which introduces Funky Kong as a playable character.

Reception.

Like its predecessor, "Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze" received "generally favorable reviews" from critics.  Destructoid gave the game a perfect 10 out of 10, saying "with the addition of control options to the already proven formula, Retro Studios' rendition of "Donkey Kong" is pretty much flawless." GamesRadar gave the game 4 out of 5 stars, praising its presentation and challenge whilst criticising the co-operative multiplayer. Game Informer gave it a 9.25 out of 10, praising the levels by saying "I'd rather have a slightly smaller collection of Retro Studios' best levels than one bloated up with lesser-quality stages in order to hit an arbitrary number. That finely cultivated assortment is exactly what you get with "Tropical Freeze,"" in regard to the game having fewer levels than "Returns". GameTrailers gave the game a 9.1 out of 10, praising enhancements made to the gameplay, and the "stellar" soundtrack. IGN gave the game a 9 out of 10, praising the game's challenge, level design, and boss battles. Gamnesia's Colin McIsaac chose "Tropical Freeze" as a Game of the Year, calling it "a masterpiece of mechanics and level design" and citing the level Grassland Groove as "an empowering sensory experience, and perhaps even the greatest platforming level made to date."  GameSpot, however, gave the game a 6 out of 10, saying that interesting boss battles and vehicle segments did not make up for "clunky, repetitive level design" and poor implementation of new mechanics. "GamesTM", who gave it a 7 out of 10, found the game to be as difficult as its predecessors, citing the enemy and obstacle placements, and that the bosses "assault you with at least half a dozen different attacks and absorb many more of yours before they accept defeat."  In their review of the Nintendo Switch version, GameSpot gave "Tropical Freeze" a more favorable assessment, awarding the game a 9 out of 10 and concluding: "If you missed out when the game first debuted back in 2014, give it a shot today. It easily stands the test of time." IGN stood by their 9 out of 10 score, remarking that "the addition of Funky Mode makes the game more accessible without reducing the formidable platforming difficulty to a walk in the park."

Sales.

In Japan, the Wii U version of "Donkey Kong: Tropical Freeze" sold over 70,000 copies during its first month of release. During its first eight days of release in the United States, the game sold an estimated 130,000 units. This game, along with its predecessor, were added to the Nintendo Selects label on March 11, 2016 in North America. It went on to sell 1.98 million units on the Wii U.  In addition to reviewing better, the Nintendo Switch version of "Tropical Freeze" had stronger sales. In Japan alone, the game sold roughly 88,421 units in the first five days of release, more than doubling its debut on Wii U. By December 2018, the game had sold 2.08million copies worldwide on the Switch, bringing total sales to over 4million units across both platforms., the title has sold over 2.25 million units worldwide on the Switch, including 290,000 copies in Japan.

Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze is a side-scrolling platformer video game developed by Retro Studios, with assistance from Monster Games, and published by Nintendo for the Wii U console. The fifth installment in the "Donkey Kong Country" series, "Tropical Freeze" is the direct sequel to the 2010 Wii game "Donkey Kong Country Returns", and was released in February 2014. An enhanced port for the Nintendo Switch was released in May 2018.

是一款由制作、任天堂发行的平台游戏。游戏于2014年2月14日在Wii U上发行。2018年5月3日在任天堂Switch上发售移植版,新增了「酷喜刚」(Funky Kong)模式。


圣詹姆斯 (明尼苏达州)

History.

In 1870, the directors of the St. Paul and Sioux City railroads chose the future townsite of St. James as the midpoint for a new railroad linking the two cities. Named for James Purington, an early settler, the new city was incorporated in 1871. It was the hometown of Minnesota Governor Winfield Scott Hammond, a Democrat who served in 1915. In the 1940s, Theodore S. Mondale, the father of future Vice President of the United States Walter Mondale, was the pastor at First Methodist Church of St. James. Tony Downs Foods Co. has been a major employer since 1947, processing poultry and frozen meals.  St. James contains two properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Grand Opera House (completed in 1892) and the Watonwan County Courthouse (completed in 1896).

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of ; is land and is water.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 4,605 people, 1,839 households, and 1,145 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 2,039 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 81.8% White, 0.7% African American, 0.9% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 14.9% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 31.0% of the population.  There were 1,839 households of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.8% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.7% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.17.  The median age in the city was 37.8 years. 27.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.6% were from 25 to 44; 23.3% were from 45 to 64; and 17.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,695 people, 1,845 households, and 1,186 families living in the city. The population density was 2,050.3 people per square mile (791.6/km2). There were 2,006 housing units at an average density of 876.0 per square mile (338.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.24% White, 0.40% African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 14.27% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23.77% of the population.  There were 1,845 households out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.16.  In the city, the population was spread out with 27.9% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.4 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $33,196, and the median income for a family was $40,993. Males had a median income of $30,036 versus $19,391 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,336. About 9.0% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.5% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over.

Transport.

The city owns and operates the St. James Municipal Airport.

St. James is a city in and the county seat of Watonwan County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 4,605 at the 2010 census.

斯圣詹姆斯(英语:St. James)是一个位于美国明尼苏达州沃通旺县的都市。根据2010年美国人口普查,该地共人口500人,而该地的面积约为6.29平方千米。同时该地也是沃通旺县的县治。


In music.

Among classical composers, in addition to Gottschalk, Congo Square was made the subject of a symphonic poem by Henry F. Gilbert, "The Dance in Place Congo" (1908), which was also staged as a ballet at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City in 1918. He was inspired by an 1896 essay of the same name by George W. Cable which included extracts of the music to be heard in the Square.  The history of Congo Square inspired later generations of New Orleanians. Johnny Wiggs wrote and recorded a piece called "Congo Square" early in the New Orleans jazz revival, which became the theme song for the New Orleans Jazz Club radio show.  "Congo Square" Jazz Saxophonist Donald Harrison is the Big Chief of The Congo Nation Afro-New Orleans Cultural group which represents Congo Square in New Orleans culture. His father, Donald Harrison, Sr. was the Big Chief of four tribes and passed down the secret rituals and drum patterns of Congo Square to him. Harrison says, "That our culture is different than African culture but it has direct links to it. You have to start in New Orleans to understand it." His CD's, "Spirits of Congo Square", recorded in 2002 and, "Indian Blues", recorded in 1991 incorporate his concept of the swing beat merged with the Afro-New Orleans rhythms of Congo Square have influenced many jazz musicians. Donald Harrison currently spreads the culture and spirit of Congo Square by performing in a band called “Donald Harrison and the Congo Square Nation”. The group performs all around the country, playing songs inspired by early drum patterns of Congo Square, and has recently been featured in the acclaimed series “Treme”. Harrison and his band continue to show what the culture and history of Congo Square means to New Orleans and jazz music as a whole.  "Congo Square" is also the title of an African-themed jazz score by Wynton Marsalis and Yacub Addy. It consists of swing arrangements for big band as well as traditional African drum and vocal ensemble from Ghana. Another famous version is that of Louisiana slide guitarist Sonny Landreth on the 1985 album "Down in Louisiana".Landreth also plays on a version on John Mayall's 'A Sense of Place' The American hard rock act Great White released a song called "Congo Square" on their 1991 release "Hooked".  Younger generation neo soul artist Amel Larrieux also wrote a song based on the Congo Square called "Congo" on her 2004 album "Bravebird".  "Ghost of Congo Square" is the opening track on jazz trumpeter Terence Blanchard's 2007 album "A Tale of God's Will (A Requiem for Katrina)".  R&B songstress Teena Marie's album, entitled "Congo Square", was released on June 9, 2009.

Voodoo.

Besides the music and dancing, Congo Square also provided enslaved blacks with a place in which they could express themselves spiritually. This brief religious freedom on Sundays resulted in the practice of voodoo ceremonies. Voodoo is an ancient religion that developed from enslaved West Africans who brought this ritualistic practice with them when they arrived in New Orleans in the 18th century. Although it is not the most noted recreational activity people took part in at Congo Square, it was nevertheless one of the many forms of entertainment and social gatherings here. Voodoo was the most prominent from the 1820s to the 1860s, as Congo Square provided an opportunity to expose people to this intriguing practice. The types of voodoo ceremonies performed at Congo Square were very different from traditional voodoo, however. True voodoo rituals were much more exotic and secretive and focused on the religious and ritualistic aspect, while the voodoo in Congo Square was predominantly a form of entertainment and a celebration of African culture. Some of the dances and types of music heard in Congo Square were the result of these voodoo ceremonies. Marie Laveau, the first and most powerful voodoo queen, is one of the most well known practitioners of voodoo in Congo Square. In the 1830s, Marie Laveau led voodoo dances in Congo Square and held darker, more covert rituals along the banks of Lake Pontchartrain and St. John's Bayou.

Today.

Today, there are still celebrations of the historical and cultural heritage of New Orleans. Congo Square Preservation Society is a community based organization created by percussionist Luther Gray that aims to preserve the historical significance of Congo Square. Every Sunday, it carries on the tradition by gathering to celebrate the history and culture of Congo Square through drum circles, dancing, and other musical performances.  Along with these gatherings, other celebrations and events that are held in Congo Square every year include Martin Luther King Day celebrations, and the Red Dress Run. There are also numerous weddings, festivals, and concerts that take place in the park every year. On Martin Luther King Day, the park serves as the ceremonial starting place of a march that goes all the way to the Martin Luther King Jr. Monument on South Claiborne Avenue. On this holiday in 2012, a ceremony was held in Congo Square in which New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu gave an inspirational speech calling for the city to reduce violence in the streets. The annual Red Dress Run begins in Congo Square, and is organized by the New Orleans Hash House Harriers, a running group in the city. The race is known for its participants dressing in all red and heavy drinking. The profits from the race are given to local charities. After the 2014 race, it was announced that over one million dollars had been given to over 100 local New Orleans charities.

Congo Square () is an open space, now within Louis Armstrong Park, which is located in the Tremé neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana, just across Rampart Street north of the French Quarter. The Tremé neighborhood is famous for its history of African American music.

刚果广场(Congo Square)是新奥尔良的一个开放空间,位于Tremé区的路易斯·阿姆斯特朗公园内,与法国区隔壁垒街(Rampart Street)相望。Tremé区在美国黑人音乐历史中非常著名。