Name.

The modern name is derived from noble–bey (Omer-bey) family Šipraga. It is unclear whether their ancestors represent autochthonous population or they migrated into the area and acquired spacious property in the valley of the river Vrbanja and its tributaries. According to the oral traditions and cadastre records, their expansion started from Pougarje (slopes of Vlašić Mountain) in the valley of River Ugar.

Geography.

Šiprage is on the Vrbanja river, on its south-eastern upstream line of the Banja Luka (about 60 km) and the Kotor Varoš (30 km) and the Center is part of the local community. Located in the long valley between several mountain ranges: north-east Šipraško Brdo (Šiprage's Hill) with Glavić top, 950 m, south: Jasik (769 m), to the southeast of the complex Šahinovina–Stražbenica (848 m), west: Radohova (top: Kape, 950 m) and the north-west: Borčići (799 m) with Hrastik.  The settlement, along with Vrbanja and its tributaries, is about three long and two kilometers wide. It is rich in sources of drinking water, one of which is (along the Crkvenica) used to supply the local aqueduct network. In the place, in Vrbanja confluence there are flowing: Musić potok (stream), Crkvenica and Bakin potok (Grandmother's Creek), on the right side, but Ćorkovac, Zagradinski potok (Creek) and Demićka on the left riverside.

Climate.

In the Šiprage local and around area there is moderate continental climate, with the expressed four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. On the hills around the mountain and subalpine, annual fluctuations in temperature and rainfall are relatively high, but with the long-term stability.

Nature and ecology.

In the Šiprage's Valley and on the surrounding slopes, along with the Vrbanja river and its tributaries, there stretches the surface of arable land, with belts of mixed deciduous and coniferous forests (spruce and abies, white and black pine) and mixed woods of beech and hornbeam. In these ecosystems and mountain meadows there are big and small game (bear, wild boar, wolf, fox, rabbit, hedgehog, badger, marten and weasel, hedgehog, etc.), including Bosnian endemic quarry mammals.  Pastures, cutters and a catchment area covering the life of the natural community (biocenosis) of the associated vegetation zones. But upstream from the Obodnik village and all the way to Tomina Luka (Tom's field) in its upper flow, the Vrbanja confluence belongs to the salmonid waters. However, at first the grayling, after huchen too, and now brown trout will gradually fade away. Grayling is completely missing in the 1970s, and the survival of trout endanger numerous natural and anthropogenic factors. It is especially extreme flooding during 2000th. There are the irrational fishing and pollution with sludge and secondary by-products of exploitation of forest resources. Picking a fish stock is trying to compensate for the regular stocking of, which in turn leads to the question of local populations gene pool, because of the autochthonous specificities, even in the source area of the flows of the Vrbanja river and its tributaries.

History.

According to sources, the first settlement in the Vrbanja river valley dates to the Neolithic. This area was then inhabited by the Illyrian tribe of Maezaeis, and in the 4th century BC Celts.  From the Roman period there are several sites in Šiprage at the mouth Crkvenica – in Vrbanja river ("at the field of Omer Bey Šipraga," 1891), discovered the remains of an early Christian basilica (3rd - 5th century). Archaeological records confirm the existence of a Roman settlement at this location, while the stećci dates to the 12th century. The original location of stećci was confluence of rivulet Crkvenica and River Vrbanja (at the very rivers' banks). They were cut out and built in the walls of the surrounding buildings (possibly due to the beliefs of their miraculous properties). One of the best preserved stećak is submerged in River Vrbanja, in the immediate proximity of its primary location.  In the Middle Ages, Šiprage belonged to the state of Bosnia, part of the province of Donji Kraji ("Lower regions"), and was later occupied by the Ottomans (1519). In 1878 the region became part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and in 1918, Yugoslavia.  During World War II, Šiprage was a Partisan stronghold, and site of the 12th Division Hospital (in Demić gorge), serving its 5th Corpus. In the area of Šiprage, at the very beginning of the war, there were several local partisan unit forces that were later included in larger formations. On 6 January 1944, the Germans broke through the partisan defence lines on the Raskršće locality between the villages of Stopan and Kerle, and the next day entered (at sunrise, 7 January) the centre of Šiprage, where they stayed until 15 January 1944.  The town was bombed and attacked by Germans and Chetniks, including the units of Draža Mihailović. During the „6th Enemy Offensive" in Bosnia, the 12th Division's Mobil Hospital was established for their 5th Corpus (1943/1944); the hospital survived despite multiple Luftwaffe's bombing on nearby Šiprage). As a precaution, the Hospital was relocated to the surrounding villages and further to Korićani. Then it was about 600 injured and patients moved into the village of Stopan and Lozići, then in Palivuk, Čudnić and Kruševo Brdo. After the passage of the Offensive against, for ten days (at 15 January 1944), it was returning again in Šiprage. Later it turned out that even enemy forces did not have precise information about its location. After the War, in 1960, skeletal remains from a grave in the woods were moved to a common Partisan Memorial Cemetery in Šiprage.

Bosnian War.

During the Bosnian War (1992–95), Bosnian Serb Police and Army forces destroyed the surrounding Bosniak villages, especially those upstream along the Vrbanja to Kruševo Brdo, as well as Bosniak and Croat villages downstream to Banja Luka, and in the whole of central Bosnia.  One of the 18 camps for detained Bosniaks from the Kotor Varoš Municipality was at the Police station (MUP) in Šiprage.  After 1996, most of the Bosniak villages were partly restored thanks to the Luxembourgish government and soldiers of the BELUGA battalion within the SFOR-EUFOR Mission. Only mosque in wide area is renewed. During the war, an Orthodox church was built in the centre of the village, on the site of the former "Forestry House" and former seat of the local administration.

Šiprage () is a settlement municipality in the Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska entity, Kotor Varoš Municipality.

Šiprage(),波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那, 波黑塞族共和国城镇。总面积20平方公里,总人口788(2013年)。


Early life.

Chung was born in Kingston, Jamaica. He has four brothers and three sisters.  Chung lived in Jamaica until he was ten before moving to California, where he attended Rancho Cucamonga High School in Rancho Cucamonga, California; he played football as a safety and wide receiver and was a two-time All-League pick.

College career.

Chung enrolled at the University of Oregon in 2004. After redshirting in 2004, Chung took over at the "rover" position in 2005, ranking second on the team with 91 tackles (5 solo), as he caused a fumble and deflected five passes. He earned All-Pacific-10 Conference honorable mention honors, and a spot on the Sporting News Freshman All-American Team. In 2006, Chung once again earned All-Pac-10 honorable mention, finishing third on the team with 84 tackles, two sacks, and four interceptions.  As a junior, Chung was named Second Team All-American and first-team All-Pac-10 Conference. He received the Gordon E. Wilson Award, given to the team's top special teams player. He averaged 22.3 yards on nine kickoff returns while leading the Ducks with a career-high 117 tackles (71 solos), adding 7.5 stops for loss. He broke up nine passes and was credited with a pair of interceptions.  Chung garnered Third Team All-American accolades in addition to making the All-Pac 10 first-team for the second consecutive year in 2008. Along with offensive lineman Max Unger, the pair set the school record with 51 consecutive starting assignments. He had 92 tackles (58 solos) in 13 games, coming up with two sacks among his 6.5 stops for loss. He caused and recovered a fumble, batted down seven passes and returned his only interception 31 yards for a touchdown.  Chung holds the distinction of starting more games than any other defensive player in Oregon history, having started 51 straight games during his collegiate career.

Professional career.

On January 16, 2008, it was announced that Chung had decided to forgo his last year of eligibility and enter the 2008 NFL Draft. Three days later, Chung announced that he decided to instead return to Oregon for his senior year. On January 24, 2009, Chung participated in the 2009 Senior Bowl as part of Cincinnati Bengals' head coach Marvin Lewis' North team that lost 18–35 to the South. He went on to attend the NFL Scouting Combine and completed the majority of drills before sustaining a knee injury. He was unable to perform the short shuttle and three-cone drill due to the injury. On March 12, 2009, he attended Oregon's pro day and ran the short shuttle, three-cone drill, and positional drills. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, he was projected to be a second round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. Chung was ranked as the top strong safety prospect in the draft by DraftScout.com and was ranked the second best safety by NFL analyst Mike Mayock.

New England Patriots.

The New England Patriots selected Chung in the second round (34th overall) of the 2009 NFL Draft. Chung was the second safety drafted in 2009, one pick behind Western Michigan safety Louis Delmas. The second round pick used to select Chung was previously traded from the Kansas City Chiefs to the Patriots in exchange for Matt Cassel and Mike Vrabel.

2009 season: Rookie year.

On July 27, 2009, the New England Patriots signed Chung to a four-year, $5 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $2 million.  Defensive coordinator Dean Pees held a competition to name to new starting safeties between Chung, Brandon Meriweather, James Sanders, and Brandon McGowan. Head coach Bill Belichick named Chung the backup strong safety to begin the regular season, behind Brandon Meriweather.  Chung made his NFL debut in the Patriots' season-opener against the Buffalo Bills and recorded one tackle in a 25–24 victory. He made his first NFL tackle with teammate Darius Butler on cornerback Leodis McKelvin during a 21-yard kick return in the fourth quarter. During Week 6, Chung collected a season-high eight combined tackles, deflected a pass, and made his first NFL interception off a pass by quarterback Vince Young as the Patriots routed the Tennessee Titans 59–0. The following week, he collected four solo tackles and made his first NFL sack on quarterback Josh Johnson in the Patriots' 35–7 in over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Wembley Stadium in Week 7. In Week 10, Chung earned his first NFL start and recorded five combined tackles during a narrow 35–34 loss at the Indianapolis Colts.  Chung finished his rookie year with 37 combined tackles (25 solo), two sacks, a pass deflection, and an interception in 16 games and one start.  The Patriots finished atop the AFC East with a 10–6 record. On January 10, 2010, Chung appeared in his first NFL playoff game as the Patriots were defeated 33–14 by the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Wildcard Game.

2010 season.

On January 15, 2010, it was reported that defensive coordinator Dean Pees would not be renewing his contract or returning to the Patriots. Head coach Bill Belichick took over defensive coordinator duties for the season. Chung competed for the job as the starting strong safety against Brandon McGowan and James Sanders. He was officially named the starting strong safety to start the regular season, along with free safety Brandon Meriweather.  Chung started in the Patriots' season-opener against the Cincinnati Bengals and collected a career-high 16 combined tackles (12 solo) in a 38–24 victory. On October 4, 2010, Chung made five combined tackles and returned an interception by Chad Henne for a 51-yard touchdown to mark the first score of his career. He also blocked a punt and a field goal as the Patriots routed the Miami Dolphins 41–14 on "Monday Night Football" in Week 4. In Week 6, he collected 13 combined tackles (five solo) in a 23–20 victory against the Baltimore Ravens. The following week, Chung made a tackle before exiting a 23–20 victory against the San Diego Chargers after injuring his knee. He was sidelined for the next two games (Weeks 8–9) due to the knee injury.  Chung finished his second NFL season with 96 combined tackles (72 solo), nine pass deflections, three interceptions, and a touchdown in 14 games and 13 starts.  The Patriots finished atop their division with a 14–2 record, clinching a first-round bye and home-field advantage. On January 16, 2011, Chung made his first NFL start in a playoff game and recorded four solo tackles during a 28–21 loss to the New York Jets in the AFC Divisional round. With 1:14 left in the second quarter, Chung made the decision to call an audible on a punt and opted to receive a direct snap from the long snapper on a trick play instead and attempt to gain four-yards for the first down. He botched the direct snap and recovered the fumble for no gain at New England's 37-yard line. The mistake proved costly as the New York Jets capitalized on their field position and scored a touchdown in four plays and 41 seconds to enter half time leading the Patriots 14–3. Chung accepted responsibility for the mistake and stated it was his decision to call for the direct snap. He explained that he called the audible after discovering the Patriots had an eight on six advantage with their blocking scheme.

2011 season.

Chung entered training camp slated as the starting strong safety and was officially named the starter to begin the regular season, opposite free safety Brandon Meriweather. On September 18, 2011, Chung made five combined tackles during a 35–21 victory against the San Diego Chargers in Week 2. He exited the game in the third quarter and returned with a hard cast around his thumb in the fourth quarter. Chung was inactive for the Patriots' Week 3 loss at the Buffalo Bills after undergoing surgery to repair his fractured thumb. On October 30, 2011, he collected a season-high 13 combined tackles (ten solo) and broke up a pass in the Patriots' 25–17 loss at the Pittsburgh Steelers in Week 8. Chung was sidelined for seven consecutive games (Weeks 10–16) after suffering a foot injury.  Chung finished the 2011 season with 62 combined tackles (37 solo), four pass deflections, an interception, and a sack in eight games and eight starts.  The Patriots finished atop of the AFC East with a record of 13–3, clinching a first-round bye and home-field advantage. They went on to defeat the Denver Broncos in the AFC Divisional Round and the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Championship Game. On February 5, 2012, Chung started in Super Bowl XLVI and recorded six combined tackles and a pass deflection in the Patriots' 21–17 loss to the New York Giants.

2012 season.

Defensive coordinator Matt Patricia retained Chung as the starting strong safety, alongside free safety Steve Gregory. Chung started the first six games of the season before sustaining a shoulder injury and missing four games (Weeks 7–11). During his absence, he was replaced by Devin McCourty, who was moved from cornerback to safety. Upon his return in Week 11, Chung was named the backup strong safety behind McCourty and was limited to 65 defensive snaps in the next four games (Weeks 11–14). On December 23, 2012, Chung made four combined tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted two passes by Chad Henne during a 23–16 win at the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 16. The following week, Chung collected a season-high six combined tackles and deflected a pass in the Patriots' 28–0 victory against the Miami Dolphins in Week 17. Chung finished the season with 44 combined tackles (29 solo), five pass deflections, and two interceptions in 12 games and eight starts.

Philadelphia Eagles.

On March 12, 2013, the Philadelphia Eagles signed Chung to a three-year, $10 million contract with $4 million guaranteed. He was reunited with Eagles' head coach Chip Kelly, who served as Oregon's offensive coordinator during Chung's last two years.  Defensive coordinator Billy Davis held an open competition to name two new starting safeties. The competition included Chung, Kenny Phillips, Colt Anderson, Nate Allen, Kurt Coleman, and David Sims. Head coach Chip Kelly named him the starting free safety to begin the season, along with strong safety Nate Allen.  Chung started in the Eagles' season-opener at the Washington Redskins and recorded seven combined tackles in a 33–27 victory. He was sidelined for two games (Weeks 4–5) due to a shoulder injury. In Week 6, Chung made two combined tackles before exiting the Eagles' 31–20 win at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the third quarter after aggravating his shoulder injury. He missed another two games due to the injury (Weeks 7–8) and lost his starting role to rookie Earl Wolff. Chung regained his starting role in Week 11 and started the last six games of the regular season after Wolff sustained a knee injury. On December 29, 2013, Chung collected a season-high ten combined tackles (five solo) during a 24–22 win at the Dallas Cowboys in Week 17. He finished his only season with the Eagles with 59 combined tackles (39 solo) and three pass deflections in 12 games and ten starts.  The Eagles finished atop the NFC East with a 10–6 record. On January 4, 2014, Chung made four solo tackles in the Eagles' 26–24 loss to the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Wildcard Game.  On March 11, 2014, the Philadelphia Eagles released Chung after only one season, saving $2.25 million in cap space. His release was widely attributed to his injuries and issues in pass coverage. Problems with tackling and multiple incidents of accidentally delivering hits to teammates were also cited as possible reasons for his release.

New England Patriots (second stint).

2014 season.

On April 3, 2014, the Patriots signed Chung to a one-year, $1.10 million contract that includes a $120,000 guaranteed and a signing bonus of $60,000.  Throughout training camp, Chung competed against Duron Harmon for the job as the starting strong safety after the Patriots elected not to re-sign starting strong safety Steve Gregory. Head coach Bill Belichick named Chung the starter to begin the season, alongside free safety Devin McCourty.  On November 30, 2014, Chung collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (eight solo) during a 26–21 loss at the Green Bay Packers in Week 13. In Week 15, Chung made ten combined tackles (five solo), two pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by Ryan Tannehill in the Patriots' 41–13 win against the Miami Dolphins. He finished the season with 85 combined tackles (54 solo), with pass deflections, and an interception in 16 games and 15 starts. Pro Football Focus gave Chung an overall grade of 84.4 in 2014.  The Patriots finished atop in the AFC East with a 12–4 record, clinching a first-round bye and home-field advantage. On January 10, 2015, Chung started in the AFC Divisional Round and recorded seven combined tackles during a 35–31 victory against the Baltimore Ravens. The Patriots reached the Super Bowl after defeating the Indianapolis Colts 45–7 in the AFC Championship Game. On February 1, 2015, Chung started in Super Bowl XLIX and made a solo tackle in their 28–24 victory against the Seattle Seahawks.

2015 season.

On January 9, 2015, the New England Patriots signed Chung to a three-year, $8.20 million extension with $3.40 million guaranteed and a $2.40 million signing bonus.  On November 15, 2015, Chung collected a season-high 12 combined tackles (six solo) during a narrow 27–26 victory at the New York Giants in Week 10. He was inactive during the Patriots' Week 16 loss at the New York Jets after injuring his hip the previous week. He finished the season with 85 combined tackles (52 solo), nine pass deflections, and a forced fumble in 15 games and 14 starts. Chung received an overall grade of 88.4 from Pro Football Focus, which was sixth highest grade among all qualified safeties in 2015.  The Patriots finished atop the AFC East with a 12–4 record for the second consecutive season. On January 16, 2016, he made nine combined tackles during a 27–20 win against the Kansas City Chiefs in the AFC Divisional Round. The following week, Chung collected five combined tackles in the Patriots' 20–18 loss at the Denver Broncos in the AFC Championship Game.

2016 season.

On April 1, 2016, the Patriots signed Chung to a one-year, $5.70 million extension that includes $1.80 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $800,000. The agreement kept him under contract throughout the season.  During Week 5, Chung made seven combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by Charlie Whitehurst during a 33–13 win against the Cleveland Browns. Two weeks later, Chung collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (seven solo) and two pass deflections in the Patriots' 27–16 win at the Pittsburgh Steelers. In Week 11, he collected nine combined tackles and sacked quarterback Colin Kaepernick in a 30–17 victory at the San Francisco 49ers. Chung finished the season with 91 combined tackles (52 solo), three pass deflections, an interception, and a sack in 16 games and 16 starts. He received an overall grade of 56.5 front Pro Football Focus in 2015.  The Patriots finished as the top seed in the AFC with a 14-2 record. They went on to reach the Super Bowl after defeating the Houston Texans 34–16 in the AFC Divisional Round and the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship Game 36–17. On February 5, 2017, Chung recorded five combined tackles and two passes defended as the Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 34–28 in overtime to win Super Bowl LI. The Super Bowl featured the first overtime game and largest comeback in Super Bowl history.

2017 season.

Head coach Bill Belichick retained Chung and McCourty as the starting safety duo to open the 2017 regular season. In Week 10, Chung collected four solo tackles, broke up a pass, and returned an interception by Brock Osweiler for 30 yards in the Patriots' 41–16 win at the Denver Broncos. On November 26, 2017, he made ten combined tackles (nine solo) during a 35–17 victory against the Miami Dolphins in Week 12.  Chung finished the 2017 season with 84 combined tackles (71 solo), nine pass deflections, and a sack in 16 games and 11 starts. Pro Football Focus gave Chung an overall grade of 79.0 in 2017. His grade was the 42nd highest grade among all qualified safeties during the season.  The Patriots finished atop the AFC East with a 13–3 record and clinched home-field advantage and a first round bye. They defeated the Tennessee Titans 35–14 in the AFC Divisional Round and the Jacksonville Jaguars 24–20 in the AFC Championship to secure their second consecutive Super Bowl appearance. On February 4, 2018, Chung started in Super Bowl LII and made six combined tackles before exiting the game with a concussion. The Patriots were defeated by the Philadelphia Eagles by a score of 41–33.

2018 season.

On March 19, 2018, the New England Patriots signed Chung to a two-year, $7.80 million contract extension with $5.12 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $3.60 million, keeping him under contract through the 2020 season. Chung was also named a team captain for the first time.  Chung was injured early in the second half of Super Bowl LIII against the Los Angeles Rams, sustaining a "right hand or wrist injury." An air cast was put on his arm and he walked off the field. He did not return to the game, which the Patriots went on to win 13-3. After the game, he stated that he had broken his arm. On February 9, 2019, Chung underwent surgery on his broken forearm.

2019 season.

On April 12, 2019, Chung signed a one-year contract extension with the Patriots, keeping him under contract through the 2021 season.

2020 season.

On May 20, 2020, Chung signed a two-year contract extension with the Patriots through the 2023 season.

Personal life.

Chung is of partial Chinese Jamaican descent. Chung's mother, Sophia George-Chung, is a Jamaican reggae artist who was popular in the 1980s. His father, Ronald Chung, was a music producer and Sophia's manager. Chung has his Chinese name (钟家庭) tattooed on his right arm.  Chung had his first child, Taj James Chung, on September 18, 2010.  Chung was indicted on a charge of possession of cocaine in Laconia, New Hampshire, on August 21, 2019. This charge was conditionally dismissed, on January 13, 2020.

Patrick Christopher Chung (born August 19, 1987) is a Jamaican professional American football strong safety for the New England Patriots of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Patriots in the second round of the 2009 NFL Draft. He played college football at Oregon and has also been a member of the Philadelphia Eagles.

钟家庭(英语:Patrick Christopher Chung,1987年-8月19日)是牙买加裔美国人,美式橄榄球安全卫,现效力于国家橄榄球联盟新英格兰爱国者队。其祖父为中国移民,拥有1/4华裔血统,是第一个成为超级碗正式球员的华裔人士。


History.

The origins of the anti-materiel rifle go back to the First World War, during which the first anti-tank rifles appeared. While modern tanks and most other armored vehicles are too well protected to be affected by anti-materiel rifles, the guns are still effective for attacking unarmored or lightly armored vehicles. They can also be used against stationary enemy aircraft, missile launchers, radar equipment, small watercraft, communications equipment, crew served weapons and similar targets. Their value is in being able to precisely target and disable enemy assets from long range for a relatively low cost.  Despite having been designed to be used against equipment, anti-materiel rifles have also been used for killing soldiers from distances that are beyond the effective range of rifle-caliber cartridges. Anti-materiel rifles can also penetrate most obstacles and building materials, making them viable for dispatching targets behind cover that is usually hard enough to stop rifle-caliber cartridges.  The offensive use of anti-materiel rifles or "special application scoped rifles" (SASR) is termed "hard target interdiction" (HTI) by the United States military.  Anti-materiel rifles can also be used in non-offensive rolesfor example, for safely destroying unexploded ordnance.

World War I.

The history of anti-materiel rifles dates back to use during the First World War. The need for Anti-tank rifles was first encountered by the Germans when faced with the British Mark 1 tank. The Mark I could cross ditches up to wide, which made it a major threat to infantry in trench defenses. As a counter, the Germans first used “direct fire mortars” which were mortars aimed at low angles pointing towards enemy tanks. Later, the Germans developed the T-Gewehr anti-tank rifle, which can be credited with being the first anti-materiel rifle. The rifle was designed to penetrate the thick armor of the British tanks. The rifle weighed when loaded, fired a 13.2 mm round weighing, and had an effective range of about. This weapon had a two-man crew: one to load and the other to fire the weapon, although they often switched roles. The recoil of this weapon was so high that it was known to break collar bones and dislocate shoulders. The rifle fired a steel core armor-piercing round specifically designed for the purpose of being used with this rifle.

World War II.

During World War II, anti-materiel guns were widely used. The British Boys 0.55 calibre anti-tank rifle was a significant increase on the usual 0.303 calibre ammunition used by its infantry. Another weapon used was the Lahti L-39 rifle, an anti-materiel rifle designed by the Finns. One version was designed to fire a 13.2 mm cartridge and another a 20 mm cartridge. There was debate over which was more effective at piercing armor. Some argued that the smaller cartridge travelled faster and could penetrate deeper into the armor, while some believed that the higher caliber rounds would cause greater damage. The weapon weighed an incredible and had an barrel, and it carried the nickname "the elephant gun".

Cold War.

During the Cold War the Barrett M82 rifle was produced by the United States, and was chambered to fire a.50 Browning 12.7x99 mm round. This weapon was sold by the United States to Swedish forces during the Cold War.

Desert Storm.

The M82 rifle first saw action in the 1990s during Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm. The US Marine Corps initially purchased around 125 M82 rifles; orders from the Army and Air Force followed. These weapons were used with rounds such as armor piercing incendiary rounds (API) which were effective against such targets as buildings, trucks, and parked aircraft. The purpose of this round was to penetrate non-armored vehicles and burst into flames on impact.

Modern day.

Anti-materiel guns were used during World War I and World War II to penetrate the armor of tanks. In the modern era, the armor of tanks and other vehicles increased, making it difficult for.50 BMG bullets to penetrate. Modern day anti-materiel rifles are used to penetrate light armor vehicles or targets such as concrete barricades and buildings as well as being used to destroy unexploded ordnance. One of the most popular anti-materiel rifles today is the Barrett M107, not only for its military use but also as one of the most popular weapons available to civilians. This is due to the design of the weapon, being built with a suppressor-ready muzzle brake, a thermal cheek pad, and a hand grip mounted on the inside of the rail. This rifle fires a.50 BMG caliber bullet and weighs, with a barrel length of. Other popular anti-materiel rifles include the Zastava M93 Black arrow, McMillan Tac-50, Gepard GM6 Lynx, AMSD OM 50 Nemesis, Accuracy International AS50, Mechem NTW-20, Istiglal IST-14.5, WKW Wilk and the CheyTac Intervention M-200.

Description.

Anti-materiel rifles are for use against military equipment rather than personnel. The type and size of ammunition defines a rifle as anti-materiel. When used with conventional ball or target ammunition the rifle does not have any anti-materiel capability above and beyond that of any other high velocity, large calibre rifle. The Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 deemed explosive rounds to be inhumane in use against personnel, but they can be employed against materiel. The size of the bullet also plays a factor in the definition. A standard rifle typically fires a 5.56mm or 7.62mm round, while anti-materiel rifles tend to fire a 12.7-mm round with the capacity for greater destruction and penetration.  In general, anti-materiel rifles are chambered for 12.7×99 mm NATO (.50 BMG), 12.7×108 mm Russian, 14.5×114 mm Russian, and 20 mm cartridges. The large cartridges are required to be able to fire projectiles containing usable payloads, such as explosives, armor-piercing cores, incendiaries, or combinations of these, as found in the Raufoss Mk 211 projectile.  The recoil produced by the cartridges employed dictates that these rifles are designed to be fired from the prone position. Bipods and monopods and muzzle brakes are used as accessories to employ these rifles as comfortably and accurately as possible. Firing several 12.7×99 mm NATO, 12.7×108 mm Russian, or larger caliber shots from the (unsupported) standing position or in a kneeling position would be very uncomfortable for the operator and can result in them being knocked over or sustaining a shoulder injury.  Two- to three-man sniper teams are required when using an anti-materiel rifle, due to its size and weight, as well as its possible range. According to the U.S. army, the range of a standard sniper rifle firing a 7.62x51 mm NATO round is a distance of about while the Barrett's effective range is against personnel targets, and against materiel targets. The longest confirmed kill shot was made with a.50 BMG by a Canadian sniper in Iraq at.

List of anti-materiel rifles.

The following table contains a sortable list of some anti-materiel rifles.

An anti-materiel rifle (AMR) is a rifle that is designed for use against military equipment (materiel), rather than against other combatants ("anti-personnel").

反器材步枪"(英语:Anti-materiel rifle)",是一种专为破坏军用器材及物资的步枪,破坏效果高于狙击步枪。反器材步枪普遍采用大口径高破坏力的弹药,子弹和狙击步枪子弹外型相似,但口径较大,通常使用重机枪子弹为主,如12.7×99 NATO(.50 BMG)。现代部分反器材步枪的口径已经超过20毫米甚至40毫米。所用弹药也有了装有高爆炸药和引信的高爆榴弹、爆燃弹等多种破坏效果的专用弹药。


Plot.

A teenage boy, Sergey, arrives at a boarding school for the deaf. There he tries to find his place in the hierarchy of the academic community, which operates like a Gang ruled by the King of the group. Their squad participates in acts of violence, robbery, sex and prostitution. When one of the boys who helps in pimping two girls from the school gets crushed by a truck, Sergey takes his place. Soon however, he falls in love with one of the girls, Anya, whom he impregnates. Sergey finds a purse on a train which he steals, giving the money to Anya for a makeshift abortion. Much later, Sergey follows one of the teachers home, knocks him unconscious, and robs him, giving the substantial sum to Anya and then raping her. Anya gets an abortion, and they set apart over time. One of the gangmasters prepare to send the two girls to Italy, but Sergey ruins Anya's passport and is eventually beaten by King and his gang. Sergey later retaliates by crushing their heads with their nightstands in their sleep.

Cast.

List of cast members:

Release.

"The Tribe" premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on 21 May 2014 in Cannes, France, where it opened in the oldest parallel section of the festival, International Critics' Week, "blowing away" critics and audiences alike, before screening at the Locarno International Film Festival as a special screening for the Jury on 12 August, the Sarajevo Film Festival as the part of the section on 19 August, opening the Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September as part of the Discovery section, the London Film Festival on 15 October, and the Denver International Film Festival on 15 November 2014.

Theatrical run.

Prior to "The Tribe"'s Cannes International Critics' Week selection, Paris-based Alpha Violet, picked up the film.  CEO of Alpha Violet Virginie Devesa, stated that it was an advantage having the piece before the film's Cannes selection, due to it allowing the company to work with the producers on the trailer and other promotional materials, with her stating, "When we first watched the film, it was such as strong emotional ‘shock’ that we wanted to share these emotions and hoped for ‘The Tribe’ to be in Cannes."  On 26 May 2014, Alpha Violet was announced as handling the international sales of "The Tribe", as well as speaking to potential buyers of the piece at the Cannes Film Festival, to which sales interest were spurred on by its critical reception. Jonathan Romney of "The Guardian" calling the piece "the great discovery of this year's festival." Eric Kohn of "IndieWIRE" spoke of the film as "an unprecedented cinematic accomplishment." Wendy Ide of "The Times" gave it five stars adding, "It takes a film like the Ukrainian drama ‘The Tribe’to neatly encapsulate the festival’s real raison d’etre: To discover and celebrate the most exciting, daring and outstanding films made around the world." Karel Och of the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival described it as "the cinematic event of the year." Devesa stated that territories such as the United States, United Kingdom and Hong Kong are being sewn up and currently under negotiation, with her stating, "This is the first time I've had this experience as a sales agent. I hope I live it again. The film is so radical, original, that you might have expected these results, but you never know." Later it was announced that UFO Distribution had acquired the rights to distribute the film within France, Atsuko Murata's Mimosa Films were confirmed to have acquired the Japanese distribution rights to "The Tribe", Amstel Film picked up the distribution rights in the Netherlands and film rights in Denmark were confirmed to have been acquired by Ost For Paradis.  On 2 July 2014, Drafthouse Films acquired from Alpha Violet the distribution rights to "The Tribe" in the United States, with a planned 2015 theatrical release. Upon the acquisition, CEO of Drafthouse Films Tim League spoke highly of the piece and showered it with praise stating that he was witnessing "something truly special". Additionally he added, "Myroslav Slaboshpytskiy is a massive talent. I am confident that he will quickly become a world-renowned director, and I am excited and proud to be sharing his striking first feature with North America." At the news of the acquisition director Slaboshpytskiy stated, "I am very glad that my film will be released in the United States. I have always believed in the universality of film’s language, and have always believed that dialogue and subtitles change the way different audiences perceive the film in different countries." On 6 July 2014, it was confirmed that MCF MegaCom had bought the distribution right to ex-Yugoslavia territories, Art Fest had obtained the film rights to Bulgaria, and Film Europe Media Co had acquired the distribution rights to Czech Republic and Slovakia. The announcement that Bio Paradis had also acquired the right in Iceland marked the first time Alpha Violet has ever sold to the Icelandic territory directly. Alpha Violet was confirmed to be in negotiations for the United Kingdom, Scandinavian and Latin American territories to be collected.  On 28 October 2014, Metrodome Group had announced that it had picked up the United Kingdom rights for Slaboshpytskiy's film, with a planned 2015 release date. Giles Edwards, Head of Acquisitions at Metrodome, commented upon the acquisition, "Audacious, uncompromising and formally breathtaking, Miroslav Shlaboshpytskiy’s shattering masterpiece takes the chilling saturnalia of the feral crime film and transposes it into an unnerving, singularly unforgettable landscape.", himself concluding, "It heralds the arrival of the most astonishing new filmmaking talent in years."

Home media.

Drafthouse Films has announced for plans to release "The Tribe" in select theatres across North America in 2015, as well as additionally on a variety of VOD platforms and digital, DVD, and Blu-ray formats. Additionally it was announced that the deal was negotiated by Alpha Violet's Virginie Devesa and Keiko Funato, and Drafthouse Films's James Emanuel Shapiro and Tim League.

Top ten lists.

The film appeared on several critics' lists of the ten best films of 2014.

Reception.

"The Tribe" received widespread critical acclaim by critics, audiences and at festivals all over the world. Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 86% of critics gave the film a "Certified Fresh" rating, based on 92 reviews with an average score of 7.5/10, with the consensus "A bleak, haunting drama whose wordless dialogue speaks volumes, The Tribe is a bold, innovative take on silent films for a contemporary audience." Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 78 (out of 100) based on 27 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be "generally favorable."  Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" scored the piece four out of five stars, writing, "I can't stop thinking about it." while too praising Slaboshpytskiy's ability to "[draw] on Samuel Beckett or Peter Brook to create a universal language of anxiety." while concluding the sentiment, "What an intriguing film." Leslie Felperin of "The Hollywood Reporter" praised the piece, stating, "The use of sign language, deafness and silence itself adds several heady new ingredients to the base material, alchemically creating something rich, strange and very original." He also admired the film's "silky smooth steadicam" cinematography of Vasyanovych. As well as comparing the language of gestures and body posture as "akin to watching a ballet like Coppélia or The Nutcracker".  Justin Chang of "Variety" heralded the film and its director, Myroslav Slaboshpytskiy, by stating: "Actions, emotions and desperate impulses speak far louder than words in The Tribe, a formally audacious coup de cinema that marks a stunning writing-directing debut for Ukrainian filmmaker [Slaboshpytskiy]." Chang was most praiseworthy of Vasyanovych's cinematography, Stepanskiy's sound design as "vividly detailed" and described Odudenko's production designs as "harshly lit corridors and graffiti-strewn exteriors". He also admired Novikova's "fire and vulnerability" as Anya.  Jonathan Romney of "Film Comment" granted the piece high acclaim, "[...] it was a thrill to discover something so bold, innovative, and downright wayward." Stating of the film, "[...] a magnificent example of long-take cinema". and calling it "an astonishing film". He continued by praising Slaboshpytskiy's risky endeavour, to which he "follows through with intrepidity and absolute rigor" as well as Vasyanovych's "precise compositions". Romney further adds, "The Tribe, in short, was the most surprising, most inventive, and in many ways most disturbing film I’ve seen in Cannes this year." He later named the film among the best movies of 2014.  Eric Kohn of "indieWIRE" gave the film an "A-" rating, adding, "While the specifics remain uncertain, it's never particularly difficult to keep up with the movie's pace, since their actions speak plainly enough -- and sometimes add far more expressiveness than any verbal exchanges could provide." Praising Slaboshpytskiy and Vasyanovych's usage of the steadicam approach, "capturing the actors' exchanges in their full-bodied entirety"; and Slaboshpytskiy as "brilliantly [developing] a suspenseful core through the mysteries of their conversations". He admired Grigory Fesenko's "body movements" and "precise details" through gestures.  Fred Topel wrote, in his review for "CraveOnline", "The piece de resistance is a taboo subject that unfolds in an elaborate single take. It was so harrowing I would have applauded if it would not have been completely inappropriate for the subject matter to do so." Topel praised the cast as "made up of non actors but you wouldn’t suspect that" adding, "They are full of life and energy"  Jessica Kiang of "The Playlist" gave the film an "A-" rating and wrote, "It might sound glib, but it's the literal truth: "The Tribe" left us speechless."  "Electric Sheep Magazine"'s Greg Klymkiw granted the film a maximum score of five stars, stating "A sad, shocking and undeniably harrowing dramatic reflection of Ukraine with the searing truthful lens of a stylistic documentary treatment (at times similar to that of Austrian auteur Ulrich Seidl)". He continues by commending that, "Visuals and actions are what drive the film and ultimately prove to be far more powerful than words ever could be." Luke Y. Thompson of "Topless Robot" spoke most highly of the film, declaring, "Compelling, upsetting, brutal and brilliant, The Tribe is one of the best works of cinema of the year - a familiar template recreated in what, for most, will be an entirely new world." Too adding, "[...] this is a movie that will and should be used in cinema schools as a master class in how film is a visual medium."

Harmata Film Production with the support of Hubert Bals Fund, Ukrainian State Film Agency, Rinat Akhmetov Foundation For Development of Ukraine co-financed the film.

《性本无言》(,英语:The Tribe)是一部2014年的乌克兰剧情片,由米罗斯拉夫·史拉波殊皮斯基编剧并执导,是他的长片处女作。影片以一所聋哑学校为背景,全片只使用乌克兰手语而没有对白,也没有提供任何字幕、翻译或旁白。本片入选了第67届康城影展国际影评人周单元,并摘得包括该单元最高奖在内的三项大奖。


Other names.

In the international standard defining DEF (ISO 22241), it is referred to as AUS 32 (aqueous urea solution 32%). DEF is also sold as AdBlue, a registered trademark of the German Association of the Automotive Industry.  Several brands of SCR system use DEF: BlueHDI is used by Group PSA vehicles including Peugeot, Citroen, and DS Automobiles brands; BlueTec by Daimler AG and FLENDS (Final Low Emission New Diesel System) by UD Trucks

Background.

Diesel engines can be run with a lean burn air-to-fuel ratio (overstoichiometric ratio), to ensure the full combustion of soot and to prevent their exhausting unburnt fuel. The excess air necessarily leads to generation of, which are harmful pollutants, from the nitrogen in the air. SCR is used to reduce the amount of released into the atmosphere. DEF from a separate tank is injected into the exhaust pipeline. Within the SCR catalyst, the are reduced by the ammonia into water and nitrogen, which are both less polluting. The water and nitrogen are then released into the atmosphere through the exhaust.  The injection rate of DEF into the exhaust depends on the specific after-treatment system, but is typically 2–6% of diesel consumption volume. This low dosing rate ensures long fluid refill intervals and minimizes the tank's size (and intrusion into vehicle packaging space). An electronic control unit adjusts the addition of fluid in accordance with such parameters as engine operating temperature and speed.

Chemistry.

DEF is a 32.5% solution of urea,. When it is injected into the hot exhaust gas stream, the water evaporates and the urea thermally decomposes to form ammonia () and isocyanic acid (HNCO):  The isocyanic acid reacts with the water vapor and hydrolyses to carbon dioxide and ammonia:  Overall, thus far:  Ammonia, in the presence of oxygen and a catalyst, reduces two different nitrogen oxides:  The overall reduction of by urea is then:

Operation in winter time.

DEF freezes at. For the SCR exhaust cleaning system to function at low temperatures, a sufficient amount of the frozen DEF must be melted in as short time as possible, preferably on the order of minutes. For example, 2010 EPA emissions requirements require full DEF coolant flow within 70 minutes.  Typically, the frozen DEF is melted by heat from the engine, e.g. engine coolant passing through the DEF tank, governed by a thermostatic coolant control valve. This method may take significant time before the SCR exhaust cleaning system is fully operational, often up to an hour.  Another method to thaw DEF (and thus allow for full SCR operation) is to integrate an electrical heater into the DEF tank. This heater must be sized, positioned, and powered adequately to rapidly melt sufficient frozen DEF. It should preferably be self-regulating not to overheat if (part of) the heater is outside of the liquid. It should also preferably be self-regulating to eliminate any complicated sensor and temperature regulating systems. Furthermore, the heater should not exceed, as DEF begins to decompose around. PTC heaters are often used to achieve this.

Safety and storage.

The urea solution is clear, non-toxic and safe to handle. It can corrode some metals and must be stored and transported carefully. It is recommended that DEF be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area that is out of direct sunlight. Bulk volumes of DEF are compatible for storage within polyethylene containers (HDPE, XLPE), fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), and steel tanks. DEF is also often handled in intermediate bulk containers for storage and shipping.  Diesel exhaust fluid is offered to consumers through a variety of quantities ranging from containers for single or repeated small usage, up to bulk carriers for consumers requiring a large amount of DEF. As of 2013, a number of truck stops added DEF pumps that dispense DEF. These are usually adjacent to fuel pumps so the driver can fill both tanks without moving the truck.

Diesel exhaust fluid (DEF; also known as AUS 32 and marketed as AdBlue) is a liquid used to reduce the amount of air pollution created by a diesel engine. Specifically, DEF is an aqueous urea solution made with 32.5% urea and 67.5% deionized water. DEF is consumed in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) that lowers nitrogen oxides () concentration in the diesel exhaust emissions from a diesel engine.

环保汽车尿素(英语:Diesel exhaust fluid,直译为“柴油尾气处理液”,正式学名为AUS32,美加地区称之DEF(Diesel Exhaust Fluid),欧洲地区称之AdBlue,普称车用尿素,中国于2012年定名为氮氧化物还原剂),皆指同一产品,是一种用于柴油车辆上的废气处理物质。AdBlue由32.5%尿素和67.5%的去离子纯水所合成。


History.

In 1954, Songjiang Division Office decided to build a farm on the seashore of Fengxian. In 1959, Shanghai Municipality also decided to build farms on Chongming Island. At the time of 1960, 16 farms are built on the beach in Fengxian County and on Chongming and Changxing Islands. To administrate these farms, Shanghai Agricultural Reclamation Administration() was set up in 1963 and was renamed to Shanghai Farm Administration() in 1970. During this time, Huangshan Tea and Forest Farm and Lianjiang Farm was established in Anhui. In 1973, Shanghai Municipal Shanghai Farm() was officially established in Dafeng, Jiangsu as an exclave. In 1980, Shanghai Municipality decided to establish the Shanghai Agricultural Reclamation and Industrial and Commercial Joint Enterprise Corporation(), which is (一个机构、两块牌子) of the Farm Administration. In 1994, the Farm administration was officially transformed into a company, Shanghai Agricultural Industry and Commerce (Group) Corporation(), and the brand of Farm administration was reserved for transition period proposes. In 2004, the group was renamed to Shanghai NGS (Group) Co., Ltd.(), a state-own limited company. In 2006, With, the holder of the Bright brand, Shanghai Sugar Industry Tobacco and Alcohol Group and some subsidiaries of Jinjiang International merged, a new food group was established and NGS Group was renamed to Bright Food (Group) Co., Ltd.

Investments.

In July 2010 Bright Food agreed to acquire a 51% stake in the New Zealand-based dairy producer Synlait for US$58 million. However, as of September 2015, Bright Foods hold a 39.12% stake in Synlait.  In September 2010 Bright Food entered into exclusive discussions for the acquisition of the British snack food manufacturer United Biscuits, but the talks did not result in an acquisition.  In August 2011 Bright Food agreed to acquire a 75% stake in the Australia-based food producer Manassen Foods for A$530 million.  In May 2012 Bright Food agreed to acquire a 60% stake in the British breakfast cereals manufacturer Weetabix Limited in a £1.2 billion deal. This majority stake is set to be sold to US company Post Holdings for US$1.8 billion as of 18 April 2017.  In May 2014, Bright Food agreed to acquire a 56% stake in the Israeli Dairy producer Tnuva for the sum of US$2.5 Billion.  In October 2014 Bright Food agreed to acquire a majority stake in Italian olive oil producer Salov, which includes the Filippo Berio and Sagra Brands.

Silver Fern Farms.

In September 2015, Bright Foods expressed interest in New Zealand dairy and meat company Silver Fern Farms by initiating a $100 million buyout of 50% of SFF. On 15 September, it was reported by The New Zealand Herald that Bright Foods subsidiary Shanghai Maling Aquarius Co., Ltd, had reached a $NZ261 Million deal to acquire 50% of Silver Fern Farms.

Products.

Bright Food's products include:

Market share.

In 2010 Bright Food had a 5.7% share of China's dairy products market, ranking fourth. In the same year it had a 1.4% market share in the Chinese packaged foods market and a 1.6% share of the Chinese ice cream market.

Bright Food (officially Bright Food (Group) Co., Ltd.) is a multinational food and beverages manufacturing company headquartered in Shanghai, China. It is the second-largest China-based food manufacturing company measured by 2011 revenues. The company is wholly owned by the Shanghai Municipal Government via Shanghai Municipal Investment Group and another sister company.

光明食品(集团)有限公司是一家以食品产业链为核心的现代都市产业集团,隶属于上海市国有资产监督管理委员会。集团核心业务主要由现代农业、食品制造业和连锁商贸业组成。集团的现代农业主要是奶牛、生猪、大米、蔬果和花卉。集团食品制造业主要是乳制品、糖、酒、休闲食品和罐头食品。集团拥有各类连锁销售网点4000多家,以及电子商务公司和品牌食品代理企业。集团的支撑业务是房地产业和出租汽车、物流业。骨干企业是农工商房地产集团和海博出租汽车公司。集团拥有光明乳业、金枫酒业、梅林股份和海博股份等上市公司。


History.

The Gävle Goat is erected every year on the first day of Advent, which according to Western Christian tradition is in late November or early December, depending on the calendar year. In 1966, an advertising consultant, Stig Gavlén (1927–2018), came up with the idea of making a giant version of the traditional Swedish Yule Goat and placing it in the square. The design of the first goat was assigned to the then chief of the Gävle fire department, Gavlén's brother Jörgen Gavlén. The construction of the goat was carried out by the fire department, and they erected the goat each year from 1966 to 1970 and from 1986 to 2002. The first goat was financed by Harry Ström. On 1 December 1966, a tall, long, 3-tonne goat was erected in the square. On New Year's Eve, the goat was burnt down, and the perpetrator was found and convicted of vandalism. The goat was insured, and Ström got all of his money back.  A group of businessmen known as the Southern Merchants ("Söders Köpmän") financed the building of the goat in subsequent years. In 1971, the Southern Merchants stopped building the goats. The Natural Science Club ("Naturvetenskapliga Föreningen") of the School of Vasa ("Vasaskolan") began building the structure. Their goat was around. Due to the positive reaction their Yule Goat received that year, they built another one the following year and from then on. The Southern Merchants began building their own goats again in 1986.  The cost for the 1966 goat was SEK 10,000. The price tag for constructing the goat in 2005 was around 100,000 Swedish kronor. The city pays one-third of the cost while the Southern Merchants pay the remaining sum. Since 2003 the construction of the goat has been undertaken by a group of unemployed people known as ALU workers.  The display has become notable for being a recurring target for vandalism by arson, and has been destroyed many times since the first goat was erected in 1966. Because the fire station is close to the location of the goat, most of the time the fire can be extinguished before the wooden skeleton is severely damaged. If the goat is burned down before December 13th, the feast day of Saint Lucia, the goat is rebuilt. The skeleton is then treated and repaired, and the goat reconstructed over it, using straw which the Goat Committee has pre-ordered. As of 2005, four people have been caught or convicted for vandalizing the goat. In 2001, the goat was burned down by a 51-year-old visitor from Cleveland, Ohio in the United States, who spent 18 days in jail and was subsequently convicted and ordered to pay 100,000 Swedish kronor in damages. The court confiscated his cigarette lighter with the argument that he clearly was not able to handle it. He stated in court that he was no "goat burner", and believed that he was taking part in a completely legal goat-burning tradition. After he was released from jail he returned to the US without paying his fine.  In 1996, the Southern Merchants introduced camera surveillance to monitor the goat 24 hours a day. On 27 November 2004 the Gävle Goat's homepage was hacked into and one of the two official webcams changed. One year, while security guards were posted around the goat in order to prevent further vandalism, the temperature dropped far below zero. As the guards ducked into a nearby restaurant to escape the cold, the vandals struck.  During the weekend of 3–4 December 2005 a series of attacks on public Yule Goats across Sweden were carried out; The Gävle Goat was burnt on 3 December. The Visby goat on Gotland burned down, the Yule Goat in Söderköping, Östergötland was torched, and there was an attack on a goat located in Lycksele, Västerbotten. The Christmas season of 2006 marked the 40th anniversary of the Gävle Goat, and, on Sunday 3 December, the city held a large celebration in honor of the goat. The Goat Committee fireproofed the goat with "Fiber ProTector Fireproof", a fireproofing substance that is used in airplanes. In earlier years when the goat had been fireproofed, the dew had made the liquid drip off the goat. To prevent this from happening in 2006, "Fireproof ProTechtor Solvent Base" was applied to the goat. Despite their efforts, the goat has been destroyed a total of 36 times, including the most recent incident, on 27 November 2016, when an arsonist equipped with petrol burned it down, just hours after its inauguration.

Natural Science Club's Yule Goat.

Since 1986 there have been two Yule Goats built in Gävle: the Gävle Goat by the Southern Merchants and the Yule Goat built by the Natural Science Club of the School of Vasa. Until 1985 the Southern Merchants held the world record for the largest Yule Goat, but over the years the Natural Science Club's goat increased in size, and in 1985 their Yule Goat made it into the "Guinness Book of Records" with an official height of. The creator of the original 1966 goat, Stig Gavlén, thought that the Natural Science Club's goat had unfairly won the title of the largest Yule Goat because the goat was not as attractive as the Southern Merchants' goat and the neck was excessively long. The next year there was a Goat war: the Southern Merchants understood the publicity value, and erected a huge goat, the Natural Science Club erected a smaller one in protest. The Southern Merchants had intended that their huge goat would reclaim the world record, but the measurement of the goat showed it fell short. Over the following seven years there were no further attempts on the world record, but there was some hostility between the Natural Science Club and the Southern Merchants, evidenced by the fact that the Natural Science Club put up a sign near their goat wishing a Merry Christmas to everyone, except the Southern Merchants.  In 1993 the Southern Merchants again announced that they were going to attempt the world record. The goat stood when completed. The Natural Science Club's Yule Goat that year measured, which earned them another place in the "Guinness Book of Records".

The Gävle Goat (, ) is a traditional Christmas display erected annually at Slottstorget (Castle Square) in central Gävle, Sweden. It is a giant version of a traditional Swedish Yule Goat figure made of straw. It is erected each year by local community groups at the beginning of Advent over a period of two days. It has been the subject of repeated arson attacks, and, despite security measures and the nearby presence of a fire station, the goat has been burned to the ground most years since its first appearance in 1966. As of December 2019, the goat has been damaged 37 times. Burning the goat is illegal and the Court of Appeal for Northern Norrland states that the offence carries a 3 month prison sentence for aggravated property damage.

耶夫勒羊(Gävlebocken)是位于瑞典耶夫勒(Gävle)市中心的方堡广场,用稻草做的巨大版瑞典传统圣诞羊。每年由当地的“南方商人”社团修建。另一版本的耶夫勒羊由瓦萨学校自然科学俱乐部的一群学生修建。虽然1994年起,南方商人的山羊得到了更多人的投资,修建的也更大一些,但自然科学俱乐部的山羊还是保持着世界上最大的圣诞羊的世界纪录。这些山羊因被频繁的纵火和故意破坏而闻名于世。因此每到年关,人们就会安排警察,摄像头,士兵,志愿者还有狗等保卫山羊,虽然市政官方并不鼓励这种对山羊的破坏,但这些破坏却实实在在给城市带来了不小的的名声和来自世界各地的旅游者。


Biography.

Prior to 31 March 2015, Al-Ghawil served as a deputy or aide to Omar al-Hassi, the prime minister of the disputed Tripoli-based government. After al-Hassi was fired as head of the GNC, Al-Ghawil was asked to serve as prime minister for one month, on a temporary basis.  On 1 December 2015, he formed a new cabinet.  The Prime Minister, of the United Nations supported Government of National Accord (GNA), Fayez al-Sarraj, arrived in Tripoli on 30 March 2016. The following day, it was reported that the GNA has taken control of the prime ministerial offices and that the GNC appointed Prime Minister Khalifa al-Ghawil had fled to Misrata. On 5 April 2016, the National Salvation Government, which had been led by Al-Ghawil, announced that it was disbanding and conceded power to the Presidential Council.  On 14 October 2016, the Presidential Guard revolted in Tripoli and proclaimed allegiance to GNC, took over the building of the High Council of State and announced the comeback of Ghawil cabinet Then, fightings occurred between Sarraj loyalists and Ghawil forces.  On 5 November 2016, he inaugurated the Power Station in Al Khums, a city controlled by forces loyal to GNS.  The fighting spread to other areas of Tripoli on 14 March. The Pro-GNA forces had recaptured the Guest Palace complex as well as the Rixos hotel. The channel was taken off-air while Khalifa Al-Ghawil was also reported by one of his aides to have been injured in the clashes. An agreement called for withdrawal of all armed groups from Tripoli in 30 days.  On 28 May, the 7th Brigade of the Presidential Guard (Al-Kani brigade) from Tarhuna, took over the Tripoli International Airport as a neutral side after Misratan militias loyal to Khalifa Ghwell withdrew from there following two days of heavy clashes. By the next day, the city of Tripoli was fully under control of pro-GNA forces, with all pro-GNC forces withdrawing as a result of clashes with pro-GNA forces.

Khalifa al-Ghawil, sometimes transliterated as Khalifa al-Ghweil () or Ghwell, is a Libyan politician. He was the prime minister of the General National Congress-led National Salvation Government in Tripoli.

哈利法·加维(;?),是一名利比亚政治家,2015年成为在的黎波里自称为国民议会合法延续之利比亚新国民议会代理总理。


Early life and education.

Kawczynski was born on 24 January 1972 in Warsaw. His parents were Leonard and Halina Kawczynski. He came to Britain with his mother at the age of six. He was educated at St George's College, Weybridge, an independent Roman Catholic school in Surrey, followed by Birmingham Polytechnic and then the University of Stirling where he studied business studies and French, graduating in 1994. He served as president of the university's Conservative Association in 1991.  He worked in the business entertainment industry before he became an international account manager in the telecommunications industry, a position he held for ten years from 1994 to 2004.

Parliamentary career.

Kawczynski unsuccessfully stood as the Conservative Party candidate in the 2001 general election for Ealing Southall in London, coming second with 18% of the vote. At the following general election Kawczynski was selected as the Conservative Party candidate for the Shrewsbury and Atcham constituency. He was elected at the 2005 general election, succeeding the Labour MP Paul Marsden with 37.7% of the vote.  Upon entering Parliament he established the All Party Parliamentary Group for milk farmers to help milk farmers in his constituency. He sat as a member of both the International Development Select Committee and the Justice Select Committee, but was criticised by the "Birmingham Post" in 2009 for failing to regularly attend the meetings of the Select Committees to which he had been appointed. Kawczynski was recorded as having attended only 12.5% of all Justice Select Committee meetings and 31.3% of International Development Select Committee meetings during the previous last Parliamentary session. He stated the figure for the international development committee was wrong and he had been unable to attend the justice committee meetings because they clashed.  In 2007, he signed an Early Day Motion that welcomed the "positive contribution made to the health of the nation by the NHS homeopathic hospitals". In May 2008, he voted to lower the abortion time limit to 12 weeks, and has said that he believes an abortion limit of 24 weeks is incompatible with the kind of "Christian society" he wishes to live in. He voted against a House of Lords amendment to abolish the offences of blasphemy and blasphemous libel under common law. In October 2009, Kawczynski appeared on "The Doha Debates" as a delegate supporting the motion of "This house deplores the release of Lockerbie bomber Abdelbaset al-Megrahi". In the wake of the Westminster Parliamentary Expenses scandal in 2009, Kawczynski was ordered to repay £4000 for rent costs that he had over-claimed. In 2010, Kawczynski called for the ban on fox hunting to be repealed by the Conservative government.  He was re-elected at the 2010 general election with 43.9% of the vote. In September 2012, he was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the new Secretary of State for Wales, David Jones. When Jones lost his role in 2014, Kawczynski became advisor to the Prime Minister David Cameron on Eastern and Central European Diaspora. Kawczynski voted in favour of same sex marriage in 2013, revealing shortly afterwards that he was in a same-sex relationship. Kawczynski was chair of the All-Party Group for Saudi Arabia between 2011 and 2016, during his time as chairman he led delegations to the country. he was chair of the All-Party Group for Libya but that group has now ceased to exist. In October 2013, Kawczynski received widespread press attention for berating a one-legged wheelchair user for begging outside the Houses of Parliament.  Kawczynski held his seat in the 2015 general election. In the 2016 Conservative Party leadership election, he supported Michael Gove.  He was re-elected in the 2017 general election. It was reported in early November 2017 that Kawczynski had been reprimanded in front of witnesses by Eleanor Laing, Conservative MP and the deputy speaker, for asking a young researcher employed by Laing to go on a date with a rich businessman contact of his who was "older than her father". The incident in January 2013, according to "Channel 4 News" in November 2017, was preceded by an intermediary making the same approach several times. Laura Hughes, writing for "The Daily Telegraph", reported that Kawczynski has been referred to the Conservative's new disciplinary committee. He has admitted to the incident, but rejects the accusation of inappropriate conduct. Kawczynski expressed support for a prospective leadership bid by Jacob Rees-Mogg in 2018. In 2020, he was reprimanded for sharing a platform with right-wing populist politicians such as Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orban and the former deputy prime minister of Italy Matteo Salvini, at a conference organised by the Edmund Burke Foundation. He faced calls to be suspended from Parliament. He was eventually given a formal warning by the Conservative Party, but did not have the whip withdrawn.  From February 2018, Kawczynski was paid £6,000 per month by the Electrum Group, a New York City-based investment, advisory and asset management firm owned by Thomas Kaplan. Kawczynski defended his association with the American company by saying that work for them would be done in his spare time. On 2 February 2019, Kawczynski was criticised for tweeting that the UK had received no Marshall Plan aid after World War II, in the context of a complaint about the alleged attitude of the European Union. He said, "Britain helped to liberate half of Europe. She mortgaged herself up to eye balls in process. No Marshall Plan for us only for Germany. We gave up war reparations in 1990. We put £370 billion into EU since we joined. Watch the way ungrateful EU treats us now. We will remember." In fact, the United Kingdom received the most Marshall Plan funding of any country in Europe, receiving $2.7 billion in aid. Germany received $1.7 billion. After challenges, Kawczynski did not delete the tweet nor retract it.

Political views.

Saudi Arabia.

In 2015, Kawczynski was described as a strong supporter of the Saudi Arabian government. On one of his trips to Saudi Arabia, Kawczynski told Salman Al Saud how proud he was of the military cooperation between the two countries. He later said that he was writing "the most pro-Saudi book ever written by a British politician" and that he had been "battling against extraordinary ignorance and prejudice against Saudi Arabia for many years".  Following an appearance on "Newsnight" in which he defended the Saudi regime's approach to the war in Yemen and accused the programme of bias, Kawczynski threatened legal action after its editor Ian Katz suggested his strength of feeling on the issue might be linked to the size of the budget for his expenses on trips to Saudi Arabia. After Michael Gove cancelled a prison contract with Saudi Arabia, Kawczynski was so enraged that he slapped his forehead and shouted "no!" during a parliamentary debate on the issue.

Anglo-Polish relations.

Since becoming the chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Poland in 2014, Kawczynski has supported a range of enterprises from his constituency in seeking business partners and export markets in Poland and other Central and Eastern European countries, offering support and advice. Kawczynski has been a frequent visitor to the British Polish Chamber of Commerce in Warsaw where he often described the importance of trade between Poland and the United Kingdom.  In 2016, Kawczynski was distinguished as an "Outstanding Pole Abroad of 2016" for his efforts in promoting trade and political relations between the United Kingdom and his country of birth. In 2017, Kawczynski joined calls for Germany to pay war reparations for crimes committed against the Allies and for the destruction of Poland during the Second World War. On 15 October 2017, Kawczynski sent a letter to German Chancellor Angela Merkel urging her to stop demanding money from the UK during the Brexit negotiations and pay Poland. In 2019, Kawczynski said he had asked the Polish Government to veto any requests for an extension of the Article 50 period that might be made by the UK Government.

European Union.

Kawczynski is a vocal supporter of Brexit and former member of the European Research Group (the ERG), which he left in April 2019. In September 2018, Kawczynski, who strongly supports Brexit, said on Twitter that EU lemon growers are inefficient, and that the EU imposed tariffs on the import of fruit from non-EU Mediterranean countries, causing higher prices to consumers. Both claims were refuted.

Personal life.

In 2000, Kawczynski married Kate Lumb and they had a daughter; the couple divorced in 2011. In June 2013, he announced to his Conservative Association that his new partner was male. He was the second MP in Britain to come out as bisexual, the first being Liberal Democrat Simon Hughes. He married his Brazilian partner of eight years, Fernando, on 9 November 2019, in a civil partnership ceremony in the House of Commons. He currently lives in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. In his spare time, he enjoys gardening and playing golf.  In 2010, Kawczynski published a book called "Seeking Gaddafi" about Muammar Gaddafi of Libya.

Daniel Robert Kawczynski (Polish: "Kawczyński", ; born 24 January 1972) is a British Conservative Party politician who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Shrewsbury and Atcham since 2005.

丹尼尔·考辛斯基(Daniel Robert Kawczynski;1972年-1月24日)是英国保守党的一位政治人物,他也是什鲁斯伯里和阿查姆选区的国会议员。考辛斯基出生在波兰华沙,他在1970年代和他的母亲一起来到英国。丹尼尔·考辛斯基在2001年首次参加国会议员选举,但并未当选。在2005年英国大选时,他首次当选国会议员,并在2010年英国大选中成功连任。考辛斯基在2015年英国大选时也成功当选。考辛斯基在2000年结婚,但在2011年离婚。2013年6月,他宣布自己新的伴侣是一位男性。他是英国第二位公开自己双性恋身份的议员(第一位是自由民主党的西蒙·休斯)。


Summary.

The object of the show is to complete a giant obstacle course that tests the body and mind of 50 contestants for each show. Round by round, the contestants that do not get eliminated advance to the next round. There are 4 grueling stages called "1st Marine", "2nd Adventure", "3rd Fantasy" and "Final Viking". Whoever survives "Final Viking" is crowned the Ultimate Survivor. Obstacles change during each of the stages except for Final Viking at the end.

Obstacles.

1st Marine Stage.

Each contestant has 1 minute 50 seconds (otherwise for men: 2 minutes 15 seconds; for the women: 2 minutes 22 seconds) to run from the start to stop the clock at the top by going through the obstacles.

2nd Adventure Stage.

The next round has the surviving contestants try to finish the course in under 2 minutes.  Note: The two following obstacles will both be on the course and the contestant gets to choose which one they would like to do.  Note: This ends the timed part of the 2nd Adventure Stage. The following obstacle, although referred as 3rd Fantasy Stage by ESPN2 and other broadcasting systems, is the 2nd part of the 2nd Adventure Stage.

3rd Fantasy Stage.

Survivors of the Adventure Stage have to complete several parts of the Fantasy Stage to make it to Final Viking. There are no time limits in any of the parts except Hawkeye.

Final Viking.

The Final Viking challenge has the remaining contestants scramble across a 75-foot horizontal rope and climb up a 30-foot vertical rope to the top. If the contestant makes it to the top in under 1 minute 40 seconds, they win. One man, Makoto Nagano, who was the only man ever to get to the Final Viking stage, came close but ran out of time when he was 5 feet away from the finish. No contestant has ever completed Final Viking; but if one does he or she will be crowned the Ultimate Viking. Nagano, incidentally, has completed the fourth and final stage of "SASUKE" (called "Ninja Warrior" in the US and UK), a similar obstacle course contest, which has featured many of the same contestants that have competed on Viking.

Other versions.

Viking also airs special editions of the show featuring revamped obstacle courses.

Family edition.

This family version of Viking features 2 person teams (usually a parent and child, but occasionally a husband and wife) running the course. They must work as a team to get through the course helping each other to complete various obstacles. If either team member falls in the water, the team is eliminated. Children as young as 5 have competed on these episodes.  It consists of 3 (sometimes 4) stages.

Celebrity edition.

This version of Viking features many Japanese celebrities competing against each other. Some of the events have been head to head races.  Various celebrities take on the course, including television presenters, fighters, wrestlers and comedians.

Results.

The following is a list of currently available information of people who managed to reach at least the Second Adventure Stage in each competition. Under each competition, the results are listed in order of who went the farthest first. Their names are listed along with their number (1-100) from the competition, and the obstacle/stage they failed to complete. The first Viking competition was a special competition where 80 celebrities and famous athletes competed. The 2nd Competition had 100 attempts at the First Marine Stage. The obstacles used in each competition as well as a description of each obstacle are listed above. The first two Viking competitions used "layout #1" listed above, while the third Viking tournament used "layout #2". All air dates are of the Japanese broadcast on Fuji TV. If there are two or more competitors who failed the same obstacle, then who made it farthest is listed first.  Note: There is a "Brain Ship Stage" which was a stage between the First Marine Stage and the Second Adventure Stage. Competitors would be split into two groups and would be given a series of numbers to memorize. After a few seconds the numbers would disappear, and competitors would write down the numbers on a piece of paper. The person with the most mistakes from each group would be eliminated. Due to bad weather, there was no Brain Ship Stage in the first competition.

1st Competition.

Aired: March 22, 2005

2nd Competition.

Aired: April 4, 2005

3rd Competition.

Aired: October 4, 2005

, sometimes abbreviated to "Viking: TUOC", is a Japanese obstacle course endurance game show using an obstacle course produced by Fuji TV and. The English version of "Viking" is produced by ESPN2 with two American commentators calling the action. In Europe it airs on Eurosport 2 with the American commentators in the first season and British commentator Colin Bryce in the second. In the Philippines, "Viking" was aired in TV5 and hosted by Brod Pete, Richard del Rosario, and Gabe Mercardo. In Taiwan on JET TV in its original form with Chinese subtitles and Thailand on Channel 9 MCOT in Thai program "แชมป์ เฉือน แชมป์" (Champ VS Champ) in 2009, later this program are broadcast other Japanese game show like Original Iron Chef, Unbeatable Banzuke and Sasuke Ninja Warrior. The entire show is broadcast from Tokyo Bay.

富士海筋肉王(日语:,简称《》或《》或《VIKING》)是日本富士电视台所举办的运动娱乐特别节目。


History.

Wizz Air Ukraine commenced domestic operations in Ukraine on 11 July 2008 and later added international flights. Domestic operations were later discontinued.  In October 2013, the airline opened its second base at Donetsk International Airport by deploying one aircraft and opening six new routes. However, the Donetsk base was closed by April 2014 due to the Ukrainian crisis.  On 26 March 2015, it was announced that Wizz Air Ukraine would shut down by 20 April 2015 due to the crisis in Ukraine. Eight routes from Kyiv - half of them to Germany - were taken over by the parent company, Wizz Air, while the remaining ten routes from Kyiv and Lviv to destinations in Italy, Spain, Russia and Georgia currently operated by Wizz Air Ukraine ceased entirely. Both of Wizz Air Ukraine's Airbus A320-200s were taken over by Wizz Air; one remains in Kyiv, the other was relocated to Košice International Airport.  In November 2018, it was reported that Wizz Air had announced plans to reactivate its Wizz Air Ukraine subsidiary, approximately three years after it was shut down. Under the plan, Wizz Air Ukraine will seek to complete certification in 2019 following the acquisition of twenty A320/321 neo jets. Bases will be developed in Kiev as well as other cities across the country. By 2025, it aims to have a passenger throughput of 6 million passengers per annum.

Destinations.

Prior to its shutdown, Wizz Air Ukraine operated 18 routes from Kyiv and Lviv to international destinations in several countries, focusing on Germany and Italy.

Fleet.

The Wizz Air Ukraine fleet consisted of the following aircraft as of April 2015:

Wizz Air Ukraine () was the Ukrainian division of the Hungarian low-cost airline Wizz Air based at Kyiv International Airport with additional minor operations out of Lviv International Airport. It ceased operations by 20 April 2015.

乌克兰维兹航空()是一家乌克兰廉价航空公司,以基辅国际机场和利沃夫国际机场为主要运营基地。该航空公司原为匈牙利维兹航空的分公司,于2015年4月20日停止运营。


Meteorological history.

On October 22, a low pressure area was present south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, having originated out of an area of disturbed weather in the region the day before. That day, two ships reported gale-force winds, suggesting that a tropical storm formed by 12:00 UTC. Moving west-northwestward parallel to the southwest coast of Mexico, the system steadily intensified, reaching hurricane status by late on October 23. The storm continued to intensify, although there were few ships in the path to record the intensity until October 26. During that time, interpolation of observations suggests that the storm attained major hurricane intensity – a Category 3 on the modern Saffir–Simpson scale – with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) on October 25.  On October 26, the hurricane turned abruptly to the northeast toward the Mexican coast. At 00:00 UTC on October 27, a nearby ship recorded winds of 130 km/h (80 mph), confirming the increase in intensity. Six hours later, another ship recorded winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). At around 12:00 UTC on October 27, the hurricane made landfall just northwest of Manzanillo, Colima, with an eye 13 mi (20 km) in diameter. The "Mary Barbara" – a ship in Manzanillo Harbor – estimated winds of 155 mph (250 km/h), which was the basis for the previous estimated landfall intensity of 160 mph (260 km/h), which was later determined to be an overestimate. The same ship reported a minimum barometric pressure of in the southeastern periphery of the eyewall; this, in conjunction with other nearby readings, suggested a minimum central pressure of. A reanalysis in 2016 indicated that the hurricane's peak intensity at landfall was 140 mph (220 km/h), based on uncertainties in the wind estimates, the central pressure, as well as the storm's small size and slow movement. The hurricane rapidly weakened over the mountainous terrain of southwestern Mexico. Within 12 hours of landfall, the system weakened to tropical storm status, and on October 28, the storm dissipated.

Preparations and impact.

Thousands of people were unprepared for the storm. Thus, the system was dubbed "a sneak hurricane". After passing well offshore from Acapulco, it was forecast to head out to sea. Instead, it recurved eastward and made landfall.  The hurricane had devastating effects on the places it hit. It killed at least 1,000 people directly, and a total of 1,800 people. At that time, it was Mexico's worst natural disaster in recent times. Most of the destruction was in Colima and Jalisco. A preliminary estimate of property damage was $280 million (1959 USD).  The storm sank three merchant ships, and two other vessels. On one ship, the "Sinaloa", 21 of 38 hands went down. On another, the "El Caribe", all hands were lost. As many as 150 total boats were sunk.  A quarter of the homes in Cihuatlán, Jalisco, were totally destroyed, leaving many homeless. In Manzanillo, Colima, 40 percent of all homes were destroyed, and four ships in the harbor were sunk. Large portions of Colima and Jalisco were isolated by flooding. Hundreds of people were stranded. Minatitlán, Colima, suffered especially, as 800 people out of its population of 1000 were dead or missing, according to a message sent to President Adolfo López Mateos. In Colima, all coconut plantations were blown down and thousands of people were left out of work. That state's economy was damaged enough that officials thought it would take years to recover.  The hurricane also dumped heavy rains along its path. This water-logged the hills near Minatitlán, and contributed to huge mudslide late on October 29 that claimed 800 victims. The slide uncovered hundreds of venomous scorpions and snakes, which killed tens more people in the aftermath. Additional hordes of scorpions were driven from their nests when the adobe walls crumbled away. The Governor of Colima, Rodolfo Chávez Carrillo and his wife issued a plea for venom inoculations afterwards. In some places, the mud was deep. Water supplies were badly polluted, both by debris and dead bodies.

Aftermath and records.

In the aftermath, air rescue operations were conducted, but the destruction of roads in the area hindered convoys carrying aid. Planes also made supply drops, but rescue operations were hindered by broken roads and rails. Survivors were vaccinated against typhoid and tetanus. Part of Manzanillo was placed under quarantine.  The cyclone was the deadliest east Pacific hurricane. Its death totals are higher than any other known Pacific hurricane, including Hurricanes Paul and Liza.

The 1959 Mexico hurricane was the deadliest Pacific hurricane on record. First observed south of Mexico on October 23, the cyclone tracked northwestward. It intensified into a Category 3 hurricane on October 25 and reached Category 4 intensity on the following day. After turning toward the northeast, the hurricane made landfall near Manzanillo, Mexico at peak intensity. The system continued on that trajectory before dissipating on the next day.

1959年墨西哥飓风是一场于1959年10月袭击墨西哥太平洋海岸的毁灭性热带气旋,也是造成人员丧生最多的太平洋飓风之一,至少有上千人死亡,很可能有近2000人,截止2013年11月,这一纪录仍然得以保持,直接经济损失至少有2.8亿美元(1959年美元,相当于年美元)。受风暴影响最为严重的是科利马州和哈利斯科州,狂风和洪水给两州造成了沉重的打击。这场飓风的强度达到萨菲尔-辛普森飓风等级中的五级,并且不论是在造成的影响还是在气象统计方面都创下了多项纪录。


Biography.

Zhang, Dongsun was born in 1886 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Travelling to Japan as an overseas student in his youth, Zhang studied the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, and attempted to reinterpret Confucianism along Kantian lines. He took part in famous debates about the relative merits of "science and metaphysics," allying himself with the then fashionable metaphysics of Henri Bergson. He was equally well-known, as an exponent of the philosophy of Bertrand Russell, whom he accompanied on a tour of China in 1920.  A prominent exponent of Chinese liberalism, he became a powerful influence in the China National Socialist Party in its original incarnation as a non-Communist "third force" grouping opposed to the dictatorship of the Guomindang (Kuomintang or KMT) under Chiang Kai-shek.  In addition to the Second World War era, Zhang, Dongsun was a professor of Philosophy and Sinology at Tsinghua University in the 1930s and the 1940s. From 1935 to 1937, Zhang founded and presided the literary and philosophical monthly periodical "Wenzhe yuekan (文哲月刊)" in Tsinghua Campus ().  Zhang veered towards acceptance of the inevitability of Communist victory and took government positions after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. However his earlier passionate devotion to intellectual freedom and searching critiques of Marxism made him an object of suspicion, obliging him to live in obscurity and in constant fear of persecution. During the early years of the PRC, he served in the new government as a member of the Central governmental committee, as counsellor at the Ministry of Culture and in various other high-level positions, while maintaining his position as professor of Philosophy at Tsinghua University. However, In 1951-1952, he provided secret information to the US, which was fighting China directly in Korea, therefore losing his position and rights in the government and was expelled by the China Democratic League soon after. At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, he was hospitalized in the Beijing Railroad Hospital due to his poor health, and was later imprisoned due to his information leak committed nearly 20 years ago. He died in 1973.

Work.

Although Zhang was intellectually silenced after the 1940s, he had been an extraordinarily active writer until that time. Many of his works from that period still survive, testifying to Zhang's importance as one of the most penetrating and innovative Chinese thinkers of the 20th Century. His most important philosophical works include Science and Philosophy (), Outlook on Life (), Essays on Philosophy (), Psychoanalysis (), Moral Philosophy (), Philosophy (), Modern Ethics (), Modern Philosophy (), Value Philosophy (), Epistemology (), A new Formulation of Pluralistic Epistemology (), What is Philosophy (), Knowledge and Culture (), Thought and Society () and Rationality and Democracy ().

Philosophy.

Pluralistic epistemology represents the core of Zhang's philosophical system. It is derived from a revised version of Kantian philosophy. To justify such an epistemology, he proposed a new cosmology: panstructuralism (fanjiagouzhuyi 泛架構主義) An important assumption of his theory of knowledge is the neo-realistic view that the external world exists independently of our consciousness, and that there is no exact correlation between external phenomena and our comprehension of them. However, the external cause for our sensation is not a substance, but the order or structure of the external world. What is transmitted to us through our sensory impressions is a modification of this external order. Similarly, the discovery of the Theory of Relativity was important only in terms of recognizing structural laws, and not in terms of recognising any new essences in nature or the cosmos.  Plural epistemology advocates the view that sense impressions are non-being. Therefore, they are without a position in the ontological sense; they do not possess any 'ontological status'. All beings exist in a process of constant change that manifests itself in a never-ending modification of structural connections, and the growth and decline of the qualities of the "essence" of particular entities. According to Zhang, our consciousness can only recognize certain aspects of these manifest changes. However, this refers not only to the level of our perception and comprehension; according to Zhang, the structured order of relations is all that really exists in the cosmos. The relation between the external world and our subjectivity is interactive and correlative.  Combining the Buddhist idea of non-substance with a theory of evolution, Zhang held that the structures of the universe, although empty, are in evolution, and new kinds of structure may emerge due to changes in the combination of various structures. His most valuable contributions are also to be found in his endeavours to elaborate the dialectical aspect of Aristotelian logic, to connect logic, language and methods of disputation, and to discover principles and formal elements of the logic of linguistic pragmatism. His investigations of the influence of Chinese language on the development of Chinese philosophy are a very influential and pioneering work. He was the first philosopher who exposed correlative thinking as a main characteristic of Chinese philosophy and analogical argument as a specific Chinese mode of inference.

Zhang Dongsun (; 1886–1973), also known as Chang Tung-sheng, was a Chinese philosopher, public intellectual and political figure. He was a professor of Philosophy and Sinology at Yenching University and Tsinghua University.

张东荪(1886年-12月9日-1973年-6月2日),原名万田,字东荪,曾用笔名圣心,晚年自号独宜老人,浙江杭县(今杭州市)人。中国哲学家、政治活动家、政论家、报人。曾为研究系、中国民主社会党领袖之一,曾任中国民主同盟中央常委、秘书长。1949年以后留在中国大陆。1950年代初被控向美国泄漏国家机密情报,文化大革命中死于狱中。


2013.

In 2012, she committed to run for the Florida State Seminoles under Karen Harvey, but days before the fall semester, she decided to focus on a pro career and return to her coach Derek Thompson at Temple University. The decision paid off at the 2013 IAAF Moscow World Championships she ran the quickest Junior 800m – 1:58.21 a North American and USA junior record – to place fifth.

2014.

Wilson won her Second U.S. Senior Indoor 800-meter title at the 2014 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 2:00.43. Wilson won her first U.S. Senior Outdoor 800-meter title at the 2014 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in Sacramento, California, in 1:58.70. On July 18, Wilson ran a world leading mark of 1:57.67 to win the Diamond League Herculis Monaco.

2015.

Wilson won the Armory Invitational in 2:01.7 on January 31 in New York, New York.  At the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in Eugene, Oregon Wilson placed 3rd in the 800m in 2:00.05 despite losing a shoe in the last 200 meters. She qualified to represent the U.S. for the 800m in the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China but did not compete due to injury.

2017.

Wilson won the New York Road Runners Armory Invitational in New York, New York 600m in 1:24.28, the fourth-fastest time in history and the second-fastest by an American behind only Alysia Montaño‘s U.S. national record of 1:23.59 set on this same Armory oval in 2013.  At the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in Sacramento, Wilson placed 1st in the 800 meters in 1:57.78, to represent the U.S. for the 800m in the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London.  On July 21, 2017, Wilson ran 1:55.61 at the Diamond League event in Monaco to break the U.S. record by nearly 1 second. This time ranks Wilson at number 20 on the IAAF all-time list.

2018.

Wilson won silver medal in World Indoor Championships at 800 m.  Wilson was part of the Team USA squad setting a world indoor record in the 4x800m relay on February 3 at the 2018 Millrose Games in 8:05.89 – a squad that featured Chrishuna Williams (2:05.10), Raevyn Rogers (2:00.45), Charlene Lipsey (2:01.98), Ajee' Wilson (1:58.37).  Wilson won 800 m gold at 2018 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 2:01.60, and USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in 1:58.18.  Wilson won 800 m gold at 2018 NACAC Championships in Toronto, Canada, in a championship record and stadium record 1:57.52.

2019.

Wilson won in 1:58.60 at 2019 Millrose Games to set the U.S. Indoor Track and Field 800 m record & NACAC 800 m record.  On July 28, at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in Des Moines, Wilson placed 1st in the 800 meters in 1:57.72, to represent the U.S. for the 800m in the 2019 World Championships in Athletics in Doha, Qatar.

Ajeé Wilson ( ; born May 8, 1994) is an American middle-distance runner who specializes in the 800 metres. She currently holds the U.S. Record in the event with a time of 1:55.61.

阿杰伊·威尔逊(英语:Ajeé Wilson,1994年-5月8日)生于新泽西州内普顿,是一名美国女子田径运动员,主攻800米赛跑。她在2012年前就读于位于内普顿的综合健康科学学院(英语:Academy of Allied Health & Science)。她原本准备就读佛罗里达州立大学。2016年,她毕业于天普大学。


Biography.

Born in Zagreb on 9 February 1926, Vrhovec first became politically engaged during World War II, during which he became a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Partisans (1941–1945). After the war, Vrhovec enrolled at the University of Zagreb and graduated from the Faculty of Economics.  Upon graduation, Vrhovec started working at the Zagreb-based daily "Vjesnik", where he soon became editor of the newspaper's Wednesday edition (), which was at the time the company's most popular edition (he had two stints in the position, 1956–1957 and 1959–1963). He also spent several years working as "Vjesnik"'s correspondent from the United Kingdom (1957–1959) and the United States (1963–1967). Upon returning to Zagreb in 1968 he was appointed chief editor at "Vjesnik", position he held until 1970 when he was replaced by Milovan Baletić.  In the late 1960s Vrhovec became more seriously involved in politics and quickly rose to high-ranking positions in the Party following the downfall of the Croatian Spring movement in the early 1970s, as a protégé of Vladimir Bakarić's faction within the League of Communists of Croatia (SKH). Between 1972 and 1974 he was a member of the SKH Central Committee and from 1974 to 1978 served as member of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ). As a member of the Central Committee he submitted a proposal to Milka Planinc to arrest and charge members of the Croatian Spring, including Franjo Tuđman, Marko Veselica, Dražen Budiša, Šime Đodan, Vlado Gotovac, and Hrvoje Šošić.  His next office was the highest point of his political career as he served as Yugoslav Minister of Foreign Affairs from May 1978 to May 1982 under Prime Minister Veselin Đuranović and during the last two years of Josip Broz Tito's reign before his death in 1980. As minister of foreign affairs, Vrhovec spent the first two years of his term accompanying Tito during his travels abroad. Following Tito's death Vrhovec was in charge of shaping Yugoslavia's foreign policy, in which he promoted the idea of improving relations with the West and opening up the country to foreign investments. He reportedly talked with Ronald Reagan several times in the early 1980s about the possibility of introducing multi-party democracy and market economy reforms in Yugoslavia. Despite this, the economic reform commission chaired by Vrhovec from 1985 to 1986 made little mention of democratization.  After serving a full four-year term, Vrhovec was appointed to the post of chairman of the League of Communists of Croatia, and from May 1984 to May 1989 he represented SR Croatia in the 9-member Presidency of Yugoslavia, a collective body functioning as head of state. In the latter half of the 1980s Vrhovec was one of the first Yugoslav politicians who were openly opposed to Slobodan Milošević's nationalist policies, at the time when Milošević's rise to power began. He was also one of the key people involved in the organisation of the 1987 Summer Universiade, the biggest sporting event hosted by Zagreb.  After his term ended, Vrhovec effectively retired from politics. Vrhovec died at the Sisters of Charity Hospital in Zagreb on 15 February 2006 and was buried at Mirogoj Cemetery in Zagreb on 21 February 2006.

Josip Vrhovec (9 February 1926 – 14 February 2006) was a Croatian / Yugoslav communist politician, best known for serving as Yugoslav Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1978 and 1982 and the Chairman of the League of Communists of Croatia (SKH, the Croatian branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia) from July 1982 to May 1984.

约瑟普·弗尔霍维茨(,1926年-2月9日-2006年-2月14日),克罗地亚族,克罗地亚共产主义者联盟中央执行委员会书记,南斯拉夫共产主义者联盟中央主席团委员。针对“克罗地亚之春”的爆发,他向克共盟主席提交了一份逮捕首要分子的名单。