Personal life.

Gulbis grew up in an upper-class household. His book-collecting parents named him after Ernest Hemingway. His father, Ainārs, is an investment businessman, while his mother, Milēna Gulbe-Kavace, is a theater actress. His maternal grandfather, Uldis Pūcītis, was a popular actor and film director.  The second of five children, Gulbis has three sisters and one brother, who is training in Florida to become a professional golfer. His younger half-sister Laura Gulbe is also a tennis player. Gulbis comes from a sporting family in general, and his paternal grandfather, Alvils Gulbis, was one of the starting five players on ASK Rīga, the Soviet Union basketball team that won the European Championships. He first started playing tennis with his grandmother and considers basketball, association football and ice hockey to be his favorite sports. Ernests got married with Tamara Kopaleyshvili in November 2017, and together they are raising a child in Riga, Latvia.  Gulbis is known as one of the funnier personalities on the tour. When Gulbis stunned World No.

Tennis career.

2004–2006.

The highlights of his career up to 2006 included reaching the final of the Oberstaufen Challenger in July 2006, where he lost to Michal Tabara, reaching the final

2007.

Gulbis started his season as a qualifier in the Sydney Medibank International, losing in the first round to Marcos Baghdatis of Cyprus. He was subsequently defeated in the first qualifying round of the Australian Open.  Gulbis was relatively successful on the Challenger circuit in 2007. He reached the quarterfinals in Bergamo (l. to Fabrice Santoro) and the semifinals in Heilbronn (l. to Michaël Llodra). Gulbis won his second Challenger title by triumphing over the local favorite, Edouard Roger-Vasselin, at the Besançon Challenger in France, enabling him to break into the ATP Top 100 for the first time in his career. In his next tournament, the Sarajevo Challenger, Gulbis emerged victorious in both the singles and doubles events.  In the first week of October, he won the Mons Challenger in Belgium (d. Kristof Vliegen) as the top seed, breaking into the ATP Top 50 for the first time in his career and surpassing Juan Martín del Potro as the highest-ranked player born in 1988. This win also meant a fourth consecutive title.

Grand Slam debut.

Gulbis announced his arrival on the Grand Slam stage in the 2007 French Open by defeating the British veteran, Tim Henman in straight sets to advance to the second round. It was heralded by the British Davis Cup captain, John Lloyd, as ""... a brilliant performance from Gulbis, that is just pure and utter talent."" Gulbis' run was halted in the second round by Spaniard Álbert Montañés in a four set, rain-interrupted match.  At Wimbledon, his second Grand Slam participation, Gulbis again was drawn to face Marcos Baghdatis in the first round. He won the first set before succumbing in four sets. Gulbis debuted in Grand Slam doubles by teaming up with Ivan Ljubičić, with whom he had reached the semifinals of the 2007 Ordina Open.  At the 2007 US Open, Gulbis upset 30th seed, Potito Starace, in the first round and eighth seed, Tommy Robredo, in the third round, the latter for the loss of only 6 games. In that match, Gulbis broke Robredo six times and had 39 winners to Robredo's seven. Gulbis' run was finally halted by former World No. 1, Carlos Moyà, to whom he lost in four sets.

2008.

In the first round of the 2008 Australian Open, Gulbis lost to Marat Safin in straight sets. He reached the second round of the 2008 Pacific Life Open, where he lost a tight match to former Grand Slam finalist David Nalbandian in a final set tiebreak. In the first round of the 2008 Miami Masters, he defeated Dominik Hrbatý, but in the second round met eventual champion Nikolay Davydenko. After winning the first set 6–3, he lost the following two sets in tiebreaks.  His biggest result up to that point occurred when he reached the quarterfinals of the 2008 French Open. Throughout the tournament he beat Simon Greul, seventh seed James Blake, Nicolás Lapentti, and home-favourite Michaël Llodra. In the quarterfinals, he lost

2009.

Gulbis began the year strongly by defeating former training partner Novak Djokovic in straight sets in the first round of the Brisbane International tournament, before falling in the second round to Paul-Henri Mathieu. He lost in the second round of the 2009 Australian Open to Igor Andreev in five sets, after beating Albert Montañés in the first round in straight sets. Gulbis was seeded third heading into the 2009 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships, but was defeated in the first round by former World No. 8 Marcos Baghdatis. It was the fourth time he was drawn to face Baghdatis in the first round of a tournament.  Gulbis had a poor clay-court season compared to 2008, failing to go deep in any of the tournaments preceding the French Open. Gulbis also failed to defend

2010: First ATP title.

To begin the year, Gulbis claimed wins in the first two rounds of the Australian Open precursor tournament, the Qatar ExxonMobil Open, defeating sixth-seeded Spaniard Albert Montañés and Italian Andreas Seppi. Gulbis progressed to the third round, where he was defeated in a tight three set match against World No. 1 Roger Federer. At the 2010 Australian Open itself, Gulbis was ousted in the first round by 30th seed Argentine Juan Mónaco in straight sets.  In February, Gulbis reached his second career semifinal at an ATP 500 event, the Regions Morgan Keegan Championships in Memphis, Tennessee. In the second round, he defeated third seed Radek Štěpánek, facing two consecutive Czech players as he ousted fifth seed Tomáš Berdych in the third round in a tight, three set match. He lost in the semifinals to eventual champion Sam Querrey.  At the end of February, he then competed in the Delray Beach International Tennis Championships, an outdoor hard-court tournament, where he won his maiden ATP tour title. In the final, he faced

2011: Second ATP title.

To begin the year, Gulbis claimed wins in the first two rounds of the Australian Open precursor tournament, the Qatar ExxonMobil Open, defeating Victor Hănescu and Antonio Veić, both in straight sets. Gulbis progressed to the quarterfinals, equaling his 2010 run, where he was defeated in a tight match against World No. 1 Rafael Nadal. Gulbis next played in the 2011 Medibank International Sydney. He received a bye through the first round due to being seeded third for the tournament and defeated Russian Igor Andreev in the second round in three sets. He then defeated Sergiy Stakhovsky in the quarterfinals, before losing to eventual champion Gilles Simon of France in the semifinals, citing fatigue as a cause for his low intensity.  His next tournament was the 2011 Australian Open,

2012: Lack of consistency and form.

Gulbis began the year with three first-round losses at Doha, Melbourne and Memphis, but in between won two singles rubbers for the Latvian Davis Cup match against Egypt. He also represented Latvia against Hungary, winning one of his two singles rubbers. Prior to that, Gulbis reached the quarterfinals at Delray Beach, defeating Alejandro Falla and Steve Darcis before going down to Marinko Matosevic. Gulbis' only wins during the clay court season were first round wins at Munich and a challenger event, losing in five sets to Mikhail Kukushkin at the French Open. During this time, Gulbis was transitioning to a new coach, Gunter Bresnik, the former Austrian Davis Cup Captain who had previously worked with Becker and Leconte.  Guilbis reached the second round

2013: 3rd and 4th ATP titles.

Gulbis skipped the Australian Open to have a longer off-season and played two Challenger tournaments, where he went out in the second and first rounds. In Rotterdam, he qualified for the maindraw. It was his first ATP tournament of the year, he defeated Robin Haase in the first round, but lost to Juan Martín del Potro in the second, after a first-set tiebreak. For the ATP tournament Marseille, he received a wildcard. After a win against Nieminen, he lost a tight match against Tomáš Berdych.  He went to Florida to qualify for the Delray Beach ATP tournament. After winning seven matches to reach the final, including wins against Sam Querrey and Tommy Haas, Gulbis won his third career ATP title by defeating Édouard Roger-Vasselin in straight sets to claim his first title since 2011.  Gulbis continued his excellent start to 2013 with a great run at the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells. After winning his two qualifying rounds, he beat Spaniard Feliciano López in straight sets, crushed ninth seed Janko Tipsarević for the loss of only two games, and then defeated 20th seed Andreas Seppi from

2014: 5th and 6th ATP titles, top-10 ranking and first Grand Slam semifinal.

Gulbis started the new season in Doha, where he reached the quarterfinals, losing to eventual champion Rafael Nadal for the seventh time in his career, in straight sets.  Gulbis was seeded at the 2014 Australian Open, and defeated Juan Mónaco in the first round in four sets by coming back from losing the first set. Gulbis ended the tournament in the second round by losing to Sam Querrey in straight sets.  Gulbis reached the semi-finals of the Rotterdam Open, defeating Grigor Dimitrov and Juan Martín del Potro along the way. He lost the semi-final to the eventual champion Tomáš Berdych.  Gulbis won his fifth ATP title at the 2014 Open 13 in Marseille, beating 3 Frenchmen in succession without losing a

2015: Struggle with form and fall in rankings.

Gulbis started his season in Auckland as second seed. He lost his first match of the year to the Czech qualifier Jiří Veselý 2-6, 6-3, 1-6.  At the Australian Open, Gulbis was seeded eleventh, but was defeated by the Australian wildcard Thanasi Kokkinakis in the first round.  At the Open 13 in Marseille, Gulbis failed to defend his title from 2014, falling to Jérémy Chardy in two sets in the round of 16.  Gulbis took his first win of the season against Daniel Gimeno-Traver at the BNP Paribas Open in Indiana Wells. It was the latest first win of the season in ATP level tournaments for Gulbis since 2007. Afterwards, he fell to Adrian Mannarino in two sets in the round of 32.

2016: Continued struggle with form.

Having lost in the qualifying rounds of the first two ATP tournaments of the season in Australia in Brisbane and Sydney, Gulbis went on to lose in the round of 128 at the Australian Open against Jérémy Chardy.  Gulbis won his first match of the season against world No. 171 Quentin Halys at the 2016 Open Sud de France, but lost in the round of 16 to Richard Gasquet in straight sets, who went on to retain his title from the previous year.  Gulbis went through qualifying at the Rotterdam Open, but then lost in the round of 32 to Gaël Monfils.  Gulbis lost to Richard Gasquet for a second consecutive time in 2016 at the Open 13 in Marseille in the round of 16.  Following this came a string of losses in the first rounds of four consecutive ATP tournaments: at the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, at the

2017.

Gulbis did not play in the Australian Open and lost in qualifying in Rotterdam, Indian Wells, Miami, Barcelona, and Estoril. He lost in the first round of Roland Garros to Marin Čilić, but made it to the third round

2018.

Gulbis made his first ATP Tour final in four years at the 2018 Stockholm Open, losing to Stefanos Tsitsipas. This was his first

Davis Cup.

Gulbis played in three Davis Cup ties for Latvia (four singles; three doubles with Deniss Pavlovs). His participation in the tie against Monaco in September helped Latvia to qualify for the Europe/Africa Zone Group

Playing style and equipment.

Gulbis primarily employs an offensive baseline playing style. Gulbis' most consistent shot is his backhand, which is taken with rapid pace, relatively flat execution, and is difficult to read. Gulbis is also known for his finesse shots, including the offensive topspin lob and drop shot, both of which he can strike from any position, including from deep in the court. Gulbis employs the drop shot consistently and often, sometimes to the point of derision. Gulbis plays an extremely aggressive, winner-driven game, which often leads to a high unforced error count, making his consistency an issue in tough matches, often causing him to be likened to Marat Safin.  Despite playing a style more attuned to fast surfaces, his strong showing at the 2008 French Open, 2010 Rome Masters and 2014

Performance timelines.

Singles.

"Current through

Record against top 20 players.

Gulbis' match record against players who were ranked world No. 20

External links.

<br

Ernests Gulbis (, born 30 August 1988, nicknamed "Lord", "The Gull" or "Ernie") is a Latvian professional tennis player. In 2008, Gulbis won his first ATP Tour doubles title at the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships, teaming with Rainer Schüttler, and in 2010 won his first ATP Tour singles title in the Delray Beach, defeating Ivo Karlović in the final. In total, Gulbis has six ATP titles to his name. His best performance at a Grand Slam is reaching the semifinals of the 2014 French Open. He had previously reached the quarterfinals of the 2008 French Open. Gulbis' career-high singles ranking is world No. 10, making him the only Latvian tennis player ever to be ranked inside the top 10 in ATP Singles Ranking. He achieved this in June 2014.

厄内斯特·古尔比斯(,1988年-8月30日),拉脱维亚职业网球运动员,出生于里加于。2004年转为职业选手,单打最高排名曾到达10位。2008年古尔比斯和舒特勒搭档赢得休斯顿红土赛双打冠军。他曾在2007年美国网球公开赛中打入第四轮并在2008年法国网球公开赛中打入八强。


Early life and education.

Polkinghorne was born in Weston-super-Mare on 16 October 1930 to Dorothy Charlton, the daughter of a groom and George Polkinghorne, who worked for the post office. John was the couple's third child. There was a brother, Peter, and a sister, Ann, who died when she was six, one month before John's birth. Peter died in 1942 while flying for the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.  He was educated at the local primary school in Street, Somerset, then was taught by a friend of the family at home, and later at a Quaker school. When he was 11 he went to Elmhurst Grammar School in Street, and when his father was promoted to head postmaster in Ely in 1945, Polkinghorne was transferred to The Perse School, Cambridge. Following National Service in the Royal Army Educational Corps from 1948 to 1949, he read mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating in 1952 as Senior Wrangler, then earned his PhD in physics in 1955, supervised by the Nobel laureate Abdus Salam in the group led by Paul Dirac.

Career.

Physics.

He joined the Christian Union of UCCF while at Cambridge and met his future wife, Ruth Martin, another member of the union and also a mathematics student. They married on 26 March 1955, and at the end of that year sailed from Liverpool to New York. Polkinghorne accepted a postdoctoral Harkness Fellowship with the California Institute of Technology, where he worked with Murray Gell-Mann. Toward the end of the fellowship he was offered a position as lecturer at the University of Edinburgh, which he took up in 1956.  After two years in Scotland, he returned to teach at Cambridge in 1958. He was promoted to reader in 1965, and in 1968 was offered a professorship in mathematical physics, a position he held until 1979, his students including Brian Josephson and Martin Rees. For 25 years, he worked on theories about elementary particles, played a role in the discovery of the quark, and researched the analytic and high-energy properties of Feynman integrals and the foundations of S-matrix theory. While employed by Cambridge, he also spent time at Princeton, Berkeley, Stanford, and at CERN in Geneva. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1974.

Priesthood and Queens' College.

Polkinghorne decided to train for the priesthood in 1977. He said in an interview that he felt he had done his bit for science after 25 years, and that his best mathematical work was probably behind him; Christianity had always been central to his life, so ordination offered an attractive second career. He resigned his chair in 1979 to study at Westcott House, Cambridge, an Anglican theological college, becoming an ordained priest on 6 June 1982 (Trinity Sunday). The ceremony was held at Trinity College, Cambridge, and presided over by Bishop John A. T. Robinson. He worked for five years as a curate in south Bristol, then as vicar in Blean, Kent, before returning to Cambridge in 1986 as dean of chapel at Trinity Hall. He became the president of Queens' College that year, a position he held until his retirement in 1996. He served as canon theologian of Liverpool Cathedral from 1994 to 2005.

Awards.

In 1997 he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE), although as an ordained priest in the Church of England, he is not styled as "Sir John Polkinghorne". He is an honorary fellow of St Chad's College, Durham, and was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Durham in 1998; and in 2002 was awarded the Templeton Prize for his contributions to research at the interface between science and religion. He spoke on "The Universe as Creation" at the Trotter Prize ceremony in 2003.  He has been a member of the BMA Medical Ethics Committee, the General Synod of the Church of England, the Doctrine Commission, and the Human Genetics Commission. He served as chairman of the governors of The Perse School from 1972 to 1981. He is a fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, and was for 10 years a canon theologian of Liverpool Cathedral. He is a founding member of the Society of Ordained Scientists and also of the International Society for Science and Religion, of which he was the first president. He was selected to give the prestigious Gifford Lectures in 1993–1994, which he later published as "The Faith of a Physicist".  In 2006 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Hong Kong Baptist University as part of their 50-year celebrations. This included giving a public lecture on "The Dialogue between Science and Religion and Its Significance for the Academy" and an "East–West Dialogue" with Yang Chen-ning, a nobel laureate in physics. He is a member of staff of the Psychology and Religion Research Group at Cambridge University. He is an honorary fellow of St Edmund's College, Cambridge.

Ideas.

Polkinghorne said in an interview that he believes his move from science to religion has given him binocular vision, though he understands that it has aroused the kind of suspicion "that might follow the claim to be a vegetarian butcher." He describes his position as critical realism and believes that science and religion address aspects of the same reality. It is a consistent theme of his work that when he "turned his collar around" he did not stop seeking truth. He believes the philosopher of science who has most helpfully struck the balance between the "critical" and "realism" aspects of this is Michael Polanyi. He argues that there are five points of comparison between the ways in which science and theology pursue truth: moments of enforced radical revision, a period of unresolved confusion, new synthesis and understanding, continued wrestling with unresolved problems, deeper implications.  Because scientific experiments try to eliminate extraneous influences, he believes they are atypical of what goes on in nature. He suggests that the mechanistic explanations of the world that have continued from Laplace to Richard Dawkins should be replaced by an understanding that most of nature is cloud-like rather than clock-like. He regards the mind, soul and body as different aspects of the same underlying reality—"dual aspect monism"—writing that "there is only one stuff in the world (not two—the material and the mental), but it can occur in two contrasting states (material and mental phases, a physicist might say) which explain our perception of the difference between mind and matter." He believes that standard physical causation cannot adequately describe the manifold ways in which things and people interact, and uses the phrase "active information" to describe how, when several outcomes are possible, there may be higher levels of causation that choose which one occurs.  Sometimes Christianity seems to him to be just too good to be true, but when this sort of doubt arises he says to himself, "All right then, deny it," and writes that he knows this is something he could never do.

On the existence of God.

Polkinghorne considers that "the question of the existence of God is the single most important question we face about the nature of reality" and quotes with approval Anthony Kenny: "After all, if there is no God, then God is incalculably the greatest single creation of the human imagination." He addresses the questions of "Does the concept of God make sense? If so, do we have reason for believing in such a thing?" He is "cautious about our powers to assess coherence," pointing out that in 1900 a "competent... undergraduate could have demonstrated the 'incoherence'" of quantum ideas. He suggests that "the nearest analogy in the physical world [to God] would be... the Quantum Vacuum."  He suggests that God is the ultimate answer to Leibniz's great question "why is there something rather than nothing?" The atheist's "plain assertion of the world's existence" is a "grossly impoverished view of reality... [arguing that] theism explains more than a reductionist atheism can ever address." He is very doubtful of St Anselm's Ontological Argument. Referring to Gödel's incompleteness theory, he said: "If we cannot prove the consistency of arithmetic it seems a bit much to hope that God's existence is easier to deal with," concluding that God is "ontologically necessary, but not logically necessary." He "does not assert that God's existence can be demonstrated in a logically coercive way (any more than God's non-existence can) but that theism makes more sense of the world, and of human experience, than does atheism." He cites in particular:

On free will.

Polkinghorne regards the problem of evil as the most serious intellectual objection to the existence of God. He believes that

On creationism.

Polkinghorne accepts evolution. Following the resignation of Michael Reiss, the director of education at the Royal Society—who had controversially argued that school pupils who believed in creationism should be used by science teachers to start discussions, rather than be rejected "per se"—Polkinghorne argued in "The Times" that there is a distinction between believing in the mind and purpose of a divine creator, and what he calls creationism "in that curious North American sense," with a literal interpretation of Genesis 1 and the belief that evolution is wrong, a position he rejects.

Critical reception.

Nancy Frankenberry, Professor of Religion at Dartmouth College, has described Polkinghorne as the finest British theologian/scientist of our time, citing his work on the possible relationship between chaos theory and natural theology. Owen Gingerich, an astronomer and former Harvard professor, has called him a leading voice on the relationship between science and religion.  The British philosopher Simon Blackburn has criticized Polkinghorne for using primitive thinking and rhetorical devices instead of engaging in philosophy. When Polkinghorne argues that the minute adjustments of cosmological constants for life points towards an explanation beyond the scientific realm, Blackburn argues that this relies on a natural preference for explanation in terms of agency. Blackburn writes that he finished Polkinghorne's books in "despair at humanity's capacity for self-deception." Against this, Freeman Dyson called Polkinghorne's arguments on theology and natural science "polished and logically coherent." The novelist Simon Ings, writing in the "New Scientist", said Polkinghorne's argument for the proposition that God is real is cogent and his evidence elegant.  Richard Dawkins, formerly Professor for Public Understanding of Science at Oxford, writes that the same three names of British scientists who are also sincerely religious crop up with the "likable familiarity of senior partners in a firm of Dickensian lawyers": Arthur Peacocke, Russell Stannard, and John Polkinghorne, all of whom have either won the Templeton Prize or are on its board of trustees. Dawkins writes that he is not so much bewildered by their belief in a cosmic lawgiver, but by their beliefs in the minutiae of Christianity, such as the resurrection and forgiveness of sins, and that such scientists, in Britain and in the US, are the subject of bemused bafflement among their peers. Polkinghorne responded that "debating with Dawkins is hopeless, because there's no give and take. He doesn't give you an inch. He just says no when you say yes." Nicholas Beale writes in "Questions of Truth", which he co-authored with Polkinghorne, that he hopes Dawkins will be a bit less baffled once he reads it.  A. C. Grayling criticized the Royal Society for allowing its premises to be used in connection with the launch of "Questions of Truth", describing it as a scandal, and suggesting that Polkinghorne had exploited his fellowship there to publicize a "weak, casuistical and tendentious pamphlet." After implying that the book's publisher, Westminster John Knox, was a self-publisher, Grayling went on to write that Polkinghorne and others were eager to see the credibility accorded to scientific research extended to religious perspectives through association.  In contrast to Grayling, science historian Edward B. Davis praises "Questions of Truth", saying the book provides "the kind of technical information...that scientifically trained readers will appreciate—yet they can be read profitably by anyone interested in science and Christianity." Davis concludes, "It hasn't been easy to steer a middle course between fundamentalism and modernism, particularly on issues involving science. Polkinghorne has done that very successfully for a generation, and for this he ought to be both appreciated and emulated."

Published works.

Polkinghorne has written 34 books, translated into 18 languages; 26 concern science and religion, often for a popular audience.

John Charlton Polkinghorne (born 16 October 1930) is an English theoretical physicist, theologian, and Anglican priest. A prominent and leading voice explaining the relationship between science and religion, he was professor of mathematical physics at the University of Cambridge from 1968 to 1979, when he resigned his chair to study for the priesthood, becoming an ordained Anglican priest in 1982. He served as the president of Queens' College, Cambridge, from 1988 until 1996.

约翰·查尔顿·波金霍尔(英语:John Charlton Polkinghorne,1930年-10月16日),英国的物理学家,神学家,作家,牧师。早年在剑桥大学担任物理学教授,1968年至1979年间,他辞去了他的教授职位并学习如何成为一名传教士,在1982年成为圣公会牧师并受戒。之后,在1988年直到1996年期间担任剑桥大学女王学院院长。


Dimolybdenum quintuple bonds.

In 2009 a dimolybdenum compound with a quintuple bond and two diamido bridging ligands was reported with a Mo–Mo bond length of 202 pm. The compound was synthesised starting from potassium octachlorodimolybdate (which already contains a Mo quadruple bond) and a lithium amidinate, followed by reduction with potassium graphite:

Bonding.

As stated above metal-metal quintuple bonds have a σπδ configuration. Among the five bonds present between the metal centers, one is a sigma bond, two are pi bonds, and two are delta bonds. The σ-bond is the result of mixing between the d orbital on each metal center. The first π-bond comes from mixing of the d orbitals from each metal while the other π-bond comes from the d orbitals on each metal mixing. Finally the δ-bonds come from mixing of the d orbitals as well as mixing between the d orbitals from each metal.  Molecular orbital calculations have elucidated the relative energies of the orbitals created by these bonding interactions. As shown in the figure below, the lowest energy orbitals are the π bonding orbitals followed by the σ bonding orbital. The next highest are the δ bonding orbitals which represent the HOMO. Because the 10 valence electrons of the metals are used to fill these first 5 orbitals, the next highest orbital becomes the LUMO which is the δ* antibonding orbital. Though the π and δ orbitals are represented as being degenerate, they in fact are not. This is because the model shown here is a simplification and that hybridization of s, p, and d orbitals is believed to take place, causing a change in the orbital energy levels.

Ligand role in metal–metal quintuple bond length.

Quintuple bond lengths are heavily dependent on the ligands bound to the metal centers. Nearly all complexes containing a metal–metal quintuple bond have bidentate bridging ligands, and even those that do not, such as the terphenyl complex mentioned earlier, have some bridging characteristic to it through metal–ipso-carbon interactions.  The bidentate ligand can act as a sort of tweezer in that in order for chelation to occur the metal atoms must move closer together, thereby shortening the quintuple bond length. The two ways in which to obtain shorter metal–metal distances is to either reduce the distance between the chelating atoms in the ligand by changing the structure, or by using steric effects to force a conformational change in the ligand that bends the molecule in a way that forces the chelating atoms closer together. An example of the latter is shown below:  The above example shows the ligand used in the dimolybdenum complex shown earlier. When the carbon between the two nitrogens in the ligand has a hydrogen bound to it, the steric repulsion is small. However, when the hydrogen is replaced with a much more bulky phenyl ring the steric repulsion increases dramatically and the ligand "bows" which causes a change in the orientation of the lone pairs of electrons on the nitrogen atoms. These lone pairs are what is responsible for forming bonds with the metal centers so forcing them to move closer together also forces the metal centers to be positioned closer together. Thus, decreasing the length of the quintuple bond. In the case where this ligand is bound to quintuply bonded dimolybdenum the quintuple bond length goes from 201.87 pm to 201.57 pm when the hydrogen in replaced with a phenyl group. Similar results have also been demonstrated in dichromium quintuple bond complexes as well.

Research trends.

Efforts continue to prepare shorter quintuple bonds.

A quintuple bond in chemistry is an unusual type of chemical bond, first reported in 2005 for a dichromium compound. Single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds are commonplace in chemistry. Quadruple bonds are rarer but are currently known only among the transition metals, especially for Cr, Mo, W, and Re, e.g. [MoCl] and [ReCl]. In a quintuple bond, ten electrons participate in bonding between the two metal centers, allocated as σπδ.

五重键(),是指有机化学中,原子之间有5对价电子组成的共价键。


Series.

A full series of ten 25-minute episodes began on 24 September 2007. The first series consisted of five two-part stories, and a second series, comprising six two-part stories, began airing on 29 September 2008. A third series, once again comprising six two-part stories to make a total of twelve episodes, with Russell T Davies serving as executive producer, aired from 15 October 2009 to 20 November 2009.  The fourth series was aired from 11 October 2010. An episode of another spin-off series, "Sarah Jane's Alien Files", was shown immediately after each of the first episodes of the stories. Filming for three of six two-part serials planned for the fifth series was completed prior to Elisabeth Sladen's death on 19 April 2011. The BBC stated that no further episodes would be filmed. The fifth series was broadcast starting 3 October 2011 on Mondays and Tuesdays. It finished just two weeks later on 18 October 2011.

Background and development.

In 2006, Children's BBC expressed an interest in producing a "Doctor Who" spin-off. Their initial idea was "a drama based on the idea of a young "Doctor Who"", but Russell T Davies vetoed this. "Somehow, the idea of a fourteen year old Doctor, on Gallifrey inventing sonic screwdrivers, takes away from the mystery and intrigue of who he is and where he came from," said Davies. He suggested instead a series based on the Doctor's former companion Sarah Jane Smith.  The character of Sarah Jane Smith, played by Sladen, appeared in "Doctor Who" from 1973 to 1976, alongside both Jon Pertwee as the Third Doctor and Tom Baker as the Fourth Doctor. A pilot episode for another "Doctor Who" spin-off series, "K-9 and Company", made in 1981, featured Sarah Jane and the robot dog K9; however, a full series was never commissioned. Sarah Jane and K9 returned to "Doctor Who" in various media many times over the years, most notably in the 20th anniversary special "The Five Doctors" (1983), and in episodes "School Reunion" (2006), "The Stolen Earth" / "Journey's End" (2008) and "The End of Time" (2010).  Sarah Jane is frequently voted the most popular "Doctor Who" companion by both "Doctor Who" fans and members of the general public. That a Sarah Jane series was being developed was first confirmed in the BBC's in-house newsletter, "Ariel", in early August 2006. These early rumours were associated with the working title "Sarah Jane Investigates".  K9's only appearances in the show's first two series were a cameo in the special and an appearance in the last episode of the first series. This was due to the concurrent development of the independently produced children's series, "K-9", which features a remodelled version of K9 with only indirect nods to "Doctor Who". However, in 2009, K9 appeared with "The Sarah Jane Adventures" cast in a sketch for "Comic Relief", and K9 appeared in six episodes of the third series, followed by two more appearances in the fourth series. He did not appear at all in Series 5.

Production.

Production on the full series began in April 2007. Two of the five two-part stories were scripted by the special's co-writer Gareth Roberts. "Bad Girls" and "New Captain Scarlet" writer Phil Ford wrote two stories and Phil Gladwin wrote one. Creator and executive producer Russell T Davies was going to write one story but was forced to drop out due to other work commitments.

Tenth anniversary.

For the Tenth anniversary of the show, an event was held 29 July 2017 at Cardiff University Students' Union, with proceeds going to Ty Hafan Hospice for Children. A total of £6643.35 was raised by the sale of tickets to the event and merchandise. Members of the cast and crew that took part in the event were Tommy Knight, Anjli Mohindra, Yasmin Paige, Sinead Michael, Mina Anwar, Katy Manning, Paul Marc Davis, Phil Ford, Gary Russell, Joe Lidster, Sam Watts, Richard Wisker, Cheryl Rowlands, Scott Handcock, Brian Miller, John Leeson, Mat Irvine and Chris Johnson. The event was recorded and was released onto DVD and Blu-ray and could be bought exclusively through the event's website.

Cast and crew.

In addition to Sladen, the first series of the programme stars Yasmin Paige as Maria Jackson, Sarah Jane's 13-year-old neighbour in Ealing, west London, and Tommy Knight as a boy named Luke, who is adopted by Sarah Jane at the conclusion of the introductory story. The third member of Sarah Jane's young entourage is 14-year-old called Clyde Langer, played by Daniel Anthony, who is introduced in the first episode of the proper series. Actress Porsha Lawrence Mavour briefly played Maria's friend, Kelsey Harper, in the 2007 New Year's Day special "Invasion of the Bane" which was created before the start of the series. Maria and her family are written out of the series in the first story of the second series, "The Last Sontaran", but Maria and her father return briefly in the second part of "The Mark of the Berserker". In the second story of that series, "The Day of the Clown", several new regular cast members are introduced: Rani Chandra and her parents, Haresh, and Gita (played by Anjli Mohindra, Ace Bhatti, and Mina Anwar, respectively). Joseph Millson appears throughout the first series as Maria's recently separated father, Alan, with Chrissie Jackson, Maria's mother, played by Juliet Cowan. One other regular is Alexander Armstrong of comedy duo Armstrong and Miller, who provides the voice of Mr Smith, an extraterrestrial computer in Sarah Jane's attic. The 2007 special featured Samantha Bond as the scheming villain Mrs Wormwood and Jamie Davis as her PR agent Davey. The first series included among its guest cast Jane Asher as Sarah Jane's childhood friend Andrea Yates, Floella Benjamin as Professor Rivers, who returned in Series 2, Series 3 and Series 5, and Phyllida Law as Bea Nelson-Stanley. The second series guest starred Bradley Walsh as an evil alien clown in the story "The Day of the Clown" and Russ Abbot as a sinister astrologer in "Secrets of the Stars". Also appearing in the second series were Gary Beadle and Jocelyn Jee Esien, who portrayed Clyde's parents Paul and Carla in "The Mark of the Berserker"; Esien reprised her role briefly in Series 4 and more prominently in series 5. Nicholas Courtney guest starred in "Enemy of the Bane" as classic "Doctor Who" character Sir Alistair Lethbridge-Stewart, and Samantha Bond also returned as Wormwood for the episode.  The original executive producers for "The Sarah Jane Adventures" were Phil Collinson, Russell T Davies and Julie Gardner. Susie Liggat produced the pilot, but Matthew Bouch worked as producer of the series. Co-writer Gareth Roberts, writing in "Doctor Who Magazine", said, "We're all determined that this will be a big, full-blooded drama; that nobody should ever think of it as 'just' a children's programme." Sue Nott was the executive producer of the second series for CBBC.  In December 2007, the BBC released a statement that Julie Gardner would be replaced by Piers Wenger as executive producer for "Doctor Who" in January 2009, but that she would continue to executive-produce "Torchwood" and "The Sarah Jane Adventures" through 2008.  The fourth series in 2010 was executive produced by Russell T Davies and Nikki Wilson, and the producers were Brian Minchin and frequent writer Phil Ford. During this series, Cyril Nri was introduced as a new recurring character called The Shopkeeper. The production team remained in place for the completed episodes of Series 5, which were shot concurrently with Series 4. The show's abbreviated fifth and final series introduced a new main character named Sky, played by Sinead Michael. The episode that introduced Sky also featured a return appearance by the Shopkeeper, but the fact that the second half of the series was never produced left his story arc, as well as other ongoing plot points, unresolved. A special edition of "Doctor Who Magazine", "The Sarah Jane Companion Volume 3", published in August 2012, detailed the plotlines of the three unfilmed stories.

Cast.

Yasmin Paige is listed as a main cast member for the first serial of Series 2, whilst the same is applied for Tommy Knight in Series 4.

"Doctor Who" characters.

Including K9 and Sarah Jane, some characters from the past or current run of "Doctor Who" have appeared in "The Sarah Jane Adventures". Numerous others have been referenced in dialogue. Several former companions of the Doctor are referenced in the story "Death of the Doctor", and the episode also includes brief on-screen flashbacks showing the Third, Fourth and Tenth Doctors. Companion Harry Sullivan is referenced separately in dialogue on several occasions and a photograph of the character is visible in one episode. In an issue of "Doctor Who Magazine", Sophie Aldred was read an email from Russell T. Davies, in which he declared his plans to bring Ace into a story had the show continued, and she was alluded to at the end of "The Death of the Doctor" when the fates of Harry Sullivan, Ian Chesterton, Barbara Wright, Ben Jackson, Polly, Tegan Jovanka, and Ace are revealed. The episode "Sky" was originally to have featured the Eleventh Doctor, but Matt Smith was not available.

Episodes.

"The Sarah Jane Adventures" was first seen by its original British audience in the form of a 60-minute New Year's Day special in 2007, titled "Invasion of the Bane", which was co-written by Russell T Davies and Gareth Roberts. "Invasion of the Bane" was not a pilot, although the story does contains many conventional introductory elements common to pilots. Creator Russell T Davies has commented upon the exceptional broadcast situation, saying ""Sarah Jane Adventures" is slightly unusual in that it was commissioned before we'd written the script. If we'd written a load of rubbish, they'd still have had to make it." He refers to "Invasion of the Bane" simply as the "first episode". The story focused on Sarah Jane's investigation of a popular and addictive soft drink called "Bubble Shock!".  Series one of the show aired in September of that year, consisting of five two-part half-hour stories. Individual half-hour episodes aired once a week on BBC One, with episodes airing a week ahead on children's digital channel CBBC. The final part aired in November 2007. The second series started in September 2008 using the same format, with six stories instead of five, ending the series in December. The third series started 15 October 2009, twice weekly (Thursdays and Fridays) on BBC One from 15 October to 20 November. The fourth series aired from 11 October 2010. The first of each story pair was accompanied by an episode of "Sarah Jane's Alien Files", a set of 25-minute episodes in which a member of the cast updates Mr. Smith's database about certain aliens. It accompanied series 4 of the programme.  Due to the illness of Elisabeth Sladen, and her subsequent death on 19 April 2011, filming for the second half of the fifth series, which was due to air in the autumn of 2011, was postponed and later cancelled. Filming for three stories of the fifth series had been finished, and thus post-production on these stories was completed. The final series was aired from 3 to 18 October 2011 on CBBC and ended with a tribute to Elisabeth Sladen in the form of a video montage of scenes from the series and "Doctor Who".  The script of the unfilmed "Sarah Jane Adventures" episode "The Thirteenth Floor" was rewritten and broadcast as an episode of "Wizards vs Aliens".

"Farewell, Sarah Jane".

On 19 April 2020 a special 13 minute webcast mini episode entitled "Farewell, Sarah Jane" aired on "Doctor Who" social media channels as a tribute to Elisabeth Sladen. It was written by Russell T Davies.  The story acted as an epilogue to the series narrated by Jacob Dudman and featured Tommy Knight, Daniel Anthony, Anjli Mohindra, Katy Manning, Mina Anwar all in their respective roles from the series and also included Sophie Aldred, who portrayed Ace, a companion to the Seventh Doctor. The episode's credits thanked Sacha Dhawan, Scott Handcock and Stuart Humphryes.

Critical response.

"The Sarah Jane Adventures" has been generally well received by critics and the viewing public. At the end of the first series, Abi Grant of "The Daily Telegraph" wrote: "With the debate about the future of children's TV still rumbling on, this is what the BBC does best, and despite lacking the production values of "Doctor Who", it's still top tea-time programming." Daniel Martin of "The Guardian" described the show as looking very promising and more convincing than another "Doctor Who" spinoff "Torchwood". Review website "DVD Talk" called the series "wonderful", "thoughtful" and "imaginative children's entertainment" that was highly recommended. The series also received praise for its willingness to tackle "darker themes [such as] Alzheimer's, homelessness and loss."  At Metacritic, the first series received a generally favourable score of 66 out of 100 based on five critics. As the series progressed reviews became slightly more positive with "DVD Talk" reviewer David Cornelius saying that the "second series is even better than the first." However Eric Profancik from "DVD Verdict" stated that the second series suffered from "poor scripts and horrible acting", criticising it for having "simple plots, too many conveniences and having corny humour." Series three is described by Guy Clapperton of review site "ScreenJabber.com" as being slightly braver than its predecessors, while "Bullz-eye.com" described it as "a sweet, fun little show, with some neat ideas" with "its heart very much in the right place." Reviews for the final series were sympathetic for the series' end and the unavoidably incomplete nature of the series (following the death of Elisabeth Sladen) and its story arcs. Stephen Kelly from "The Guardian" said that it was "a fitting tribute to Elisabeth Sladen" and has occupied a "unique place in the Whoniverse".

International broadcast.

BBC Worldwide's children's channel in Canada, BBC Kids, began broadcasting "The Sarah Jane Adventures" with "Invasion of the Bane" on 13 January 2008, airing the rest of the series back-to-back on Sundays thereafter. The South African channel SABC 2 started airing the series beginning on 9 February 2008. The Hong Kong channel ATV World, which has also aired "Doctor Who" and "Torchwood", aired this series starting 17 February 2008. The first series began airing on Sci Fi in the USA beginning on 11 April 2008, but this is the only series broadcast on American television as of Summer 2010, though later series have continued to be released on DVD in America without a prior television broadcast. In Australia, "The Sarah Jane Adventures" started on 31 October 2008 on Nickelodeon Australia. In Brazil, the show started airing on 19 November 2012 on TV Cultura, right after their broadcast of "Doctor Who series 6" ended. It also screens in New Zealand on Nickelodeon New Zealand, and in Belgium on Ketnet. In 2013 the show started airing on JeemTV in Arabic. Various seasons of the series has also been broadcast multiple times on the Swedish children's Channel 'Barnkanalen' in Swedish.

Merchandising.

Toys.

Character Options have been awarded a licence to produce "The Sarah Jane Adventure" play sets, action figures, and a 'Sonic Lipstick' toy. Four 2-figure sets have been released: Sarah Jane and Star Poet; Sarah Jane and General Kudlak; Sarah Jane and Child Slitheen and Sarah Jane and Graske. Also released are Sarah Jane's Sonic Lipstick with Watch Scanner and Alien Communicator. Character Options have now discontinued the range due to lack of customer interest.

Battles in Time Trading Cards Adventurer Set.

The Adventurer The Sarah Jane Adventures series of "Doctor Who: Battles in Time" trading cards was a bonus set of 10 limited edition, additional cards (plus one cover card) released exclusively with Issue 62 and packaged in a clear plastic wrap.  With the "Doctor Who: Battles in Time" (magazine) being extended beyond its original number of proposed issues, the "Adventurer The Sarah Jane Adventures" cards saw the series expanded once more by the inclusion of this popular spin-off series which frequently crossed-over to the parent series.  The Adventurer series consisted of 10 individual Common cards referenced by the prefix SJA, cards also showed their individual series number 01-10

Audio adventures.

Ten audiobooks have been released on CD, all but the last two read by the series lead, Elisabeth Sladen, who read them in the first person in character as Sarah Jane. The final two books, released in November 2011 after Sladen's death, were read by Daniel Anthony and Anjli Mohindra, respectively, though not as their characters.  The first two were the first time that BBC Audiobooks had commissioned new content for exclusive release on audio.  A 20-minute mini-episode in two parts called "The Monster Hunt" written by Trevor Baxendale and read by Anjli Mohindra was made especially for the Monster Hunt game on the "Sarah Jane Adventures" website. Two more comics were released "Return of the Krulius" and "Defending Bannerman Road". All comics were available as a pdf and a free mp3 download on the official Sarah Jane Adventures website.

Comics.

Five "The Sarah Jane Adventures" comics were released on the official "Sarah Jane Adventures" website. Four of them were comic adventures with audio narration by Anjli Mohindra. A pdf document and a MP3 audio track was available to download of the comics. An online version of "The Silver Bullet", presented, in full, a comic written and drawn by Clyde and briefly seen in, the episode "The Curse of Clyde Langer".

Novelisations.

"The Sarah Jane Adventures" merchandising revived the concept of the novelisation, which had been part of the "Doctor Who" franchise from the 1970s to the 1990s (principally under the editorship of author and former "Who" script editor Terrance Dicks). The first series and most of the second were adapted in this way, but later series saw only a few releases and a transition from print to e-books.  In September 2010, Pearson Education published four simplified novelisations based on stories from the third series:

Magazines and Books.

Although there has never been a Sarah Jane Adventures magazine there have been three special editions of the Doctor Who Magazine, focused on the Sarah Jane Adventures, as well as regular mentions in the standard editions of Doctor Who Magazine.

The Sarah Jane Adventures is a British science fiction television programme, that was produced by BBC Cymru Wales for CBBC, created by Russell T Davies, and starring Elisabeth Sladen. The programme is a spin-off of the long-running BBC science fiction programme "Doctor Who" and is aimed at a younger audience than "Doctor Who". It focuses on the adventures of Sarah Jane Smith, an investigative journalist who, as a young woman, had numerous adventures across time and space with the Doctor.

珍姐科幻大冒险(The Sarah Jane Adventures)是一套电视剧,由英国广播公司威尔士分部(BBC Wales)制作予儿童频道CBBC。本剧由《异世奇人》监制拉塞尔·T·戴维斯原创,及由伊丽莎白·斯莱登主演。本剧是长寿科幻电视剧《异世奇人》的外传,讲述一名调查记者的历险,以英国伦敦伊灵区为故事背景。本剧于2007年1月1日在BBC第一台首播,首集60分钟特别版名为《Invasion of the Bane》,第一季共十集,每集25分钟,三年内又播出了3季,每季12集。女主角在2011年4月病故,本剧已告终止。此时第五季已经完成了三个故事的拍摄,2011年10月播出了这6集。


History.

The origin of this sport is tied to the decline of the ancient jeu de paume (jeu de paume au gant), ca. 1700. While the game evolved to the modern jeu de paume (with racquet, called real tennis in England) and eventually to tennis, rural Alpine and Pyrenean communities kept the tradition.  In the Basque Country the "pasaka" and "laxoa", local versions of the paume evolved to the peculiar style of the pilota: instead of playing face to face, with a net in the midfield, the Basques began to fling the ball against a wall.  According to the Basque pilota historian Chipitey Etcheto, the first recorded matches took place in Napoleonic times; it is believed that the game was close to currently rare specialty of "rebot".  The mid-19th century saw the explosion of the "pelota craze". The player "Gantxiki" is considered the original "father" of the chistera, the basket-shaped racquet that can propel the ball at incredible speeds, introduced around 1850.  The top champions of the end of the 19th century, such as "Chiquito de Cambo", were immensely popular and the best-paid sportsmen of their time. The first official competitions were organized in the 1920s and led to the world championship in the 1950s.  In 1924, the United States built its first fronton, in Miami. Jai-Alai is used for betting. During the '80s and '90s, Jai-Alai was especially popular in Miami and Florida, where the frontons had press boxes and restaurants and going to the Jai-Alai was seen to be a privilege. Men often came in suits and women came in elaborate dresses for the "special event". Nowadays, Jai-Alai has dropped in popularity. Instead of thousands of people who came to watch, now there are barely a couple hundred.

Countries that play pelota.

Pelota is usually played in the Basque regions of south-western France and north-eastern Spain, where it originated. There are also federations of Basque ball in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Philippines, Guatemala, Italy, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, the United States, Venezuela, the Netherlands, Sweden, India and Greece. Due to the origin of the game, there are many good players who are Basques, either natives or from the Basque diaspora.

Pelota in the Olympics.

Basque pelota was an official Olympic sport once, in the 1900 Paris Games, and a demonstration sport in 1924 (men), 1968 (men) and 1992 (men and women). See also Basque pelota at the 1900 Summer Olympics. In the 1900 Paris Games there were only two teams competing, France and Spain. The Spanish team: Amezola and Villota, beat the French team: Maurice Durquetty and Etchegaray by an unknown score.

Playing area.

Basque pelota is usually played in a two walled court ( or, French: "fronton", Spanish: "frontón"). As seen in the picture, there are also courts with one wall, a modality prevailing on the French side of the Basque Country, some spots of Navarre or at the highly exceptional court of Zubieta in province Gipuzkoa. Yet they are not recognized by the International Federation of Basque Pelota for international tournaments, and usually reserved to joko-garbia and open-air grand chistera games.

Trinquet.

The trinquet is a court in Pelota where there is a front wall, a glass wall on the right and a wall on the left that has a dugout built into it and lastly a wall at the back. where the right wall and the front wall meet there is small 45-degree wall. The trinquet is 8.50 meters high, 28.50 meters long and 9.30 meters wide.

Mur a Gauche.

The mur a gauche is French for 'wall on the left' which it truly is, as represented in the diagram below where there is a front wall called a frontis, a left wall and a back wall called a rebot. The mur a gauche is 36 meters long, 10 meters wide and 10 meters high.

Jai-Alai.

The Jai-Alai court has the same layout as the mur a gauche, but instead of being 36 meters long, it is 54 meters long.

Rules (hand pilota).

The basic principle in hand-pelota is that there are two teams of two players each. The team to serve bounces the ball, then propels it towards the playing area of the narrow, front wall where it has to rebound between the low line demarcating the low off-area and the high line demarcating the high off-area.  The ball may either be played so it rebounds directly off the front wall onto the playing floor or onto the long side wall first. The opposing team may either play the ball immediately after rebounding from the front wall or side wall without rebounding from the playing floor or after having rebounded from the playing floor once.  A team scores by: A team may also score by the opposing team:

Equipment.

The ball.

The ball used to play pelota is called "pilota" in Basque, "pelote" in French, and "pelota" in Spanish. There are different sizes, different weights and different materials for each discipline that is played.

The core.

The ball is made out of a boxwood core from in diameter. The ball is then wrapped in a latex wire (for Hand Pelota, Grand Chistera, Jai-Alai, and open-air Pala). It is important to know that the core of the ball is different for individual age groups so that the weight limit is respected. The core can also be made from latex (for Cesta Punta, Xare, Pala Corta, and Remonte).

The outside.

A wire of pure new wool is then wrapped around the core very carefully so that the ball is round and even throughout. A structure of cotton wire is sewed on the surface of the ball so that the wool stays in place. Number eight shapes are cut out from goat skin and are sewn together onto the ball in one or two layers.

The gloves ("chistera").

Some of the disciplines in pelota require the use of a glove or Chistera.  Chistera Joko Garbi: A short and shallow glove that is used in Joko Garbi and is played on a fronton.  Grand Chistera: A long and deep glove. In France, the grand Chistera is used to play Grand Chistera on "place libre", and it is called Cesta Punta when it is played on a Jai-Alai.  Chistera de Remonte: It is only used in Spain for Remonte (played on a Jai-Alai court). It is a shallow glove like the Chistera Joko Garbi but longer.

The "palas" and "paletas".

The Palas and Paletas are wooden made rackets that are used to strike or hit the ball. The difference between them is their weight, length, and width.  Paleta Gomme Creuse-Paleta Goma: The larger of the two Paleta Gomme, it can weigh from 400 to 500 grams. It is used in the trinquet and on the mur a gauche.  Paleta Gomme Pleine-Pala Ancha: This Paleta is narrower but thicker than the Paleta Gomme creuse and is also 400 to 500 grams. It is used in the trinquet and the mur a gauche as well as the fronton 'place libre'.  Paleta Cuir-Paleta Cuero: This Paleta is thicker and narrower than both of the Paleta Gomme rackets and weighs from 500 to 600 grams. It is used in the trinquet, mur a gauche and fronton 'place libre'.  Grosse Pala-Pala Corta : A Pala that is even thicker and narrower than the Paleta Cuir, which results the Pala to be from 600 to 800 grams. The Pala is used in fronton 'place libre' and mur a gauche.  Pala Larga: Only used in Spain to play a game also called Pala Larga, it is the longest and heaviest of all the Palas and Paletas with a weight of 900 grams.

Modalities.

Jai alai.

This is the version known outside Europe as jai alai. It is called "zesta punta" in Basque and "cesta-punta" in Spanish (literally: 'edged basket'). It uses a special glove that extends into a long pointed curved basket (hence the name), circa 60 cm long in straight line and 110 cm by curved line. The basket ("xistera" in Basque and "chistera" in French) was introduced by Gantchiqui Dithurbide from Saint-Pée, France in 1860, and its long version by Melchior Curuchage, from Buenos Aires in 1888. The players use it to catch the rubber ball and propel it back against the main court. The Basque Government claims it as "the fastest game on Earth", the record being 302 km/h or 187.65 mi/h (José Ramón Areitio at the Newport Jai Alai, Rhode Island, USA on 3 August 1979).

Frontenis.

It is a modern Mexican fusion between tennis and Basque pelota. It uses tennis rackets in a short court, although the ball has a different surface to the tennis one. Men and women both play this game. It is played only in 30 meter courts.

Hand-pelota.

Hand-pelota (Basque: "esku huska" or "esku huskako pilota", Spanish: "pelota a mano") is played barehanded (or with minimal protections) and with a traditional ball made of wool around a hard core and covered with leather. The standard ball should weigh 92–95 grams. It is played in the short court either individually (one vs. one) or by pairs (two vs. two). Traditionally and professionally it is reserved for men. Players can be distinguished by the swelling of their hitting hand. It was originally played in the 13th century in the Basque region of Spain and France, and has been played for a long time in Mexico, South America, Cuba, Italy and many US states, including Florida. The sport is similar to squash or fives, players hit the ball against the end wall, trying to get the ball out of the opponent's reach.

"Paleta goma" (rubber).

Also called "Argentine paleta goma", this is played with a short and broad wooden bat, called "paleta" in both Spanish and Basque, and a gas-filled rubber ball. The ball is neither solid nor hollow. It is made from two-halves glued together. Before being glued, the core is filled with a special gas which gives the ball firmness and bounce, and thus greater speed. Paleta goma can be played by either men or women. This version of paleta was invented in Argentina and is widely played there. The Argentine male "pelotaris" are used to dominate international competitions.

"Paleta cuero" (leather).

This variant is played with a bat similar to the previous one but with a traditional leather ball. This game is mainly played by men.

"Pala corta" (short bat).

This is played with somewhat shorter but thicker and much narrower bat ("pala ancha"). The ball is leather or rubber. It is reserved, in principle, for men.

"Pala larga" (long bat).

Is played with a longer bat ("pala larga"), again thick and not much wide. Leather or rubber ball in the long court. In principle, this game is reserved for men.

"Grand Chistera".

This version of the sport is played essentially in France by 2 teams of 3 players on an outside court referred to as "place libre" meaning free space in French or "Cancha" meaning court in Spanish. The court is 16 m wide and 100 m long with the limit for play being at 80 m from the wall or Fronton and has no side walls. The sport is played with the same glove as the zesta punta.

"Joko-garbi".

A variant of the above. The basket-glove is shorter and less deep and it is allowed to retain the ball only momentarily. The Basque name "joko garbi" means "pure game", in opposition to the abuse of "atxiki" (unfair retention of the ball), typical of the late 19th century style of playing, dubbed "joko zikin" ("dirty game").  This game is for men only.

"Remonte".

Similar to joko-garbi, but the xistera is flatter and doesn't allow the atchiki foul. It can be played by individuals or teams of two players. This game is still performed by professionals in several Jai-Alai frontons in northern Spain.

"Xare".

"Xare" or "sare" (from name of the racket, which means "net" in Basque; also spelled "share" in Spanish) is played with a wooden ring strung with a net, meaning that the ball is thrown instead of hit. It is played only on the trinquet court. Xare is known for the quick, precise and sharp movements of the "pelotaris" who are capable of reaching balls considered impossible for "pelotaris" of other specialties. Bicycle-like helmets are also worn. It is traditionally strong in South American countries, especially Argentina, as a result of which it is also known as "raqueta argentina" and "raquette argentine" in Spanish and French.

Professionalism in pelota.

Professional competitions and exhibitions in the Basque Country are organized by Asegarce and ASPE for the discipline of handball, Orriamendi for Remonte, Inpala for Pala Larga. Various tournaments exist for Cesta Punta professional players in France and Spain.  In the United States pelota is mainly a professional sport, strongly tied to betting and the pari-mutuel system.  In professional environment is common to play special plays called "quinielas" well adapted to the betting needs.

Main tournaments.

In 1994, the production company Asegarce started painting the courts green so that the ball would be more visible on TV.

Renowned players.

Retired.

Professional games are open to betting on the results, as usual in most traditional Basque competitions. In the US and Macau it is mainly this aspect of the competition that has given it some popularity. Besides the federations, there are professional competitions such as the League of Companies of Basque Pilota. The International Jai-Alai Players Association is a union defending the players of Jai Alai.

Basque Pelota World Championships.

The International Federation of Basque Pelota has organized the Basque Pelota World Championships since 1952.

Medal table.

The current medal table from 1952 to 2018 is as follows:  Other modalities

Basque pelota ("" in the original Basque language also "" in Spanish, "" in French) is the name for a variety of court sports played with a ball using one's hand, a racket, a wooden bat or a basket, against a wall ("frontis or Fronton") or, more traditionally, with two teams face to face separated by a line on the ground or a net. The roots of this class of games can be traced to the Greek and other ancient cultures.

巴斯克回力球(巴斯克语:"Euskal Pilota")是一群类似球类运动的名称,比赛是由一人用球拍或是木棒对着墙(壁球场)击球,另一种比赛方式是两队以地上的线或是球网作为分界,两队面对面比赛。此游戏的根源可以追溯到希腊以及其他的古文明。


Early years.

Colom was born in Guatemala City, the son of Antonio Colom Argueta and Yolanda Caballeros Ferraté, being the fourth of five siblings. His uncle, Manuel Colom, was a mayor of Guatemala City who was killed by the military in 1979 just after the creation of his political party was approved. He is also the father of Antonio Colom Szarata, the bass player of a Guatemalan pop rock band, Viento en Contra. He and his third wife, Sandra Torres, divorced in 2011 in order for his wife to be able to run in the 2011 presidential election.  After gaining a degree as an industrial engineer at the University of San Carlos (USAC) he became a businessman involved in a variety of businesses, and a government civil servant, including being the founding General Director of the Fondo Nacional para la Paz and Vice Minister of the Economy before turning to politics. One of his businesses was a "maquila" with associate Luis Mendizabal  Representing the UNE (Unidad Nacional de la Esperanza) in the 2003 presidential elections, he lost to Óscar Berger on December 28, 2003–the closest a left-wing presidential candidate had come to winning the presidency since democracy was restored in 1985.

President (2008–2012).

He was one of the two candidates to reach the second stage of the 2007 presidential election on September 9, 2007 along with Partido Patriota candidate Otto Pérez Molina. At 10:00 p.m. local time on election night, Colom was declared the newly elected president by over five percentage points, 52.7% to 47.3%, with over 96% of polling places counted, becoming Guatemala's first left-wing president in 53 years. During the presidential campaign, Colom promised to tackle poverty in an effort to reduce the rate of crime in the country.  As President, Colom expanded social programs and access to health, education, and social security. These contributed to a rise in the living standards of the Guatemalan poor.  In 2010 he appointed Helen Mack Chang, a noted human rights activist, to investigate police corruption and make recommendations for changes. She noted that their low pay and poor working conditions made them open to influence and needed to be addressed.  Although he is opposed to the death penalty, Colom stated that he would not pardon those sentenced to death out of respect for the country's laws, although the option to do so was granted in 2008. The last execution in Guatemala, however, took place in 2000 and was since abolished for civilian crimes in 2017.

2018 arrest.

On 13 February 2018, Colom was arrested alongside all other members of his former Cabinet "as part of a local corruption investigation". On 3 August 2018, he was released from prison on a 1 million quetzal bail.

Álvaro Colom Caballeros (; born June 15, 1951) is a Guatemalan politician who was the President of Guatemala from 2008 to 2012, as well as leader of the social-democratic National Unity of Hope (UNE).

阿尔瓦罗·科洛姆(Álvaro Colom Caballeros,1951年-6月15日)是一位危地马拉政治人物,前危地马拉总统。


Playing career.

Ramos played for Elche, Alcoyano, Linares, Eldense, Alicante and Dénia as a midfielder, until he retired due to a knee injury at the age of 28.

Management career.

Spain.

In 1990 he started his Managerial career at Elche CF Ilicitano. He went on to manage Alcoyano, Levante, Logroñés (runner up in the Segunda División), Barcelona B, Lleida, Rayo Vallecano (where he won the Segunda División Championship), Real Betis, Espanyol and Málaga.

Sevilla.

During his first season with Sevilla, he won the UEFA Cup in the final against Middlesbrough, where his side won 4–0, and also winning the UEFA Super Cup, beating European champions and fellow La Liga side FC Barcelona 3–0. In the 2006–07 season, Ramos won the UEFA Cup for the second consecutive season after a 2–2 draw against RCD Espanyol, which Sevilla won 3–1 on penalties. Ramos also led Sevilla to a third-place finish in La Liga in the 2006–07 season, which qualified them for the European Champions League for the 2007–08 season. He also won the Copa del Rey, beating Getafe CF and pipped La Liga title holders Real Madrid to the Spanish Super Cup.  Ramos claimed he turned down a "dizzying" offer to become Tottenham Hotspur manager in August 2007, but ended speculation on his future at Sevilla, by stating in September 2007 that he would stay with the club until the end of the season. However, following Tottenham Hotspur manager Martin Jol's sacking on 25 October 2007, Ramos was again tipped to become his replacement. Ramos resigned as coach of Sevilla on 26 October 2007 and became Tottenham Hotspur manager the following day on a four-year deal, which was reportedly worth £6 million a year.

Tottenham Hotspur.

Ramos inherited a Tottenham side falling well short of expectations as their poor defending meant they were in the relegation zone when Ramos arrived. His first game in charge of Tottenham was a 2–0 win against Blackpool in the League Cup at White Hart Lane, courtesy of goals from Robbie Keane and Pascal Chimbonda. Tottenham's form under Ramos notably improved, and the side soon climbed up to the safety of mid-table in the Premier League, but Ramos' most notable accomplishments were in the cup competitions. Tottenham's UEFA Cup campaign had begun badly, with Spurs losing 2–1 at home to Getafe in the first match of the group stages, a game which proved to be former manager Martin Jol's last game in charge. However, a 2–0 win over Hapoel Tel Aviv and a comeback from 2–0 down to win 3–2 against Aalborg BK, meant that Tottenham's 1–1 draw away to Anderlecht was enough to secure second place in the group, and qualification to the knock-out stages. Spurs defeated Slavia Prague and won 1–0 against PSV Eindhoven at the Philips Stadion, but were beaten on penalties.  On 18 December 2007, Spurs travelled to the City of Manchester Stadium for their League Cup quarter-final against a Manchester City who up until that point had won every home game of the season, but despite playing with 10 men for more than 70 minutes, Ramos still masterminded a 2–0 victory for Tottenham. This set up a semi-final with North London rivals Arsenal. The first leg at the Emirates Stadium ended with a 1–1 draw, but the return leg at White Hart Lane saw Tottenham emphatically win 5–1. It was Tottenham's first win in the North London derby since 1999, and the biggest win for either side in the derby since 1983. It also meant Tottenham made their first appearance at the newly rebuilt Wembley Stadium against Chelsea in their first cup final since 2002. Spurs started the game at a high tempo, but fell behind to a free-kick from Didier Drogba. However a second half penalty from Dimitar Berbatov took the game to extra time, where Jonathan Woodgate scored the winner to give Spurs both their first trophy since 1999 and qualification for the 2008–09 UEFA Cup.  After a promising pre-season, the 2008–09 season saw Ramos lead Tottenham to their worst ever start to a league campaign, with the team placed bottom of the table after acquiring just two points from their opening eight matches. This eventually led to Ramos being sacked on 25 October, along with assistant manager Gus Poyet, first team coach Marcos Álvarez, and club sporting director Damien Comolli, less than 24 hours before the club's next league game with Bolton Wanderers. Harry Redknapp was announced as Ramos's immediate replacement. Tottenham went on to defeat Bolton 2–0 and register their first league win of the season.

Real Madrid.

On 9 December 2008, Ramos became manager of Real Madrid. He replaced Bernd Schuster, who left Madrid by mutual accord. Ramos took over as manager of Real Madrid immediately before their UEFA Champions League match against Zenit St. Petersburg and the El Clásico match against FC Barcelona. Ramos managed to bring Real Madrid back to the race for the Championship after achieving 52 points out of 54 possible in 18 consecutive games. However, after losing to Barcelona 2–6 at Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid were defeated in 4 consecutive matches, ending 9 points behind their rivals Barcelona. His contract ended at the conclusion of the 2008–09 La Liga. He was replaced by Manuel Pellegrini in June 2009.

CSKA Moscow.

On 10 September 2009, Ramos signed for CSKA Moscow until December 2009, replacing Brazilian manager Zico, who left for Olympiacos. Ramos said of the appointment: “I have come here to help the team in the Champions League. Our target is to advance from the group stage”.  On 26 October 2009, after just 47 days in charge, Ramos was relieved of his position at CSKA by mutual consent after a 3–1 defeat at Luzhniki by Russian Premier League rivals FC Moscow a day earlier, on 25 October 2009. This sacking came exactly two years after his appointment at Tottenham and 1-year and 1-day since his departure from White Hart Lane. Krylya Sovetov coach Leonid Slutsky was appointed as Ramos' replacement.

Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk.

On 1 October 2010, Ramos became the manager of Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk, having signed a contract for four years. He left the club after the 2013–14 Ukrainian Premier League season, reportedly because of "the reluctance of his family to stay in Ukraine for a long time".  It was later revealed Ramos left the Ukrainian club due to not receiving his wages under contract. Ramos eventually won a court hearing against Dnipro, for which the club was banned from the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League competition and was deducted 6 points in the domestic league (2016–17 Ukrainian Premier League).

Return to Málaga.

On 27 May 2016, Ramos returns to Málaga to become the manager of Málaga CF for the second time on his career, signing a three years contract.  Both the club and the coach officially agreed to part ways on 27 December 2016.

Honours.

Manager.

CD Logroñés Rayo Vallecano  Sevilla FC  Tottenham Hotspur  Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk

Juan de la Cruz "Juande" Ramos Cano (born 25 September 1954) is a Spanish former footballer and manager who last worked as a manager of Malaga CF in La Liga.

胡安德·拉莫斯(Juande Ramos,全名Juan de la Cruz Ramos Cano,1954年-9月25日),西班牙前足球运动员,现时是足球教练。


Methods.

Doctors can receive small gifts, such as free dinners, event or travel tickets, clocks, free drug samples and swag. Controversial inducements include jobs offers for the drug company, consulting / speaking fees, and all-expense-paid travel to resorts and exotic locations where attendance is limited or not mandatory.  "Pharmaceutical Representative" is a trade journal featuring common sales tactics such as how to close a tough sale by flattering a stubborn doctor. Along with flattery, the attractiveness of sales reps has been noted, with a trend of former cheerleaders entering the field. Researchers note; "seduction appeared to be a deliberate industry strategy", and in informal survey by a doctor found that 12 out of 13 women sales reps said they had been sexually harassed by doctors.

Me-too drugs.

Sales reps push new "follow on" or "me-too" drugs with free samples that are more expensive than existing generic drugs, such as Nexium which costs three times as much as its predecessor Prilosec, with no evidence of improved efficacy. With beta-blockers and statins, me-too drugs have improved results, and increased competition while lowering prices. As me-too drugs are similar but new, their side effects can be unknown and not well understood. Pharmaceutical marketing / reps assert a me-too drug may work better than another, but they "don’t test their me-too drugs in people who have not done well with an earlier drug of the same class."

Laws.

In 1990, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) passed laws banning "gifts of substantial value" of drug companies to doctors, however this has changed the gifts from objects to meals and travel.  In 2006, New Hampshire forbid the sale of prescription data to commercial entities.  Encountering ill-informed reps at his practice Dr. Dan Foster, a West Virginia surgeon and lawmaker, introduced a bill to require reps to have science degrees. While it did not pass, it led to a disclosure of minimum hiring requirements.

Alternatives.

In Australia the government funds academic detailers that are impartial medical students who provide drug information to medical professionals.

Culture.

Cheerleading athletes have been noted as a recruitment target by companies to hire as pharmaceutical sales representatives.

Pharmaceutical sales representatives (formerly drug dealers) are salespeople employed by pharmaceutical companies to persuade doctors to prescribe their drugs to patients. Drug companies in the United States spend ~$5 billion annually sending representatives to doctors, to provide product information, answer questions on product use, and deliver product samples. These interactions are governed according to limits established by the Code on Interactions with Health Care Professionals, created by the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA). This code came into practice in 2002 and has since been updated to help define ethical interactions between health care professionals and the pharmaceutical companies

医药代表又称为医院代表或药厂代表。台湾则称为propa(药厂业务员,propagator的简称),在医药市场中负责医药公司与医院各层面之间的沟通。


History.

In 1965, Johnny Weissmuller became the president of the International Swimming Hall of Fame, that with this charge in 1970 was present at the Commonwealth Games in Jamaica and was introduced to Queen Elizabeth. ISHOF was incorporated in Florida as a non-profit educational corporation on November 23, 1964, with Buck Dawson, as its first executive director. Nine months later—in August 1965—a 50-meter pool, 25-yard diving well, and warm-up pool were completed. This initial part of the Swimming Hall of Fame complex was dedicated on December 27, 1965, witnessed by 4,500 swimmers and other spectators from all fifty states and eleven foreign countries. In 1968, the then-Swimming Hall of Fame became the first world-recognized hall of fame in any sport, when the 105-nation FINA Congress met at the Summer Olympics in Mexico City and endorsed the hall of fame as an "International Swimming Hall of Fame". On June 16, 1969, the organization's Articles of Incorporation were amended to reflect that the name was changed to "International Swimming Hall of Fame". The first members of the hall of fame—a class of twenty-one—were inducted in 1965. See the full list of all honorees since 1965  In 2017, the International Swimming Hall of Fame (ISHOF) merged its operations with "Swimming World Magazine." The combination provided the International Swimming Hall of Fame with an outreach arm, that Swimming World can provide, to the athletes, coaches and volunteers around the world in aquatics. Brent Rutemiller will become the Chief Executive Officer overseeing the merger.

Mission.

The Hall of Fame is dedicated to promoting the benefits of swimming as both an essential life skill and sport, through the operation of the ISHOF museum and by immortalizing the achievements and contributions of those who have distinguished themselves in the following six branches of aquatic sports:  <BR> ISHOF inducts outstanding practitioners of these sports into the Hall of Fame as honorees in one of several categories:

The International Swimming Hall of Fame and Museum (ISHOF) is a history museum and hall of fame, located at One Hall of Fame Drive, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States, operated by private interests and serving as the central point for the study of the history of swimming in the United States and around the world. Exhibits include ancient art and both reproductions and original art depicting famous moments in swimming history (from ancient times to modern), swimwear, and civil rights, as well as memorabilia and artifacts belonging to persons who have promoted or excelled in aquatics. It is recognized by FINA ("Fédération Internationale de Natation") as the official hall for the aquatics sports.

国际游泳名人堂与博物馆(英语:International Swimming Hall of Fame and Museum,缩写:ISHOF),是一座位于美国佛罗里达州罗德岱堡名人堂车道一号由私人所营运的历史博物馆与名人堂,是美国与世界研究游泳历史的中心。展品范围包含古代艺术与游泳历史上的著名时刻(从古至今)的原始艺术画作与其复制品、泳衣、公民权等等,同时也展出曾经对于推广水上运动领域或在此运动领域中出色人物的相关大事记与文物。并经国际游泳总会(FINA,)所认可作为水上运动的官方会馆。


Background and writing.

The lyrics celebrate "glasnost" in the Soviet Union, the end of the Cold War, and speaks of hope at a time when tense conditions had arisen due to the fall of Communist-run governments among Eastern Bloc nations beginning in 1989.  The Scorpions were inspired to write the song after performing at the Moscow Music Peace Festival in August 1989, and the opening lines refer to the city's landmarks:  <poem>I follow the Moskva Down to Gorky Park Listening to the wind of change</poem>  The Moskva is the name of the river that runs through Moscow (both the city and the river are named identically in Russian), and Gorky Park is an urban park in Moscow named after the writer Maxim Gorky.  The song also contains a reference to the balalaika, which is a Russian stringed instrument somewhat like a guitar. The balalaika is mentioned in the following lines:  <poem> Let your balalaika sing What my guitar wants to say</poem>

Composition.

"Wind of Change" opens with a clean guitar intro played by Matthias Jabs, which is played alongside Klaus Meine's flat whistle. The song's guitar solo is played by Rudolf Schenker.

Legacy.

The song became associated with the Revolutions of 1989 and the Fall of the Berlin Wall also in 1989 and was performed by the Scorpions at the Brandenburg Gate on 9 November 1999, during the 10th anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall. In 2005, viewers of the German television network ZDF chose this song as the song of the century. "Wind of Change" is featured in the films "In Search of a Midnight Kiss" (2007), "Gentlemen Broncos" (2009), "The Interview" (2014), and "Love Island" (2014), and the video game "SingStar Rocks!" (2006). Most recently the song can be heard in the opening scene of the action comedy film "The Spy Who Dumped Me" (2018) starring Mila Kunis, Kate McKinnon and Justin Theroux. The song is also featured in television shows "Melrose Place", "Chuck", and "Car Share". The song is the subject of the podcast "Wind of Change", released May 11, 2020, raising questions regarding the song's origin. In the podcast it is suggested that the song was written by or in some other way connected to the CIA, citing a rumor originating from inside the agency. In a SiriusXM interview with Eddie Trunk on May 13, 2020, Meine stated "It’s a podcast, and there will be a lot of people who will get into this. It’s a fascinating idea, and it’s an entertaining idea, but it’s not true at all.”

Track listings.

CD maxi.

Europe  US

7" single.

US and Canada 7" single

"Wind of Change" is a power ballad by the West German rock band Scorpions, recorded for their eleventh studio album, "Crazy World" (1990). The song was composed and written by the band's lead singer Klaus Meine and produced by Keith Olsen and the band. The lyrics were composed by Meine following the band's visit to the USSR at the height of perestroika, when the enmity between the communist and capitalist blocs subsided concurrently with the promulgation of large-scale socioeconomic reforms in the USSR.

“变迁之风”是1990年克劳斯.迈恩写的一首力量民谣,由德国重金属乐队蝎子乐队演唱。它发行于乐队1990年的专辑"Crazy World",但直到1991年才成为一支全球热门的单曲,在德国以及全欧洲的榜单上位列榜首,在美国排名第四,英国排名第二。之后它又被收录入1995年的现场专辑"Live Bites",和2000年的专缉"Moment of Glory"(由柏林爱乐乐团配乐),以及2001年的不插电专辑"Acoustica"。


History.

Oxford Brookes University started in 1865 as the Oxford School of Art, located in a single room on the ground floor of the Taylor Institution at St Giles', Oxford. In 1870 the School of Science was added and in 1891, under the administration of the City Council's Technical Instruction Committee, it was renamed the Oxford City Technical School, incorporating the School of Art, which remained distinct. Plans were made to relocate to the former Blue Coat School for Boys on St. Ebbes.  In 1934 the School of Art and the Technical School were merged and John Henry Brookes, head of the School of Art and vice-principal of the Technical School, was appointed the first principal of the merged institution. By 1950 the college had 4,000 students. A new campus was built on a site offered by the local Morrell brewing family. Renamed "Oxford College of Technology", it opened on the new site in 1956. Its first residence hall was established in 1960 and the college relocated to Headington in 1963.  In 1970, it became Oxford Polytechnic. In 1976, it took over the former Lady Spencer-Churchill College, which had been founded in Wheatley in August 1965. In 1992 it incorporated the Dorset House School of Occupational Therapy, the first school of occupational therapy in the UK. Later in 1992, following enactment of the Further and Higher Education Act, it became Oxford Brookes University, the only one of the new universities to be named after its founder. In 2000, it took over the site of Westminster College, Oxford, basing its education and theological activities on the site, although theology was withdrawn in 2015.  In October 2003, Brookes became the first university in the world to be awarded Fairtrade status.  Baroness Kennedy served as the university's chancellor from 1993 to 2001. In 2007, Graham Upton retired as vice-chancellor and his successor, Janet Beer, was inaugurated in September. In July 2008, Shami Chakrabarti, director of Liberty, replaced Jon Snow as chancellor.  In March 2015, Alistair Fitt was inaugurated as vice-chancellor, replacing Janet Beer. Dame Katherine Grainger, a former British Olympic rower, replaced Shami Chakrabarti as chancellor. Grainger is Britain's most decorated female Olympic athlete and the first British woman to win medals at five successive games (Rio 2016, London 2012, Beijing in 2008, Athens in 2004 and Sydney in 2000). She was made a dame for her services to rowing and charity in the 2017 New Years Honours.  In 2015, Brookes celebrated its 150th anniversary. A range of events and activities took place, including celebrations recognising John Henry Brookes, the university's modern founder. The first founder's day was held in May 2016.

Campuses.

Brookes has three main campuses and a fourth in Swindon.  The Headington campus is in a residential area of Oxford. The campus is made up of three sites; the main site on Gipsy Lane, home to a number of departments from across the university's four academic faculties and the £132m John Henry Brookes Building which opened in 2014. Across the road is the Headington Hill Hall site, home to the School of Arts and School of Law, and a short walk from main site is the Marston Road site a dedicated space for the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences and home to subjects including nursing, midwifery and occupational therapy.  Located on the campus are the main halls of residence, including Crescent Hall, Cheney Student Village, Clive Booth Hall, Clive Booth non-en suite (formerly Morrell Hall), Warneford Hall and Paul Kent Hall.  The Wheatley campus is near Wheatley in the Oxfordshire countryside, seven miles south-east of the city centre. It is where information technology, mathematics and engineering are taught. The tall tower block can be seen from the A40 dual carriageway. The top four floors of the tower were initially closed in the early 2000s following the suicide of a student from the top. Five years later the rest of the tower was shut after asbestos was found and the building was deemed unsafe to house students. The campus is set for closure in 2021, when the subjects taught at Wheatley are due to be moved to the Headington campus.  The Harcourt Hill campus is situated on Harcourt Hill on Oxford's western perimeter, two and a half miles from the city centre. Education, philosophy, religion, theology, media and communication, and other subjects are taught here. It has two halls of residence: Harcourt Hill Hall and Westminster Hall. A regular devoted bus service links the campus to other campuses at Headington and Wheatley. It is also home to the university's leisure centre.  The campus was formerly the site of Westminster College, Oxford, an independent Methodist higher education institution which specialised in teacher training and theology. The campus was leased to Brookes by the Methodist Church, and Westminster College became the Westminster Institute of Education of Oxford Brookes University, located at the Harcourt Hill campus.  Oxford Brookes University opened its Swindon campus in August 2016. The university moved from the former Ferndale campus in Swindon to a new and larger campus situated to the west of the town centre at the Delta Business Park. The building is named the Joel Joffe Building after Lord Joel Joffe, long-time Swindon resident and former human-rights lawyer. Adult nursing, operating department practice (ODP) and a range of continuing professional development (CPD) courses are taught there. The campus features a 185-seat lecture theatre, library and social learning spaces, teaching rooms and three clinical skills suites.Oxford Brookes University partners with Swindon College as part of its Associate College Partnership to deliver foundation and degree courses, provides widening participation activity with local schools.

Redevelopment.

In recent years the university has seen major redevelopments including the opening of the £132 million John Henry Brookes Building, named after the University's spiritual leader, which opened on the Headington campus in 2014. It brings together the library and teaching spaces with student support services and the Students’ Union (Brookes Union), who were formerly housed in the Helena Kennedy Centre on the Headington Hill site. The building has won multiple awards including a Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) National Award; three RIBA regional awards; Oxford Preservation Trust Award and the Student Experience category of the 2014 Education Estates Awards.  In 2013 the redeveloped Abercrombie Building opened on the Headington campus, offering facilities for architecture students with design studios and collaborative learning spaces. In October 2014 it won the Architects' Journal Retrofit Award.  In January 2015 Oxford Brookes University announced a major estates investment for the next 10 years, with £13 million per year to be spent on redevelopment across all its campuses. This is to include additional building on the Headington and Harcourt campuses as well as a new campus in Swindon. Part of this investment will see all activity moved from the Wheatley campus by 2021/22. The Oxford Brookes Business School moved from the Wheatley campus to refurbished buildings at Headington campus in 2017 with other departments to move to new buildings on the Headington Hill site in 2020.  The university's original redevelopment proposals were vigorously opposed by local residents in 2009 when presented to the local planning committee, with many undesirable aspects of the large student population in Oxford being discussed. However, the plans for the new building were eventually approved and building work began in 2010.

Organisation and governance.

Faculties.

Brookes has four faculties which sit across its four campuses.

Academic profile.

Reputation and rankings.

Brookes was ranked among the world's top institutions in 16 subjects and four subject areas in the "QS World University Rankings by Subject 2017". In 2016, Brookes was listed as one of the world's top universities for its international outlook in the "Times Higher Education's (THE)" Top 200 international universities. Brookes has retained its top ten world ranking in the "QS Distance Online MBA Ranking 2017" for its MBA programme. The university has 10 National Teaching Fellowships from the Higher Education Authority and was among the top 25 in the UK for teaching quality in the "Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide" 2016. Brookes is ranked in the top 51-100 for Architecture and Business & Management Studies in the world by "QS World University Rankings by Subject 2019". It is also ranked in the top 10 for Hospitality & Leisure Management in the world by "QS World University Rankings by Subject 2019". In both 2018 and 2019, "QS World University Rankings" named it the only UK university on its list of Top 50 universities under 50 years old in the world. It is among the top 400 universities in the world, ranked 363rd by the "QS World University Rankings 2020".  In 2011, Brookes was the sixth largest employer in Oxfordshire.  Hotcourses UK ranked Brookes in the top 15 of the most culturally diverse institutions in the UK in July 2016.  In July 2016, Headington and Harcourt Hill campuses received a Green Flag Award for the quality of their green spaces for the fifth year in a row.  In 2016, Brookes achieved an overall satisfaction rate of 87% in the National Student Survey (NSS) higher than the national average of 86%. The university also had 18 subject areas which received 90% or higher overall satisfaction.

Separate schools.

Brookes' School of Architecture is one of the largest in Britain and is consistently ranked in the top five schools in the UK and in the top 50 in the world, ranking above schools at Yale University and the University of Bath. Brookes' School of Law is the 16th placed law school in the latest "Guardian Good University Guide" The law school is also ranked 28th out of 100 UK university law schools for the study of undergraduate law in "The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2020". Moreover, law courses also are ranked in the top 150-200 bracket of the QS World University Subject Rankings. The university has been successful in national and international mooting competitions, in 2016 winning both the ESU Essex Court National Competition and the Inner Temple Inter-Varsity Mooting Competition, meaning the national Magna Carta moot - to celebrate the 800th anniversary of the signing of Magna Carta - as a consequence will be between two Oxford Brookes University teams.

Research standing.

In the most recent Research Excellence Framework in 2014 (REF 2014) 94% of research was internationally recognised and 59% judged to be of 'world leading' quality or 'internationally excellent'. This led to a 41% increase in quality-related research funding compared to a 3% rise across the sector.  In October 2016 the university retained its HR Excellence in Research Award from the European Commission, recognising the university's commitment to supporting the personal, professional and career development of its research-active staff.

Specialist study.

The Centre for Development and Emergency Practice (CENDEP) in the School of the Built Environment was awarded the Queen's Anniversary Prize. CENDEP provides an academic setting for the study of cities, humanitarianism and refugees. Singer and activist Annie Lennox is patron of the Master's Course in Humanitarian and Development Practice.  In 2008, the MSc in Primate Conservation was also awarded the Queen's Anniversary Prize.  The Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health is the UK's first research centre dedicated to functional foods. The centre was originally the Nutrition and Food Research Group at Oxford Brookes and was founded in 2004.  Computer science  The Department of Computing and Communication Technologies is internationally recognised for its research especially in the area of robotics, web technology, networking and software engineering. The department has a strong international student population in both its undergraduate and postgraduate programmes.  Automotive and motorsport engineering  The Oxford Brookes School of Technology is known for its automotive and motorsports technology/engineering courses leading to undergraduate BSc(Hons), BEng(Hons), MEng(Hons) and MSc degrees. Due to the close links between the school and several Formula 1 teams around Oxfordshire, the syllabus development for the undergraduate and post graduate courses are carried out in collaboration with F1 teams. Over the decade, the school has developed a niche for producing Formula 1 design and race engineers, who go on to build championship winning cars, participating in the FIA Formula 1 Championships. The school is also home and lead institution to Motorsport Knowledge Exchange which is a Government-funded small cooperative of institutions, involved in delivering motorsport education at a variety of levels from technician to post-graduate.  In 2007, Formula One world champion Fernando Alonso sponsored 12 Spanish postgraduate students to study for an MSc in motorsport engineering or in race engine design within the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences at the university. The university boasts a teaching staff that includes Geoff Goddard, a former chief designer at Cosworth.  The School of Technology at Oxford Brookes University is one of the three core universities in Faraday Advance, a partnership in advanced materials for transportation that develops future materials and technology for low-pollution, high-efficiency, cost-effective transport.

Partnerships.

Brookes' partnership with the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) allows ACCA students to earn a BSc (Hons) in Applied Accounting with the submission of a research and analysis project work while taking their ACCA examinations.  The university has a partnership with the International Business School (Nemzetközi Üzleti Főiskola) based in Budapest (Hungary). IBS students can attend courses which, besides the Hungarian degree, also provide OBU BA degrees in different subjects, such as marketing and communications.  The university has affiliations with Nilai University College in Malaysia. Affiliated subjects are computing, accounting and finance, business management, marketing management and hospitality management. All the subjects mentioned above are 3+0 programs.

Student life.

Student union.

Oxford Brookes Students' Union is the students' union of the university. It is a member-led organisation and all students are automatically members. The union offers a range of services for students; it hosts a number of student societies, a safety bus service, an advice service, and a system of student representatives. In 2012, Oxford Brookes students' union was ranked amongst the worst in the country for student satisfaction, according to the National Student Survey (NSS), where only 34% of students claimed to be content with the students' union.

Accommodation.

There are currently 11 student halls of which there are four on the Headington campus, two on the Harcourt Hill campus, one on the Wheatley campus and three more halls around Headington. In addition, there are three privately operated halls of residence which are managed in partnership with the university by housing associations: Slade Park Student Apartments, Sinnet Court Student Apartments and Dorset House Student Apartments.

Oxford Brookes University (formerly known as Oxford Polytechnic) is a public university in Oxford, England. It can trace its origins to 1865, when it was founded as the Oxford School of Art. It became a university in 1992 and was renamed to honour its former principal, John Henry Brookes, the only one of the new universities to be named after its founder.

牛津布鲁克斯大学(英语:Oxford Brookes University)是一所位于英国牛津的大学。与牛津大学无直接联系关系。牛津布鲁克斯大学的前身是位于牛津的理工学院,跟大部分英国的理工学院在1992年正式升格为大学,但它的历史可追溯到19世纪。大学的命名是纪念前校长约翰·亨利·布鲁克斯(任期由1928年至1956年),他任内为院校做了大量的基础工作,为大学的日后发展作出重要的贡献。牛津布鲁克斯大学被卫报形容为最佳新型大学之一 。 大学更连续十年被泰晤士报评选为最优秀新型大学大学以创意与实用见称,于各行业亦有良好网络,就业率超过9成,而当中94%的学术研究亦达世界水平(REF 2014)。。