Biography.

Diaconis left home at 13 to travel with sleight-of-hand legend Dai Vernon, and dropped out of high school, promising himself that he would return one day so that he could learn all of the math necessary to read William Feller's famous two-volume treatise on probability theory, "An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications". He returned to school (City College of New York for his undergraduate work graduating in 1971 and then a Ph.D. in Mathematical Statistics from Harvard University in 1974), learned to read Feller, and became a mathematical probabilist.  According to Martin Gardner, at school, Diaconis supported himself by playing poker on ships between New York and South America. Gardner recalls that Diaconis had "fantastic second deal and bottom deal".  Diaconis is married to Stanford statistics professor Susan Holmes.

Career.

Diaconis received a MacArthur Fellowship in 1982. In 1990, he published (with Dave Bayer) a paper entitled "Trailing the Dovetail Shuffle to Its Lair" (a term coined by magician Charles Jordan in the early 1900s) which established rigorous results on how many times a deck of playing cards must be riffle shuffled before it can be considered random according to the mathematical measure total variation distance. Diaconis is often cited for the simplified proposition that it takes seven shuffles to randomize a deck. More precisely, Diaconis showed that, in the Gilbert–Shannon–Reeds model of how likely it is that a riffle results in a particular riffle shuffle permutation, it takes 5 riffles before the total variation distance of a 52-card deck begins to drop significantly from the maximum value of 1.0, and 7 riffles before it drops below 0.5 very quickly (a threshold phenomenon), after which it is reduced by a factor of 2 every shuffle. When entropy is viewed as the probabilistic distance, riffle shuffling seems to take less time to mix, and the threshold phenomenon goes away (because the entropy function is subadditive).  Diaconis has coauthored several more recent papers expanding on his 1992 results and relating the problem of shuffling cards to other problems in mathematics. Among other things, they showed that the separation distance of an ordered blackjack deck (that is, aces on top, followed by 2's, followed by 3's, etc.) drops below.5 after 7 shuffles. Separation distance is an upper bound for variation distance.

Works.

The books written or coauthored by Diaconis include:  His other publications include:

Persi Warren Diaconis (; born January 31, 1945) is an American mathematician of Greek descent and former professional magician. He is the Mary V. Sunseri Professor of Statistics and Mathematics at Stanford University.

戴康尼斯(英语:Persi Diaconis,1945年-1月31日),美国数学家、统计学家,曾为职业魔术师。他是斯坦福大学的数学与统计学教授。


Summary.

King David was the third king of Israel and this film is based on the second book of Samuel from the Bible. When the Ark of the Covenant is brought to Jerusalem, a soldier reaches out to steady it and is struck dead. While the prophet Nathan declares this the will of God, a skeptical David pronounces it the result of a combination of heat-stroke and too much wine. David becomes attracted to Bathsheba who is the wife of Uriah, one of David's soldiers. The attraction is mutual although both know an affair would break the law of Moses. When Bathsheba discovers she is pregnant by David, the King sends for Uriah hoping he will spend time with his wife to cover her pregnancy. David's wife Michal who is aware of the affair, tells David that Uriah did not go home but slept at the castle as a sign of loyalty to his King. Frustrated, David orders Uriah to be placed on the battle's front and for the troops to withdraw leaving him to die. Uriah is reported dead and David sends a dispatch to tell Bathsheba so they can plan their marriage. Nathan the prophet advises David the people are dissatisfied with his leadership and desire his sons to rule. Nathan tells David he has forgotten that he is a servant of the Lord. David marries Bathsheba. A drought hits Israel. David's and Bathsheba's baby dies. Nathan returns to tell David that God is displeased with his sin. He will not die as the law demands, but he will be punished through misfortune in his family. David takes responsibility but insists Bathsheba is blameless. But the people want Bathsheba killed. David makes plans to save Bathsheba, but she tells David she is not blameless. They are both at fault. David is reminded of the Lord and quotes Psalm 23 as he plays his harp. David tells Bathsheba she will not die and is willing to accept God's justice for himself. Repentant, David, seeking relief from the drought and forgiveness reaches out to touch the Ark presuming that he will die like the soldier. A clap of thunder is heard and there are flashbacks to David's youth depicting his anointing by Samuel and his battle with Goliath. King David removes his hands from the Ark as rain falls on the dry land. Screenwriter Dunne said he "left it to the audience to decide if the blessed rain came as the result of divine intervention or simply of a low-pressure system moving in from the Mediterranean."

Production.

Development.

While Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. owned the rights to the 1943 book "David" written by Duff Cooper, the film is not based on that book. Zanuck also owned the rights to a 1947 Broadway play called "Bathsheba".  Seeing the success of C. B. DeMille's "Samson and Delilah", Zanuck commissioned Philip Dunne to write a script based on King David.  Dunne says his original conception was to for a film that would encompass David's life and go into three main chapters: David as a boy fighting Goliath; a more mature David and his friendship with Jonathan, ending with the affair with Bathsheba; and an older David and his relationship with his son Absalom. Dunne wrote a treatment which he estimated would make a four hour movie. Zanuck was not enthusiastic so Dunne then pitched the idea of doing a film just on David and Bathsheba, which Zanuck loved.  Dunne conceived it as a modern-type play exploring the corruption of absolute power. The film is noticeably devoid of the epic battles and panoramas frequently seen in biblical movies.  Zanuck opted to use stars already under contract to 20th Century-Fox. The production of the film started on November 24, 1950 and was completed in January 1951 (with some additional material shot in February 1951). The film premiered in New York City August 14, and opened in Los Angeles August 30, before opening widely in September 1951. It was shot entirely in Nogales, Arizona.  The musical score was by Alfred Newman, who, for the bucolic scene with the shepherd boy, used a solo oboe in the Lydian mode, drawing on long established conventions linking the solo oboe with pastoral scenes and the shepherd's pipe. To underscore David's guilt-ridden turmoil in the Mount Gilboa scene, Newman resorted to a vibraphone, which Miklós Rózsa used in scoring Peck's popular 1945 "Spellbound", in which he played a no less disturbed patient suffering from amnesia.

Reception.

"David and Bathsheba" was 20th Century Fox's most successful film of 1951, earning $4.72 million in rentals.  A. H. Weiler of "The New York Times" described the film as "a reverential and sometimes majestic treatment of chronicles that have lived three millenia." He praised Dunne's screenplay and Peck's "authoritative performance" but found that Hayward "seems closer to Hollywood than to the arid Jerusalem of the Bible." "Variety" wrote, "This is a big picture in every respect. It has scope, pageantry, sex (for all its Biblical background), cast names, color—everything. It's a surefire boxoffice entry, one of the really 'big' pictures of the new selling season." Philip K. Scheuer of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that the film "leaves little to be desired" from the standpoint of production values with Peck "ingratiating" as David and Hayward "a seductress with flaming tresses, in or out of the bath, and only her final contrition is a little difficult to believe." Richard L. Coe of "The Washington Post" wrote, "On the whole, the picture suggests a Reader's Digest story expanded into a master's thesis for the Ecole Copacabana." "Harrison's Reports" wrote, "The outstanding thing about the production is the magnificent performance of Gregory Peck as David; he makes the characterization real and human, endowing it with all the shortcomings of a man who lusts for another's wife, but who is seriously penitent and prepared to shoulder his guilt. Susan Hayward, as Bathsheba, is beautiful and sexy, but her performance is of no dramatic consequence." "The Monthly Film Bulletin" commented that the film had been made "with restraint and relative simplicity" compared to other historical epics, "and the playing of Gregory Peck in particular is competent. The whole film, however, is emotionally and stylistically quite unworthy of its subject." Philip Hamburger of "The New Yorker" wrote that "the accessories notwithstanding, something is ponderously wrong with 'David and Bathsheba.' The fault lies, I suppose, in the attempt to make excessive enlargements of an essentially-simple story."  The film sparked protests in Singapore over what the Muslim community considered an unflattering portrait of David, considered an important prophet in Islam, as a hedonist susceptible to sexual overtures.  Jon Solomon, author of "The Ancient World in the Cinema," found the film rather slow-paced in the first half before gaining momentum, and Peck "convincing as a once-heroic monarch who must face an angry constituency and atone for his sins." He noted that this was different from other biblical epics in that the protagonist faced a religious and philosophical issue rather than the overdone military or physical crisis.

Commentary.

David and Diana Garland argue that, "Taking remarkable license with the story, the screen writers changed Bathsheba from the one who is ogled by David into David's stalker." They go on to suggest that "the movie David and Bathsheba, written, directed and produced by males, makes the cinematic Bathsheba conform to male fantasies about women."  However, in giving Bathsheba a more active role, Adele Reinhartz found that "it reflects tensions and questions about gender identity in America in the aftermath of World War II, when women had entered the work force in large numbers and experienced a greater degree of independence and economic self-sufficiency....[Bathsheba] is not satisfied in the role of neglected wife and decides for herself what to do about it." Susan Hayward was later quoted as having asked why the film was not called "Bathsheba and David".

David and Bathsheba is a 1951 historical Technicolor epic film about King David made by 20th Century Fox. It was directed by Henry King, produced by Darryl F. Zanuck, from a screenplay by Philip Dunne. The cinematography was by Leon Shamroy. Gregory Peck stars as King David and the film follows King David's life as he adjusts to ruling as a King, and about his relationship with Uriah's wife Bathsheba (Susan Hayward). Goliath of Gath was portrayed by 203 cm-tall (6'8") Lithuanian wrestler Walter Talun.

《霸王夺姬》(英语:David and Bathsheba)是一部1951年的美国特艺七彩古装史诗片,根据《旧约圣经》里大卫王的故事改编。讲述了大卫成为以色列国王以后的事迹,以及他和乌利亚之妻拔示巴的关系。


Life.

Van Kampen was born to Dutch parents in Belgium, where his father had recently taken a job as an accountant in Antwerp. At the outbreak of World War I the family moved back to the Netherlands, first to Amsterdam and in 1918 to The Hague. At the age of 16 he graduated from high school and entered Leiden University to study math. After his undergraduate studies he continued with a doctorate study at the same university under the guidance of Willem van der Woude. In 1927 Van Kampen traveled to Göttingen to meet with Bartel van der Waerden and Pavel Aleksandrov. In the summer of 1928 he worked with Emil Artin at the University of Hamburg. Around that time, at the age of 20, he already was offered a position by Johns Hopkins University in the United States. He received his Ph.D. degree with Van der Woude in Leiden in 1929, writing a dissertation entitled "Die kombinatorische Topologie und die Dualitaetssaetze".  In 1931 Van Kampen took up the position which he had been offered at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, and travelled to the United States. There he met Oscar Zariski who had taught at Johns Hopkins University as a Johnston Scholar from 1927 until 1929 when he had joined the Faculty. Zariski had been working on the fundamental group of the complement of an algebraic curve, and he had found generators and relations for the fundamental group but was unable to show that he had found sufficient relations to give a presentation for the group. Van Kampen solved the problem, showing that Zariski's relations were sufficient, and the result is now known as the Zariski–van Kampen theorem. This led van Kampen to formulate and prove what is nowadays known as the Seifert–van Kampen theorem.  By the late 1930s Van Kampen started to suffer from headaches which in 1941 were diagnosed to arise from a tumor originating from a birth mark near his ear. After three surgeries in 1941 and 1942, Van Kampen succumbed to cancer and died on 11 February 1942.

Egbert Rudolf van Kampen (28 May 1908, Berchem, Belgium – 11 February 1942, Baltimore, Maryland) was a Dutch mathematician. He made important contributions to topology, especially to the study of fundamental groups.

埃格伯特·鲁道夫·范坎彭(,1908年-5月28日-1942年-2月11日)是一位荷兰数学家。他对代数拓扑学,尤其是基本群的研究,做出了重要的贡献。


Early years.

He began gymnastics training at Changsha Spare-time Sports School in Hunan Province at the age of 6 and was a member of the Hunan provincial team at 12. Li's diligence and skill soon set him apart from his peers, which could be proved by his several provincial titles. At the age of 15, he was selected into the national team.

National team.

At 16, Li Xiaopeng became China's youngest world (team) gymnastics champion ever when he and his teammates won the men's team final at the 1997 Lausanne World Championships. At the same event, Li also received a silver medal for parallel bars, just second to his teammate Zhang Jingjin, and a bronze for floor exercise.  At the 1999 Tianjin World Championships, Li was part of the Chinese team to become men's team champion. Individually, he won his first gold medal in vault. However, his failure in parallel bars left something to be desired, which pushed him to train harder for the Sydney Olympics.  At the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, Li and his teammates gave an outstanding performance, earning them the gold medal at the prestigious men's team event, a first for Chinese gymnasts. Li also won an individual gold medal in parallel bars.  At the 2003 Anaheim World Championships, Li Xiaopeng was the only person to win three gold medals, namely for men's team final, vault and parallel bars. Thus he was voted as the 2003 World Gymnast of the Year.  However, due to a severe foot injury, Li's performance at the 2004 Athens Olympic Games was unsatisfactory. China finished 5th at the men's team final, and Li could only get a bronze in parallel bars, after being undefeated in major competitions since 2000. He was the fourth athlete to compete in the vault event finals, but unfortunately shuffled during the initial sprint and fell on the first jump.  Li had been suffering from a chronic ankle injury and had an operation in 2005. He rested for that whole year, refraining from participating in any competitions.  In 2006, he made a successful comeback by winning a gold in parallel bars at the São Paulo World Cup Series Final. By then he had tied with his idol, China's gymnastic legend Li Ning, by winning a record of 14 world titles.  In 2008, after suffering from toe injury, he came back and won titles for parallel bars at the two gymnastics World Cups, Cottbus and Tianjin.  After winning two gold medals for men's team and parallel bars at the Beijing Olympics, he surpassed Li Ning by holding 16 world titles, more than any other gymnasts in China. He retired in late 2009.

Influences.

The Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique has named two routines after Li. They are "Li Xiaopeng hop" in vault, and "Li Xiaopeng arm hang" in parallel bars.

Personal life.

He met his wife, a Chinese-American girl Li "Angel" Anqi daughter of former gymnasts Li Xiaoping and Wen Jia at the 2003 World Championship in Anaheim, California where her father served as a host and interpreter for the Chinese team. They became engaged in 2008, and married in LA on June 5, 2010. The couple held a second marriage ceremony in Beijing on July 11, 2010. Due to a problem with the visa of Li's parents, they were unable to attend the LA wedding ceremony. On January 12, 2012, they had their first child named Olivia (Li Xinqi). His second child, a son, named Max was born in June 2016.

Television shows.

Li Xiaopeng and his daughter have been regular cast members on the show "Dad came back" (a version of Korean reality-variety show "Return of Superman") on which dads have to take care of their child/children without help of anyone (including their wives) in 48 hours. After the first season was aired, his daughter gained a lot of love from public and fans. He also appeared on other television shows such as the first season of "The Amazing Race China" and the 2016 "Race the World" (), which he had to quit before the finale due to the expected birth of his second child.

Li Xiaopeng (; July 27, 1981 in Changsha, Hunan) is a male Chinese gymnast, who specializes in parallel bars and vault. He currently holds 16 world titles, more than any other gymnast in China. On 29 August 2009, he was the torch bearer for the torch relay of the East Asian Games in Hong Kong. He retired from the sport in late 2009.

李小鹏(1981年-7月27日)湖南长沙人,退役中国体操运动员,曾获16项世界冠军,超越了另一中国著名体操运动员李宁,成为中国夺得最多世界冠军的体操运动员;2008年,他获得两枚体操金牌,一度成为中国获奥运金牌最多的男选手。(2012年,被在伦敦奥运会自由体操比赛中获得个人第5枚金牌的邹凯所超越)


History.

The Tai Situpa is one of the highest-ranking lamas of the Karma Kagyu lineage. Chokyi Gyaltsen was the first to bear the title "Grand Situ" (), conferred upon him in 1407 by the Yongle Emperor of Ming China. He was a close disciple of Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama, who appointed him abbot of Karma Goen, the Karmapa's principal monastery at the time. The full title bestowed was "Kenting Naya Tang Nyontse Geshetse Tai Situpa" which is shortened to "Kenting Tai Situ". The full title means "far reaching, unshakable, great master, holder of the command". The 9th Karmapa bestowed the 5th Kenting Tai Situpa a Red Vajra Crown of Radiant Gold, which mirrored the Karmapa's own Black Vajra Crown. The Red Crown symbolizes the inseparability of the Karmapa and Kenting Tai Situpa. Through seeing the Red Crown, which is presented in a ceremony even today by the Kenting Tai Situpa, one is instantly and irreversibly set onto the path of enlightenment and receives the blessing of the Bodhisattva Maitreya.  The current, 12th Tai Situpa, Pema Tönyö Nyinje, was born in a farming family named Liyultsang in 1954 in the village of Palmey, which is part of Palyul () or Baiyü County, Sichuan, China that was formerly part of the Kingdom of Derge. The Palpung Thupten Chokhorling monastery in Derge was founded by the 8th Tai Situpa "Situ Panchen" in 1727, where presently all the traditional Buddhist teachings are taught to the monks and has preserved traditional printing centre for the Buddhist teaching scrolls.  At the age of twenty-two, the 12th Tai Situpa founded his own new monastic seat, Palpung Sherabling Monastery, Himachal Pradesh, in Northeast India providing traditional Buddhist teachings, astronomy, traditional Tibetan medicine curriculum, higher Tibetan Buddhist university teaching (Shedra), primary teachings to young students, sports facility for students for physical fitness, traditional Tibetan herbs medicine garden, medical clinic, old age home and has accommodations for students. Palpung Sherabling Monastery currently has approximately 1000 monks; 250 are enrolled in the monastic university curriculum on the premises. Palpung Yeshe Rabgyeling Nun Monastery is located near the city of Manali, in the Bunthar town has about 200 nuns. The Monastery also offers the traditional Kagyu three-year retreat for both monks and nuns on the compound. The Palpung congregation[10] consists of monasteries and temples throughout some Chinese and Tibetan districts. Palpung Congregation also has branch institutions in Europe, USA, Canada Oceania and Asia. The 12th Tai Situpa traveled widely, making his first visit to the West in 1981 to Kagyu Samye Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre in Scotland.  The 12th Tai Situpa was instrumental in recognizing Ogyen Trinley Dorje, the 17th Karmapa, whom he enthroned at the Tsurphu Monastery the traditional ancient seat of the Karmapa outside Lhasa in August 1992. He also recognized Choseng Trungpa, born on February 6, 1989 in Chamdo County, Tibet Autonomous Region, as the reincarnation of Chögyam Trungpa.

Tai Situpa (; from or "Great Preceptor") is one of the oldest lineages of tulkus (reincarnated lamas) in the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism In Tibetan Buddhism tradition, Kenting Tai Situpa is considered as emanation of Bodhisattva Maitreya and Guru Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche) and who has been incarnated numerous times as Indian and Tibetan yogis since the time of the historical Buddha.

广定大司徒巴(),又称大司徒仁波切或泰锡度仁波切,“巴”是藏文对人的尊称。是噶举派中的一个大修行人转世(祖古)传承。它的传承历史悠久,起源自中国明成祖时代,在噶玛噶举传承中,有着崇高的地位。根据传说,大司徒仁波切是弥勒菩萨的化身,主寺为八邦寺。目前已传承到第十二世,名为贝玛屯有您切旺波,由第十六世噶玛巴·让炯日佩多杰认证,他是第十七世噶玛巴·伍金赤列多杰的上师。


History.

Sky Airline was controlled by its founder, Jürgen Paulmann (1930–2014), a German-Chilean businessman, brother of retail billionaire Jurgen Paulmann. It started operations in December 2001 and made the first flights from Santiago to Northern Chile in June 2002. Since 2005 is a full member of IATA.  In April 2009, the company signed an agreement with Aerolineas Argentinas, allowing the Argentinean flag carrier to offer in all its commercial offices and through its electronic ticket system most of the destinations covered by Sky Airline in Chile.  In 2011 it signed a codeshare agreement with TACA Airlines for domestic flights in Chile, Peru and between both countries. In 2012 it signed a codeshare agreement with TACA's parent company, Colombia's Avianca for operations between Chile and Colombia.  The airline is to transition to a low-cost carrier model during 2015 and 2016 to reduce costs.

Awards.

Sky Airline was named the Best Regional Airline in South America in the 2014, 2015 and 2016 Skytrax World Airline Awards.  In addition, OAG (Official Airline Guide) declared Sky Airline as the most punctual airline of 2016.

Maintenance.

Maintenance services are supplied by AIRMAN, a sister maintenance company based in Santiago Airport.

Fleet.

Current Fleet.

The Sky Airline fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of March 2020):

Fleet Development.

The company expected to expand its current fleet to 25 planes by 2019.

Former Fleet.

Since its beginnings, Sky Airline operated a 100% Boeing 737 fleet, these began to be replaced by Airbus A320 family planes in 2010 and were fully withdrawn in 2013.

Sky Airline, styled as S<unk>Y, is an airline based at Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport in Santiago, Chile. It is the second largest airline in the country behind rival LATAM Airlines and the first airline to operate under a low-cost model in the country. It serves international routes to Argentina, Brazil, Peru and Uruguay. It also operates charter flights in Chile and South America and domestic flights within Peru.

天空航空是一家总部位于智利圣地亚哥的廉价航空公司。其是主要竞争对手智利国家航空后第二大的智利航空公司。天空航空运营飞往阿根廷、秘鲁、玻利维亚、乌拉圭的国际航线。相比欧美廉价航空,其机型偏小,员工待遇较低。另外,其规章制度也是以获利为导向而制定的。


Definition.

The United States National Tactical Officers Association definition of SWAT is:  SWAT: A designated law enforcement team whose members are recruited, selected, trained, equipped and assigned to resolve critical incidents involving a threat to public safety which would otherwise exceed the capabilities of traditional law enforcement first responders and/or investigative units.

History.

Riots and political conflicts of the 1960s.

According to the "Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement", the term "SWAT" was used as an acronym for the "Special Weapons and Tactics" established as a 100-man specialized unit in 1964 by the Philadelphia Police Department in response to an alarming increase in bank robberies. The purpose of this unit was to react quickly and decisively to bank robberies while they were in progress, by utilizing a large number of specially trained officers who had at their disposal a great amount of firepower. The tactic worked and was later soon to resolve other types of incidents involving heavily armed criminals. Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) Inspector Daryl Gates has said that he first envisioned "SWAT" as an acronym for "Special Weapons Attack Team" in 1967, but later accepted "Special Weapons and Tactics" on the advice of his deputy chief, Edward M. Davis.  The LAPD promoted what became known as SWAT teams for a variety of reasons. After the racially charged Watts riots in Los Angeles in August 1965, the LAPD began considering tactics it could use when faced with urban unrest, rioting, or widespread violence. Daryl Gates, who led the LAPD response to the riots, would later write that police at the time didn't face a single mob, but rather "people attacking from all directions." New York University professor Christian Parenti has written that SWAT teams were originally conceived of as an "urban counterinsurgency bulwark."  Another reason for the creation of SWAT teams was the fear of lone or barricaded gunmen who might outperform police in a shootout, as happened in Austin with Charles Whitman.  After the LAPD's establishment of its own SWAT team, many law enforcement agencies across the United States established their own specialized units under various names. Gates explained in his autobiography "" that he neither developed SWAT tactics nor the associated and often distinctive equipment; but that he supported the underlying concept, tried to empower his people to develop it, and generally lent them moral support.  SWAT-type operations were conducted north of Los Angeles in the farming community of Delano, California on the border between Kern and Tulare Counties in the San Joaquin Valley. At the time, the United Farm Workers union led by César Chavez was staging numerous protests in Delano in a strike that would last over five years. Though the strike never turned violent, the Delano Police Department responded by forming ad-hoc SWAT-type units involving crowd and riot control, sniper skills and surveillance. Television news stations and print media carried live and delayed reportage of these events across the United States. Personnel from the LAPD, having seen these broadcasts, contacted Delano and inquired about the program. One officer then obtained permission to observe the Delano Police Department's special weapons and tactics units in action, and afterwards, he took what he had learned back to Los Angeles, where his knowledge was used and expanded on to form the LAPD's own first SWAT unit.  John Nelson was the officer who conceived the idea to form a specially trained and equipped unit in the LAPD, intended to respond to and manage critical situations involving shootings while minimizing police casualties. Inspector Gates approved this idea, and he formed a small select group of volunteer officers. This first SWAT unit initially consisted of fifteen teams of four men each, making a total staff of sixty. These officers were given special status and benefits, and were required to attend special monthly training sessions. The unit also served as a security unit for police facilities during civil unrest. The LAPD SWAT units were organized as "D Platoon" in the Metro division.  Early police powers and tactics used by SWAT teams were aided by legislation passed in 1967-8 with the help of Republican House representative Donald Santarelli. The legislation was promoted within the context of fears over the Civil Rights Movement, race riots, the Black Panther Party, and the emerging War on Drugs.  The first significant deployment of the LAPD's SWAT unit was on December 9, 1969, in a four-hour confrontation with members of the Black Panthers in a densely populated area of Los Angeles. The raid was problematic from the start, leading to a shootout in which Daryl Gates phoned the Department of Defense, requesting and receiving permission to use a grenade launcher. The Panthers eventually surrendered, with four Panthers and four officers being injured. All six arrested Panthers were acquitted of the most serious charges brought against them, including conspiracy to murder police officers, because it was ruled that they acted in self-defense.  By 1974, there was a general acceptance of SWAT as a resource for the city and county of Los Angeles.

1974 Symbionese Liberation Army conflict.

On the afternoon of May 17, 1974, elements of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), a group of heavily armed left-wing guerrillas, barricaded themselves in a residence on East 54th Street at Compton Avenue in Los Angeles. Coverage of the siege was broadcast to millions via television and radio and featured in the world press for days afterwards. SWAT teams engaged in a several-hour gun battle with the SLA; no police were wounded, but the six SLA members died in the conflict, which ended when the house caught fire and burned to the ground.  By the time of the SLA shootout, SWAT teams had reorganized into six 10-man teams, each team being divided further into two five-man units, called elements. An element consisted of an element leader, two assaulters, a scout, and a rear-guard. The normal complement of weapons was a sniper rifle (a.243-caliber bolt-action, based on the ordnance expended by officers at the shootout), two.223-caliber semi-automatic rifles, and two shotguns. SWAT officers also carried their service revolvers in shoulder holsters. Standard gear included a first aid kit, gloves, and a gas mask. At a time when officers were usually issued six-shot revolvers and shotguns, it was a significant change to have police armed with semi-automatic rifles. The encounter with the heavily armed Symbionese Liberation Army, however, sparked a trend towards SWAT teams being issued body armor and automatic weapons of various types.  A report issued by the LAPD after the SLA shootout offers one of the few firsthand accounts by the department regarding SWAT history, operations, and organization. On page 100 of the report, the Department cites four trends which prompted the development of SWAT. These included riots such as the Watts riots, which in the 1960s forced the LAPD and other police departments into tactical situations for which they were ill-prepared; the emergence of snipers as a challenge to civil order; political assassinations; and the threat of urban guerrilla warfare by militant groups. "The unpredictability of the sniper and his anticipation of normal police response increase the chances of death or injury to officers. To commit conventionally trained officers to a confrontation with a guerrilla-trained militant group would likely result in a high number of casualties among the officers and the escape of the guerrillas." To deal with these under conditions of urban violence, the LAPD formed SWAT, notes the report. The report states on page 109, "The purpose of SWAT is to provide protection, support, security, firepower, and rescue to police operations in high personal risk situations where specialized tactics are necessary to minimize casualties."

The "War on Drugs": 1980s and 1990s.

In 1981 U.S. Congress passed the Military Cooperation with Law Enforcement Act, giving police access to military intelligence, infrastructure, and weaponry in the fight against drugs. Reagan subsequently declared drugs to be a threat to U.S. national security. In 1988 the Reagan administration encouraged Congress to create the Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Program. The program modified existing federal aid structures to local police, making it easier to transfer money and equipment to fight the War on Drugs. Police forces also received increased assistance from the DEA. The money resulted in the creation of many narcotics task forces, and SWAT teams became an important part of these forces.  In 1972, paramilitary police units launched a few hundred drug raids annually within the United States. In the early 1980s, SWAT drug raid numbers increased to 3000 annually, and by 1996, 30,000 raids annually. During the 1990s, according to "The Capital Times" in Madison, Wisconsin, weapons donations from the Pentagon greatly bolstered the number of SWAT teams and the extent of their operations. The paper reported that the military transferred nearly 100,000 pieces of military equipment to Wisconsin police departments in the 1990s.  Criminal justice professors Peter Kraska and Victor Kappeler, in their study "Militarizing American Police: The Rise and Normalization of Paramilitary Units", surveyed police departments nationwide and found that their deployment of paramilitary units had grown tenfold between the early 1980s and late 1990s.  The Columbine High School massacre in Colorado on April 20, 1999 was another seminal event in SWAT tactics and police response. As perpetrators Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold were shooting students and staff inside the school, officers did not intervene in the shooting, but instead set a perimeter as they were trained to do. By the time they did enter the school, 12 people were killed and Harris and Klebold had committed suicide. They were also heavily criticzied for not saving teacher Dave Sanders, who had passed away from blood loss, 3 hours after the SWAT first entered the school. As noted in an article in the "Christian Science Monitor", "Instead of being taught to wait for the SWAT team to arrive, street officers are receiving the training and weaponry to take immediate action during incidents that clearly involve suspects' use of deadly force." The article further reported that street officers were increasingly being armed with rifles, and issued heavy body armor and ballistic helmets, items traditionally associated with SWAT units. The idea was to train and equip street officers to make a rapid response to so-called active shooter situations. In these situations, it was no longer acceptable to simply set up a perimeter and wait for SWAT. As an example, in the policy and procedure manual of the Minneapolis Police Department, it is stated, "MPD personnel shall remain cognizant of the fact that in many active shooter incidents, innocent lives are lost within the first few minutes of the incident. In some situations, this dictates the need to rapidly assess the situation and act quickly in order to save lives."

Post-9/11 and the War on Terror.

According to criminal justice professor Cyndi Banks, the War on Terror, like the War on Drugs, became the context of a significant expansion of SWAT policing. Whereas some have attributed this expansion to "mission creep" and the militarization of police, other scholars argue that increased SWAT policing is a response to real or perceived moral panics associated with fear of crime and terrorism. Banks writes that SWAT team employment of military veterans has influenced their tactics and perspective.  Countering the view that post-9/11 SWAT policing represents the militarization of police forces, scholar den Heyer writes that SWAT policing is part of a natural progression towards police professionalization. Den Heyer also argues that while SWAT teams continue to be deployed to executing large numbers of drug warrants, this is a rational use of available police resources. Other defenders of SWAT raids state that police departments have every reason to minimize risks to themselves during raids.  By 2005, the number of yearly SWAT deployments in the United States had increased to 50,000, most often to serve drug-related warrants in private homes. According to a study by the ACLU, just under 80% of SWAT deployments were used to serve arrest warrants.  Officers have cited safety as the main reason for use of SWAT teams, stating that SWAT units would frequently be called if there were a possibility a suspect might be armed. For instance in 2006, only two police officers were killed in the arrest of 2 million drug suspects, a low casualty rate possibly stemming from the military equipment and tactics used in the raids.  On February 7, 2008, a siege and subsequent firefight with a shooter in the Winnetka neighborhood of Los Angeles led to the first line-of-duty death of a member of the LAPD's SWAT team in its 41 years of existence.  Cato Institute analyst Radley Balko, in his book "Overkill: The Rise of Paramilitary Police Raids in America", argues that increased SWAT raids have made no-knock raids, and danger to innocents and suspects, far greater. Another study, "Warrior Cops: The Ominous Growth of Paramilitarism in American Police Departments" by Diane Cecilia Weber, also of the Cato Institute, raises concern about the increasing use of SWAT teams for ordinary policing tasks.

Organization.

The relative infrequency of SWAT call-outs means these expensively trained and equipped officers cannot be left to sit around, waiting for an emergency. In many departments the officers are normally deployed to regular duties, but are available for SWAT calls via pagers, mobile phones, or radio transceivers. Even in larger police agencies, such as the LAPD or the NYPD, SWAT personnel will normally be seen in crime suppression roles—specialized and more dangerous than regular patrol, perhaps, but the officers would not be carrying their distinctive armor and weapons.  Since officers have to be on call-out most of the day, they may be assigned to regular patrol duties. To decrease response times to situations that require a SWAT team, it is now a common practice to place SWAT equipment and weaponry in secured lockers in the trunks of specialized police cruisers. Departments that often use this style of organization are county sheriffs, due to the different sizes of counties, and the predominance of back-roads. In places like Los Angeles, where traffic may be heavy, the LAPD uses cruisers such as this to respond with their officers so they do not have to return to a police station to armor up. However, heavier duty equipment may be needed depending on the situation that arises.  By illustration, the LAPD's website shows that in 2003, their SWAT units were activated 255 times for 133 SWAT calls and 122 times to serve high-risk warrants. The NYPD Emergency Service Unit is one of the few police special-response units that operate autonomously 24 hours a day. However, this unit also provides a wide range of services in addition to SWAT functions, including search and rescue, and car accident vehicle extrication, normally handled by fire departments or other agencies.  The need to summon widely dispersed personnel, then equip and brief them, makes for a long lag between the initial emergency and actual SWAT deployment on the ground. The problems of delayed police response at Columbine led to changes in police response, mainly rapid deployment of line officers to deal with an active shooter, rather than setting up a perimeter and waiting for SWAT to arrive.

SWAT equipment.

SWAT teams use equipment designed for a variety of specialist situations including close-quarters combat (CQC) in an urban environment. The particular pieces of equipment vary from unit to unit, but there are some consistent trends in what they wear and use. Much of their equipment is indistinguishable from that supplied to the military, not least because much of it is military surplus.

Clothing.

SWAT personnel wear similar utility uniforms to the tactical uniforms worn by the military. Many police departments have diverged from the original standard black or blue uniforms, and SWAT uniforms now include plain military green and camouflage patterns.  Originally SWAT units were equipped with WWII-surplus steel helmets, or even fiberglass motorcycle helmets. Modern SWAT units commonly use the standard US military helmet. Fire retardant balaclavas are often used to protect the face, as well as to protect the identity of team members. Ballistic vests, sometimes including rigid plate inserts, are standard issue. These vests are labelled with "POLICE", "SHERIFF", "SWAT" or similar, to allow for easy identification.

Weapons.

While a wide variety of weapons are used by SWAT teams, the most common weapons include submachine guns, carbines, assault rifles, shotguns, and sniper rifles.  Tactical aids include flash bangs, stingers, and tear gas grenades. Canine units may also be incorporated within SWAT teams, or may be used on an "ad hoc" basis.  The 9 mm Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun used to be the mainstay of most SWAT teams, but this has been phased out by many departments in favor of 5.56 carbines, such as the Colt CAR-15 and the more modern M4. Common shotguns used by SWAT units include the semi-automatic Benelli M1 and, to a lesser extent, the pump-action Remington 870.  Semi-automatic pistols are the most popular sidearms. Examples may include, but are not limited to: M1911 pistol series, SIG Sauer series (especially the P226 and P229), Beretta 92 series, Glock pistols, H&K USP series, and 5.7x28mm FN Five-seveN pistol.  The Colt M16A2 may be used by SWAT marksmen when a longer ranged weapon is needed. Common sniper rifles used are M14 rifle and the Remington 700P. Many different variants of bolt action rifles are used by SWAT, including limited use of.50 caliber sniper rifles for more intense situations.  To breach doors quickly, battering rams, shotguns with breaching rounds, or explosive charges can be used to break the lock or hinges, or even demolish the door frame itself. SWAT teams also use many non-lethal munitions and weapons. These include Tasers, pepper spray canisters, shotguns loaded with bean bag rounds, Pepperball guns, stinger grenades, flash bang grenades, and tear gas. Ballistic shields are used in close quarters situations to provide cover for SWAT team members and reflect gunfire. Pepperball guns are essentially paint ball markers loaded with balls containing oleoresin capsicum ("pepper spray").

Vehicles.

SWAT units may also employ ARVs (Armored Rescue Vehicle) for insertion, maneuvering, or during tactical operations such as the rescue of civilians, officers, firefighters, and/or military personnel pinned down by gunfire. Helicopters may be used to provide aerial reconnaissance or even insertion via rappelling or fast-roping. To avoid detection by suspects during insertion in urban environments, SWAT units may also use modified buses, vans, trucks, or other seemingly normal vehicles. During the 1997 North Hollywood shootout, LAPD SWAT commandeered an armored cash-delivery truck, which they used to extract wounded civilians and officers from the raging firefight with the heavily armed bank robbers.  Units such as the Ohio State Highway Patrol's Special Response Team (SRT) used a vehicle called a B.E.A.R., made by Lenco Engineering, which is a very large armored vehicle with a ladder on top to make entry into the second and third floors of buildings. Numerous other agencies such as the LAPD, LASD and NYPD use both the B.E.A.R. and the smaller Lenco BearCat variant. The Anaheim Police Department has a customized B.E.A.R. fitted with a ladder for assaulting multi-story buildings. Many SWAT teams in the states and around the world, including the LAPD, fit their armored and non-armored vehicles with the Patriot3 Liberator and 'MARS' (Mobile Adjustable Ramp System) Elevated Tactics Systems for gaining entry to 2nd- and 3rd-story buildings, airplane assault, sniper positioning, ship access, etc.  The Tulsa Police Department's SOT (Special Operations Team) uses an Alvis Saracen, a British-built armored personnel carrier. The Saracen was modified to accommodate the needs of the SOT. A Night Sun was mounted on top and a ram was mounted to the front. The Saracen has been used from warrant service to emergency response. It has enabled team members to move from one point to another safely.  The police departments of Killeen, Texas, Austin, Texas, and Washington, D.C. use the Cadillac Gage Ranger, as does the Florida Highway Patrol.

Notable events.

Iraq.

In late November of 2010, Huthaifa al-Batawi, known as al-Qaeda (in Iraq)'s "Emir of Baghdad", was arrested along with 11 others in connection with the 31 October 2010 assault on Our Lady of Salvation Syrian Catholic church in Baghdad. Batawi was locked up in a counter-terrorism jail complex in Baghdad's Karrada district. During a failed attempt to escape in May 2011, Batawi and 10 other senior al-Qaeda militants were killed by a SWAT team.

In the United States, a SWAT ("special weapons and tactics") team is a law enforcement unit which uses specialized or military equipment and tactics. Although they were first created in the 1960s to handle riot control or violent confrontations with criminals, the number and usage of SWAT teams increased in the 1980s and 1990s during the War on Drugs and later in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. In the United States as of 2005, SWAT teams were deployed 50,000 times every year, almost 80% of the time to serve search warrants, most often for narcotics. SWAT teams are increasingly equipped with military-type hardware and trained to deploy against threats of terrorism, for crowd control, hostage taking, and in situations beyond the capabilities of ordinary law enforcement, sometimes deemed "high-risk". Other countries have developed their own paramilitary police units (PPUs) which are also described as or comparable to SWAT forces.

特种武器和战术部队(英语:Special Weapons And Tactics,缩写:S.W.A.T。前称为"Special Weapons Attack Team",后来由于警局认为名字带有暴力色彩,于是才将名字转为现在的写法)为美国首创的特种警察部队,专门执行危险任务,包括执行高度危险性拘捕令、营救人质、阻止恐怖份子攻击以及从事重型武装危机等等。世界多国都有仿傚美国,将其国家或者地区特种警察单位命名为特种武器和战术部队。


Administrative divisions.

According to the result on adjustment of township-level administrative divisions of Liling on November 26, 2015, the divisions of Liling, according to the result on adjustment of township-level administrative divisions of Liling on November 26, 2015: Qingshuijiang Township merged to Chuanwan Town, Hejiaqiao Town and Dazhang Town merged to form Mingyue Town. Shenfugang Town and Lishanba Town merged to form Chashan Town. Xinyang Township and Xianxia Town merged to form Zuoquan Town. Fenglinshi Township and Huangtazui Town merged to form Fenglin Town. Fuli Town and Nanqiao Town merged to form Litian Town. Wangfang Town was revoked. Liling has four subdistricts and 19 towns under its jurisdiction.

Geography.

Liling is situated in the east of Hunan province. The city has a total area of. It is bordered by Pingxiang and Shangli County to the east, Liuyang to the north, Zhuzhou to the west, You County to the south.

Rivers.

Major rivers of Liliang are Lu River, Chengjiang River, Jiubu River, Zhaoling River and Jiang River.

Lakes and reservoirs.

Guanzhuang Reservoir is the largest body of water and the largest reservoir in Liling.  Other reservoirs include Hetian Reservoir, Xuefeng Reservoir, Wangxianqiao Reservoir, Zhoufang Reservoir and Outang Reservoir.

Mountains.

The highest point in Mount Shamaojian () is which stands above sea level.  Zhangxianling () is the second highest natural elevation in the city, which is above sea level.

Climate.

Liling has a subtropical monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of, total annual rainfall of, a frost-free period of 288 days and annual average sunshine hours in 1500 to 1910 hours.

Economy.

Liling is one of the most developed county-level cities in Hunan, it ranked the 71st in the Top100 of counties and county-level cities of China by comprehensive strength in 2017. Liling has the six-largest economy in the Hunan. The largest sectors of the city's economy are fireworks and porcelain manufacturing. As of 2016, the gross domestic product of Liling was CN¥ 58.08 billion. The primary sector, including agriculture, fishing, forestry and mining, accounted for 9% of the county's GDP. Secondary industries, including manufacturering, construction, transport and communications, made up 28% of GDP. And the tertiary sector of trade, finance, services and public administration, accounted for nearly 63% of GDP.

Demographics.

Population.

As of the end of 2016, the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China estimates the city's population now to be 1,060,000.

Language.

Mandarin is the official language. The local people speak both Xiang dialect and Liling dialect.

Religion.

As of 2016, most of Liling people are atheists. They worship Chinese folk religion. Only 1% of Liling people belong to Buddhists, 1% are Taoists, 1% are Roman Catholics and Protestants.

Education.

As of 2016, Liling has 213 primary schools, 44 middle schools, nine high schools, one special education school, 309 kindergartens.

Transportation.

Railway.

Shanghai–Kunming railway and Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway, which connect Shanghai and Kunming, run north–south through the towns and subdistrict of Litian, Baitutan, Pukou, Wangxian, Xianyueshan, Dongfu, Sunjiawan, Sifen, and Chuanwan.  Liling–Chaling railway and Liling-Yongzhou railway run north–south through the city.

Tourism.

Guanzhuang, Lu River Bridge, Geng Chuan Ancestral Temple, Lujiang Academy, Former Residence of Li Lisan, Former Residence of Chen Mingren, and Xianshan Park are popular attractions in Liling.  Changqing Temple, Yunyang Temple and Dongfu Temple are well known Buddhist temples.

Liling () is a county-level city and the 12th most populous county-level division in Hunan Province, China; it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Zhuzhou. Located on the middle eastern margin of the province, the city is bordered to the north by Liuyang City, to the west by Lusong District and Zhuzhou County, to the south by You County, to the east by Xiangdong District of Yichun, Shangli County of Jiangxi. Liling City covers with registered population of 978,900 and resident population of 1,060,000 (as of 2015).

醴陵市位于中国湖南省东部,湘江支流渌水中游,罗霄山脉北段西沿,北连浏阳市,东界江西省上栗县、萍乡市湘东区,南与攸县交接,西连株洲县,紧邻长株潭金三角经济区。醴陵简称“醴”,因盛产瓷器,故有瓷城之称。醴陵又是花炮祖师李畋的故里,盛产烟花爆竹,有“花炮之乡”之称。2014年,醴陵GDP总量488.2亿元(合79.5亿美元),人均GDP为8,217元。户籍人口107.32万人(2014年),年末常住人口为96.72万人(2014年);全市下辖4街、18镇、8乡共计30乡镇(街道);市政府驻仙岳山街道。


Types.

The LSA types defined in OSPF are as follows:  The opaque LSAs, types 9, 10, and 11, are designated for upgrades to OSPF for application-specific purposes. For example, OSPF-TE has traffic engineering extensions to be used by RSVP-TE in Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). Opaque LSAs are used to flood link color and bandwidth information. Standard link-state database (LSDB) flooding mechanisms are used for distribution of opaque LSAs. Each of the three types has a different flooding scope.  For all types of LSAs, there are 20-byte LSA headers. One of the fields of the LSA header is the link-state ID.  Each router link is defined as one of four types: type 1, 2, 3, or 4. The LSA includes a link ID field that identifies, by the network number and mask, the object that this link connects to.  Depending on the type, the link ID has different meanings as shown in below table:

OSPF v3 LSA Packet Header Formats.

As per Appendix A.4.2 of RFC 5340, all LSA packets start with a common LSA "20-byte header" as shown below.  Note: These LSA Packet Headers are all preceded by standard "16-byte" OSPF Headers.  Common LSA 20-byte Packet Header As per Appendix A.4 of RFC 5340 (OSPFv3 for IPv6) depending upon the LS Type, there are nine major LSA Packet formats as follows (actually eight as one has been deprecated):  The nine different formats for each "Type" of LSA packet are listed below (including the deprecated LSA-6):  Type 1: Router LSA Header Type 2: Network-LSA Header Type 3: Inter-Area-Prefix-LSA Header Type 4: Inter-Area-Router-LSA Header Type 5: AS-External-LSA Header Type 6: MOSPF LSA Header ("Deprecated") Type 7: NSSA-LSA Header "(Same as Type 5 except for the type number field)" Type 8: Link-LSA Header Type 9: Intra-Area-Prefix LSA Header

The link-state advertisement (LSA) is a basic communication means of the OSPF routing protocol for the Internet Protocol (IP). It communicates the router's local routing topology to all other local routers in the same OSPF area. OSPF is designed for scalability, so some LSAs are not flooded out on all interfaces, but only on those that belong to the appropriate area. In this way detailed information can be kept localized, while summary information is flooded to the rest of the network. The original IPv4-only OSPFv2 and the newer IPv6-compatible OSPFv3 have broadly similar LSA types.

链路状态通告(LSA,英文:英语:Link-state advertisement) 描述了所有的链路,接口和邻居等链路状态信息,OSPF路由协议对所有路由信息的描述,都是封装在链路状态通告LSA中发送出去的。


History.

Bunyodkor, which means "creator" in Uzbek(Originally from Persian بنیادکار|bonyad-Kar), was created on 6 July 2005, with the name "Neftgazmontaj-Quruvchi", which was typically abbreviated "Kuruvchi" (the Uzbek word for "builder"). In 2005, the club played initially in the championship of Tashkent region and played its way into the playoff for promotion into the First League, the second level of Uzbek football. Kuruvchi gained promotion that year, its first, and under the management of Khikmat Irgashev, Kuruvchi won the First League in its first attempt, winning 27 of 38 matches with 5 draws and 6 defeats.  With its victory in the second level of Uzbek football in 2006, the 2007 season was Kuruvchi's debut in the Uzbek League. Never before had a club moved with such alacrity from the lower reaches of Uzbek competition into the top league. In club's first season Bunyodkor finished runner-up after Pakhtakor Tashkent.  In December 2007 Mirjalol Kasymov was appointed as head coach of Bunyodkor, replacing Hikmat Irgashev.  2008 was debut year of Bunyodkor in AFC Champions League where they qualified to the semi-final of tournament. In semi-final they were beaten over two legs by Adelaide United 3–1 on aggregate.

Famous signings.

On 14 July 2008, the club, then called Kuruvchi, announced through their official website that they had signed Barcelona star Samuel Eto'o on a six-month contract. The story was confirmed by Bakhtiyor Babaev, the club's sporting director, stating that it was a performance-related contract. He also went on to say that the Cameroonian football star would sign on 17 July, and that the transfer had taken place due to the good relationship enjoyed between both clubs' presidents. Despite this, Barcelona official spokesperson denied any knowledge of the transfer, stating "I don't think it's very likely".  On 16 July 2008, the Uzbek radio "Maxima" reported that Davut Kivrak and Barcelona managers are expected to arrive in Tashkent to hold talks with the Uzbek Football Federation and to promote youth football (Barcelona and Bunyodkor have a yearly renewable deal to help in youth football). The following day, Eto'o confirmed that he was thinking of joining Kuruvchi – the team stated that they would have confirmation on whether Eto'o would join the team on 23 July 2008.  Shortly thereafter, Bunyodkor and Barcelona managements announced that the two clubs had reached an agreement to play a friendly in Tashkent and the Uzbek side will be able to train at Camp Nou.  As of 31 July 2008, Eto'o's status had become no clearer, as Bunyodkor was still in the running to obtain the services of the Cameroonian international, but he was also being sought by Milanese powerhouses A.C. Milan and Internazionale.  Just a couple of days after Eto'o's visit to Tashkent, two other players from Barcelona visited the team – Andrés Iniesta and Carles Puyol, as well as Arsenal midfielder Cesc Fàbregas.  Although unsuccessful in obtaining Eto'o's services by September 2008, Bunyodkor brought two famous Brazilians to Tashkent: Rivaldo as a midfielder and Zico as manager. Rivaldo signed a contract that he termed "very good for the end of my career" to play for Bunyodkor. Three weeks later, his countryman Zico signed on to manage the club on a one-year deal.  Zico left Bunyodkor in January 2009 after he was signed by PFC CSKA Moscow as head coach. On 8 June 2009 Luiz Felipe Scolari was announced as Bunyodkor's new head coach. In 2010 AFC Champions League, Bunyodkor failed to reach the quarter-final after losing on 12 May 2010 in Round of 16 to Al-Hilal FC 3–0. Scolari resigned from his post on 28 May 2010 and Mirjalol Qosimov was named as his successor. Qosimov became head coach of Bunyodkor again. Also Rivaldo unexpectedly terminated his multi-million contract and was released from the club on 12 August 2010.

2011–present.

On 26 February 2011 Bunyodkor unveiled 11 new players for the 2011 season.  In the 2012 season, Bunyodkor was unable to defend its league title, despite winning its third Uzbek Cup; the club finished runner-up to Pakhtakor in the league. In the 2012 AFC Champions League, the club repeated its 2008 achievements, reaching the semi-final of the tournament. In the semi-final, Bunyodkor lost to Ulsan Hyundai over two legs.  Bunyodkor made play-off of AFC Champions League for the 6th successive season in 2013, winning the group stage of tournament. The club renewed its own previous record and record of AFC Champions League history. On 7 March 2014 Bunyodkor won Lokomotiv Tashkent with 2:1 in Uzbekistan Super Cup match, match between League champion and Uzbek Cup winner. The Super Cup was held for the second time since 1999.  On 6 June 2014, Sergey Lushan succeeded Mirjalol Kasymov to become the manager of Bunyodkor after Kasymov resigned his post at club in April 2014. During his time as head coach in club Lushan brought many talents from Bunyodkor academy to main squad. 2014 season club finished only 4th after Nasaf Qarshi. In 2015 AFC Champions League group stage Bunyodkor failed to qualify to play-off for the first time. After match Neftchi Farg'ona- Bunyodkor on 20 September 2015 he resigned his post on 23 September.  On 5 May 2017, Sergey Lushan was sacked, with Mirjalol Qosimov being appointed as the club's new manager the same day.  On 12 January 2019, Vadim Abramov was appointed as manager of Bunyodkor.

Stadium.

Bunyodkor played its first years at the MHSK Stadium. After the end of the Uzbek League season 2008 it was announced that MHSK stadium would have been closed for longtime reconstruction. Season 2008 was the last season at the MHSK stadium, for 2009 season club moved to 8,460-seater JAR Stadium. The old MHSK Stadium was completely demolished, with plans to build a new 34,000 all-seater Bunyodkor (Milliy) Stadium and football academy. The construction works were finished in August 2012.  The stadium was opened on 28 September 2012 and originally was one of the proposed venues to host the matches of FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup 2012 in Uzbekistan. The festive opening ceremony of the stadium marking the 100th anniversary of football in Uzbekistan was held on 28 September 2012 with an exhibition match between Bunyodkor and Pakhtakor with the scoreline ending 3:3.  The first official football match was played on 26 March 2013. The 2014 FIFA World Cup AFC qualifying round 4 match between Uzbekistan and Lebanon ended with a 1–0.

Records and statistics.

Anvar Gafurov presently holds the team record for number of matches played for the club. He made 232 appearances ahead of Hayrulla Karimov with 224 caps (4 December 2017)  Bunyodkor's all-time top goalscorers in all competitions is Anvar Soliev with 65 goals, 46 of them in league matches, 2nd is Rivaldo with 43 goals followed by Viktor Karpenko with 39 goals.

Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors.

The current main shirt sponsor of Bunyodkor is the state natural gas transport company ""Uztransgaz"". Uztransgaz became largest shareholder of Bunyodkor in March 2011 and head club sponsor. Bunyodkors shirts had been made by manufacturer Nike until 2012. In March 2012 club announced Jako as the club's new kit manufacturer, extending the deal in December 2017.

Capital derby.

Since Bunyodkor's promotion to the Uzbek League matches between club and their other rival from capital, football powerhouse Pakhtakor, considered by supporters of both sides and football journalists as Uzbek capital derby or "Toshkent derby". With former coach Luiz Felipe Scolari Bunyodkor faced four derby matches: three Uzbek League and one Uzbekistan Cup matches. His first derby match took place on 12 July 2009 at JAR Stadium where Bunyodkor won against Pakhtakor with 2:1. The Supercup match between the champion and the Cup winner originally scheduled for 11 March 2012 was postponed. The new date for the game was officially not announced.  On 26 June 2012, in League match Bunyodkor won Pakhtakor for the second time with two goal difference (2:0). In semi-final 2nd leg match of Uzbekistan Cup on 25 November 2012, Bunyodkor won Pakhtakor with 3:1 for the second time, qualifying to cup final. On 30 June 2013 Bunyodkor played away League match won with 2:0. This defeat was Pakhtakor's first home match loss in Uzbek League against Bunyodkor.  In the second leg of 2013 League season on 8 August 2013 Bunyodkor faced Pakhtakor at home "JAR" ground and lost against the "Lions" with 1:2. The loss was Bunyodkor's first since 2009 Cup match and first ever in League matches.

Football Club Bunyodkor () is a professional football club based in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

宾约哥足球会(,西里尔化乌兹别克语: ; ),又称“宾-{}-约哥”“本尤-{}-德科”“缔造-{}-者”“塔什干建设者”,乌兹别克斯坦斯坦足球会,位于首都塔什干。主场原设在JAR球场,现移师至本尤德科体育场。


Equation.

Under standard conditions.

Under standard conditions, the van 't Hoff equation is  where denotes natural logarithm and is the ideal gas constant. This equation is exact at any one temperature. In practice, the equation is often integrated between two temperatures under the assumption that the reaction enthalpy is constant. Since in reality and the reaction entropy do vary with temperature for most processes, the integrated equation is only approximate.  A major use of the integrated equation is to estimate a new equilibrium constant at a new absolute temperature assuming a constant standard enthalpy change over the temperature range.  To obtain the integrated equation, it is convenient to first rewrite the van 't Hoff equation as The definite integral between temperatures and is then In this equation is the equilibrium constant at absolute temperature, and is the equilibrium constant at absolute temperature.

Development from thermodynamics.

Combining the definition of Gibbs free energy: where is the entropy of the system, and the Gibbs free energy isotherm equation: we obtain Differentiation of this expression with respect to the variable yields the van 't Hoff equation.  Provided that and are constant, the preceding equation gives as a linear function of and hence is known as the "linear form" of the van 't Hoff equation. Therefore, when the range in temperature is small enough that the standard reaction enthalpy and reaction entropy are essentially constant, a plot of the natural logarithm of the equilibrium constant versus the reciprocal temperature gives a straight line. The slope of the line may be multiplied by the gas constant to obtain the standard enthalpy change of the reaction, and the intercept may be multiplied by to obtain the standard entropy change.

van 't Hoff isotherm.

The Gibbs free energy changes with the temperature and pressure of the thermodynamic system. The van 't Hoff isotherm can be used to determine the Gibbs free energy for non-standard state reactions at a constant temperature: where is the Gibbs free energy for the reaction, and is the reaction quotient. When a reaction is at equilibrium,. The van 't Hoff isotherm can help estimate the equilibrium reaction shift. When, the reaction moves in the forward direction. When, the reaction moves in the backwards directions. See Chemical equilibrium.

van 't Hoff plot.

For a reversible reaction, the equilibrium constant can be measured at a variety of temperatures. This data can be plotted on a graph with on the -axis and on the axis. The data should have a linear relationship, the equation for which can be found by fitting the data using the linear form of the van 't Hoff equation This graph is called the van 't Hoff plot and is widely used to estimate the enthalpy and entropy of a chemical reaction. From this plot, is the slope, and is the intercept of the linear fit.  By measuring the equilibrium constant,, at different temperatures, the van 't Hoff plot can be used to assess a reaction when temperature changes. Knowing the slope and intercept from the van 't Hoff plot, the enthalpy and entropy of a reaction can be easily obtained using The van 't Hoff plot can be used to quickly determine the enthalpy of a chemical reaction both qualitatively and quantitatively. Change in enthalpy can be positive or negative, leading to two major forms of the van 't Hoff plot.

Endothermic reactions.

For an endothermic reaction, heat is absorbed, making the net enthalpy change positive. Thus, according to the definition of the slope: for an endothermic reaction, (and the gas constant ), so Thus, for an endothermic reaction, the van 't Hoff plot should always have a negative slope.

Exothermic reactions.

For an exothermic reaction, heat is released, making the net enthalpy change negative. Thus, according to the definition of the slope: from an exothermic reaction,, so Thus, for an exothermic reaction, the van 't Hoff plot should always have a positive slope.

Error propagation.

Using the fact that, it would appear that two measurements of would suffice to be able to obtain a value of : where and are the equilibrium constant values obtained at temperatures and respectively. The precision of values obtained in this way is highly dependent on the precision of the equilibrium constant values. A typical pair of temperatures might be. For these temperatures  Inserting this value into the expression for :  Now, error propagation shows that the error on will be about 76 kJ/mol times the error on, or about 110 kJ/mol times the error on the values. Assume for example that the error on each is, a small but reasonable value. The error on will be about. So, even though the individual stability constants were determined with good precision, the enthalpy calculated in this way is subject to a significant error.  The entropy will then be obtained from. In this expression the error on the second term is negligible compared to the error on the first term. The magnifying factor is then ÷ 298 K, so for an error of 0.05 in the logarithms the error on will be of the order of.  When equilibrium constants are measured at three or more temperatures, values of will be obtained by straight-line fitting. In this case the error on the standard enthalpy will be magnified to a somewhat lesser, but still substantial, extent.

Applications of the van 't Hoff plot.

van 't Hoff analysis.

In biological research, the van 't Hoff plot is also called van 't Hoff analysis. It is most effective in determining the favored product in a reaction.  Assume two products B and C form in a reaction: In this case, can be defined as ratio of B to C rather than the equilibrium constant.  When > 1, B is the favored product, and the data on the van 't Hoff plot will be in the positive region.  When < 1, C is the favored product, and the data on the van 't Hoff plot will be in the negative region.  Using this information, a van 't Hoff analysis can help determine the most suitable temperature for a favored product.  In 2010, a van 't Hoff analysis was used to determine whether water preferentially forms a hydrogen bond with the "C"-terminus or the "N"-terminus of the amino acid proline. The equilibrium constant for each reaction was found at a variety of temperatures, and a van 't Hoff plot was created. This analysis showed that enthalpically, the water preferred to hydrogen bond to the "C"-terminus, but entropically it was more favorable to hydrogen bond with the "N"-terminus. Specifically, they found that "C"-terminus hydrogen bonding was favored by 4.2–6.4 kJ/mol. The "N"-terminus hydrogen bonding was favored by 31–43 J/(K mol).  This data alone could not conclude which site water will preferentially hydrogen-bond to, so additional experiments were used. It was determined that at lower temperatures, the enthalpically favored species, the water hydrogen-bonded to the "C"-terminus, was preferred. At higher temperatures, the entropically favored species, the water hydrogen-bonded to the "N"-terminus, was preferred.

Mechanistic studies.

A chemical reaction may undergo different reaction mechanisms at different temperatures.  In this case, a van 't Hoff plot with two or more linear fits may be exploited. Each linear fit has a different slope and intercept, which indicates different changes in enthalpy and entropy for each distinct mechanisms. The van 't Hoff plot can be used to find the enthalpy and entropy change for each mechanism and the favored mechanism under different temperatures. In the example figure, the reaction undergoes mechanism 1 at high temperature and mechanism 2 at low temperature.

Temperature dependence.

The van 't Hoff plot is linear based on the tacit assumption that the enthalpy and entropy are constant with temperature changes. However, in some cases the enthalpy and entropy do change dramatically with temperature. A first-order approximation is to assume that the two different reaction products have different heat capacities. Incorporating this assumption yields an additional term in the expression for the equilibrium constant as a function of temperature. A polynomial fit can then be used to analyze data that exhibits a non-constant standard enthalpy of reaction: where  Thus, the enthalpy and entropy of a reaction can still be determined at specific temperatures even when a temperature dependence exists.

Surfactant self-assembly.

The van 't Hoff relation is particularly useful for the determination of the micellization enthalpy of surfactants from the temperature dependence of the critical micelle concentration (CMC):  However, the relation loses its validity when the aggregation number is also temperature-dependent, and the following relation should be used instead:  with and being the free energies of the surfactant in a micelle with aggregation number and respectively. This effect is particularly relevant for nonionic ethoxylated surfactants or polyoxypropylene–polyoxyethylene block copolymers (Poloxamers, Pluronics, Synperonics). The extended equation can be exploited for the extraction of aggregation numbers of self-assembled micelles from differential scanning calorimetric thermograms.

The Van 't Hoff equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant,, of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature, "T", given the standard enthalpy change,, for the process. It was proposed by Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff in 1884 in his book "Études de dynamique chimique" ("Studies in Dynamic Chemistry"). This equation is sometimes also referred to as the Vukančić–Vuković equation.

范特霍夫方程()是一个用于计算在不同温度下某反应的平衡常数的方程。设 K 为平衡常数, ΔH 为焓变, ΔS 为熵变, T为温度。由雅各布斯·亨里克斯·-{A| zh-tw:凡特荷夫; zh-hk:范托浩夫;zh-cn:范托夫;}-提出。


Geography.

The Skeena originates south of the Spatsizi Plateau Wilderness Provincial Park in north western British Columbia, forming a divide with the Klappan River, a tributary of the Stikine River. It flows for before it empties into Chatham Sound, Telegraph Passage and Ogden Channel, east of the Dixon Entrance, all part of the Pacific Ocean. The Skeena drains of land with a mean annual discharge of.

Course.

The Skeena River originates at the southern end of Spatsizi Plateau, in a valley between Mount Gunanoot and Mount Thule, south of the Stikine River watershed. The abandoned track of BC Rail's Dease Lake Extension runs along the river in its upper course. It flows south-east, between the shallow peaks of the Skeena Mountains, through the McEvoy and Jackson flats. It continues in this direction until it passes the Slamgeesh Range, then flows westwards to Fourth Cabin, when it turns south through a shallow canyon below Poison Mountain. After Kuldo it takes an eastward turn, then flows south again below Cutoff Mountain and Mount Pope. It continues through rolling hills to the community of Kispiox and then Hazelton, where it receives the waters of Morice-Bulkley River, and turns south-west. The Yellowhead Highway and a Canadian National Railway track follow the course of the Skeena on this section. At Kitwanga, the river is crossed by Highway 37, and then turns south around the Seven Sisters Peaks and Bulkley Ranges, through the Skeena Provincial Forest, then between the Nass Ranges and Borden Glacier, past the ferry crossing at Usk, through the Kitselas Canyon, and then through the Kleanza Creek Provincial Park. It then flows south-west through the city of Terrace, where the river widens. It continues westwards, followed by the Highway 16 and Canadian National Railway line, passes near the Exchamsiks River Provincial Park, then flows into the Dixon Entrance at Eleanor Passage, between Port Edward and Port Essington, facing De Horsey Island.

Tributaries.

Partial listing from Fisheries and Oceans Canada Upper Skeena Middle Skeena Lower Skeena

Wildlife.

The Skeena supports a wide variety of fish and wildlife. The British Columbia Ministry of the Environment, through BC Parks, has designated a number of Ecological Reserves along the course of the river.

Fish.

The Skeena is well known for its sport fishing, most notably salmon. The Skeena is also very important to the commercial fishing industry. For example, numbering 5 million spawning salmon a year, the Skeena is second only to the Fraser River in Canada in its capacity to produce sockeye salmon. However, in the last 40 years there has been a decrease in some of the fish species, leading to strict fishing regulations for the commercial fishery.  The following types of Pacific salmon can be found in the Skeena: Other anadromous species:

Bears.

The rare Kermode bear lives in and near the Skeena Valley from Prince Rupert to Hazelton. The region is also home to many black bears and brown bears. Grizzly bears are less common in the area but the Khutzeymateen Grizzly Bear Sanctuary is located nearby.

History.

Indigenous peoples.

The Skeena River watershed is the ancient homeland of the Tsimshian, Gitxsan, and Wet'suwet'en people.

Fur trading.

The Hudson's Bay Company's local headquarters were at Port Simpson, although Port Essington was also used extensively as a port for its sternwheelers.

Riverboats.

While canoes played a crucial role on the Skeena for centuries, the age of the steamboat heralded a new era of boating on the Skeena. The first steam-powered vessel to enter the Skeena was the "Union" in 1864. In 1866 the "Mumford" attempted to ascend the river but was only able to reach the Kitsumkalum River. It was not until 1891 that the Hudson's Bay Company sternwheeler the "Caledonia" successfully negotiated through the Kitselas Canyon and reached Hazelton. A number of other steamers were built around the turn of the century, in part due to the growing fish industry and the gold rush.

The Skeena River is the second-longest river entirely within British Columbia, Canada (after the Fraser River). Since ancient times, the Skeena has been an important transportation artery, particularly for the Tsimshian and the Gitxsan—whose names mean "inside the Skeena River" and "people of the Skeena River," respectively. The river and its basin sustain a wide variety of fish, wildlife, and vegetation; and communities native to the area depend on the health of the river. The Tsimshian migrated to the Lower Skeena River, and the Gitxsan occupy territory of the Upper Skeena.

斯基纳河(英语:Skeena River)是加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的第二长河。


Measurable sets.

Certain sets have a definite 'length' or'mass'. For instance, the interval [0, 1] is deemed to have length 1; more generally, an interval ["a", "b"], "a" ≤ "b", is deemed to have length "b" − "a". If we think of such intervals as metal rods with uniform density, they likewise have well-defined masses. The set [0, 1] ∪ [2, 3] is composed of two intervals of length one, so we take its total length to be 2. In terms of mass, we have two rods of mass 1, so the total mass is 2.  There is a natural question here: if "E" is an arbitrary subset of the real line, does it have a'mass' or 'total length'? As an example, we might ask what is the mass of the set of rational numbers, given that the mass of the interval [0, 1] is 1. The rationals are dense in the reals, so any non-negative value may appear reasonable.  However the closest generalization to mass is sigma additivity, which gives rise to the Lebesgue measure. It assigns a measure of "b" − "a" to the interval ["a", "b"], but will assign a measure of 0 to the set of rational numbers because it is countable. Any set which has a well-defined Lebesgue measure is said to be "measurable", but the construction of the Lebesgue measure (for instance using Carathéodory's extension theorem) does not make it obvious whether non-measurable sets exist. The answer to that question involves the axiom of choice.

Construction and proof.

A Vitali set is a subset formula_1 of the interval <nowiki>[0, 1]</nowiki> of real numbers such that, for each real number "r", there is exactly one number formula_2 such that "v"−"r" is a rational number. Vitali sets exist because the rational numbers Q form a normal subgroup of the real numbers R under addition, and this allows the construction of the additive quotient group R/Q of these two groups which is the group formed by the cosets of the rational numbers as a subgroup of the real numbers under addition. This group R/Q consists of disjoint "shifted copies" of Q in the sense that each element of this quotient group is a set of the form for some "r" in R. The uncountably many elements of R/Q partition R, and each element is dense in R. Each element of R/Q intersects [0, 1], and the axiom of choice guarantees the existence of a subset of [0, 1] containing exactly one representative out of each element of R/Q. A set formed this way is called a Vitali set.  Every Vitali set "V" is uncountable, and "v"−"u" is irrational for any formula_3.

Non-measurability.

A Vitali set is non-measurable. To show this, we assume that "V" is measurable and we derive a contradiction. Let "q", "q",... be an enumeration of the rational numbers in [−1, 1] (recall that the rational numbers are countable). From the construction of "V", note that the translated sets formula_4, "k" = 1, 2,... are pairwise disjoint, and further note that To see the first inclusion, consider any real number "r" in [0, 1] and let "v" be the representative in "V" for the equivalence class ["r"]; then "r"-"v"="q" for some rational number "q" in [-1, 1] which implies that "r" is in "V".  Apply the Lebesgue measure to these inclusions using sigma additivity:  Because the Lebesgue measure is translation invariant, formula_7 and therefore  But this is impossible. Summing infinitely many copies of the constant λ("V") yields either zero or infinity, according to whether the constant is zero or positive. In neither case is the sum in [1, 3]. So "V" cannot have been measurable after all, i.e., the Lebesgue measure λ must not define any value for λ("V").

In mathematics, a Vitali set is an elementary example of a set of real numbers that is not Lebesgue measurable, found by Giuseppe Vitali in 1905. The Vitali theorem is the existence theorem that there are such sets. There are uncountably many Vitali sets, and their existence depends on the axiom of choice. In 1970, Robert Solovay constructed a model of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of choice where all sets of real numbers are Lebesgue measurable, assuming the existence of an inaccessible cardinal (see Solovay model).

维塔利集合是一个勒贝格不可测的集合的例子,以朱塞佩·维塔利命名。维塔利定理就是关于这种集合存在与否的存在性定理,它是一个非构造性的结果。维塔利集合有无穷多个,它们的存在性是在选择公理的假设下证明的。


Meteorological history.

The origins of Humberto can be traced to the remnants of a frontal trough—the same one that spawned Tropical Storm Gabrielle—that moved offshore of south Florida on September 5. The combination of a weak surface trough and an upper-level low pressure system produced disorganized showers and thunderstorms from western Cuba into the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Tracking slowly west-northwestward, unfavorable wind shear initially inhibited tropical cyclone development. By late on September 11, environmental conditions became more favorable, and the following morning convection increased over the disturbance. Tracking around the western periphery of a mid-level ridge, the system turned on a slow northwest drift and quickly organized. Radar imagery reported loose banding features, and buoy data indicated the presence of a surface circulation; based on the observations, the National Hurricane Center classified the system as Tropical Depression Nine, while located roughly 60 miles (100 km) southeast of Matagorda, Texas.  Upon becoming a tropical cyclone, the tropical depression was forecast to strengthen slowly to reach peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). Within three hours of forming, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Humberto. A small cyclone, the storm continued to organize quickly as it turned north-northeastward, while radar imagery suggested the formation of an eye by early on September 13. Based on reports from Hurricane Hunters, Humberto was upgraded to a hurricane at 0515 UTC on September 13, while located about 15 miles (20 km) off the coast of Texas. The hurricane made landfall a few miles to the east of High Island at around 0700 UTC. A well-defined eye was maintained with strong convection around it, and Hurricane Hunters reported sustained winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) about two hours after landfall. However, post-storm analysis later determined that the winds were a bit stronger—about 90 mph (150 km/h).  Based on operational estimates of a wind speed increase of 50 mph (85 km/h), the National Hurricane Center reported that "no tropical cyclone in the historic record has ever reached this intensity at a faster rate near landfall." The path of the eye continued northeastward and passed over Port Arthur, Nederland, Port Neches, Groves, and Bridge City, Texas at Category 1 hurricane strength. This was the second time within two years (following Hurricane Rita on September 24, 2005) that these cities experienced a direct hit from a hurricane. By eight hours after landfall, Humberto weakened to a tropical storm as it crossed into southwestern Louisiana. Increased upper-level wind shear caused the storm to weaken rapidly over land, and late on September 13 Humberto weakened to a tropical depression. Upon issuing its last advisory, the National Hurricane Center remarked on the potential for the remnants of the storm to turn southward into the Gulf of Mexico. However, the storm continued northeastward through the southeastern United States, and on September 14, the storm began dissipating over northwestern Georgia, and shortly thereafter degenerated into a remnant low pressure area.

Preparations.

Upon becoming a tropical cyclone, a tropical storm warning was issued from Port O'Connor, Texas, to Cameron, Louisiana, and a tropical storm watch was posted from Cameron to Intracoastal City, Louisiana; after Humberto became a tropical storm, the watch was upgraded to a warning. Upon reaching hurricane status, the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane warning from High Island, Texas, to Cameron, Louisiana. An inland tropical storm warning was declared for several parishes in southwestern Louisiana. The National Weather Service Storm Prediction Center posted a tornado watch for southwestern coastal parishes.  Prior to moving ashore, officials in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana, advised residents in low-lying or flood-prone areas to consider moving to a safer location. A shelter was opened in Lake Charles, where 29 people stayed during the storm. Flood watches and warnings were issued for portions of Mississippi and Louisiana as the storm tracked across the region. Texas Governor Rick Perry, prepared state resources for the potentially impacted areas, including the deployment of 200 Texas Military Forces soldiers and six Black Hawk helicopters and two water rescue teams for search and rescue missions. The Texas State Operations Center was activated shortly after the cyclone developed.

Impact.

Texas.

A few hours prior to its development, outer rainbands from the depression began moving over portions of the Texas coast. Heavy rainfall from intense thunderstorms caused minor flooding as they crossed the coastline during the subsequent days; precipitation in the state peaked at 14.13 inches (358.9 mm) at East Bay Bayou, the highest recorded rainfall total in association with the hurricane. Sustained winds peaked at 69 mph (112 km/h) with gusts to 85 mph (137 km/h) at Sea Rim State Park; the National Weather Service estimates gusts exceeded 90 mph (145 km/h) in southwestern Jefferson County and extreme southeastern Chambers County. In the Golden Pass Ship Channel, an unofficial report of a 115 mph (185 km/h) wind gust was relayed to the National Hurricane Center. Upon moving ashore, Humberto produced a minor storm surge in the state, peaking at 2.86 feet (0.87 m) at Rollover Pass; the combination of surge and waves resulted in light beach erosion.  Hurricane Humberto left 10 homes completely destroyed in Galveston County, with an additional 19 severely damaged in the county; several homes received minor shingle damage, and road closures left about 5,000 houses isolated in the county. The combination of saturated grounds and strong winds uprooted many trees and downed power lines across the path of the hurricane, with at least 50 high voltage transmission poles blown down or seriously damaged; over 120,000 power customers in Orange and Jefferson counties lost power, with 118,000 Entergy customers in the state without electricity. Widespread flooding occurred in Jefferson and Orange counties, and at least 20 homes in Beaumont were flooded. Additionally, several roadways were flooded. The passage of the hurricane caused one fatality in the state; a Bridge City man was killed when his carport crashed on him outside his house. Initially, press reports indicated that the storm wrought up to $500 million in damage; however, final damage estimates were about $50 million.  Oil production was slowed as a result of Humberto, as at least four refineries—the Valero, ExxonMobil, Total SA and Motiva Enterprises LLC plants in Port Arthur—were halted due to the loss of power. Oil prices rose above $80 a barrel in intraday trading on September 12 as a result, ending the next day at a record high of $80.09 a barrel. Natural gas futures rose 8 percent ahead of the storm, but lost most of those gains the next day.  According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 1,464 residences throughout Texas were affected by Hurricane Humberto. Of these, 25 were destroyed, 96 sustained major damage and 240 sustained minor damage. The cost of individual assistance for those impacted by Humberto would cost $4,776,334; the cost of debris removal and other public assistance amounted to $6,682,074. In terms of per capita income, Jefferson County sustained the most impact, decreasing by $22.38.

Louisiana.

Tracking through the state as a weakening tropical storm, Humberto produced light to moderate winds across southwestern Louisiana. Gusts officially peaked at 43 mph (69 km/h) in the state, although an unofficial reading of 55 mph (89 km/h) was reported in Vinton. Heavy rainfall occurred across the area, reaching a peak of 8.25 inches (210 mm) in DeRidder. The rainfall triggered minor river flooding along the Vermilion River in Lafayette. Storm surge was minor in the state, peaking at 2.13 feet (0.65 m) in Cypremont Point; no beach erosion was reported.  Widespread freshwater flooding occurred in Beauregard Parish, leaving homes in DeRidder flooded. High water across the southwestern portion of the state resulted in the closure of several roadways, including U.S. Route 171 and various state highways. Isolated wind damage was reported, particularly near the Texas border, with some trees and power lines blown down. A total of about 13,000 power customers lost electricity in southwestern Louisiana. One F1 tornado briefly touched down in Vermilion Parish, blowing the roof off one home and downing trees and power lines. Damage throughout Louisiana was estimated at $525,000.

Southeast United States.

After the circulation dissipated, the remnants of Humberto brought moderate rainfall to the southeastern states and spawned several tornadoes across portions of South Carolina and North Carolina and caused widespread damage in some locations. Heavy rains in Mississippi led to flooding in low-lying areas. In Hinds County, a small rail bridge was washed out, forcing all Amtrak train passengers to take a bus to their destinations. One person was injured after driving his car into a flooded street. In Alabama, rainfall up to caused minor ponding in low-lying areas but aided in short-term drought relief. In northern Georgia, locally heavy rainfall led to flash flooding, resulting in several road closures. Strong thunderstorms associated with the remnants of Humberto also produced winds up to and penny-sized hail. Throughout North Carolina, ten F0 tornadoes were confirmed, resulting in minor damage to homes, though none caused injuries or fatalities. Heavy rains associated with the system also triggered flash flooding along some roads, resulting in their closure. In South Carolina, one F1 tornado touched down in Laurens County, causing moderate damage to several homes before lifting.

Aftermath.

Hours after Humberto made landfall, Rick Perry declared Galveston, Jefferson, and Orange counties as disaster areas, which allocated state resources to assist the affected residents. The governor applied for a presidential disaster declaration on September 21. Four Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) teams assessed the hurricane damage in the three most affected counties. Following their assessment, they determined that the damage caused by Humberto was not significant enough to require a disaster declaration. As such, Governor Rick Perry's request from FEMA was denied. Across the Bolivar Peninsula, an estimated 1,500 cubic yards of structural debris and 3,000 cubic yards of tree limbs were needed to be removed in the wake of the storm.

Hurricane Humberto was a Category 1 hurricane that formed and intensified faster than any other North Atlantic tropical cyclone on record, before landfall. Developing on September 12, 2007, in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, the tropical cyclone rapidly strengthened and struck High Island, Texas, with winds of about 90 mph (150 km/h) early on September 13. It steadily weakened after moving ashore, and on September 14, Humberto began dissipating over northwestern Georgia as it interacted with an approaching cold front.

飓风温贝托(英语:Hurricane Humberto)是2007年大西洋飓风季形成的第八场获得命名的风暴和第三场飓风,虽然规模很小,但在登陆前的增强速度却比有纪录以来任何一场大西洋飓风都要快。系统于2007年9月12日在墨西哥湾西北部发展成型,成为热带气旋后快速增强,于9月13日以风速每小时150公里强度吹袭德克萨斯州高岛。上岸后风暴稳步减弱,最终于9月14日在乔治亚州西北部上空同逐渐逼近的冷锋相互影响而逐渐消散。