2020年澳大利亚网球公开赛

Tournament.

The 2020 Australian Open is the 108th edition of the tournament and is held at Melbourne Park in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.  The tournament is run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and is part of the 2020 ATP Tour and the 2020 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consists of both men's and women's singles and doubles draws as well as the mixed doubles events. There are singles and doubles events for both boys and girls (players under 18), which are part of the Grade A category of tournaments. There are also singles, doubles and quad events for men's and women's wheelchair tennis players as part of the NEC tour under the Grand Slam category.  The tournament is played on hard courts and is taking place across a series of 25 courts, the three main show courts Rod Laver Arena, Melbourne Arena and Margaret Court Arena. 1573 Arena (formerly Show Court Two) was upgraded into a main show court.

Impact of bushfires.

The bushfires that had burned large portions of Australia for months, left a smoke haze over Melbourne on the first day of qualifying. The air over Melbourne on that day was rated as the worst in the world. In qualifying, play was delayed, some players called for medical timeouts and Dalila Jakupović was forced to retire, due to a coughing fit brought on by the poor air quality.

Point and prize money distribution.

Point distribution.

Below is a series of tables for each of the competitions showing the ranking points offered for each event.

Prize money.

The Australian Open total prize money for 2020 was increased by 13.6% to a tournament record A$71,000,000.

Singles seeds.

The following are the seeded players. Seedings are based on ATP and WTA rankings on 13 January 2020, while ranking and "points before" are as of 20 January 2020. "Points after" are as of 3 February 2020. Because the 2020 tournament takes place one week later than in 2019, points defending includes results from both the 2019 Australian Open and the tournaments from the week of 28 January 2019 (St. Petersburg and Hua Hin for WTA players).

Men's singles.

† The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2019. Accordingly, points for his 18th best result are deducted instead.  The following players would have been seeded, but they withdrew from the event.

Women's singles.

† The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2019, but was defending points from an ITF tournament (Launceston).  The following player would have been seeded, but she withdrew from the event.

Protected ranking.

The following players have been accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking:

Withdrawals.

The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament, but withdrew due to injuries or other reasons:

The 2020 Australian Open was a Grand Slam tennis tournament that took place at Melbourne Park, from 20 January to 2 February 2020. It was the 108th edition of the Australian Open, the 52nd in the Open Era, and the first Grand Slam of the year. The tournament consisted of events for professional players in singles, doubles and mixed doubles. Junior and wheelchair players competed in singles and doubles tournaments. As in previous years, the tournament's main sponsor was Kia.

2020年澳洲网球公开赛,是2020赛季第一个大满贯比赛,比赛由国际网球联合会和澳网委员会共同负责,比赛在2019年1月20日至2月2日之间于澳大利亚墨尔本举行。本届赛事是赛会第108届比赛,赛会举办成年组男女单打、男女双打、混合双打,少年组男女单打、男女双打以及轮椅组比赛等。


History.

The Swimming Stadium was designed by architect Jorma Järvi in the Functionalist style prevalent during the 1930s. The stadium was built for the 1940 Olympic Games which were cancelled due to World War II, but later hosted the 1952 Summer Olympics.  Because of the war, the construction of the Swimming Stadium took a long time, and it was finally completed in 1947. In wartime, the finished pools were used to store herring and root vegetables.  According to the International Swimming Federation, the water temperature in the pool needs to be at least 22 °C, nowadays 27 °C. The machinery to heat the outdoor pool was ordered from abroad, and the ship transporting them was sunk immediately after the war broke out.  The stadium has been listed as a significant example of modern architecture in Finland by Docomomo.

Current use.

The Swimming Stadium is a popular recreational venue for citizens. It is open from the beginning of May to the end of September. It is a popular place and in summertime it is visited by about 5,000 swimmers every day – 290,000 altogether in summer 2013. The stadium has three pools: a 50-metre exercise swimming pool, a diving pool and a children's pool, and a small, shallow, round wading pool for small children a little further away. The diving pool has two 1 metre and two 3 metre high springboards, and a 1-metre plateau in front of the diving tower. Use of the diving tower is controlled and requires lifeguard supervision. The 1 and 3 metre springboards are almost always freely usable by customers. However, for example when swimming teams or clubs come to practice at the Stadium, the 3 metre springboard may be reserved for their use.  The area also has a water slide, a gym, a basketball field, a volleyball field, a table tennis table and a café. The gym is open all year round.  Outside normal opening times, the Stadium is used a practicing place for other aquatic sports, for example diving schools use the diving pool as practice place.  The Swimming Stadium was also the scene for filming the popular Finnish youth television show Summeri in 2003–2009 and 2011.  In January 2009, the city of Helsinki initiated a discussion of keeping the Helsinki Swimming Stadium heated throughout the entire autumn and winter, in order to make it accessible for outdoor swimming during the entire year, in honour of the 90th anniversary of the Sports Bureau of Helsinki. However, this idea was abandoned as too expensive.

Helsinki Swimming Stadium is an outdoor swimming venue in Helsinki, Finland, located in the Eläintarha area to the northeast of the Helsinki Olympic Stadium.

赫尔辛基露天游泳馆()是芬兰赫尔辛基的一个露天游泳馆,位于赫尔辛基奥林匹克体育场的东北方。修建该露天游泳馆的最初目的是作为1940年夏季奥林匹克运动会的比赛场馆,由于战争的缘故赫尔辛基奥运会延迟至1952年才举行。现今该露天游泳馆与昆普拉露天游泳馆并列为赫尔辛基倍受欢迎的露天游泳馆。


History.

MoAD was developed as part of a public/private partnership led by the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency. In 1999, the City of San Francisco created a mandate to include an African American cultural presence in the last vacant parcel of Yerba Buena Gardens. San Francisco Mayor Willie L. Brown appointed a steering committee to determine the mission and scope of a cultural facility within the complex.  The African American Cultural Institute grew out of a research and development process that began in 2002. The new museum was renamed Museum of the African Diaspora to reflect a broadened scope and mission, and incorporated as a 501 (c)(3) nonprofit organization. The space was designed by the Freelon Group within the St. Regis Museum Tower, a 42-story skyscraper that apart from the museum consists of luxury condominiums and a 5-star hotel. MoAD opened its doors in 2005.  Linda Harrison was appointed as the Executive Director of MoAD in November 2013. In June 2014, MoAD underwent a six-month renovation that created more gallery space and refreshed the museum's overall look. By October 2014, MoAD was named an official Smithsonian Affiliate. Harrison left MoAD in 2018 to head the Newark Museum in New Jersey.

The Original African Diaspora.

Before 2014, when the MoAD revised its mission to center on contemporary art, the museum used to introduce visitors to the original African diaspora—the original movement of "Homo sapiens" (from the earliest human remains found in Africa)—to eventually all inhabited regions. The museum asks visitors "when did you first realize you are African?" The museum espouses the scientifically accepted idea of panethnicity, wherein all humans have a common African origin.

Emerging Artists Program.

The Emerging Artists Program at the Museum of the African Diaspora was launched concurrently with the celebration of the institution's 10th anniversary, and receives support from the Institute of Museum and Library services.

The Museum of the African Diaspora (MoAD) is a museum in San Francisco, California, documenting the history, art, and culture of the African diaspora. Their focus spans the migration of Africans across history, from the diaspora at the origin of human existence through the contemporary African Diaspora around the world. It is located at 685 Mission St. next to the St. Regis Museum Tower. The museum, and the building, opened in 2005. With a small staff of 12 (as of 2019), it primarily focuses on presenting the work of other institutions

非裔移民博物馆(英语:Museum of the African Diaspora)是一个位于美国加利福尼亚州旧金山的博物馆,位于圣雷吉斯博物馆大厦里面。


Background.

Low studied at Lik Teck Primary School and Chung Cheng High School before he attended Nanyang University, where he majored in Chinese language and literature, and government and public administration. In 1981, he completed a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in Chinese studies at the National University of Singapore. In 1982, he completed a diploma in education. He worked as a teacher for a few years before starting his own business.

Political career.

Low joined the Workers' Party (WP) in 1982, and was subsequently appointed as its Organising Secretary. At the 1984 general election, he was the election agent for the party's secretary-general, J. B. Jeyaretnam, in his successful campaign to win Anson constituency.  Low is well known for giving speeches in Teochew, which have won him much support from a large number of Teochew-speaking residents in Hougang Single Member Constituency.  In the 2016 Workers' Party Central Executive Committee (CEC) elections, Low's position of Secretary-General was contended by fellow Aljunied MP Chen Show Mao. This was the first time Low was challenged for the post since he took it up in 2001. Low retained his seat with 61 votes, to Chen's 45. Chen remains in the CEC as a member.  Low announced at his party's 60th anniversary dinner that he would not be contesting for the post of Secretary-General for the 2018 party elections and would step down to renew leadership in WP after being at its helm for 17 years. Low formally stepped down as WP chief on 8 April 2018. Chan Chun Sing, the Minister for Trade and Industry, subsequently praised Low at a Parliament sitting on 15 May 2018 for the role he played in Parliament, acknowledging him as "a fellow Singaporean and very much part of Team Singapore", and that "(w)hile (the PAP) may not always agree with (Low's) perspectives or methods, (the PAP) nevertheless appreciate(d) his efforts to work together to build a better Singapore.

1988 General Election.

In 1988, Low represented the WP in a televised debate with the PAP government on proposals to create an elected Presidency for Singapore, during which he engaged Ong Teng Cheong and Lee Hsien Loong, who later became the President and Prime Minister of Singapore respectively. In the general election later that year, Low, together with Gopalan Nair and Lim Lye Soon, contested the Group Representation Constituency (GRC) of Tiong Bahru against only the PAP and finished second with 42.2% of the vote.

1991 General Election.

In 1991, Low, as the Workers' Party's Assistant Secretary-General, won the single-member constituency (SMC) of Hougang in the 1991 general election and entered Parliament. In 1992, Low was appointed by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong as a member of the Cost Review Committee. After a year of intensive study, Low decided to produce his own independent report as he had a different perspective from the other members of the committee.

1997 General Election.

Low was re-elected as the MP for Hougang SMC at the 1997 general election, his second election victory in Hougang.

2001 General Election.

On 27 May 2001, Low became the Secretary-General of the Workers' Party, replacing J. B. Jeyaretnam. He was re-elected again as the MP for Hougang at the 2001 general election.

2006 General Election.

At the 2006 general elections, Low won his fourth straight term for the Hougang constituency. He received 13,987 of the votes cast, a 62.74 per cent victory margin which is an increase of 7.74% from the last general election in November 2001. His opponent from the People's Action Party, Eric Low, received 8,306 votes.

2011 General Election.

Between 1997 and 2011, Low and Chiam were the only elected opposition Members of Parliament (MP) in Parliament. At the 2011 general election, both Low and Chiam left their seats in Hougang and Potong Pasir SMC respectively to contest in Aljunied GRC and Bishan-Toa Payoh GRC respectively, risking that there will be no elected opposition MPs in parliament. Low's gamble pays off as he led the Workers' Party to a historic breakthrough in the election, with a victory in Aljunied GRC. The win marked the first time ever that an opposition party had won a GRC, bringing an additional five Workers' Party MPs into Parliament. His previous seat in Hougang SMC was retained by his party member, Yaw Shin Leong.

2015 General Election.

At the 2015 general election, Low and his team won and retained their seats in Aljunied GRC. However, the team's votes share decreased to 50.96%, a drop of 3.76%, with a narrow margin of 1.9% (2626 votes). As the margin was within the 2% range, there was a recount. This was Low's sixth continuous win as an elected opposition MP (four in Hougang SMC and two in Aljunied GRC). He has been one of few elected opposition MPs to successfully defend a GRC.

Personal life.

Low first met Han Mui Keow while they were students at Chung Cheng High School in 1973. They were married in 1982 and had two sons and a daughter. He is a Buddhist.  On 30 April 2020, he suffered a head injury from a fall at his home and was hospitalised at Khoo Teck Puat Hospital. He was discharged on 21 May.

Low Thia Khiang (; born 5 September 1956) is a Singaporean politician and businessman.

刘程强(Low Thia Khiang, 1956年),是新加坡工人党 (新加坡主要反对党之一) 的前秘书长,祖籍广东潮州。他自1991年以来便是新加坡国会后港单选区的国会议员。刘程强已婚,并育有二男一女。


Gameplay.

"Fate/Grand Order" is a turn-based tactical RPG. The player takes the role of "Master" and commands a group of individuals called "Servants", who are typically historical, literary, and mythological figures from various cultures. The player commands a party composed of up to 6 Servants in each battle, 3 active members and 3 reserve members. In each turn, the player is given a set of 5 Command Cards and may use up to 3 of them in a turn to attack. Each Servant has 5 cards the player may use; the cards for all the Servants on the field are shuffled and dealt to the player each turn. The cards have three types: Buster (a heavy attack), Arts (a medium attack that charges a gauge for the Servant's "Noble Phantasm"), and Quick (a light attack that generates Critical Stars that increase the probability of critical hits next turn). If three similar cards are used in one turn, they create a "Chain" which gives a bonus based on the cards' properties. If three cards all corresponding to the same servant are selected, then a "Brave Chain" will ensue, resulting in an extra, more powerful, attack being added onto the end. Each Servant also has skills that can be used before drawing Command Cards; each skill gives effects in the battle, as well as a special command card called "Noble Phantasm" that appears when the gauge is full. The "Master" also has a separate set of skills and special abilities called "Command Spells." Command Spells have a variety of effects and recharge based on real-world time.  Servants are obtained via a gacha mechanic. Saint Quartz, an in-game currency earned both by playing the game and via real money in-app purchases, is used to summon new Servants and acquire "Craft Essences" which give additional effects when equipped to a servant. This summoning is random, with some servants available commonly, and others rarely. Another currency is "Friend Points", which are more easily acquired, but only can acquire common Servants with them. If multiple copies of the same Servant are acquired, that servant's power is slightly increased.

Plot.

In 2015, the Chaldea Security Organization draws on experts of both the magical and mundane fields to observe the future of mankind for possible extinction events. Humanity's survival seems assured for the next century—until the verdict suddenly changes, and now eradication of the species awaits at the end of 2016. The cause is unknown, but appears to be linked with the Japanese town of Fuyuki and the events of 2004 during the Fifth Holy Grail War.  In response, Chaldea harnesses an experimental means of time travel, the Rayshift technology. With it, Ritsuka Fujimaru (a young man or woman, depending on the player's choice of gender) was newly recruited to the organization, and a mysterious girl named Mash Kyrielight, can travel back to 2004 and discover how to save humanity. A grand order to fight fate has been declared—an order to change the past and restore the future. Following the events in Fuyuki, Ritsuka Fujimaru and Mash Kyrielight must restore the Foundation of Humanity by retrieving powerful Holy Grails. The Grails, which are capable of granting any wish, are also able to sustain abnormalities that threaten humanity's existence. The protagonists utilize Rayshift technology to travel back in time to said periods, ranging from Orleans to Okeanos and even the ancient civilization of Babylonia. Along the way, Ritsuka encounters the main antagonist and mastermind behind the plan to eradicate humanity: the Mage-King Solomon. He proclaims that Chaldea's attempt to save humanity will not matter if they fail to obtain every single Holy Grail, before leaving. After obtaining all 7 Holy Grails, Fujimaru and their Servant advance into Ars Paulina, the throne where Solomon once sat. In the final battle against Solomon and his legion of 72 Demon Gods, both Ritsuka and Mash are unable to defeat any of the Demon Pillars as they regenerate immediately. When all hope seems lost, the Servants that assisted Fujimaru on their quest through every singularity appear, allowing Chaldea to break through and defeat Solomon, who is revealed to be the Demon God Goetia, a beast that possessed Solomon's corpse and wishes to eradicate humanity in order to travel back to the dawn of humankind. Goetia is swiftly dispatched, but not before Mash utilizes her Noble Phantasm to deflect Goetia's Noble Phantasm to protect Fujimaru in exchange for her life. Just as hope was lost, Romani appeared and revealed that he himself is actually the real Solomon, the Grand Caster who wished to be human after the fifth holy grail war. Using his only Noble Phantasm to erase himself from existence and weaken Goetia, he then said his goodbyes to Ritsuka and in order for him to defeat Goetia once and for all. Upon the final Singularity being restored to order, Mash is revived via the power of Beast IV, who is revealed to be Fou, a dog-like creature that has journeyed alongside Fujimaru and their party through the entirety of the game.  Upon completion of the singularities, Ritsuka Fujimaru is awarded the rank of Cause, by the Mages Association. In the aftermath of the singularity crisis Chaldea would be tasked with handling Singularity Subspecies. During this time period Chaldea would come under fire from various organizations including the U.N. and the Mages Association.  Following the completion of these incidents, Chaldea would find itself under new management under Goredolf Musik. It turned out that Goredolf was just a scapegoat in a hostile takeover by a mysterious organization, conspiring with an unknown entity known as the Foreign God, to destroy Chaldea and the current human history, reverting the planet back to the Age of Gods. Now on the run, Ritsuka, Mash and the surviving members of Chaldea survived aboard the autonomous vessel "Shadow Border". The group now travels to different timelines called "Lostbelts", timelines separate from the main human history represented by a Crypter and a King, in order to correct human history once again and defeat the Foreign God. For Ritsuka Fujimaru, he must make some grave decisions and sacrifices that either will make him a savior... or a destroyer.

Development and release.

The game was first drafted by Kinoko Nasu under the working title "Fate Online Project Reboot", which was meant to be a Massive Multiplayer Online game using designs drafts and concepts later collected in the "Fate/complete material IV Extra material" book. But the planned game was cancelled and shelved during planning stages. It later became a novel, "Fate/Apocrypha", which integrated some concepts of the planned game. Later on in 2014, Aniplex proposed Nasu to revisit the cancelled game project, announcing a collaboration with the game studio DelightWorks to rework the concept into a Mobile RPG game.  The game was published by Aniplex and was released in Japan on July 29, 2015, on Android devices, with a subsequent release on August 12 for iOS devices. Aside from its gameplay and own storyline, the game also features events for players to obtain new items and servants, such as summoning campaigns for limited Servants/Craft Essences, specific Servant-based events, real-world annual events, and collaborations with other Type-Moon works such as "Kara no Kyoukai" and "Fate/Zero".  On January 1, 2017, a sub-sequel to the main storyline was announced with the same title containing a subtitle named "Epic of Remnant". On April 16, 2017, Aniplex of America announced "Fate/Grand Order" would be released in the United States with a Summer 2017 release window. Director and Creative Producer Yosuke Shiokawa explained that while the game was intended to be released only in Japan, the team took notice of the large amount of overseas players accessing the game and made a decision to make it accessible to other regions as well. Since the game's release to North American servers, it has followed behind Japanese servers by almost exactly 2 years, the same gap between launches in the two regions.  On December 26, 2017, the official website and the Twitter page of the game teased the game's sequel by changing it into a "hijacked account and site". The sequel's subtitle, "Cosmos in the Lostbelt", was announced on January 1, 2018. The sequel was officially released as an expansion to the main game on the Japanese server starting in Spring 2018. As of April 19, 2018, the North American server is officially accessible in Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam and Australia.

Commercial reception.

In 2018, "Fate/Grand Order" drew widespread media attention due to reports of a 31-year old Japanese man identified only as Daigo, claiming to have spent $70,000 to purchase the game's currency, called Saint Quartz, which is used to summon Servants. Daigo kept on spending cash in-game in his desire to get high-level characters and ended up spending more to strengthen them once they were acquired. In an interview, the gamer said, “Some people spend $18 on a movie and feel moved. I’ve spent $70,000 on "FGO". But it moves me.” This incident highlighted the popularity of "FGO". According to "The Wall Street Journal", the game is now partly responsible for Sony's soaring operating profit, which is expected to break $1 billion in fiscal 2018. As of March 2018, the app contributes an average of $2.5 million every day.  The game is very popular in Japan and reports indicate that the level is comparable to the success of "Pokémon Go". In Japan, the game had crossed 13million downloads by May 2018, and 14million downloads as of August 2018. "FGO" is also gaining traction in other parts of the world such as in the U.S. and Canada where it already surpassed 1 million downloads after its June 2017 Android release there. As of October 2018, the game is available in five languages across ten countries, having received a total of 32million downloads worldwide, including over 4million downloads for the English version, and 7 million in September 2019 On Twitter, "Fate/Grand Order" was the most-tweeted game of 2018 (with Japan being the country that tweeted the most about gaming that year), surpassing "Fortnite" and "PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds".

Revenue.

"Fate/Grand Order" grossed over during 2015 to 2016. In 2017, the game grossed () in Japan between January and October 3, and () in China. Worldwide, the game grossed in 2017, making it the year's sixth highest-grossing mobile game. In 2018, it grossed at least (), including in Japan (where it was the year's second highest-grossing mobile game) along with overseas during the first half of the year. It was the year's top mobile game in terms of worldwide consumer spending.  In China, the iOS version went online on 29 September 2016 and Android on 13 October 2016. Its income accounts for 57.9% of is Chinese operator bilibili's annual income. In 2019, the game grossed annually., the game has grossed over worldwide. It was the world's top-grossing mobile game during the 2020 New Year period, ahead of fellow JRPG title "Monster Strike".

Other media.

Anime.

An animated television film special titled aired on December 31, 2016. It was an adaptation of the game's prologue. The film, produced by the studio Lay-duce, was directed by Hitoshi Namba and stars the voice actors Nobunaga Shimazaki, Rie Takahashi, and Ayako Kawasumi in the roles of the main characters who were projected into the past to try to prevent the approaching extinction of humanity. Aniplex of America has licensed the special in North America. MVM Films released the film in the UK. It was followed by an animation short titled on December 31, 2017. It was directed by Hitoshi Namba and Takurō Tsukada, with scripts by Kinoko Nasu, and music by Ryo Kawasaki. Aniplex of America licensed the second special in North American territories.  A special animation short produced by Ufotable titled was announced at the "Fate/Grand Order Guest Talk Stage in Akihabara Festival 2017" and aired on December 31, 2017. The animation is based on a 4-panel comedy manga "Fate/School Life" by Eiichirō Mashin who also provided the scripts, directed by Takahiro Miura, produced by Toshiyuki Kanezawa, with character design by Masato Nagamori, and music by Go Shiina.

Films.

A two-part anime film adaptation, titled is being produced by Production I.G and Signal.MD, adapting the 6th chapter of the game. Ukyō Kodachi will write the first films' scripts, and Keita Haga and Hideyuki Fukasawa are composing the films' scores. Kei Suezawa is directing the first film at Signal.MD; Kazuto Arai is directing the second film at Production I.G. Both films feature animation character designs by Mieko Hosoi, Kazuchika Kise and Nakaya Onsen, who are adapting Takashi Takeuchi's original designs. The first of two films, subtitled "Wandering; Airgetlám", was slated to premiere on August 15, 2020, but has been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Manga.

Three Manga adaptations were announced and released. The first manga series, "-mortalis:stella-" was written by Shiramine, serialized in Ichijinsha's "Monthly Comic Zero Sum" magazine. One Tankobon volume was released so far. Kodansha USA licensed the manga in English. The second manga series, "-turas realta-" was written by Takashi Kawabuchi and serialized through Kodansha's "Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine" on August 2017. Two Tankobon volumes was released so far.  A 4-panel comedy manga titled was written and illustrated by Riyo and released online on April 13, 2015. The manga covers the basics of the game in a more comedic tone than the main series. It was followed by two sequels: in December 17, 2015 and on August 3, 2017. Kadokawa Shoten released a compilation of the chapters of the first two series on one tankobon volume on August 2, 2017. Aniplex of America officially translated all of the first manga's chapters into English.

Video game adaptations.

An arcade version of the game titled was released by Sega, on July 26, 2018. Within the first month of the arcade version's release on July 26, 2018, Sega sold 10million cards for the arcade game, grossing () in card sales revenue by August 2018. As of September 2018, the arcade version has more than 300,000 players in Japan. Combined, the mobile and arcade versions of the game have grossed a total revenue of approximately between August 2015 and December 2018.  A virtual reality game titled "Fate/Grand Order VR feat. Mash Kyrielight" was released for PlayStation VR, and allowed the player to interact with Mash.

Stage plays.

A stage play titled "Fate/Grand Order The Stage: Domain of the Holy Round Table Camelot Replica; Agateram" was also released. It is based on the Camelot singularity, and played from July 14 to 17, 2017 at the Zepp Blue Theater in Roppongi, Tokyo. A second stage play, "Fate/Grand Order The Stage: Order VII: The Absolute Frontline in the War Against the Demonic Beasts: Babylonia", based on the Babylonia singularity, played from January 11 to 14, 2019 at Sankei Hall Breeze in Osaka, then from January 19 to 27, 2019 at Nippon Seinenkan Hall in Tokyo.

Fate/Grand Order is an online, free-to-play Japanese role-playing mobile game, developed by Delightworks using Unity, and published by Aniplex. The game is based on Type-Moon's "Fate/stay night" franchise, and was released in Japan on July 29, 2015 for Android, and on August 12, 2015, for iOS. English iOS and Android versions followed on June 25, 2017 in the United States and Canada, and a Korean version was released on November 21, 2017. An arcade version titled "Fate/Grand Order Arcade" was released by Sega in Japan on July 26, 2018.


Background.

Ever since a NATO operation toppled leader Muammar Gaddafi in 2011 during the Libyan Civil War, Libya has experienced a period of intense turmoil and instability. Libya has become a breeding ground for armed militias and Islamist groups who have capitalized on the lawless environment to operate in and recruit fighters from the country. Immediately after Gaddafi's death in 2011, a rebel leadership council known as the National Transitional Council took control of the country until the General National Congress was democratically elected in 2012.

Division under the GNC.

Following the 2012 creation of the GNC, several factions have expressed concern with its actions. While the majority of elected officials in the GNC were moderate or liberal, the elected president, Nouri Abusahmain, as well as a strong minority of officials represented Islamist parties, like the martyrs bloc and the Justice and Construction Party, causing unrest among liberals and exasperating political divides in Libya. Further decisions to impose exclusionary rules that prevent those who served under Gaddafi from holding office in the GNC, to impose sharia law, and to extend the mandate of the GNC another year, postponing general elections also caused dissent towards the GNC. On February 14, 2014, Khalifa Haftar called for the dissolution of the GNC, and creation of a president's council that could better organize a constitution and free elections and in May he led a militia offensive called "Operation Dignity" which seized control of Tripoli.  On June 25, 2014, elections were held for the new Libya legislative body, the House of Representatives or Libyan House of Representatives, even as Haftar's militia continued its campaign with attacks in Benghazi. Moderate and liberal groups became the majority of the Libyan House of Representatives, but because of low turnouts (estimated as low as 18% of the electorate), Islamist groups rejected the results. Meanwhile, Islamist militias began attacks and bombings in major cities, including the assassination of Salwa Bughaighis, a women's rights activist, in Benghazi and a car bombing in al-Bayda. Islamist militias soon seized control of Misrata and created its own campaign, called Operation Libya Dawn. This led the Libyan House of Representatives to flee from Tripoli to Tobruk.  The results of these conflicts were a renewed civil war and a divided Libyan government, with anti-Islamist groups in Tripoli, Islamist groups in Misrata, and the internationally backed Libyan House of Representatives relocated to Tobruk. As this civil war continued, efforts to create a new national unity government began.

History.

Creation of the GNA.

Efforts to mend divisions in Libya began in early 2015. On January 15, 2015, Operation Dignity forces agreed to a ceasefire with Operation Libya Dawn, while the Tobruk government agreed to talks with the Libya Dawn backed GNC, but several key members of Libya Dawn and its GNC government did not attend the planned talks in Geneva. Throughout the first half of 2015, the United Nations facilitated talks between factions to draft a plans for a unity government that would bring an end to the civil war, but those proposals met resistance from all factions, with a fourth draft being rejected by the Libyan House of Representatives on June 9.  After continued talks throughout the remainder of 2015, a peace agreement between the two factions was signed on December 17 in Skhirat, Morocco. The agreement created a Presidential Council and the High Council of State and established the Government of National Accord. Despite bipartisan support of the agreement, both factions also had members who did not support the deal and it was feared that well-armed militias would not comply to deal. After an endorsement by the United Nations Security Council, the GNA was almost immediately recognized by the international community as Libya's legitimate government. Federica Mogherini, the EU foreign policy chief, called the agreement an “essential step” and said that only a unity government would be equipped to “end political divisions, defeat terrorism, and address the numerous security, humanitarian, and economic challenges the country faces."  The GNA held its first meeting in Tunis on January 8, 2016, had nominated ministers to all positions by February and received a vote of confidence from the Libyan House of Representatives in on March 12, 2016. On March 30, 2016, the Government of National Accord moved its Presidential Council to Tripoli despite threats from militant groups in the city. The Presidential Council is currently operating out of a naval base in the city. Support for the GNA has since continued to grow. Elders from the Tuareg and Toubou peoples have expressed support for the GNA.

Conflict with the Tobruk government.

Despite the early deals that were made, the Tobruk-based Libyan House of Representatives voted against approving the GNA during the summer of 2016 and became their rival for governing Libya. In the early months of 2017, cooperation between the two governments broke down completely. In February, a meeting between Field Marshal Khalifa Hafter and Prime Minister Sarraj took place in Cairo, but despite Egyptian and Russian pressure the two sides were unable to come to an agreement. In March, the pro-GNA Benghazi Defense Brigades seized control of the oil facilities in the Gulf of Sidra region from the eastern parliament's Libyan National Army, which had captured them back in September 2016. The LNA launched a counterattack and the Tobruk government demanded the GNA to condemn their acts. The Libyan House of Representatives later withdrew its recognition of the GNA and called for new elections to be held by early 2018.  During early 2017, the GNA still lacked popular support due to its weak military force and inability to control Tripoli. However, in late April and early May a meeting occurred between Prime Minister Sarraj and Field Marshal Haftar in Abu Dhabi. They met for two hours and sources suggest that their meeting was positive, with the premier later stating that they both agreed on the need for a peaceful solution. Reportedly the meeting materialized thanks to pressure on Haftar by the UAE. They also agreed to form a new Presidential Council as part of a power-sharing agreement and hold elections in March 2018.  In May 2018, talks occurred in Paris, France, where leaders of the Government of National Accord and representatives of Haftar's Libyan National Army agreed on establishing a legal framework by 16 September 2018 to hold a general election in December. The election did not occur before December, with another series of talks known as the Palermo Conference in November 2018 promising an election to take place either in early 2019 or in June of that year.

Key documents.

Libyan Political Agreement.

The Government of National Accord is codified in the Libyan Political Agreement signed on 17 December 2015 at a conference in Shkirat, Morocco. This agreement has been unanimously endorsed by the United Nations Security Council which has recognized that the Government of National Accord is the sole legitimate government of Libya. The Libyan Political agreement gives executive authority to the GNA, while leaving legislative authority to the House of Representatives as it was following the June 2014 elections. It also establishes the High Council of State, a consultative body independent of the GNA.  According to the original document, the Libyan Political Agreement is founded on four main principles: “Ensuring the democratic rights of the Libyan people, the need for a consensual government based on the principle of the separation of powers, oversight and balance between them, as well as the need to empower state institutions like the Government of National Accord so that they can address the serious challenges ahead, respect for the Libyan judiciary and its independence."

Declaration of Principles.

During the same time that the Libyan Political Agreement was signed, the two rival parliaments, the Libyan House of Representatives and the GNC, signed a Declaration of Principles between them in Tunis aimed at bringing about a national unity government. Despite occurring parallel to the Libyan Political Agreement, this new deal was separate to the U.N.-led agreement, a peace-process that has struggled to prove acceptable to either the GNC or the Libyan House of Representatives. This new declaration involved establishing a 10-person committee, 5 from each side, that together would select an interim Prime Minister and two Deputies with full legislative elections taking place within two years.  Given that the GNC has refused to put forward candidates for a unity government under the U.N. process, this new deal was seen as a reaction and domestic response to the pressure exerted from the international community insisting that the U.N.-backed Government of National Accord was the only way forward in Libya. Many Libyans saw the U.N. process as a top-down agreement forced on them. With no signs of the U.N. incorporating this new deal into its peace process, U.N. special envoy to Libya, Martin Kobler, said the agreement was a good first step and insisted that the U.N.-backed Libyan Political Agreement represents the only means of uniting the country and requires a “rapid endorsement” by both sides.

Key actors.

House of Representatives.

Democratically elected in 2014, the Libyan House of Representatives was Libya's internationally recognized government prior to the creation of the GNA. Backed by the United Arab Emirates, Egypt and Russia, the House of Representatives is also supported by the Libyan National Army and its leader, Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar, who is behind the government's refusal to approve of the GNA.  Haftar has been steadily gaining power in Libya since the launch of his successful military campaign against jihadist and Islamist groups in Libya in 2014 and his successful seizure of four vital oil export terminals from the Petroleum Facilities Guard in Eastern Libya which have increased the country's oil production to its highest level in years.  Unlike his opponents in the GNA who have been steadily losing legitimacy, Haftar maintains a large and growing influence over the country, especially in the East. With the House of Representatives having withdrawn its recognition of the GNA, some security experts argue that if any potential changes to the Libyan Political Agreement do not meet Haftar's demands, it is unlikely that the unification process will succeed. Given Haftar's growing legitimacy in the country, the international community has indeed recognized that his participation is essential in establishing a viable government in Libya with British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson having urged for his inclusion in any government in the future.

General National Congress.

When elected in 2012 to replace the National Transitional Council, the GNC was made up of a majority of moderate officials with only the President, Nouri Abusahmain, and a few other officials representing Islamist parties. Many factions of the GNC later broke away from the group as they grew concerned with the government's actions especially as violence, caused by Islamist militias supported by leaders of the group, began to escalate. Currently, the GNC is backed by hardline Islamist groups and militias in Tripoli and Misrata, with little foreign support.

Egypt.

Leader of the Libyan National Army, Haftar's refusal to negotiate with GNA Prime Minister al-Sarraj in February 2017 has disappointed the Egyptian government, who has supported his role of governing Libya. President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi has been strongly pushing for a settlement between the Libyan House of Representatives and the GNA in order to end the civil war and contain the spread of the Islamist and jihadist movement it has created. Egypt has expressed concerns that a continuation of the conflict will give Islamic groups in Libya, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, greater influence in the country. Apart from supplying Tobruk's government with significant arms deals, for Egypt, having the Eastern part of Libya under the role of a leader friendly to the country, in this case Haftar, would create a buffer zone with ISIS and any opposition to Sisi's government in Cairo.

Russia.

Despite being opposed to the move by NATO to topple ex-leader Muammar Gaddafi, Russia did not block the UN resolution calling for an intervention in Libya in 2011. Since then, Russia has frequently used Libya as "an example of Western failures in the Middle East." The Russian government has affirmed that it intends to play a role in restoring a strong regime in the country. Days ahead of al-Sarraj's visit to Russia in March 2017, Putin's spokesman said, “Russia is interested in Libya finally becoming a working state after this barbaric intervention that was conducted from outside, that led to catastrophic consequences from the point of view of the Libyan state and the future of the Libyan people. That is why we are interested in the swift development of a durable power in Libya that can begin the process of restoring and recreating the state.” Russia has also recently met with al-Sarraj's rival factions where earlier last year, Haftar also paid a visit to Russia.

United States.

The United States, together with the European Union was one of the first parties to recognize and welcome the GNA as Libya's new unity government. At the December 24, 2015 United Nations Security Council meeting, Ambassador Samantha Power said that "The United States urges all Libyans to unite behind the Libyan Political Agreement, and to take advantage of the opportunity presented by the formation of the GNA by working together toward peace, stability, and the rule of law.” The U.S. also issued a joint statement with the EU that described the new body as the “only legitimate government in Libya”. This came before an admission by former U.S. President Barack Obama in April 2016 that the “worst mistake” of his presidency was the failure to prepare for an aftermath of Gaddafi's overthrow.  Since 2015, the U.S. has carried out three air strikes in Libya in what it called a sustained air campaign that would help local anti-Islamic State forces fight the group. While there were plans in early 2016 to send 6,000 troops from a number of NATO countries, such as France and the United Kingdom, to train these local troops in fighting IS-affiliated groups, the GNA was reluctant to allow such a presence. In December 2016, U.S. Special Envoy to Libya, Jonathan Winer, told Congress that the United States remained at the forefront of efforts to “broaden support” for the GNA.

Turkey.

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan voiced his support for the GNA, saying that Turkey would "spare no effort in confronting the conspiracy against the Libyan people." Hence, Turkey has provided drones, armored vehicles and munitions to the GNA. Moreover, a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on maritime boundaries was signed between the two sides, which angered Cyprus, Greece and Egypt. On 2 January 2020, the Turkish Grand National Assembly voted 325–184 to send troops to help the GNA during the Western Libya offensive.

Algeria and Tunisia.

Unlike other regional powers, Algeria and Tunisia have not built a network of proxies in Libya but have instead been vocal supporters of reconciliation and a political solution while closely coordinating with each other to contain the spillover from the Islamic State's presence in Libya.

Islamic State.

In October 2014, the Islamic Youth Shura Council (IYSC) declared that Derna, a small town on the northeastern coast and some 720 km (450 miles) from Tripoli, had become the first Libyan town to join the global caliphate. In late 2014, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi recognised the presence of ISIS in Libya, declaring three wilayats: Barqa (eastern Libya), with Derna as its base; Tarablus (Tripoli), with Sirte as its base; and Fezzan (southwestern Libya).  As another rival to the GNA and made up of foreign fighters, defectors from local jihadi groups and local returnees from Syria, the Islamic State was driven from its first headquarters in Derna in 2015 by anti-Haftar forces and began establishing a new base in Sirte. Sirte became the Islamic State's stronghold in Libya until May 2016 when a coalition of Misrata-dominated forces loyal to the GNA known as Bunyan al-Marsous (BAM) declared war on the Islamic State there. On April 2, 2016, these Misrata-based militias had declared their loyalty to the GNA in order to legitimize themselves as a military force fighting for the country's internationally backed government. The BAM operation in May was accompanied by over 400 U.S. air strikes over a six-month period. On December 6, 2016, the Libyan National Army aligned with the GNA to capture Sirte with victory being declared that month. While the Islamic State lost Sirte, it is believed that many of its fighters remain in Libya operating sleeper cells in Tripoli and other cities and towns across the country.  U.S. Special Envoy to Libya, Jonathan Winer, warned the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs on November 30, 2016 that the Islamic State could cause more trouble in Libya. “If Libyans choose to fight each other instead of uniting, they risk increasing the probability that ISIL and other violent extremists in its mould will be back," he said.

Structure and Ministers.

The Government of National Accord under the Libyan Political Agreement comprises a Cabinet of Ministers and a Presidential Council. The Presidential Council, made up of nine members and chaired by the Prime Minister, acts collectively as head of state and supreme commander of the armed forces, appointing thus the country's military leadership. According to the agreement, the Presidential Council presides over the Cabinet of Ministers, also based in Tripoli, and also appoints its members.  The Cabinet of the Government of National Accord, which acts as the government's executive branch, has 17 ministers and is led by Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj and two Deputy Prime Ministers, Ahmed Maiteeq and Musa Al-Koni. Ministers in the cabinet need to be unanimously approved by the Prime Minister and his deputies and ministers can likewise only be removed with a unanimous decision of the Prime Minister and his deputies.  The Government of National Accord is granted a one-year term from the date the Libyan House of Representatives grants it a vote of confidence, but this term will be automatically extended an additional year if a new constitution is not completed and implemented during the term. The GNA can also be dissolved by a vote of no confidence from the Libyan House of Representatives, or by the death, vacancy, or resignation of the Prime Minister.  The following ministers were proposed on January 2016:  Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj was born into a prominent local family, whose father, Mustafa Sarraj was also involved in politics and described by Al-Jazeera as "one of the founders of the modern state of Libya after its independence from Italy". After Gaddafi's fall in 2011, Fayez al-Sarraj became a member of the National Dialogue Commission, which worked to establish national consensus and unity in Libya. His nomination as Prime Minister was seen as a compromise between the rival parties as he is not affiliated to any party involved in the power struggle.  Deputy Prime Minister, Ahmed Maiteeq, served as Prime Minister for a short time and in the GNA represents the city of Misrata, which is the biggest political and military backer of the GNA. Misrata's militias were crucial in Gaddafi's downfall and have taken the lead in the fight against ISIS in Sirte. Misrata's militias and the Libyan National Army are the two most relevant military forces in the country.  The Central Bank of Libya and the National Oil Corporation (NOC), also based in Tripoli, have both pledged loyalty to the Presidential Council of the GNA even though the NOC has had good working relations with Haftar and his Libyan National Army after it seized eastern oil ports from Islamists. The government in Tobruk has also established its own Central Bank and its own Oil Corporation even though they are not recognized internationally.

Calls for a Possible Renegotiation of the Libyan Political Agreement.

On December 6, 2016, the UN special envoy to Libya Martin Kobler hinted before the United Nations Security Council meeting at the possibility of renegotiating the Libyan Political Agreement, which he said is “not set in stone”. He later said that the agreement “stands firm, but stuck”.  Western powers have become increasingly concerned that if infighting between the different political factions continues and the GNA is not recognized soon by the GNC, further turmoil will evolve and allow the Islamic State and other Islamist groups to gain further territory in the country.  A report published by the International Crisis Group in November 2016 has said that the Libyan Political Agreement has failed to calm the turbulence and warned that the country may descend into a "free-fall" if the country's peace process is not "reset". “The accord’s roadmap, the idea that a caretaker government accommodating the two parliaments and their allies could establish a new political order and reintegrate militias, can no longer be implemented without change," said the report.  Since its inception, the GNA has also been criticized domestically for focusing little on national reconciliation and improving the lives of the population and instead focusing on maintaining broad international support. Critics pushing for a negotiation of the Libyan Political Agreement are calling for changes in the setup of the GNA itself and the future role of Haftar in the government. Haftar's role in the new government remains one of the most contentious points in the Agreement. Haftar enjoys wide public support for successfully combating Islamists in eastern Libya, liberating four key oil ports from Islamist control and bringing relative security to Benghazi. Haftar supporters argue that dismissing him from any future government would not bring peace to the country while bringing him into the government can help the GNA seek a compromise with the Libyan House of Representatives that backs him.

Criticism.

Since its December 2015 inception, the GNA has made little progress in unifying the country and has proved ineffective in areas such as national security, the economy, and most importantly, the overall governance of Libya.  A number of media outlets have expressed doubt that the GNA will ever be able to assert itself as a true authority figure and garner support from its citizens, as various militias continue to hold vast control in Libya.

Negative perception.

Martin Kobler, Head of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) and one of the organizers of the GNA, publicly challenged the government via Twitter just months after its installment. In June 2016, Kobler tweeted "Worried about the continued power cuts in large parts of tripoli. Urge #Gna to tackle energy supply for the population." In February 2017, Kobler acknowledged the GNA's shortcomings and said there was a growing consensus to reconfigure the Presidential Council.  In November 2016, writing in "Foreign Affairs", Emadeddin Zahri Muntasser of the Libyan American Public Affairs Council and lobbyist for the General National Congress, said "the GNA’s days are numbered. Very soon, Libyans might have to find yet another path."  In a November 2016 piece titled "A Western-backed deal to salvage Libya is falling apart", "The Economist" wrote, "The latest peace accord has merely reconfigured the conflict, not solved it." Specifically, it noted that:"The GNA, for its part, has done little to win over the public. Services are sporadic at best, while the economy is teetering [...] Prices have soared. The government is months behind on paying salaries."Additionally, the GNA received a no confidence vote from the House of Representatives based in Tobruk. Out of 101 total deputies, only one person voted in favor of GNA. The government and General Haftar – backed by Parliament – have feuded since GNA's inception, creating an even more unstable political arena since Gaddafi's fall.

Leadership resignations.

In January 2017, Deputy Prime Minister of GNA, Musa al-Koni, formally resigned, stating the government had "failed to tackle urgent problems arising from years of conflict and political disarray", Reuters reported. Specifically, al-Koni stated:"I announce my resignation due to the failure of the Presidential Council, because it holds responsibility for the killing, kidnapping, and rape that happened over the past year."In an August 2017 article, The National pointed out that nine of the original presidency members have subsequently quit since GNA took power, including the ministers for justice, reconciliation and finance.

The Government of National Accord () is an interim government for Libya that was formed under the terms of the Libyan Political Agreement, a United Nations–led initiative, signed on 17 December 2015. The agreement was unanimously endorsed by the United Nations Security Council, which welcomed the formation of a Presidency Council for Libya and recognized the Government of National Accord as the sole legitimate executive authority in Libya. On 31 December 2015, Chairman of the Libyan House of Representatives, Aguila Saleh Issa declared his support for the Libyan Political Agreement. During 2015–2017, the General National Congress criticized the unity government on multiple fronts as biased in favor of its rivals, the House of Representatives.

民族团结政府是2016年在利比亚成立的过渡政府。在联合国斡旋下,当时各自运作的两个对立议会(托布鲁克的国民代表大会和的黎波里的大国民议会)的代表于2015年12月17日签署《利比亚政治协议》,同意共同组成民族团结政府,结束国家分裂。2016年1月19日,利比亚总统委员会公布32人的政府成员名单,由法耶兹·萨拉杰出任总理,民族团结政府正式成立。


Overview.

China Zheshang Bank has its headquarters in Hangzhou, China and serves customers through a network of 109 branches across the major cities in the country. In 2014, the bank ranked 208 in the "Global Banking 1000" list by the UK based Banker magazine.

History.

China Zheshang Bank trances its roots from Zhejiang Commercial Bank that was formed in 1993 in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province of China. The Zhejiang Commercial Bank was a Sino-foreign bank jointly owned by Bank of China, Hong Kong Nanyang Commercial Bank, Bank of Communications, and the Zhejiang International Trust and Investment Co.  On June 30, 2004, the China Banking Regulatory Commission approved the restructuring, renaming and relocation of Zhejiang Commercial Bank and on August 18, 2004, China Zheshang Bank was officially opened as a new bank in Hangzhou.  Once launched, the bank structured its overall business strategy in two five-year phases:, China Zheshang Bank a registered capital base of CN¥ 11.5 billion, total assets of CN¥ 6,700 billion, CN¥ 360 billion in customer deposits and CN¥ 260 billion in issued loans.  In September 2015, CZB announced plans to raise around US$1 billion through an IPO and listing on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. The listing details were yet to be announced as at the end of October 2015.

Ownership.

China Zheshang Bank is a privately held company., shareholding in the bank's stock was as depicted in the table below:

Governance.

China Zheshang Bank is governed by an 18-person board of directors. Of these, four are executive directors, eight are shareholders directors and six are independent directors. These directors select the chairman of the board. The current director is Shen Renkang.

China Zheshang Bank, abbreviated as CZB, is a national joint-stock commercial bank based in the People's Republic of China and regulated by the People's Bank of China.

浙商银行股份有限公司(简称:浙商银行,英语:China Zheshang Bank Co., Ltd.,缩写:CZBANK)是中国银行业监督管理委员会批准的12家全国性股份制商业银行之一,也是唯一一家总部位于中国浙江的全国性股份制商业银行,是12家全国性股份制商业银行中唯一的只在境外(香港)上市的银行。其前身为1993年建立的浙江商业银行。2017年,浙商银行在英国《银行家》杂志公布的全球银行业500强榜单中位列第186位。目前,浙商银行的最大单一股东为浙江省政府的金融投资管理平台浙江省金融控股有限公司。


Gameplay.

"Legends of Runeterra" is played 1v1. Each player begins the match with a hand of four playing cards randomly selected from their card deck, a 20-health-point nexus, and zero mana. Before the match begins, each player also has the option to trade out any of the first four cards they drew for random different ones from their deck.  After this pre-game phase concludes, both players receive a mana gem, one player receives the attack token, and the other receives the defense token. Only the player with the attack token may attack during this round. After each round, the tokens switch between players, and each player draws a random card from their deck. As the number of rounds increases, so too does the number of mana gems each player receives, up to a maximum of 10. At the end of each round, any unused mana becomes spell mana, up to a maximum of three. This mana can only be used to cast spell cards.  To play cards, players must spend mana gems. Once played, unit cards (Champions and Followers) may be placed forward once more to either attack or defend with. When attacking, if no opposing card blocks, the card will hit the enemy player's nexus, dealing damage equal to its power stat. If the attacking card is defended against a blocking card, the two cards will clash, dealing their respective damage amounts to one another. Each card also has a health stat. If the damage received is greater than or equal to the health stat of the card, it is destroyed. Striking an enemy nexus with a card deals no damage to the attacking card. The objective of the game is to bring the opponent's nexus to zero health points.

Cards.

"Legends of Runeterra" offers a variety of cards to allow each player to play games in their own unique way. A deck of cards must consist of exactly 40 cards, in which no more than 3 copies of each cards may be added. Additionally, a player can't add more than 6 Champion cards total in a deck.  There are three types of cards: Champions, Followers, and Spells.  Champion and Follower are lumped together as "units", cards which stay on the field and battle for the players. Champions are generally the most powerful cards in the game, and each has a unique criterion that, once met, will level-up the card to a more powerful version. Followers are normal units that have all the basic functions of a unit card, but don't level-up.  Spells are single-use cards that cause special effects when played, and then disappear. Spell cards come in three different "spell speed"; Slow, Fast and Burst. Slow spells can only be cast on an open game state, and can't be used in response to an opponent's move. Fast Spells can also be used in response to a Slow or other Fast spells. Burst Spells on the other hand, can also be used in response to Slow, Fast and other Burst Spells. Additionally, Burst Spells don't consume actions, so multiple Burst Spells can be used in a row, during a single chain.  The following are details that are present on each card.

Cost.

All cards in the game come with a mana cost. The player must spend the amount of mana listed on the card in order to play the card. The maximum amount of mana a player can start the round with is 10 (13, if including the maximum 3 of stored spell mana).

Power & Health (Units only).

All unit cards in the game have their own Power and Health stats. Power is used to determine the amount of damage dealt to the enemy Nexus or blocking units. When a unit's Health reaches 0, it is destroyed and can no longer be used unless it's revived or recovered by an effect.

Regions.

The following are possible card regions. A card only contains a single region. When creating a deck, cards can only be added from a maximum of two regions.

Types.

The following are possible card types. A card only contains a single type.

Artwork.

Each card has an artwork that identifies them. When a Champion card levels-up, its artwork also changes. Additionally, clicking on the eye icon on a card's detail screen will reveal the full artwork of that card, alongside its illustrator and the card's flavor text.

Keyword.

Keywords are special traits that appear on some cards. They usually provide special continuous effects.

Special Unit Identifier.

Certain unit have a special identifier that makes them work with certain cards that support that identifier.

Rarities.

The following are possible card rarities. A card only contains a single rarity. The higher the rarity, the more value a card has. The Champion rarity in particular is exclusive to the Champion units.  For example, the card Absorb Soul is from the region Shadow Isles, is a Spell card, is of Common rarity, and costs 1 Mana to play.

Development.

The game came about because many of Riot's employees were fan of collectible card games and the company saw that developing such a game would fit in with Riot's philosophy of "building a game for core gamers who really want to go deep into a genre" Riot brought in a group of pro- players in to help test out the game before relese, at least one of whom would be retained to help design the final game.  The game is unusual in the genre as it does not make players purchase so called "blind decks" this was partly to let the developers change the metagame as they saw fit without having to worry about players who heavily invested in one particular deck losing interest if is no longer as powerful it once was. Riot's goal thus was to have each set of cards have at least ten viable decks At one point Riot considered not having packs for players to collect however testers reacted negatively to this.  "Legends of Runeterra" was announced by Riot Games, and entered its first preview, on October 15, 2019, coinciding with the tenth anniversary of "League of Legends". Eurogamer noted that the timing was unusual given the position of the genre at the time given the failure of the similar Artifact as well as the waning audience for Blizard's Hearthstone. Designer Steve Rubin noted " There definitely was a moment in development when we were seeing Artifact coming out and we were kind of thinking 'Oh, do we rush it out, or do we not?'" Instead Riot took the latter approach hoping that the game's appeal would transcend that of the collectible card game market and attract new players.  The initial preview lasted until October 20 and was only available to a small pool of players. A second preview giving some players a look at "Expeditions", lasted from November 14 to 19, 2019. Followed by an open beta on January 24 2020  The full launch of the game occurred on April 29, 2020, for both PC and smartphones. The release also brought the first expansion set in the game, "Rising Tides".

Legends of Runeterra (abbreviated LoR) is a free-to-play digital collectible card game developed and published by Riot Games. It released on April 29, 2020 for Microsoft Windows, Android, and iOS. The game was released in open beta for Microsoft Windows on January 24, 2020. It exists in the same universe as "League of Legends", a multiplayer online battle arena game by Riot.

是预定推出的电子交换卡片游戏,由Riot Games开发、定于2020年在Microsoft Windows、Android和iOS平台发行。游戏和该公司多人线上战斗竞技场游戏《英雄联盟》共享同一世界观与英雄角色。


爱的故事 (泰勒丝歌曲)

Writing and inspiration.

"Love Story" came along late into the production of "Fearless". Swift wrote "Love Story" about a man who was never officially her boyfriend. When she introduced him to her family and friends, they did not become fond of him. "His situation was a little complicated, but I didn't care", said Swift. Swift also felt like it was the first time she could relate to the plot of William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" (1597), one of her favorite narratives, which she described as, "The only people who wanted them to be together were them." She conceived the idea for the song when she reflected about the scenario: "I thought, 'This is difficult but it's real, it matters—it's not simple or easy but it's real'." She then centered the song on the line, which was ultimately placed in the "Love Story"'s second refrain. All events, with the exclusion of the end, narrated in the song regarded Swift's actual story. The song's conclusion differed from that of "Romeo and Juliet". "I feel like they had such promise and they were so crazy for each other. And if that had just gone a little bit differently, it could have been the best love story ever told. And it is one of the best love stories ever told, but it's a tragedy." Instead, she chose to write a happy ending. She took her favorite characters and conceptualized the ending she believed they deserved. She perceived it to be the ideal ending that girls hoped for, including herself. "You want a guy who doesn’t care what anyone thinks, what anyone says." Although it was fictional, Swift said it was an enjoyable experience to write about. Swift wrote the track on her bedroom floor in approximately twenty minutes, feeling too inspired to put the song down unfinished.  Swift and her love interest continued their relationship, but then separated because it was hard for them to see each other. To Swift, the song resembles much optimism regarding love and how encountering the right person could surpass skepticism. She deemed "Love Story" one of her most romantic songs, although she was never in an official relationship with the subject of the song. In retrospect, Swift said the song is "about a love that you've got to hide because for whatever reason it wouldn't go over well", adding "I spun it in the direction of "Romeo and Juliet". Our parents are fighting. I relate to it more as a love that you cannot really elaborate on — a love that maybe society wouldn't accept [or] maybe your friends wouldn't accept."

Recording.

"Love Story" was recorded in March 2008 at Blackbird Studios in Nashville, Tennessee, alongside record producer Nathan Chapman and various personnel. Swift sang into an Avantone CV-12 multi-pattern tube microphone, manufactured by Avant Electronics. The microphone had a new old stock tube that was designed and built by country singer, record producer, and audio engineer Ray Kennedy for Chapman. Chapman had received the microphone from Kennedy as a loan, as a "try this for a while" experiment. Although he previously had tested numerous microphones on Swift, he had not been able to find one to match her voice perfectly. When Swift came to Chapman's home to record a radio edit for one of the singles from "Taylor Swift", she immediately grew fond of the microphone. "When she put on the headphones and said, 'Test,' completely unprompted, she said, 'This is my mic. I love this mic. I just wanna use this one from now on!' She had no idea what it was, just loved it, and I went along with something that felt right for her. We've been using it ever since, and it sounds great on her voice," Chapman said.  "Love Story" was recorded with Pro Tools and tracking vocals, which Swift sang live with the band. The band consisted of acoustic guitars, bass guitars, and drums. All other instruments were overdubbed by Chapman. He said, "I think there are nine acoustic guitars on that track, and I stacked several background vocals — me singing, 'Ah's'." Audio engineering was executed by Chad Carlson in Blackbird Studios' Studio D, with the usage of the API Legacy Plus equipments: Avantone CV-12, Neve 1073, and Tube-Tech CL-1B. Audio mixing done by Justin Niebank and was set in Studio F, with the usage of the console Solid State Logic 9080 K series and Genelec 1032 console. In between, overdubs were executed in Studio E by Chapman. "Love Story", along with the rest of the album, was mastered by Hank Williams at MasterMix Studios in Nashville, Tennessee. The song was mixed for mainstream airplay by Chapman. He pulled Niebank's stems into his Mac OS laptop and used Apple Logic to create the pop version. Chapman made mix tweaks and created new elements with his laptop. In order to do so, he muted the country instruments and replaced them with new elements characteristic to pop music, replacing banjo and fiddle with electric guitar. The pop version's opening beat is a Logic loop in the Ultrabeat beat generator. All the new electric guitars were done with the Amplitube Stomp I/O.

Composition.

"Love Story" is written by Swift and produced by Swift and Chapman. It is a country pop song with a length of three minutes and 54 seconds. It is set in common time and has a moderate tempo of 120 beats per minute. It is written in the key of D major and Swift's vocals span one octave, from A to B. Swift croons "Love Story" softly and sweetly, with a slight twang. It follows the chord progression D (add)–Asus–Bm–G. The song is of a swirling and dreamy soprano. The melody is simple, containing a rushy pace which continually grows and concludes with a key change to E major.  The lyrics of "Love Story" are written in first person, in which Swift refers to herself as the "Romeo and Juliet" character Juliet Capulet and her love interest as Romeo Montague. Fraser McAlpine of the BBC described the song as a narrative, in which Swift is the narrator. The song's plot revolves a youthful romance foiled by parental disapproval. In the end, love prevails and the couple finds their "happily ever after". The first verse introduces the characters at a ball, where they meet. In the second verse, the story transitions to the couple sneaking about after dark and references Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter" (1850). The song's refrains have Swift waiting for her love interest to appear: "Romeo, take me somewhere we can be alone/ I'll be waiting/ All there's left to do is run." The song's final refrain has Swift narrating from Romeo's perspective and proposing marriage to Swift.

Critical reception.

"Love Story" was highly acclaimed by critics upon release. Kate Kiefer of "Paste" magazine recognized the song to be Swift's best and added that once the lyrics are learned, it is impossible to not sing along. Sean Dooley of About.com credited the song for transitioning Swift from a "fresh-faced star to crossover superstar". Dooley attributed the song's commercial success due to her departure from her past lyrical themes, which summarized "I wish this boy knew how I really felt about him". While reviewing "Fearless", Dooley selected "Love Story" as one of the best tracks on the album. Jonathan Keefe of "Slant Magazine" admired how Swift attempted to incorporate sophisticated elements, like "Romeo and Juliet" and "The Scarlet Letter", although it was not successful because of its awkwardness, inexplicable nature, and pointless conceit. Keefe credited its success to its prominent hook. James Reed of "The Boston Globe" thought otherwise, stating Swift's charm was in her songwriting skills.  Fraser McAlpine of the BBC stated, "'Love Story' is a stunning pop song and, because it really does tell a love story, it's heart-warming and draws the listener into the exciting and romantic fairytale world." However, she felt Swift's vocal performance was not incredible, but was passionate to complement the song's sentiments. McAlpine resumed by stating that "Love Story", although obvious, a bit dramatic, and probably targeted towards younger audiences, was just lovely and that Swift proved herself a true princess of pop with the song. Chris Neal of "Country Weekly" called "Love Story" an "ebullient first hit." Deborah Evans Price of "Billboard" magazine gave the single a favorable review and called it an "enchanting offering". Price noted that "Love Story" demonstrates one of Swift's appeals, her writing and singing of age-appropriate material that can be both relatable to her audience and others. As a result, she predicted the song would have much commercial success in the country music industry. Alex Macpherson of British newspaper "The Guardian" described the song to be fueled by a "joyous rush" that, according to him, was later replicated by Swift's own single "Mine" (2010). Taste of Country listed the song at number 17 on its list of greatest country songs of all time. In 2017, ShortList's Dave Fawbert listed the song as containing "one of the greatest key changes in music history".

Awards and nominations.

At the 35th People's Choice Awards, "Love Story" was nominated for the People's Choice Award for "Favorite Country", but lost to Carrie Underwood's "Last Name" (2008). The song was nominated for "Fave Song" at the Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2009, but lost to The Black Eyed Peas' "I Gotta Feeling" (2009) and received the same outcome at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards, when it lost the nomination for "Choice Music: Love Song" to David Archuleta's "Crush" (2008). In 2009, "Love Story" was declared the "Country Song of the Year" by Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI).

Commercial performance.

North America.

On the week-ending September 27, 2008 "Love Story" debuted at number sixteen on the "Billboard" Hot 100, selling over 97,000 digital downloads. In the succeeding week, "Love Story" ascended to a new peak at number five, selling 159,000. After two weeks in the top ten, on the week ending October 18, 2008, the track descended to number thirteen and remained on the top twenty of the "Billboard" Hot 100 for eleven consecutive weeks, returning to the top ten, at number seven, on the week ending January 3, 2009. On the week ending January 17, 2009, the song reached its peak at number four on the chart, becoming Swift's best charting single at the time. In the succeeding weeks, "Love Story" continued to sell strongly, spending fourteen weeks in the top ten and forty-nine weeks in total. The single is one of thirteen songs from "Fearless" charted within the top forty of the "Billboard" Hot 100, breaking the record for the most top forty entries from a single album. The single was certified eight times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, and had sold over 5 million by May 2011. The song became Swift's best-selling single, and was once the best-selling country single of all time (now overtaken by Lady Antebellum's "Need You Now") as well as the ninth best-selling digital single of all time. As of July 2019, "Love Story" has sold 6.1 million copies in the United States.  "Love Story" reached number two in "Billboard" Radio Songs with 106 million all-format audience impressions, being held from the top spot by Kanye West's "Heartless". On "Billboard" Hot Country Songs, "Love Story" debuted at number twenty-five on the week-ending September 27, 2008. The song jumped at the top ten on its fourth week at number nine and on its ninth week it reached the top spot, thus giving Swift her third number-one song on "Billboard" Hot Country Songs and her fastest song to reach number one on the chart. It stayed at number one for two weeks and charted for a total of thirteen weeks on "Billboard" Hot Country Songs. On "Billboard" Pop Songs, the song debuted at thirty-four on the week-ending November 22, 2008. It reached the top spot on its fifteenth week, the week-ending February 28, 2009, marking the highest peak by a country song on the chart since Shania Twain's "You're Still the One" peaked at number three in 1998. "Love Story" also reached number one spot in "Billboard" Adult Contemporary and number three in "Billboard" Adult Pop Songs, and was able to appear "Billboard" Latin Pop Songs at number thirty-five.  In Canada, "Love Story" entered at number eighty-eight on the week ending October 18, 2008. It peaked at number four on the week ending November 29, 2008, became Swift's first top ten hit in the said territory. The single stayed at the top ten for ten weeks and charted for fifty-two weeks. It was placed at number eight on Canadian year-end chart and was certified double platinum by Music Canada for sales of 160,000 digital downloads.

Europe and Oceania.

"Love Story" debuted at number twenty-two in United Kingdom, on the week ending February 28, 2009. In the succeeding week, the song rose to its peak at number two, becoming Swift's best-charting single at the time, along with later hits "I Knew You Were Trouble" and "Shake It Off" and first top ten in the United Kingdom. It spent seven weeks in the top ten and thirty-two weeks in total on the chart. The single was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments exceeding 600,000 copies. On October 22, 2012, Love Story charted again in United Kingdom at fifty-five. In Ireland, "Love Story" peaked at number three. In mainland, the track peaked at number ten on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles Chart, number six in Hungary, number seven in Norway, and at number ten in Sweden. It performed well in other countries, such as Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, and France, where it became a top twenty hit.  In Australia, "Love Story" debuted at number thirty-eight on the week ending January 25, 2009. After two weeks of ascending on the chart, "Love Story" found a peak at number two, where it maintained for six consecutive weeks prior to reaching number one on the week ending March 29, 2009, becoming Swift's first and only number one in the region until "Shake It Off" in 2014. In the following week, the track descended again to number two, but rose to the top for a second and last week on the top fifty on the week ending April 12, 2009. The single was certified triple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for the shipment of over 210,000 copies. "Love Story" was placed at number ten on the decade-end Australian Singles Chart. On the week ending February 2, 2009, "Love Story" entered in New Zealand at number thirty-three. After nine weeks on the chart, the song peaked at number three on the week ending April 6, 2009. It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand for the shipment of over 15,000 copies. In total,"Love Story" has sold over 7.9 million copies worldwide, therefore establishing itself among of the best-selling singles of all time.

Music video.

The accompanying music video for "Love Story" was directed by Trey Fanjoy, who previously directed the videos for the singles from "Taylor Swift". Swift decided to collaborate with Fanjoy once again because she had been able to balance both of their ideas for music videos, something Swift appreciated deeply. The video is a period piece that draws influence from the Medieval, Renaissance, and Regency eras. Swift had previously desired to film a period piece music video because of its distinctiveness from modern videos and videos she had filmed. When writing the song, she envisioned it in a prior time period, and encoded it with details accordingly. She believed "Love Story"'s plot was a timeless scenario: "I think it could happen in the 1700s, the 1800s, or 2008." Thus, she searched for a timeless quality in demeanor of her love interest. With six months in advance, Swift searched by watching films for actors to interpret the role. An acquaintance of hers, who followed the sixth season of "Nashville Star", recommended contestant Justin Gaston. Swift then looked through his pictures, and concluded he was suitable for the music video. Gaston fulfilled the requirements Swift had set out, describing him as a "Prince Charming that could've been alive in the 1800s." However, because Gaston was competing on "Nashville Star", he was unable to participate in the music video. Gaston was eventually eliminated and Swift contacted him immediately to film the video. Swift was very impressed by Gaston's acting skills: "I was so impressed by the way his [expressions] were in the video. Without even saying anything, he would just do a certain glance and it really came across well."  A castle was chosen for the video's setting. Personnel researched numerous castles in the United States and were unable to locate one in sufficient condition for filming. They had considered traveling to Europe to find a castle, but were then informed about a castle south of Nashville, Tennessee. Named Castle Gwynn, a castle that is part of the Tennessee Renaissance Festival, both located in Arrington, Tennessee, it was built in 1973 and chosen as the video's setting. Wardrobe for the video was supplied by Jacquard Fabrics, excluding Swift's dress for the balcony scene. The dress was designed by Sandi Spika with inspiration and suggestions from Swift. "She loves to put her input in her dresses", stated Spika. The two had discussed the dress two months prior to the filming of the video. Accentuates were made on the video set. The video was filmed in two days in August 2008 in Tennessee. On the first day, the balcony and field scenes were shot. On the set, someone had replaced the playback CD with a high-pitch, altered version of the song. As a result, Swift lent the crew her iPod to play the original track. While filming another scene, sunset was about to occur and, therefore, the process was executed rather rapidly. For the scene, Fanjoy suggested a kiss between Swift and Gaston, but Swift refused to because she believed it would make for a sweeter moment. On the second day, scenes at Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee and at a ballroom were filmed. Swift learned the choreography for the latter in fifteen minutes prior to filming. Approximately 20 dancers were used for the scene.  The video commences with Swift, clothed in a black sweater and jeans, walking through a university campus and spotting Gaston sitting under a tree, reading a textbook. As they make eye contact, the video then transitions to an earlier era, in what seems to be an 18th century castle, where Swift stands, wearing a corset and gown, and sings in a balcony. Afterwards, Gaston enters a party and sees Swift, wearing an elaborate gown, conversing with other young women. The two, along with others, engage in ballroom dancing. After dancing, Gaston whispers into Swift's ear and Swift is then seen pondering at night with a lantern. She meets with Gaston and the two walk, hold hands, and feed a horse by a well. The two then go their separate paths. Later on, Swift stands in the balcony again, looking out from the window. She sees Gaston running towards her and she immediately runs down the castle's staircase to meet him. Swift and Gaston meet in the field right in front of the castle and hold each other. The video then transitions back into the modern-day college campus as Gaston walks toward Swift and they gaze into each other's eyes, where the video concludes. Cut scenes feature ballroom dancing and Swift performing in the balcony setting. To date, the video has over 513 million views on YouTube.

Video reception.

The video premiered on September 12, 2008 on CMT. Mandi Bierly of "Entertainment Weekly" was concerned about the video marking Swift's artistic evolution because it seemed too expensive and made her wonder if anything else about Swift would change. However, she stated: "Worry though I might, I can’t resist Taylor Swift’s evolution from 'Tim McGraw' (2006) to her latest, 'Love Story'." Bierly also compared Swift's acting with that of Keira Knightley. Fraser McAlpine of BBC Online believed Swift played a princess in the video and, therefore, said it would make females envious. The video was nominated for the "Video of the Year" category at the 45th Academy of Country Music Awards, but lost to Brad Paisley's "Waitin' on a Woman" (2008). At the 2009 CMT Music Awards, the video won the CMT Music Awards for "Video of the Year" and "Female Video of the Year". It also won the award for "Music Video of the Year" at the 43rd Country Music Association Awards. The video won "Favorite International Video" at the Philippine Myx Music Awards 2010.

Live performances.

When promoting the single in the United States in late 2008 and early 2009, Swift performed "Love Story" on the "Good Morning America", the "Late Show with David Letterman", "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", the 2008 Country Music Awards, as a duet with English rock band Def Leppard on "CMT Crossroads", the episode was released as a DVD exclusively through Wal-Mart stores in the United States, Clear Channel Communications's Stripped, Studio 330 Sessions, and "Saturday Night Live". In the United Kingdom, Swift promoted the track during early 2009 with performances on television programs, such as "Loose Women" and "Later... with Jools Holland". Since, Swift has performed the track twice on "The Today Show", at the 2009 CMA Music Festival, the 2009 V Festival, the Australian charity concert Sydney Sound Relief, "Dancing with the Stars", and again on the "Late Show with David Letterman".  Swift performed "Love Story" on all venues of her first headlining concert tour, the Fearless Tour, which extended from April 2009 to June 2010. The performances begun with backup dancers, dressed in Victorian era clothing, dancing ballroom to Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel's "Pachelbel's Canon", as a castle backdrop was projected onto the stage. Swift emerged to upper level of the stage, from below, donning a crimson, 18th century gown with a golden accents. For the song's last refrain, Swift hid behind backup dancers as she changed her wardrobe to a white wedding dress. Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" said Swift offered the audience with optimistic thinking with the performance in the August 27, 2009 concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Reviewing the May 22, 2010 concert at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Canada, Jane Stevenson of "The Toronto Sun" stated the moment was far too girly for her liking.  "Love Story" served as the final performance on the setlist of Swift's second concert tour, the Speak Now World Tour (2011); the performances featured Swift roaming throughout the stage, wearing a white sundress. On January 25, 2013, Swift did an acoustic version of the song, followed by "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" at the Los Premios 40 Principales in Spain. In 2014, Swift performed a new arena-rock rendition of "Love Story" during the 2014 iHeartRadio Music Festival. This version was used once again during her fourth headlining tour, The 1989 World Tour.  As of May 2018, the song is performed as part of the setlist for Swift's fifth headlining tour, the Reputation Stadium Tour. It is performed as part of a medley alongside "Style" and "You Belong With Me". On April 23, 2019, she performed a piano rendition of the song at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts during the "Time" 100 Gala, where she was honored. On September 9, Swift performed the song at the City of Lover one-off concert in Paris, France. On November 24, she performed the song as part of a medley at the 2019 American Music Awards in Los Angeles.

Cover versions and media usage.

Swift teamed up with rapper T-Pain for a parody of the song titled "Thug Story", which premiered at the 2009 CMT Music Awards. American pop punk band Forever the Sickest Kids covered "Love Story" for the 2009 deluxe edition of their debut studio album "Underdog Alma Mater" (2008). English singer Joe McElderry, winner of the sixth series of the United Kingdom talent competition "The X Factor", performed a live cover of "Love Story" on The X Factor Tour in 2010. "Love Story" was featured in the romantic comedy "Letters to Juliet" (2010), as well as its official trailer and in the pilot of the television series "Hart of Dixie" (2011). The song was covered by post-hardcore band Sky Tells All featuring Chris Motionless.

External links.

love status

"Love Story" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. She produced the song with Nathan Chapman. It was released on September 12, 2008 by Big Machine Records, as the lead single from Swift's second studio album "Fearless" (2008). Considered as her signature song, it was written about a love interest of Swift's who was not popular among Swift's family and friends. Because of the scenario, Swift related to the plot of William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" (1597) and used it as a source of inspiration to compose the song. However, she replaced "Romeo and Juliet"s original tragic conclusion with a happy ending. It is a midtempo song with a dreamy soprano voice, while the melody continually builds. The lyrics are from the perspective of Juliet.

《爱情故事》(英语:"Love Story")是美国创作歌手泰勒丝的一首歌曲。这首歌由泰勒丝创作,她与内森·查普曼共同制作。2008年9月12日,歌曲由大机器唱片作为泰勒丝第2张录音室专辑《放手去爱》的首张单曲发行。歌曲描述了一段不被泰勒丝亲朋好友看好的恋情。泰勒丝以威廉·莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》为灵感创作了歌曲,但将原作悲剧的结局改为了皆大欢喜的结局。《爱情故事》是一首中速的歌曲,泰勒丝在歌曲中以女高音演唱,歌词以朱丽叶·凯普莱特的视角叙述。