Early life.

She was born on August 10, 1972, in Highland Park, Texas, the daughter of Daphne Demar ("née" Caravageli) and Lawrence Paul "Larry" Harmon, a hospital information network executive in Dallas, Texas. Her father has German and Irish ancestry, while her mother is of Greek descent. In an episode of "Who Do You Think You Are?", Harmon found that she had a German ancestor who served in George Washington's army during the Revolutionary War, and that ancestor later acquired land in Mercer County, Kentucky. The land is still owned by a distant branch of her family.  Harmon worked as a child model, and in 1987 won a "Seventeen" modeling contest. She attended Highland Park High School until 1990, where she was a member of the Highland Belles. She won a Spectrum Model Search contest shortly afterward, subsequently pursued a successful modeling career, and became well known in the early 1990s. She worked as a runway model for Calvin Klein, Giorgio Armani, and Donna Karan and appeared on the covers of "ELLE", "Cosmopolitan", and "Esquire". She is signed with IMG Models in New York City.

Career.

Harmon began acting in 1995 after being discovered on a plane by David Hasselhoff. She then had a leading role in "Baywatch Nights" and the short-lived "". She also appeared in the 1998 film, "Lawn Dogs", which received only a limited theatrical release. In the late 1990s, Harmon became better known by joining the NBC series "Law & Order", playing ADA Abbie Carmichael from 1998 to 2001. During this time, she also voiced Barbara Gordon in the animated film "", succeeding Stockard Channing in that role.  Harmon left "Law & Order" to concentrate on her film career, saying that she preferred working in film to television. After appearing in the 2001 direct-to-video film "Good Advice", she had a supporting role in "Agent Cody Banks" (2003), playing the CIA handler of a teenage agent (Frankie Muniz). In 2006, Harmon co-starred with Cuba Gooding Jr. and James Woods in the direct-to-DVD political suspense drama "End Game".  In 2006, Harmon starred in an ABC pilot "Secrets of a Small Town", which did not go to series. She also starred in another failed television show on NBC, "Inconceivable", which was canceled after two episodes. The following year, she starred in another ABC pilot, "Women's Murder Club", which aired for thirteen episodes.  Harmon was one of five actresses who posed discreetly nude for the May 2008 issue of "Allure" magazine, alongside Gabrielle Union, Zoe McLellan, Jill Scott, and Ana Ortiz.  In 2010 Harmon hosted an infomercial for "UpLiv", a stress management program and also appeared in an infomercial for Olay "Pro-X" wrinkle cream.  From 2010 to 2016, she co-starred with Sasha Alexander in the TNT crime-drama series "Rizzoli & Isles", playing Boston, Massachusetts, police detective Jane Rizzoli. The show premiered July 12, 2010. She directed the series' 100th episode.  Harmon appears in the music video for Craig Morgan's "This Ole Boy", released in January 2012.  In July 2012, during promotions for a new season of "Rizzoli and Isles", Harmon revealed on Conan O'Brien's late night series that she was a fan of and very interested in playing a movie version of the She-Hulk from Marvel Comics should such a movie become available.  Harmon won Outstanding Female Actor in a Leading Role in a Drama Series for "Rizzoli & Isles" at the 2012 Gracie Allen Awards.

Personal life.

On March 13, 2000, Harmon became engaged to former NFL player Jason Sehorn. She was appearing as a guest on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" when Leno called Sehorn out as a surprise guest. Sehorn immediately walked up to her, knelt down on one knee and proposed. They were married on June 9, 2001. They have three daughters: Finley, born October 14, 2003; Avery, born June 22, 2005; and Emery, born December 18, 2008 In November 2014, Harmon and Sehorn announced their separation after 13 years of marriage. The couple divorced in 2016.  Harmon is a Republican. She and Sehorn supported President George W. Bush and delivered a speech at the 2004 Republican National Convention. She supported John McCain for president in 2008.  On December 25, 2019, Harmon became engaged to actor Greg Vaughan.

Angela Michelle Harmon (born August 10, 1972) is an American actress and model. She is known for her role as Ronica Miles in "Agent Cody Banks" and was a professional model before gaining international fame for her roles in "Baywatch Nights" and as New York A.D.A. Abbie Carmichael on "Law & Order". She also starred as Detective Jane Rizzoli on the TNT series "Rizzoli & Isles".

Angela Michelle „Angie“ Harmon (* 10. srpna 1972 Highland Park, Texas, USA) je americká televizní a filmová herečka a modelka. Je známá díky účinkování v seriálech "Baywatch Nights" a "Zákon a pořádek", v letech 2010–2016 hrála detektivku Jane Rizzoliovou v seriálu "".


Description.

In the Hollar catalog prints placed under number P880 (a-c). The etching was published in Antwerp in 1649 and was inserted into "Topographia Bohemiae, Moraviae et Silesiae" (Topographia Germaniae), published 1650. He left shortly after to create another perspective, his great view of London in 1647. On the middle sheet is a legend with a signature where Hollar says that the etching was based on drawings, taken in 1636. In 1636 with his new patron, Thomas Howard, he returned briefly from German lands to Prague and then went to England. It is believed that the artwork is preserved and is now in the possession of the National Gallery in Prague.  The view is captured from a vantage point on Petrin (Mount St. Lawrence) and Prague is captured from Hradcany after Vysehrad, left, which form the framework of a ruin (with a view of Strahov), then right wall. Of Prague (Prague Castle, Lesser Town, Old Town and New Town) are described above them are urban captions (in the middle of the sheet is still German and Czech characters). In addition, there are some important places (buildings) described with twenty locations marked with numbers and described in the legend (descriptions are Czech, Latin and German).

Importance.

Hollar's view can be compared with two great views of the 17th century, Sadelerovým prospect, which drew on own view Filip van den Bosch, and in 1606 published a prospect by Aegidius Sadeler and Folperta van Ouden Allen from 1685.  Hollar approached the problem realistically, while the two booklets mentioned came from Veduta tradition and captured an idealized Prague and especially from above. Now Hollar captured the perspective of the actual space required, changed the view of Petrin Hill and at the same time he managed to capture "the real picture of the city with its scenic relief and unique atmosphere".

"Large View of Prague from Petrin" is an etching by Vaclav Hollar consisting of three sheets (collectively which have dimensions of 28 x 113.5 cm).

Velký prospekt Prahy z Petřína je lept Václava Hollara sestávající ze tří listů (dohromady mají rozměry 28 × 113,5 cm), v katalogu Hollarových tisků uváděn pod číslem P880(a–c). Lept byl vydán v Antverpách roku 1649 a vložen byl do Topographia Bohemiae, Moraviae et Silesiae (16. díl Topographia Germaniae), která vyšla 1650. Vyšel nedlouho po dalším Hollarově velkém pohledu, v roce 1647 byl vydán jeho velký pohled na Londýn. Na středním listu nad legendou se nachází podpis, kde Hollar uvádí, že lept vznikl na základě kresby, kterou pořídil roku 1636. Roku 1636 se se svým novým mecenášem Thomasem Howardem nakrátko vrátil z německých zemí do Prahy a poté se vydal do Anglie. Předpokládá se, že se kresba dochovala a dnes je v držení Národní galerie v Praze.


Top Division.

Preliminary round.

The four best ranked teams from each group of the preliminary round advance to the quarterfinals, while the last placed team from both groups plays a relegation round in a best of three format to determine the relegated team.

Scoring leaders.

List shows the top ten skaters sorted by points, then goals.

Leading goaltenders.

Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played 40% of their team's minutes are included in this list.

Tournament awards.

Most Valuable Player  All-star team IIHF best player awards

Division I.

Division I A.

The Division I A tournament was played in Bled, Slovenia, from 7 to 13 April 2017.

Division I B.

The Division I B tournament will be played in Bled, Slovenia, from 15 to 21 April 2017.

Division II.

Division II A.

The Division II A tournament was played in Gangneung, South Korea, from 2 to 8 April 2017.

Division II B.

The Division II B tournament was played in Belgrade, Serbia, from 13 to 19 March 2017. Australia achieved the unusual distinction of being promoted in consecutive years.

Division III.

Division III A.

The Division III A tournament was played in Taipei, Taiwan, from 21 to 27 March 2017.

Division III B.

The Division III B tournament was played in Mexico City, Mexico, from 17 to 19 March 2017.

The 2017 IIHF U18 World Championship was the 19th IIHF World U18 Championship and was hosted by Poprad and Spišská Nová Ves, Slovakia. The tournament was played from 13 to 23 April 2017. Finland entered the tournament as the defending champions and once again advanced to the final, but this time they lost to the United States.

19. Mistrovství světa v ledním hokeji do 18 let 2017 se konalo od 13. do 23. dubna 2017 ve slovenských městech Poprad a Spišská Nová Ves. Juniorské mistrovství světa se na území Slovenska uskutečnilo podruhé (předchozí MS se zde konalo v roce 2002).


Name.

The official name of the Cossack Hetmanate was Zaporizhian Host (, '). The historiographic term Hetmanate (, ', "Hetman state") was coined in the late 19th century, deriving from the word "hetman", the title of the general of the Zaporizhian Army. "Zaporizhian Host" means an "army of the Zaporizhia", where the Zaporizhia (meaning "beyond the rapids" in Ukrainian) is a historical and geographic region in Southern Ukraine centered at the Zaporizhian Sich as well as a general name of Ukrainian Cossacks as a political and military organization. Inhabitants of the Cossack Hetmanate referred to the place in Ukrainian as "Ukraine" or "Vkraine".  In Muscovite diplomatic correspondence it was called the Little Russia (, '); in Polish, Ottoman, and Arab sources as Ukraine or Cossakia. The Cossack Hetmanate was called the country of Ukraine (') by the Ottoman Empire.  The founder of the Hetmanate, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, declared himself as the ruler of the Ruthenian state (or Rus' state) to the Polish representative Adam Kysil in February 1649. His contemporary Metropolitan Sylvestr Kosiv recognized him as "the leader and the commander of our land". In his letter to Constantin Șerban (1657) he referred to himself as "".

History.

Establishment.

After many successful military campaigns against the Poles, Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky made a triumphant entry into Kiev on Christmas 1648 where he was hailed liberator of the people from Polish captivity. In February 1649, during negotiations in Pereiaslav with a Polish delegation, Khmelnytsky had made it clear to the Poles that he wanted to be the Hetman of Ruthenia that could stretch all the way to Chelm and Halych, and build with the Tatar's help. He warned them about his intention to resume his military campaign.  When the returned delegation informed John II Casimir of Khmelnytsky's new campaign the king called for all szlachta volunteer army, while sending the regular troops against cossacks to southern Volhynia. However, after obtaining an intelligence report of the superior cossack forces, the Polish troops retreated to Zbarazh to set a defense. The forces of Jeremi Wiśniowiecki reinforced the Zbarazh defenders while he took the lead of all Polish forces. Khmelnytsky besieged the city wearing down through series of random attacks and firing at it. The king while rushing to help Wiśniowiecki was ambushed with his newly gathered forces. Khmelnytsky leaving part of his army with Ivan Cherniata near Zbarazh moved together with İslâm III Giray to intercept the Polish reinforcements and block their way at a river crossing near Zboriv. Caught by some degree of surprise, John Casimir started negotiations with the Tatar's khan. With the khan on his side, they forced Khmelnytsky to start peace negotiations. Khmelnytsky signed the Treaty of Zboriv in August 1649, with a result somewhat less than the Cossack leader had anticipated from his campaign.  As ruler of the Hetmanate, Khmelnytsky engaged in state-building across multiple spheres: in the military, administration, finance, economics, and culture. He invested the Zaporozhian Host under the leadership of its hetman with supreme power in the new Ruthenian state, and he unified all the spheres of Ukrainian society under his authority. This would involve building a government system and a developed military and civilian administration out of Cossack officers and Ruthenian nobles, as well as the establishment of an elite within the Cossack Hetman state.  The Hetmanate used Polish currency, and Polish as an administrative language and a language of command. However, after the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, the "simple language" (), or the commonly spoken vernacular language of Ukraine, began to be written down and widely used in official documents of the Cossack Hetmanate.

Moscow Protectorate.

After the Crimean Tatars betrayed the Cossacks for the third time in 1653, Khmelnytsky realized he could no longer rely on Ottoman support against Poland, and he was forced to turn to Tsardom of Russia for help. Final attempts to negotiate took place in January 1654 in the town of Pereyaslav between Khmelnytsky with Cossack leaders and the ambassador from Tsar, Vasiliy Buturlin. The treaty was concluded in April in Moscow by the Cossacks Samiilo Bohdanovych-Zarudny and Pavlo Teteria, and by Aleksey Trubetskoy, Vasilii Buturlin, and other Moscow boyars. As a result of the treaty, the Zaporozhian Host got an autonomous status of the Hetmanate within the Russian state. The treaty also led to the Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667.

The Ruin.

The period of Hetmanate history known as "the Ruin," lasting from 1657 to 1687, was marked by constant civil wars throughout the state. After Bohdan Khmelnytsky died in 1657, his sixteen-year-old son Yurii Khmelnytsky was elected as successor. However, the son was not only too young and inexperienced, but also clearly lacked the charisma and leadership qualities of his father.  In response, Ivan Vyhovsky, the general scribe ("pysar") of the Hetmanate and an adviser to Bohdan Khmelnytsky was elected hetman in 1657 by the Starshyna council. His election caused widespread discontent among other regiments and the Zaporizhian Host, who sent their runners to Moscow with complaints. As a result, new elections were called that same year at which Vyhovsky was reelected at the General Military Council. This election was also confirmed by Moscow's authorities who were informed according to the Pereyaslav treaty. Moscow continued to accept runners from the regions of Cossack Hetmanate completely disregarding the authority of hetman and spreading rumors that in truth Moscow did not support the candidacy of Vyhovsky. Vyhovsky, seeing the situation turning out of his control, went on to extinguish the revolt led by the Zaporozhian Kosh Otaman Yakiv Barabash and Poltava Colonel Martyn Pushkar. In the spring of 1658 Vyhovsky crossed Dnieper and confronted mutineers near Poltava with the help of Tatars. During the battle Pushkar was killed and replaced with a new colonel, while the leaders of the uprising were strictly repressed.  After this, Vyhovsky and the General Starshyna considered the relationship with Muscovy to be broken. The newly elected Metropolitan Dionisi Balaban was transferred to Chyhyryn away from Kiev. An agitation against Moscow was conducted where the Ukrainian government informed the population of possible national repressions, similar to those being conducted in the neighboring lands of Belarus that were recently secured by Muscovy in its conflict with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. A manifest nullifying the union with Moscow was sent throughout Europe, mainly because it was conducting friendly relationships with Poland and supporting internal opposition within the Hetmanate. Negotiations with Sweden had frozen, while he had military support from the Crimean Khanate, so Vyhovsky decided to renegotiate with Poland, with whom talks continued for quite some time.  On September 16, 1658 in Hadyach, an official document was signed between representatives of the Cossack Hetmanate and Poland. Under the conditions of the treaty, Ukraine would become a third and autonomous component of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, under the ultimate sovereignty of the King of Poland but with its own military, courts, and treasury. But the treaty, although ratified by the Diet in May 1659, was never implemented because it was unpopular among the lower classes of the Ruthenian society, where more rebellions occurred. Eventually Vyhovsky surrendered the office of hetman and fled to Poland. The newly re-installed Yurii Khmelnytsky signed the newly composed Pereyaslav Articles that were increasingly unfavorable for the Hetmanate and later led to introduction of serfdom rights.  In 1667, the Russo-Polish war ended with the Treaty of Andrusovo, which split the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper River: Left-bank Ukraine enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Tsardom of Russia, while Right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and was temporarily occupied by the Ottoman Empire in the period of 1672-1699 ("see" the Treaty of Buchach and the Treaty of Karlowitz). For a short time, Petro Doroshenko became the hetman of both banks. After treason by Demian Mnohohrishny and a new Polish offensive Dorosenko concluded an alliance with the Ottomans, who granted him Ukraine, while the hetman agreed to support Ottoman military action with his army. "By 1669 the Porte issued a patent (berat, nişan) granting Doroshenko all of Cossack Ukraine as an Ottoman sancak or province". After the defeat of the Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, Poland managed to recover right-bank Ukraine by 1690, except for the city of Kiev, and reincorporated it into their respective voivodeships of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, while all the Hetmanate administration was abolished between 1699 and 1704.

The time of Mazepa.

The period of the Ruin effectively ended when Ivan Mazepa was elected hetman, serving from 1687 to 1708. He brought stability to the Hetmanate, which was again united under a single hetman. The Hetmanate flourished under his rule, particularly in literature and architecture. The architectural style that developed during his reign was called the Cossack Baroque style.  During his reign, the Great Northern War broke out between Russia and Sweden. Mazepa's alliance with Peter I caused heavy losses of cossacks and Russian interference in the Hetmanate's internal affairs. When the tsar refused to defend Ukraine against the Polish King Stanislaus Leszczynski, an ally of Charles XII of Sweden, Mazepa and some Zaporozhian Cossacks allied themselves with the Swedes on October 28, 1708. The decisive battle of Poltava (in 1709) was won by Russia, putting an end to Mazepa's goal of independence, promised in an earlier treaty with Sweden independence.  Following the Battle of Poltava, the Hetmanate's autonomy became nominal and the governorate of Kiev was established. The Russian Empire also began to purge all suspected allies of Mazepa, culminating in the executions of Cossacks in Lebedin. This resulted in the death of over 900 cossack officials, accused of treason.

End of the Zaporozhian Host.

During the reign of Catherine II of Russia, the Cossack Hetmanate's autonomy was progressively destroyed. After several earlier attempts, the office of hetman was finally abolished by the Russian government in 1764, and his functions were assumed by the Little Russian Collegium, thus fully incorporating the Hetmanate into the Russian Empire.  On May 7, 1775, Empress Catherine II issued a direct order that the Zaporozhian Sich was to be destroyed. On June 5, 1775, Russian artillery and infantry surrounded the Sich and razed it to the ground. The Russian troops disarmed the Cossacks, and the treasury archives were confiscated. The Koshovyi Otaman, Petro Kalnyshevsky, was arrested and incarcerated in exile at Solovetsky Monastery. This marked the end of the Zaporozhian Cossacks.

Culture.

The Hetmanate coincided with a period of cultural flowering in Ukraine, particularly during the reign of hetman Ivan Mazepa.

Education.

Visitors from abroad commented on the high level of literacy, even among commoners, in the Hetmanate. There was a higher number of elementary schools per population in the Hetmanate than in either neighboring Muscovy or Poland. In the 1740s, of 1,099 settlements within seven regimental districts, as many as 866 had primary schools. The German visitor to the Hetmanate, writing in 1720, commented on how the son of Hetman Danylo Apostol, who had never left Ukraine, was fluent in the Latin, Italian, French, German, Polish and Russian languages Under Mazepa, the Kiev collegium was transformed into an academy and attracted some of the leading scholars of the Orthodox world. It was the largest educational institution in lands ruled by Moscow. Mazepa established another collegium in Chernihiv. These schools largely used the Polish and Latin languages and provided a classic western education to their students. Many of those trained in Kiev – such as Feofan Prokopovich – would later move to Moscow, so that Ivan Mazepa's patronage not only raised the level of culture in Ukraine but also in Moscow itself. A musical academy was established in 1737 in the Hetmanate's then-capital of Hlukhiv. Among its graduates were Maksym Berezovsky (the first composer from the Russian Empire to be recognized in Europe) and Dmitry Bortniansky.  In addition to traditional printing presses in Kiev, new printing shops were established in Novhorod-Siverskyi and Chernihiv. Most of the books published were religious in nature, such as the "Peternik", a book about the lives of the monks of the Kiev-Pechersk monasatary. Books on local history were compiled. In a book written by Inokentiy Gizel in 1674, the theory that Moscow was the heir of ancient Kiev was developed and elaborated for the first time.

Religion.

In 1620 The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople reestablished the Kiev Metropolis for the Eastern Orthodox communities that refused to join the Union of Brest. In 1686 the Orthodox Church in Ukraine changed from being under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch in Constantinople to being under the authority of the Patriarch of Moscow. Nevertheless, before and after this date local Church leaders pursued a policy of independence. Hetman Ivan Mazepa established very close relations with Metropolitan Varlaam Iasynsky (reigned 1690–1707). Mazepa provided donations of land, money and entire villages to the Church. He also financed the building of numerous churches in Kiev, including the Church of the Epiphany and the cathedral of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery, and restoration of older churches such as Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, which had deteriorated to near ruin by the mid-17th century, in a style known as Ukrainian Baroque.

Society.

The social structure of the Hetmanate consisted of five groups: the nobility, the Cossacks, the clergy, the townspeople, and the peasants.

Nobles.

As had been the case under Poland, the nobility continued to be the dominant social class during the Hetmanate, although its composition and source of legitimacy within the new society had changed radically. During the Khmelnytsky Uprising, the Polish nobles and Polonized Ruthenian magnates fled the territory of the Hetmanate. As a result, the noble estate now consisted of a merger between the nobility that had stayed in the territory of the Hetmanate (old noble families that did not succumb to Polonization and lesser nobles who had participated in the uprising on the side of the Cossacks against Poland) with members of the emergent Cossack officer class. Unlike the Polish nobles whose lands were redistributed, the nobles loyal to the Hetmanate retained their privileges, their lands, and the services of the peasants. Together, the old nobles and the new Cossack officers became known as the Distinguished Military Fellows ("Znachni Viiskovi Tovaryshi"). Thus, the nature of noble status was fundamentally changed. It no longer depended on ancient heredity, but instead on loyalty to the Hetmanate. Over time, however, Cossack officer lands and privileges too became hereditary, and the Cossack noble and officer class acquired huge landed estates comparable to those of the Polish magnates whom they had replaced and emulated.

Cossacks.

Most Cossacks failed to enter the noble estate and continued their role as free soldiers. The lower rank Cossacks often resented their wealthier brethren and were responsible for frequent rebellions, particularly during the Ruin, a period of instability and civil war in the 17th century. These resentments were frequently exploited by Moscow. The Zaporizhian Sich served as a refuge for Cossacks fleeing the Hetmanate as it had been prior to Khmelnytsky's uprising.

Clergy.

During the Hetmanate, the Roman Catholic Church and Uniate clergy were driven from Ukraine. The "black", or monastic, Orthodox clergy enjoyed a very high status in the Hetmanate, controlling 17% of the Hetmanate's land. Monasteries were exempt from taxes and at no times were peasants bound to monasteries allowed to forgo their duties. The Orthodox hierarchy became as wealthy and powerful as the most powerful nobles. The "white", or married, Orthodox clergy were also exempt from paying taxes. Priests' sons often entered the clergy or the Cossack civil service. It was not uncommon for nobles or Cossacks to become priests and vice versa.

Townspeople.

Twelve cities within the Hetmanate enjoyed Magdeburg rights, in which they were self-governing and controlled their own courts, finances and taxes. Wealthy townsmen were able to hold office within the Hetmanate or even to buy titles of nobility. Because the towns were generally small (the largest towns of Kiev and Nizhyn had no more than 15,000 inhabitants), this social group was not very significant relative to other social groups.

Peasants.

Peasants comprised the majority of the Hetmanate's population. Although the institution of forced labor by the peasants was reduced significantly by the Khmelnytsky Uprising, in which the Polish landlords and magnates were expelled from the territory controlled by the Hetman, those nobles loyal to the Hetman as well as the Orthodox Church expected the peasants under their control to continue to provide their services. Thus as a result of the uprising, approximately 50% of the territory consisted of lands given to Cossack officers or free self-governing villages controlled by the peasants, 33% of the land was owned by Cossack officers and nobles, and 17% of the land was owned by the Church. With time, the amount of territory owned by the nobles and officers gradually grew at the expense of the lands owned by peasants and rank-and-file Cossacks, and the peasants were forced to work increasingly more days for their landlords. Nevertheless, their obligations remained lighter than they had been prior to the uprising; and until the end of the Hetmanate, peasants were never fully enserfed and retained the right to move.

Administrative divisions.

The Hetmanate was divided into military-administrative districts known as regimental districts ("polki") whose number fluctuated with the size of the Hetmanate's territory. In 1649, when the Hetmanate controlled the Right and the Left Banks, it included 16 such districts. After the loss of the Right Bank, this number was reduced to ten. The regimental districts were further divided into companies ("sotnias"), which were administered by captains ("sotnyk"). Companies were named either by a toponym of their origin or their leader and greatly varied in numbers up to 16.  It is known that the first who introduced the regimental division was Prince in 1515. Initially created 20 regiments consisting of 2,000 Cossacks each, were reduced by the King of Poland Stephen Báthory in 1576 to 10.

List of regiments.

The first regimental districts were confirmed by the Treaty of Kurukove in 1625, among which were Bila Tserkva Regiment, Kaniv Regiment, Korsun Regiment, Kiev Regiment, Pereyaslav Regiment, Cherkasy Regiment. All of them were situated within the Kiev Voivodship. According to the Treaty of Zboriv, there were 23 regiments. In 1667 the signing of Truce of Andrusovo between the Muscovy and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth secured 10 regiments of the Left-bank Ukraine for Muscovy, including Kiev, while the other six stayed at the Right-bank Ukraine as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.  The capital was the city of Chyhyryn. After the Treaty of Andrusovo, in 1669 the capital was transferred to Baturyn, as Chyhyryn became part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (locate at the Right-bank Ukraine). After the Baturyn's tragedy of 1708 conducted by the Russian army of Aleksandr Menshikov, the area was incorporated into the Kiev Governorate the city of Hlukhiv nominally served as the residence of Hetman.  Within the Hetmanate, Polish was frequently used as the language of administration and even of command.  In 1764-65 both Cossack Hetmante and Sloboda Ukraine were liquidated and transformed into Malorossiya Governorate and Sloboda Ukraine Governorate. On the territory of Zaporizhian Sich was created the Novorossiya Governorate. The general-governor of all Ukrainian territories became Pyotr Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky.

Government.

Leadership.

The state supreme power belonged to the General Cossack (Military) Council, while the office of head of state was presided by the Hetman. There also was an important advising body Council of Officers (Starshyna). The hetman was initially chosen by the General Council, consisting of all cossacks, townspeople, clergy and even peasants. By the end of the 17th century, however, its role became more ceremonial as the hetman came to be chosen by the Council of Officers and the Hetmanate itself was turning into an authoritarian state. After 1709, the Battle of Poltava, hetman nomination was to be confirmed by the tsar. Hetman presided until he either died or was forced out by the General Cossack Council. The office of hetman had complete power over the administration, the judiciary, the finances, and the army. His cabinet functioned simultaneously as both the general staff and as the cabinet of ministers. The Hetman also had the right to conduct foreign policy, although this right was increasingly limited by Moscow in the 18th century.  Each of the regimental districts making up the Hetmanate was administered by a colonel who had dual roles as supreme military and civil authority on his territory. Initially elected by that regimental district's Cossacks, by the 18th century the colonels were appointed by the Hetman. After 1709, the colonels were frequently chosen by Moscow. Each colonel's staff consisted of a quartermaster (second-in-command), judge, chancellor, aide-de-camp, and flag-bearer.  Throughout the 18th century, local autonomy was gradually eroded within the Hetmanate. After the Baturyn's tragedy the autonomy was abolished, incorporating it into the Kiev Governorate. After the Battle of Poltava, hetmans elected by the Council of Officers were to be confirmed by the tsar. They served more as a military administrators and have little influence over the domestic policies. The tsar also frequently appointed the colonels of each regimental district.

First Little Russian Collegiate.

In 1722 the governmental branch responsible for the Hetmanate was changed from the College of Foreign Affairs to the imperial Senate. That same year, the hetman's authority was undermined by the establishment of the Little Russian Collegium. It was appointed in Moscow and consisted of six Russian military officers stationed in the Hetmanate who acted as a parallel government. Its duty was ostensibly to protect the rights of rank-and-file Cossacks peasants against repression at the hands of the Cossack officers. The president of the collegiate was Brigadier Stepan Veliaminov. When the Cossacks responded by electing as Hetman Pavlo Polubotok, opposed to these reforms, he was arrested and died in prison without having been confirmed by the tsar. The Little Russian Collegium then ruled the Hetmanate until 1727, when it was abolished and a new Hetman, Danylo Apostol, was elected.  A code consisting of twenty-eight articles was adopted in 1659 that regulated the relationship between the Hetmanate and Russia. It continued to be in force until the Hetmanate's dissolution. With election of the new Hetman new set of "Pereyaslav Articles" was signed by Danylo Apostol. The new document, known as the 28 Authoritative Ordinances, stipulated that:

Second Little Russian Collegiate.

In 1764, the office of Hetman was abolished by Catherine II, and its authority replaced by the second "Little Russian Collegiate" that was transformed out of the Little-Russia Prikaz (Office of Ukrainian Affairs) subordinated to the Ambassadorial Office of the Russian Tsardom. The collegiate consisted of four Russian appointees and four Cossack representatives headed by a president, Pyotr Rumyantsev, who proceeded to cautiously but firmly eliminate the vestiges of local autonomy. In 1781, the regimental system was dismantled and the Little Russian Collegiate abolished. Two years later, peasants' freedom of movement was restricted and the process of enserfment was completed. Cossack soldiers were integrated into the Russian army, while the Cossack officers were granted status as Russian nobles. As had previously been the practice elsewhere in the Russian Empire, lands were confiscated from the Church (during the times of the Hetmanate monasteries alone controlled 17% of the region's lands) and distributed to the nobility. The territory of the Hetmanate was reorganized into three Russian provinces (governorates) whose administration was no different from that of any other provinces within the Russian Empire.

Foreign relations.

Bohdan Khmelnytsky.

Bohdan Khmelnytsky pursued a multi-vectored foreign policy for the newly created Ukrainian Cossack state. "The hetman and his colleagues began to think in terms of establishing a Cossack or Ukrainian state, either independent or allied with some other state." One system of opposition to Poland, who was waging war against the Hetmanate, was an "anti-Catholic block of Orthodox and Protestant states" that included Muscovy, Moldavia, Wallachia, Transylvania, and Sweden. Another option was to incorporate the Cossack Hetmanate into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as an equal partner to Grand Duchy of Lithuania and to Poland. Another system would include Ukraine into the Ottoman orbit, similar to Wallachia, Transylvania, Moldavia, and the Crimean Khanate. Finally, Khmelnytsky developed another possibility that would have involved pitting the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against Muscovy and the Don Cossacks or, alternatively, to get Poland join Venice in their fight against the Ottomans.  In the early days of the uprising, Khmelnytsky recruited the military support of the Crimean Khanate, which was crucial in opposing the Polish forces for the Hetmanate. However, the Crimean Tatars proved to be an unreliable ally because their actions prevented Cossack victories in potentially decisive battles. It was in the interest of the khanate to keep the Cossack uprising alive so that the Poland would be weakened, but a strong rival Ukrainian state was also not favorable for the khanate.  From the beginning of the uprising, Khmelnytsky also appealed to Moscow, which denied giving any military aid to Khmelnytsky for almost six years. Between fall 1648 and spring 1651, Khmelnytsky frequently corresponded with Ottomans, who made vague promises of military aid to the Khmelnytsky. The hetman repeatedly asked the sultan to take him as his subject, but the Ottomans never explicitly acknowledged him as such. The sultan did say that "if the hetman remains faithful", and "‘ahdname", will be granted, meaning that the sultan would guarantee peace and protection. However, by 1653, it became clear to Khmelnytsky that no "‘ahdname" would be granted. Khmelnytsky would show his letters from the sultan to the Muscovite tsar to blackmail him into accepting the hetman into his suzerainty. The Pereyaslav Agreement, signed in March 1654, was a deal to incorporate Ukraine under Russian protection as an autonomous duchy and led to a war between Poland and Muscovy. Despite this treaty, Khmelnystky continued to correspond with the Ottomans in order to pit the Muscovites and the Ottomans against each other. He told each side that they had allied with the other only for tactical reasons.

Vyhovsky and Doroshenko.

After Bohdan Khmelnytsky died in 1657, Ukraine become more instable, leading to conflicts between pro-Polish and pro-Muscovite factions of Cossacks. In 1658, hetman Ivan Vyhovsky negotiated the Union of Hadiach, which would set up a three-part Commonwealth, incorporating the Cossack Hetmanate as the "Grand Duchy of Ruthenia" on equal footing with the current members: the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, the fall of Vyhovsky meant that this wouldn't come to fruition, as conflicts continued within the Cossack state. By 1660, the state was essentially divided along the Dnieper river, with a Polish-controlled west and a Muscovite-controlled east. In 1663, Cossacks rebelled against the Commonwealth and with the help of the Crimean Tatars in 1665, Hetman Petro Doroshenko took power, with the hopes of taking Ukraine out from under both Muscovy and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The two powers had completely ignored the Hetmanate's interests and partitioned the Hetmanate along the Dnieper in the Truce of Andrusovo. In 1666, Doroshenko restarted Cossack correspondence with the Ottomans.  The Ottoman Empire perceived the Truce of Andrusovo as a threat and began to engage in a more active policy in the region. On 8 June 1668, Doroshenko became the sole hetman of all Ukraine and returned to the idea of putting Ukraine under Ottoman protection, knowing that it would be difficult to survive. Following negotiations, both parties agreed that 1,000 janissaries wouldn't be stationed in Kodak and Ukraine would not have to pay any tribute. Doroshenko also drafted 17 articles on the basis of which he would accept Ottoman protection. Doroshenko issued a letter of submission to the sultan on December 24, 1668, which was confirmed by the Sublime Porte by June 1669. When the Commonwealth attempted to unseat Doroshenko and take over the Hetmanate, the Ottomans declared war in 1672 and marched north on Kamianets-Podilskyi, with Doroshenko's Cossacks and the Crimean Tatars on their side. Following the war, the Ottomans signed a treaty with the Commonwealth, which handed the region of Podolia over to the Ottomans. Continued fighting with the Commonwealth resulted in the Ottomans ceding the province of Podolia back to the Commonwealth in the Treaty of Karlowitz. In 1674, the Muscovy invaded the Hetmanate and besieged the capital of Chyhyryn, leading the Ottomans and Crimean Tatars to send their armies to confront the Muscovites. The Muscovites withdrew before any confrontation happened, but the Ottomans razed and plundered the settlements in the Hetmanate that had been friendly to the Muscovites in accordance with "Darü’l-İslam". Doroshenko surrendered to the Muscovites 2 years later, in 1676.  Although the Ottomans, Poles and Muscovites all had evidence that the Cossack Hetmanate swore allegiance to multiple parties simultaneously, "they chose to pretend they were not aware of any dual loyalty". The Ottomans did not consolidate their position in Ukraine with a strong military presence, because a frontier buffer zone suited their interests. The Ottomans referred to the Cossack Hetmanate in multiple ways. The Hetmanate under Khmelnytsky was called an eyalet; under Doroshenko, it was called a sancak (province) by June 1669. The Ottomans called the Cossack Hetmanate "the country of Ukraine" ("Ukraniya memleketi"). Historian Viktor Ostapchuk discusses the Ukrainian-Ottoman relationship in the following way:

The Cossack Hetmanate (, '), officially known as the Zaporizhian Host (, ', ), was a Cossack state in the region of Central Ukraine between 1648 and 1764 (or until 1782 according to some sources).

Kozácký hetmanát (ukrajinsky Гетьманщина, "Het’manšchyna") byl polonezávislý státní útvar záporožských kozáků na území dnešní Ukrajiny. Byl založen roku 1649 hejtmanem Bohdanem Chmelnickým během jeho povstání probíhajícího letech 1648 až 1657. Samostatnost a existence tohoto státního útvaru skončila rokem 1764, kdy byli Kozáci poraženi Ruským impériem a hejtmanství zrušeno Kateřinou II., území bylo začleněno k Rusku pod gubernátorství Maloruska.


Discovery.

In 1997, paleontologist Rubén D.F. Martínez, at the "Estancia Laguna Palacios" of the Goicoechea family in Chubut province, discovered a sauropod skull. This proved to be connected to the first few cervical vertebrae.  In 2016, the type species "Sarmientosaurus musacchioi" was named and described by Rubén Darío Francisco Martínez, Matthew Carl Lamanna, Fernando Emilio Novas, Ryan C. Ridgely, Gabriel Andrés Casal, Javier E. Martínez, Javier R. Vita and Lawrence M. Witmer. The generic name refers to the town of Sarmiento. The specific name honours the late Eduardo Musacchio, an educator at the "Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco". The Life Science Identifiers are 537DFE26-54EC-4978-AC86-E83A04FA74DE for the genus and C1090B8D-D051-44F3-B869-8B4A0C802176 for the species.  The holotype, MDT-PV 2, was found in the upper Lower Member of the Bajo Barreal Formation, dating from the Cenomanian to Turonian ages. It consists of an almost complete skull with lower jaws, articulated with the first seven vertebrae of the front neck. Several neck parts, among them the entire atlas and fourth neck vertebra, were too eroded to be salvaged. The specimen represents an elderly individual. It is one of the few titanosaurs for which skull material has been found. Uniquely, at the side of the neck an elongated structure was discovered that was identified as an ossified tendon.  From the Bajo Barreal Formation another titanosaur sauropod is known, "Epachtosaurus". It cannot be determined whether both taxa are identical because the material of their holotypes is not overlapping. However, the authors considered an identity as improbable because in their cladistic analysis both genera occupied different positions in the evolutionary tree. Also, fragmentary fossils, of postcranial bones that differ from those of "Epachtosaurus" and skull bones that are dissimilar to the "Sarmientosaurus" cranium, show that in any case several titanosaur species were present in the habitat.

Description.

Size and distinguishing traits.

"Sarmientosaurus" has an estimated length of twelve metres and a weight of ten tonnes.  The describing authors indicated nine unique distinguishing traits, autapomorphies. The eye socket is large, equalling 40% of the length of the skull. The ascending branch of the maxilla has a complex connection with a top process of the lacrimal bone, being wedged between its outer side and inner side. The inner edge of the rear part of the ascending branch of the maxilla touches the rim of the bony nostril with a low but distinct ridge. The ascending branch of the quadratojugal has at its lower rear a tongue-shaped process overlapping the rear of the quadrate. In the braincase there are three separate exits for the "nervus trigeminus". An inner vein channel connecting the infundibulum with the brains stem, is lacking. The premaxillary teeth are positioned vertically, the maxillary teeth are inclining to the front and the dentary teeth are inclining to the rear. The middle neck vertebrae have strut-like, instead of plate-shaped, ridges between the front joint processes and the vertebral centrum. A long and thin ossified tendon is running along the low side of the series of neck vertebrae and neck ribs.

Skeleton.

The skull has a length of forty-three centimetres. In top view the skull is more or less tongue-shaped. The antorbital fenestra is small but the eye socket is exceptionally large. In side view the snout is flat with a concave upper profile and surface. The maxilla touches the prefrontal. The jugal bone has an unusual L-shape with a very long front branch and an almost absent rear branch. The fifth cranial nerve, the "nervus trigeminus", has extra exits for the branches towards the maxilla and the lower jaw, whereas other sauropods possess but single exit. The front of the lower jaw has an almost constant height.  The praemaxilla bears four teeth, the maxilla eleven (right side) or twelve (left), and the dentary thirteen. The premaxillary teeth are positioned vertically, the maxillary teeth incline to the front while the teeth of the lower jaw incline to behind, a unique configuration. The build of the teeth is in-between the more spatulate form of basal sauropods and the pencil shape of derived species. The teeth are moderately elongated. They each have sharply-angled wear facets in a high and a low position which, together with their strange orientation, indicates some special, as yet not fully understood, way of cropping vegetation.  The neck vertebrae are long and elongated. Their internal structure is camellated, i.e. with many small air spaces inside. The middle neck vertebrae have oval, narrow and deep pleurocoels in their sides, pneumatic excavations that nearly touch each other on the midline, separated by a narrow bone plate. The rear joint processes are uncommonly long, reaching beyond the edge of the vertebral body. The front joint processes are supported from below by struts with an oval cross-section, apparently formed by a perforation of the normally plate-shaped ridges in this position. The neck ribs are delicate, thin and rod-shaped.

Ossified tendon.

Parallel to the ribs, on the outer side of the neck a cable-shaped structure was discovered with a constant diameter of three millimetres. It had an oval cross-section and a rough and striated surface. The structure originated directly behind the skull and continued over a length of several vertebrae, thus of some metres. It was interpreted by the describing authors as an ossified tendon. The alternative hypothesis that it might be a neck rib was rejected because the ribs are thicker and should have a different position. Such tendons might have been a continuation of the neck ribs, but again, its position did not confirm this. Instead, it was assumed to have been internal to some neck muscle. Such ossified tendons have never before been found in any fossil dinosaur but some extant bird groups such as the cranes show them, though they are relatively shorter, at most two vertebrae long. Possible muscles, where it could have been located, are the "Musculus rectus capitis anterior ventralis", the "Musculus longus colli ventralis" or the "Musculi intertransversarii". The internal structure of the tendon, with much reworked bone tissue, indicated a swift ossification at a young age.

Classification.

"Sarmientosaurus" was, within the Titanosauria, placed in the clade Lithostrotia, in a basal position, above "Malawisaurus" in the evolutionary tree.

Palaeobiology.

It had very large eye sockets, meaning that it may have had better vision than other titanosaurs. Based on the ear and neck tendon, "Sarmientosaurus" most likely hung its head and neck down "like an enormous Eeyore". This posture implies that "Sarmientosaurus" may have eaten much lower-lying plants than other sauropods. The correlation between inner ear structure and head posture has been questioned in previous studies.

External links.

Videos accompanying research article:

Sarmientosaurus is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur belonging to the Titanosauria. It lived in what is now South America, specifically Argentina, during the Upper Cretaceous Period about 95 million years ago. The type species is "Sarmientosaurus musacchioi".

Sarmientosaurus („ještěr od města Sarmiento“) byl poměrně velký titanosaurní sauropod, který žil před asi 95 miliony let na území dnešní argentinské provincie Chubut. Fosilie dinosaura byly objeveny roku 1997 v sedimentech souvrství Bajo Barreal v Patagonii. Část zkamenělin byla vykopána a následně transportována do civilizace helikoptérou argentinské armády. Nejzajímavější je objev lebky dinosaura, která je u titanosaurů nalézána jen velmi vzácně. Sarmientosaurus byl vědecky popsán mezinárodním týmem paleontologů v roce 2016. Holotyp s katalogovým označením MDT-PV 2 představuje starého jedince, zachovala se jen podstatná část lebky a krční obratle.


Relationships.

Although many phylogenetic analyses found basal tetanurans that were outside both Megalosauroidea and Avetheropoda, the core dichotomy was named only in 2012. Carrano, Benson and Sampson (2012) named that clade Orionides, and defined it as the node comprising Megalosauroidea, Avetheropoda, their most recent common ancestor, and all its descendants. In 2015, Hendrickx, Hartman and Mateus clarified this definition, specifying it as the most recent common ancestor of "Allosaurus fragilis", "Megalosaurus bucklandii", and "Passer domesticus", and all its descendants. The cladogram presented below follows a phylogenetic analysis published by Zanno and Makovicky in 2013.  In 2019 saw the description and publication of "Asfaltovenator vialidadi", a basal allosauroid that curiously has characteristics displaying primitive and derived features seen in Tetanurae. Their phylogenetic analysis has found Megalosauroidea to be a basal grade of carnosaurs in respect to Allosauroidea.

Range.

Large, predatory spinosaurids and allosaurids flourished during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, especially in Gondwana, but seem to have died out before the end of the Cretaceous, possibly due to competition from abelisaurid ceratosaurs and tyrannosaurid coelurosaurs. The diverse coelurosaurs persisted until the end of the Mesozoic Era, when all except for crown clade avians died out. Modern birds are the only living representatives of the clade Tetanurae.

Etymology.

The clade name "Orionides" was first established by Matthew T. Carrano, Roger B. J. Benson and Scott D. Sampson in 2012. It is derived from Orion, the giant hunter of Greek mythology in references to the large size and carnivorism of basal orionidans. The name also refers to the alternative name for the constellation of Orion, Alektropodion, meaning "rooster foot".

Orionides is a clade of tetanuran theropod dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic to the Present. The clade includes most theropod dinosaurs, including birds.

Orionides („podobní hvězdnému Orionovi“) je klad teropodních dinosaurů, zahrnující většinu jejich odvozených druhů a také všechny současné i vyhynulé ptáky. Poprvé se objevují během střední jury a přežívají až do současnosti. Mezi orionidy patří zejména skupiny Megalosauroidea a Avetheropoda. Zahrnuje také obecně známé rody dravých dinosaurů jako "Allosaurus", "Spinosaurus", "Giganotosaurus", "Tyrannosaurus", "Velociraptor" nebo třeba vrabec domácí. Tito dinosauři představovali dominantní suchozemské predátory po celé období pozdní jury a křídy, tedy zhruba posledních 100 milionů let druhohorní éry. Patří mezi ně i největší dravci, kteří se kdy na souších naší planety objevili.


Early life.

Bill Shankly was born in the small coal mining village of Glenbuck, Ayrshire, whose population in 1913, the year of Shankly's birth, was around 700. People born there would often move to find work in larger coal mines. As a result, Glenbuck became largely derelict and by the time Shankly's ghost writer John Roberts visited it in 1976, there were only 12 houses left, including a cottage owned by Shankly's sister, Elizabeth, whom Roberts described as "the last of the children of Glenbuck".  Shankly's parents, John and Barbara, lived in one of the Auchenstilloch Cottages with their 10 children; five boys and five girls. Shankly was the ninth child and the youngest boy. Although he was known as Bill throughout his football career, his name in the family was Willie, pronounced ["Wullie"]. His father was a postman who became a tailor of handmade suits. Despite the football pedigree in his family, he did not play himself.  All five Shankly brothers played professional football and Shankly claimed they could have beaten any five brothers in the world when they were all at their peaks. His brothers were Alec, known as Sandy by the family, who played for Ayr United and Clyde; Jimmy (1902–1972), who played for various clubs including Sheffield United and Southend United; John (1903–1960), who played for Portsmouth and Luton Town; and Bob (1910–1982), who played for Alloa Athletic and Falkirk. Bob became a successful manager, guiding Dundee to victory in the Scottish championship in 1962 and the semi-finals of the European Cup the following year. Their maternal uncles, Robert and William Blyth were professional players who both became club directors at Portsmouth and Carlisle United respectively.  Shankly wrote in his autobiography that times were hard during his upbringing and that hunger was a prevailing condition, especially during the

Playing career.

Carlisle United.

Shankly had a single season, 1932–33, at Carlisle United, then relatively new to the Football League and playing in the Third Division North, their reserve side playing in the North Eastern League. Shankly was recommended by a scout called Peter Carruthers who had seen him playing for Cronberry. He was invited for a month's trial and said it was the first time he had left Scotland. He was signed after just one trial match for Carlisle's reserves against Middlesbrough reserves, even though Carlisle reserves lost the match 6–0. A local newspaper report said that he had worked hard and might develop into a useful left back. In fact, he developed into a top-class right-half.

Preston North End.

Soon after the 1932–33 season ended, Shankly received a telegram from Carlisle United asking him to return as soon as possible because another club wanted to sign him. Arriving at Carlisle, he discovered that the interested club was Preston North End who had offered a transfer fee of £500. The terms for Shankly personally were a fee of £50 plus a £10 signing-on fee and wages of five pounds a week. Shankly's initial reaction was that it was not enough and the deal nearly fell through. His brother Alec pointed out to him that Preston were in the Second Division and a bigger club than Carlisle with the potential to regain First Division status. Alec persuaded him that the opportunity was more important than what he would be paid immediately, stressing that it was what he would get later that counted. Shankly took his brother's

Scotland.

Shankly played for Scotland 12 times from 1938 to 1943 in five full and seven wartime internationals. He spoke of his "unbelievable pride" when playing for Scotland against England and how, when confronted by the "Auld Enemy", the Scottish players would become William Wallace or Robert the Bruce for 90 minutes after pulling on the blue jersey. Shankly himself certainly had that spirit when playing for Scotland as confirmed by Alex James, who said of Shankly: "He is a real Scotland player who will fight until he drops".  Shankly made his international debut on 9 April 1938 against England at Wembley; Scotland winning the match 1–0 with a late goal

Style and technique.

Shankly declared in his autobiography that he specialised in what he called "the art of tackling", emphasising that it is an art. He wrote that he was never sent off or booked by a referee. In his view, the art of tackling is in the timing and the sole object is to win the ball. He wrote that even if the opponent is injured in the tackle, it is not a foul if you have timed everything right and you've won the ball. His philosophy, therefore,

Management career.

Shankly wrote in his autobiography that he had long prepared himself for a career as a football manager. He had absorbed all the coaching systems with any useful qualifications and had full confidence in his ability and in himself to be a leader. For him, he had done the hard work and it was simply a question of waiting for an opportunity to present itself. Shankly summed up the essential criteria for success in football management when he claimed he could speak common sense about the game and could spot a good player. In spotting a player, he always applied a basic formula which was that, first and foremost, the player must have both ability and courage. Other attributes were physical fitness and willingness to work, especially to struggle against the odds.

Carlisle United.

Shankly began his managerial career at the club where his professional playing career had started. Carlisle in the 1948–49 season were struggling in the bottom half of the Third Division North and finding it difficult to attract southern-based players because of the town's geographic remoteness in the far north of England. Shankly's work ethic transformed the team who finished 15th in 1948–49 after he had been in charge for only the last few matches. They improved to ninth in 1949–50 and then to third in 1950–51, almost gaining promotion.  One of Shankly's players at Carlisle was Geoff Twentyman, then a promising young centre half, who was later transferred to Liverpool. After he retired from playing, Twentyman became chief scout at Liverpool, working with Shankly and finding several outstandingly talented players.  Shankly used psychology to

Grimsby Town.

After an unsuccessful interview at Liverpool, Shankly moved to manage Grimsby Town in June 1951. He said in his autobiography that there was greater potential at Grimsby than at Carlisle. His main problems were that Grimsby had been relegated twice in recent seasons, dropping from the First to the Third Division, and some good players had been transferred before he arrived. Even so, Shankly believed he still had good players to work with and was able to buy some additional players on the transfer market for low fees.  Grimsby made a strong challenge for promotion in 1951–52 but finished second, three points behind Lincoln City (only one team was promoted from Division Three North, with one from Division Three South). Shankly insisted in his autobiography that his Grimsby team was:  Pound for pound, and class for class, the best football team I have seen in England since the war. In the league they were in, they played football nobody

Workington.

Although the Workington team was close to the bottom of the Third Division North, Shankly saw it as a challenge and attacked the job with all of his usual enthusiasm and relish. Workington rose to 18th by the end of the 1953–54 season and so did not have to apply for re-election. In 1954–55, the team finished a creditable eighth and saw a rise in attendances from 6,000 to 8,000.  Workington operated on a shoestring and Shankly had to do much of the administration work himself, including answering the

Huddersfield Town.

Shankly's initial role at Huddersfield was as reserve team coach. He found himself in charge of several promising youngsters who soon graduated to the first team after Town were relegated to the Second Division at the end of the 1955–56 season. Beattie resigned in the next season and, on 5 November 1956, Shankly succeeded him as manager. On Christmas Eve, he gave a first team debut to 16-year-old prospect Denis Law. Another prospect in his team was left back Ray Wilson who went on to become Huddersfield's most capped player before joining Everton. Shankly did not gain promotion at Huddersfield, the team finishing 12th in 1956–57, ninth in 1957–58 and 14th in 1958–59.  Other players in Shankly's Huddersfield team were Ken Taylor, who was an England Test cricketer; striker Les Massie and captain Bill McGarry. On 21 December 1957, Huddersfield lost 7–6 to Charlton

Liverpool.

Early years (1959–1964).

When Shankly arrived at Anfield on Monday, 14 December 1959, Liverpool had been in the Second Division for five years, and had been defeated by non-league Worcester City in the 1958–59 FA Cup. Anfield itself was in disrepair with no means of watering the pitch and Shankly insisted the club spend £3,000 to rectify that. Shankly described the training ground at Melwood as "a shambles". The Liverpool squad he inherited consisted largely of average players and some promising reserves.  In spite of the difficulties, Shankly felt immediately at home in his new club and he believed that he shared an immediate bond with the supporters, who he saw as his kind of people. He quickly established working relationships with the coaching staff of Bob Paisley, Joe Fagan and Reuben Bennett who shared his views about loyalty to each other and to the club. Paisley's influence at Liverpool was crucial for, as Kelly puts it, Shankly was "the great motivating force behind Liverpool, but it was Paisley who was the tactician". One aspect of the quartet's

1964 to 1970.

One of Shankly's greatest ambitions when he joined Liverpool was to win the FA Cup and, after he signed Yeats and St John, he told the club directors that they would win it with these two players in the team. It was St John who scored the winning goal in May 1965 when Liverpool won the FA Cup for the first time in the club's history with a 2–1 extra time victory over Leeds United at Wembley. In his autobiography, Shankly recounted that among his many achievements, winning the 1965 FA Cup final was his greatest day in football. Ahead of the final The Beatles had sent Shankly a telegram wishing the team luck, and Shankly appeared on the BBC's "Desert Island Discs" where he picked the club’s anthem "You'll Never Walk Alone" as his eighth and final selection. Liverpool made their European debut in 1964–65, competing in the European Cup and reaching the semi-finals. In the second round, the club was drawn against the formidable Anderlecht. Immediately before the match, Shankly decided to experiment with the Liverpool kit. Liverpool played in red shirts with white shorts and white socks with red stripes but Shankly and Ian St John had the idea of an all-red kit that would give the impression the players were taller. Liverpool played

1970 to 1974.

The new team began promisingly in 1970–71 by retaining fifth place in the league and reaching the semi-finals of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup where they lost 0–1 to a very experienced Leeds United side. The highlight of Liverpool's European campaign that season was a 4–1 aggregate victory in the quarter-final over Bayern Munich. For the first time since winning the competition in 1965, Liverpool reached the FA Cup Final but, as in the Fairs Cup, experience was the major factor and Shankly's young team were beaten 2–1 by league champions Arsenal despite having taken the lead in extra time through a Steve Heighway goal. Watching from the sidelines was another new player whom Shankly had recently signed from Scunthorpe United for £35,000 on Twentyman's recommendation. This was Kevin Keegan and he was such an important addition to the new Liverpool team that Shankly devoted an entire chapter of his autobiography to him entitled "A Boy Called Keegan". Shankly summarised Keegan as "the inspiration of the new team".  In Keegan's first season, 1971–72, Liverpool missed out on winning the League Championship by a single point, the title going to Brian Clough's Derby County. Shankly maintained that Liverpool were denied a definite penalty in their crucial away match against Derby and then had a good goal disallowed towards the end of their final match against Arsenal. Both decisions cost the team a vital point which would have been enough to claim first place. Shankly took encouragement from the team's overall form, especially as they made a strong finish to the season, and he was confident of success in 1972–73. Shankly had always been noted for his use of psychology, both to encourage his own players and to raise doubt in the minds of opponents. One of his lasting innovations is the "THIS IS ANFIELD" plaque secured

Relationship with fans.

In his autobiography, Shankly wrote: "Right from the start as a manager [i.e., when he was at Carlisle] I tried to show that the fans are the people that matter. You've got to know how to treat them (and) have them on your side". This was particularly true at Liverpool and Shankly said he was made for Liverpool where the people that matter most are the ones who come through the turnstiles. He added that a manager has got to identify himself

Retirement from Liverpool.

Shankly was 60 when Liverpool won the 1974 FA Cup final and said in his autobiography that, on returning to the dressing room at the end of the match, he felt tired from all the years. His mind was made up and he knew he was going to retire. His wife, Nessie, had asked him to retire a year earlier but he decided that was not the right time. Tommy Smith said that Shankly's feelings for Nessie were undoubtedly a major reason for his decision. In 1974, he decided that he could leave Liverpool with pride in a job well done and only one regret, which was that he did not win the European Cup.  Shankly had considered retirement in previous years. The Liverpool secretary Peter Robinson was initially blasé in 1974 but, when he realised Shankly was serious this time, tried to make him change his mind. Shankly's granddaughter, Karen Gill, said to "The Observer" in 2009: "I think that perhaps it was tiredness, that football had taken its toll on him". In her 2006 book about her grandfather, Karen Gill said Shankly never professed anything privately about retirement that he did not declare publicly. She did not agree that there was any hidden motive behind his decision and she thought Brian Clough's view about tiredness was probably correct.  Shankly's retirement was officially and surprisingly announced at a press conference called by Liverpool on 12 July 1974. Chairman, John Smith, said in his opening address:  It is with great regret that I as chairman of Liverpool Football Club have to inform you that Mr Shankly has intimated that he wishes to retire from active participation in league football. And the board has with extreme reluctance accepted his decision. I would like to at this stage place on record the board's great appreciation of Mr Shankly's magnificent achievements over the period of his managership.  Shankly soon regretted his decision and tried to continue his involvement with the club, mainly by turning up for team training at Melwood. He said he still wanted the involvement as the club had become his life. He soon stopped going to Melwood because he felt there was some resentment and people were asking what he was doing there. He still attended matches, but sat in the stand away from the directors and staff. He was especially annoyed that Liverpool did not invite him to attend away matches as the club's guest. When, finally, he was invited to travel

Later years.

Shankly was awarded the OBE in November 1974, four months after he retired as Liverpool manager. He and Nessie went to Buckingham Palace and, according to Kelly, that was a rare day out for them. They continued to live in the semi-detached house at West Derby, near the Everton training ground at Bellefield, which they bought when they moved to Liverpool in 1959. After Shankly's death in 1981, Nessie lived there alone until she died in August 2002.  Shankly tried to keep busy in retirement and stay in touch

Death and legacy.

On the morning of 26 September 1981, Bill Shankly was admitted to Broadgreen Hospital following a heart attack. His condition appeared to be stable and there was no suggestion that his life was in danger. On the following Monday morning, his condition suddenly deteriorated and was transferred into intensive care. At 00:30 on 29 September, he suffered another cardiac arrest and was certified dead, twenty-seven days after his 68th birthday, at 01:20. He was cremated at the Anfield Crematorium on 2 October and his ashes were scattered on the Anfield pitch at the Kop end.  On the day of Shankly's death, training was cancelled at both Melwood and Bellefield. The Labour Party conference stood in a minute's silence for a man who had always been a socialist. Sir Matt Busby, the former Manchester United manager, was so upset that he refused to take any telephone calls from people asking him for a reaction. Tributes poured in from the world of football, especially from the former players of

Personal life.

Shankly was married to his wife Agnes Wren-Fisher from 1944 until his death 37 years later. They had met earlier during World War II, when Bill was serving as a Corporal with the RAF and "Nessie", who was six years younger, was serving with the WRAF. They had two daughters - Barbara (born 1945) and Jeanette

Personality.

Stephen Kelly, in his 1997 biography of Shankly, calls him "the ultimate obsessive". Shankly was fanatical about Liverpool and about football in general. From coaching his players and arguing with journalists to buttonholing fans in pubs, all Shankly ever wanted to do was talk about football and to be involved in football. As a result, he had few interests outside the game other than his family. His wife Nessie told Kelly that Shankly would spend time in the garden, mowing and weeding. She could rely on him to clean the cooker when Liverpool lost. Family holidays were limited to a week in Blackpool, where they always stayed at the Norbreck Hotel. One non-football activity that Shankly did enjoy was playing cards and Ian St John said he loved it, always taking part on long coach trips to away matches.  Shankly was noted for his charismatic personality and his wit; as a result, he is oft-quoted. His most famous quotation is probably one that is often misquoted:  Some people believe football is a matter of life and death, I am very disappointed with that attitude. I can assure you it is much, much more important than that.  Kelly wrote that, although it was said half-jokingly, so far as Shankly was concerned there was a degree of truth in what he had said. Shankly had fully realised the importance of football to its die-hard fans, himself included. It had become too important. Ian St John agreed that much of Shankly's behaviour was "bizarre", but everything was done with a purpose because Shankly always knew what he was doing and what he was saying. On how his tough, working

Honours.

As a player.

Preston

As a manager.

Liverpool  Individual  In April 2013, Shankly was honoured by Royal Mail

William Shankly (2 September 1913 – 29 September 1981) was a Scottish football player and manager, who is best known for his time as manager of Liverpool. Shankly brought success to Liverpool, gaining promotion to the First Division and winning three League Championships and the UEFA Cup. He laid foundations on which his successors Bob Paisley and Joe Fagan were able to build by winning seven league titles and four European Cups in the ten seasons after Shankly retired in 1974. A charismatic, iconic figure at the club, his oratory stirred the emotions of the fanbase. In 2019, 60 years after Shankly arrived at Liverpool, Tony Evans of "The Independent" wrote, “Shankly created the idea of Liverpool, transforming the football club by emphasising the importance of the Kop and making supporters feel like participants.”

William "Bill" Shankly OBE (2. září 1913 – 29. září 1981) byl skotský fotbalista a manažer Liverpool FC. Shankly se ujal Liverpoolu, když byl v Druhé lize a pod jeho vedením se stal elitním anglickým a evropským celkem. Do První Divize se Liverpool dostal v roce 1962, poté získal 3 ligové tituly, vyhrál 2× FA Cup, čtyřikrát Community Shield a jednou Pohár UEFA. Shankly oznámil svůj překvapivý odchod z fotbalu pár týdnů poté, co Liverpool vyhrál v roce 1974 FA Cup. U týmu působil patnáct let, jeho místo zaujal jeho dlouhodobý asistent Bob Paisley. Naposledy vedl Liverpool tým naposledy ve Wembley v roce 1974 FA Charity Shield. Zemřel o sedm let později ve věku 68 let.


Description.

"Achelous" class vessels were based on the same hull as LST's (Landing Ship, Tank) which at the time were being produced in large numbers. This hull was thought to be ideal for a ship specializing in the repair of light craft, since it was not overly large and had a shallow draught which would enable it to maneuver into small harbors, rivers and inlets where it could service damaged boats and effect other repairs on location.  The conversion from an LST to an "Achelous" class ARL was done mainly by converting the large interior tank deck into a number of different shops and storerooms. Two large cargo booms were added forward, and a large 60-ton A-frame boom added amidships. The wheelhouse/chart room deck was expanded, and a conning tower added. The first nine units of the class sealed the bow doors of the LST hull.  The ship's company consisted of the usual LST crew of deck, engineering and communications departments but in addition it had a supply department, plus a repair department consisting of machinery and engine repair, carpentry, electronics repair, and hull repair divisions, giving a ship's complement of approximately 250 officers and men in total. After the first nine units were built, the later units had a revised armament as well as retaining the opening bow doors.

Operational history.

During World War II, the "Achelous" class vessels worked mostly on repairing damaged landing craft, but many continued in service after the war, working again on landing craft during the Korean War and on river craft during the Vietnam War.  In all, 39 "Achelous" class repair ships were built between 1943 and 1945.

The "Achelous"-class repair ship was a class of ship built by the US Navy during World War II. As the United States gained experience in amphibious operations, it was realized that some sort of mobile repair facility would be useful for repairing the damage that frequently occurred to smaller vessels such as LCVP's (Landing Craft Vehicle/Personnel). The Auxiliary Repair Light (ARL) ship was designed to meet this need, and the "Achelous" class was the only class to receive this designation.

Třída Achelous byla třída opravárenských lodí námořnictva Spojených států amerických z doby druhé světové války. Plavidla sloužila jako plovoucí díly pro opravu menších vyloďovacích plavidel. Celkem bylo postaveno 39 jednotek této třídy. Zahraničními uživateli lodí této třídy se staly Argentina, Čínská republika, Čínská lidová republika, Filipíny, Indonésie, Írán, Jižní Vietnam, Turecko, Spojené království a Venezuela.


Biography.

Early life (1439–1470).

Born sometime in 1439 in Siena to a poultry dealer, Francesco Maurizio di Giorgio di Martino was baptized on September 23, 1439. Not much is known about his youth, except that he is assumed to have been a student of Vecchietta due to similarities in style between Di Giorgio's early paintings and those of the master. The first record of his work as an artist is from 1464, when at age 25 he was paid 12 lire for a statue of John the Baptist.  He was married two times in quick succession when his first wife, Cristofana, died shortly after they were married in 1467. On January 26, 1469 he married Agnese, the daughter of Antonio di Benedetto di Neroccio, and possibly a relative of Neroccio di Bartolomeo de' Landi, with whom Di Giorgio shared a studio and an artistic partnership during these years.

Early work in Siena (1471–1475).

Di Giorgio's early years as a professional artist, architect, and engineer were full of a variety of projects. On top of various artistic commissions that he completed during this time, he and another engineer were given a contract by Siena to work on its aqueduct and fountain system, with the goal of adding about a third more water to the city's water supply. They were able to enlarge the fountain in the Piazza del Campo and make other improvements around the city, successfully fulfilling their contract in 1473. During this period, Di Giorgio was also working with assistants on "The Coronation of the Virgin" for the Santa Maria della Scala (Siena), a large painted altarpiece.  Sienese records from 1471 describe an episode in which the artist and nine others broke into the Monastery of the Holy Saviour outside Siena and "behaved dishonorably" once inside. They were sentenced to be banished from the city for three months, or to pay a 25 lire fine, which Di Giorgio paid.

Urbino (1475–1484).

During the mid-1470s, Di Giorgio came into the employ of Federico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino. He created multiple artistic works for the Duke, including the bronze relief "Deposition from the Cross" and served as an architect and engineer for the duke during the Pazzi conspiracy. In the fighting between Italian city-states which followed, Di Giorgio constructed a series of great fortifications for his patron. This source of employment for Di Giorgio continued after da Montefeltro's death with his son the new duke.  Architectural work also came to Di Giorgio through his employment with the Duke, including what is probably his most famous building, Santa Maria delle Grazie al Calcinaio in Cortona. The church was challenging to design due to the steep incline of its location, but Di Giorgio's skill with engineering and architecture allowed him to design a solid building which still stands.

Return to Siena and Later Career (1485–1500).

Letters from 1485 reveal that the Sienese government wrote to Francesco di Giorgio to request that he return to his native city and embark on the design and construction of public buildings. He did return to the city in 1486 and began receiving an annual salary of 800 florins for his position as official city engineer in which he would inspect all engineering projects throughout Siena. Di Giorgio also completed artistic projects for the city, such as the candle-holding angel sculptures which he contributed to the altar at the Opera del Duomo.  This time was one of prosperity and popularity for Di Giorgio, whose presence and expertise were fought over by the rulers of several city-states, particularly Siena and Urbino. His tax documents from 1488 show material wealth as well as familial wealth in the form of six children.  In 1490 he was commissioned by the government of Milan to produce a model for dome of the Milan Cathedral. This project led him to journey to the site of the cathedral, where he met Leonardo da Vinci who had also been hired to consult on the building. Di Giorgio apparently provided useful advice to the constructors of the cathedral, and was paid 100 florins for his trouble.  His expertise as a war engineer came into play again during the Italian War of 1494–98, when he was in the employ of Ferdinand II of Naples. He used tunnels and explosives in what is considered the pioneering use of mining technology for warfare.  In 1499 Di Giorgio was elected the "capomaestro" of the Opera del Duomo.  In Leonardo da Vinci ́s list of books Francesco di Giorgio Martini has been mentioned. This indicates that Leonardo had been in the possession of Francesco ́s work.

Death (1501).

Francesco di Giorgio died at the age of 62 outside Siena in 1501 or early 1502, having retired to the countryside mid-1501. His widow spent most of the rest of her life embroiled in legal battles related to the late architect's estate.

Francesco di Giorgio Martini (1439–1501) was an Italian architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, and writer. As a painter, he belonged to the Sienese School. He was considered a visionary architectural theorist—in Nikolaus Pevsner's terms: "one of the most interesting ". As a military engineer, he executed architectural designs and sculptural projects and built almost seventy fortifications for the Federico da Montefeltro, Count (later Duke) of Urbino, building city walls and early examples of star-shaped fortifications.

Francesco di Giorgio Martini (září 1439 Siena – přelom let 1501 a 1502 Siena) byl italský renesanční malíř sienské školy, sochař, vojenský inženýr, architekt a teoretik architektury.


Background.

The ship was named after Julián Irízar. In 1903, when he held the rank of Lieutenant, he commanded the Argentine corvette during a successful mission to rescue the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of Professor Otto Nordenskjöld, after the expedition had been trapped by the Antarctic winter.  The vessel was built at the Wärtsilä Helsinki Shipyard in Finland, under a contract signed in 1975 between the Argentine Navy and the shipyard. "Irízar" was launched in February 1978 and was formally commissioned on December that year, arriving in Argentina on 23 March 1979. She replaced the elderly icebreaker, which was then retired from active service.  "Almirante Irízar"s peacetime missions include annual campaigns to resupply and rotate the personnel assigned to the Argentine Antarctic outposts, as well as conducting and supporting scientific endeavors in Antarctica. She has also conducted several passenger tours to Patagonia and the Antarctic.  The ship's homeport is at the Argentine Navy's Buenos Aires Naval Anchorage () in the capital city of Buenos Aires.

Service.

During the Falklands War () the vessel served as a troop transport and then as a hospital ship, a role for which her crew included medical personnel from the Argentine Army in addition to the naval medical staff.  In April 1982, while operating north of the Falklands, the boilers of tanker ARA "Punta Médanos" failed and she lost all propulsion; "Almirante Irízar" towed her back to Puerto Madryn (about 330 miles west) in rough weather, the trip took about 60 hours. "Punta Médanos" couldn't be repaired, and was unable to continue operations during the war.  After the end of the war, she was converted into a hospital ship.  The ship gained attention in 2002, when she attempted to rescue the supply vessel "Magdalena Oldendorff", which was trapped in pack ice off Antarctica. Even though "Irízar" failed to break "Magdalena Oldendorff" free, she managed to move it to a safer position and resupply the ship with food, medicine and medical personnel until the ice melted and "Magdalena Oldendorff" could return to open sea.

2004 incident.

On 15/16 March 2004, the ship entered a maritime area designated as conservation zones under the jurisdiction of the Falkland Islands and issued demands for other ships to identify themselves. This prompted a protest from the British government to the Argentine government over its policing of seas under Falkland jurisdiction. The diplomatic note also re-asserted British sovereignty over the islands.

2007 fire.

On 10 April 2007 at 22:00, a massive fire broke out in the auxiliary generator compartment. By midnight, captain Guillermo Tarapow had ordered the evacuation. Argentine Navy and Argentine Coast Guard aircraft, including P-3 Orion and Hercules C-130 aircraft, operated to keep track of the 24 lifeboats. The 296 persons aboard the icebreaker —including civilians of the Antarctic bases— were helped by the nearest ships, the Panamanian tanker "Scarlet Ibis" and a Uruguayan fishing vessel. The icebreaker was returning from its annual Antarctic summer campaign, and the incident took place some east of Puerto Madryn.  The crew arrived safely in Puerto Madryn on 12 April. There were no casualties.  The vessel's captain remained aboard alone for almost 24 hours after seeing his crew safely evacuated from the ship. Starting 11 April, destroyer, corvettes ARA "Granville", and, avisos ARA "Gurruchaga",, and, and Coast Guard, surrounded the icebreaker and began rescue operations. "Buzos Tacticos" and members of the Rescue Team () of the Argentine Navy boarded the ship and extinguished the fire. On 18 April, the ship started being towed to the Puerto Belgrano naval base. "Irizar" finally arrived to Puerto Belgrano on 20 April.  The fire caused the loss of the two Sea King helicopters stored in their hangar, worth million each. These have been replaced by four Sea Kings transferred from the US government.  Following this incident the British government offered to supply Argentine bases in Antarctica in support of scientific missions, using. This offer was turned down by the Argentine government, instead they leased the Russian icebreaking vessel "Vasily Golovnin" for the subsequent Antarctic summer campaigns at a cost of US$2m/month. The Dutch cargo vessel "Timca" was hired for the 2012/13 campaign. "Vasily Golovnin" would again carry out the following Antarctic campaign.

Upgrade.

After a long period in Puerto Belgrano due to legal issues surrounding the incident, "Irízar" finally arrived in Buenos Aires on 3 September 2008 to be taken to Tandanor's shipyard for repairs. Repairs were expected to be completed in 2010 but continued into 2011, and were supervised by Norwegian shipyard Aker Yards., the refit had thus far cost over million and the ship was not expected to be ready until late 2013. In, it was disclosed that the ship was still awaiting the necessary repairs and that sea trials had been delayed by a year, with oppositors claiming the money spent —some million plus another million in contracting supplying vessels— could have been used to buy a new ship; a month later, it was announced that work regarding control panels was still pending.  The Tandanor shipyard repaired the fire damage and also reconfigured the vessel to increase laboratory space from up to. This allows the ship to be used primarily as a research vessel in addition to its role of resupplying the southernmost Antarctic base Belgrano II. The diesel engines have been replaced by four new ones purchased from MAN in October 2011. The main radar of "Irízar" was also repaired in Argentina by CITEDEF. Work was initially estimated to be finished by November 2011, but it was not until April 2017 that the icebreaker was declared seaworthy again.  On 4 July, "Almirante Irízar" sailed for open sea trials for the first time in ten years. After departing Buenos Aires, the vessel headed to a dry dock in the main base of Argentine Navy, Puerto Belgrano, where the icebreaker underwent tests and verifications prior to ice trials in the Antarctic and return to full service.  On November 2017, the ship came back to Buenos Aires after successfully passing its "ice test", the last stage of its restoration work that left it ready for service again. It was confirmed that it will be present on the Antarctic 2018 campaign.

ARA "Almirante Irízar" is a large icebreaker of the Argentine Navy. She was built in Finland in 1975. A fire broke out in her auxiliary generator compartment in 2007, putting her out of commission until April 2017.

ARA Almirante Irízar (Q-5) je ledoborec argentinského námořnictva. Byl navržen pro zajištění kontaktu a zásobování argentinských stanic v Antarktidě, dále pro plnění vědeckých úkolů a záchranné mise. Ve službě je od roku 1978, avšak roku 2007 byl těžce poškozen požárem. Vrácen do služby byl teprve v roce 2017.


Illustrations.

Lee has illustrated dozens of fantasy books, including some non-fiction, and many more covers. Several works by J.R.R. Tolkien are among his most notable interiors: the Tolkien centenary edition of "The Lord of the Rings" (1992), a 1999 edition of "The Hobbit" that has been boxed with it, and "Narn i Chîn Húrin: The Children of Húrin" (2007). The latter, a first edition, is his work most widely held in WorldCat participating libraries. Other books he has illustrated include "Faeries" (with Brian Froud), "Lavondyss" by Robert Holdstock (as well as the cover of an early print of this book), "The Mabinogion" (two versions), "Castles" and "Tolkien's Ring" (both nonfiction by David Day), "The Mirrorstone" by Michael Palin, "The Moon's Revenge" by Joan Aiken, and "Merlin Dreams" by Peter Dickinson.  He has also illustrated retellings of classics for young people. Two were Rosemary Sutcliff's versions of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey"—namely, "Black Ships Before Troy" (Oxford, 1993) and "The Wanderings of Odysseus" (Frances Lincoln, 1995). Another was Adrian Mitchell's version of Ovid's "Metamorphoses"—namely, "Shapeshifters" (Frances Lincoln, 2009).  Lee did cover paintings for the 1983 Penguin edition of Mervyn Peake's "Gormenghast" trilogy. He also did the artwork for "Alive!", a CD by the Dutch band Omnia, released on 3 August 2007 during the Castlefest festival.  Watercolour painting and pencil sketches are two of Lee's common media.

Film.

Lee and John Howe were the lead concept artists of Peter Jackson's "Lord of the Rings" films and were recruited by director Guillermo del Toro in 2008 for continuity of design in the subsequent "The Hobbit" films, before joining Jackson when he took over the "Hobbit" films project. Jackson has explained how he originally recruited the reclusive Lee. By courier to Lee's home in the south of England, he sent two of his previous films, "Forgotten Silver" and "Heavenly Creatures", with a note from himself and Fran Walsh that piqued Lee's interest enough to become involved. Lee went on to illustrate and even to help construct many of the scenarios for the movies, including objects and weapons for the actors. He also made two cameo appearances, in the opening sequence of "" as one of the nine kings of men who became the Nazgûl, and in "The Two Towers" as a Rohan soldier in the armory (over the shoulder of Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn and Legolas talk in Elvish).  Lee has also worked as a conceptual designer on the films "Legend", "Erik the Viking", "King Kong" and the television mini-series "Merlin." The art book "Faeries", produced in collaboration with Brian Froud, was the basis of a 1981 animated feature of the same name.  Two years after completion of "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy, Lee released a 192-page collection of his conceptual artwork for the project, entitled "The Lord of the Rings Sketchbook" (HarperCollins, 2005). Film director Peter Jackson said, "His art captured what I hoped to capture with the films."

Awards.

For his 1978 book with Brian Froud, "Faeries", Lee was runner-up for the fantasy Locus Award, year's best art or illustrated book.  For illustrating "Merlin Dreams" by Peter Dickinson (1988), he won the annual Chesley Award for Best Interior Illustration and he was a highly commended runner-up for the Greenaway Medal. He also won the BSFA Award for Best Artwork, for that year's best single new image.  Five years later, he won the Kate Greenaway Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book illustration by a British subject. The book was "Black Ships Before Troy" by Rosemary Sutcliff, a version of the Trojan War story.  For the 60th anniversary edition of "The Hobbit", Tolkien's 1937 classic, Lee won his second Chesley Award for Interior Illustration (he is a finalist eight times through 2011). For that year's work he won the annual World Fantasy Award, Best Artist, at the 1998 World Fantasy Convention.  In 2000, he won the competitive, juried Spectrum Award for fantastic art in the grandmaster category.  Lee, Grant Major and Dan Hennah earned the 2004 Academy Award for Best Art Direction for "", third in the film trilogy.

Personal life.

As of 2007 Lee, his wife, and two children live in Chagford, Dartmoor, Devon, England.

Alan Lee (born 20 August 1947) is an English book illustrator and movie conceptual designer. He was born in Middlesex, England, and studied at the Ealing School of Art.

Alan Lee (* 20. srpna 1947) je anglický knižní ilustrátor a filmový koncepční návrhář. Narodil se v Middlesex v Anglii a studoval na Ealingské škole umění.