Early life.

Denise Lee Richards was born in Downers Grove, Illinois, to Joni, a coffee shop owner, and Irv Richards, a telephone engineer, whose father's surname was Reichert. Her Croatian mother died of cancer in November 2007. Her ancestry is German, French-Canadian, Croatian, Irish, English, Welsh, and distant Dutch. She has a younger sister, Michelle. Richards grew up in both Downer’s Grove and Mokena, Illinois. As a child, she was the "only girl on the baseball team".  When Richards was 15 years old, her family moved to Oceanside, California. In 1989, she graduated from El Camino High School. She was voted best looking in her high school yearbook. Richards was raised Roman Catholic. After her high school graduation, she began working as a model and traveled to cities such as Paris, New York, and Tokyo to do photo shoots and commercials.

Career.

1990–2008: Career beginnings and breakthrough.

In the 1990s, Richards appeared in several films and television shows such as "Loaded Weapon 1" (1993), "Tammy and the T-Rex" (1994), "Lookin' Italian" (1994), and guest starring in episodes of "Saved by the Bell", "Married... with Children" and "Doogie Howser, M.D." In 1993, she portrayed Ben Affleck's character's girlfriend named Jodi Collins, in the short-lived drama series "Against the Grain." Richards made guest appearances in several television shows, including "Beverly Hills, 90210" (1992), "Seinfeld" (1993), "Lois and Clark" (1994) and a guest-arc in "Melrose Place" (1996).  Her first starring role in a wide theatrical release was "Starship Troopers" in 1997 for which Richards was nominated for the Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Female Newcomer. The film grossed a total of $121.2 million worldwide. In 2012, "Slant Magazine" ranked the film at number 20 on its list of the 100 Best Films of the 1990s. She followed this with a role in the erotic thriller film "Wild Things" (1998) alongside Kevin Bacon, Matt Dillon and Neve Campbell. "Variety" praised Richards' transition from good-girl-type roles to manipulative villainess and the review continued to include her as part of "an ensemble that appears to be enjoying the challenge of offbeat roles and unusual material. There's not a wrong note struck by the game group of players." In 2016, "Glamour" praised the film's female characters by describing Richards and Neve Campbell as "two of the most well-rounded, fascinating, and exciting characters to ever grace the screen."  Richards was cast as the nuclear physicist Christmas Jones in the James Bond film "The World Is Not Enough" (1999). Though she considered her role "brainy", "athletic", and having depth of character, she was criticized as not credible in the role. Her outfit, which often comprised a low-cut tank top and tight shorts, elicited unfavorable comments. Richards stated that a lot of viewers "made fun of" the character's attire but that "These Bond girls are so outrageous and if I did really look like a scientist, the Bond fans would have been disappointed." Richards was nominated for the Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favourite Actress – Action, for the film. Later that year, Richards starred alongside Kirsten Dunst in the beauty pageant satire, "Drop Dead Gorgeous". The film has gained new fans with time and is regarded as a cult film. Richards, playing a spoiled princess, was praised for her performance by "Los Angeles Times" for being "as rightly nasty as she is pretty".  In 2001, she guest-starred in "Friends" as Ross and Monica Geller's cousin, Cassie Geller in the episode "The One with Ross and Monica's Cousin". Later that year she appeared in four episodes of "Spin City" as Jennifer Duncan, a love interest of Charlie Sheen's character. She starred as Sheen's character's ex-girlfriend two years later in two episodes of "Two and a Half Men". Richards appeared in numerous films such as "Valentine" (2001), "Good Advice" (2001), "Undercover Brother" (2002), "The Third Wheel" (2002) and "You Stupid Man" (2002). She played Annie Logan in the horror comedy film "Scary Movie 3" (2003), which was a commercial success and grossed $220 million worldwide. The film's plot significantly parodies the films "The Ring", "Signs", "The Matrix Reloaded" and "8 Mile." Richards made a brief appearance in the British romantic comedy "Love Actually" (2003)"." In 2004, she appeared in two films, "Whore" and "Elvis Has Left the Building".  In 2005, Richards had a lead role as publicist Jolene in the short-lived UPN soap opera "Sex, Love & Secrets". The series focused on rich young adults living in Silver Lake, Los Angeles and their secrets involving sex and love. The series was developed as a vehicle and television debut for Richards. She starred in the ensemble drama film "Edmond" (2005) alongside William H. Macy and Mena Suvari. In 2008, she reunited with her "Wild Things" on-screen mother Theresa Russell in the drama film "Jolene" (2008)"." Her reality show "" debuted on E! on May 26, 2008. The series followed the daily lives of Richards, her daughters Sam and Lola, and her married younger sister Michelle and father Irv. "Entertainment Weekly" published a review and wrote that ""It’s Complicated" is one of those ”celebs, they’re just like us!” shows in which we’re expected to enjoy watching a famous pampered person doing things we don't want to do either." The series concluded after two seasons on July 26, 2009.

2009–present: Memoir and television roles.

Richards appeared on the 8th season of dance competition television series "Dancing with the Stars", paired with Maksim Chmerkovskiy. She was the second contestant eliminated on March 24, 2009. She landed the role of Autumn Bliss in the romantic comedy film "Deep in the Valley" (2009) alongside Kim Kardashian and Chris Pratt. In 2010, she joined Paramount Network's sitcom "Blue Mountain State" as Debra Simon"." The series is about a fictional university, Blue Mountain State, and its football team, the "Mountain Goats". It portrays certain aspects of American university life, including American football, sex, drinking, and partying. In February 2012, it was reported that "Blue Mountain State" would not be renewed for a fourth season. Over the years, due in large part to being streamable on Netflix, the series has developed a cult following. In July 2011, Richards published a memoir "The Real Girl Next Door", a New York Times Best Seller. Richards decided to write a book because she "wanted to do something inspirational for other people going through challenging times," she told "HuffPost" in 2011. In September 2011, Richards reportedly turned down $100,000 to appear as an ex-girlfriend at Charlie Sheen's funeral in "Two and a Half Men". A month later, she began filming a guest spot for an episode for the sixth season of NBC comedy series "30 Rock". Richards was part of TV Guide Network's show, "Hollywood Moms' Club", which aired in November 2011.  Richards played Kate Needleman in the comedy film "Madea's Witness Protection" (2012), which grossed $67 million at the box office. "Madea's Witness Protection" was filmed in Atlanta in early 2012 and was released through 34th Street Films and Lionsgate. In 2012, Richards joined the cast of ABC Family's mystery-thriller television series "Twisted". In 2015, she appeared in two films, "Operation: Neighborhood Watch!" and "Christmas Trade". In 2016, she made a guest appearance as herself in The CW's "Jane the Virgin", in the episode "Chapter Fifty-One." She portrayed Kat Faust in the musical thriller film "American Satan" (2017), for which Richards was nominated for the Festival Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Feature Film at the Northeast Film Festival. Later that year, Richards portrayed Temple Hampton in an episode of Bravo's comedy-drama series "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce". She starred in the supernatural horror film "The Toybox" (2018) opposite Mischa Barton. The film is about a family who go on a summer road trip in a used RV and get stranded in the desert by a supernatural force that is slowly killing them off. She portrayed Karen in the faith-based film "The Prayer Box" (2018), released on October 20, 2018.  In August 2018, Richards announced that she will be joining the Bravo reality series, "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills", for the show's ninth season, which premiered on February 12, 2019. "Vanity Fair" described her addition to the series by saying: "She might be one of the most famous people to join the "Housewives" franchise, someone who was a legitimate household name before becoming a reality star. Now, that doesn’t always translate to on-screen gold, but it is a nice little coup for Bravo." "The New York Times" wrote that Richards "brought a refreshing and occasionally disarming dose of reality" to the series. On May 31, 2019, "The Daily Beast" wrote that "Richards’ appearance on the show is the best kind of surprise, one that reveals that a celebrity is not who we may have assumed them to be. She’s an extremely warm, loving parent, without a hint of narcissism or vapidity about her." In 2019, she joined the cast of CBS’ soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful" as Shauna Fulton. “Shauna is a fun-loving, hard-working single mother from Las Vegas who aspires to live life to its absolute fullest,” executive producer and headwriter Bradley Bell told "People" magazine. In July 2019, it was announced that Richards had joined the cast of Fox's comedy-drama television series "BH90210" in a guest role, playing a fictionalized version of herself.  She portrayed overly-ambitious mother Candice in Lifetime television film "The Secret Lives of Cheerleaders", released on September 2, 2019. "I think the story’s about this girl that’s trying to fit in and makes some bad choices and then, knowing right from wrong, decided to make a better choice," Richards told "Parade". On November 4, 2019, Richards appeared as a guest model on the game show "The Price Is Right". Richards played Valerie in the Christmas film "My Adventures with Santa" (2019) opposite Patrick Muldoon. The film was released in limited theaters on November 15, 2019. Richards returned for "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills"' tenth season, which premiered on April 15, 2020. "Fox News" called her "an instant fan favorite" when she joined the show in 2019.

Modeling and other ventures.

Richards has graced the covers of numerous magazines, including "Cosmopolitan" (Poland, Greece, US and Germany), "Redbook", "Details", "Esquire", "Self," "Shape", "GQ", "Bella" and "Empire." In December 2004, she posed for a nude pictorial in "Playboy" magazine, five months after giving birth. Richards posed semi-nude for the July 2006 issue of "Jane" magazine to raise money for the Clothes Off Our Back Foundation. She has appeared in television commercials for Pepsi, Head & Shoulders, Secret, J.C. Penney and Librero. Richards walked the runway at the "Max Factor Salutes Hollywood" fashion show on March 14, 2007 in Hollywood. She has previously appeared in Max Factor's Premiere 2K advertising campaign. In 2010, Richards walked the runway for Ali Landry and Annie Kate Pons' fashion line, Belle Parish's fashion show. In September 2019, she walked the runway for Kyle Richards' and Shahida Clayton's new clothing brand at New York Fashion Week.  Richards launched her self-titled fragrance in spring 2012. In 2012, Richards appeared in an infomercial for abdominal muscle toner "The Flex Belt" alongside Adrianne Curry, Lisa Rinna and Janet Evans. In 2013, she became the brand ambassador for Oro Gold Cosmetics. She has appeared in print ads for Bonne Bell cosmetics. In 2017, she appeared in furniture brand Urban Home's commercials and advertising campaigns. She has appeared in rock band Blues Traveler's music video for the song "Canadian Rose" and rapper Snoop Dogg's music video for "Undercova Funk".  In November 2019, Richards announced that she has developed a skincare line with CBme Beauty.

Public image.

Richards' appearance has often been the subject of media attention. In 1999, she was ranked #9 in "Maxim"'s 50 Sexiest Women. In 2001, she was voted #2 in "FHM"'s 100 Sexiest Women, #5 in "FHM"'s 100 Sexiest Women and #19 in AskMen.com's 50 Most Beautiful Women. She was named one of the "100 Hottest Women of All-Time" by "Men's Health". In 2002, Richards was ranked at number 21 in "Stuff" magazine's "102 Sexiest Women in the World." In 2011, "Men's Health" ranked her at number 61 on their list of "100 Hottest Women of All Time." "Shape" magazine ranked her at number 7 on their list of "10 of Our Fave Bond Girls: Then and Now."  Richards is popular on social media and endorses products such as personalized cards, beauty products and wellness and skincare solutions on Instagram. She has entered into partnerships with FabFitFun beauty subscription box, Teami Blends teas and Simply to Impress cards.

Personal life.

Richards became engaged to actor Charlie Sheen on December 26, 2001, and married him on June 15, 2002, at the estate of "Spin City" creator Gary David Goldberg. They have two daughters together. In March 2005, while pregnant with their second daughter, Richards filed for divorce from Sheen. She sought a restraining order against Sheen, alleging death threats against her. On April 19, 2006, Richards filed formal legal papers seeking a divorce from Sheen under the laws of the state of California. The divorce was finalized on November 30, 2006; Sheen was ordered to stay 300 feet away from his ex-wife and their daughters, except during supervised visits. In May 2010, Sheen gave up custody of their daughters to Richards. They previously had joint legal custody of the girls and Richards wanted sole custody, given Sheen's "marital turmoil, sobriety issues, and criminal problems".  By mid-2012, Richards and Sheen were on good terms, often spending time together with their children. In 2012, he made a cameo appearance in her movie "Madea's Witness Protection" and she appeared in Sheen's television series, "Anger Management", on the FX network. In a move supported by Sheen, in May 2013, Richards was awarded temporary custody of the twin sons born in 2009 to Sheen and his wife Brooke Mueller, after the children were removed from Mueller's home by child protective services due to concerns over drug use.  In June 2011, Richards adopted a third daughter, Eloise Joni Richards, as a single parent. Her middle name is that of Richards' mother, who died from cancer in December 2007. Richards adopted her at birth, following a two-year adoption process.  In December 2017, Richards began dating Aaron Phypers. On September 8, 2018, Richards and Phypers got married in Malibu, California. In May 2019, Richards announced that Phypers is adopting her youngest daughter, Eloise.

Philanthropy.

Outside of work, Richards dedicates much of her time to philanthropy. She has supported numerous charities, including Dave Thomas Foundation for Adoption, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Feeding America, Much Love Animal Rescue, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, Best Friends Animal Society and Children's Hospital Los Angeles. Richards has also appeared in the NOH8 Campaign and has spoken in support of gay marriage.  Richards has worked with Best Friends Animal Society on several projects, including its Pup My Ride program, which transports small dogs from high-kill animal shelters to other parts of the US where there is a greater demand for small dogs. She promoted Best Friends Animal Society's Save Them All campaign in 2014. "I’ve been involved with Best Friends Animal Society since 2009 and I’ve seen firsthand the differences they’ve made and the countless lives they’ve saved," Richards said. She has regularly appeared on "Access Hollywood"'s monthly pet segment showcasing shelter dogs rescued by Best Friends and available for adoption. While assisting with relief efforts in New York following Hurricane Sandy, she worked together with North Shore Animal League, and adopted a puppy from a Long Island shelter.  She has walked the runway for charity fashion shows, such as Susan G. Komen's 8th Annual Fashion For The Cure, Clothes Off Your Back Benefit and The Heart Truth's Red Dress Fall 2011 Collections. In January 2012, she launched her first collaboration with fashion subscription service ShoeDazzle to design the "Eloise" heel and raised over $15,000 for the Kidney Cancer Association. In December 2012, she designed two shoes for ShoeDazzle as part of their Celebrity Shoe Design Program for Charity. Profits from the shoe sales went to the Kidney Cancer Association. After Richards lost her mother to kidney cancer, she dedicated her time to raising awareness and helping the Kidney Cancer Association. In November 2015, Richards and her daughters spent Thanksgiving volunteering and serving food for homeless families.  In June 2018, she joined The Will Rogers Motion Picture Pioneers Foundation's summer theatrical PSA campaign to benefit Brave Beginnings, which funds vital neonatal equipment to U.S. hospitals. Richards filmed a public service announcement that was played at movie theaters nationwide.

Denise Lee Richards (born February 17, 1971) is an American actress, former fashion model, and television personality. Her most recognized roles are Carmen Ibanez in "Starship Troopers" (1997), Kelly Van Ryan in "Wild Things" (1998) and Bond girl Christmas Jones in "The World Is Not Enough" (1999). She has also appeared in films "Drop Dead Gorgeous" (1999), "Valentine" (2001), "Undercover Brother" (2002), "Scary Movie 3" (2003) and "Madea's Witness Protection" (2012). Her television roles include Paramount Network's sitcom "Blue Mountain State" (2010–11), ABC Family's mystery-thriller series "Twisted" (2013–14) and CBS' soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful" (2019–present). Richards starred on the E! reality show "" (2008–09). She currently stars on the Bravo reality television series "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills" (2019–present). In 2011, Richards published a memoir "The Real Girl Next Door", which became a New York Times Best Seller.

Denise Lee Richardsová (* 17. února 1971, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA) je americká herečka a bývalá modelka. Známou se stala na přelomu milénia díky sérii filmů jako jsou "Hvězdná pěchota, Nebezpečné hry" a bondovka "Jeden svět nestačí", které upozornily na její sex appeal. Moderuje také svou vlastní reality show "Denise Richards: It's Complicated" "(Denise Richardsová: Je to složitý)" na kabelové televizi E!.


Notes.

While in rehearsal for "Blackmail The Universe Tour" in October 2004, six days before the first show, Shawn replaced newly returned drummer Nick Menza in thrash metal band Megadeth, who was unable to prepare for the physical demands of a full US tour.  Shawn also has been playing guitar since 1980, which he learned from watching his brother, Glen Drover play. Shawn wrote most of the music for all 6 Eidolon records as well as all of the lyrics for all Eidolon records except "The Parallel Otherworld". He was playing guitar during Megadeth's "Blackmail The Universe Tour" in Kawasaki, Japan (April 3, 2005). Shawn and his brother Glen Drover switched instruments playing "Paranoid" and the second half of "Peace Sells". Glen sat at the drums, and Shawn played the guitar, during Gigantour show in Toronto on September 3, 2005. Shawn co-wrote the Grammy Nominated song "Head Crusher" from 2009's "Endgame", as well as "Built for War" from 2013's "Super Collider".  While on the Gigantour in 2005, Shawn became the third Megadeth guitarist on stage during "Peace Sells" while Mike Portnoy previously of Dream Theater played the drums. Shawn also did one solo of the song. The night after the statements were released that Shawn's brother Glen had quit Megadeth, Shawn and Glen recommended Chris Broderick as a possible replacement. Shawn then proceeded to show Dave a video of Chris playing both classical and electric guitar. Dave was immediately won over and soon managed to get in contact with Chris. Two weeks later, Broderick was officially declared the new guitarist for Megadeth.  As opposed to many drummers, who cross over their sticks to play the hi-hat with their right hand and snare with their left hand, Shawn instead keeps time with his left hand, keeps a ride cymbal on the left side of his set, and relegates his right hand for snare drum hits (similar to Gene Hoglan and Simon Phillips). Although the role of each hand is reversed. This is known as "Open handed drumming". Shawn Drover is himself left-handed.  As of 2015, Shawn Drover was Megadeth's longest-serving drummer, having been a member of the band for just over 10 years, and had the third-longest tenure in the band after only bass guitarist David Ellefson and guitarist and frontman Dave Mustaine. On November 25, 2014 Drover announced his departure from Megadeth, wanting to pursue his own musical interests. Following his departure from Megadeth, Drover teamed up with Chris Broderick, who left Megadeth the same day as him, to form Act of Defiance with vocalist Henry Derek and bassist Matt Bachand.

Personal life.

He currently resides near {Atlanta, Georgia}, has a wife, a daughter, a son, and grandson. On May 5, the same date as his birthday, 2010, his first grandson was born. Shawn is a huge fan of the NFL,and College Football. His favorite team is the Pittsburgh Steelers. He is also a huge NHL fan citing favorite teams such as the Montreal Canadiens, Toronto Maple Leafs, Tampa Bay Lightning, Pittsburg Penguins, and the Calgary Flames. Shawn is an avid golfer as well, and participates in several charitable golf events each year.

Gear.

Shawn Drover endorses Yamaha Drums, Sabian, Evans Drumheads, Toca percussion, Extreme Isolation headphones and Pro-Mark Drumsticks. The "MegaKit" used on tours from 2004 through 2010 was manufactured by Ferguson Fabrication out of Tempe, Arizona. The structure was revised and redesigned making the cage lighter and easier to assemble. Shawn formerly from October 2006 to February 2014 endorsed the DDRUM maple kit and electronic DDRUM triggers with Sabian cymbals.

Shawn Drover (born May 5, 1966) is a Canadian musician, best known for his work with the American heavy metal band Megadeth.

Shawn Drover (* 5. května 1966 Montreal) je kanadský bubeník, který hrál v metalových skupinách Megadeth a Eidolon. Narodil se v roce 1966 v Montrealu a má dva bratry a jednu sestru; jeden z jeho bratrů – Glen Drover v Megadeth působil jako kytarista. Je ženatý a má dceru a syna. V roce 1993 začal bubnovat v powermetalové skupině Eidolon a od roku 2004 byl i členem skupiny Megadeth.


Function.

The "ELN" gene encodes a protein that is one of the two components of elastic fibers. The encoded protein is rich in hydrophobic amino acids such as glycine and proline, which form mobile hydrophobic regions bounded by crosslinks between lysine residues. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Elastin's soluble precursor is tropoelastin. The characterization of disorder is consistent with an entropy-driven mechanism of elastic recoil. It is concluded that conformational disorder is a constitutive feature of elastin structure and function.

Clinical significance.

Deletions and mutations in this gene are associated with supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) and the autosomal dominant cutis laxa. Other associated defects in elastin include Marfan syndrome, emphysema caused by α-antitrypsin deficiency, atherosclerosis, Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome, Menkes syndrome, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, and Williams syndrome.

Elastosis.

"Elastosis" is the buildup of elastin in tissues, and is a form of degenerative disease. There are a multitude of causes, but the most commons cause is actinic elastosis of the skin, also known as "solar elastosis", which is caused by prolonged and excessive sun exposure, a process known as photoaging. Uncommon causes of skin elastosis include elastosis perforans serpiginosa, perforating calcific elastosis and linear focal elastosis.

Composition.

In the body, elastin is usually associated with other proteins in connective tissues. Elastic fiber in the body is a mixture of amorphous elastin and fibrous fibrillin. Both components are primarily made of smaller amino acids such as glycine, valine, alanine, and proline. The total elastin ranges from 58 to 75% of the weight of the dry defatted artery in normal canine arteries. Comparison between fresh and digested tissues shows that, at 35% strain, a minimum of 48% of the arterial load is carried by elastin, and a minimum of 43% of the change in stiffness of arterial tissue is due to the change in elastin stiffness.

Tissue distribution.

Elastin serves an important function in arteries as a medium for pressure wave propagation to help blood flow and is particularly abundant in large elastic blood vessels such as the aorta. Elastin is also very important in the lungs, elastic ligaments, elastic cartilage, the skin, and the bladder. It is present in all vertebrates above the jawless fish.

Characteristics.

Elastin is a very long-lived protein, with a half-life of over 78 years in humans.

Biosynthesis.

Tropoelastin precursors.

Elastin is made by linking together many small soluble precursor tropoelastin protein molecules (50-70 kDa), to make the final massive insoluble, durable complex. The unlinked tropoelastin molecules are not normally available in the cell, since they become crosslinked into elastin fibres immediately after their synthesis by the cell and during their export into the extracellular matrix.  Each tropoelastin consists of a string of 36 small domains, each weighing about 2 kDa in a random coil conformation. The protein consists of alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains, which are encoded by separate exons, so that the domain structure of tropoelastin reflects the exon organization of the gene. The hydrophilic domains contain Lys-Ala (KA) and Lys-Pro (KP) motifs that are involved in crosslinking during the formation of mature elastin. In the KA domains, lysine residues occur as pairs or triplets separated by two or three alanine residues (e.g. AAAKAAKAA) whereas in KP domains the lysine residues are separated mainly by proline residues (e.g. KPLKP).

Aggregation.

Tropoelastin aggregates at physiological temperature due to interactions between hydrophobic domains in a process called coacervation. This process is reversible and thermodynamically controlled and does not require protein cleavage. The coacervate is made insoluble by irreversible crosslinking.

Crosslinking.

To make mature elastin fibres, the tropoelastin molecules are cross-linked via their lysine residues with desmosine and isodesmosine cross-linking molecules. The enzyme that performs the crosslinking is lysyl oxidase, using an "in vivo" Chichibabin pyridine synthesis reaction.

Molecular biology.

In mammals, the genome only contains one gene for tropoelastin, called "ELN". The human "ELN" gene is a 45 kb segment on chromosome 7, and has 34 exons interrupted by almost 700 introns, with the first exon being a signal peptide assigning its extracellular localization. The large number of introns suggests that genetic recombination may contribute to the instability of the gene, leading to diseases such as SVAS. The expression of tropoelastin mRNA is highly regulated under at least eight different transcription start sites.  Tissue specific variants of elastin are produced by alternative splicing of the tropoelastin gene. There are at least 11 known human tropoelastin isoforms. these isoforms are under developmental regulation, however there are minimal differences among tissues at the same developmental stage.

Elastin is a key protein of the extracellular matrix. It is highly elastic and present in connective tissue allowing many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting. Elastin helps skin to return to its original position when it is poked or pinched. Elastin is also an important load-bearing tissue in the bodies of vertebrates and used in places where mechanical energy is required to be stored. In humans, elastin is encoded by the "ELN" gene.

Elastin je nerozpustný skleroprotein, jehož jméno je odvozeno od jeho elastických vlastností. Je základní složkou některých typů vaziva a je roztroušen v mimobuněčném prostoru různých orgánů obratlovců od kruhoústých nahoru.


Uses.

It is used as a:  Erythrosine is commonly used in sweets such as some candies and popsicles, and even more widely used in cake-decorating gels. It is also used to color pistachio shells. As a food additive, it has the E number E127.

Health effects.

As a result of efforts begun in the 1970s, in 1990 the U.S. FDA had instituted a partial ban on erythrosine, citing research that high doses have been found to cause cancer in rats. A 1990 study concluded that "chronic erythrosine ingestion may promote thyroid tumor formation in rats via chronic stimulation of the thyroid by TSH." with 4% of total daily dietary intake consisting of erythrosine B. A series of toxicology tests combined with a review of other reported studies concluded that erythrosine is non-genotoxic and any increase in tumors is caused by a non-genotoxic mechanism.  In June 2008, the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) petitioned the FDA for a complete ban on erythrosine in the United States, but the FDA has not taken any further action.

Regulation and prevalence.

While erythrosine is commonly used in many countries of the world, it is less commonly used in the United States (the second least used after Fast Green FCF) because Allura Red AC (Red #40) is generally used instead. However, Allura Red AC is banned in many European countries because it is an azo dye. Erythrosine can be used in colored food and ingested drugs in the USA without any restriction, however, its use is banned in cosmetics and external drugs. The lake variant is also banned from use in the United States.

Synonyms.

Erythrosine B; Erythrosin B; Acid Red 51; C.I. 45430; FD & C Red No.3; E127; 2',4',5',7'-Tetraiodo-3',6'-dihydroxy-spiro[3H-isobenzofuran-1,9'-xanthen]-3-one disodium salt; Tetraiodofluorescein Sodium Salt; Calcoid Erythrosine N; 2,4,5,7-Tetraiodo-3,6-dihydroxyxanthene-9-spiro-1'-3H-isobenzofuran-3'-one disodium salt; 2',4',5',7'-Tetraiodofluorescein, disodium salt; C.I.Food Red 14; Aizen Erythrosine; Tetraiodifluorescein, disodium salt; Spiro[isobenzofuran- 1(3H),9'-[9H]xanthen]-3-one, 3',6'-dihydroxy-2',4',5',7'-tetraiodo-, disodium salt.

Classification.

It is listed under the following number systems:

Erythrosine, also known as Red No. 3, is an organoiodine compound, specifically a derivative of fluorone. It is a pink dye which is primarily used for food coloring. It is the disodium salt of 2,4,5,7-tetraiodofluorescein. Its maximum absorbance is at 530 nm in an aqueous solution, and it is subject to photodegradation.

Erythrosin je třešňově červené syntetické fluoronové potravinářské barvivo. Jedná se o disodnou sůl 2,4,5,7-tetrajodofluoresceinu. Maximální absorbance ve vodném roztoku je při vlnové délce 530 nm.


Origin.

Under the Interim Constitution adopted in January 2007, all powers of governance were removed from the King of Nepal, and the Nepalese Constituent Assembly elected in the 2008 Constituent Assembly election was to decide in its first meeting whether to continue the monarchy or to declare a republic. During the suspension of the monarchy, Girija Prasad Koirala, then Prime Minister of Nepal, acted as Head of State. On 28 May 2008, the Assembly voted to abolish the monarchy. Ram Baran Yadav won the historic election from the Constituent Assembly, and was sworn in as the nation's first president ending a 247 year old monarchy.

Election and powers.

The president is elected by an electoral college comprising the Parliament of Nepal and the members of the provincial legislatures. A law shall determine the weight of each of their votes.  Whoever receives a majority of the delegates' votes is elected. If no one receives a majority in the first round, runoffs are held between the top two candidates until one receives a majority.

Tenure.

The presidential term is five years. A president may be elected any number of times, but not more than twice in succession.

Powers.

The president's powers are almost entirely ceremonial. In some parliamentary republics, the president is vested with executive powers on paper, but is bound by convention to act on the advice of the prime minister and the government. In Nepal, however, the president is not even the "nominal" chief executive, as the Constitution explicitly vests executive power in the Council of Ministers and the prime minister.

The President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (, "Nēpālakō rāṣṭrapati") is the head of state of Nepal and commander-in-chief of the Nepalese Armed Forces and the supreme leader of the country. The office was created in May 2008 after the country was declared as a republic. The first president of Nepal was Ram Baran Yadav. The current president is Bidhya Devi Bhandari, elected in October 2015. She is the first female Nepali head of state. The president is formally addressed as "The Right Honourable" (, Sam'mānanīya).

Prezident Nepálu (nepálsky ) je hlava Federativní demokratické republiky Nepál. Tato funkce byla vytvořena v květnu 2008, kdy byla v Nepálu svržena monarchie a vyhlášena republika. Do postu prvního prezidenta byl ve volbách v červenci 2008 zvolen Rám Baran Jádav. Prezident by měl být formálně oslovován „jeho excelence“.


Life.

Simplicius was a disciple of Ammonius Hermiae, and Damascius, and was consequently one of the last members of the Neoplatonist school. The school had its headquarters in Athens. It became the centre of the last efforts to maintain Hellenistic religion against the encroachments of Christianity. Imperial edicts enacted in the 5th century against paganism gave legal protection to pagans against personal maltreatment. In the year 528 the emperor Justinian ordered that pagans should be removed from government posts. Some were robbed of their property, some put to death. The order specified that if they did not within three months convert to Christianity, they were to be banished from the Empire. In addition, it was forbidden any longer to teach philosophy and jurisprudence in Athens. Probably also the property of the Platonist school, which in the time of Proclus was valued at more than 1000 gold pieces, was confiscated; at least, Justinian deprived the physicians and teachers of the liberal arts of the provision-money which had been assigned to them by previous emperors, and confiscated funds which the citizens had provided for spectacles and other civic purposes.  Seven philosophers, among whom were Simplicius, Eulamius, Priscian, and others, with Damascius, the last president of the Platonist school in Athens at their head, resolved to seek protection at the court of the famous Persian king Chosroes, who had succeeded to the throne in 531. But they were disappointed in their hopes. Chosroes, in a peace treaty concluded with Justinian c. 533 stipulated that the philosophers should be allowed to return without risk and to practise their rites, after which they returned. Of the subsequent fortunes of the seven philosophers we learn nothing.  We know little about where Simplicius lived and taught. That he not only wrote, but taught, is proved by the address to his hearers in the commentary on the "Physica Auscultatio" of Aristotle, as well as by the title of his commentary on the "Categories". He had received his training partly in Alexandria, under Ammonius, partly in Athens, as a disciple of Damascius; and it was probably in one of these two cities that he subsequently took up his abode; for, with the exception of these cities and Constantinople, it would have been difficult to find a town which possessed the collections of books he needed, and he is unlikely to have gone to Constantinople. As to his personal history, especially his migration to Persia, no definite allusions are to be found in the writings of Simplicius. Only at the end of his explanation of the treatise of Epictetus, Simplicius mentions, with gratitude, the consolation which he had found under tyrannical oppression in such ethical contemplations; which might suggest that it was composed during, or immediately after, the above-mentioned persecutions.

Writings.

The works which have survived are his commentaries upon Aristotle's "de Caelo", "Physica Auscultatio", and "Categories", as well as a commentary upon the "Enchiridion of Epictetus". There is also a commentary on Aristotle's "de Anima" under his name, but it is stylistically inferior and lacks the breadth of historical information usually used by Simplicius. It has been suggested that it was written by Priscian of Lydia, but other scholars see it as authentic.  The commentary on "de Caelo" was written before that on the "Physica Auscultatio", and probably not in Alexandria, since he mentions in it an astronomical observation made during his stay in that city by Ammonius. Simplicius wrote his commentary on the "Physica Auscultatio" after the death of Damascius, and therefore after his return from Persia. When it was that he wrote his explanations of the "Categories", whether before or after those on the above-mentioned Aristotelian treatises, it is impossible to ascertain. Besides these commentaries of Simplicius which have been preserved, the "de Anima" commentary mentions explanations on the metaphysical books, and an epitome of the "Physica" of Theophrastus.  Simplicius, as a Neoplatonist, endeavoured to show that Aristotle agrees with Plato even on those points which he controverts, so that he may lead the way to their deeper, hidden meaning. In his view not only Plotinus, but also Syrianus, Proclus, and Ammonius, are great philosophers, who have penetrated into the depths of the wisdom of Plato. Many of the more ancient Greek philosophers he also brings into a connection with Platonism. He is, however, distinguished from his predecessors, whom he so admires, in making less frequent application of Orphic, Hermetic, Chaldean, and other "Theologumena" of the East; partly in proceeding carefully and modestly in the explanation and criticism of particular points, and in striving with diligence to draw from the original sources a thorough knowledge of the older Greek philosophy. His commentaries can, therefore, be regarded as the richest in their contents of any that have come down to us concerning Aristotle. But for them, we should be without the most important fragments of the writings of the Eleatics, of Empedocles, Anaxagoras, Diogenes of Apollonia, and others, which were at that time already very scarce, as well as without many extracts from the lost books of Aristotle, Theophrastus and Eudemus: but for them we should hardly be able to unriddle the doctrine of the Categories, so important for the system of the Stoics. It is true he himself complains that in his time both the school and the writings of the followers of Zeno had perished. But where he cannot draw immediately from the original sources, he looks round for guides whom he can depend upon, who had made use of those sources. In addition, we have to thank him for such copious quotations from the Greek commentaries from the time of Andronicus of Rhodes down to Ammonius and Damascius, that, for the Categories and the Physics, the outlines of a history of the interpretation and criticism of those books may be composed. With a correct idea of their importance, Simplicius made the most diligent use of the commentaries of Alexander of Aphrodisias and Porphyry; and although he often enough combats the views of the former, he knew how to value, as it deserved, his (in the main) sound critical sense. He has also preserved for us intelligence of several more ancient readings, which now, in part, have vanished from the manuscripts without leaving any trace, and in the paraphrastic sections of his interpretations furnishes us with valuable contributions for correcting or settling the text of Aristotle. Not less valuable are the contributions towards a knowledge of the ancient astronomical systems for which we have to thank him in his commentary on the books "de Caelo". We even find in his writings some traces of a disposition for the observation of nature.  Although averse to Christianity he abstains from assailing Christian doctrines, even when he combats expressly the work of his contemporary, John Philoponus, directed against the Aristotelian doctrine of the eternity of the universe. In Ethics he seems to have abandoned the mystical pantheistic purification-theory of the Neoplatonists, and to have found full satisfaction in the ethical system of the later Stoics, however little he was disposed towards their logical and physical doctrines.  While some sources attribute to Simplicius the coining of the phrase πάντα ῥεῖ ("panta rhei"), meaning "everything flows/is in a state of flux", to characterize the concept in the philosophy of Heraclitus, the essential phrasing "everything changes" and variations on it, in contexts where Heraclitus's thought is being alluded to, was current in both Plato and Aristotle's writings.

Simplicius of Cilicia (; ; c. 490 – c. 560) was a disciple of Ammonius Hermiae and Damascius, and was one of the last of the Neoplatonists. He was among the pagan philosophers persecuted by Justinian in the early 6th century, and was forced for a time to seek refuge in the Persian court, before being allowed back into the empire. He wrote extensively on the works of Aristotle. Although his writings are all commentaries on Aristotle and other authors, rather than original compositions, his intelligent and prodigious learning makes him the last great philosopher of pagan antiquity. His works have preserved much information about earlier philosophers which would have otherwise been lost.

Simplikios nebo v latinské formě Simplicius (asi 490 – asi 560) byl jeden z posledních novoplatónských filosofů. V jeho spisech, zejména komentářích k Aristotelovi, se zachovalo mnoho citátů předsókratovských filosofů.


History and definition of the genre.

The fabliau is defined as a short narrative in (usually octosyllabic) verse, between 300 and 400 lines long, its content often comic or satiric. In France, it flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries; in England, it was popular in the 14th century. Fabliau is often compared to the later short story; Douglas Bush, longtime professor at Harvard University, called it "a short story broader than it is long."  The fabliau is remarkable in that it seems to have no direct literary predecessor in the West, but was brought from the East by returning crusaders in the 12th century. The closest literary genre is the fable as found in Aesop "and its eastern origins or parallels," but it is less moral and less "didactic" than the fable. Indeed, the word is a northern French diminutive from "fable".." In terms of morality it is suggested to be closer to the novel than to the parable: "the story is the first thing, the moral the second, and the latter is never suffered to interfere with the former." Still, according to Robert Lewis, "some two-thirds of the French fabliaux have an explicit moral attached to them."  The earliest known fabliau is the anonymous "Richeut" (c. 1159–1175); one of the earliest known writers of fabliaux is Rutebeuf, "the prototype of the jongleur of medieval literature."  The genre has been quite influential: passages in longer medieval poems such as "Le Roman de Renart" as well as tales found in collections like Giovanni Boccaccio's "Decamerone" and Geoffrey Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" have their origin in one or several fabliaux. Additionally, the medieval church also found use for the fabliau form. Noting its popularity, the church turned to their own form of minstrelsy similar to the fabliau that espoused "worthy thoughts" rather than the "ribaldry" a more typical fabliau would couch its moral in.  When the fabliau gradually disappeared, at the beginning of the 16th century, it was replaced by the prose short story, which was greatly influenced by its predecessor. Famous French writers such as Molière, Jean de La Fontaine, and Voltaire owe much to the tradition of the fabliau.

Characteristics.

Cast of characters, audience.

Typical fabliaux contain a vast array of characters, including cuckolded husbands, rapacious clergy, and foolish peasants, as well as beggars, connivers, thieves, and whores. Two groups are often singled out for criticism: the clergy and women. The status of peasants appears to vary, based on the audience for which the fabliau was being written. Poems that were presumably written for the nobility portray peasants ("vilains" in French) as stupid and vile, whereas those written for the lower classes often tell of peasants getting the better of the clergy.  The audience for fabliaux is estimated differently by different critics. Joseph Bedier suggests a bourgeois audience, which sees itself reflected in the urban settings and lower-class types portrayed in fabliaux. On the other hand, Per Nykrog argues that fabliaux were directed towards a noble audience, and concludes that fabliaux were the impetus for literary refreshment.

Subject matter.

The subject matter is often sexual: fabliaux are concerned with the elements of love left out by poets who wrote in the more elevated genres such as Ovid, who suggests in the "Ars Amatoria" (II.704–5) that the Muse should not enter the room where the lovers are in bed; and Chrétien de Troyes, who maintains silence on the exact nature of the joy discovered by Lancelot and Guinevere in "Le Chevalier de la Charrette" (4676–4684). "Lais" and fabliaux have much in common; an example of a poem straddling the fence between the two genres is "Lecheor".  Fabliaux derive a lot of their force from puns and other verbal figures; indeed, "fabliaux... are obsessed with wordplay." Especially important are paranomasia and catachresis, tropes which disrupt ordinary signification and displace ordinary meanings—by similarity of sound, for instance, one can have both "con" and "conte" ("cunt" and "tale") in the same word, a common pun in fabliaux.

Form.

The standard form of the fabliau is that of Medieval French literature in general, the octosyllable rhymed couplet, the most common verse form used in verse chronicles, romances (the "romans"), "lais", and "dits". They are generally short, a few hundred lines; Douin de L'Avesne's "Trubert", at 2984 lines, is exceptionally long.

Authors and tales.

Famous writers of fabliau include Jean Bodel, Garin, Gautier le Leu, Rutebeuf, Enguerrant le Clerc d'Oisi and Douin de L'Avesne.  Some representative tales:

Gombert et les deus clers.

A well-known storyline is found in "Gombert et les deus clers" ("Gombert and the two clerks"). Two traveling clerks (students) take up lodging with a "villain", and share the bedroom with Gombert, his beautiful wife, and their two children—one teenage girl, and one baby. One of the clerks climbs into bed with the teenage daughter and, promising her his ring, has his way with her; the other, while Gombert is "ala pissier" ("gone pissing", 85), moves the crib with the baby so that Gombert, on his return, lies down in the bed occupied by the clerks—one of whom is in bed with his daughter, while the other is now having sex with Gombert's wife, who thinks it's Gombert come to pleasure her. When the first clerk returns to his bed where he thinks his friend still is, he tells Gombert all about his adventure: "je vien de fotre / mes que ce fu la fille a l'oste" ("I've just been fucking, and if it wasn't the host's daughter", 152–53). Gombert attacks the first clerk, but ends up being beaten up by both.  The tale is found practically unchanged in Boccaccio's "Decamerone" and in Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Reeve's Tale".

L'enfant de neige.

In "L'enfant de neige" ("The snow baby"), a black comedy, a merchant returns home after an absence of two years to find his wife with a newborn son. She explains one snowy day she swallowed a snowflake while thinking about her husband which caused her to conceive. Pretending to believe the "miracle", they raise the boy until the age of 15 when the merchant takes him on a business trip to Genoa. There, he sells the boy into slavery. On his return, he explains to his wife that the sun burns bright and hot in Italy; since the boy was begotten by a snowflake, he melted in the heat.

Bérangier au lonc cul (Bérangier of the long arse).

De Bérangier au lonc cul is a medieval French fabliau. There are two versions of the fabliau: one by Guerin and one anonymous. In summary, the story begins when a rich earl marries his daughter off to a "young peasant" and deems him a knight. The knight abandons the code of chivalry and lazes around for the first ten years of the marriage. When his wife, tired of his demeaning attitude and lazy nature, speaks of the greatness of the knights in her family, the husband decides to prove himself a worthy knight. He dresses in armor and goes into the forest on horseback. Once in the forest, he hangs his shield on the lowest branch of a tree and beats it until it looks as if it endured a great battle. The knight returns to his wife, shows her his bruised armor, and gloats about his victories. After a few trips into the forest, the wife begins to wonder why the knight himself is unscathed while his armor is in shambles. The next day, she suggests he take servants with him. When he refuses, the lady dresses in a full body suit of armor and follows him into the forest. When she sees him beating his own shield, she steps into sight and threatens to kill him for his dishonor to chivalry. The knight does not recognize his wife's voice. He begs for "pity" and offers to do anything to avoid conflict. His wife, disguised as a mighty knight, gives him the option of jousting her, in which he will surely die, or kissing her arse. Out of cowardice, the knight chooses to kiss her arse. She hops off her horse and pulls down her pants. While the knight should have recognized her female genitalia, he remarks that she has a long arse. Before she leaves, she tells him, "I'm Bérangier of the Long Ass, Who puts shame to the chickenhearted." The wife returns home and sleeps with a valiant knight. When her husband arrives from the forest, he rebukes her. However, that was his last demeaning remark to her. She tells him she met Bérangier and learned of her husband's cowardice. To protect his own name, the knight is forced to succumb to his wife's wishes. Her cleverness leads her to do as she pleased for the rest of her life, and her husband lives in shame.

Other examples.

Other popular fabliaux include:

A fabliau (plural fabliaux) is a comic, often anonymous tale written by jongleurs in northeast France between c. 1150 and 1400. They are generally characterized by sexual and scatological obscenity, and by a set of contrary attitudes—contrary to the church and to the nobility. Several of them were reworked by Giovanni Boccaccio for the "Decameron" and by Geoffrey Chaucer for his "Canterbury Tales". Some 150 French fabliaux are extant, the number depending on how narrowly "fabliau" is defined. According to R. Howard Bloch, fabliaux are the first expression of literary realism in Europe.

Fabliau (z fr. fabliau [čti fablijó] = bajka, mn. č. fabliaux) je literární žánr mimořádně oblíbený ve středověké francouzské literatuře, zejména 12.–14. století. Jde o krátké vtipné veršované povídky (nejčastěji ve sdruženě rýmovaném osmislabičném verši). Fabliaux byly většinou lidového či pololidového původu (někdy jsou známa jména autorů, např. Ruteboueuf, Jean de Boves, Jean de Condé) a byly recitovány na veřejných místech či při soukromých oslavách specializovanými přednašeči, tzv. fableory. Příběhy fabliaux čerpaly z všedního městského života, někdy jsou převzaty ze starší literatury, např. z Gesta Romanorum a středověkých sbírek exempel, často jde o satiry na nemravný život kněžstva. Bývají formálně a stylisticky špatné, podávají erotické příhody s příliš hrubým humorem, patří ale k základním dílům francouzské literatury. Jsou vynikajícím svědectvím o reáliích francouzského středověku. Jejich děj a náměty často využívali pozdější autoři pro svou původní tvorbu, např. Molière či La Fontaine.


Biography.

Arnaldus' place and date of birth are debated: some historians believe he was born in Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone, a village near Montpellier; others are doubtful, because there are also towns of the same name in Aragon, in the Kingdom of Valencia (now in Spain), in Catalonia, in Languedoc, in Provence. Regardless, he is known in Catalonia, Valencia, and Balearic Islands by the name "Arnau de Vilanova," and it is certain that he wrote most of his works in Valencian ("Confessió de Barcelona", "Raonament d'Avinyó"). Whatever the reality, Arnaldus had a great reputation as a doctor, theologian and alchemist.  He studied medicine in Montpellier until 1260. He wandered France, Catalonia, and Italy, as part doctor, part ambassador. He was the personal doctor of the King of Aragon from 1281. At the death of Peter III of Aragon in 1285, he left Barcelona for Montpellier.  Influenced by Joachim of Fiore, he claimed that in 1378 the world would end and the Antichrist would come ("De adventu Antichristi", 1288). He was condemned by the University of Paris in 1299, accused of heresy, and imprisoned for his ideas of church reform. He was saved through the intervention of Boniface VIII, whom Arnaldus had cured of a painful illness. He was once again imprisoned in Paris around 1304, under pope Benedict XI. The Sorbonne ordered his philosophical works to be burned.  He was the master of the school of medicine between 1291 and 1299. His fame as a doctor was immense: among his patients were three popes and three kings. He was the first physician that used alcohol as an antiseptic.  He became ambassador for James II, king of Aragon and Sicily. He sought refuge from the Inquisition at the court of Frederick III in Sicily, and was later called to Avignon as doctor for pope Clement V. He is certainly behind the papal bull of 8 September 1309, which required of medical students knowledge of some fifteen Greco-Arabic treatises, including ones by Galen and Avicenna.  He died in a shipwreck near Genoa in 1311 while on a diplomatic mission. The inquisitor of Tarragona condemned him, and fifteen of his propositions were censured.  A list of writings is given by J. Ferguson in his "Bibliotheca Chemica" (1906). See also U. Chevalier, "Repertoire des sources hist., &c., Bio-bibliographie" (Paris, 1903).

Arnaldus de Villa Nova (also called Arnau de Vilanova in Catalan, his language, Arnaldus Villanovanus, Arnaud de Ville-Neuve or Arnaldo de Villanueva, c. 1240–1311) was a physician and a religious reformer. He was also thought to be an alchemist (his house in Montpellier, France, had a carved door showing a roaring lion and dragon that bit his tail, also known as Ouroboros, both recognized alchemical symbols). The fact that several renown alchemists recognized him as an adept reinforces the thesis that he was an alchemist. He was also, like most wisemen of his time, an astrologer.

Arnold z Villanovy (latinsky Arnoldus de Villa Nova či Villanovanus, katalánsky Arnau de Vilanova, vlastním jménem Arnoldo Bachuone, 1235/1240 — 1311 na moři u Janova) byl lékař, diplomat a podle mnohých autorů také alchymista katalánského původu.


History.

Japan.

Established on May 20, 1998, by Sony, originally premiered in Japan on July 1, the same year, across the SKY PerfecTV! satellite television platform. Headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan, and presided by Masao Takiyama, Animax's shareholders and founders include Sony Pictures Entertainment (Japan), Sunrise, Toei Animation, TMS Entertainment, and NAS. Its founders also include noted anime producer and production designer Yoshirō Kataoka. The network began broadcasting in high definition from October 2009.  Animax also exhibits affiliations with anime pioneer Osamu Tezuka's Tezuka Productions company, Pierrot, Nippon Animation, and numerous others. It has produced and exclusively premiered several anime in Japan, such as "", "Ultra Maniac", "Astro Boy", "", "Aishiteruze Baby", and many others, including Madhouse's anime adaptations of Marvel's "Iron Man," "Wolverine", and "X-Men".  Noted Japanese celebrities and personalities to have appeared on Animax with their own programs, include actress Natsuki Katō, among numerous others. The network's narrators are the voice actors Yukari Tamura and Kōsuke Okano, and from October 2007, Sayuri Yahagi. Animax also hosts and organizes several anime-based competitions across Japan, such as the Animax Taishō scriptwriting competition and Animax Anison Grand Prix anime song music competition, which are judged by a panel of noted anime figures, as well as several events and concerts across Japan, such as the annual, an annual live concert during which renowned Japanese bands, artists and voice actors perform to a live audience, often held at Zepp Tokyo.  Apart from operating its business primarily as a television network, Animax has also begun operating a mobile television service. In February 2007, Animax announced that it would be launching a mobile television service of its network on the mobile phone company MOBAHO! from April 2007, having its programming being viewable by the company's mobile phone subscribers.  Since July 2011 a program called "STUDIO MUSIX" has been transmitted the first Sunday of every month, featuring popular singer May'n as the MC. In each episode there's a segment of May'n and the guests on an interview and also a live stage featuring them.

Asia.

Animax launched separate Asian versions of the channel featuring its anime programming within separate networks and feeds in the respective regions and languages beginning in 2004. The first one was launched in Taiwan and the Philippines on January 1, 2004, and in Hong Kong on January 12, 2004. A week later, Animax launched in Southeast Asia on January 19, 2004, featuring its programming within feeds in English audio, as well as Japanese audio, with English subtitling, and other languages in the region, becoming the company's first English-language network.  On July 5, 2004, Animax started Animax India across India (and neighboring countries) featuring its programming within an English-language feed. Animax ceased its operations in India and was replaced by Sony Yay on April 18, 2017. The channel later moved to its digital platform Sony LIV in HD and Asian feed instead.  On April 29, 2006, Animax started its operations in South Korea, broadcasting separately from Seoul. On 31 August 2006, Animax launched in Malaysia, in the Southeast Asian English language feed and also in Japanese audio feed with subtitles in the local languages. Prior to this, selected Animax shows were shown on astro@15 (formerly channel 15, now channel 715), an interactive channel. On August 31, 2006, a paid satellite network from Malaysia, Astro inserted Animax channel into channel 75, which was subsequently converted to channel 25 and is currently on Astro 715 channel. On 15 December 2004, from 7 a.m. to 11 a.m., later shortened to 2 hours (until 9 a.m.). Animax was launched from Astro on channel 715 in Malaysia and Brunei (Kristal-Astro) on 31 August 2006 in Malaysia and Brunei.  Animax used the latest logo launched on May 3, 2010, until it reverted to their previous logo sometime in 2013.  In January 2020, Sony sold the South Korean and Southeast Asian Animax channels, along with two other Sony-affiliated channels, to former Sony Pictures Television executives Andy Kaplan and George Chien's company KC Global Media. The deal did not include the Japanese or Indian channels.

Latin America.

Animax was launched in Latin America on July 31, 2005, replacing Locomotion after Sony's purchase from Hearst Corporation and Corus Entertainment, in January 2005. The channel's non-anime programming were removed from the lineup, which was later replaced with an all-anime lineup. Animax Latin America began operating across the entire region and broadcasting its anime programming. Unlike Animax's networks in other countries, Animax Latin America was distributed by HBO Latin America Group under license from Sony.  The network's initial programming lineup consisted of shows that originally aired on Locomotion, which were "Saber Marionette J", "Saber Marionette J to X", "Soul Hunter/Senkai-den Hōshin Engi", "Serial Experiments Lain", "The Candidate for Goddess" and "Earth Girl Arjuna", and newer series such as "Di Gi Charat Nyo!", "Fullmetal Alchemist", "GetBackers", ".hack//Sign", "Hellsing", "", "Hunter × Hunter", "Initial D", "Last Exile", "Lunar Legend Tsukihime", "Martian Successor Nadesico", "Pita-Ten", "The Prince of Tennis", "Crayon Shin-chan", "Stratos 4", and "Vandread" (which Locomotion intended to air).  Over the years, Animax has aired various anime series, with the Spanish versions being dubbed in Venezuela by Estudios Lain and after in Mexico, and the Portuguese versions dubbed in Brazil, most of whom have never been shown before locally. Its programs include, "Noir", "Wolf's Rain", "Twin Spica", "Planet Survival", "Excel Saga" (which Locomotion intended to air), "Samurai 7", "Gun Frontier", "Gantz", "Heat Guy J", "Galaxy Angel", "Burst Angel", "Blood+", "Hell Girl", "Mushishi", "Bleach", "Neon Genesis Evangelion" (which previously aired on Locomotion), "Samurai X", "The Mythical Detective Loki Ragnarok", "Death Note", "Fate Stay Night", "Black Cat", "SoltyRei", "R.O.D. The TV", "xxxHolic", "Bokurano", "Humanoid Monster Bem", "Speed Grapher", "Basilisk", "Trinity Blood", "Black Jack", "", "Legend of Blue", "009-1" and "Musumet".  Animax Latin America announced a new rebrand from August 2007, as well as the premiere of a new adult-oriented programming block named "Lollipop". Likewise, on March 18, 2008, it was announced that the mobile service Animax Mobile, available on Japan and Australia, was to be launched as well in Mexico and eventually in other Latin American countries.  By 2010, Animax Latin America would have gradually added live-action programming. The following year, Animax Latin America was rebranded to Sony Spin on May 1, 2011, with anime programming retained until March 2012. Sony Spin would be ultimately discontinued on July 1, 2014 and replaced with a local version of Lifetime.

North America.

Animax has sponsored several anime-based events across North America, including hosting an anime festival, in association with other anime distributive enterprises such as Bandai Entertainment and Viz Media, across Sony's San Francisco-based entertainment shopping complex Metreon in October 2001, during which it aired numerous of its anime titles across the centre, including special "Gundam", "The Making of Metropolis", and "Love Hina" screenings.  The noted international business newspaper "Financial Times", reported, in September 2004, of Sony planning and being "keen" to launch Animax across the United States and North America, after Sony had signed an agreement with the largest cable company in the United States, Comcast, with whom it had co-partnered in a US$4.8 billion acquisition of legendary Hollywood studio MGM, to bring at least three of Sony's television networks across the region.  On June 13, 2007, Sony Pictures Television International officially announced that Animax would be launching its mobile television service, Animax Mobile, in Canada from July 2007, on Bell Digital's mobile phone service. This was Animax Mobile's third major expansion, after initially launching the mobile television service in Japan from April 2007 and Australia from June 12, 2007.  On January 17, 2012, the streaming service Crackle, added Animax to their lineup for the North America region, marking the network's first launch in the United States (although not on television). Its programming has included for the first time several of Animax's English language dubs, including that of shows that had yet been adapted into English and had only aired in Southeast Asia and South Asia prior, such as "Nodame Cantabile", "Yōkai Ningen Bem" and several others. Towards the end of 2013, the Animax branding was dropped, though Crackle continues to stream anime titles.

Europe.

In April 2007, Animax launched across several countries in Europe, including Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, with Sony announcing plans to launch in the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Poland (put on hiatus) and other major countries in the continent, with discussions at an advanced stage. The launch marked Animax's first major expansion into Europe. The network then soon launched in Germany in May 2007, Spain and Portugal in 2008.  The channel was closed on 31 March 2014.

United Kingdom.

In October 2007, further details emerged on Animax's launch details in the United Kingdom, with Sony Pictures Television International senior-vice president of international networks Ross Hair being quoted by Brand Republic's "Media Week" as stating that Sony was preparing to launch Animax in the United Kingdom initially as a video on demand service alongside other Sony television networks, with Sony also looking at launching Animax across the free digital television service Freeview subject to new frequencies and slot being available.  As of April 2011, one of Sony's 3 channels that they were planning to launch in the UK since 2007, Sony Entertainment Television, is now available there on Sky following Sony's acquisition of channel slots 157 and 190, which were previously owned by Film 24 and Open Access 3, respectively, not only making it now possible that Sony can launch Animax in the UK but also marking Sony Pictures Television's entry into both the British and Irish markets. On October 15, 2013, Sony Pictures Television announced it will launch a UK version of Animax as a SVOD service. SPT also announced a multi-year volume deal with Viz Media to secure exclusive content for the service.  The SVOD service launched online on October 24, 2013, with three simulcast series and over twenty archive series including many titles which originally debuted on Kaze's Anime On Demand service. Some content has also appeared on Sony Movie Channel's Late Night Anime block, with the channel's website referencing Animax. Starting from March 2014, the Late Night Anime block has since been rebranded to Animax. An app for PlayStation 4 was released in October 2014.  On March 5, 2015, Scuzz launched "Animax Movie Nights", a weekly block that aired anime movies on Thursday nights for the next month.  On October 15, 2018, the service closed down and subscribers are being directed to Funimation.

Hungary, Romania, Czech Republic and Slovakia.

In September 2006, Sony Pictures Television International bought A+ (Anime+) television chanel and rebranded it as Animax in July 2007. The channel aired from 8 pm to 2 am on same frequency as Minimax and broadcast anime in Japanese with Romanian subtitles in Romania, with Hungarian dubbing in Hungary and with Czech dubbing for the most of them in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Among the most popular series were: "Naruto", "Bleach", "Fullmetal Alchemist", "InuYasha", "Death Note", "D.Gray-man", "Blood+", "Kaleido Star", "Hell Girl", "Kilari", "Dragon Ball GT", "Kirarin Revolution", "Love Com", "Vampire Knight", "MegaMan NT Warrior", "Trigun", "Slayers", "Yu-Gi-Oh!", "Digimon", "", "Nana", "Kiddy Grade".  On June 1, 2009, the channel changed its focus, targeting a more broad young adult audience and adding more American television series. At the same time, it dropped support of its forums on its website and, in September 2013, closed them entirely. On June 9, 2009, RCS & RDS (Digi), the largest Romanian cable operator dropped the channel due to high costs of broadcasting.  On March 31, 2014, the channel was closed down and replaced by C8.  Meanwhile, in Romania, Sony's AXN Spin was launched on 1 March 2013 on Romtelecom's digital lineup, a few months after both Minimax and Animax were dropped from that platform. Until 2015, AXN Spin broadcast "Naruto", "Dragon Ball GT", "Dragon Ball Z Kai", "Kinniku Banzuke", "Kirarin Revolution" and "Hello Kitty".

Spain and Portugal.

Animax began as a programming block in Spain and Portugal in the channel AXN. Shows broadcast on the block include "InuYasha", "Outlaw Star", "Trigun", "Orphen", "Excel Saga" and "Samurai Champloo". Later shows include "Corrector Yui", "The Law of Ueki", "Detective Conan", "Lupin III" and "Kochikame". These shows were shown in Portugal and Spain from October 2007 until September 2008, airing weekends from 13:00 to 16:00.  The full channel was subsequently launched on April 12, 2008, on the Movistar TV and Digital+ platforms in Spain and Meo and Clix in Portugal. Among the series broadcast across Animax's networks in Spain and Portugal were "Nana", "Black Lagoon", "Love Hina", "", "Chobits", "". As of 2011, the Portuguese feed was removed due to low ratings and was replaced by AXN Black, an offshoot of AXN. In 2013, the Spanish feed rebranded and eliminated all of its western programming in favor for anime, although the programming consisted on continuous reruns of four anime, later reduced to two. On December 31, 2013, the Spanish feed was also removed due to its low ratings.

Italy.

Animax in Italy began as a nighttime 1-hour programming block on sister channel AXN Italy on January 12, 2008, indicating that it will eventually launch as a 24/7 channel. The programs that aired on the block were "Planetes", "The Vision of Escaflowne", ".hack//SIGN", and "Noein". The block hasn't aired since 2009, likely to avoid competition with MTV, who also aired anime and was more widely available.

Germany.

On May 14, 2007, Sony announced Animax would be launching in Germany from early June 2007, becoming the country's first ever television network solely dedicated to anime programming. Animax launched in the country from June 5, 2007, on Unity Media's digital subscription television service in the regions of North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse and other regions. Among the first anime series premiering on Animax Germany were ".hack//Sign", "Dragon Ball", "Earth Girl Arjuna", "Eureka Seven", "Gundam SEED", "Oh My Goddess!", "One Piece", "Record of Lodoss War", "School Rumble", "The Candidate for Goddess", "X" and numerous others. The channel later launched into Austria and Switzerland.  The TV channel closed on July 7, 2016, Animax continues as VOD in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

Poland.

Start of network in Poland was in plans, following on other similar expansions around Central Europe. But currently, plans have stopped and there are no longer plans to do due to financial reasons. It was, however, available as a daily block on AXN Spin HD (which is an offshoot of AXN Poland) airing on late mornings, the afternoon, and sometimes late at night. Programs airing on the block included "Dragon Ball GT", "Naruto", "Vampire Knight", "Kilari", "Deltora Quest", "D.gray-man", "", the "Slayers" series, and "Soul Eater".

Australia.

Animax launched as a two-hour programming block on the Sci Fi Channel Australia (which is co-owned by Animax's parent Sony Pictures Entertainment) from November 5, 2008, playing on Wednesday nights and Saturday mornings. It launched with the series "", "Cowboy Bebop", "Black Lagoon" and "Blood+". This is Animax's latest English language network, following their networks in Southeast Asia, South Asia and South Africa. Previously, Animax had also been similarly launched as a three-hour programming block in Spain and Portugal on AXN (also similarly owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment), beginning from 2007 and then subsequently fully launching as a separate 24-hour anime network on April 12, 2008. As of 2016, the block is no longer on air.  Animax programming has also been available since June 12, 2007, through its mobile television service, Animax Mobile, available on 3 mobile's 3G network. Its initial programming on launch consisted of four full-length anime series, "Blood+", "R.O.D the TV", "" and "Last Exile". As of 2016 Animax Mobile doesn't exist anymore in Australia.

Africa.

In August 2007, it was announced that Animax would be launching across several countries in Africa, including South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique and Lesotho, on the DStv satellite service and in Nigeria on HiTV, from March 19, 2009. On 31 October 2010, Animax was removed from DSTV, due to a lack of viewers brought on by channel drift (as reality shows occupied the majority of the schedule, similar to Animax Latin America and Animax Spain), to be replaced with a more general Sony channel in February 2011, as Sony MAX.

South Africa.

The network began broadcasting on DStv on November 3, 2007, until it was terminated on October 31, 2010, and featured English language programming. It had been lauded by publications such as "The Times" for having singularly spread awareness about anime than any other platform, and celebrated its first year of broadcasts in South Africa in November 2008. Sony Pictures Television International manager Philipp Schmidt was quoted by "The Times" as saying that Animax's primary goal was to "establish itself as the destination for anime programming" in South Africa, and also that the feedback that it has received has shown it has been making an impact in the country. Animax South Africa premiered programs such as "Neon Genesis Evangelion", "Tenjo Tenge", "", "Record of Lodoss War", ".hack//SIGN", "Negima! Magister Negi Magi", "Mobile Suit Gundam SEED", "Eureka Seven", "Angelic Layer", "SoltyRei", "Black Cat", "Hinotori", "", "Chrono Crusade", "Last Exile", "Samurai 7", "Burst Angel", "Black Jack", "Black Lagoon", "Hellsing", "Wolf's Rain", "Basilisk", "Gantz", "Paranoia Agent", "Witchblade" and "Elfen Lied".

Other ventures.

Animax Mobile.

Apart from operating its programming as a television network, Animax begun launching its programming across mobile television, first beginning in their original home in Japan and subsequently overseas. In February 2007, Animax announced that it would be launching a mobile television service in Japan on the mobile phone company MOBAHO! from April 2007, having its programming being viewable by the company's mobile phone subscribers. Subsequently, in June 2007, it launched in Australia and Canada, its first English language mobile networks, in Latin America on March 18, 2008, and Southeast Asia on November and December 2008, their third mobile English language network, launching in Malaysia and Singapore through mobile service providers Astro, Maxis and StarHub respectively.  As of 2016 the Animax Mobile service is discontinued worldwide.

Game arenas.

Sony Pictures Television International signed a deal with developer Arkadium on January 7, 2009, to provide game arenas for Sony Pictures Television International websites, including Animax, with more than forty games licensed.

Programming.

Animax's programming is dedicated to anime, and it has been acknowledged as the largest 24-hour anime-only network in the world. In its original network in Japan, it has exclusively premiered several anime, which have aired first on Animax, including "" "" (Paramount Television/20th Television) for Animation on Fox on Animax, "", "Aishiteruze Baby", "Wangan Midnight" and the 2010 anime adaptation of Marvel's "Iron Man" by Madhouse Studios. In addition, its English language network, Animax Asia, aired the first ever anime simulcast with their simulcast of "Tears to Tiara" on the same time as the Japanese premiere and the new "Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood" series, on the same week as the Japanese premiere. Its viewer reach has been quoted as spanning over 89 million homes. across 62 countries and 17 languages.  Other series it has broadcast both in Japan, often being nationwide premieres, as well as its networks worldwide, include "Blood+", "" in Japan for 20th Century Fox Television for Paramount Television, "Cowboy Bebop", "Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion", the entire "Mobile Suit Gundam" series, "Honey and Clover", "InuYasha", "Fullmetal Alchemist", "Eureka Seven", "Urusei Yatsura", "Ranma 1⁄2", "Rurouni Kenshin", the "Dragon Ball" series, "Cardcaptor Sakura", "Tsubasa Chronicle", "Chobits", "The Vision of Escaflowne", "Death Note", "Neon Genesis Evangelion", "Ouran High School Host Club", "Wolf's Rain", "Future Boy Conan," "Haikara-san ga Tōru", "Emma - A Victorian Romance", "Darker than Black", "Wangan Midnight", and "Kyo Kara Maoh!" as well as several OVA series and anime films, such as "Steamboy", "Metropolis", "Memories", "Tokyo Godfathers", "Ghost in the Shell", "", "", "", "Appleseed", "Escaflowne", "Spooky Kitaro, Pumpkin Scissors", and "Fate/Stay Night".

Translation and dubbing teams.

Animax have utilized numerous translation and dubbing studios for the broadcast of numerous of its anime series across its English-language networks in Southeast Asia and South Asia, some of which were not licensed by North American distributors and do not have any English adaptation counterparts, such as "Detective School Q", "Dokkiri Doctor", "Twin Spica", "Absolute Boy", "Emma: A Victorian Romance", "Future Boy Conan", numerous installments of the "World Masterpiece Theater" series, "", and numerous others. Animax have also produced and aired uncensored English versions and dubs of anime series, among the most notable of them being their dub of "Cardcaptor Sakura", which was shown uncensored and retained all of the original names, plot details and dialogue, and numerous others.  For broadcast across its English-language networks, Animax has also broadcast English dubs produced by other enterprises, such as Bandai Visual, Ocean Productions, Animaze, Funimation, Bang Zoom! Entertainment, NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan, A.D. Vision, Viz Media, Paramount Pictures (20th Century Fox Television for Chordant Distribution Group), Central Park Media, Omni Productions, and numerous others, airing their dubs of "Cowboy Bebop", "Witch Hunter Robin", "Mobile Suit Gundam", "Brain Powerd", "Please Teacher!", "Galaxy Angel", "Earth Maiden Arjuna", "", "", "Angel Tales", "Saber Marionette", "Appleseed", "Alien Nine", the "InuYasha" films, "Fullmetal Alchemist", "Yukikaze" and several others with "Infinite Stratos".

, stylized as ANIMAX, is a Japanese anime satellite television network, dedicated to broadcasting anime programming. The channel also dubbed cartoons in Japanese language. A subsidiary of Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan and Mitsui & Co.'s joint venture AK Holdings, it is headquartered in in Minato, Tokyo, Japan, with its co-founders and shareholders including Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan and the noted anime studios Sunrise, Toei Animation, TMS Entertainment and production company NAS.

Animax (アニマックス) je japonská noční anime kabelová a satelitní televizní společnost, která spadá do TV rodiny společnosti "Animax Japan" a jejíž odnož Animax Eastern Europe. (アニマックス東ヨーロッパ) Vysílala v zemích střední Evropy (Rumunsko, Maďarsko, Česko, Slovensko a Polsko). Tato stanice nahradila kanál "A+", čímž se společnost Animax jako první zapsala na evropském trhu. Část názvu společnosti pochází ze slov "anime" (アニメ) a "max" (マックス, makkusu). Animax se zaměřuje na vysílání anime seriálů (př. "Naruto", "Bleach", "Yu Yu Hakusho", "Fullmetal Alchemist" atd.). Dne 31. března 2014 ukončil Animax vysílání v zemích střední Evropy.


Biography.

He lived in Greece for a period of time before he moved and commenced his studies for a long time at Constantinople (between 1270 and 1290). Around 1300 he moved to Paris, where he was promoted to the degrees of doctor in philosophy and medicine, in the practice of which he was very successful, but his fees were remarkably high. In Paris he became known as "the Great Lombard". He settled at Padua, where he gained a reputation as a physician. Also an astrologer, he was charged with practising magic: the specific accusations being that he got back, by the aid of the devil, all the money he paid away, and that he possessed the philosopher's stone.  Gabriel Naude, in his "Antiquitate Scholæ Medicæ Parisiensis", gives the following account of him:  He carried his enquiries so far into the occult sciences of abstruse and hidden nature, that, after having given most ample proofs, by his writings concerning physiognomy, geomancy, and chiromancy, he moved on to the study of philosophy, physics, and astrology; which studies proved so advantageous to him, that, not to speak of the two first, which introduced him to all the popes of his time, and acquired him a reputation among learned men, it is certain that he was a great master in the latter, which appears not only by the astronomical figures he had painted in the great hall of the palace at Padua, and the translations he made of the books of the most learned rabbi Abraham Aben Ezra, added to those he himself composed on critical days, and the improvement of astronomy, but by the testimony of the renowned mathematician Regiomontanus, who made a fine panegyric on him, in quality of an astrologer, in the oration he delivered publicly at Padua when he explained there the book of "Alfraganus".

Writings.

In his writings he expounds and advocates the medical and philosophical systems of Averroes, Avicenna, and other Islamic writers. His best known works are the "Conciliator differentiarum quae inter philosophos et medicos versantur" and "De venenis eorumque remediis", both of which are extant in dozens of manuscripts and various printed editions from the late fifteenth through sixteenth centuries. The former was an attempt to reconcile apparent contradictions between medical theory and Aristotelian natural philosophy, and was considered authoritative as late as the sixteenth century.  It has been alleged that Abano also wrote a grimoire called the "Heptameron", a concise book of ritual magical rites concerned with conjuring specific angels for the seven days of the week (hence the title). It should not be confused with the "Heptaméron" of Marguerite of Navarre. He is also credited with writing "De venenis eorumque remediis", which expounded on Arab theories concerning superstitions, poisons and contagions.

The Inquisition.

He was twice brought to trial by the Inquisition; on the first occasion he was acquitted, and he died before the second trial was completed. He was found guilty, however, and his body was ordered to be exhumed and burned; but a friend had secretly removed it, and the Inquisition had therefore to content itself with the public proclamation of its sentence and the burning of Abano in effigy.  According to Naude:  Barrett (p. 157) refers to the opinion that it was not on the score of magic that the Inquisition sentenced Pietro to death, but because he endeavoured to account for the wonderful effects in nature by the influences of the celestial bodies, not attributing them to angels or demons; so that heresy, rather than magic, in the form of opposition to the doctrine of spiritual beings, seems to have led to his persecution. To quote Barrett:

External links.

Pietro d'Abano, also known as Petrus de Apono, Petrus Aponensis or Peter of Abano (1316), was an Italian philosopher, astrologer, and professor of medicine in Padua. He was born in the Italian town from which he takes his name, now Abano Terme. He gained fame by writing "Conciliator Differentiarum, quæ inter Philosophos et Medicos Versantur". He was eventually accused of heresy and atheism, and came before the Inquisition. He died in prison in 1315 (some sources say 1316) before the end of his trial.

Pietro d'Abano neboli Petr z Abana (1250 Abano – 1316 Řím) byl italský filosof, astrolog a profesor medicíny v Padově. Narodil se v italském městě z něhož získal své jméno Abano, nyní Abano Terme. Proslavil se napsáním "Conciliator differentiarum, quœ inter philosophos et medicos versantur". Byl obviněn z hereze a ateismu, a dostal se před inkvizici. Zemřel ve vězení před skončením procesu.


History.

Jordan was settled in 1896. The founder, Arthur Jordan, had hunted the area a great deal and in 1896 decided to bring his family here to settle along the banks of the Big Dry Creek.  A post office was opened in Jordan on July 11, 1899. Before very long a town began to be built around the post office. There were saloons, rooming houses, livery stables, blacksmiths and stores. In the later part of the 1910s the homestead boom hit Garfield County, which was then actually part of Dawson County to the east. By 1919, it became the consensus of many locals that they needed to form a county of their own and Garfield County was established. After much ado by competing towns in the area, Jordan was finally chosen as the county seat, by popular vote.  Jordan was incorporated as a town in 1951.  On March 25, 1996 an 81-day-long standoff between the antigovernment Montana Freemen and federal officers began near here.

Geography.

Jordan is located at (47.3212, -106.9106).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, all of it land.

Climate.

Jordan experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen "BSk") with long, cold, dry winters and hot, wetter summers. The town is noted for its extreme weather; On December 15, 2009, the low was. Jordan ranks 10th in the U.S. in temperature range, from its lowest at, to its highest at, a range of.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 343 people, 170 households, and 93 families residing in the town. The population density was. There were 206 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the town was 98.8% White, 0.6% Native American, 0.3% from other races, and 0.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.9% of the population.  There were 170 households, of which 18.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.9% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.3% were non-families. 37.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.02 and the average family size was 2.71.  The median age in the town was 48.8 years. 18.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.2% were from 25 to 44; 31% were from 45 to 64; and 25.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 364 people, 169 households, and 98 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,024.9 people per square mile (390.4/km). There were 233 housing units at an average density of 656.0 per square mile (249.9/km). The racial makeup of the town was 98.63% White, 0.27% African American, 0.27% Pacific Islander, and 0.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.37% of the population.  There were 169 households, out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.0% were non-families. 39.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.80.  In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.3% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 26.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $26,250, and the median income for a family was $34,583. Males had a median income of $21,250 versus $11,979 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,426. About 10.4% of families and 19.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.4% of those under age 18 and 13.6% of those age 65 or over.

Jordan is a town in and the county seat of Garfield County, Montana, United States. The population was 343 at the 2010 census. It is Garfield County's only incorporated community.

Město Jordan leží v Garfield County ve východní části Montany v USA. Zároveň je sídlem správních orgánů tohoto řídce osídleného okresu. Jde o poměrně malé město, v roce 2010 mělo jen asi 343 stálých obyvatel a 93 usedlých rodin.


Anatomy.

Overall, the anatomy of the caenagnathids is similar to that of the closely related Oviraptoridae, but there are a number of differences. In particular, caenagnathid jaws exhibited a distinct suite of specializations not seen in other oviraptorosaurs. Compared to the oviraptorids, the jaws tended to be relatively long and shallow, suggesting that the bite was not as powerful. The inside of the lower jaws also bore a complex series of ridges and toothlike processes, as well as a pair of horizontal, shelf-like structures. Furthermore, the jaws were unusual in being hollow and air filled, apparently being connected to the air sac system. Caenagnathids also tended to be more lightly built than the oviraptorids. They had slender arms and long, gracile legs, although they lacked the extreme cursorial specializations seen in avimimids and "Caudipteryx".

Etymology.

The name "Caenagnathus" (and hence Caenagnathidae) means "recent jaws"—when first discovered, it was thought that caenagnathids were close relatives of paleognath birds (such as the ostrich) based on features of the lower jaw. Since it would be unusual to find a recent group of birds in the Cretaceous, the name "recent jaws" was applied. Most paleontologists, however, now think that the birdlike features of the jaw were acquired convergently with modern birds.

Evolution.

The earliest known caenagnathid is "Caenagnathasia martinsoni", from the Turonian Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan. The jaw of "Caenagnathasia" already has the specialized ridges and crushing surfaces seen in later forms. This suggests that caenagnathids originated well before the Turonian, but currently, there are no Early Cretaceous caenagnathid fossils. Caenagnathids later appeared in western North America, during the Campanian, suggesting that they may have originated in Asia, then migrated into western North America. Caenagnathids showed considerable variation in form. The tiny jaws of "Caenagnathasia" suggest a small animal, perhaps the size of a turkey. An unnamed species from the Hell Creek Formation indicates a much larger animal, considerably larger than a human. If "Gigantoraptor erlianensis" is a caenagnathid, then it would represent far and away the largest member of the group, measuring up to 8 meters in length and weighing up to 1.4 tons. Their beaks also show considerable variation; that of "Caenagnathasia" is relatively short and deep, while that of "Caenagnathus" is long and shovel-shaped. This variation in size and beak shape suggests that caenagnathids evolved to exploit a range of ecological niches. Caenagnathids persisted up until the end of the Cretaceous period, as shown by the presence of at least two species in the late Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation, before vanishing at the end of the Cretaceous along with all other non-avian dinosaurs.

Classification.

The family Caenagnathidae, together with its sister group the Oviraptoridae, comprises the superfamily Caenagnathoidea. In phylogenetic taxonomy, the clade Caenagnathidae is defined as the most inclusive group containing "Chirostenotes pergracilis" but not "Oviraptor philoceratops". While before 2010s only about two to six species were commonly recognized as belonging to the Caenagnathidae, currently that number may be much greater, with new discoveries and theories about older species that may inflate this number to up to ten. Much of this historical difference centers on the first caenagnathid to be described, "Chirostenotes pergracilis". Due to the poor preservation of most caenagnathid remains and resulting misidentifications, different bones and different specimens of "Chirostenotes" have historically been assigned to a number of different species. For example, the feet of one species, named "Macrophalangia canadensis", were known from the same region from which "Chirostenotes pergracilis" was recovered, but the discovery of a new specimen with both hands and feet preserved provided the support to combine them, while the later discovery of a partial skull with hands and feet suggested that "Chirostenotes" and "Caenagnathus" were the same animal, and current studies of caenagnathid relationships continue to find them as closely related genera. Longrich and colleagues (2013) defined a subgroup of Caenagnathidae, the Caenagnathinae, as all caenagnathids more closely related to "Caenagnathus collinsi" than to "Caenagnathasia martinsoni" or "Elmisaurus rarus". In 2015, the group Elmisaurinae was defined, including all species more closely related to "Elmisaurus rarus" than to "Caenagnathus collinsi".  The cladogram below follows an analysis by Funston & Currie in 2016.

Species.

Roughly a dozen caenagnathid species have been named, but it remains unclear how many are valid. Many species are known from fragmentary remains, such as jaws, hands, or feet, making comparisons between them difficult. "Caenagnathus sternbergi", for example, was described on the basis of a jaw bone. It has been interpreted as either the jaws of "Chirostenotes pergracilis" (described on the basis of a pair of hands) or "Chirostenotes elegans" (described on the basis of a foot), but because no complete skeleton is known, it is difficult to be certain which animal it belongs to. The relationships of other species remain in doubt. "Gigantoraptor" was originally interpreted as an oviraptorid, but may in fact represent a primitive caenagnathid.  Caenagnathids are only known from the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia. The earliest and most primitive known caenagnathid is "Caenagnathasia martinsoni", from the Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan. The largest is the enormous "Gigantoraptor erlianensis".

Caenagnathidae is a family of bird-like maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia. They are a member of the Oviraptorosauria, and close relatives of the Oviraptoridae. Like other oviraptorosaurs, caenagnathids had specialized beaks, long necks, and short tails, and would have been covered in feathers. The relationships of caenagnathids were long a puzzle. The family was originally named by Raymond Martin Sternberg in 1940 as a family of flightless birds. The discovery of skeletons of the related oviraptorids revealed that they were in fact non-avian theropods, and the discovery of more complete caenagnathid remains revealed that "Chirostenotes pergracilis", originally named on the basis of a pair of hands, and ""Ornithomimus" elegans", named from a foot, were caenagnathids as well.

Caenagnathidi ("cénagnatidi") byli skupinou obvykle menších a zřejmě opeřených teropodních maniraptoranů (dravých dinosaurů), patřících mezi oviraptorosaury. Byli vývojově primitivnější než jejich příbuzní oviraptoridi a původně byli považováni za skupinu pokročilých nelétavých ptáků. Tomu odpovídá také název skupiny (odvozený od rodového jména "Caenagnathus" = "současná čelist"), protože první fosilní čelist byla považována za pozůstatek dávného ptáka. Dnes však považujeme "ptačí" znaky těchto dinosaurů za výsledek konvergentního vývoje.