History.

Native Americans.

Paleo-Indians artifacts indicate these people lived in Dimmit County as far back as 9200 BC. Archaic period (6000 BC to AD 1000) up to the arrival of the Spanish brought increased hunter-gatherers to the area. These Indians subsisted mostly on game, wild fruits, seeds, and roots. They carved tools from wood and stone, wove baskets, and sewed rabbitskin robes, made pottery and hunted with bows and arrows. Their most effective weapon was the atlatl, a throwing stick that greatly increased the deadliness of their spears. Coahuiltecan Indians native to Dimmit County were later squeezed out by Apache and Comanche. Hostile tribes harassed settlers, forcing some to pull up stakes. Texas Rangers and local volunteers, as well as disease, ran the Indians out of the county by 1877.

The Wild Horse Desert.

The area between the Rio Grande and the Nueces River, which included Zavala County, became disputed territory known as the Wild Horse Desert, where neither the Republic of Texas nor the Mexican government had clear control. Ownership was in dispute until the Mexican–American War. The area became filled with lawless characters who deterred settlers in the area. An agreement signed between Mexico and the United States in the 1930s put the liability of payments to the descendants of the original land grants on Mexico.

County established and settlements.

Dimmit County was officially established in 1858 from parts of Bexar, Webb, Maverick, and Uvalde counties. The county was organized in 1880. Carrizo Springs became the county seat.  Early settlers found Dimmit County to be an abundant grassland with mesquite, oak, and ash trees and wildlife that included buffalo, deer, turkeys, wild horses, panthers, and javelinas. Artesian springs, bubbling up from a vast reservoir of underground water, fed into running streams that harbored giant catfish, crawfish, and mussels. Explorers found the area a good place to hunt wild mustangs, and to feed and water cattle.  Pioneering cattleman Levi English settled Carrizo Springs in 1865 with a group of fifteen families from Atascosa County. Within two years, they were joined by a second group of settlers from Goliad County. Early dwellings were crude adobe structures or dugouts. In 1880, Levi English donated land for a county courthouse, schools, and churches in the town.  Lawlessness, banditry, and in particular cattle rustling from both sides of the Mexican border, pervaded until the 1880s. Marshal J. King Fisher, managed to bring about a reduction in the lawlessness. King also staunchly enforced the "dry county" law once the residents voted to outlaw the sale of alcohol.  Dimmit County's first producing oil well was found in 1943. In 1980, Dimmit County farmers earned about $20 million for their crops, while about $60 million in oil and gas was produced.  Formation of the 1914 White Man's Primary Association was designed to exclude Mexican Americans from any meaningful participation in county politics. In the 1944 "Smith v. Allwright" case, the United States Supreme Court found the White Primary to be unconstitutional.

Water.

D.C. Frazier drilled the first artesian well, which spouted forth gallons of water a minute, near Carrizo Springs in 1884. By 1900 about twenty-five artesian wells were flowing in the Carrizo Springs area, but most of the water was wasted, and very little was used for irrigation. Colonel J. S. Taylor introduced large-scale Bermuda onion and strawberry agriculture to the area, and was the first to use irrigation on a large scale in Dimmit County. In 1899, Taylor built a thirty-foot dam across the Nueces River to irrigate of farmland. He also drilled a deep artesian well. By 1910, Taylor's methods were being imitated by a number of other developers and vegetable farmers. Irrigation helped make Dimmit County part of the Texas Winter Garden Region. By the 1920s, however, artesian water began to dry up. The necessity of installing expensive pumps drove many farmers out of business. By 1934, the United States Department of the Interior concluded that the existing water supply would not support substantial additional development. By 1965 only about was being irrigated. Much of the land reverted to rangeland.

Oil.

The Big Wells Oil Field, east of Big Wells was discovered in 1969. The field produces from the Cretaceous San Miguel Formation sandstone underlying the Olmos Formation sandstone. The field extends north into Zavala.  The Eagle Ford oil field was reported to be under development in 2011 with 3,000 wells projected to extract oil by hydraulic fracturing from tight shale formations. The oil play has improved business activity in the county but raised fears regarding the adequacy of water supplies as fracking requires injection of large quantities of water under pressure into wells to break surrounding rock.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.4%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 10,248 people, 3,308 households, and 2,646 families residing in the county. The population density was 8 people per square mile (3/km2). There were 4,112 housing units at an average density of 3 per square mile (1/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 76.95% White, 0.88% Black or African American, 0.70% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 18.23% from other races, and 2.51% from two or more races. 84.97% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 3,308 households out of which 42.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.40% were married couples living together, 17.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.00% were non-families. 18.00% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.06 and the average family size was 3.48.  In the county, the population was spread out with 33.20% under the age of 18, 8.80% from 18 to 24, 24.70% from 25 to 44, 20.70% from 45 to 64, and 12.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 94.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.10 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $21,917, and the median income for a family was $24,579. Males had a median income of $25,000 versus $15,370 for females. The per capita income for the county was $9,765. 33.20% of the population and 29.70% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 40.30% of those under the age of 18 and 31.50% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. The county's per-capita income makes it one of the poorest counties in the United States.

Politics.

While the state of Texas went strongly for Republican George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential election, Dimmit County, a traditional stronghold of the Democratic Party, supported U.S. Senator John F. Kerry of Massachusetts, with 2,365 votes for Kerry to 1,188 for Bush. The last Republican to win a majority in Dimmit County was Richard Nixon in 1972. In 1892, Dimmit County gave all its few votes to Populist James B. Weaver, thus making it his leading county.

Education.

All of Dimmit County is served by the Carrizo Springs Independent School District.

Dimmit County ( ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 9,996. The county seat is Carrizo Springs. The county was founded in 1858 and later organized in 1880. It is named for Philip Dimmitt, a major figure in the Texas Revolution. The spelling of the county name and the spelling of the individual's name differ because of a spelling error in the bill creating the county name.

Dimmit County je okres ve státě Texas v USA. K roku 2010 zde žilo 9 996 obyvatel. Správním městem okresu je Carrizo Springs. Celková rozloha okresu činí 3 455 km2.


Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (25%) is water. In total area, Kenedy is the 13th largest county in Texas. In land area only, it is the 25th-largest county in Texas. It borders the Gulf of Mexico. Baffin Bay makes up much of the border with Kleberg County.

Major highways.

US 77 is the only highway (federal or state) in Kenedy County.

Demographics.

As of the census in 2000, there were 414 people, 138 households, and 110 families residing in the county. The population density was 0.28 people per square mile (0.11/km2). There were 281 housing units at an average density of 0.19 per square mile (0.07/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 64.49% White, 0.72% Black or African American, 0.72% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 31.88% from other races, and 1.69% from two or more races. 78.99% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 138 households, out of which 35.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.70% were married couples living together, 10.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.60% were non-families. 18.80% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.26.  In the county, the population had widespread age groups including 29.20% under the age of 18, 9.70% from 18 to 24, 26.30% from 25 to 44, 24.20% from 45 to 64, and 10.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years old. For every 100 females, there were 110.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.70 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $25,000, and the median income for a family was $26,719. Males had a median income of $18,125 versus $12,188 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,959. 15.30% of the population and 9.90% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 15.60% are under the age of 18 and 18.80% are 65 or older.  Kenedy County, the third least populous county in Texas, had 108 times more cattle than people in 1999.

Education.

Almost all of Kenedy County is served by Sarita Elementary School (PreK-6) of the Kenedy County Wide Common School District. Of the nine Texas counties having only one school apiece, the population of Sarita Elementary School was the smallest.  A small portion of Kenedy County is served by the Riviera Independent School District.

Politics.

Like the rest of South Texas, Kenedy County regularly supports candidates from the Democratic Party. Its county seat, Sarita, is ranked as the most liberal city in Texas. The Republican Party has carried the county only six times since the 1928 presidential election. Despite its Democratic-leaning, the county has become competitive in recent years due to the Hispanic voters becoming more open to voting Republican, and no presidential candidate since Bill Clinton in 1996 has carried the county by more than a 20 vote margin.  In statewide races for governor and the U.S. Senate, the county has slowly trended Republican. The last Democrat to carry the county in a gubernatorial race was Tony Sanchez in 2002, while Rick Noriega in 2008 is the last Democrat to carry it in a senatorial race.

Kenedy County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 416. It is the third-least populous county in Texas and fourth-least populous in the United States. Its county seat is Sarita. The county was created in 1921 from parts of Hidalgo and Willacy counties and is named for Mifflin Kenedy, an early area rancher and steamboat operator.

Kenedy County je okres ve státě Texas v USA. K roku 2010 zde žilo 416 obyvatel. Správním městem okresu je Sarita. Celková rozloha okresu činí 5 040 km2.


History.

PrestaShop started in 2005 as a student project within the EPITECH IT School in Paris, France. Originally named phpOpenStore, the software was first available in two languages: English and French. Three months after its launch the project was translated into thirteen languages.  The company, "PrestaShop SA", was founded in 2007 by Igor Schlumberger and Bruno Lévêque.  Between May 2010 and April 2012, PrestaShop grew from 17 employees to more than a hundred, with the establishment of secondary headquarters in Miami. As of April 2016, PrestaShop has over 120 employees and offices in 6 countries.  In March 2014, PrestaShop SA secured $9.3M in Series B Funding to continue its global expansion efforts.  In January 2015, the company launched PrestaShop Cloud, a free self-hosted version of its software, but at least since 2017 is no longer available.  According to technology tracking website BuiltWith.com, the market share of PrestaShop for open-source e-commerce websites is 9%. According to W3Techs, PrestaShop is used by 0.5% of all websites.  In October 2019, PrestaShop closed the Miami headquarters and ceased its operations in the Americas.  In 2019, PrestaShop received the Acteurs du Libre International Award for its international development strategy.  The current and latest version of Prestashop is 1.7.6.3

Business model.

As an open-source organization, PrestaShop is faced with the challenge of generating revenues. By leveraging the size and international scope of its open-source community, the company established two main sources of revenue:

Features.

PrestaShop has more than three hundred built-in features for managing product listing, payments, shipping, manufacturers and suppliers. PrestaShop uses a web template system that allows users to customize store themes and add new features through add-on modules. The PrestaShop Addons marketplace provides a platform for third-party developers to sell themes and modules to merchants.

Themes.

PrestaShop provides a basic responsive theme by default. Users can install or develop their own themes that change the display of the website without altering its content.

Modules.

Add-on modules extend the software's built-in functionalities. Users may install modules directly within the software administration panel or develop their own.

PrestaShop is a freemium, open source e-commerce solution. The software is published under the Open Software License (OSL). It is written in the PHP programming language with support for the MySQL database management system.

Prestashop je open sourcové řešení pro internetový obchod. Prestashop je zcela zdarma. Podporuje různé možnosti plateb jako Platební karty, šeky, dobírku, PayPal, GoPay, Google Checkout a další, které již můžou být zpoplatněny.


1974 Commonwealth Games.

Walker achieved world prominence in 1974 when he ran second to Filbert Bayi in the 1500 metre run at the Commonwealth Games in Christchurch, New Zealand. In one of the greatest 1500 m races held to that time, Walker and Bayi both broke the existing world record, and others in the race recorded the fourth, fifth, and seventh fastest performances ever. Additionally, Walker won the bronze medal in the 800 metres in 1:44.92, his lifetime best for the distance, and still the second-fastest New Zealander ever, behind Peter Snell.  Throughout his career as a world-class miler Walker was coached by Arch Jelley, a school principal, and a middle distance runner himself, whose work with runners has been typified by meticulous training programmes on a scientific basis and effective communications in person.

World record breaking runs.

Walker broke the World Record in the mile run with a time of 3:49.4 minutes set at Göteborg, Sweden, on 12 August 1975, bettering the previous time of 3:51.0 set earlier that year by Filbert Bayi. It was the first time that the three minutes and 50 seconds time had been broken, and it was a full 10 seconds faster than Roger Bannister's historic sub-Four-Minute Mile of 3:59.4 that was run twenty-one years previously. He was named Athlete of the Year by "Track and Field News" the same year. In the 1976 New Year Honours, Walker was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, for services to athletics, especially as the first person to run the mile in less than 3 minutes 50 seconds.  Walker's new record lasted until 17 July 1979, when it was lowered by the Briton Sebastian Coe.  The following year Walker broke the world record for the 2000 metres, running 4:51.4 in Oslo, Norway, on 30 June 1976. He smashed the existing ten-year-old record held by Michel Jazy by nearly five seconds; Walker regarded this run as the best he ever ran. Steve Cram broke the record on 4 August 1985, running 4:51.39 at Budapest, Hungary. Indoors, Walker broke the 1500 metre world record with a time of 3:37.4 in 1979.

1976 Montreal Olympic Games.

In the 800 metres Walker failed to advance to the semi-finals missing the top two qualifying spots in his heat running a time of 1:47.63.  However Walker was a favourite to win the 1500 metres due to the African boycott of the Games weakening the field. The 1500 metres final started at a slow pace going through 800 metres in 2:03. The race would come down to a fast finish. In a bid to out-sprint runners who were quicker over 800 metres, Walker started his finishing sprint 300 metres from the finish, fading in the last 20 metres but holding out Ivo Van Damme and Paul-Heinz Wellmann to win the gold medal. Although it seemed that the boycott denied Bayi (who was Walker's main rival) the opportunity to challenge for the 1500 metre title, Bayi likely would not have competed because of an attack of malaria. In 1977 Walker saw his position as the world's top miler challenged by Steve Ovett, who beat him in the IAAF World Cup 1500m.

New Zealand records.

During 1981 he set a New Zealand all-comers' mile record of 3:50.6 in Auckland.  In 1982 in Oslo, Norway, Steve Scott (3:47.69), John Walker (3:49.08), and Ray Flynn (3:49.77) took the top three spots in The Dream Mile, establishing American, New Zealand, and Irish national records for the mile in the same race. All three national records stood for 25 years until 21 July 2007, when Alan Webb broke Scott's American record. Walker and Flynn's times remain national records.

Running twilight.

At the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane he won the silver medal in the 1500 metres finishing behind Steve Cram. He moved up to the 5000 metres distance for both the 1984 Olympic Games and the 1986 Commonwealth Games with limited success. He raced at the 1990 Commonwealth Games competing in both the 800 and 1500 metres, where he was tripped early on in the latter.  Walker became the first man in history to run 100 sub-4 minute miles in 1985, achieving that feat just before fellow miler Steve Scott of the United States. There was some controversy around this as Scott claimed there was an agreement that the two would race each other, with the winner being the first to claim 100 sub-4 minute miles. Walker denied such an agreement existed.  As his career wore on, leg injuries and stomach cramps started to affect his training. In the early 1990s he aimed to be the first runner aged over 40 to run a mile under four minutes, but his attempts failed due to a leg injury. At this point his international career had shown unusual longevity – spanning almost two decades. Walker ended his racing career with 135 sub-four-minute miles.  Walker was inducted into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame in 1990, in the 1992 Queen's Birthday Honours he was promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire, and in 1996 the Olympic Committee awarded him with the Olympic Bronze Order.

After running.

In 1996, Walker announced that he was suffering from Parkinson's disease. He now operates an equestrian shop in Newmarket in Auckland with his wife, Helen. He was a Manukau City Councillor, and then a councillor for the merged Auckland Council. In 2016, Walker was reelected in the Manurewa-Papakura ward for a third consecutive term. He retired from public life at the 2019 local government elections.  Walker and his wife have four children.  In the 2009 Queen's Birthday Honours, Walker was appointed Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to sport and the community.

Sir John George Walker, (born 12 January 1952) is a former middle-distance runner from New Zealand who won the 1500 m event at the 1976 Olympics. He was also the first person to run the mile in under 3:50. In more recent years, Walker has been active in local government, as an Auckland Councillor and representing the Manurewa-Papakura ward.

John George Walker (* 12. ledna 1952 Papakura) je bývalý novozélandský atlet, běžec na střední tratě, olympijský vítěz v běhu na 1 500 m na olympiádě v Montrealu v roce 1976.


History.

Early history.

For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

19th century.

In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre.  In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state. In 1873, Cheyenne County was established.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.1%) is water.

Major highways.

Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau

Time Zones.

The county is in the Central Time zone, but is bordered by the Mountain Time Zone in three directions; it is the only county in the United States to have this characteristic. Dundy County, Nebraska to the north, Yuma County, Colorado and Kit Carson County, Colorado to the west, and Sherman County to the south are all located in the Mountain Time Zone. As a result, Rawlins County is Cheyenne County's only neighbor to also practice Central Time.

Demographics.

As of the 2000 census, there were 3,165 people, 1,360 households, and 919 families residing in the county. The population density was 3 people per square mile (1/km2). There were 1,636 housing units at an average density of 2 per square mile (1/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.91% White, 0.13% Black or African American, 0.09% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.98% from other races, and 0.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.59% of the population.  There were 1,360 households out of which 27.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.10% were married couples living together, 5.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.40% were non-families. 30.80% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.85.  In the county, the population was spread out with 23.80% under the age of 18, 5.10% from 18 to 24, 22.70% from 25 to 44, 21.80% from 45 to 64, and 26.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 97.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.40 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $30,599, and the median income for a family was $34,816. Males had a median income of $24,976 versus $19,569 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,862. About 7.40% of families and 9.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.80% of those under age 18 and 6.70% of those age 65 or over.

Government.

Presidential elections.

Cheyenne County is a Republican stronghold. Only four Republican presidential candidates from 1888 to the present day have failed to carry the county, the most recent of which ironically being Kansas Governor Alf Landon in 1936 as he also failed to win the state's electoral votes.

Laws.

Following amendment to the Kansas Constitution in 1986, the county remained a prohibition, or "dry", county until 2000, when voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30% food sales requirement.

Communities.

Townships.

Cheyenne County is divided into seven townships. None of the cities within the county are considered "governmentally independent", and all figures for the township include those of the cities. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

Cheyenne County (county code CN) is a county located in the northwest corner of the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 2,726. Its county seat and most populous city is St. Francis.

Cheyenne County je okres ve státě Kansas v USA. K roku 2010 zde žilo 2 726 obyvatel. Správním městem okresu je St. Francis. Celková rozloha okresu činí 2 644 km2.


History.

Clay Center was first settled in 1862. It was named from its position near the geographical center of Clay County.  The first post office was established in Clay Center on July 3, 1862.  Clay Center was located on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads.

Geography.

Clay Center is located at (39.379920, -97.123168). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land. Clay Center is unique, because it is the geographic midpoint between Los Angeles, California and New York City, the two largest American cities. Both cities are exactly from Clay Center.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Clay Center has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 4,334 people, 1,920 households, and 1,172 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 2,158 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 96.9% White, 0.5% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.  There were 1,920 households of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.0% were non-families. 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 20.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.82.  The median age in the city was 44.5 years. 22.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.4% were from 25 to 44; 25.8% were from 45 to 64; and 23.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.6% male and 51.4% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,564 people, 1,979 households, and 1,258 families living in the city. The population density was 1,762.4 people per square mile (680.4/km2). There were 2,191 housing units at an average density of 846.0 per square mile (326.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.98% White, 0.64% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.07% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.53% of the population.  There were 1,979 households out of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.6% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.83.  In the city, the population was spread out with 23.0% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 22.0% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 25.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.7 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $31,531, and the median income for a family was $45,567. Males had a median income of $29,526 versus $16,149 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,128. About 5.9% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under age 18 and 10.0% of those age 65 or over.

Area events.

Piotique Festival – Held each year on the last Saturday of September, Piotique is a portmanteau of Pioneer and Antique. Each year, hundreds of people come to Clay Center. Participants enjoy food vendors, craft booths, activities, live entertainment, and dancing on the Clay County Courthouse lawn. The festival kicks off downtown at 7:30 AM with the Piotique Road race.

Government.

The Clay Center government consists of a mayor and eight council members, which meets twice a month.

Education.

Clay Center is a part of Clay County USD 379 school district.

Clay Center is a city in and the county seat of Clay County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 4,334.

Clay Center je správní město okresu Clay County v americkém státě Kansas. Podle sčítání obyvatel v roce 2010 zde žilo 4 334 obyvatel. S celkovou rozlohou 7,98 km2 byla hustota zalidnění 543,3 obyv. / km2.


History.

Early history.

For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau. In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles.  In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre. In 1848, after the Mexican–American War, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo with Spain brought into the United States all or part of land for ten future states, including southwest Kansas. In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state.

19th century.

From the 1820s to 1870s, the Santa Fe Trail passed through, what is now McPherson County. The trail entered the county, east of Canton, then south of Galva, then north of Inman, and west towards Lyons. In 1855, Charles O. Fuller established a ranch adjacent to the Running Turkey Creek Crossing about two miles south and one mile east of Galva. Fuller's Ranch provided accommodations for travelers on the Santa Fe Trail and was probably the first white settlement in McPherson County.  Peketon County was established in 1860, by the passage of a bill by S. N. Wood: An act to establish Peketon County. Section 1. - That all that territory west of the sixth principal meridian and south of Township 16, in Kansas Territory, be and the same is hereby erected into a county, to be known by the name of Peketon County. On February 17, 1865, Peketon County was abolished, and McPherson County was made a part of Marion County, which extended from the west line of Chase County to the present western boundary of Kansas.  In 1868, Solomon Stephens and L. N. Holmberg were appointed Justices of the Peace—the first officers in what is now McPherson County. The next year (1869) occurred the first election for the township, now the county of McPherson. McPherson was regularly organized as a county in the spring of 1870, a mass meeting being held at Sweadal. Sweadal, the county seat thus selected, was located about one mile and a half southwest of the present site of Lindsborg. In September, however, the County Commissioners resolved to meet at the latter place, McPherson which had already been located some two years.  In April, 1873, a petition was filed for the county seat re-location. It was signed by 483 voters, and a special election was accordingly ordered for June 10. Upon that day, McPherson received 605 votes, New Gottland 325, King City 3 and Lindsborg 1; McPherson's majority over all, 276. In May the McPherson Town Company had offered, as an inducement for the location of the county seat at this point, the free use of rooms for ten years, and the donation of two squares of land on the town site. The offer was accepted the next month, the County Commissioners selecting blocks 56 and 65. Thus the county seat was established at McPherson and has remained since.  As early as 1875, city leaders of Marion held a meeting to consider a branch railroad from Florence. In 1878, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and parties from Marion County and McPherson County chartered the Marion and McPherson Railway Company. In 1879, a branch line was built from Florence to McPherson, in 1880 it was extended to Lyons, in 1881 it was extended to Ellinwood. The line was leased and operated by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The line from Florence to Marion, was abandoned in 1968. In 1992, the line from Marion to McPherson was sold to Central Kansas Railway. In 1993, after heavy flood damage, the line from Marion to McPherson was abandoned. The original branch line connected Florence, Marion, Canada, Hillsboro, Lehigh, Canton, Galva, McPherson, Conway, Windom, Little River, Mitchell, Lyons, Chase, then connected with the original AT&SF main line at Ellinwood.  In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway extended its main line from Herington to Pratt. This main line connected Herington, Ramona, Tampa, Durham, Waldeck, Canton, Galva, McPherson, Groveland, Inman, Medora, Hutchinson, Whiteside, Partridge, Arlington, Langdon, Turon, Preston, Natrona, Pratt. In 1888, this main line was extended to Liberal. Later, this line was extended to Tucumcari, New Mexico and Santa Rosa, New Mexico, where it made a connection with the Southern Pacific from El Paso, Texas. The Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway was absorbed by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway. This line is also called the "Golden State Route".

20th century.

The National Old Trails Road, also known as the Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, was established in 1912, and was routed through Windom, Conway, McPherson.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.3%) is water.

Demographics.

The McPherson Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of McPherson County.  As of the census of 2000, there were 29,554 people, 11,205 households, and 7,966 families residing in the county. The population density was 33 people per square mile (13/km2). There were 11,830 housing units at an average density of 13 per square mile (5/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 96.53% White, 0.81% Black or African American, 0.34% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.79% from other races, and 1.16% from two or more races. 1.94% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 37.1% were of German, 12.9% Swedish, 12.1% American, 6.7% English and 6.3% Irish ancestry according to Census 2000.  There were 11,205 households out of which 33.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.50% were married couples living together, 6.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.90% were non-families. 25.50% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.99.  In the county, the population was spread out with 25.40% under the age of 18, 10.30% from 18 to 24, 25.20% from 25 to 44, 21.80% from 45 to 64, and 17.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 95.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.90 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $41,138, and the median income for a family was $48,243. Males had a median income of $33,530 versus $21,175 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,921. About 4.20% of families and 6.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.20% of those under age 18 and 8.10% of those age 65 or over.

Government.

Presidential elections.

McPherson county is often carried by Republican candidates. The last time a Democratic candidate has carried this county was in 1964 by Lyndon B. Johnson.

Laws.

Following amendment to the Kansas Constitution in 1986, the county remained a prohibition, or "dry", county until 1996, when voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30 percent food sales requirement.

Communities.

Townships.

McPherson County is divided into twenty-five townships. The cities of Lindsborg and McPherson are considered "governmentally independent" and are excluded from the census figures for the townships. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

McPherson County (standard abbreviation: MP) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 29,180. The largest city and county seat is McPherson. The county is named for Civil War General James B. McPherson.

McPherson County je okres ve státě Kansas v USA. K roku 2010 zde žilo 29 180 obyvatel. Správním městem okresu je McPherson. Celková rozloha okresu činí 2 334 km2.


History.

Early history.

For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

19th century.

In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre.  In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state. In 1859, Osage County was established.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (2.0%) is water.

Demographics.

Osage County is included in the Topeka Metropolitan Statistical Area.  As of the 2000 census, there were 16,712 people, 6,490 households, and 4,737 families residing in the county. The population density was 24 people per square mile (9/km). There were 7,018 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile (4/km). The racial makeup of the county was 97.27% White, 0.22% Black or African American, 0.65% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 0.41% from other races, and 1.18% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.53% of the population.  There were 6,490 households out of which 33.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.00% were married couples living together, 8.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.00% were non-families. 23.50% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.99.  In the county, the population was spread out with 27.00% under the age of 18, 6.40% from 18 to 24, 27.00% from 25 to 44, 23.70% from 45 to 64, and 15.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.30 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $37,928, and the median income for a family was $44,581. Males had a median income of $30,670 versus $22,981 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,691. About 6.40% of families and 8.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.40% of those under age 18 and 10.40% of those age 65 or over.

Government.

Presidential elections.

Osage County is strongly Republican. In only six presidential elections from 1888 to the present day has the county failed to back the Republican Party candidate, most recently in Lyndon B. Johnson's national landslide. of 1964.

Laws.

Osage County was a prohibition, or "dry", county until the Kansas Constitution was amended in 1986 and voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30% food sales requirement.

Media.

Osage County is served by a weekly newspaper, "The Osage County Herald-Chronicle". The newspaper has a circulation of approximately 4,500, making it the 3rd largest paid weekly publication in the state of Kansas.  "The Herald-Chronicle" was created by the merger of "The Osage County Herald" and "The Osage County Chronicle" in February 2007.

Communities.

Townships.

Osage County is divided into sixteen townships. The city of Osage City is considered "governmentally independent" and is excluded from the census figures for the townships. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

Osage County (county code OS) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 16,295. Its county seat is Lyndon, and its most populous city is Osage City. The county was originally organized in 1855 as Weller County, and was renamed in 1859 after the Osage River that runs through it, which is itself named for the Osage Native American Tribe.

Osage County je okres ve státě Kansas v USA. K roku 2010 zde žilo 16 295 obyvatel. Správním městem okresu je Lyndon. Celková rozloha okresu činí 1 863 km2. Pojmenován je podle řeky Osage.


History.

In 2001, Sony Pictures considered selling off its visual effects facility Sony Pictures Imageworks. After failing to find a suitable buyer, having been impressed with the CGI sequences of "Stuart Little 2" and seeing the box office successes of DreamWorks Animation's "Shrek" and Disney/Pixar's "Monsters, Inc.", SPI was reconfigured to become an animation studio. "Astro Boy", which had been in development at Sony since 1997 as a live-action film, was set to be SPI's first all-CGI film, but never made it to fruition. On May 9, 2002, Sony Pictures Animation was established to develop characters, stories and movies with SPI taking over the digital production while maintaining its visual effects production. Meanwhile, SPI produced two short films, the Academy Award-winning "The ChubbChubbs!" and "Early Bloomer", as a result of testing its strengths and weaknesses in producing all-CGI animation.  On its first anniversary on May 9, 2003, Sony Pictures Animation announced a full slate of animated projects in development: "Open Season", an adaptation of a Celtic folk ballad "Tam Lin", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs", "Surf's Up", and a feature-length film version of "The ChubbChubbs!".  Its first feature film was "Open Season", released in September 2006, which became Sony's second-highest-grossing home entertainment film in 2007 and spawned three direct-to-video sequels. Its second feature film, "Surf's Up" was released in June 2007, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, and won two Annie Awards. A motion-captured animated film titled "Neanderthals" and written and produced by Jon Favreau, was cancelled sometime in 2008 after four years in development. SPA's first 3D movie since the IMAX 3D release of "Open Season", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs", was released in September 2009 and was nominated for four Annie Awards, including Best Animated Feature. "The Smurfs" (2011) was the studio's first CGI/live-action hybrid. SPA's parent company Sony Pictures had partnered in 2007 with Aardman Animations to finance, co-produce and distribute feature films. Together, they produced two films: "Arthur Christmas" (2011), and "The Pirates! Band of Misfits" (2012), which was SPA's first stop-motion film. In September 2012, SPA released "Hotel Transylvania", which grossed over $350 million worldwide and launched a successful franchise with two sequels and a. Two sequels are released in 2013: "The Smurfs 2" and "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2". SPA's latest releases are "", an animated superhero film based on the Spider-Man comics and featuring the Miles Morales incarnation of the character, and "The Angry Birds Movie 2", a sequel to the 2016 film "The Angry Birds Movie" produced by Rovio Animation. SPA has since signed Genndy Tartakovsky to a long-term deal with the studio to develop and direct original films.  On November 3, 2014, the studio collaborated with Frederator Studios' Cartoon Hangover on "GO! Cartoons", an incubator series consisting of 12 short films, with at least one short film being developed into a series. The short films were funded by SPA, with the additional goal of attracting new talent for the studio. , the studio is working on "Connected", a robot apocalypse/road trip film written and directed by Michael Rianda and Jeff Rowe while produced by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller (2020), "Vivo", and "Hotel Transylvania 4" (2021), and (2022). It has many other projects in development, including an animated "Ghostbusters" spin-off film, two Genndy Tartakovsky projects: an R-rated comedy titled "Fixed" and "Black Knight". There is also a Point Grey Pictures film titled "Bubble" in development.  In June 2019, Sony Pictures Animation announced that they had launched an "International" division headed by Aron Warner at the 2019 Annecy International Animated Film Festival, with "Wish Dragon" set to be the division's first film. The same day, they also announced an "Alternative" division aimed at producing adult animated content, headed by Katie Baron and Kevin Noel. In addition to Tartakovsky's films "Black Knight" and "Fixed", the division's TV shows are set to include "The Boondocks", a reboot of the original original TV series that originally aired on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block from 2005 to 2014; "Superbago", a co-production with Stoopid Buddy Stoodios that was originally greenlit as a feature film; and "Hungry Ghosts", a series based on the Dark Horse graphic novel by Anthony Bourdain and Joel Rose. They had previously announced their plans to produce adult content at the 2017 Annecy festival.  According to Kristine Belson, president of SPA, the studio produces films on a 1:1 development-to-production ratio, meaning that the studio puts films into development as much as it places films in production, unlike other animation studios.

Process.

In a similar fashion to the Warner Animation Group and Paramount Animation, the studio outsources their films to other animation companies and visual effects studios, with the majority of their films being animated by Sony Pictures Imageworks (its sister company). Some films, such as "Arthur Christmas, The Pirates! Band of Misfits," "The Angry Birds Movie 2" and "Wish Dragon", were acquired by Sony Pictures Animation to be released under their banner while others, such as "Goosebumps" and "Peter Rabbit", were made with no involvement from the studio.

Sony Pictures Animation Inc. is an American animation studio owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment through their Motion Picture Group division and founded on May 9, 2002. The studio's films are distributed worldwide by Sony Pictures Releasing under their Columbia Pictures label, while all direct-to-video releases are released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.

Sony Pictures Animation je americká produkční společnost vlastněná spolčeností Sony Pictures Entertainment. Zabývá se výrobou počítačově animovaných filmů a seriálů. Založena byla 9. května 2002. Filmy jsou celosvětově distribuovány ve spolupráci se Sony Pictures Releasing pod jejich značkou Columbia Pictures. Prvním filmem studia byla Lovecká sezóna (: "Open Season"), která měla premiéru ve Spojených státe amerických dne 29. září 2006.


Description.

Heber City was founded by English immigrants who were members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the late 1850s, and is named after the Mormon apostle Heber C. Kimball. It is the county seat of Wasatch County. The original Heber City town square is located on the west side of Main Street between Center Street and 100 North and currently houses city offices as well as the historic Wasatch Stake Tabernacle and Heber Amusement Hall. The city was largely pastoral, focusing largely on dairy farms and cattle ranching, and has since become a bedroom community for Orem, Provo, Park City and Salt Lake City.  Heber City is currently governed by Mayor Kelleen Potter along with City Council Members.  Within the city limits are Heber Valley, Old Mill, Daniels Canyon and J.R. Smith Elementary Schools, Timpanogos Middle School, Rocky Mountain Middle School, Wasatch High School, and Wasatch Alternative High School. An additional school in the Heber Valley is Midway Elementary School. All of these schools are part of the Wasatch County School District. Utah Valley University maintains a satellite campus just north of Heber City along the US-40 corridor.  Heber City supports five LDS stakes, as well as congregations of Southern Baptists, Catholics as part of the Diocese of Salt Lake City, and Jehovah's Witnesses.

History.

Heber City was first settled in 1859 by Robert Broadhead, James Davis and James Gurr. John W. Witt built the first house in the area. The area was under the direction of Bishop Silas Smith who was in Provo. In 1860 Joseph S. Murdock became the bishop over the Latter-day Saints in Heber City and vicinity.  On May 5, 1899, the Wasatch Wave published this on the 40 year anniversary of Heber, "Forty years ago this week [April 30, 1859], this valley was first settled by a company of enterprising citizens from Provo. This company consisted of John Crook, James Carlile, Jessie Bond, Henry Chatwin, Charles N. Carroll, Thomas Rasband, John Jordan, John Carlile, Wm Giles and Mr. Carpenter, the last five named persons having since died. Forty years ago today, John Crook and Thomas Rasband commenced their first plowing in the beautiful little valley of the Timpanogos. A wonderful change has taken place of the appearance of the valley since that time. Delightful meadows and fields of waving grain have taken the place of sage brush and willows. Beautiful homes have erected where then was heard only the dismal howl of the coyote."

Geography.

Heber City is located at (40.506793, -111.412292), at an elevation of 5595 feet. The region in which Heber City is located is known as the Wasatch Back.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.5 square miles (8.9 km), all of it land.  Heber City is in the neighborhood of three large reservoirs, Jordanelle, Deer Creek, and Strawberry.

Climate.

This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Heber City has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.  The data in the chart below are from the period 1893 - 2013 (Western Regional Climate Center).

Economy.

Heber City has one of the lowest unemployment rates in Utah. Local developers and business leaders cite that there are not enough jobs in the city itself (as 27% of residents commute to Park City or Salt Lake City for work) and wish to improve the city's self-reliance. Average home prices in the valley doubled from 2002–2008 and the population has grown by 25% in that same time period.  Tourism is a year-round industry in the Heber Valley. The winter season features cross-country and downhill skiing, as well as snowboarding and snowmobiling on several trails and the nearby ski resorts of Park City. In the summer and fall, golfing, off roading, hunting, fishing, and other outdoor recreational activities are abundant. Heber is also home to the Heber Valley Historic Railroad (HVRR) which was known as the Heber Creeper before 1989.  Heber City's youth are employed largely in the surrounding golf courses, restaurants, and specialty shops in Heber City and the surrounding area. Local contractors and farmers are also a major source of employment for the youth. The adult population work mostly in Park City, Salt Lake City, Provo and Orem. Skiing and Snowboarding is very popular among Heber City's youth, and many people go to Park City mountain resort, Canyons, or Deer Valley, all of which are in Park City. Farming and ranching is a large force in the economy, but this has diminished slightly. The largest local employer is the Wasatch County School District.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 11,362 people and 3,637 households residing in the city. The population density was 2,113.5 people per square mile (/km). There were 3,637 housing units at an average density of 710.5 per square mile (/km). The racial makeup of the city was 87.7% White, 0.4% African American, 0.8% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18.4% of the population.  There were 3,362 households out of which 50.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% were non-families. Of all households 15.9% were made up of individuals and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.35 and the average family size was 3.78. The median age was 28.5 years.  The median income for a household in the city was $45,394, and the median income for a family was $47,481. Males had a median income of $33,816 versus $21,524 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,358. About 4.8% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 1.9% of those age 65 or older.

Transportation.

U.S. Route 40 and U.S. Route 189 both cross the city. Interstate 80 is located approximately eighteen miles north of the city and can be accessed via Highway 40 while Interstate 15 can be accessed via Highway 189 through Provo Canyon and is approximately twenty-five miles away. A typical drive to downtown Salt Lake City is 45 to 60 minutes.  Heber City was connected to Provo by a railroad line. The line, completed in 1899, was used by Denver & Rio Grande Western until 1967. Today, a portion of the line is used by the famous Heber Valley Railroad, a heritage railroad open to the public.  The Heber City Municipal Airport, or Russ McDonald Field, FAA identifier HCR, is located two miles south of the city, near the junction of U.S. Route 40 and U.S. Route 189, and is capable of handling aircraft up to large corporate jets, including Gulfstreams and Global Express. Approximately 85 aircraft are based at the airport. The airport is served by a GPS instrument approach procedure, allowing aircraft to arrive at the airport in adverse weather. During the winter ski season, and particularly the Sundance Film Festival, the airport is crowded with corporate jets as it is the closest airport to Park City. The airport is also home to the Heber Valley Airshow, held each summer. The nearest airport with commercial airline service is Salt Lake City International Airport.

Heber City is a city in northwestern Wasatch County, Utah, United States. The population was 11,362 at the 2010 census.

Heber City je správní město okresu Wasatch County ve státě Utah. K roku 2010 zde žilo 11 362 obyvatel. S celkovou rozlohou 9 km2 byla hustota zalidnění 816 obyvatel na km2. Bylo pojmenováno podle Hebera C. Kimballa


Location.

Sources.

Constantine VII in "De Administrando Imperio" recounts in Chapter 32, "It should be known that the Serbs are descended from the unbaptized Serbs, also called ‘white’, who live beyond Turkey, in a region called by them Boïki, where their neighbor is Francia, as is also Megali Croatia, the unbaptized, also called ‘white’. In this place, then, these Serbs also dwelt from the beginning... Now, after the two brothers succeeded their father in the rule of Serbia, one of them, taking one half of the folk, came as the refugee to Heraclius, the emperor of the Romaioi... Then, after some time these same Serbs decided to depart to their own homes, and the emperor sent them off. And so, when they had crossed the Danube River, they changed their minds and sent a request to the Emperor Heraclius... the emperor settled these same Serbs in these countries".  In the 33rd chapter he says, "(It should be known) that the clan of the anthypatos and patrikios Michael, son of Visevitz, archon of the Zachlumians, came from the unbaptized inhabitants on the Visla River, called Litziki, and they settled on the river called Zachluma".  A Latin document from the early 10th century said that the "Hungarians moved to Pannonia from Serbia (Ungarorum gens a Servia egressa in Pannoniam)". Živković suggest that this likely refers to Boïki (Bohemia).

Dispute.

Theories on the location of so-called "Boiki" and "White" Serbs have been disputed, but it is generally established to have been around the region of Bohemia and Saxony. Since the 19th century, two most prominent theories were of Bohemia, and the land of the Boykos in Eastern Galicia in the Carpathians. The latter was mostly argued by 19th-century scholars, like Pavel Jozef Šafárik (1795–1865) and Henry Hoyle Howorth (1842–1923), who also included the White Serbs among the Polabian Slavs. Rather than relating "Boiki" and Bohemia, which in turn derived from ethnonym of the Celtic tribe "Boii", they related the toponym to the much younger ethnonym of the Rusyns sub-ethnic group Boykos. Béni Kállay (1839–1903) noted that many historians assumed that Serbian territory was identical to the Czech lands (Bohemia) based on DAI's account and the name "Bojka", but he also supported Šafárik's thesis. Other scholars who had a similar opinion were Vladimir Ćorović (1885–1941), and Ljubivoje Cerović (b. 1936). However, most scholars like Borivoje Drobnjaković (1890–1961), Andreas Stratos (1905–1981), Sima Ćirković (1929–2009), and Relja Novaković (1911–2003) located them to the West in the area between the Elbe and Saale rivers, roughly between Bohemia and East Germany (Polabia). According to Mykhailo Hrushevsky (1898), Gyula Moravcsik (1949) and Jaroslav Rudnyckyj (1962–1972) unlike Croats, there is no proof that Serbs ever lived within Bohemia or in Eastern Galicia, only that they lived near Bohemia, and the connection between "Boiki" and Boykos is considered to be scholarly outdated and rejected.  According to archaeologist (1995), the 32nd chapter of "De Administrando Imperio" indicates it was located in the Lower Lusatia territory where were located the Sorbs, but the 33rd chapter about Zachlumia caused confusion which resulted with several hypotheses. The first group of scholars argued the homeland existed between rivers Elbe and Saale, the second in the upper course of rivers Vistula and Oder, and the third from Elbe and Saale to the upper course of Vistula. However, Sedov concluded that the archaeological data does not confirm any of these hypotheses, and most plausible is the consideration by Lubor Niederle that there's no evidence that White Serbia ever existed and Constantine VII most probably made up Northern Great Serbia only according to the analogy with Great Croatia. According to Tibor Živković, the structure and content of the subchapter about the family of Michael of Zahumlje indicates that this account was likely told by Michael himself. He is not noted as being of Serbian origin. Živković thought Michael's family may have preserved the memory of their tribal origin.

White Serbia (; Sorbian: "Biеło Srbsko"), called also Boiki (; ; Sorbian: "Boika"), is the name applied to the assumed homeland of the White Serbs (), a tribal subgroup of Wends, a mixed and the westernmost group of Early Slavs. They are the ancestors of the modern Serbs and Sorbs. Boiki is mentioned in "De Administrando Imperio", a 10th-century work by Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII (r. 913–959). According to it, the "White Serbs" lived on the "other side of Turkey" (i.e. Hungary), in the area that they called "Boiki" (Bohemia). The area adjacent to it was known as White Croatia, from where the White Croats trace their origin.

Bílé Srbsko, známé také jako Boika, je mýtická oblast původu Srbů dávaná do souvislosti s územím Lužice, které ještě nyní obývají Lužičtí Srbové. Národy, jako Bílí Srbové, jsou označováni přívlastkem „bílí“ ve smyslu „nepokřtění“ („černí“ pak jsou „podřízení“). Tacholf, vévoda lužiskosrbské marky, je roku 861 nazýván "comes de Boemia". (Podobné "Bohemia" je odvozeno od keltských Bójů.)


History.

The Great Hall of the People was opened in September 1959 as one of the "Ten Great Constructions" completed for the 10th Anniversary of the PRC. After design proposals were submitted a group of architects from across the country chose the winning design by Zhao Dongri and Shen Qi. Zhang Bo was appointed as the chief architect. The construction took 10 months, 7,785 workers and was fashioned with military-like strategies that emulated the Great Leap Forward.

Description.

Designed to symbolize the national unity and ethnic equality of the nation, the Great Hall embodied the new Chinese character of time in its features, proportion and details. The building covers 171,801 square metres (1,849,239 sq ft) of floor space, it is 356 metres in length and 206.5 metres in width. The centre's highest point reaches 46.5 metres. At the eaves of the main gate hangs the national emblem of the PRC.  The Great Hall of the People consists of three sections.  Each province, special administrative region, autonomous region of China has its own hall in the Great Hall, such as Beijing Hall, Hong Kong Hall and Hainan Hall. Each hall has the unique characteristics of the province and is furnished according to the local style.  Upon its completion, the Great Hall became China's largest auditorium which had previously been the Sun Yat-sen Auditorium. The Great Auditorium, with volume of 90,000 cubic metres, seats 3,693 in the lower auditorium, 3,515 in the balcony, 2,518 in the gallery and 300 to 500 on the dais. Government leaders make their speeches; and the representatives do much of their business. It can simultaneously seat 10,000 representatives. The ceiling is decorated with a galaxy of lights, with a large red star is at the centre of the ceiling, and a pattern of a water waves nearby represents the people. Its facilities equipped with audio-visual and other systems adaptable to a variety of meeting types and sizes. A simultaneous interpretation system is also provided with a language booth.  The State Banquet Hall with an area of 7,000 square meters can entertain 7,000 guests, and up to 5,000 people can dine at one time (as was done on the occasion of Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China). Smaller gatherings can be held in the Main Auditorium, with larger groups having the use of one or more of the conference halls, such as Golden Hall and North Hall, and the smallest assemblies accommodated in one or more of the over 30 conference halls that are named after provinces and regions in China.

Usage.

The Great Hall of the People is the political hub of Beijing and home of the National People's Congress. Every year, in March, the Great Hall of the People plays host to the "liang hui" (literally means "two meetings") event, where both the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and the National People's Congress (NPC) meet in sessions lasting for two to three weeks at the Great Auditorium. The Communist Party of China (CPC) also holds its National Congress every five years in the Great Hall of the People.  The Great Hall has been used for meetings with foreign dignitaries on state or working visits, as well as large anniversary celebrations attended by top leaders. The Great Hall has been used for the state funerals and memorial services for several top leaders. Former President Liu Shaoqi was purged during the Cultural Revolution and died in the ensuing struggles. He was posthumously rehabilitated after 1978. In 1982 Liu was granted a state funeral held at the Great Hall. The Great Hall also held the funerals of General Secretary Hu Yaobang in 1989 during the Tiananmen Square protests, as well as the memorial service for paramount leader Deng Xiaoping in 1997.  Mao Zedong's funeral ceremony was not held at the Great Hall; it was held at Tiananmen Square.  The building and its main "Great Auditorium" is open to the public as a tourist attraction when it is not in use. In recent years, some non-political conventions and concerts have also been held in the Great Hall.  In October 2003, Riverdance, the Irish music and dance entertainment phenomenon was the first show from the West to perform in the Great Hall of the People, Beijing, with eleven sold-out performances. The Riverdance performances recorded a spontaneous reaction with standing ovations at each show which was uncharacteristic for a Chinese audience. Riverdance was officially invited to perform in the Great Hall of the People by former premier of the People’s Republic of China, Zhu Rongji during his state visit to Ireland in September 2001.  In January 2009, American country music trio Lucy Angel gained the distinction of being the first American group ever to be invited to perform at the Great Hall of the People, doing so before an audience of dignitaries and government officials.

The Great Hall of the People is a state building located at the western edge of Tiananmen Square in Beijing. It is used for legislative and ceremonial activities by the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the ruling Communist Party of China. The People's Great Hall functions as the meeting place for the full sessions of the National People's Congress (NPC), the Chinese legislature, which occurs every year during March along with the national session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), a political advisory body. It is also the meeting place of the National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which, since 1982, has occurred once every five years and the party's Central Committee which meets approximately once a year.

Velký sál lidu (čínsky "人民大会堂", pchin-jin "Rénmín dàhuìtáng", v českém přepisu "Žen-min ta-chuej-tchang") je budova v Pekingu, ve které probíhají sjezdy Komunistické strany Číny a Všečínského shromáždění lidových zástupců. Nachází se na západní straně Náměstí Nebeského klidu. Byla otevřena v září 1959, k desátému výročí vzniku Čínské lidové republiky. Byla postavena dobrovolníky za 10 měsíců a je jednou z tzv. Deseti velkých staveb.


Plot.

A drifter, credited mononymously as "Nada", arrives in Los Angeles. While out on the street, he sees a street preacher warning that “they” have recruited the rich and powerful to control humanity. Nada takes a job on a construction site and befriends fellow construction worker Frank, who leads him to a shanty town soup kitchen and its leader, Gilbert.  That night, a hacker takes over television broadcasts, claiming that scientists had discovered signals that were enslaving the population and keeping them in a dream-like state, and that the only way to stop it is to shut off the signal at its source. Those watching the broadcast complain of headaches.  Nada secretly follows Gilbert and the street preacher into a nearby church, and discovers them meeting with a group that includes the hacker. He sees scientific equipment and cardboard boxes inside, and hears Gilbert worrying that the Hoffman lenses they made won’t be enough without "strong people" to help them. Nada is discovered by the blind preacher and escapes.  That night, the shantytown and church are destroyed in a police raid, and the hacker and preacher are surrounded and beaten by riot police. The following day, Nada retrieves one of the boxes from the church and takes a pair of sunglasses from it, hiding the rest in a trash can. Nada discovers that the sunglasses make the world appear black and white, but also reveal subliminal messages in the media to obey, consume, reproduce, and conform. The glasses also reveal that many people are actually aliens with skull-like faces.  When Nada mocks an alien woman at a supermarket, she alerts other aliens via a mysterious wristwatch. Nada leaves, but is confronted by two alien cops. He kills them and steals their weapons. Nada enters a bank, where he sees that several of the employees and customers are aliens. He murders several aliens with a shotgun and escapes by taking Cable 54 employee Holly Thompson hostage. At Holly’s home, Nada tries to get her to try on the glasses, but she knocks him out, throws him out the window, and calls the police.  Nada returns to the alley and retrieves the box of sunglasses from a garbage truck. Frank meets Nada to give him his paycheck. Nada tries to get Frank to put on a pair of the glasses, but Frank thinks Nada is a murderer and wants nothing to do with him to protect his family. Frank and Nada get into a long brawl, after which Frank is too tired to prevent Nada from putting the sunglasses on him. After seeing the aliens and a flying saucer, Frank agrees to go into hiding with Nada.  Frank and Nada find Gilbert, who leads them to a meeting of the anti-alien movement. At the meeting, they are given contact lenses to replace the sunglasses, and learn that the aliens are using global warming to make Earth more like their own planet, and are depleting the Earth’s resources for their own gain. They also learn that the aliens have been bribing humans to become collaborators, promoting them into positions of power. Holly arrives at the meeting, apologizing to Nada, with information on the source of the signal. However, the meeting is raided by police and the vast majority of those present are killed, with the survivors (including Frank, Nada, and Holly) scattering into the night as the police surround the area. Nada and Frank are cornered by police in an alley, but they accidentally activate an alien wristwatch, opening a portal that they escape through.  The portal takes them to the aliens’ spaceport, where they discover a meeting of aliens and human collaborators, celebrating the elimination of the "terrorists". They are approached by a former drifter, now a collaborator, who gives them a tour of the facility. He leads them to the basement of Cable 54, the source of the signal, which is protected by armed guards. Nada and Frank find Holly and fight their way to the transmitter on the roof, but Holly kills Frank, revealing that she is a collaborator. Nada kills Holly and destroys the transmitter, but is fatally wounded by aliens in a helicopter. Nada gives the aliens the middle finger as he dies.  With the transmitter destroyed, humans all over the world discover the aliens hiding among them.

Themes.

The political elements of the film are derived from John Carpenter's growing distaste with the ever-increasing commercialization of 1980s popular culture and politics, particularly the influence of Reaganomics, the economic policies promoted by U.S. President Ronald Reagan. He remarked, "The picture's premise is that the 'Reagan Revolution' is run by aliens from another galaxy. Free enterprisers from outer space have taken over the world, and are exploiting Earth as if it's a third world planet. As soon as they exhaust all our resources, they'll move on to another world... I began watching TV again. I quickly realized that everything we see is designed to sell us something... It's all about wanting us to buy something. The only thing they want to do is take our money." To this end, Carpenter thought of sunglasses as being the tool to seeing the truth, which "is seen in black and white. It's as if the aliens have colorized us. That means, of course, that Ted Turner is really a monster from outer space." The director commented on the alien threat in an interview: "They want to own all our businesses. A Universal executive asked me, 'Where's the threat in that? We all sell out every day.' I ended up using that line in the film." The aliens were deliberately made to look like ghouls, according to Carpenter, who said, "The creatures are corrupting us, so they, themselves, are corruptions of human beings."  Carpenter has rejected neo-Nazi and white supremacist claims that the film "is an allegory for Jewish control of the world," instead noting the film "is about yuppies and unrestrained capitalism".

Production.

Development.

The idea for "They Live" came from a short story called "Eight O'Clock in the Morning" by Ray Nelson, originally published in "The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction" in November 1963, involving an alien invasion in the tradition of "Invasion of the Body Snatchers", which Nelson, along with artist Bill Wray, adapted into a story called "Nada", published in the "Alien Encounters" comics anthology in April 1986. John Carpenter describes Nelson's story as "... a "D.O.A."-type of story, in which a man is put in a trance by a stage hypnotist. When he awakens, he realizes that the entire human race has been hypnotized, and that alien creatures are controlling humanity. He has only until eight o'clock in the morning to solve the problem." Carpenter acquired the film rights to both the comic book and short story and wrote the screenplay, using Nelson's story as a basis for the film's structure.  Because the screenplay was the product of so many sources—a short story, a comic book, and input from cast and crew—Carpenter decided to use the pseudonym "Frank Armitage", an allusion to one of the filmmaker's favorite writers, H. P. Lovecraft (Henry Armitage is a character in Lovecraft's "The Dunwich Horror"). Carpenter has always felt a close kinship with Lovecraft's worldview and according to the director, "Lovecraft wrote about the hidden world, the 'world underneath'. His stories were about gods who are repressed, who were once on Earth and are now coming back. The world underneath has a great deal to do with "They Live"."

Casting.

For the crucial role of Nada the filmmaker cast professional wrestler Roddy Piper, whom he met at WrestleMania III earlier in 1987. For Carpenter it was an easy choice: "Unlike most Hollywood actors, Roddy has life written all over him." Carpenter was impressed with Keith David's performance in "The Thing" and needed someone "who wouldn't be a traditional sidekick, but could hold his own." To this end, Carpenter wrote the role of Frank specifically for Keith David.

Filming.

"They Live" was shot in eight weeks during March and April 1988, principally on location in downtown LA, with a budget only slightly greater than $3 million. One of the highlights of the film is a five-and-a-half minute alley fight between David and Piper over a pair of the special sunglasses. Carpenter recalls that the fight took three weeks to rehearse: "It was an incredibly brutal and funny fight, along the lines of the slugfest between John Wayne and Victor McLaglen in "The Quiet Man"."

Music.

Music for the film was composed by John Carpenter & Alan Howarth.

Release.

The film opened on November 4, 1988, and debuted at #1 at the North American box office grossing $4.8 million during its opening weekend. The film spent two weeks in the top ten. The film had a total domestic gross of $13,008,928. Carpenter is on record as attributing the film's initial commercial failure to the hypothesis that those "who go to the movies in vast numbers these days don't want to be enlightened". The film's original release date, advertised in promotional material as October 21, 1988, was pushed back two weeks to avoid direct competition with "" (coincidentally, a sequel to a Carpenter film).

Reception.

Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 86% based on 63 reviews; the average rating is 7.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "A politically subversive blend of horror and sci fi, "They Live" is an underrated genre film from John Carpenter." Metacritic gave the film a weighted average rating of 52 out of 100, based on 10 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".  In his review for the "Chicago Reader", Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote, "Carpenter's wit and storytelling craft make this fun and watchable, although the script takes a number of unfortunate shortcuts, and the possibilities inherent in the movie's central concept are explored only cursorily." Jay Carr, writing for "The Boston Globe", said "[O]nce Carpenter delivers his throwback-to-the-'50s visuals, complete with plump little B-movie flying saucers, and makes his point that the rich are fascist fiends, "They Live" starts running low on imagination and inventiveness", but felt that "as sci-fi horror comedy, "They Live", with its wake-up call to the world, is in a class with "Terminator" and "RoboCop", even though its hero doesn't sport bionic biceps". AllMovie contributor Paul Brenner gave the film three and a half out of five stars.  In her review for "The New York Times", Janet Maslin wrote, "Since Mr. Carpenter seems to be trying to make a real point here, the flatness of "They Live" is doubly disappointing. So is its crazy inconsistency, since the film stops trying to abide even by its own game plan after a while." Richard Harrington wrote in "The Washington Post", "it's just John Carpenter as usual, trying to dig deep with a toy shovel. The plot for "They Live" is full of black holes, the acting is wretched, the effects are second-rate. In fact, the whole thing is so preposterous it makes "V" look like "Masterpiece Theatre"." Rick Groen, in "The Globe and Mail", wrote, "the movie never gets beyond the pop Orwell premise. The social commentary wipes clean with a dry towelette – it's not intrusive and not pedantic, just lighter-than-air."  The 2012 documentary film "The Pervert's Guide to Ideology" presented by Slovene philosopher and psychoanalyst Slavoj Žižek starts with an analysis of the film "They Live": Žižek uses the main trope of the film, the wearing of the special sun-glasses reveals the truth of that which is perceived, to explain his definition of ideology. Žižek states:

Legacy.

The film was ranked #18 on "Entertainment Weekly" magazine's "The Cult 25: The Essential Left-Field Movie Hits Since '83" list.  Rotten Tomatoes ranked the fight scene between Roddy Piper's character, Nada, and Keith David's character, Frank Armitage, seventh on their list of "The 20 Greatest Fights Scenes Ever". The fight scene influenced "The Wrestler", whose director, Darren Aronofsky, interpreted the scene as a spoof. Shepard Fairey credits the film as a major source of inspiration, sharing a similar logo to his "Andre the Giant Has a Posse" campaign. ""They Live" was...the basis for my use of the word 'obey'," Fairey said. "The movie has a very strong message about the power of commercialism and the way that people are manipulated by advertising."  Jonathan Lethem called "They Live" one of his "favorite movies of the eighties, hands down". He said, "It's a great movie...Look at what it does to people, look at how it emboldens and provokes...It's disturbing and ridiculous and outrageous and uncomfortable, but I think it's the kind of great movie that doesn't really need defense, it just needs to be given the air." Lethem wrote a book-length homage to the movie for the Soft Skull Press "Deep Focus" series.  "They Live" is extensively referenced in the 2013 video game "Saints Row IV"; Keith David plays himself in a supporting role throughout the game, and a "They Live"-themed level towards the end of the game unlocks Roddy Piper as a combat ally.  Rock band Green Day paid homage to "They Live" in their music video for "Back in the USA", off of their album "". Similarly, punk band Anti-Flag used the film as inspiration for their 2020 music video, "The Disease".  In July 2018, the film was selected to be screened in the Venice Classics section at the 75th Venice International Film Festival.  The film is noted for a popularly quoted line spoken by Nada: "I have come here to chew bubblegum and kick ass. And I'm all out of bubblegum." This line is paraphrased by Duke Nukem in the 3D Realms game Duke Nukem 3D

Home media.

StudioCanal released a Blu-ray on March 2, 2012.  On November 6, 2012, Shout! Factory released a Collector's Edition of the film on both DVD and Blu-ray.  In 2014, Universal Studios released it on DVD along with "The Thing", "Village of the Damned", and "Virus" as part of the "4 Movie Midnight Marathon Pack: Aliens".

Proposed remake.

In fall 2010, there was development on a remake of Carpenter's 1988 film "They Live", with him in a producer role. In 2011, Matt Reeves signed on to direct and write the screenplay. The project also shifted away from being a remake of "They Live" to a re-adaptation of "8 O'Clock in the Morning", ditching the satirical and political elements. Since then, there have been no new announcements.

They Live is a 1988 American science-fiction action horror film written and directed by John Carpenter, based on the 1963 short story "Eight O'Clock in the Morning" by Ray Nelson, and starring Roddy Piper, Keith David, and Meg Foster. It follows an unnamed drifter who discovers through special sunglasses that the ruling class are aliens concealing their appearance and manipulating people to spend money, breed, and accept the status quo with subliminal messages in mass media.

Jsou mezi námi (anglicky "They Live") je americký sci-fi thriller / horror z roku 1988 režiséra Johna Carpentera, který napsal i scénář pod pseudonymem Frank Armitage (což je také jedna z postav ve filmu). Částečně sci-fi thriller a částečně černá komedie, film reaguje na soudobé obavy z ekonomické krize ve společnosti stavící na přední místa hmotný zisk a demonstrativní spotřebu.


History.

Foundation.

Between the end of the 16th and the start of the 17th centuries, several Catholic Reformation and Counter Reformation religious orders set up complexes in the district below the second porte Saint-Honoré. They were most often set up on royal initiative, such as the Capuchin house set up by Catherine de Medici in 1576 in the Tuileries Palace, close to the district. Not ten years later, in 1585, Henry III acquired the hôtel des Carneaux, whose buildings and lands bordered those of the Capuchins, to set up a new convent. At first he intended it to be a Hieronymite house, but he later switched this to sixty members of the Feuillant order from Toulouse. They arrived in the outskirts of Paris on 11 July 1587 and moved into the convent on 8 September the same year.  The convent buildings were designed by the king's architect Baptiste Androuet du Cerceau, and construction work was led by one of the monks.

Development.

Abbot Jean de La Barrière remained loyal to Henry III, preaching his funeral oration at Bordeaux, but several of his disciples joined the Catholic League. At the end of the French Wars of Religion the convent held only nine monks, but still benefited from royal patronage after the war's end.  By letters patent of 20 June 1597, Henry IV of France put the convent under his protection and granted it all the privileges owing to a royal foundation. On 25 August the same year, he enlarged its lands by adding a house beside the couvent des Capucins which Henry III had acquired from the duc de Retz. Henry IV promised the convent the revenues from the rich Val Abbey in commend, though that promise was realised only by his successor Louis XIII.  The convent church was also completed during Henry IV's reign, in 1608, thanks to the alms given in the holy year of 1600. It was dedicated to Bernard of Clairvaux and in 1624 gained a monumental façade, paid for by Louis XIII.  In 1621 the Feuillants set up their novitiate in the faubourg Saint-Jacques, at what is now 10 rue des Feuillantines. In 1633 that site was given over to a convent of nuns of the same order (known as Feuillantines) to fulfil a vow by Anne of Austria and the novitiate moved to rue d'Enfer (on the site of 91-105 of present-day boulevard Saint-Michel)  Besides the revenues from Val Abbey, the Feuillants also enjoyed those of several guesthouses which they bought or built on their lands. One of them, built in 1676, later became the home of Marguerite de la Sablière, who hosted Jean de La Fontaine there.

Under the Constitutional Monarchy.

The French Revolution marked a turning point in the convent's life. Decrees on 13 May and 16 July 1790 transferred all church lands, goods and buildings to the nation and so the lands and buildings belonging to the Feuillants were nationalised. The buildings became more and more abandoned by the monks (some of whom housed themselves in the former couvent de la Mercy on rue du Chaume), but were not sold, since they were close to the salle du Manège, where the National Constituent Assembly met from 1791 onwards.  The buildings thus housed several offices and committee rooms and for a few months the convent library housed the national archives. These political and administrative functions justified opening the complex to the public, including, merchants, artisans, lemonade sellers and coffee sellers. The place Vendôme section of the National Guard was also based in the complex.  The church was also used for secular purposes. Its nave given to the painter Jacques-Louis David in autumn 1791 to paint his "The Tennis Court Oath", not only since it could be adapted to fit the huge canvas but also due to its proximity to the Assembly, where several of its sitters were deputies. He placed an announcement in "Le Moniteur" asking deputies who had been present to the event to come to have their likeness engraved.  The complex's proximity to the Assembly also meant that a club was set up in the old convent buildings - this became known as the Feuillants Club. Its members were dissidents from the "Society of Friends of the Constitution", more popularly known as the Jacobin Club after its meeting place in the former couvent des Jacobins on rue Saint-Honoré. The split had led to the Champ de Mars Massacre on 17 July 1791, marking the people's defiance to a king who had tried to flee. Opposed to supporters of Louis XVI's fall, the more moderate members of the Jacobin Club left it and set up a "Society of Friends of the Constitution Sitting at Les Feuillants", made up of supporters of the constitutional monarchy. The presence of this political club so close to the Assembly's meeting place led to a strong parliamentary polemic in December 1791.  The Feuillants Club disappeared with the constitutional monarchy it supported on 10 August, when Louis XVI and his family were arrested - the royal family were housed at the convent before their transfer to the prison du Temple on 13 August.

First Republic.

In 1793, the National Convention moved from the Manège and les Feuillants to the Tuileries. In the autumn, the old convent buildings became factories and administration buildings for arms manufacture. The artillery museum was also set up there before being moved to the couvent des Jacobins in 1796. Under the French Consulate, the decrees of 17-vendémiaire and 1-floréal in year X (9 October 1801 and 21 April 1802) put into effect part of the works planned in the "Plan des Artistes", ordering the creation of what would become rue de Rivoli and rue de Castiglione over the Feuillants convent site. The convent was thus totally demolished, except for the guesthouses on rue Saint-Honoré (numbers 229-235) and the apse of the church, whose outline can be seen in one of the guesthouses' courtyard.

Buildings.

Rue Saint-Honoré.

The entrance gateway, probably built by Jean Richer to a design by Libéral Bruand, was built between 1676 et 1677. It was a large gateway surmounted by a bas-relief and surrounded by paired columns supporting a triangular pediment containing the arms of France and Navarre. The bas-relief was by Anguier and showed Henry IV presenting the monks with plans of the church.  In the 18th century, this classical gateway formed the focal point of place Louis le Grand (now place Vendôme), opposite the gateway of the new couvent des Capucines on the opposite side. It gave access to a courtyard in front of the church and to a passage linking the convent to the stables of the Tuileries and the 'terrasse des Feuillants'. This passage was later enlarged to form rue de Castiglione, whose construction led to the destruction of the gateway.  To the left of the gateway and to the east of the corner of the present rue de Castiglione were convent buildings (on the site now numbered as 229-235 rue de Castiglione) built between 1776 and 1782 by Jacques Denis Antoine. It was one of the main guesthouses belonging to the convent and still exists, its central body surmounted by a semi-circular pediment corresponding to number 231 and now inscribed on the historic monuments list.

The royal monastery of Saint-Bernard, better known as the Couvent des Feuillants or Les Feuillants Convent, was a Feuillant nunnery or convent in Paris, behind what is now numbers 229—235 rue Saint-Honoré, near its corner with rue de Castiglione. It was founded in 1587 by Henry III of France. Its church was completed in 1608 and dedicated to Saint Bernard of Clairvaux.

Klášter Saint-Bernard (francouzsky "Monastère de Saint-Bernard"), též známý jako konvent feulantů (fr. "Couvent des Feuillants") je bývalý cisterciácký klášter reformované odnože feulantů v Paříži. Nacházel se v ulici "Rue Saint-Honoré" v 1. obvodu v prostoru dnešních domů č. 229-235.


History.

Elbert County was created on February 2, 1874, from the eastern portions of Douglas County. On February 6, 1874, the county was enlarged to include part of northern Greenwood County upon Greenwood's dissolution, and originally extended south and east of its present boundaries to reach to the Kansas state line. The county was named for Samuel Hitt Elbert, the Governor of the Territory of Colorado when the county was formed. In 1889, Elbert County was reduced to its modern size when its eastern portions were taken to create Lincoln, Kit Carson, and Cheyenne counties.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.01%) is water.

Demographics.

At the 2000 census there were 19,872 people, 6,770 households, and 5,652 families in the county. The population density was 11 people per square mile (4/km2). There were 7,113 housing units at an average density of 4 per square mile (1/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 95.22% White, 0.64% Black or African American, 0.63% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 1.28% from other races, and 1.76% from two or more races. 3.85% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 6,770 households 42.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.10% were married couples living together, 5.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.50% were non-families. 12.20% of households were one person and 3.10% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.93 and the average family size was 3.19.  The age distribution was 30.20% under the age of 18, 5.50% from 18 to 24, 32.80% from 25 to 44, 25.50% from 45 to 64, and 6.00% 65 or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 100.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.90 males.  The median household income was $62,480 and the median family income was $66,740. Males had a median income of $45,329 versus $29,767 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,960. About 2.50% of families and 4.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.60% of those under age 18 and 4.50% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

Elbert is a strongly Republican county in Presidential elections. Along with Rio Blanco County and Kit Carson County, it was one of three Colorado counties to be won by Alf Landon in 1936, and stood together with Hinsdale and Washington Counties by supporting Barry Goldwater over Lyndon Johnson in 1964. The last Democratic Presidential nominee to carry Elbert County was Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932.  Elbert County is in the 4th Congressional District and the current representative is Republican Ken Buck from Windsor.  In senatorial elections, the county has been similarly Republican. No Democratic senatorial candidate has obtained even thirty percent of the county's vote since Ben Nighthorse Campbell, who was later to shift to the Republican Party, in 1992, and none have actually won since before 1990. In gubernatorial elections, Elbert County has also generally been powerfully Republican, but was nonetheless carried by Democrat Roy Romer by a narrow margin in 1990 – when he carried all but four counties statewide – by Dick Lamm in 1982 and by Constitution Party candidate Tom Tancredo in 2010.  The official newspaper of record used by the County is the weekly "Elbert County News". The weekly "Ranchland News" and monthly "Prairie Times" also cover local events.

References.

Elbert County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 23,086. The county seat is Kiowa.

Elbert County je okres ve státě Colorado v USA. K roku 2000 zde žilo 19 872 obyvatel. Správním městem okresu je Kiowa. Celková rozloha okresu činí 4 794 km2.