Location.

The government was created in 1802 out the Yekaterinoslav vice-regency. It is located within the former lands of Zaporizhian Sich. The governorate bordered to the north with the Kharkov Governorate and Poltava Governorate, to the west and southwest with the Kherson Governorate, to the south with the Taurida Governorate and Sea of Azov, and to the east with Don Host Oblast.

Administrative divisions.

The governorate was created in place of Novorossiysk Governorate in 1802 and encompassed a huge area of the southern Ukraine. Officially, the new governorate was created as Ekaterinoslav Governorate in 1802 and subdivided into the following uyezds with centres in:

Okrugs.

List of okruhas of Ukraine upon the dissolution of the Governorate:

Demographics.

The governorate's population, a majority of peasants, was 662,000 in 1811, 902,400 in 1851, 1,204,800 in 1863, and 1,792,800 in 1885. From the second half of the 19th century, with the founding of Yuzovka (Donetsk), the governorate became the coal-mining and metallurgical center of the then "Ukraine", incorporating the Dnieper Industrial Region and the Donbass ("Donets Basin").  Its population increased to 2,113,674 by 1897. The nationalities within the governorate were: Russians (then divided into archaic categorisation of Little Russian (i.e. Ukrainian) speakers – "68.9%" and Great Russian speakers – "17.3%"), Jews ("4.7%"), Germans ("3.8%"), Greeks ("2.3%"), and Tatars ("0.8%"). In 1924, the governorate had 3,424,100 ("13.6% urban") inhabitants, living in 5,165 settlements, 36 of them being cities and urban-type settlements. The largest social class was that of workers ("about 25%").

Principal cities.

The data is taken from demoscope.ru. Here is also the most common language composition.  From the turn of the 19th century until 1887 city of Rostov-na-Donu and all the Taganrog uyezd were part of the governorate, but before the census of 1897 took place they were transferred to the Don oblast. Note that the biggest city of the guberniya was the city of Rostov-na-Donu while Taganrog was not much smaller and the third in size. Here is the data on them:

The Yekaterinoslav Governorate (; translit.: "Yekaterinoslavskaya guberniya"; ) or Government of Yekaterinoslav was a governorate in the Russian Empire. Its capital was the city of Yekaterinoslav (modern Dnipro). Its territory lies within what is now Ukraine.

Jekatěrinoslavská gubernia () byla jedna z gubernií carského Ruska, která existovala v letech 1803–1925 (vydělením z Novoruské gubernie), která se nacházela v jihovýchodní části Ukrajiny v povodí řeky Dněpr. Gubernie měla 8 okresů (v letech 1874–1887 devět) a její celková rozloha byla 76 912 km2 (údaj z roku 1925) a počet obyvatel v roce 1897 – 2 113 700. Hlavním městem gubernie byl Jekatěrinoslav (později Dnipro).


General information.

The parish of "Christianssund" was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). Initially, the small island municipality included just the town of Christianssund and its immediate surrounding area. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, Kristiansund Municipality was merged with the tiny Grip Municipality (population: 104) to the northwest and the "Dale" area of Bremsnes Municipality on Nordlandet island (population: 963). The neighboring Frei Municipality was merged with Kristiansund on 1 January 2008 creating a much larger Kristiansund Municipality.

Toponymy.

The municipality is named after the town of Kristiansund. Historically, it was spelled "Christianssund". The name comes from the Danish-Norwegian King Christian VI who founded the town in 1742. The last element of the name, "sund", means "strait". The old name of the town/village (originally the island Kirkelandet) was "Fosna" or "Fosen" () which means "hiding place" (here 'hidden port'). It was also often named "Lille Fosen" ("the small Fosen") to distinguish it from the island "Storfosna" ("the big Fosen") in Ørland.  Before 1877, the name was spelled "Christianssund", from 1877 to 1888 it was spelled "Kristianssund", and since 1889 it has had its present spelling, "Kristiansund".  Before the introduction of postal codes in Norway in 1968, it was easy to confuse the name "Kristiansund" with Kristiansand in the south. It was therefore obligatory to always add an "N" (for north) to Kristiansund "(Kristiansund N)" and an "S" (for south) to Kristiansand "(Kristiansand S)". This is pretty much still practiced and also occurs in some other contexts than postal addresses.

Coat of arms.

The coat of arms was granted on 27 June 1742. The arms were granted by King Christian VI and are described as a silver or white river flowing from a cliff, with salmon jumping upwards on a blue background. The waterfall may possibly be the Lille Fosen waterfall near the town.  There are two myths as to why the arms show a waterfall. The first one is because the old name of the town ("Fosen") was misinterpreted as "Fossund" (as a compound of "foss" which means waterfall and "sund" which means strait).  The other myth concerning the coat of arms is that there was a mix up, between Kristiansund's and Molde's intended shield. The Dano-Norwegian government officials in charge of the giving of the coats, had a party to remember the momentous occasion and became too drunk and hungover to remember which was which, and so Molde got the coat with a whale (which are scarce in between the Romsdal fjords) and Kristiansund got the waterfall (since Molde is on the mainland and Kristiansund lies in the open sea, it would be more likely that the waterfall was intended for Molde's mountains and the whales for Kristiansund.)

Churches.

The Church of Norway has three parishes () within the municipality of Kristiansund. It is part of the Ytre Nordmøre prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre.  St. Eystein Catholic Church is the only Catholic church in Kristiansund.

Geography.

The municipality borders Smøla Municipality and Aure Municipality to the northeast, Tingvoll Municipality to the east, Gjemnes Municipality to the south, and Averøy Municipality to the southwest. The small Grip archipelago is located in the northwestern part of the municipality. The municipality is surrounded by the Freifjorden and Kvernesfjorden with the open sea to the northwest. Kristiansund is built on four main islands, with many smaller islands. The island of Nordlandet ("North Land", humorously nicknamed "Marokko"), is the second largest island and the site of the local airport, Kristiansund Airport, Kvernberget (IATA code: KSU). Kirkelandet, third in size is made up of two areas "Kirkelandet" and "Gomalandet". In the local dialect, "Kirkelandet" (the "Church Land") is pronounced ""Kirklandet"", without the middle "e". The smallest island is Innlandet ("Innermost Land"; humorously, "Tahiti"). The largest island in the municipality is Frei which was part of the old Frei Municipality which was merged into Kristiansund on 1 January 2008. The highest point of the municipality is located on Frei island, Freikollen at a height of.  The islands of Grip, located northwest of Kristiansund are also a part of the municipality. Grip Municipality was Norway's smallest municipality, and also one of the most remote until it merged with Kristiansund in 1964. Today the island of Grip holds status as a deserted fishing village, but in the summer season it is a popular tourist attraction due to the very special location and architecture. Grip Stave Church, the second smallest stave church of Norway (Undredal Stave Church is smaller), is also located at Grip. It is also where Grip Lighthouse is located.  Kristiansund includes the town of Kristiansund which is one of the most densely populated cities of Norway, having what is arguably the country's most urban small city centre, due to the relatively small size of the islands on which it is built and the very constricted central harbour/town area of Kirkelandet.

History.

8000 BC–1066.

Many scientists believe that the very first Norwegians lived near what is now Kristiansund. At the end of the last Ice age some areas at the western coast of Norway were ice-free. There was also a lot of food in the sea around Kristiansund at that time, and it is believed that the first settlement arrived in Kristiansund around year 8000 BC.  During the Viking ages there were many important battles around Kristiansund. The most famous one was the Battle of Rastarkalv on the island of Frei, where the Norwegian King Håkon the Good fought against the Eirikssønnene group. There is now a memorial monument located near Rastakalv (at Nedre Frei), where the battle was fought.

Middle ages.

The island of Grip was an important fishing community during the Middle Ages, and was considered to be the most important municipality in the region at the time. The natural harbour in Lille-fosen, close to where Kristiansund is located today was also frequently used for fishing purposes.

17th to 18th century.

During the 17th century a small settlement developed around the area we know today as Kristiansund harbour. As more and more settlers arrived, the area became an important trading port for fishing and the lumber transportation along the coast. The Dano-Norwegian government established a customs station here, which was controlled by the main trading port in Trondheim. In 1631, the port was declared to be a ladested. Dutch sailors brought the knowledge of clipfish production to Kristiansund at the end of the 17th century, and for a number of years the town was the largest exporter of clipfish in Norway, exporting goods mainly to the Mediterranean countries as Spain and Portugal. The city's clipfish production was also part of the reason why it was given town status as a kjøpstad in 1742.

19th century to present.

The town of "Christianssund" was established as the municipality of Christianssund on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, Kristiansund Municipality was merged with the tiny Grip Municipality (population: 104) to the northwest and the "Dale" area of Bremsnes Municipality on Nordlandet island (population: 963). The neighboring Frei Municipality was merged with Kristiansund on 1 January 2008 creating a much larger Kristiansund Municipality.

Media.

There are two local TV stations in Kristiansund. The larger one is TVNordvest, (TV North-West) which broadcasts local news from the area around Kristiansund on a daily basis, as well as some other TV shows. The second one is TV Kristiansund, which is more of a culture channel, broadcasting cultural news from Kristiansund, like shows from the city Opera.  The local newspaper of Kristiansund is Tidens Krav, which also functions as a local newspaper for the other municipalities located nearby the city.

Climate.

Kristiansund has a maritime, temperate climate with cool-to-warm summers and relatively short and mild winters. The city structure with the unique natural harbour of the city combined with warm wind from the southwest of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream gives Kristiansund a much warmer climate than its latitude would indicate.

Government.

All municipalities in Norway, including Kristiansund, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipality falls under the Nordmøre District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council.

The municipal council () of Kristiansund is made up of 45 representatives that are elected to four-year terms. The party breakdown of the council is as follows:

Mayor.

The mayors of Kristiansund (incomplete list):

Twin towns.

Kirstiansund has sister city agreements with the following places:  Together the three cities hold a tournament called "Nordiske Dager" ("Nordic Days").

Parks and gardens.

Though fairly small in size, the city of Kristiansund contains many green parks and gardens, frequently used by the city's inhabitants. There are two larger parks near the city centre. The first one is located near Langveien, and was constructed in the aftermath of World War II. The second one is located in Vanndamman. This area used to be part of the city water supply, due to the large amount of small lakes in the area. (hence the name "Vanndamman" (The Water ponds)) The two parks are partly linked together, but the Langveien-park serve more as an urban recreation area due to the short walking distance from the city centre, while the Vanndamman-park is more suitable for outings and jogging.

Transport.

Started in 1876 and still going strong is the "Sundbåt" ("Sound Boat"/"Strait Crossing Boat") shuttle service with a capacity of a few tens of passengers, travelling between the islands. The small motor ferry crosses the harbour from Kirkelandet to Innlandet, then goes on to Nordlandet, to Gomalandet, and back to Kirkelandet, repeating the round trip in half-hour intervals morning to evening on weekdays. The Sundbåt bears the distinction of being "the world's oldest motorized regular public transport system in continuous service".  The road to Kristiansund from the mainland, Norwegian National Road 70 is connected to European route E39 by the bridge/tunnel system called Krifast. After passing through the underwater Freifjord Tunnel from the central part of Krifast, National Road 70 crosses Frei, and enters Kristiansund over the Omsund Bridge onto Nordlandet. The Nordsund Bridge brings the Rv 70 to Gomalandet and its terminus in downtown at Kirkelandet. Another high bridge, the Sørsund Bridge, leads from Kirkelandet to Innlandet. E39 leads southwest to the town of Molde and northeast via the European route E6 to Trøndelag and the city of Trondheim.  There used to be a car ferry going from Kirkelandet island to neighboring Averøy Municipality to the west, whose people have been commuting to town for many years for work as well as selling agricultural products. The ferry to Averøy connected Kristiansund to Norwegian National Road 64, which continued along the scenic Atlanterhavsvegen to Molde. The ferry was replaced by the long underwater Atlantic Ocean Tunnel in December 2009. Because both tunnels are forbidden for bicyclists, Kristiansund cannot easily be reached by bicycle.  A second car ferry goes from "Seivika" on Nordlandet to Tustna in the northeast (road: "RV 680"), with further road and ferry connections to the islands of Smøla and Hitra, and to Aure Municipality on the mainland.  Besides roads and car ferries and Kristiansund Airport, Kvernberget, connections to/from Kristiansund consist of the traditional coastal express Hurtigruten connecting coastal towns from Bergen in the south to Kirkenes in the north, and the high speed catamaran passenger service Kystekspressen to Trondheim. Another option to get to Kristiansund is to fly with Scandinavian Airlines from several other Norwegian cities.

Commerce and industry.

Kristiansund is known as the major "bacalhau" city of Norway. Bacalhau is made of salted, dried codfish, and has traditionally been exported in large amounts to Spain, Portugal and Latin America as food suitable during Lent. In recent years Kristiansund has become the major oil and gas city at the mid-northwestern coast. Oil companies like Royal Dutch Shell and Statoil have offices in Kristiansund from where they serve their offshore installations at Haltenbanken (one of the northernmost underwater oil fields in the world).  Due to the city's heavy involvement in fish processing and international shipping, there used to be as many as seven consulates in Kristiansund, mainly to Latin countries. Currently, there are only five left: Britain, Finland, Latvia, the Netherlands, and Portugal.

Culture and sports.

Kristiansund is an important cultural centre in the region of Nordmøre. The city is probably best known for housing Norway's oldest opera, which was established in 1928 by Edvard Bræin. There is an annual opera festival held every February in Kristiansund named The Opera Weeks (Operafestukene). In addition to this, Kristiansund is also host city of Northern Europes largest photo festival, Nordic Light. Even though this is a rather "young" festival, (Est. 2006) it has grown to become one of the most important of its kind in Europe, attracting famous photographers from all around the world, like Don McCullin, Jock Sturges and William Klein. Other smaller festivals held in Kristiansund include The Tahiti Festival and Kristiansund Church, Art and Culture Festival (shortened to the KKKK-festival in Norwegian).  Kristiansund's main football team, Kristiansund BK, is a result of the 2003 merger between the two largest football teams in the city, KFK and Clausenengen, which together with support from local businesses helped in creating a united elite club commitment. The club started at the 4th level (tredje divisjon) of the Norwegian football league system, and qualifyed for the 2017 season to play at the top level (Eliteserien). The team finished 7th in its first season at the top level, beating all expectations.  Other popular sports in Kristiansund include Volleyball, Wrestling, Swimming, Ice skating and Handball.

Notable residents.

The following people are from, or have their roots in, Kristiansund.

Kristiansund (, ; historically spelled Christianssund and earlier named Fosna) is municipality on the western coast of Norway in the Nordmøre district of Møre og Romsdal county. The administrative center of the municipality is the town of Kristiansund (which was established in 1742), which is the major town for the whole Nordmøre region. Other notable settlements in the municipality include the villages of Kvalvåg, Rensvik, and Nedre Frei.

Kristiansund je město na západním pobřeží Norska. Nachází se v distriktu Nordmøre, v kraji Møre og Romsdal, jehož hlavním městem je Molde. Status města získal Kristiansund roku 1742. K městu samotnému patří i přiléhající obce Kvalvåg, Rensvik a Nedre Frei. Žije zde obyvatel a s celkovou rozlohu (i s vesnicemi) 87,54 km2 se jedná o 58. největší město Norska.


Wishing trees.

In many parts of the world travelers have observed the custom of hanging objects upon trees in order to establish some sort of a relationship between themselves and the tree. Throughout Europe, trees are known as sites of pilgrimages, ritual ambulation, and the recital of (Christian) prayers. Wreaths, ribbons or rags are suspended to win favor for sick humans or livestock, or merely for good luck. Popular belief associates the sites with healing, bewitching, or mere wishing.  In South America, Darwin recorded a tree honored by numerous offerings (rags, meat, cigars, etc.); libations were made to it, and horses were sacrificed.

World tree.

The world tree, with its branches reaching up into the sky, and roots deep into the earth, can be seen to dwell in three worlds - a link between heaven, the earth, and the underworld, uniting above and below. This great tree acts as an axis mundi, supporting or holding up the cosmos, and providing a link between the heavens, earth, and underworld. In European mythology, the best-known example is the tree Yggdrasil from Norse mythology.

Religion and folklore.

Numerous popular stories throughout the world reflect a firmly-rooted belief in an intimate connection between a human being and a tree, plant or flower. Sometimes a man's life depends upon the tree and suffers when it withers or is injured, and we encounter the idea of the external soul, already found in the Ancient Egyptian "Tale of Two Brothers" from at least 3000 years ago. Here one of the brothers leaves his heart on the top of the flower of the acacia and falls dead when it is cut down. Sometimes, however, the tree is a mysterious token which shows its sympathy with an absent hero by weakening or dying, as the man becomes ill or loses his life. These two features very easily combine, and they agree in representing to us mysterious sympathy between tree and human life.  Sometimes the new-born child is associated with a newly planted tree with which its life is supposed to be bound up; or, on ceremonial occasions (betrothal, marriage, ascent to the throne), a personal relationship of this kind is instituted by planting trees, upon the fortunes of which the career of the individual depends. Sometimes, boughs or plants are selected and the individual draws omens of life and death. Again, a person will put themselves into relationship with a tree by depositing upon it something which has been in close contact with them, such as hair or clothing.  Often a tree will be associated with oracles. The oak of Dodona was tended by priests who slept on the ground. Forms of the tall oaks of the old Prussians were inhabited by gods who gave responses, and so numerous are the examples that the old Hebrew terebinth of the teacher, and the terebinth of the diviners may reasonably be placed in this category. Important sacred trees are also the object of pilgrimage, one of the most noteworthy being the branch of the Bo tree at Sri Lanka brought thither before the Christian era. The tree spirits will hold sway over the surrounding forest or district, and the animals in the locality are often sacred and must not be harmed.  The custom of transferring disease or sickness from men to trees is well known. Sometimes the hair, nails, clothing, etc. of a sickly person are fixed to a tree, or they are forcibly inserted in a hole in the trunk, or the tree is split and the patient passes through the aperture. Where the tree has been thus injured, its recovery and that of the patient are often associated. Different explanations may be found of such customs which naturally take rather different forms among peoples in different grades.  In Arab folklore, sacred trees are haunted by jinn; sacrifices are made, and the sick who sleep beneath them receive prescriptions in their dreams. Here, as frequently elsewhere, it is dangerous to pull a bough. This dread of damaging special trees is familiar: Cato instructed the woodman to sacrifice to the male or female deity before thinning a grove, while in the Homeric poem to Aphrodite the tree nymph is wounded when the tree is injured, and dies when the trunk falls.  Early Buddhism held that trees had neither mind nor feeling and might lawfully be cut; but it recognized that certain spirits might reside in them, such as Nang Takian in Thailand. Propitiation is made before the axe is laid to the holy trees; loss of life or of wealth and the failure of rain are feared should they be wantonly cut; there are even trees which it is dangerous to climb. The Talein of Burma prays to the tree before he cuts it down, and the African woodman will place a fresh sprig upon the tree. In Hawaiian tradition, a tree either located at the end of a valley or on a cliff near the sea, is used by the soul as a gateway to the Underworld (AKA Pit of Milu). Some Ancient Indian tree deities, such as Puliyidaivalaiyamman, the Tamil deity of the tamarind tree, or Kadambariyamman, associated with the kadamba tree were seen as manifestations of a goddess who offers her blessings by giving fruits in abundance.

Trees are significant in many of the world's mythologies, and have been given deep and sacred meanings throughout the ages. Human beings, observing the growth and death of trees, and the annual death and revival of their foliage, have often seen them as powerful symbols of growth, death and rebirth. Evergreen trees, which largely stay green throughout these cycles, are sometimes considered symbols of the eternal, immortality or fertility. The image of the Tree of life or world tree occurs in many mythologies.

Strom byl v mnoha dávných civilizacích, kulturách a náboženstvích ať už jako rostlina či mytologický symbol významným předmětem uctívání a rovněž místem pro nejrůznější obřady, modlitby a meditace, které provázely každodenní duchovní život mnoha kultur, kmenů a národů po celém světě, jenž této rostlině přisuzovaly hluboký duchovní význam a často také léčivou moc. Stromům se v minulosti zasvěcovaly rozsáhlé háje, popř. celé lesy a tato místa se poté stávala centrem s vysokou koncentrací energie a léčitelství.


History.

2010 (inaugural VidCon).

The first VidCon was held in July 9–11, 2010 at the Hyatt Regency Century Plaza hotel in Los Angeles and sold out in advance with over 1,400 people attending. The first day featured industry panels and presentations by industry leaders and video creators. The second and third day featured main stage presentations by YouTube's content creators, breakout sessions and concerts featuring musicians who achieved success primarily by presenting their music via online videos.

2011 (2nd annual VidCon).

VidCon 2011 was held in July 29–30, 2011, with an industry conference day on July 28, again at the Hyatt Regency Century Plaza hotel in Los Angeles. The event sold out sixty days prior to its opening, with 2,500 people in attendance.

2012 (3rd annual VidCon).

VidCon 2012, the third annual conference, was held in June 28–30, 2012 at the Anaheim Convention Center. The new venue offered a much larger capacity with room for future expansion, with 7,000 people in attendance.

2013 (4th annual VidCon).

VidCon 2013 was held in August 1–3, 2013 at the Anaheim Convention Center. The conference sold out a month in advance with attendance reaching 12,000 people. YouTube signed a deal in 2013 to become the principal sponsor of VidCon for two years.

2014 (5th annual VidCon).

VidCon 2014 was held in June 26–28, 2014 at the Anaheim Convention Center.  The industry track featured talks given by YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki, DreamWorks co-founder Jeffrey Katzenberg, and Fullscreen CEO George Strompolos, as well as VidCon cofounder John Green. Troye Sivan also announced his EP, TRXYE.  There were various concerts during the convention including We The Kings and Meghan Tonjes.

2015 (6th annual VidCon).

VidCon 2015 took place on July 23–25, 2015, at the Anaheim Convention Center. The number of people attending was limited, so there would only be slightly more people than in 2014. However, the space was enlarged, with the convention taking up the entire Convention Center. There were over 300 YouTube creators who performed, exhibited and connected with the attendees. Troye Sivan announced his new EP, WILD.  VidCon 2015 used a new system for fans to meet the creators, requiring "Community" members to sign up a month in advance to meet specific creators.

2016 (7th annual VidCon).

VidCon 2016 was held from June 23–25 at the Anaheim Convention Center. The convention announced plans to tighten security at its events in the wake of singer Christina Grimmie's shooting and the Orlando nightclub massacre. Security measures included the addition of metal detectors, enhancing the number of security officers and banning informal meet-and-greets between community members and YouTubers after panels.

2017 (8th annual VidCon US, addition of other VidCons).

VidCon Europe debuted from April 7–9, 2017, at the Amsterdam RAI Exhibition and Convention Centre in Amsterdam.  VidCon US was held from June 21–24, 2017, at the Anaheim Convention Center.  VidCon Australia debuted on September 9–10, 2017, at the Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre in Melbourne.

2018 (9th annual VidCon US, 2nd annual VidCon Europe/Australia).

VidCon Europe was held from March 22–24, 2018, at the Mövenpick Hotel Amsterdam. Unlike 2017, VidCon Europe 2018 did away with the Community badge, only selling Creator and Industry badges. This was the result of "evaluated feedback" of Community Track attendees from 2017. VidCon sought to "leverage [its] success with the creator and industry communities and continue to build an independent gathering to expand the cross-cultural YouTube and online video movement across Europe."  VidCon US was held from June 20–23, 2018, at the Anaheim Convention Center. This was the first year VidCon implemented the use of RFID wristbands.  VidCon Australia was held from August 31-September 2, 2018, at the Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre.

Acquisition by Viacom.

In February 2018, Viacom (owner of the Viacom Media Networks and film studio Paramount Pictures) announced that they were acquiring VidCon, as part of its efforts to expand its live-events business, and to expand from TV programming to next-generation entertainment platforms. Jim Louderback will remain as the CEO of the convention, and co-founder Hank Green will continue be involved and work closely with the team. Its offices will also remain in Missoula, Montana. Internet reception to this acquisition was mixed, with some noting the irony of Viacom acquiring VidCon a decade after their lawsuit against Google and YouTube for copyright infringement. Hank Green reassured fans that Viacom's acquisition will allow the convention to flourish.

2019 (10th annual VidCon US, 3rd annual VidCon Europe/Australia, addition of VidCon Asia).

VidCon Europe was held from February 14–17, 2019 at the ExCel London.  VidCon US was held from July 10–13, 2019, at the Anaheim Convention Center.  VidCon Australia was held from September 19–22, 2019, at the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre.  During Vidcon US, Vidcon announced that the inaugural Vidcon Asia (formally Vidcon Asia Summit) will debut from December 3–4, 2019. It was held at the Raffles City Convention Centre in Singapore.

2020 (VidCon London, Cancellations, VidCon Now).

VidCon London was held from February 20–23, 2020 at the ExCel London.  VidCon Abu Dhabi would have been held from March 25–28, 2020 at the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre, but was postponed to December 16–19, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.  VidCon Mexico would have been held from April 30-May 3, 2020 at the Citibanamex Center, but was postponed to September 17–20, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.  VidCon US would have been held from June 17–20, 2020 at the Anaheim Convention Center, but it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.  On June 15, VidCon announced on their Twitter that the 2020 edition will be held virtually on YouTube, called VidCon Now. The event will feature creators such as James Charles, Brent Rivera, Sam Tsui, etc. The event will be held from June 20th- July 6th.

Types of passes.

VidCon attendees may purchase one of three types of passes, also called badges or "tracks", a system rolled out during the 2015 VidCon. At the lowest price, the Community track allows access to the main floor of the Anaheim Convention Center, several stages, the signing and photo hall, the Expo Hall, and more. The second type is the Creator track, which is geared more toward members of the online video community who either produce content themselves or have an interest in doing so. This pass gives access to the main and second floor of the venue and creator lounges, which feature panels, workshops, and keynotes that focus on the specifics of creating and editing online video. The third and most expensive type is the Industry track, which gives attendees the chance to attend all VidCon events and enjoy the industry lounge. This badge is mainly designed for those in the online video business, with access to keynote conversations, round-table discussions, hands-on training and platform and product demonstrations. Vidcon provided the industry members with a private zone to relax away from the attendees.  VidCon has a list of featured creators who are invited to the convention and who participate in panels, concerts, and more. These online content creators have access to all events at VidCon as well as the industry lounge, similarly to the Industry track.  People with disabilities are offered assistance throughout the convention. Special accessible seating is provided along with ASL interpreters present in the arena and main stage.

Controversy.

Tana Mongeau feud.

After being reportedly snubbed and restricted at past VidCon events, YouTube star Tana Mongeau decided to create her own convention, TanaCon (deemed by some to be the Anti-VidCon). While this move was initially applauded by fans and fellow YouTubers (who had also taken issue with VidCon's past handling of creators), TanaCon 2018 was ultimately deemed a failure. The event took place at the Anaheim Marriott Suites, a hotel situated in the Anaheim Convention Center complex during the same weekend as VidCon 2018. Reportedly, 4,000 to 5,000 fans showed up for a venue that only held 1,150 (an oversight exacerbated by the pre-sale of 5,000 tickets). The event was shut down by police, with many receiving first-degree and second-degree sunburns from standing outside waiting in LA's June heat. At least one attendee had to be hospitalized, following an injury that occurred during a door rush in the overcrowded hotel. Starting in July, fans began to receive refunds for pre-sale tickets; however, some were still considering filing a class-action lawsuit against Good Times Entertainment, the financial backer for TanaCon, in order to recoup losses from travel and accommodation for the event. Tana was later invited back to Vidcon the following year as a "Featured Creator", after a mutual decision between the two parties.

VidCon is a multi-genre online video tech conference, held annually in Southern California since 2010 and currently organized by ViacomCBS. Originally conceived by Hank and John Green of the Vlogbrothers YouTube channel, the convention is one of the largest of its kind, gathering thousands of online video viewers, creators, and industry representatives worldwide. In February 2018, Viacom acquired VidCon; however the conference remains a standalone subsidiary. Its offices remain in Missoula, Montana, sharing a building with Complexly.

VidCon je více žánrová online video konference a festival konající se každoročně v Jižní Kalifornii od roku 2010. Prvnotní nápad založit tuto akci měli John Green a Hank Green, je největší svého druhu na světě, dá se přirovnat například k českému Utuberingu, prezentují se tu tvůrci YouTube videí - youtubeři, vlogeři. V roce 2015 VidCon navštívilo necelých 20 000 lidí.


History.

In 1922 the site, a former brickfield, was bought from the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway Company for £2,750. The club had been pursuing a deal for the ground as early as 25 February 1919. The stadium, designed by Scottish stadium architect Archibald Leitch, was constructed by Humphreys of Kensington (a firm regularly used by Leitch) for around £30,000, and was officially opened by the Lord Mayor of London on 30 August 1924. There was then only one stand, the present Main Stand, but this was unfinished due to industrial action; Crystal Palace played Sheffield Wednesday and lost 0–1 in front of 25,000 fans.  Two years later, on St David's Day in 1926, England played Wales in an international at the stadium. England amateur matches and various other finals were also staged there, as were other sports including boxing, bicycle polo (in the late 1940s) and cricket and music concerts (in the 1980s). In addition to this, it hosted two games for the 1948 Summer Olympics.  In 1953, the stadium's first floodlights were installed consisting of numerous poles around the 3 sides of terracing and four roof mounted installations on the Main Stand, but were replaced nine years later by floodlights mounted on pylons in each corner and six installations on the Main Stand roof. Real Madrid marked the occasion by playing under the new set of bulbs – a real footballing coup at the time for third division Palace, as it was Real's first ever match in London.  The ground remained undeveloped until 1969, when Palace were promoted to Division One (then the highest tier of English football) for the first time. The Arthur Wait Stand was built, and is named after the club's long-serving chairman, who was a builder by trade and was often seen working on the site himself. Arthur Wait was notable for overseeing Palace's rise from the 4th to the 1st Division in the 1960s. The Whitehorse Lane end was given a new look when a "second tier" of terracing, brick-built refreshments and toilets were provided along the top.  The Safety of Grounds Act required the Holmesdale Road terrace (the preferred stand for the Crystal Palace supporters) to be split into three sections for safety reasons. The remaining poorer facilities were mainly where opposition supporters were situated. New facilities were subsequently built at the back of the Holmesdale Stand. In the summer of 1981, the Main Stand terraced enclosure was redesigned and refitted with seating. This year also saw Palace sell the back of the Whitehorse Lane terrace and adjacent land to supermarket retailer Sainsbury's for £2m, to help their financial problems. The size of the terrace at this end was effectively halved.  Charlton Athletic moved into the stadium as temporary tenants in 1985, and became with Palace the first league clubs in England to agree such a ground-sharing scheme. The following year, chairman Ron Noades purchased the stadium from the club as a means of raising revenue. In the summer of 1990, the lower half of the Arthur Wait Stand was converted into all-seater with the assistance of Football Trust Grant Aid, following the Taylor Report into the Hillsborough Disaster. Two rows of executive boxes (48 in total) were constructed above the Whitehorse Lane terrace (on the roof of Sainsbury's supermarket) in 1991 and this was subsequently roofed and made all-seater in the summer of 1993. Charlton moved back to The Valley via West Ham's Boleyn Ground, and Wimbledon F.C. replaced them as tenants in 1991. The Holmesdale terrace was demolished in 1994 and replaced a year later with a two-tiered 8,500 capacity stand. The roof cladding of the main stand was also replaced, the previous one having started to leak. Some 25 years on, this remains the most recent major work to be carried out at Selhurst Park.  When Mark Goldberg bought Crystal Palace, he bought just the club. Former Palace chairman Ron Noades retained ownership of the Selhurst Park ground, having purchased it from the club in 1986. Chairman Simon Jordan took out a ten-year lease on the ground upon his purchase of the club in 2000, and Noades received rent from Palace. Wimbledon relocated to Milton Keynes in 2003, a section of their fans already having decamped to the newly established AFC Wimbledon in protest, when the old club were given permission by the FA to move in 2002.  Palace chairman Jordan stated that he had completed a purchase of the freehold of Selhurst Park from Altonwood Limited (Ron Noades' company) for £12m in October 2006. However, Simon Jordan never owned the freehold or had any interest in it and his reasons for claiming he had bought it are unknown. Ownership was in fact held by Selhurst Park Limited, a joint venture between HBOS and the Rock property empire owned by Paul Kemsley, a former director of Tottenham Hotspur. In April 2008, a 25-year lease was granted to Crystal Palace at an annual rent of £1.2m.  The Rock Group went into administration in June 2009, the management of the freehold was taken on by PwC acting on behalf of Lloyds Bank, which now own HBOS. PwC expected to sell it within two years. The club and Selhurst Park stadium were purchased by the CPFC 2010 consortium in June 2010, leading to the stadium and Football Club being united in a company for the first time since 1998.  January 2011 saw CPFC 2010 announce plans to redevelop the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre, the club's original home, in five years' time. However, opposition from Crystal Palace residents and Bromley council have seen the plans become increasingly infeasible, resulting in suggestions that Selhurst Park should be redeveloped gradually similar to the Molineux stadium (home to Wolves).  In June 2012, Crystal Palace co-chairman Steve Parish approached Rugby Union team London Welsh about a possible ground-share. London Welsh's promotion to the English Premiership was in doubt, as their plans to play their matches at Kassam Stadium were deemed unsuitable by the RFU.

The stands.

Holmesdale Road Stand.

Capacity of stand: 8,329  The Holmesdale is a double-tiered stand (Lower tier 5,510, Upper tier 2,819) on the south side of the stadium. Built 1994-95, this is the newest stand in the stadium, replacing the previous terrace end. It forms the SE end of the stadium.

Arthur Wait Stand.

Capacity of stand: 9,574  Part of this stand seats the away supporters (approx. 3,000), the 'Arthur Wait' stand named after the then chairman opened in 1969. It forms the NE side of the stadium.

Main Stand.

Capacity of stand: 5,460 + Press Seats (63)  This original stand opened in 1924 includes the Directors Box, new offices/Main Entrance were built at the rear of the stand during the nineties, meanwhile the exterior of the Main Stand has been re-cladded in white replacing the old original blue painted corrugated iron. New seats were also installed during the summer of 2013, several lounges/Bars and a restaurant are also within the stand. With new investment confirmed the club put forward plans for this stand to be redeveloped into a three-tier structure, building over, then removing, the current stand. Plans for a new 13,500-seater Main Stand (extending overall stadium capacity to 34,000) were approved at a Croydon Council meeting on 19 April 2018. The new stand will feature an all-glass frontage, inspired in by the original Crystal Palace. The club plans for the work to start in summer 2019 with the new stand to be ready in time for the 2021–22 season.

Whitehorse Lane Stand.

Capacity of stand: 2,219 + seating for executive boxes (480)  The Whitehorse Lane stand is otherwise known as the Family Stand for Crystal Palace supporters. The stand also includes 24 luxury Executive Boxes. It forms the NW end of the stadium.

Attendance.

Records.

The record attendance in Selhurst Park was achieved in 1979 when 51,801 people saw Crystal Palace defeat Burnley F.C. 2–0 to clinch the Football League Second Division championship title. The ground also holds the record for Division Four (now League Two in the English football pyramid) attendance when Crystal Palace played local rivals Millwall F.C. in 1961 after 37,774 people turned out for the game.  Selhurst Park recorded the lowest attendance for a Premier League game - 3,039 during Wimbledon v. Everton on 26 January 1993. The game finished 3-1 to Everton.

Selhurst Park is an association football stadium located in the London suburb of Selhurst in the Borough of Croydon. It is the home ground of Crystal Palace Football Club playing in the Premier League. The stadium was designed by Archibald Leitch and opened in 1924. The stadium has hosted one international football match as well as games for the 1948 Summer Olympics. Part of the stadium incorporates a branch of Sainsbury's. The stadium was shared by Charlton Athletic F.C. from 1985 until 1991 and then by Wimbledon F.C. from 1991 until 2003.

Selhurst Park je fotbalový stadion, který se nachází v londýnském South Norwoodu. Stadion je domovem ligového klubu Crystal Palace FC. Současná maximální kapacita stadionu činí 26 255 diváků. Stadion je rozdělen na čtyři tribuny, a to Holmesdale Road Stand (8 147 diváků), Arthur Wait Stand (9 754), Main Stand (6 163 diváků), a Whitehorse Lane Stand (víc jak 2 245 diváků).


Biography.

Greengard was born in New York City, the son of Pearl (née Meister) and Benjamin Greengard, a vaudeville comedian. His older sister was actress Irene Kane, who later became a writer by the name of Chris Chase; she died in 2013, aged 89. Their mother died in childbirth and their father remarried in 1927. The Greengard siblings' parents were Jewish, but their stepmother was Episcopalian. He and his sister were "brought up in the Christian tradition".  During World War II, he served in the United States Navy as an electronics technician at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology working on an early warning system against Japanese kamikaze planes. After World War II, he attended Hamilton College where he graduated in 1948 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics. He decided against graduate school in physics because most post-war physics research was focusing on nuclear weapons, and instead became interested in biophysics.  Greengard began his graduate studies at Johns Hopkins University in the lab of Haldan Keffer Hartline. Inspired by a lecture by Alan Hodgkin, Greengard began work on the molecular and cellular function of neurons. He received his PhD in 1953 and began postdoctoral work at the University of London, Cambridge University, and the University of Amsterdam. Greengard then became director of the Department of Biochemistry at the Geigy Research Laboratories.  After leaving Geigy in 1967, he worked briefly at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Vanderbilt University before taking a position as Professor in the Department of Pharmacology at Yale University. In 1983 he joined the faculty of The Rockefeller University. Greengard was a member of the Board of Scientific Governors at The Scripps Research Institute. He was the acting chairman of the Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research Foundation and served on the board of the Michael Stern Parkinson's Research Foundation, which later merged with The Michael J. Fox Foundation.. Both internationally renowned foundations support the research conducted in the Greengard laboratory at The Rockefeller University.  He died on April 13, 2019.

Research.

Greengard's research focused on events inside the neuron caused by neurotransmitters. Specifically, Greengard and his fellow researchers studied the behavior of second messenger cascades that transform the docking of a neurotransmitter with a receptor into permanent changes in the neuron. In a series of experiments, Greengard and his colleagues showed that when dopamine interacts with a receptor on the cell membrane of a neuron, it causes an increase in cyclic AMP inside the cell. This increase of cyclic AMP, in turn activates a protein called protein kinase A, which turns other proteins on or off by adding phosphate groups in a reaction known as phosphorylation. The proteins activated by phosphorylation can then perform a number of changes in the cell: transcribing DNA to make new proteins, moving more receptors to the synapse (and thus increasing the neuron's sensitivity), or moving ion channels to the cell surface (and thus increasing the cell's excitability). He shared the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Arvid Carlsson and Eric Kandel for his work on the central regulatory protein DARPP-32.

Family.

Paul Greengard had two sons from his first marriage, Claude and Leslie. Claude Greengard holds a PhD in mathematics from UC Berkeley, and is the Founder of Foss Hill Partners. Leslie holds an MD from the Yale School of Medicine and a PhD in computer science from Yale University, and is a professor of mathematics and computer science at and director of the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at NYU, a winner of the Steele Prize for a seminal contribution to research, a recipient of both a Packard Foundation Fellowship and an NSF Presidential Young Investigator Award, and a member of both the U.S. National Academy of Engineering and the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.  In 1985, Paul Greengard married internationally renowned sculptor Ursula von Rydingsvard, who has received numerous awards and grants, including two awards from the National Endowment of the Arts, a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Skowhegan Medal for Sculpture, and three awards from the American section of the International Association of Art Critics. von Rydingsvard is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and her artworks are among the permanent collections of the Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Brooklyn Museum, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, the National Gallery of Art and the Walker Art Center.

Discrimination complaints.

In February 2018, a federal jury in the Southern District of New York found The Rockefeller University liable for discrimination based on race and national origin which occurred in 2007 in the lab of, and under the supervision of, Greengard.

Pearl Meister Greengard Prize.

Paul Greengard used his Nobel Prize honorarium to help fund the Pearl Meister Greengard Prize, an award for women scientists. The award is named after his mother, who died during childbirth. It was established in 2004 to shine a spotlight on exceptional women in science, since, as Greengard observed, "[women] are not yet receiving awards and honors at a level commensurate with their achievements." The annual prize is awarded to an outstanding woman conducting biomedical research.

Paul Greengard (December 11, 1925 – April 13, 2019) was an American neuroscientist best known for his work on the molecular and cellular function of neurons. In 2000, Greengard, Arvid Carlsson and Eric Kandel were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system. He was Vincent Astor Professor at Rockefeller University, and served on the Scientific Advisory Board of the Cure Alzheimer's Fund, as well as the Scientific Council of the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation. He was married to artist Ursula von Rydingsvard.

Paul Greengard (11. prosince 1925, New York, New York, USA - 13. dubna 2019, New York) byl americký neurobiolog, nositel Nobelovy ceny za fyziologii a lékařství za rok 2000. Za výzkum přenosu signálů v nervovém systému ji spolu s ním dostali Arvid Carlsson a Eric Kandel.


History.

The history of a town named Cieszanów is rather short and dates back to the late 15th century, as it was first mentioned in documents in 1496. At that time, it was part of Lubaczów County, Bełz Voivodeship. In 1580, the city of Zamość was founded, which attracted an influx of settlers. Furthermore, a merchant road to Jarosław was established nearby, so a nobleman Stanisław Cieszanowski (Jelita coat of arms), who was owner of the village, applied for town charter. On May 14, 1590 in Warsaw, King Sigismund III of Poland granted Magdeburg rights to the new town, which was named Cieszanów, after the Cieszanowski family.  Following the death of Stanisław Cieszanowski, the town belonged to several families. In 1646, its castle was attacked by Cossacks, during the Khmelnytsky Uprising. In 1656, the town was burned by Swedes (see Swedish invasion of Poland), and in 1672 by Crimean Tatars. In 1681, King John III Sobieski, who had fought the Tatars in this area in the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76), confirmed Cieszanów’s town charter. From the first partition of Poland in 1772 until 1918, the town was part of the Austrian monarchy (Austria side after the compromise of 1867), head of the district with the same name, one of the 78 "Bezirkshauptmannschaften" in Austrian Galicia province (Crown land).  A brickyard was opened here, and in 1800, a brick church was built. The town remained private property of the Rojowski family, whose coat of arms is now used as the coat of arms of Cieszanów. In 1857, the population consisted of 859 Roman Catholics, 250 Greek Catholics and 1057 Jews. Since poverty was rampant, a number of residents decided to leave Galicia and settle in Northern America. In 1867 Cieszanów was named seat of a newly created county, which included six towns (Lubaczów, Cieszanów, Lipsko, Narol, Oleszyce and Płazów. County court, post and tax offices, and offices of the local governments were moved here from other towns.  Due to proximity of the border with Russian-controlled Congress Poland, Cieszanów and its vicinity was used for smuggling of weapons, ammunition and volunteers during the January Uprising (1863 - 1864). In May 1863, a large military hospital for Polish rebels was established here, and Austrian government, uneasy about the situation, sent to Cieszanów a squadron of Hungarian mounted troops, which guarded the borderline.  In 1883, the monument of King John III Sobieski was unveiled, in 1871, a post of the Polish Pedagogical Society was established, followed by Volunteer Firefighters, Charity Society, Gymnastic Society Sokol, Polish Boyscouts, and other organizations. The development of Cieszanow was stopped by World War I. On November 11, 1914, the town was captured by the Russians, who remained here until June 18, 1915. During heavy fighting, the town was burned, and county government was temporarily moved to Lubaczow (until 1919).  On November 1, 1918, Ukrainian military units seized control over Cieszanów, but they were expelled by Polish soldiers on December 6, 1918. In the Second Polish Republic, Cieszanów belonged to Lwów Voivodeship, losing in 1923 its status as the seat of a county. Cieszanów was rebuilt, becoming local center of trade and commerce. In 1921, its population was 2282.  On September 7, 1939, Cieszanów was bombed by the Luftwaffe, and five days later, first Wehrmacht units entered the town, arresting members of local government. The Germans soon retreated (see Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact), replaced by the Red Army, but in early October 1939, Cieszanów became part of General Government’ Zamość County. The town had a garrison of German border guard (Grenzschutz).  On May 4, 1944, Cieszanów was destroyed by the UPA unit commanded by and aided by local militia. During the attack several inhabitants were killed and the rest evacuated by the Home Army. On July 21, first Soviet troops entered the empty town. Residents returned, a post office was established (September 15, 1944), and on September 18, classes at the local elementary school started.  In 1957, Cieszanów had a population of 1352, but two years later, its population shrank to 1267. Until 1975, the town belonged to Rzeszów Voivodeship, and from 1975 until 1999, it was part of Przemyśl Voivodeship.

References.

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Cieszanów (, "Tishaniv "or" Tsishaniv "or" Chesaniv"; ) is a town in Lubaczów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland. It has a population of 1,916

Cieszanów (, ) je město v polském Podkarpatském vojvodství v okrese Lubaczów (). Město je sídlem stejnojmenné gminy a centrem obchodu a služeb. Žije zde obyvatel.


Plot.

In 1951 Hollywood, Eddie Mannix is head of physical production at Capitol Pictures. His duties as the studio "fixer" find him corraling its scandalous stars, fending off twin gossip columnists Thora and Thessaly Thacker, and weighing an impressive job offer from the Lockheed Corporation. When unmarried synchronized swimming actress DeeAnna Moran becomes pregnant, Mannix arranges for her to place the baby in foster care then discreetly adopt it, preserving her image.  Baird Whitlock, the dimwitted star of the studio's major production "Hail, Caesar! A Tale of the Christ," is drugged and abducted. He awakens at a meeting of The Future, a group of Communist screenwriters, and is won over to their cause. The Future send a ransom note demanding $100,000 for Whitlock's return, which Mannix procures from the studio as "petty cash". He convinces Thora to withhold a story in exchange for information on singing Western film star Hobie Doyle.  Doyle has been hopelessly cast in a comedy of manners and, despite the efforts of director Laurence Laurentz, cannot overcome his thick Southern American accent. When Laurentz requests Doyle's removal, Mannix convinces him to continue his coaching. Doyle admits to Mannix his trepidation about the role, but Mannix reassures him and confides in him about Whitlock's kidnapping.  That evening, Doyle attends the premiere of his new Western with starlet Carlotta Valdez, as arranged by Mannix. The pair are accosted by the Thacker sisters, but Doyle spots the briefcase of ransom money, carried by musical star Burt Gurney.  Mannix and Moran meet with surety agent Joseph Silverman, a trusted scapegoat for the studio, who agrees to foster Moran's child. His dependability proves immensely attractive to Moran.  Doyle follows Gurney to The Future's beach house but finds only Whitlock inside. The Future have taken Gurney to rendezvous with a Soviet submarine and defect to Russia, but lose the briefcase in the ocean. Doyle returns Whitlock to the studio as the police arrive to arrest the group.  Mannix smacks Whitlock to stop his blathering in his newfound Communist jargon, but then orders him to "go out and be a star" and finish "Hail, Caesar!" The next morning, Mannix learns that Moran has married Silverman. Mannix rejects the Lockheed offer and decides to remain at Capitol Pictures. Thora informs him that her column will reveal Whitlock won his role in an earlier picture by having sex with Laurentz. However, Mannix persuades her not to run the story as her source, Gurney – being a Communist defector – will tarnish her reputation. Mannix moves on, confident in his role in life.

Production.

Development.

The Coens first pitched the story to George Clooney in 1999 during the shooting of "O Brother, Where Art Thou?" Ethan Coen described it as a "thought experiment" rather than a viable project. A comedy film, the story was originally said to follow "a troupe of actors in the 1920s putting on a play about ancient Rome", with the focus on a matinée idol. Clooney was to play the main character, "a hammy actor with a pencil mustache". In February 2008, the Coens said that the film did not have a script, but only existed as an idea. They pitched it to Clooney as a fourth opportunity to play a "numbskull", following his roles in "O Brother, Where Art Thou?" (2000), "Intolerable Cruelty" (2003) and "Burn After Reading" (2008). Clooney was not initially enthused.  The project was mentioned in a December 2013 interview about "Inside Llewyn Davis". Joel Coen revealed that they were "working on" "Hail, Caesar!", and that it would likely be their next project. In May 2014, the Coens reconfirmed the film's development, with the plot now focused on a "fixer" working in the Hollywood film industry in the 1950s.

Historical context.

Set in 1951, "Hail, Caesar!" takes place at a transitional time for the film industry. The studio system was breaking down, and a Supreme Court ruling had forced studios to divest their movie theaters. Television, then still in its early years, threatened to pull away audiences. The Cold War and the Red Scare were both underway. Hollywood responded by creating escapist fare: westerns, highly choreographed dance and aquatic spectacles, and Roman epics with massive casts.  Writing in "The Washington Post", Kristen Page-Kirby noted that the nostalgia for Hollywood's golden age is heavily filtered by time. "It’s easy to look back at any part of the past and say, 'Yeah, that’s how it should be today'. "Hail, Caesar!" uses the uniformly terrible fake movies within it to show that while we all remember 1946 for stuff like "The Yearling" and "Notorious", it also gave us "Tarzan and the Leopard Woman."" The Coens cited their own examples of sub-par films and performances from the era that they saw as television re-runs while growing up: "That Touch of Mink" (1962), and Laurence Olivier, in brownface, co-starring with Charlton Heston in "Khartoum" (1966). "We loved that stuff. We just didn’t realize we were watching crap," said Joel Coen.

Casting.

In December 2013, the Coens confirmed that Clooney would remain involved with the project. In June 2014, Josh Brolin, Channing Tatum, Ralph Fiennes, and Tilda Swinton joined the cast, Universal Pictures was announced to be distributing the film, and Eric Fellner and Tim Bevan signed on to produce the film for Working Title Films. In July, Jonah Hill and Scarlett Johansson entered talks to join the production. The next month, Johansson and Hill were confirmed to have joined the cast, and Alden Ehrenreich entered negotiations to star. In a September 2014 interview with "The Daily Beast", Frances McDormand said she had a role in the film. In October, Patrick Fischler, David Krumholtz, and Fisher Stevens joined the cast as communist screenwriters, and Clancy Brown joined as an actor in the film within a film, also titled "Hail, Caesar!" The following month, Christopher Lambert was cast as Arne Slessum, a European filmmaker who has an affair with Johannson's character. In a November 2014 interview at the Ottawa Pop Expo, Robert Picardo revealed that he had a role in the film and that he was set to begin filming in December. Also in November, Emily Beecham was said to have a role in the film.

Costume design.

Costume designer Mary Zophres began work 12 weeks ahead of shooting, researching period wardrobe from the late 1940s on the assumption that most people routinely wear clothes purchased over the past few years. She designed for a working film studio of the early 1950s, plus six genre films, each of which featured a major actor working on the set for about a week. Photos from the MGM library and the Academy of Motion Pictures and Sciences showed that film crews dressed more formally than today—no shorts or sneakers. Zophres produced about 15 boards of preliminary sketches, including "sculptural Technicolor gowns" for the ballroom drama that were inspired by the work of Charles James. Her double-breasted suit for Josh Brolin was intended to blend with his skin tone, his moustache was styled after Walt Disney's, his hair was permed, and his character alone wore a fedora. Zophres modeled Channing Tatum's look on Troy Donahue and Tyrone Power. The costumes in "Ben Hur" in particular served as references for the gladiator sequences, although Zophres employed the contemporary technique of using painted hard plastic foam instead of metal. The film ultimately required more than 2,500 costumes, including 170 Roman extras, 120 Israelites and about 45 slaves. About 500 of the costumes were custom-made. Toward the end of the shoot, the scope of the project overtook the budget, and Zophres completed some of the sewing herself.

Filming and locations.

In October 2014, Roger Deakins posted on his website that he would be the film's cinematographer and was shooting test footage. Principal photography on the film began in Los Angeles, California, on November 10, 2014. According to the "Los Angeles Times", the Coen brothers' decision to film in Los Angeles increased filming activity in the city, which had previously been down by "a double-digit percentage... in the fourth quarter [of 2014]". In December, Clooney was photographed in full Roman regalia while filming scenes in Downtown Los Angeles.  Tatum dyed his hair blond for his role as a tap-dancing sailor, one of five in the "No Dames!" sequence set in the Swingin' Dinghy bar. Tatum who had danced hip-hop and street, but not tap, worked without a double after much training. Other dancers came from Broadway, including Clifton Samuels, who said that the scene's greatest challenge was not Christopher Gattelli's choreography per se, but maintaining the style of the period "in which the dancers must stay on the balls of their feet." A split-screen scene from the "That’s Entertainment!" trilogy influenced the Coens' decision to widen the shot to reveal film crew members pushing the set into place.  "Hail, Caesar!" was the first movie that Deakins shot on film since "True Grit" in 2010. The Coens themselves had said that their previous movie, "Inside Llewyn Davis," would probably be their last use of the medium. But with "Hail, Caesar!"''s classic Hollywood theme making film an obvious choice, Deakins agreed to give it one more try. "I don’t mind," he recalled saying, "I’ll shoot it on a cell phone if you like." Ultimately, film proved a limited palette due to the narrowing choices of stocks and processing options in the wake of digital cinematography. Deakins didn't recall encountering those kinds of problems on earlier projects. "But it makes me nervous now. I don’t want to do that again, frankly. I don’t think the infrastructure’s there."  Southern California locations were used throughout the film, presenting a challenge to location manager John Panzarella. He noted that "period locations are disappearing fast", including several employed in an earlier film he scouted, the 1997 "LA Confidential". The Warner Bros. studio, which, unusually, has retained its vintage buildings, stood in for most of the fictitious Capitol Pictures Productions after trailers, electrical hookups, and other contemporary fixtures were removed. Union Station in downtown Los Angeles was also used for some studio exteriors. The synchronized swimming scene with Scarlett Johansson was choreographed and directed by Mesha Kussman, and performed by the Aqualillies, a Los Angeles-based group of professional synchronized swimmers. They worked at the water tank on Stage 30 at Sony Pictures Studios; the tank was also used for Esther Williams films and was under restoration until a week before shooting. The wood-paneled conference room where Mannix vets the movie with religious leaders was filmed at the Cravens Estate's drawing room in Pasadena. The office of general counsel Sid Siegelstein was shot at a 1929 building in Los Angeles's Arts District later owned by Southwestern Bag Company. The building was designed by the same architecture firm that did UCLA's Royce Hall.  Locations used for scenes beyond Capitol Pictures included the Appian Way scenes, which were shot at the Big Sky Movie Ranch in Simi Valley, and the western sequence, which was filmed at Vasquez Rocks Natural Area Park. The well of Jehoshaphat sequence was shot at Bronson Canyon, formerly a quarry, in Griffith Park. The nightclub interiors, the scene of Carlotta and Hobie's date, was shot at the Hollywood Palladium, with the exterior at the Fonda Theatre and some reverse shots at the Chapman Plaza in Korea Town. Carlotta's house exterior was filmed at a 1927 home in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles; this was also the locale for The Good Luck Bar, which stood in for the Imperial Gardens Chinese restaurant. The movie premiere was shot in the Los Angeles Theatre, selected for its spacious lobby.

Post-production.

Digital effects for "Hail, Caesar!" encompassed three areas: standard effects like Ehrenreich's lasso tricks, period effects including a matte painting of Rome that referenced the 1951 film "Quo Vadis," and effects intended to blur the line between a 2016 film and the vintage movie-making techniques it portrays. Examples of the latter include a green screen car sequence made to look as if it employed the older technique of rear projection, and the submarine sequence, which employed computer graphics that suggested the use of miniatures. "It was important that the "sub" not look silly", said effects supervisor Dan Schrecker, whereas "the whole point of that Rome matte painting was that it was ridiculous". The burning film frame in McDormand's Moviola scene was created by Sam Spreckley, a Scottish visual artist who experiments with the technique. The special effects of the beach house on the bluff were meant as an homage to "North by Northwest".

Soundtrack.

The soundtrack for the film, titled Hail Caesar!: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, features the original score by Carter Burwell, and an original song, "No Dames!", performed by Channing Tatum. The soundtrack was released via digital download and physical formats on February 5, 2016, by Back Lot Music.  Carter Burwell composed the score for the film, and wrote original songs along with Henry Krieger and Willie Reale.

Marketing.

Universal and Working Title released the official trailer on October 9, 2015. On December 29, 2015, the first poster for the film was released. On January 7, 2016, another poster was released.

Release.

The film premiered at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles on February 1, 2016 and was released in the United States on February 5. The film also opened the Berlin International Film Festival on February 11, 2016 was released in the United Kingdom on March 4, and on Blu-ray on June 7, 2016.

Box office.

"Hail, Caesar!" grossed $30.1 million in the United States and Canada and $33.1 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $63.2 million, against a production budget of $22 million.  The film was released in North America on February 5, 2016, alongside "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies" and "The Choice", and was projected to gross $9–11 million from 2,231 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $543,000 from Thursday night previews and $4.3 million on its first day. The film went on to gross $11.4 million in its opening weekend, finishing second at the box office behind "Kung Fu Panda 3" ($21.2 million). In its second weekend the film grossed $6.4 million (a 44% drop), finishing 6th at the box office.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 85% based on 356 reviews, with an average rating of 7.15/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Packed with period detail and perfectly cast, "Hail, Caesar!" finds the Coen brothers delivering an agreeably lightweight love letter to post-war Hollywood." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".  "The New Yorker"'s Richard Brody called the film "a comedy, and a scintillating, uproarious one, filled with fast and light touches of exquisite incongruity in scenes that have the expansiveness of relaxed precision, performed and timed with the spontaneous authority of jazz." Writing in the "Los Angeles Times", Kenneth Turan called it a "droll tribute to and spoof of Hollywood past [that] amuses from beginning to end with its site specific re-creation of the studio system and the movies that made it famous." The Coens were "helped enormously by a splendid and committed ensemble cast."  John Anderson of "The Wall Street Journal" wrote: "A dispiritingly vitriolic, only sporadically funny satire of ’50s Hollywood, "Hail, Caesar!" verifies a suspicion long held here, that the Coen brothers, Joel and Ethan, really hate the movies. Their central character, Eddie Mannix...is being wooed by Lockheed. Better hours. Better pay. Lifetime employment. Fewer nut jobs. And work that wouldn't be quite so... frivolous. The movie makes a strong case that the Coen brothers feel the same way. You start to wonder why you're sitting there watching."  "The Atlantic" associate editor David Sims concluded the opposite. Coen protagonists, he wrote, sometimes ask questions of higher powers—and receive no answer. "In "Hail, Caesar!" the answer is given, and it’s as hopeful as one could expect from the Coens: Cinema’s somber, weighty moments matter, but equally crucial are the frivolous, joyful bits of entertainment—watching Channing Tatum tap-dance on a table, or George Clooney ramble overwritten monologues."  Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" wrote that "Hail, Caesar!" falls between the filmmakers' masterworks and duds. "It’s a typically sly, off-center comedy, once again set against the machinery of the motion-picture business. And, as usual with the Coens, it has more going on than there might seem, including in its wrangling over God and ideology, art and entertainment."  Richard Roeper gave the film four out of four stars, calling the film one of his favorite movies ever made about making movies. IGN gave the film 7.7/10, saying, ""Hail, Caesar!" may not be one of the Coen Brothers' finest efforts—and it might not engage viewers beyond Los Angeles or those who truly understand or work in the film industry—but it's nevertheless a fun, charming, and oft-hilarious take on Hollywood's Golden Age." In a review for "The Village Voice", Melissa Anderson praised the performances, but found that the tone and humor of the film "too often goes flat."

Audience response.

Despite positive critical reception, audience response was less enthusiastic. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C−" on an A+ to F scale. 52% of the opening day audience were males while 84% were over 25, with both demographics giving the film a "D+" grade, while those over 50 years old gave the film a grade of "D−". Filmgoers polled by comScore's PostTrak service gave the film a 66% overall positive score and just a 40% "definite recommend".

Hail, Caesar! is a 2016 black comedy film written, produced, edited, and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen. The film stars Josh Brolin, George Clooney, Alden Ehrenreich, Ralph Fiennes, Jonah Hill, Scarlett Johansson, Frances McDormand, Tilda Swinton, and Channing Tatum. It is a fictional story that follows the real-life fixer Eddie Mannix (Brolin) working in the Hollywood film industry in the 1950s, trying to discover what happened to a cast member who vanished during the filming of a biblical epic.

Ave, Caesar! (v anglickém originále Hail, Caesar!) je americko-britský komediální film z roku 2016, který napsali, produkovali, stříhali a režírovali Bratři Coenové.


Plot.

Hal, the captain of the Heron, follows Zavac with the help of Rikard, a pirate who'd been betrayed by Zavac. However, Ingvar, a big, wise, but poor-sighted boy, contracts a fever from the arrow wound he received during the battle for Limmat. The Herons wait ashore, and Rikard escapes, but Lydia and Thorn quickly track him down and capture him once again. When Ingvar's fever breaks, the Herons continue on their chase after Zavac. They follow him to a town where they find evidence of Zavac, but he has already left. The Herons let Rikard go, but one of Zavac's men kill him for treachery. The Herons are accused of murdering Rikard, but they are cleared and they continue. However, Zavac learns of the Herons following him and he pays the Gatmeister of a nearby city to detain the Herons indefinitely. The Herons escape with the help of Lydia. They burn the Gatmeister's private yacht in revenge for beating up Hal when Hal wouldn't tell the Gatmeister where their cash chest was. They continue on to the pirate fortress Raguza, where the Seahawk stops them, but with the help of the Seahawk they enter Raguza under the guise of a pirate. Zavac learns of their presence, but the Herons talk to the Kopaljo first, and the Kopaljo takes the emeralds from Zavac that he stole from Limmat. He then banishes Zavac from Raguza. However, Hal challenges Zavac in a battle of ships. Hal cripples the ship with the Mangler, but it collapses on him. Ingvar frees him, and Hal goes on board The Raven, Zavac's ship, to recover the Andomal, Skandia's greatest treasure. Zavac nearly kills Hal, but Thorn saves Hal, and pins Zavac to the sinking Raven, and the Herons return to Skandia, where they are celebrated as heroes for retrieving the Andomal.

The Hunters is the third instalment in the "Brotherband" novel series by Australian author John Flanagan. It was released on 30 October 2012 in the United States, 1 November 2012 in Australia and 2 November 2012 in New Zealand.

Lovci ("The Hunters") je třetí díl fantasy literární série Bratrstvo od australského spisovatele Johna Flanagana. Český překlad knihy vyšel v roce 2013 u nakladatelství Egmont. Originál byl vydán v roce 2012 v Austrálii přes nakladatelství Random House.


History.

For the first time football entered the territory of modern Uzbekistan at the beginning of the 20th century. For the first time the soldiers of the Russian Empire began to play football in their free time, which were based in various cities of Central Asia, and the region of Central Asia was part of the Russian Empire as Russian Turkestan.  The inhabitants of the surrounding military fortifications of the Russian Empire, cities, and villages have expressed an interest to a new sport. Matches between soldiers watched a large number of onlookers. Special popularity of football is starting to happen among the local youth. The real goals at that time was only for soldiers. Gradually they began to imitate the playing fields as soldiers, and were able to make a homemade ball. The first ball for them was created by a local shoemaker, who used leather for the material, and inside the ball was stuffed with different fabrics. Shortly afterwards a few locals gathering together the necessary money, bought the Russian soldiers real ball. After the residents had a real ball, the popularity of football has grown even more.  In 1912, in Kokand formed the first football team consisting of local residents. It was the first football team in the history of Central Asia and Uzbekistan. First, this team plays matches with each other, and then begins to play with the teams of Russian soldiers. Gradually Kokand team is beginning to win team Russian soldiers, and sometimes with big bills. Soon after the success, opponent becomes a team of Kokand Ferghana military garrison. Match in Skobelev (now Ferghana) extends until in favor of team military of the garrison with minimal-sum game. After defeat, Kokand offer to play a return match, and a month later the match between the teams is repeated. The return match took place in Kokand, and ended with the victory of the Kokand team with a minimum score. A distinctive feature of this match was that the match was watched by a large number of spectators.  Soon after a series of successes Kokand team, in football are beginning to pay attention intelligentsia and wealthy people and merchants not only Kokand, but and the entire Ferghana Valley. Thanks to their efforts in the same 1912 created the first in the history of Central Asia and Uzbekistan's football team called "Muskomanda" (Muslim team). Later in the other cities and villages of the Ferghana Valley to create the local team. "Muskomanda" plays matches with these teams, making a sort of tour of the towns and villages of the Ferghana Valley.

Further development.

The playing field for local enthusiasts set up without problems and the main problem be the balls and appropriate shoes. The problem with the balls decided by the members of the "Muskomanda" – brother Ruzimat and Ismail Niyazov's, who by profession was a shoemaker. They set up the production of homemade balls. Due to the high demand of balls among the teams of a large region, the brothers decide to expand production, and at the same time expand their workshop. The brothers, together with their employees, establish the production of not only balls, but also homemade shoes for football. After some time, the balls produced in Kokand are widely known throughout Central Asia, and even abroad. To brothers comes surprise made to order from Central Russia, and they send there ordered 400 (four hundred) balls.  The most famous players "Muskomanda" in 1910s were brothers Ruzimat and Ismail Niyazov's, Hasanjan Muhiddinov, brothers Akhunjan, Akbarjan and Muminjan Baymatov's. In the 1920s and in 1930s the main players "Muskomanda" was the work of the Kokand plant for the production of oil. Some of the most famous players of the period: M. Akhmedov, M. Abdullayev, A. Mukhiddinov, K. Muhiddinov, R. Niyazov, M. Baymatov, O. Baymatov, W. Shahniyazov, B. Usarov, M. Soliev, P. Haydarov.

USSR period.

After the formation of the USSR (Soviet Union) and the establishment of the country's atheist ideology, the club is deprived of the name Muskomanda, and begins to be called simply Kokand. In 1926 in Uzbekistan the Uzbekistan SSR Championship on football begins carrying out, and till 1936 tournament is called the Championship of the cities of the Uzbekistan SSR. In this tournament, the Kokand team does not achieve much success, and the Champions are mainly the teams of Tashkent, and once the team of the city of Ferghana. Since 1937, the Championship of the cities of the Uzbekistan SSR is transformed into the Yzbekistan SSR Championship, and in that season Kokand becomes vice-champion. In the 1930s of football in Uzbekistan is experiencing unprecedented since the birth of rise. It was in those years that the Uzbekistan SSR football team was created, the basis of which was formed by Kokand players, along with the players of Tashkent teams.  In 1950-e years the club Kokand club is experiencing a small downturn. The club receives the name of Mehnat ("Work" in translation from Uzbek language), mainly involved in the Uzbekistan SSR Championship. In 1958, the construction of the stadium Komsomol, designed for five thousand spectators, was completed in Kokand. In those years, the city formed a few more football teams, each of which consists of working different companies. These clubs become a kind of farm clubs of Mehnat, and the most talented players of these teams receive invitations from the main team of the city – Mehnat.  In 1968, Mehnat debuted in Class B of the USSR Championship Second League, and at the end of the season ranked 19th among 22 teams in the zone Central Asia. The following season, in 1969, Mehnat at the end of the season is on the 14th place among 24 teams in the area of Central Asia of class B of the Second League. From 1970 to 1987, Mehnat participated in the regional championship, and later in the Uzbekistan SSR Championship. In 1987, Mehnat for the first time and for the last time in its history becomes the winner of the Uzbekistan SSR Championship. Kokand at the same time the club also participates in the Uzbekistan SSR Cup, but the winner of this tournament never becomes.  In 1988, the club changes name to Avtomobilist ("Motorist" in translation from Russian language), and with that year begins the USSR Second League. At the end of the season, Avtomobilist ranks 13th among 19 teams in the seventh zone. In 1989, an Avtomobilist at the end of the season suddenly takes the 5th place among the 21 teams in the seventh zone of the Second League of the USSR. In the seasons 1990 and 1991 Avtomobilist is also involved in the Second League of the Soviet Union and the end of the seasons occupies the 7th and 14th places respectively.  Part of the team at the end of 1980s, during the participation of the club in the Second League of the USSR: the head coach — the Nerd Ayriev, players — Igor Usov, Aydinbek Aliyev, Igor Polishchuk, Sergei Calistru, Jamoliddin Tojiboev, Edvard Kudryashov, Dilshod Muminov, Alexander Golokolosov, Elvedin Ayupov, Nail Sagitov, Igor Golovanov, Damir Rakhmatullin, Zahid Nurmatov, Rustam Urazov, Numon Khasanov, Vitaly Avanesov, Andrei Timofeev, Vyacheslav Dervishev, Alexander Starikov, Yevgeny Matveyev, Michael Enns, Murad Qamchiev, Rustam Abdullaev, Andrei Yemanov, Murad Ismoilov, Alfred Dietrich, André Fedorov, Rodion Shamanaev.

Uzbekistan.

After the dissolution of the USSR and the independence of Uzbekistan, since 1992 was held the national championship of the country – Uzbekistan Championship. In that year the club changed its name to Temiryulchi ("Railroader" in translation from Uzbek language). Temiryulchi was included in the Uzbekistan Higher League, and thus became one of the participants of the first draw of Uzbekistan Higher League. According to the results of the debut season, Kokand club took sixth place among seventeen teams. In that year, Temiryulchi also reached the final of the first draw of the Uzbekistan Cup, Namangan lost Navbahor with the score 6:5 on penalties (main and extra time ended in a draw with the score 0:0). That year Kokand club for the first time, and for the last time in its history reached the final of the Uzbekistan Cup. This is considered the best achievement of the club in the new period, during the independence of Uzbekistan.  Temiryulchi prior to 1995, participated in the Uzbekistan Higher League. In the season of 1995, finishing in the penultimate 15th place, relegated to the Uzbekistan First League. In the First League was delayed for two seasons, and in the season 1997, becoming the winner of this League, has returned to the Higher League. Until 2000 Kokand club participated in the Higher League. In the 2000 season taking the last 20-th place for the second time in its history, relegated to the First League.  In 2001, he again won the First League and returned to the Higher League. In 2002, the club changed its name to Kokand. In the seasons 2002 and 2003 participated in the Higher League, and in 2004, was not allowed to participate in the Higher League for non-payment of premium. In 2005 and 2006 participated in the First League, and in 2007 even participated in the Second League. The next two seasons again was a participant in the First League. In 2009, the club changed its name to Bunyodkor-Kokand. In 2010–2011, the club actually ceased to exist.  In 2012, the club was revived with the name Kokand 1912, and until 2014 participated in the First League. In 2014, having won the second place in the First League, I got the opportunity to participate in the Higher League again. Up to the present time participant of this League.

Club top scorers.

Club top scorers by season

Kokand 1912 (Uzbek: ""Qoʻqon 1912" futbol klubi / "Қўқон 1912" футбол клуби"; Russian: "Футбольный клуб "Коканд 1912"") is an Uzbekistani football club from the city of Kokand. Founded in 1912, it is the oldest football club of Uzbekistan and Central Asia. It plays in the Uzbekistan Super League.

FK Qo'qon 1912 (uzbeckou cyrilicí ПФК Қўқон-1912, rusky Футбольный клуб Коканд 1912) je uzbecký fotbalový klub z města Kokand ve Ferganské oblasti na východě Uzbekistánu. Byl založen v roce 1912, jak naznačuje jeho název.


Life and career.

Katz was born in Leipzig, Germany, to a family originally from Russia, the son of Eugenie (Rabinowitz) and Max Katz, a fur merchant. He was educated at the Albert Gymnasium in that city from 1921 to 1929 and went on to study medicine at the University of Leipzig. He graduated in 1934 and fled to Britain in February 1935  Katz went to work at University College London, initially under the tutelage of Archibald Vivian Hill. He finished his PhD in 1938 and won a Carnegie Fellowship to study with John Carew Eccles at the Kanematsu Institute of Sydney Medical School. During this time, both he and Eccles gave research lectures at the University of Sydney. He obtained British nationality in 1941 and joined the Royal Australian Air Force in 1942. He spent the war in the Pacific as a radar officer and returned to UCL as an assistant director in 1946.  Back in England he also worked with the 1963 Nobel prize winners Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley. Katz was made a professor at UCL in 1952 and head of biophysics, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1952. He stayed as head of biophysics until 1978 when he became emeritus professor.  Katz married Marguerite Penly in 1945. He died in London on 20 April 2003, at the age of 92. He is survived by his two sons, David and Jonathan. David is a practising doctor, while Jonathan is Public Orator of The University of Oxford.

Research.

His research uncovered fundamental properties of synapses, the junctions across which nerve cells signal to each other and to other types of cells. By the 1950s, he was studying the biochemistry and action of acetylcholine, a signalling molecule found in synapses linking motor neurons to muscles, used to stimulate contraction. Katz won the Nobel for his discovery with Paul Fatt that neurotransmitter release at synapses is "quantal", meaning that at any particular synapse, the amount of neurotransmitter released is never less than a certain amount, and if more is always an integral number times this amount. Scientists now understand that this circumstance arises because, prior to their release into the synaptic gap, transmitter molecules reside in like-sized subcellular packages known as synaptic vesicles, released in a similar way to any other vesicle during exocytosis.  Katz's work had immediate influence on the study of organophosphates and organochlorines, the basis of new post-war study for nerve agents and pesticides, as he determined that the complex enzyme cycle was easily disrupted.

Sir Bernard Katz, FRS (26 March 1911 – 20 April 2003) was a German-born British physician and biophysicist, noted for his work on nerve physiology. He shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1970 with Julius Axelrod and Ulf von Euler. He was made a Knight Bachelor in 1969.

Sir Bernard Katz (26. března 1911 – 20. dubna 2003) byl britsko-německý biofyzik židovského původu, nositel Nobelovy ceny za fyziologii a lékařství za rok 1970. Téhož roku byl také povýšen do šlechtického stavu. Spolu s ním Nobelovu cenu za práci o neurotransmiterech získali i Julius Axelrod a Ulf von Euler.


Early life.

Pandurang Vaijnath Athavale was born on 19 of October 1920 in Chitpavan Brahmin Family in the village of Roha in Maharashtra (Konkan), India. He was one of five children born to the Sanskrit teacher Vaijanath Shastri Athavale and his wife Parvati Athavale.  When Athavale was twelve years old, his grandfather set up an independent course of study for the young boy. Thus, Athavale was taught in a system very similar to that of the Tapovan system of ancient India. In 1942, he started to give discourses at the "Srimad Bhagavad Gita Pathshala, Madhavbaug, Mumbai", a center set up by his father in 1926."  Athavale read diligently in the Royal Asiatic Library for a period of 14 years; at a young age, he was well-known to have read every piece of non-fiction literature (ranging from Marx's philosophy to Whitehead's writings to ancient Indian philosophy). In 1954, he attended the Second World Philosophers' Conference, held in Japan. There, Athavale presented the concepts of Vedic ideals and the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita. Many participants were impressed by his ideas but wanted evidence of such ideals being put into practice in India. Nobel Prize–winning physicist Dr. Arthur Holly Compton was particularly enchanted with Athavale's ideas and offered him a lucrative opportunity in the United States, where he could spread his ideas. Athavale politely declined, saying that he had much to accomplish in his native India, where he planned to demonstrate to the world a model community peacefully practising and spreading Vedic thoughts and the message of the Bhagavad Gita.

Swadhyaya Parivar.

Swadhyaya Parivar established itself in India in 1978 with adherents meeting every Sunday, where prayers were sung and a video recording of Athavale was played. Swadhyaya, which closely translates to "in depth study of the self" is a process based upon Vedic philosophy, and the members of the Parivar are called "Swadhyayees". Over the years, Athavale's followers have taken the Bhagawad Gita's concepts of Indwelling God and God's universal love, to millions of people: transcending caste, socioeconomic barriers, and religious differences. Rev. Athavale personally visited tens of thousands of villages (on foot and rented bicycles), and his brothers and sisters (swadhyayees) went to every house personally and established a selfless relationship with each family and went house to house to spread Gita's thoughts. adherents have followed suit to roughly 100,000 villages across India, and at least 34 nations across the globe. Dadaji In these villages, Rev. Athavale started various experiments (Prayogs) to impart social activism by means of a god-centric devotion, including cooperative farming, fishing and tree-planting projects in the spirit of collective, divine labour (bhakti), somewhat similar to the Antigonish Movement in Canada. Swadhyayees aim to fulfill Rev. Athavale's vision of eradicating the world's problems by creating a global family united under the principle of a universal blood maker. He felt that the universality of the Bhagavad Gita allows for it to a guide to all of humanity. As such, it's thoughts should reach unto the last person. Today, the millions of adherents can be found on every habitable continent in over 35 countries including the Caribbean, Americas, Asia, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Middle East and Africa. It is the Swadhyaya Parivar's mission to complete Rev. Athavale's vision of a ""Universal Brotherhood under the Divine Fatherhood of God.""

Death.

Athavale died at the age of 83 of cardiac arrest on 25 October 2003, in Mumbai, India. He was cremated on the evening of 26 October at Tatvadnyan Vidyapeeth in the Thane district, where hundreds of thousands of mourners had paid their respects to him over a period of 24 hours. Subsequently, his ashes were immersed at Ujjain, Pushkar, Haridwar, Kurukshetra, Gaya, Jagannath Puri, and lastly at Rameshwaram.

Popular culture.

In 1991 Shyam Benegal created and directed the film "Antarnaad" (The Inner Voice), based on Rev. Athavale's Swadhyaya movements or Prayogs, starring Shabana Azmi and Kulbhushan Kharbanda, among others. In 2004 Abir Bazaz directed the documentary "Swadhyaya", based on the life and works of Rev. Athavale.

Awards & Prize.

He was awarded the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion in 1997 and the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1996 for "Community Leadership", along with India's second highest civilian honour, the Padma Vibhushan Award, in 1999.

Pandurang Shastri Athavale (19 October 1920 – 25 October 2003), also known as Dadaji, which literally translates as "elder brother" in Marathi, was an Indian activist philosopher, spiritual leader, social revolutionary and religion reformist, who founded the Swadhyaya Parivar (Swadhyaya Family) in 1954. Swadhyaya is a self-study process based on the Bhagavad Gita which has spread across nearly 100,000 villages in India, with five million adherents. He was also noted for his discourses on the Bhagavad Gita, the Vedas and the Upanishads. He is known for his selfless work and brilliant knowledge in scriptures.

Pándurang Šástrí Áthavalé (anglicky obvykle Pandurang Shastri Athavale, 19. října 1920 – 25. října 2003) byl indický filozof, duchovní vůdce, sociální aktivista a hinduistický reformista. Roku 1954 založil hnutí Rodina sebevýchovy, které se věnuje samostudiu "Bhagavadgíty" a má údajně přes 5 milionů přívrženců v asi 100 000 indických vesnicích. V roce 1997 byl vyznamenán Templetonovou cenou.


Research areas.

The WZB is organized into seven research areas:  Constituted as a non-profit limited liability company (GmbH), ownership is shared between the federal government (75 percent) and the city-state of Berlin (25 percent). WZB is a member of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community.  Although not a university body, it collaborates with Free University of Berlin, Hertie School of Governance, Humboldt University, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin University of the Arts, as well as with research institutions in Berlin and abroad. Many WZB scientists are also university professors or hold teaching assignments.  Recent presidents of the WZB have included Meinolf Dierkes (1980–1987), Wolfgang Zapf (1987–1994), Friedhelm Neidhardt (1994–2000), and historian Jürgen Kocka (2001–2007). The current president is sociologist Jutta Allmendinger.  WZB is said to be the largest such research institution for the social sciences in Europe. Around 140 social scientists are conducting research on the developmental trends, problems of adaptation, and possibilities for innovation in modern societies.  The Federal Republic of Germany and the federal state of Berlin have been shareholders and main funders since 1976.  WZB headquarters on Landwehrkanal in Berlin-Tiergarten was designed 1979–1988 by the British architects James Stirling and Michael Wilford integrating the 1894 building of.

A.SK Social Science Award and Fellowships.

Since 2007 the WZB grants the A.SK Award and Fellowships biannually: “The 100,000 Euro A.SK Social Science Award is one of the best-endowed awards in the social sciences. The endowment capital has been donated by the Chinese entrepreneurs Angela and Shu Kai Chan. The award recognizes outstanding contributions to social and political reform.” In German media award and fellowships were compared with internationally recognized prizes, such as the "Johan Skytte Prize" and the "Balzan Prize". In 2007 all laureates for the Award and Award Fellowships were nominated and chosen by a selection committee consisting of: Prof. Jutta Allmendinger, Prof. Werner Abelshauser, Prof. Stefano Bartolini, Prof. Lord Dahrendorf Prof. Peter Katzenstein and Prof. Kai A. Konrad. Since 2009 the WZB also publishes Calls for Nominations for the A.SK Fellowship. In 2015 the selection committee includes: Prof. Jutta Allmendinger, Prof. Werner Abelshauser, Prof. Kurt Biedenkopf, Prof. Dorothea Kübler, Prof. Orlando Patterson and Prof. Shalini Randeria. The A.SK Award and Fellowships are handed over in a public ceremony, honoring the laureates and including leading politicians or scholars as speakers, in Berlin. In 2009 the ceremony was part of the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the WZB with the German president Horst Köhler as one of the speakers.

Recipients of the A.SK Social Science Award and A.SK Social Science Award Fellowships.

2019  Raj Chetty  2017  John Ruggie (Award)  Philipp Hacker  Alexander Horn  2015  Esther Duflo (Award)  Robert Lepenies  Juliana Silva Goncalves  Mahnaz Zahirinejad Varnosfaderani  2013  Paul Collier (Award)  Daniel Tischer  Rami Zeedan  Olga Ulybina  Josef Hien  Theresa Reinold  2011:  Transparency International (Award)  Yaman Kouli  Thamy Pogrebinschi  Martin Schröder  2009  Martha C. Nussbaum (Award)  Arolda Elbasani  Alexander Petring  Juan Fernandez  2007  Sir Anthony Atkinson (Award)  Andreas Leutzsch  Felix Kolb  Janine Leschke

The WZB Berlin Social Science Center (, WZB), also known by its German initials WZB, is an internationally renowned research institute for the social sciences, the largest such institution in Europe not affiliated with a university.

Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, zkr. WZB (angl. Social Science Research Center in Berlin) je středisko sociálního výzkumu v Berlíně, pravděpodobně největší svého druhu v Evropě. Zajímavé je také z architektonického hlediska.