Early life and education.

Banks was born in Washington, D.C. and grew up in Chillum Heights, Maryland. He was raised by a single mother, Elena Adams Banks (October 13, 1917September 16, 2012), who was a secretary in various federal government offices including the CIA. She was also a private secretary for top Navy officers such as Admiral Nimitz. He graduated from Northwood High School in Silver Spring, MD in 1966, and attended Indiana University Bloomington, where he was a classmate of actor Kevin Kline. During that time, they participated in a production of "The Threepenny Opera" together. Banks dropped out of the university to join a touring company of "Hair" as a stage manager. He toured Australia with the "Hair" company.

Career.

In 1974, Banks moved to Los Angeles and performed on stage before picking up bit parts on television. He starred in the 1974 sex public service announcement (PSA) "Linda's Film on Menstruation", produced by the Los Angeles Public Library system, which was referenced by John Oliver in a 2015 episode of his show "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver" focusing on sex education. Banks appeared on the show, ridiculing the content of the PSA. He co-starred in "48 Hrs." and "Beverly Hills Cop", and made appearances in "Armed and Dangerous", "Buckaroo Banzai", "Freejack", "Flipper", "Airplane!", "Gremlins", "Murder Me, Murder You", "", and "Identity Thief".  Banks' big break on television came in 1987 with the series "Wiseguy", in which he played Frank McPike for four years, a role which led to a Primetime Emmy Award nomination. Although his character was primarily the hero's mentor, stories occasionally featured McPike as hero. In 1981, he appeared as Dutch Schultz on the NBC series "the Gangster Chronicles". He also starred on the short-lived science fiction series "Otherworld", as Kommander Nuveen Kroll, and in the sitcom "Fired Up".  On May 14 1994, Banks was one of the guests in a two hour long special episode of the hit television show "Walker, Texas Ranger" called "The Reunion". With Chuck Norris and Clarence Gilyard as a crime fighting duo, other guests included Ben Masters, and Stuart Whitman. In the story, Banks plays the role of a suspicious character who meets the leads (Norris and Gilyard) who are uncovering a plot to assassinate a senator (Masters). On its own the episode was released on Home Media.  In the second season of "Breaking Bad", Banks appeared as Mike Ehrmantraut. He became a series regular for the third, fourth, and fifth seasons. For the fifth season, he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. Banks reprised his role as Mike Ehrmantraut as a regular in the "Breaking Bad" spinoff series "Better Call Saul", for which he earned his third Emmy nomination in season 1.  In 2014, he had a recurring role as Buzz Hickey in the fifth season of the NBC sitcom "Community".  He played the voice of James Gordon in the 2015 video game "". In 2015, Banks made a special guest appearance on the "MythBusters" episode "Supernatural Shooters".  In April 2016, he was awarded an honorary doctoral degree from Indiana University.  He also plays Walt in the 2018 thriller film "The Commuter".  In 2020 premiering on Netflix series F is For Family Jonathan Banks played the voice of the main characters father “Frank Murphy” named in the show “Big Bill Murphy”

Personal life.

Banks married his first wife in 1968. Together, they had one daughter. After his divorce in 1970, Banks married his second wife in 1990. From this marriage, they had fraternal twins. Banks also has a stepdaughter from this marriage.  He lost his house during the 2018 Woolsey Fire.

Jonathan Ray Banks (born January 31, 1947) is an American actor. His first notable film roles were in the films "Airplane!" (1980), "48 Hrs." (1982), and "Beverly Hills Cop" (1984). He has received critical acclaim for his role as former police officer turned hitman Mike Ehrmantraut in the television series "Breaking Bad" (2009–2013) and its spin-off series "Better Call Saul" (2015–present). He also reprised the role in "" (2019). He is also known for his breakthrough role as Frank McPike in "Wiseguy" (1987–1990).

Jonathan Ray Banks (31. ledna 1947 Washington) je americký herec a zpěvák. Jeho významnější filmové role byly ve filmech Připoutejte se, prosím!, 48 hodin či Policajt v Beverly Hills. Obdržel kritické uznání za svou roli bývalého policisty Mika Ehrmantrauta v televizním seriálu Perníkový táta. Získal pět nominací na cenu "Primetime Emmy Award" v kategorii vynikajícího herce v dramatickém seriálu.


Playing career.

United Kingdom.

Growing up in Maltby, a small former mining town in South Yorkshire, Kirk first got into hockey when his parents and family went to watch the Sheffield Steelers. His brother Jonathan got into ice hockey and Kirk wanted to be like his brother, so he also started playing. Kirk began playing for the Sheffield Junior Academy. He was selected for the Midlands Conference – a team consisting of the best players from the Midlands region of the UK at U11, U13, U15 and U17 level – every year of eligibility, winning the EIHA Conference Tournament twice and being named a tournament all-star six times out of a possible eight, as well as being named tournament MVP three times.  Playing in the England U18 North League in the 2015–16 season, Kirk amassed a league-leading 98 points, with 60 goals and 38 assists. The same year, the U18 team from Sheffield won the league title. He was also selected for the Great Britain U16s. Continuing his success as an U18, Kirk played in the EPL for the Sheffield Steeldogs (league now defunct) and was signed by the Sheffield Steelers on a three-year apprentice contract. Kirk has represented Great Britain at all age groups. In the 2017–18 season, he played for the U18s, coming away with a gold medal. For the U20s, he collected a range of awards such as Best Forward, Most Points, Most Assists, Most Goals, as well as the Best Face-off Percentage (71.43%) and a bronze medal. Although he didn't get any points, he represented the Great Britain men's team in the Division 1A World Championships. Great Britain won the tournament and were promoted to the top tier of world ice hockey. They now compete against the leading hockey nations such as Canada, USA, Finland, Russia and Sweden.

North America.

Kirk was selected 189th overall (in the 7th Round) in the 2018 NHL Entry Draft by the Arizona Coyotes. He became the first player born and trained in England to be drafted into the NHL. Kirk was selected 8th overall in the CHL Import Draft later in June and currently plays for the Peterborough Petes of the Ontario Hockey League.

International play.

Kirk has played for the British national team in several international tournaments at both the junior and senior level. His senior debut came at the 2018 IIHF World Championship Division I, where he helped Great Britain earn promotion to the 2019 World Championship. It marks Great Britain's first appearance at the elite division since 1994. Kirk played five games, though he did not score a point.

Liam Kirk (born 3 January 2000) is an English ice hockey player currently with the Peterborough Petes of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). Kirk began his career with the English Elite Ice Hockey League club the Sheffield Steelers.

Liam Kirk (* 3. ledna 2000 Maltby) je britský hokejový útočník hrající v kanadské Ontario Hockey League (OHL) za tým Peterborough Petes. Svoji profesionální kariéru začal v Anglii v Elite Ice Hockey League v klubu Sheffield Steelers.


Structure.

There exists some controversy about what structures are considered "fascia", and how fascia should be classified. The two most common systems are:

Superficial fascia.

Superficial fascia is the lowermost layer of the skin in nearly all of the regions of the body, that blends with the reticular dermis layer. It is present on the face, over the upper portion of the sternocleidomastoid, at the nape of the neck, and overlying the breastbone. It consists mainly of loose areolar, and fatty adipose connective tissue and is the layer that primarily determines the shape of a body. In addition to its subcutaneous presence, superficial fascia surrounds organs and glands, neurovascular bundles, and is found at many other locations where it fills otherwise unoccupied space. It serves as a storage medium of fat and water; as a passageway for lymph, nerve and blood vessels; and as a protective padding to cushion and insulate.  Superficial fascia is present, but does not contain fat, in the eyelid, ear, scrotum, penis and clitoris.  Due to its viscoelastic properties, superficial fascia can stretch to accommodate the deposition of adipose that accompanies both ordinary and prenatal weight gain. After pregnancy and weight loss, the superficial fascia slowly reverts to its original level of tension.

Visceral fascia.

Visceral fascia (also called subserous fascia) suspends the organs within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissue membranes. Each of the organs is covered in a double layer of fascia; these layers are separated by a thin serous membrane.  Visceral fascia is less extensible than superficial fascia. Due to its suspensory role of the organs, it needs to maintain its tone rather consistently. If it is too lax, it contributes to organ prolapse, yet if it is hypertonic, it restricts proper organ motility.

Deep fascia.

Deep fascia is a layer of dense fibrous connective tissue which surrounds individual muscles, and also divides groups of muscles into fascial compartments. This fascia has a high density of elastin fibre that determines its extensibility or resilience. Deep fascia was originally considered to be essentially avascular. However, more recent investigations confirmed a rich presence of thin blood vessels. Deep fascia is also richly supplied with sensory receptors. Examples of deep fascia are fascia lata, fascia cruris, brachial fascia, plantar fascia, thoracolumbar fascia and Buck's fascia.

Function.

Fasciae were traditionally thought of as passive structures that transmit mechanical tension generated by muscular activities or external forces throughout the body. An important function of muscle fasciae is to reduce friction of muscular force. In doing so, fasciae provide a supportive and movable wrapping for nerves and blood vessels as they pass through and between muscles. Fascial tissues are frequently innervated by sensory nerve endings. These include myelinated as well as unmyelinated nerves. Based on this a proprioceptive, nociceptive as well as interoceptive function of fascia has been postulated. Fascial tissues - particularly those with tendinous or aponeurotic properties - are also able to store and release elastic potential energy.

Clinical significance.

Fascia becomes important clinically when it loses stiffness, becomes too stiff or has decreased shearing ability. When inflammatory fasciitis or trauma causes fibrosis and adhesions, fascial tissue fails to differentiate the adjacent structures effectively. This can happen after surgery where the fascia has been incised and healing includes a scar that traverses the surrounding structures.

Anatomical compartments.

A fascial compartment is a section within the body that contains muscles and nerves and is surrounded by fascia. In the human body, the limbs can each be divided into two segments – the upper limb can be divided into the arm and the forearm and the sectional compartments of both of these – the fascial compartments of the arm and the fascial compartments of the forearm contain an anterior and a posterior compartment. Likewise, the lower limbs can be divided into two segments – the leg and the thigh and these contain the fascial compartments of the leg and the fascial compartments of the thigh.  A fasciotomy may be used to relieve compartment syndrome as a result of high pressure within a fascial compartment.

A fascia (; plural fasciae ; adjective fascial; from Latin: "band") is a band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs. Fascia is classified by layer, as "superficial fascia", deep fascia, and "visceral" or "parietal" fascia, or by its function and anatomical location.

Fascie (česky "povázka") je mezodermní tkáň fibrózního kolagenu zastoupená v tělech obratlovců. Nejznámější typ fascie je blanité pouzdro svalů. Tato povrchová fascie plynule přechází do vaziva uvnitř svalu, kde tvoří tvrdší svalová vlákna, která dále vrůstají do šlach svalu a omezují tak jeho přetažení či přetržení.


Extent and flock.

The archdiocese comprises since the Concordat of 1851 almost the entire Burgos province. Its area is approximately, with a population in the early 20th century of 340,000, divided into 1220 parishes which form forty-seven vicariates. By 2006, the number of parishes had declined to 1001.  In 2006, the Archdiocese of Burgos had 339,360 Catholics. This meant that 94% of the population was Catholic in the area. However, since the Catholic Church records people who have been baptized as members, and only with the rare occurrence of excommunication are people normally removed from the records, this figure probably includes many people who not only do not attend Catholic services but may have actually been baptized in and currently attending Protestant, Latter-day Saint or Muslim services.  The diocese had 589 Catholics per priest, which although it was higher than the 439 Catholics per priest that there had been in 1978 it was much lower than the 655 Catholics per priest in the Diocese back in 1950.

Geography.

The northern and eastern portion of the diocese is mountainous, thickly wooded, and traversed by rivers, among which is the Ebro, which rises in the mountains and serves as the eastern boundary for Miranda de Ebro. The Arlanza which crosses the diocese from east to west flows by Salas de los Infantes, near the famous monastery of Santo Domingo de Silos, and through the center of the well-known town of Lerma.  The mountainous region is unproductive of cereals, but fruits grow in abundance, and fine pasture-lands sustain great herds of cows and sheep, which furnish excellent meat and milk. Delicate cheeses which take their name from the city and are famous throughout Spain, are made in this section. Minerals are abundant, especially sulphate of soda, common salt, iron, and hard coal. The southern part of the diocese, especially the valley and plains, is fertile and produces abundantly vegetables, cereals, and quite a quantity of wind. The climate, cold but healthy, is damp towards the north. Although this section has few industries, the transportation of its fruit and minerals is greatly facilitated by the numerous highways and by the railroad between Madrid and France which crosses the eastern side of the diocese from south to north. There are also some secondary railway lines for the operation of the mines.

History.

Burgos has been since 800 AD an episcopal see of Spain, into which in the 1087 the territory of the suppressed Roman Catholic Diocese of Valpuesta (a suffragan of the primatial Metropolitan of Tarragona; later the titular see of Valliposita) was merged. In 1574 Pope Gregory XIII raised it to metropolitan rank, at the request of King Philip II of Spain.

Councils in Burgos.

Some important councils have been held in Burgos. A national council took place there in 1078, although opinions differ as to date (the "Boletín de la Academia de la Historia de Madrid", 1906, XLIX, 337, says 1080). This was presided over by the papal delegate, Cardinal Roberto, and attended by King Alfonso VI of Castile. It was convoked for the purpose of introducing into Spain the Roman Rite form of liturgy with the Roman Breviary and Sacramentary, in place of the Mozarabic Rite then in use (which now survives only in Toledo).  Another national council, presided over by Cardinal Boso (d. 1181), also papal delegate, settled questions of discipline and established diocesan rights and limits. The proceedings of this council remained unpublished until quite recently, when they were made known in the Boletín already mentioned (XLVIII) 395).  In 1898, a provincial council was called by Archbishop (not Cardinal) Don Gregorio Aguirre, in which the obligations of the clergy and the faithful were most minutely set forth.

(Archi)Episcopal incumbents.

Archbishops of Burgos (from 1574).

"In 1574, the see of Burgos was raised to the status of an archbishopric by Pope Gregory XIII."

Saints.

Saint Julian, Bishop of Cuenca, called the Almoner because of his great charity to the poor, was born in Burgos; also Saint Amaro the Pilgrim, who has always had a special cult devoted to him in Burgos, though not found in the Roman Martyrology. Two local saints were the martyrs Centola and (H)Elen(s).  Saint Iñigo (Enecus or Ignatius), abbot of Oña, while not born in Burgos, labored there for many years; also Saint Domingo de Silos, abbot and reformer of the famous monastery of Silos, and Saint John of Sahagún, a native of that town in the Province of León.  Among its saints may also be mentioned the martyrs of Cardeña, religious of the convent of the same name, who in the tenth century were executed by the Arab soldiers of the Emir of Córdoba in one of their numerous invasions of Castile; and St. Casilda, daughter of a Moorish king of Toledo, converted near Burgos whither she had gone with her father's consent to drink the water of some medicinal springs. She built a hermitage and died a saintly death.

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Burgos is one of Spain's Latin Metropolitan sees. Its ecclesiastical province includes four suffragan bishoprics:

Arcidiecéze burgoská je římsko-katolická metropolitní arcidiecéze ve španělské autonomní oblasti Kastilie a León, jejíž sídlo je v Burgosu. Biskupství v Burgosu bylo založeno v roce 1075, od roku 1574 je arcibiskupstvím.


Mechanism and scope.

The reaction is carried out under acidic conditions and with a ZnCl catalyst. These conditions protonate the formaldehyde carbonyl making the carbon much more electrophilic. The aldehyde is then attacked by the aromatic pi-electrons, followed by rearomatization of the aromatic ring. The benzyl alcohol thus formed is quickly converted to the chloride under the reaction conditions.  Other possibilities for the electrophile include (chloromethyl)oxonium cation (ClHC–OH) or chlorocarbenium cation (ClCH), which may be formed in the presence of zinc chloride. These species may account for the fact that moderately and strongly deactivated substrates that are inert to Friedel-Crafts reactions like acetophenone, nitrobenzene and "p"-chloronitrobenzene do show marginal reactivity of limited synthetic utility under chloromethylation conditions. Deactivated substrates give better results under modified chloromethylation conditions using chloromethyl methyl ether (MOMCl) in the presence of 60% HSO.  Highly activated arenes like phenols and anilines are not suitable substrates, since they undergo further electrophilic attack by Friedel-Crafts alkylation with the formed benzylic alcohol/chloride in an uncontrolled manner. In general, the formation of diarylmethane side product is a common outcome.  Although the reaction is an efficient means of introducing a chloromethyl group, the production of small amounts of highly carcinogenic bis(chloromethyl) ether is a disadvantage for industrial applications.  The corresponding fluoromethylation, bromomethylation and iodomethylation reactions can also be achieved, using the appropriate hydrohalic acid.

Related chloromethylations.

Chloromethylation of thiols can be effected with concentrated HCl and formaldehyde:  Chloromethylation can also be effected using chloromethyl methyl ether: This reaction is employed in the chloromethylation of styrene in the production of ion-exchange resins and Merrifield resins.

The Blanc chloromethylation (also called the Blanc reaction) is the chemical reaction of aromatic rings with formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride catalyzed by zinc chloride or other Lewis acid to form chloromethyl arenes. The reaction was discovered by Gustave Louis Blanc (1872-1927) in 1923. The reaction is performed with care as, like most chloromethylation reactions, it produces highly carcinogenic bis(chloromethyl) ether as a by-product.

Blancova chlormethylace (též nazývaná Blancova reakce) je reakce aromatických sloučenin s formaldehydem a chlorovodíkem katalyzovaná chloridem zinečnatým nebo jinou Lewisovou kyselinou, při níž vznikají chlormethylované areny. Objevil ji roku 1923 Gustave Louis Blanc. Při této reakci, podobně jako u většiny chlormethylací, vzniká vysoce karcinogenní vedlejší produkt, bis(chlormethyl)ether.


History.

On September 1, 1964, the Minsk Radioengineering Institute admitted students for the first time. The youngest state institute in Minsk was established on the campus of the oldest polytechnic institute in Belarus, and was designed to meet the republic's demand for highly qualified specialists in the evolving national radioelectronic industry. 2,500 students were enrolled in full-time and evening studies in two departments: the Department of Radioengineering and the Department of Automatics and Computers. 127 lecturers (including 2 professors and 30 senior lecturers) taught in the only building.

Student life.

The training of scientists of the highest calibre is conducted in graduate and doctoral courses in 23 fields. There are four Interdepartmental Specialized Scientific Councils for presenting theses for Doctor of Science and Ph.D. degrees. Institutes of advanced and conversion training of management and specialists in information technologies and radioelectronics (the Institute of Information Technologies, or ITT) was established in BSUIR.  Since 1984, international Outstanding Reformers of Natural Science seminars (sponsored by the Department of Philosophy) have been held at the university. The annual international scientific and methodical conference "Distance education and educational environment of the 21st century" has become a tradition.  Due to the importance of mastering multiple languages, two departments teach English, French, German and Spanish. Original and modern methods of teaching foreign languages are employed, with an emphasis on understanding and translating scientific and technical literature.  Attention is paid to student health and the provision of necessary conditions for study, everyday life and leisure. Students can consult physicians and undergo a complete medical examination or treatment in Minsk hospitals. In addition, they can improve their health at a rural rest home on the Minsk Sea or enjoy themselves during holidays at a summer camp on the Brasłaŭ lakes.  Students are provided with all necessary aids and reading material for study. They are encouraged to use the university library and its over one million textbooks, monographs, and literary works.  Students from other cities (and abroad) lodge at the residence halls, which have a capacity of 2,100. The dormitories are in central Minsk, not far from the university, in a district with all necessary services and recreational facilities.  The university's brass band is renowned and was awarded the title of national band. Other musical ensembles such as the folk group Tutejšyja, vocal group Hamanina, Tango sport-dance studio, the Gypsy vocal group Ščadryca and vocal ensembles of students and staff perform. The student newspaper "Impulse" has been published since 1985 and covers a wide range of university activities. The university prepares its engineering staff in 22 disciplines in the fields of computer facilities, computer science, radio engineering, microelectronics, telecommunications automated systems, artificial intelligence, automatic control, electronic apparatus and construction, medical electronics, and economics. About 9,000 students are engaged in daytime, evening, and correspondence training in 18 of 36 departments, including foreign students. The curriculum and scientific research produce highly skilled teachers; among them are two academicians, ten academicians from branch academies, two members of the New York Academy of Sciences, and 60 professors and doctors of science.  At the university the Institute of Improving Professional Skill program is available, along with information devices and computers; IT software and others. Among the staff are recipients of governmental awards and honours, noted educators, notable figures in science and engineering and renowned inventors and researchers from Belarus and Russia. In addition, the physical education faculty features trainers from Belarus and Russia. Professors and scientific staff of the BSUIR have been invited to deliver lectures at schools in Canada, the US, Germany, Portugal, Spain, China, Poland and other countries. The physical plant is housed in six buildings, with a modern laboratory and technological facilities. Within the framework of contracts with a number of industrial corporations, instruction is conducted with their equipment. With sponsorship by Philips, Intel, IBM and their Belarusian partners, a number of computer classes have advanced computer equipment. BSUIR contracts in the introduction of new technology with a number of institutes in other countries: with Moscow State University of Electronics and Mathematics in distance education, the University of Wuppertal (Germany) in a lecturer exchange and with Warsaw Technological University in the introduction and development of automated training systems in microelectronics.  Preparation of scientific staff for advanced degrees in Belarus and abroad is conducted in post-graduate courses and doctoral programs in 22 fields. More than 30 students from other schools in Belarus, from industry and rural areas are accepted annually for training in targeted post-graduate courses. In the BSUIR, there are three councils guiding dissertations for master's and doctoral candidates.  The primary purpose of scientific research at the university is to further the technical, social and economic development of Belarus. For the past 10 years, a design bureau has successfully implemented pilot production, in which research is developed into laboratory breadboard models and skilled production samples. Annual themed international conferences and exhibitions at BSUIR attract the attention of the scientific community worldwide.

International cooperation.

The main modes of BSUIR international cooperation are defined by the BSUIR Strategic Plan on International Cooperation Development, and include as follows:  The University has bilateral agreements for cooperation with 25 universities:  University staff and students take part in various international programs (DreamSpark, TEMPUS, IAESTE, Copernicus, FP7, ICST, DAAD) and receive research grants from the French Society of Scientific Research Support and the German Research Foundation.  The University fulfills scientific research contracts, and scientific and technical-developments supply for companies from China, India, Germany, Poland, Italy, Russia, and Ukraine. University teaching staff, scientists, students and post-graduates travel abroad for scientific evaluation and research, participating in conferences, workshops and exhibitions. The university presents its scientific and technical innovations both in Belarus and at international exhibitions in Germany (Hannover Messe, Cebit), Egypt (Cairo Exhibition), China, Libya, Syria, India, Vietnam and other countries. BSUIR organizes international conferences in physics, chemistry, application of nanostructures, neural networks, artificial intelligence, prospective display technologies, medical electronics and distance learning.  International seminars and conferences are held at the university on the regular basis. In 1997, the seminar "Management of Higher Educational Institutions" was held. Two German universities (the Higher Technical School of Mittweide and the University of Wuppertal) participated in the seminar. In 1998, the "Millennium Frontier: Prospects of German-Belarusian Cooperation in the 21st Century" international seminar took place at the university. It was sponsored by the German DAAD organization, which aims to promote interaction among foreign higher-education institutions with international exchange programs for students, postgraduates and scientists.  Undergraduate students from Syria, Lebanon, Pakistan, Nepal, Turkey, China, Jordan, Nigeria and India (and graduate students from Algeria and Poland) study on the contract basis at the university. During the past 35 years over 1,160 professors and students went abroad on exchange programs, and over 235 of them went for scientific evaluation. The international-program experience gained as a result of cooperation is applied to the educative process, in the publication of monographs and textbooks for postdoctoral projects.

Sport.

The Inter-University Department of Athletic Achievement, established in 1976, prepares student-athletes for high-level national and international competition.  University teams regularly win athletic and fitness competitions. Among Belarusian athletes who trained at the university are Ivan Edeshko (Olympic champion basketball player) and Alexander Medved (vice-chair of the National Olympic Committee of Belarus, three-time Olympic and seven-time world champion). The university basketball team RTI-Minsk has successfully participated in USSR and CIS championships for 30 years. BSUIR's best teams successfully participate in sporting events throughout Belarus, and a number of athletes are members of the national team in sports.  Over 285 Masters of Sport and 600 candidates for the Master of Sport title have graduated from BSUIR over the past 40 years. Athletic progress and student achievement are supervised by the Department of Sports and Physical Training and the Inter-University Department of Athletic Achievement.  Physical education consists of required classes, held in all departments four hours a week. Students choose among athletics, soccer, basketball, volleyball, handball, swimming, freestyle wrestling, orienteering and bodybuilding. Men's and women's intramural sports are offered. Facilities include a swimming pool, fitness center, playing fields, a ski lodge, summer camp at the Brasłaŭ lakes, and a sports center.  The university swimming pool was renovated under the administration of rector Mikhail P. Batura. The water-purification system was changed from chlorination alone to a system using supplemental silver ionization, an ecological and sustainable process.

The Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, also known as BSUIR (), is a public Higher Education Institution accredited by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus. Nowadays it is a large educational and scientific complex in Minsk, Belarus. BSUIR was founded on March 15, 1964, and plays a leading role in preparing its students in the fields of computer science, radioelectronics and telecommunications in Belarus.

Běloruská státní univerzita informatiky a radioelektroniky ( – "Belaruski dzjaržaŭny ŭniversitet infarmatyki i radyjoelektroniki", – "Belorusskij gosudarstvennyj universitět informatiki i radioelektroniki") je univerzita v Minsku, hlavním městě Běloruska.


History.

Air Tahiti Nui was established on 31 October 1996 and commenced flight operations on 20 November 1998. It is the first international airline based in Papeete, Tahiti, formed to develop inbound tourism. The Government of French Polynesia is the major shareholder (84.4%) along with other local investors. Air Tahiti Nui had 782 employees around 2007.  After years running a deficit, Air Tahiti Nui faced possible bankruptcy in 2011. The President of French Polynesia, Oscar Temaru, called for all eligible workers in the territory help bail out the carrier by voluntarily paying a third of their income into a rescue fund. After four years of deficit, the company started making profits again in 2015.  In May 2015, Air Tahiti Nui announced its intention to replace its entire fleet, then consisting of five Airbus A340-300 aircraft. They would be replaced by four Boeing 787-9 aircraft, which would be delivered in 2018 and 2019. Air Tahiti Nui operated its last A340 service in September 2019.  In April 2018, in anticipation of its new fleet of Boeing 787-9s, Air Tahiti Nui launched its redesigned brandmark and updated typography. The redesigned logo is a joint collaboration between Future Brand and Polynesian contemporary artist Alexander Lee. The re-drawn brandmark represents a tiare flower (emblem of the airline since its beginning) in a 2/3 view, with the profile of a (woman, in Tahitian) in its pistil, a nod to Tahiti's reputation for beautiful women and flowers in the South Seas.  In March 2020, during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, Air Tahiti Nui operated the world's longest domestic passenger flight, flying from Papeete to Paris, France, covering 9,765 miles.

Destinations.

Overview.

As of August 2019, Air Tahiti Nui serves the following destinations:

Codeshare agreements.

Air Tahiti Nui codeshares with the following airlines:  It has also codeshares with the SNCF, the French national railway operator.

Fleet.

Current fleet.

, the Air Tahiti Nui fleet consists of the following aircraft:  The four 787-9s Air Tahiti Nui operates are called "Bora Bora", "Tetiaroa", "Fakarava" and "Tupaia".

Air Tahiti Nui is a French airline with its head office in Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia. It operates long-haul flights from its home base at Faa'a International Airport, with a fleet consisting of four Boeing 787 Dreamliners. It is the flag carrier of French Polynesia.

Air Tahiti Nui je francouzská letecká společnost se sídlem v Papeete na Tahiti ve Francouzské Polynésii. Provozuje dálkové lety ze své domovské základny na mezinárodním letišti Faaa.


Biography.

Born in Poręba Wielka, Limanowa County as "Franciszek Ksawery Smaciarz", he attended the elementary school in Szczyrzyc. He started publishing while in the fourth grade; he also joined many extracurricular clubs and organization, including pro-Polish independence ones. Due to his involvement in such activities, his grades suffered, and he never passed the matura exam. He returned to Poręba village, and continued writing. He debuted in 1896 with a publication of a poem, patriotic poem "Nad grobem matki" and several satirical verses. In 1898 he published his first work, collection of short stories, "Nowele"; that year he also changed his surname in to Smreczyński. He published more works soon thereafter: another collection short stories "Nad urwiskiem" in 1900, a novel "Komornicy" (1900), drama "Postronni" (1903), a verse volume "Z tej smutnej ziemi" (1903), novel "W roztokach" (1908) and others. In early 1900s he started construction of a new house; the same building would later become the Biographical Museum of Władysław Orkan ("Muzeum Biograficzne Władysława Orkana" or "Orkanówka" for short). At that time he also married Maria Zwierzyńska, they would have one child, Zofia. Maria would die three years after giving childbirth, Władysław Orkan, always troubled with finances, would ask his sister to raise his daughter. He would later marry Bronisława Folejewska. During those years he also travelled to Italy, Switzerland and Germany.  During the First World War he joined the Polish Legions (4th Regiment). For most of his life he stayed in Poręba village. In addition to writing, he was also an activist for the region, cofounder and member of Podhale Association (Tatras Highlanders Union, 1918) and supporter of peasants’ movement. After the war, he continued to write; particularly notable are lyrical poems constituting a cycle "Pochwała życia", the drama "Widma" (1917–1927), the novel "Czantoria" (1928–1929) and his articles and essays "Listy ze wsi" (1925–1927). He died in Kraków; shortly before he could collect the 1930 City of Warsaw’s Award for Literature. He is buried at the Rakowicki Cemetery, but next year he was exhumed and moved to a Remembrance Cemetery at Pęksowy Brzyzek, Zakopane.  After his death, many regional organisations were set up under his name, to commemorate his contribution to the culture and prestige of the Podhale region.

Works.

One of the most common image in his works was the poor Polish village. However his works contain other images as well, for example descriptions of mountain countryside and nature, and humorous elements. His early works were inspired by Stanisław Witkiewicz.

Władysław Orkan (27 November 1875 – 14 May 1930) (actually born as "Franciszek Ksawery Smaciarz", changed surname to Smreczyński, but primarily known under his pen name, Orkan) was a Polish writer and poet from the Young Poland period. He is known as one of the greatest Polish writers from Podhale region and "Górale" folk; the most famous of his works portray the common people from that region.

Władysław Orkan (27. listopadu 1875, Poręba Wielka, Halič – 14. května 1930, Krakov) byl polský básník, prozaik a dramatik, jeden z představitelů období tzv. "Mladého Polska".


Background.

Championship standings before the race.

Heading into the race Lewis Hamilton held a 7-point lead over team mate Valtteri Bottas in the Drivers' Championship. In the Constructors' Championship, Mercedes held a 96-point advantage over Ferrari.

Entrants.

The drivers and teams were the same as the season entry list with no additional stand-in drivers for either the race or practice. This race saw Alfa Romeo driver Kimi Räikkönen celebrate his 300th Grand Prix entry.

Qualifying.

During the first qualifying session, Nico Hülkenberg was blocked on his first flying lap by Antonio Giovinazzi at turn 17. Giovinazzi was later handed a three-place grid penalty. Around halfway through the session, after most drivers had come into the pits, Charles Leclerc had set the sixth fastest time. However, Ferrari decided not to send him out again in order to save tyres. As other drivers began to improve their lap times, Leclerc fell down the order and was eventually eliminated from Q1 by teammate Sebastian Vettel, the last driver to cross the line. Ferrari later admitted this was a team mistake. Vettel's final lap was the fastest of the session.  In the second qualifying session, Pierre Gasly impeded Romain Grosjean, and was later given a three-place grid penalty. Max Verstappen set the fastest time of the session.  Lewis Hamilton took pole position with a new track record ahead of teammate Valtteri Bottas. As a result, Mercedes equalled the record for most front row lockouts, and Hamilton took the record for most pole positions with one constructor. Max Verstappen qualified in third, his highest qualifying position of the year.

Race.

The opening lap proceeded cleanly, with Lewis Hamilton maintaining his lead from pole position. Charles Leclerc began to fight through the field after starting in 15th place. Leclerc had made it up to 12th by lap eight, but touched the inside wall at turn 17 during an overtake attempt on Nico Hülkenberg, sending his Ferrari into a spin. This contact caused a right-rear tyre puncture. Over the course of the next lap, Leclerc fell to last place as his tyre ripped apart and caused significant damage to the car's floor, spreading debris around the track. After emerging from the pits after a tyre change, he was a lap down on the leaders. A safety car was deployed on lap 11 for the marshals to clear the debris.  The leaders made their pit stops at the end of the lap, during the safety car period. Valtteri Bottas, Max Verstappen and Sebastian Vettel entered the pits all within one car length of each other. Verstappen's pit stop was faster than Bottas's, and Verstappen was released alongside, but slightly ahead of Bottas, with the two cars making contact. Bottas had no choice but to yield at the pit exit, losing second place to Verstappen. Bottas was brought into the pits again on the following lap for a switch from medium to hard-compound tyres and for the team to check for damage, emerging in fourth place behind Vettel.  Racing resumed on lap 15. On the same lap, Antonio Giovinazzi attempted an overtake on Robert Kubica at turn 17, making contact and sending the Williams into a spin. Kubica's car stopped whilst facing sideways at the exit of the turn, blocking the circuit and forcing Giovinazzi, Hülkenberg, Leclerc, Sergio Pérez and George Russell to stop on track and wait for him to move aside so that they could pass Kubica. Leclerc came into the pits on the following lap for a switch to soft-compound tyres, but on his out-lap, Ferrari decided that the floor damage caused by his lap eight incident was too great. Leclerc returned to the pits and retired from the race, continuing his streak of failing to finish his home Grand Prix, after retiring from the 2018 Monaco Grand Prix and from both races at the 2017 Monaco Formula 2 round.  On lap 22, Verstappen was issued a five-second time penalty for his unsafe release in the pits ten laps earlier. On lap 26, Giovinazzi was issued a penalty of ten seconds for causing the incident on lap 15. He later served his penalty in the pits. Verstappen spent the rest of the race attempting to overtake Hamilton, who was suffering on worn tyres, in order to build a lead and win the race despite his penalty. On lap 76, Verstappen mounted his only close challenge of the race, on the inside of turn 10. He made contact with the rear of the Mercedes, causing both cars to cut the chicane. Verstappen was unable to get close enough for an overtake on the subsequent laps, and Hamilton crossed the finish line to take victory. Verstappen's penalty saw him demoted from second to fourth, with Vettel and Bottas promoted to second and third respectively. This marked the sixth consecutive victory in 2019 for Mercedes, but the first time that season that the team did not take a 1-2 finish.

The 2019 Monaco Grand Prix (formally known as the Formula 1 Grand Prix de Monaco 2019) was a Formula One motor race held on 26 May 2019 at the Circuit de Monaco, a street circuit that runs through the Principality of Monaco. It was the 6th round of the 2019 Formula One World Championship, the 77th time that the Monaco Grand Prix was held, and the 66th time it had been held as a round of the Formula One World Championship since the inception of the series in.

Grand Prix Monaka 2019 (oficiálně Formula 1 Grand Prix de Monaco 2019) se jela na okruhu Circuit de Monaco v Monte Carlu v Monaku dne 26. května 2019. Závod byl šestým v pořadí v sezóně 2019 šampionátu Formule 1.


History.

Development of GFS began in 1995 and was originally developed by University of Minnesota professor Matthew O'Keefe and a group of students. It was originally written for SGI's IRIX operating system, but in 1998 it was ported to Linux since the open source code provided a more convenient development platform. In late 1999/early 2000 it made its way to Sistina Software, where it lived for a time as an open-source project. In 2001, Sistina made the choice to make GFS a proprietary product.  Developers forked OpenGFS from the last public release of GFS and then further enhanced it to include updates allowing it to work with OpenDLM. But OpenGFS and OpenDLM became defunct, since Red Hat purchased Sistina in December 2003 and released GFS and many cluster-infrastructure pieces under the GPL in late June 2004.  Red Hat subsequently financed further development geared towards bug-fixing and stabilization. A further development, GFS2 derives from GFS and was included along with its distributed lock manager (shared with GFS) in Linux 2.6.19. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.2 included GFS2 as a kernel module for evaluation purposes. With the 5.3 update, GFS2 became part of the kernel package. , GFS forms part of the Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.3 and upwards and associated CentOS Linux distributions. Users can purchase commercial support to run GFS fully supported on top of Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Since Red Hat Enterprise Linux version 5.3, Red Hat Enterprise Linux Advanced Platform has included support for GFS at no additional cost.  The following list summarizes some version numbers and major features introduced:

Hardware.

The design of GFS and of GFS2 targets SAN-like environments. Although it is possible to use them as a single node filesystem, the full feature-set requires a SAN. This can take the form of iSCSI, FibreChannel, AoE, or any other device which can be presented under Linux as a block device shared by a number of nodes, for example a DRBD device.  The DLM requires an IP based network over which to communicate. This is normally just Ethernet, but again, there are many other possible solutions. Depending upon the choice of SAN, it may be possible to combine this, but normal practice involves separate networks for the DLM and storage.  The GFS requires fencing hardware of some kind. This is a requirement of the cluster infrastructure, rather than GFS/GFS2 itself, but it is required for all multi-node clusters. The usual options include power switches and remote access controllers (e.g. DRAC, IPMI, or ILO). Fencing is used to ensure that a node which the cluster believes to be failed cannot suddenly start working again while another node is recovering the journal for the failed node. It can also optionally restart the failed node automatically once the recovery is complete.

Differences from a local filesystem.

Although the designers of GFS/GFS2 aimed to emulate a local filesystem closely, there are a number of differences to be aware of. Some of these are due to the existing filesystem interfaces not allowing the passing of information relating to the cluster. Some stem from the difficulty of implementing those features efficiently in a clustered manner. For example:  The other main difference, and one that is shared by all similar cluster filesystems, is that the cache control mechanism, known as glocks (pronounced Gee-locks) for GFS/GFS2, has an effect across the whole cluster. Each inode on the filesystem has two glocks associated with it. One (called the iopen glock) keeps track of which processes have the inode open. The other (the inode glock) controls the cache relating to that inode. A glock has four states, UN (unlocked), SH (shared – a read lock), DF (deferred – a read lock incompatible with SH) and EX (exclusive). Each of the four modes maps directly to a DLM lock mode.  When in EX mode, an inode is allowed to cache data and metadata (which might be "dirty", i.e. waiting for write back to the filesystem). In SH mode, the inode can cache data and metadata, but it must not be dirty. In DF mode, the inode is allowed to cache metadata only, and again it must not be dirty. The DF mode is used only for direct I/O. In UN mode, the inode must not cache any metadata.  In order that operations which change an inode's data or metadata do not interfere with each other, an EX lock is used. This means that certain operations, such as create/unlink of files from the "same" directory and writes to the "same" file should be, in general, restricted to one node in the cluster. Of course, doing these operations from multiple nodes will work as expected, but due to the requirement to flush caches frequently, it will not be very efficient.  The single most frequently asked question about GFS/GFS2 performance is why the performance can be poor with email servers. The solution is to break up the mail spool into separate directories and to try to keep (so far as is possible) each node reading and writing to a private set of directories.

Journaling.

GFS and GFS2 are both journaled file systems; and GFS2 supports a similar set of journaling modes as ext3. In data=writeback mode, only metadata is journaled. This is the only mode supported by GFS, however it is possible to turn on journaling on individual data-files, but only when they are of zero size. Journaled files in GFS have a number of restrictions placed upon them, such as no support for the mmap or sendfile system calls, they also use a different on-disk format from regular files. There is also an "inherit-journal" attribute which when set on a directory causes all files (and sub-directories) created within that directory to have the journal (or inherit-journal, respectively) flag set. This can be used instead of the data=journal mount option which ext3 supports (and GFS/GFS2 does not).  GFS2 also supports data=ordered mode which is similar to data=writeback except that dirty data is synced before each journal flush is completed. This ensures that blocks which have been added to an inode will have their content synced back to disk before the metadata is updated to record the new size and thus prevents uninitialised blocks appearing in a file under node failure conditions. The default journaling mode is data=ordered, to match ext3's default. , GFS2 does not yet support data=journal mode, but it does (unlike GFS) use the same on-disk format for both regular and journaled files, and it also supports the same journaled and inherit-journal attributes. GFS2 also relaxes the restrictions on when a file may have its journaled attribute changed to any time that the file is not open (also the same as ext3).  For performance reasons, each node in GFS and GFS2 has its own journal. In GFS the journals are disk extents, in GFS2 the journals are just regular files. The number of nodes which may mount the filesystem at any one time is limited by the number of available journals.

Features of GFS2 compared with GFS.

GFS2 adds a number of new features which are not in GFS. Here is a summary of those features not already mentioned in the boxes to the right of this page:

Compatibility and the GFS2 meta filesystem.

GFS2 was designed so that upgrading from GFS would be a simple procedure. To this end, most of the on-disk structure has remained the same as GFS, including the big-endian byte ordering. There are a few differences though:  The journaling systems of GFS and GFS2 are not compatible with each other. Upgrading is possible by means of a tool (gfs2_convert) which is run with the filesystem off-line to update the metadata. Some spare blocks in the GFS journals are used to create the (very small) per_node files required by GFS2 during the update process. Most of the data remains in place.  The GFS2 "meta filesystem" is not a filesystem in its own right, but an alternate root of the main filesystem. Although it behaves like a "normal" filesystem, its contents are the various system files used by GFS2, and normally users do not need to ever look at it. The GFS2 utilities mount and unmount the meta filesystem as required, behind the scenes.

In computing, the Global File System 2 or GFS2 is a shared-disk file system for Linux computer clusters. GFS2 differs from distributed file systems (such as AFS, Coda, InterMezzo, or GlusterFS) because GFS2 allows all nodes to have direct concurrent access to the same shared block storage. In addition, GFS or GFS2 can also be used as a local filesystem.

GFS2 je žurnálovací clusterový souborový systém pro počítačové clustery běžící na Linuxu. Na rozdíl od distribuovaných souborých systémů (což je například AFS, Coda, InterMezzo a GlusterFS) umožňuje všem uzlům současný přímý přístup ke sdílenému bloku.


Plot summary.

At the start of the novel, young Charity Royall is bored with her life in the small town of North Dormer. She was born to poor parents from "up the Mountain" who gave her up to the town's learned person, Lawyer Royall, but she still dreams of an even better and more exciting life outside of the town. She secures a job at North Dormer's library in an attempt to save up money so she can eventually leave the town and Mr. Royall's care. The widowed Mr. Royall makes an inappropriate advance toward Charity one night that she rebuffs but it irrevocably sours their relationship  When she is 17, that exciting life finds her in the form of a visiting architect named Lucius Harney. Her first encounter with the charming young man is at the library and there is immediate chemistry between them. Soon, he finds himself boarding at Mr. Royall's house when his own living arrangements fall through.  Charity Royall finds herself attracted to Lucius and decides to become his companion as he explores the town. He is putting together a book on colonial houses and the two of them go around town together so he can inspect and sketch the houses as a part of his research for the book. Mr. Royall, who holds onto the idea of marrying Charity, notices the two of them growing close and immediately evicts Lucius from his house. Lucius leaves town and relocates to a nearby village.  Later on, Charity and Lucius visit Nettleton for the Fourth of July, where they kiss for the first time and Lucius gives Charity a brooch. Before they are finished with their outing, they run into Mr. Royall, who seems really drunk. Mr. Royall verbally attacks Charity, which causes her to feel intense shame and hence falls into Lucius's arms. After the day's events, Charity and Lucius grow even closer and have sex for the first time.  After this, the two lovers meet frequently at an abandoned house. Charity develops fear when she sees Lucius with Annabel Balch, a local society girl, at a social event. Lucius promises to meet Charity at their usual place but when she goes there, she meets Mr. Royall who confronts her. Lucius promises to marry Charity but excuses himself to move out of town for a while. Later, a person comes to tell Charity that Lucius went out of town with Annabel Balch, a local society girl. Charity writes a letter to Lucius in bitterness telling him to marry Annabel.  Immediately after these events, Charity begins feeling sick. A doctor confirms that she is pregnant. Charity does not have any money to pay for the check-up and therefore, she gives the doctor the brooch Lucius gave her as collateral. Upon reaching home, she receives a letter from Lucius that confirms that he is going to marry Annabel and that he is pleased she has given him her blessing to do so. This frustrates her until she decides to pack and go look for her long-lost mother in the mountains. However, it turns out to be too late because Charity's mother passes away before they can reunite.  While staying at the Mountain with her relatives, Charity observes the poverty that has stricken people living around the Mountain. From the experience she has in the Mountain, she vows she will do everything to ensure that her child does not grow in poverty. She therefore returns home, intending to become a prostitute to support her child. However, along the way, she meets again with Mr. Royall. Mr. Royall offers her a ride and they decide to marry. In the end, she writes a letter to Lucius telling him about her marriage and finally returns home to stay with her husband in North Dormer.

Summer is a novel by Edith Wharton, which was published in 1917 by Charles Scribner's Sons. While most novels by Edith Wharton dealt with New York's upper-class society, this is one of two novels by Wharton that were set in New England. Its themes include social class, the role of women in society, destructive relationships, sexual awakening and the desire of its protagonist, named Charity Royall. The novel was rather controversial for its time and is one of the less famous among her novels because of its subject matter.

Léto ( "Summer") je román americké spisovatelky Edith Whartonové. Autorka jej napsala v roce 1916 v Paříži, kde jako dobrovolnice pomáhala Francii se zvládáním humanitární krize během první světové války. Román pak poprvé vyšel roku 1917 v nakladatelství Charles Scribner's Sons. Zachycuje tragický milostný příběh dívky v prostředí rurálního a kopcovitého západního Massachusetts. Zaměřuje se na krásu novoanglické krajiny na vrcholu letních měsíců, ale také na obtížné postavení ženy v dobové společnosti, otázky lásky a sexuality a věrně zachycuje kulturu novoanglického venkova a provinčního města na počátku 20. století. Kateřina Hilská, která knihu přeložila do češtiny, ji označila za jedno z nejlepších děl Edith Whartonové, vedle románů "Věk nevinnosti" a "Místní zvyk", novely "Ethan Frome" a jejích nejzdařilejších povídek.


Usage.

Red envelopes are gifts presented at social and family gatherings such as weddings or holidays such as Chinese New Year. The red color of the envelope symbolizes good luck and is a symbol to ward off evil spirits. It is also gifted when a person is visiting as a gesture of kindness for visiting. The act of requesting red packets is normally called "tao hongbao" () or "yao lishi" (), and in the south of China, "dou li shi" (). Red envelopes are usually given out to the younger generation who are normally still in school or unemployed.  The amount of money contained in the envelope usually ends with an even digit, in accordance with Chinese beliefs; odd-numbered money gifts are traditionally associated with funerals. The exception being the number 9 as the pronunciation of "nine" () is homophonous to the word "long" () and is the largest digit. Still in some regions of China and in its diaspora community, odd numbers are favored for weddings because they are difficult to divide. There is also a widespread tradition that money should not be given in fours, or the number four should not appear in the amount, such as in 40, 400 and 444, as the pronunciation of the word "four" () is homophonous to the word "death" (). When giving money, new bills are normally given instead of crispy or dirty bills. It is common to see long queues outside of banks before Chinese New Year with people waiting to get new dollar bills.  At wedding banquets, the amount offered is usually intended to cover the cost of the attendees as well as signify goodwill to the newlyweds. Amounts given are often recorded in ceremonial ledgers for the new couple to keep.  During the Chinese New Year, in Southern China, red envelopes are typically given by the married to the unmarried, most of whom are children. In northern and southern China, red envelopes are typically given by the elders to the younger under 25 (30 in most of the three northeastern provinces), regardless of marital status. The amount of money is usually notes to avoid heavy coins and to make it difficult to judge the amount inside before opening. It is traditional to put brand new notes inside red envelopes and also to avoid opening the envelopes in front of the relatives out of courtesy.  It is also given during the Chinese New Year in workplace from a person of authority (supervisors or owner of the business) out of his own fund to employees as a token of good fortune for the upcoming year.  In acting, it is also conventional to give an actor a red packet when he or she is to play a dead character, or pose for a picture for an obituary or a grave stone.  Red packets are also used to deliver payment for favorable service to lion dance performers, religious practitioners, teachers, and doctors.  Red packets as a form of bribery in China's film industry were revealed in 2014's Sony hack.

Virtual red envelopes.

A contemporary interpretation of the practice comes in the form of virtual red envelopes, implemented as part of mobile payment platforms. During the Chinese New Year holiday in 2014, the messaging app WeChat introduced the ability to distribute virtual red envelopes of money to contacts and groups via its WeChat Pay platform. The launch included an on-air promotion during the CCTV New Year's Gala — China's most-watched television special — where viewers could win red envelopes as prizes.  Adoption of WeChat Pay saw a major increase following the launch, and two years later, over 32 billion virtual envelopes were sent over the Chinese New Year holiday in 2016 (itself a tenfold increase over 2015). The popularity of the feature spawned imitations from other vendors; a "red envelope war" emerged between WeChat owner Tencent and its historic rival, Alibaba Group, who added a similar function to its competing messaging service and has held similar giveaway promotions. Analysts estimated that over 100 billion digital red envelopes would be sent over the New Year holiday in 2017.

Origin.

In China, during the Qin Dynasty, the elderly would thread coins with a red string.  There was a kind of little demon called "sui" () in ancient times. Whenever it is on New Year's Eve, it will appear quietly, touching the head of a sleeping child. The child who was being touched will be scared and cry, and also will have a headache. Therefore, in order to prevent against the "sui", people in the past did not dare to sleep on New Year's Eve, and all the lights were called "Shou Sui" ().  One tale of the folklore is about an elderly couple with a precious son. On the night of New Year's Eve, since they were afraid that "sui" would come, they took out eight pieces of copper coins to play with their son in order to keep him awake. Their son was very sleepy, however, so they let him go to sleep after placing a red paper bag containing copper coins under the child's pillow. The two older children were also stayed with him for the whole night. Suddenly, the doors and windows were blown open by a strange wind, and even the candlelight was extinguished. It turned out to be "sui". When "sui" was going to reach out and touch the child's head, the pillow suddenly brightened with the golden light, and the "sui" was scared away, so the exorcism effect of "red paper wrapped copper money" spread in the past China.  The money was referred to as "money warding off evil spirits" () and was believed to protect the person of younger generation from sickness and death. The "yasui qian" was replaced by red envelopes when printing presses became more common and is now found written using the homophone for "sui" () that means "old age" instead of "evil spirits" thus, "money warding off old age" (). Red envelopes continue to be referred to by such names today. Another reason for changing to use red envelope is because the design of coins. There is no more hole on the coin nowadays so they can not thread coins with the string. Therefore, people started using folding money to replace coin in red envelope.  Some say that the history of the Ang Pow dates back as far as the Song Dynasty (960–1279) in China. The story goes that a huge demon was terrorising a village and there was nobody in the village who was able to defeat the demon; many warriors and statesmen had tried with no luck. A young orphan stepped in, armed with a magical sword that was inherited from ancestors and battled the demon, eventually killing it. Peace was finally restored to the village, and the elders all presented the brave young man with a red envelope filled with money to repay the young orphan for his courage and for ridding the demon from the village.  At SuZhou, the children kept the red envelope in their bedroom after they received. They believed that putting the red envelope under their bed can protect the children. The action how they holding down the red envelope refer to the chinese meaning "壓". Those ya sui qian would not be used until the end of Chinese New Year. They also received fruit or cake during the new year.

Other customs.

Other similar traditions also exist in other countries in Asia.

Ethnic Chinese.

In Thailand, Myanmar (Burma) and Cambodia, the Chinese diaspora and immigrants have introduced the culture of red envelopes.

Cambodia.

In Cambodia, red envelopes are called "ang pav" or "tae ea" ("give "ang pav""). "Ang pav" are delivered with best wishes from elder to younger generations. The money amount in "ang pav" makes young children happy and is a most important gift which traditionally reflects the best wishes as a symbol of good luck for the elders. "Ang pav" can be presented on the day of Chinese New Year or "Saen Chen", when relatives gather together. The gift is kept as a worship item in or under the pillowcase, or somewhere else, especially near the bed of young while they are sleeping in New Year time. Gift in "ang pav" can be either money or a cheque, and more or less according to the charity of the donors.  The tradition of the delivery of "ang pav" traditionally descended from one generation to another a long time ago. "Ang pav" will not be given to some one in family who has got a career, but this person has to, in return, deliver it to their parents and/or their younger children or siblings.  At weddings, the amount offered is usually intended to cover the cost of the attendees as well as help the newly married couple.

Vietnam.

In Vietnam, red envelopes are considered to be lucky money and are typically given to children. They are generally given by the elders and adults, where a greeting or offering health and longevity is exchanged by the younger generation. Common greetings include ""Sống lâu trăm tuổi"", ""An khang thịnh vượng"" (), ""Vạn sự như ý"" () and ""Sức khỏe dồi dào"", which all relate back to the idea of wishing health and prosperity as age besets everyone in Vietnam on the Lunar New Year. The typical name for lucky money is "lì xì" or, less commonly, "mừng tuổi".

South Korea.

In South Korea, a monetary gift is given to children by their relatives during the New Year period. However, white envelopes are used instead of red, with the name of the receiver written on the back.

Japan.

A monetary gift "otoshidama" () is given to children by their relatives during the New Year period. White or decorated envelopes ("otoshidama-bukuro" ()) are used instead of red, with the name of the receiver written on either side. A similar practice, "shūgi-bukuro", is observed for Japanese weddings, but the envelope is folded rather than sealed, and decorated with an elaborate bow.

Philippines.

In the Philippines, Chinese Filipinos exchange red envelopes (termed "ang pao") during the Lunar New Year, which is an easily recognisable symbol. The red envelope has gained wider acceptance among non-Chinese Filipinos, who have appropriated the custom for other occasions such as birthdays, and in giving monetary "aguinaldo" during Christmas.

Green envelope.

Malay Muslims in Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, and Singapore have adopted the Chinese custom of handing out monetary gifts in envelopes as part of their Eid al-Fitr (Malay: "Hari Raya Aidilfitri") celebrations, but instead of red packets, green envelopes are used. Customarily a family will have (usually small) amounts of money in green envelopes ready for visitors, and may send them to friends and family unable to visit. Green is used for its traditional association with Islam, and the adaptation of the red envelope is based on the Muslim custom of "sadaqah", or voluntary charity. This is not necessarily true as envelopes of any or multi colors are available with contemporary designs incorporated. While present in the Qur'an, "sadaqah" is much less formally established than the sometimes similar practice of "zakat", and in many cultures this takes a form closer to gift-giving and generosity among friends than charity in the strict sense, i.e. no attempt is made to give more to guests "in need", nor is it as a religious obligation as Islamic charity is often viewed.

Purple envelope.

The tradition of "ang pao" has also been adopted by the local Indian Hindu populations of Singapore and Malaysia for Deepavali. They are known as "Deepavali ang pow" (in Malaysia), "purple ang pow" or simply "ang pow" (in Singapore). Yellow coloured envelopes for Deepavali have also been available at times in the past.

In Chinese and other East and Southeast Asian societies, a red envelope or a red packet (Mandarin: "") is a monetary gift which is given during holidays or special occasions such as weddings, graduation or the birth of a baby.

Červená obálka (znaky zjednodušené: 红包, tradiční: 紅包, pchin-jin: hóngbāo, český přepis: chung-pao) je tradiční čínský dárek, prostřednictvím něhož se darují peníze, a to především na Čínský nový rok. Svou oblibu mají ale i během jiných příležitostí, jako jsou například svatby, narozeniny či jiné významné dny.


Historical background.

Since the 17th century, the area has been densely built-up; the result was a so-called "Gängeviertel" (""corridor quarter"") with many narrow alleys. The density of the buildings increased even more when there was a housing shortage after the Hamburg fire in 1842. In 1892, a cholera epidemic broke out and the poor hygienic conditions in the neighbourhood caused the disease to spread dramatically – it was then decided to redevelop the area. As a result, many inhabitants were resettled.  Fritz Schumacher, who had been Director of Construction and Head of Building Construction since 1909 prevailed in the replanning of the site; the increasing space requirements of the up-and-coming Hamburg merchants were to be met with the construction of large Kontorhouses, although a partial use as living space was also initially envisaged. The "Burchardplatz" forms the centre of the complex planned by Schumacher.

Architecture.

The buildings were mainly made of a reinforced concrete skeleton construction. The new buildings were to be individually designed. Characteristic features are clinker brick facades and copper roofs. In order to make the street canyons more open at the top, the upper floors are often set back from the main front of the house. Decorative elements on the facade are also made of clinker brick; in addition, elements (often sculptures) of ceramics were used for the design, most of which have a connection to Hamburg trade and crafts.

Notable buildings.

One of the most famous and architecturally pioneering buildings, the "Chilehaus", was designed by the architect Fritz Höger and built between 1922 and 1924. It owes its name to its owner, the shipowner Henry B. Sloman, who owed his fortune to trade with Chile-saltpeter. The building is considered the main work of the architect and one of the most important buildings of clinker brick expressionism.  The "Miramar-House", the first completed building of the Kontorhaus District, was built in 1921/22 for the trading company Miramar. The design came from the architect Max Bach. In addition to hints of clinker brick expressionism, one of the most outstanding stylistic elements is the rounded corner of the house. Also well known are the sculptures by Richard Kuöhl in the entrance area, which represent the most important professional branches of the flourishing Hamburg economy.  The "Sprinkenhof" was built between 1927 and 1943 according to designs by architects Hans and Oskar Gerson and Fritz Höger. The building enclosing three inner courtyards was Hamburg's largest office complex at the time. The Sprinkenhof was one of the buildings whose design originally included apartments, but which were ultimately not realized. The decorative elements on the facade were designed by Ludwig Kunstmann.  Between 1924 and 1926 an office building for the company "Dobbertin & Co." and the "Reederei Komrowski" was built according to the plans of the architects Distel und Grubitz. The "Montanhof" is characterised by the typical – and in this case repeatedly – recessed upper floors. The facade of the clinker brick building is decorated with numerous Art Deco decorations.  Hans and Oskar Gerson designed another building in the quarter, the Meßberghof. In cooperation with Fritz Wischer, Max Bach built the "Hubertushaus" office building. Two other buildings, the Altstädter Hof and the Bartholomayhaus were designed by Rudolf Klophaus. The fictitious gable of the Bartholomayhaus, a reminiscence of the old Hanseatic town houses, was already considered obsolete at the time of its construction. The sandstone sculptures at the Altstädter Hof were also designed by Richard Kuöhl, who also designed the larger-than-life Hermes sculpture at the main entrance of the "Mohlenhof", one of the few office buildings that survived the Second World War almost unscathed. Several publishers were based in the "Pressehaus" ("press house"), today "Helmut-Schmidt-Haus" – another work by Klophaus.  Two formative buildings were already built before Schumacher's redesign of the quarter: the house at "Schopenstehl 32", a house originally built in 1780 with a rococo portal, which was integrated into a new building by Arthur Viol in 1885–1888; and the police station at Klingberg, which directly adjoins the Chile House. New buildings such as the "Danske Hus" and the "Neue Dovenhof", which were built in the 1990s, follow the style of the existing clinker brick buildings.

Listed buildings and UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Most of the buildings in the Kontohausviertel are listed buildings. At the 39th meeting of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in Bonn on 5 July 2015, the Kontorhausviertel and the Speicherstadt were added to the list of World Heritage Sites.

The Kontorhaus District is the southeastern part of Altstadt, Hamburg, between Steinstraße, Meßberg, Klosterwall and Brandstwiete. The streetscape is characterised by large office buildings in the style of Brick Expressionism of the early 20th century.

Kontorhausviertel je název části Hamburku v jihovýchodní části centra města. Pojmenování dostala podle řady velkých administrativních budov, v němčině "Kontorhäuser". Kontorhausviertel je vymezen ulicemi Steinstraße, Meßberg, Klosterwall a Brandstwiete.


Design.

The Chilehaus building is famed for its top, which is reminiscent of a ship's prow, and the facades, which meet at a very sharp angle at the corner of the "Pumpen-" and "Niedernstrasse". The best view of the building is from the east. Because of the accentuated vertical elements and the recessed upper stories, as well as the curved facade on the Pumpen street, the building has, despite its enormous size, a touch of lightness.  The building has a reinforced concrete structure and has been built with the use of 4.8 million dark Oldenburg bricks. The building is constructed on very difficult terrain, so to gain stability it was necessary to build on 16-meter-deep reinforced-concrete pilings.  The location's close vicinity to the Elbe River necessitated a specially sealed cellar, and heating equipment was constructed in a caisson that can float within the building, so the equipment can't be damaged in the event of flooding.  The sculptural elements in the staircases and on the facade were provided by the sculptor Richard Kuöhl.  The building hosts one of the few remaining working paternoster lifts in the world.

History.

The Chilehaus building was designed by the architect Fritz Höger and built between 1922 and 1924. It was commissioned by the shipping magnate Henry B. Sloman, who made his fortune trading saltpeter from Chile, hence the name Chile House. The cost of construction is difficult to determine, as the Chile House was built during the period of hyperinflation that struck Germany during the early 1920s, but is estimated to have been more than 10 million reichsmark. Currently it is property of the German real-estate company Union Investment Real Estate AG. The Hamburg site of the Instituto Cervantes is one of the renters.

The Chilehaus (Chile House) is a ten-story office building in Hamburg, Germany. It is located in the. It is an exceptional example of the 1920s Brick Expressionism style of architecture. This large angular building is located on a site of approximately 6,000m2, spanning the Fischertwiete Street in Hamburg. It was designed by the German architect Fritz Höger and finished in 1924.

Chilehaus je desetipodlažní kancelářská budova v německém Hamburku. Nachází se ve čtvrti Kontorhausviertel. Jedná se o výjimečný příklad architektury cihelného expresionismu 20. let 20. století. Byla navržena německým architektem Fritzem Högerem a vystavěna mezi roky 1922 a 1924. Objednatelem byl rejdařský magnát Henry B. Sloman, který dosáhl bohatství při obchodování s chilským ledkem. Využitelná kancelářská plocha je 25 200 m2. V současné době je majetkem německé realitní společnosti Union Investment Real Estate AG.