History.

The fortunes of the Heathcoat-Amory family were founded in the early nineteenth century. John Heathcoat was born into a Derbyshire farming family in 1783. An inventor of genius, he designed and patented a machine that revolutionised the production of lace. His manufactory near Loughborough was destroyed by former Luddites paid by unknown persons in 1816, he then moved his basis of manufacture, and a large number of his workers, to Tiverton, Devon and there established a lace-works which, by the later part of the nineteenth century, was the largest lace-producing manufactory in the world.  By the late 19th century, the Heathcoat-Amory family owned much of the manufacturing and land around Tiverton, Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Baronet chose the site of Knightshayes, because from the site Sir John could see his factory in the distance, nestled in the Exe valley below.

The house.

The estate of Knightshayes had long been owned by the Dickinson family, Tiverton merchants. John Walrond Dickinson sold the estate to the Amory family in 1867. In the same year, the house was commissioned by Sir John Heathcoat-Amory and the foundation stone laid in 1869. By 1874, the building was complete, although not to Burges' original designs, and work had begun on the interior. However, unlike Burges' partnership with John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, the relationship between architect and client was not successful, Sir John objecting to Burges' designs both on grounds of cost and of style. "Heathcoat-Amory (had) built a house he could not afford to decorate, by an architect whose speciality was interior design." This disagreement led to Burges' sacking in 1874 and his replacement by John Dibblee Crace. Nevertheless, Knightshayes Court remains the only example built of a medium-sized Burges country house, to the "standard" Victorian arrangement. Its virtues were recognised in its own time; "Knightshayes is eminently picturesque, executed with great vigour and thorough knowledge of detail.." The plan with hall, drawing, morning and smoking rooms, library and billiard room is conventional and the exterior is, by Burges' usual standards, restrained. A massive tower, to have been constructed over the West end, would have given the house "a more overtly romantic silhouette" but only the base was built.  The interior, by contrast, was to have been a riot of Burgesian excess but "not one of the rooms was completed according to Burges's designs." Of the few interior features that were fully executed, much was dismantled or covered over by Sir John and his successors, who followed the twentieth century distaste for Victorian architecture, and for the work of Burges in particular. The attitude persisted on the National Trust's acquiring the house in 1973. Writing at the time of the acquisition, the Secretary, R.R. Fedden, wrote; "the house was built by an architect called Burgess (sic). I expect it is coming back into fashion but the house could be regarded as irrelevant except as part of the setting in the garden." A more enlightened approach since Burges's rehabilitation has seen the Trust seeking to recover and restore as many of Burges's fittings as possible, including some "sparkling" ceilings, such as that in the Drawing Room, which was discovered in 1981, having been boarded over as early as 1889. In a number of instances, the Trust has brought in Burges furniture from other locations, including a bookcase from The Tower House, now in the Great Hall, and a marble fireplace in the Drawing Room, from Burges's redecoration of Worcester College, Oxford. The presentation album which Burges prepared, and which can be seen at the house, shows what might have been. "At Knightshayes Burges was on top form. But (his) magical interiors remained a half-formed dream." The Victorian critic Charles Locke Eastlake described the house in his "A History of the Gothic Revival"; "For this quality of design as well as for a certain vigour of treatment, Knightshayes may be considered a typical example of the Revival."  Among the paintings on display in the house is a likely self-portrait by Rembrandt thought to be a study for a later version now housed in the Rijksmuseum. This was explored in an episode of the BBC television series Britain's Lost Masterpieces broadcast in 2018.  During the Second World War the house was used as a convalescent home for the U.S. Eighth Air Force.

The family.

Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, grandson of the 1st Baronet, was married to Joyce Wethered, the golfer. An exhibition of golfing memorabilia can be found in the house. Roderick Heathcoat-Amory (1907–1998), youngest son of the second Baronet, was a Brigadier in the Army. His son is the former Conservative politician David Heathcoat-Amory, who is the uncle of the former political columnist of the "Daily Mail", Edward Heathcoat-Amory.

The gardens.

The gardens were designed by Edward Kemp but were much simplified in the 1950s and '60s. Sir John and Lady Heathcoat-Amory undertook much work in the gardens for which they were both awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Victoria Medal of Honour. The estate includes a rare stické court dating from 1907. Other features include the extensive topiary, specimen trees, rare shrubs and the stables and walled kitchen garden, also by Burges. In 2015 the Mid Devon Show was held at Knightshayes Court.

Current ownership.

Knightshayes Court has been in the ownership of the National Trust since 1972 and has been open to the public since 1974.

Knightshayes Court is a Victorian country house near Tiverton, Devon, England, designed by William Burges for the Heathcoat-Amory family. Nikolaus Pevsner describes it as "an eloquent expression of High Victorian ideals in a country house of moderate size." The house is Grade I listed. The gardens are Grade II* listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

Knightshayes Court je viktoriánský dům v Tivertonu, v Devonu, v Anglii. Budova byla navržena Williamem Burgesem pro rod Heathcoat-Amory. Nikolaus Pevsner ji popisuje jako "výmluvný výraz vysokých viktoriánských ideálů v zemi střední velikosti." Dům byl zapsán na listinu cenných budov v Anglii (I. stupeň).


History.

Kahlo painted "The Two Fridas" in 1939, the same year she divorced artist Diego Rivera, although they remarried a year later. According to Kahlo's friend, Fernando Gamboa, the painting was inspired by two paintings that Kahlo saw earlier that year at the Louvre: Théodore Chassériau's "The Two Sisters" and the anonymous "Gabrielle d'Estrées and One of Her Sisters".  In January 1940, "The Two Fridas" was exhibited along with "The Wounded Table" at the International Surrealist Exhibition in Mexico City.  The painting remained in Kahlo's possession until it was acquired by the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes (INBA) in 1947. The INBA transferred it to the Museo de Arte Moderno on December 28, 1966, where it is presently housed.

Subject.

Some art historians have suggested that the two figures in the painting are a representation of Frida's dual heritage. Her father, Guillermo Kahlo, was German; while her mother, Matilde Calderon, was Mestizo (a mix of Spanish and Native American). Another interpretation is that the Tehuana Frida is the one who was adored by her husband Diego Rivera, while the European Frida is the one that was rejected by him. In Frida's own recollection, the image is of a memory of a childhood imaginary friend.  Both Fridas hold items in their lap; the Mexican Frida holds a small portrait of Diego Rivera, and the European Frida holds forceps. Blood spills onto the European Frida's white dress from a broken blood vessel that has been cut by the forceps. The blood vessel connects the two Fridas, winding its way from their hands through their hearts. The work alludes to Kahlo's life of constant pain and surgical procedures and the Aztec tradition of human sacrifice. Because this piece was completed by Kahlo shortly after her divorce, the European Frida is missing a piece of herself, her Diego.

The Two Fridas ("Las dos Fridas" in Spanish) is an oil painting by Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. The painting was the first large-scale work done by Kahlo and is considered one of her most notable paintings. It is a double self-portrait, depicting two versions of Kahlo seated together. One is wearing a white European-style Victorian dress while the other is wearing a traditional Tehuana dress. The painting is housed at the Museo de Arte Moderno in Mexico City.

Dvě Fridy je obraz mexické malířky Fridy Kahlo. Obraz Frida dokončila krátce po rozvodu s Diegem Riverou. Dílo se skládá z velkého množství atributů symbolického významu. Frida ve svém deníku píše o souvislostech s imaginární kamarádkou z dětství, avšak později přiznává, že do obrazu zaznamela své pocity rozdělení a boje v souvislosti s rozvodem.


Album information.

The title track "We Care a Lot" was later rerecorded for their follow-up album "Introduce Yourself" and released as their first single. This later version of the song was incorrectly listed as the original and the album "Introduce Yourself" was also listed as the début in the sleeve notes for some subsequent releases, such as the 1998 compilation "Who Cares a Lot?".  The band is known to have re-recorded only one song from "We Care a Lot" in the studio with current singer Mike Patton on vocals. "As the Worm Turns" was recorded during the "Angel Dust" sessions.  However, a number of live recordings of songs from this album with Patton on vocals have been officially released over the years.  A later recording of "We Care a Lot" (from the album "Introduce Yourself") is used as the theme song for the Discovery Channel's show "Dirty Jobs", hosted by Mike Rowe.

Production.

The band initially started recording the album without backing from a record label and, after pooling their money, recorded five songs. This gained the attention of Ruth Schwartz (who was then forming the independent label Mordam Records) under which the band (after receiving the finances to do so) finished and released the album. It was the first official release for both the band and the label.  The album was recorded in a short space of time on a low budget. In a 2015 interview, bassist Billy Gould reflected "There are probably things we could have done better, but at the same time I think that the performances were pretty damned good. And that had to do with us keeping focused and needing to work within those budget restrictions. We rehearsed quite a lot before we went in to record, so we were ready."

Release history.

While released on vinyl and cassette in 1985, this album would not be released to buy as a CD until 1995 in Australia (on Mushroom Records) as a pink disc for the first pressing, and black disc for the second, to coincide with the tour for their fifth studio album "King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime", released that year. In 1996 it was reissued on CD, vinyl and cassette in the UK and Japan with slightly modified artwork, one being a purple disc. The CD reissue version of the album can be seen during a scene at a record store in the 1997 film "Chasing Amy".

2016 reissue.

The album was reissued by Koolarrow Records on August 19, 2016, and includes nine additional tracks, including three remixes, four demos and two live recordings from a 1986 show at the I-Beam, San Francisco. Remastered by Maor Appelbaum

Music and lyrics.

The third track "Mark Bowen" was titled after an early Faith No More/Faith No Man guitarist of the same name.

Critical reception.

"Select" magazine, while also mentioning the roughness of production, said that the music is inexorable and "a lustful marriage of mutoid metal and dancefloor verve that owed nothing to anybody". Allmusic made repeated reference to the absence of future front man Mike Patton and criticized Chuck Mosley's vocals, calling him "often off-key, fairly monotonous, and colorless", but credited the album for having "lots of attitude" comparing it to early Public Image Ltd works.

2016 Reissue Bonus Tracks.

We Care A Lot - Deluxe Band Edition - Remastered by Maor Appelbaum

We Care a Lot is the debut studio album by American rock band Faith No More, originally released in 1985 and distributed through San Francisco-based label Mordam Records. On the original vinyl release, the band is credited as "Faith. No More." on the album's liner notes, back cover, and on the record itself.

We Care a Lot je první studiové album skupiny Faith No More, které vyšlo v roce 1985. Skladba "Mark Bowen" je pojmenována po předchozím kytaristovi.


History.

No-IP was launched in October 2000 offering free dynamic DNS and URL redirection. Users were able to create a sub-domain under a few domains owned by No-IP. In May 2000, Vitalwerks Internet Solutions, LLC was formed as the parent company of No-IP. In January 2001 No-IP began offering paid managed DNS services which allowed users to set up dynamic DNS using their own domain name. Later that year they began offering email services to complement their DNS product. With growing popularity, No-IP has been featured in magazines such as PC magazine and Mac User. They began reselling domain names in 2002 and in 2006 became an ICANN accredited registrar.

Technology and services.

No-IP's core product is dynamic DNS services ("DDNS"). The basic dynamic DNS services using a domain owned by No-IP are free to use as long as the account remains active. An upgraded service to use your own domain name will cost about $25 for the year. Dynamic IP addresses are common on residential cable or DSL broadband accounts. The free service allows users to set up between one and three hostnames on a domain name provided by No-IP. The host name will then resolve to the current IP address of that user's computer. A software client is also provided by No-IP for Windows, OS X, and Linux that can be run on the computer that has the dynamic address. No-IP also provides other DNS, e-mail, and Network Monitoring services.

Dynamic DNS API.

A dynamic DNS host name is linked up to the user's dynamic IP address. Whenever the IP changes, a dynamic DNS client will send an update to No-IP with the current IP address and then No-IP propagates the DNS change to the Internet within seconds.  To facilitate IP address updates, No-IP has an open protocol that allows software developers and hardware manufacturers to communicate via HTTP to notify them of an IP address change.  Many router manufacturers provide built in support for No-IP's dynamic DNS protocol, for example Asus, D-Link, Dovado, Edimax, SonicWall, SMC, and TP-Link.  Most third-party firmware distributions such as OpenWrt and DD-WRT also include No-IP in their selection of DDNS providers for routers that have support from the manufacturer.

Microsoft legal action and controversy.

On 19 June 2014, Microsoft launched a legal action against No-IP, requesting that Microsoft be given control of 22 of No-IP's domain names. This was granted on 26 June 2014, and Microsoft began redirecting domain traffic to their sinkhole. According to No-IP this affected malicious and non malicious users alike, despite Microsoft's statement of intent to the contrary. Legitimate users of the service (including paid premium plans) are also diverted to the Microsoft sinkhole. Backlash to the confiscation however led to Microsoft returning the domains to No-IP.

Vitalwerks LLC is the parent company of No-IP which is a dynamic DNS provider for paid and free services. No-IP offers DNS services, email, network monitoring and SSL certificates. Email services include POP3 email, outbound SMTP email, backup mail services and mail reflection and filtering.

No-IP je soubor internetových služeb americké společnosti s ručením omezeným Vitalwerks Internet Solution se sídlem v Renu v Nevadě, jehož jádrem je správa dynamických DNS. Soubor zahrnuje služby zdarma i placené a to kromě správy DNS například také správu e-mailové komunikace nebo certifikátů SSL.


History.

Founding.

Tchibo was founded in 1949 in Hamburg by Carl Tchilinghiryan and Max Herz, and still maintains its headquarters in the north of the city. The name Tchibo is an abbreviation for Tchilling and (coffee beans). During its formative years, Tchibo concentrated on a mail-order service of freshly roasted coffee beans, processed in the company's own roasting facility in the Hamburg district of Hoheluft.

Expansion.

In 1977, Tchibo purchased shares of Beiersdorf and in 1980 became the majority shareholder of the Hamburg cigarette producer Reemtsma. The shares were sold in 2002 to Imperial Tobacco for €5.2 billion. After buying its rival Eduscho in 1997, Tchibo became the market leader in Germany with 20%. In the 1990s, Tchibo began to expand to countries outside Germany and now has shops in Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, the Netherlands, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Turkey. Entry into the US market was planned in the early 2000s, but later cancelled.  Tchibo sold the cigarette brand Davidoff to the UK-based company Imperial Tobacco for €540 mil. in 2006; the rights for the brand "Davidoff café" remained with Tchibo. Tchibo has started distribution of its brand "Davidoff café" to the US.

Reorganisation.

The company presented a reorganisation programme to its employees at a staff meeting on 7 December 2007, with the aim of returning the business to growth by 2010.  In the UK, following a consultation period, Tchibo GB decided to close half of its retail stores and re-structure the head office and field teams. The UK board was reduced from 11 directors to 4.  In November 2008, a Tchibo spokesman announced that the concessions in Somerfield and Sainsbury's supermarkets would close in 2009, blaming difficult macroeconomic conditions in Britain. Tchibo's lack of success in the British market was summarised by "Retail Week" as due to it being "a glorified pound shop". In early 2009, the company confirmed it would leave the UK market, by selling its leases. All of the Tchibo GB stores were closed by the end of October 2009. The UK online webstore followed on 1 September 2010.</ref> A "new and improved" Tchibo Online Shop was launched in the UK on 28 June 2016  In August 2016, Tchibo acquired Scotland based roasting company Matthew Algie.

Corporate structure.

Tchibo is owned by Maxingvest AG, which changed its name from Tchibo Holding AG in 2007. It is 100% owned by three members of the Herz family, Ingeburg Herz (Max Herz's widow), and two of her sons, Michael Herz and Wolfgang Herz. In 2003, they bought out their brother, Gunter, and sister, Daniela Herz-Schnoekel. Their brother Joachim died in a motorboat accident in 2008.  Maxingvest AG is the largest shareholder of the listed company Beiersdorf.  In 2002, Tchibo held 850 shops and 22,000 so-called "Frische-Depots" in bread shops and supermarkets, where shelves bearing the company's "brand" sell packaged coffee (with customer-operated coffee grinders provided in some locations) alongside non-food articles such as clothes, accessories as well as sporting and household goods.

Tchibo is a German chain of coffee retailers and cafés known for its range of non-coffee products that change weekly. The latter includes: clothing, furniture, household items, electronics and electrical appliances. In Germany, Tchibo's slogan is "Every week a new world" (). Tchibo has further expanded its product range to sell services such as travel, insurance, and mobile-phone contracts.

Tchibo GmbH je německý řetězec obchodů nabízejících kávu a kávové speciality. Tchibo je stoprocentně ve vlastnictví rodiny Herz ovládající rodinný holding Maxingvest (dříve Tchibo Holding AG). Společnost zaměstnává celosvětově více než 12 450 zaměstnanců ve více než 1000 obchodech a 26 000 prodejních místech. Centrála firmy je v Hamburku. Na českém trhu společnost Tchibo působí od roku 1991 pod názvem Tchibo Praha a nabízí široký sortiment kávových výrobků a dalšího zboží. Kromě samotné značky Tchibo k ní ještě patří i značky Jihlavanka a Davidoff Café. Vlastníkem společnosti Tchibo Praha je německá firma Tchibo GmbH (prostřednictvím Eduscho-Austria). V roce 2004 Tchibo uvedlo na český trh spotřební zboží, kromě kávy lze u společnosti koupit např. i oblečení a další produkty.


Biography.

A famous model and actress in Paraguay, Riquelme rose to international prominence during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. A supporter of both the Paraguay national football team and the club Cerro Porteño, she was first pictured in international media celebrating a goal during the game between Paraguay and Slovakia with her Nokia mobile phone between her breasts and she was wearing a T-shirt with Paraguay's colors (as part of a promotion for a mobile phone company). Riquelme is the face of the deodorant brand Axe in Paraguay and at a later Paraguay game in the World Cup she was also seen with the word "Axe" written on her chest as advertising for the deodorant brand.  After becoming one of the most searched people on the Internet, she was named "World Cup's Girlfriend" by "Marca", the largest Spanish sports newspaper. She was also described as the most famous fan of the World Cup.  Following her rise to fame, and after Argentinian coach Diego Maradona promised to run naked through Buenos Aires if Argentina won the 2010 World Cup, Riquelme matched the offer and promised that she would run naked (wearing only body paint in the colors of Paraguay) through Asunción if Paraguay won the World Cup, or even if they reached the semi-finals by beating Spain. Paraguay eventually lost its match against Spain, but Riquelme announced that she would fulfill her promise anyway, a promise that she kept. That same year, Riquelme did a nude pictorial for the September 2010 issue of "Playboy Brazil".  Apart from modeling and acting, Riquelme has also participated in "Bailando por un Sueño", the Argentinian version of "Dancing with the Stars."

Larissa Mabel Riquelme Frutos (born 22 February 1985) is a Paraguayan model and actress from Asunción. She is one of the highest-paid models in Paraguay.

Larissa Riquelme, celým jménem Larissa Mabel Riquelme Frutosová (narozená 22. února 1985) je paraguayská modelka a herečka městského divadla v Asunciónu. Je jednou z nejlépe placených modelek v Paraguayi.


History.

Formation and name (1881–1914).

Leyton Orient were originally formed by members of the Glyn Cricket Club in 1881, many of whom were former students of the Independent College, Homerton in nearby Hackney (now Homerton College in Cambridge); an annual fixture is still held between the club and the college. The team has had several name changes since, first as Eagle Cricket Club in 1886, then as Orient Football Club in 1888.  The 12 history books written on the club by its historian Neilson N. Kaufman between 1974 and 2015 suggest that the choice of the name "Orient" came about at the behest of a player, Jack R Dearing, who was an employee of the Orient Steam Navigation Company, later part of P&O – Peninsular & Oriental. The club's name was changed again to Clapton Orient in 1898 to represent the area of London in which they played, though there was another team called Clapton F.C.  Before their relegation in 2017, the O's were the second-oldest league club in London behind Fulham and were the 24th oldest club currently playing in the Football League. Following Fulham's promotion to the Premier League they became the oldest London club playing in the Football League. They played in the Second Division of the Southern Federation's League in 1904, joined the Football League in 1905. By this time players such as part-time outside right, Herbert Kingaby could earn £2 4s ("2012: £") per week – payment being somewhat sporadic.  The name Leyton Orient was adopted following the conclusion of the Second World War. The club had moved to Leyton in 1937, though again there was another team called Leyton F.C. A further rename back simply to Orient took place in 1966 after the Borough of Leyton (in Essex) was absorbed into the London Borough of Waltham Forest. That renaming followed a financial crisis – one of several to hit the club and by no means the first or last – and restructuring of the company behind the club; this is remembered for a "pass the bucket" collection that took place at a special meeting of supporters in the East Stand, when complete closure was claimed to be a definite possibility.  The club reverted to Leyton Orient in 1987, shortly after Tony Wood took over as chairman and at a time when a supporters' campaign was taking place in the "Leyton Orientear" fanzine to reinstate the "Leyton" part of the club's name.

World War years (1914–1955).

The 1914–15 season was the last football season before the league was suspended due to the outbreak of the First World War. A total of 41 members of the Clapton Orient team and staff joined up into the 17th Battalion Middlesex Regiment (the Footballers' Battalion), the highest of any football team in the country and the first to join up "en masse". At the final game of the season – Clapton Orient vs Leicester Fosse, 20,000 people came out to support the team. A farewell parade was also hosted but not before the O's had won 2–0. The British Film Institute holds a brief recording of this historic match and parade in its archives. During the Battle of the Somme, three players gave their lives for king and country: Richard McFadden, George Scott and William Jonas. Though they were the only Orient staff to have died during the First World War, many others sustained wounds, some more than once and were not able to resume their football careers after the war. Prior to the First World War, O's striker McFadden had saved the life of a boy who was drowning in the River Lea as well as rescuing a man from a burning building.  History was made on Saturday 30 April 1921 when the Prince of Wales, later to become King Edward VIII, visited Millfields Road to see the O's play Notts County. The Orient won 3–0 and this was the first time a member of royalty had attended a Football League match. The royal visit was to show gratitude for Clapton Orient's patriotic example during the Great War and there is now a plaque erected on the site of the Millfields Road Stadium to commemorate this historic event.  The story of the club's major involvement in the First World War has been told in a 2005 book entitled "They Took The Lead", by Stephen Jenkins, deputy chairman of Leyton Orient Supporters' Club. In July 2006 Jenkins, assisted by Les Bailey, took a party of 150 Leyton Orient supporters and members of the Leyton and Manor Park Royal British Legion over to the Somme region of northern France, to visit World War I war graves and to pay their respects at the resting places of Richard McFadden, William Jonas and George Scott. This was the first official visit to the Orient war graves for 90 years. A second visit to the Somme took place the weekend of 12/13 July 2008, this time 183 O's supporters and members of the RBL made the historic pilgrimage. Chris Slegg, a BBC London reporter travelled with the party and footage of the Somme trip was shown on local news bulletins.  In August 2009 Steve Jenkins, along with fellow O's supporter Theresa Burns and former Orient player Peter Kitchen, launched the O's Somme Memorial Fund with the objective of erecting a permanent memorial in northern France in honour of the Clapton Orient side that answered the call of king and country.  A third trip to the Somme took place in July 2011 and the O's Memorial was unveiled in the village of Flers on Sunday 10 July.

Later 20th century (1955–2001).

Leyton Orient were Division Three South champions in the 1955–56 season and spent 20 of the next 25 years in the Second Division, before being relegated at the end of the 1981–82 season. They have not been back to that level since.  Orient's golden years were in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1961–62 season Orient were promoted to the top tier of English football, the First Division (now the Premier League), for the only time in their history, after finishing second in Division Two under the management of Johnny Carey. The team struggled in the top flight and were relegated after just one season. Nonetheless, they did defeat local rivals West Ham United at home.  They were Division Three champions in the 1969–70 season and spent the whole of the 1970s in Division Two. In 1972 Orient achieved one of the most famous results in their history – coming back from 2–0 down to beat Chelsea 3–2 in the FA Cup fifth round. They were also Anglo-Scottish Cup Runners up in 1976–77. In 1978 Orient were defeated in the semi final of the FA Cup, the furthest they have progressed in that competition.  In 1978 the club was indirectly responsible for the album "Variations" composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber for his brother, the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber. This reached No.2 in the pop album charts. "Variations" came about as the result of a bet between the two brothers on the outcome of Orient's final game of the 1976–77 season against Hull City.  In the 1980s Leyton Orient fared less well and after two relegations found themselves in the fourth tier of English football. However, they ended the decade on a high, as they were promoted in the 1988–89 season, when under manager Frank Clark they were promoted in the Division Four Play-Off Final after a 2–1 aggregate victory over Wrexham F.C.. The early 1990s saw steady progress in the Third Division, missing out on a play-off place in the 1992–93 season on goal difference. However, the financial crisis at the club caused by then-chairman Tony Wood losing his business in the Rwandan Civil War led to a relegation back to the fourth tier, now renamed as the Third Division following the formation of the Premier League. Under manager Tommy Taylor, Orient were defeated in the 1999 and 2001 Third Division play-off finals, played at Wembley Stadium and the Millennium Stadium respectively. The latter final saw the fastest ever play-off final goal scored to date at the Millennium Stadium, as Orient's Chris Tate scored after just 27 seconds. Orient's fastest ever goal was scored after just 12 seconds by Lee Steele in a match against his former club Oxford at The Kassam Stadium on 28 March 2005.

Promotion to League One (2001–2010).

After the 2001 play-off final defeat, Leyton Orient took several years to recover from their second play-off final defeat in three years. After Tommy Taylor left the club, Paul Brush spent two unsuccessful years in charge and after he was sacked former player Martin Ling took over as manager in October 2003, with Orient second-bottom of the league. After several years of steady improvement, Leyton Orient gained promotion in the 2005–06 season, finishing in third place and gaining automatic promotion to League One. This was the club's first automatic promotion in 36 years and ended a period of 11 years in the English league's bottom division. This promotion season also saw an excellent FA Cup run, with Leyton Orient progressing to the fourth round after beating Premiership side Fulham. Promotion was only secured in the final minutes of the final game of the season, away at Oxford United; with the score tied at 2–2 and Orient seemingly destined to miss out yet again, news came through of a late goal scored against promotion rivals Grimsby Town F.C. that would potentially promote Orient. The Orient fans were still celebrating this when just 14 seconds later, Lee Steele scored to confirm Orient's promotion. The result also relegated Oxford to the Football Conference. Grimsby's manager that season was Russell Slade, who would later become Orient's manager.  In 2006–07, Orient endured a difficult season in the third tier, having spent most of the season in or around the relegation zone and were bottom of the table at times during the first half of the season. An improvement in fortunes after Christmas – including memorable wins against Millwall, Tranmere Rovers and a vital win at eventually-relegated Bradford City near the end of the season – helped them finish in 20th place, one spot above the relegation zone. Most of the 2006 promotion-winning side left at the end of the season. Some players were released, some declined new contracts and the club's longest-serving player Matthew Lockwood was re-signed but later moved in pre-season to Nottingham Forest.  2007–08 was better, as Orient finished 14th with 60 points. The O's began the season in fine form, not dropping out of the top seven until after Christmas. However a loss of form in the second half of the season, recording only three wins from the last 12 games, meant the season ended in a respectable mid-table finish.  Leyton Orient kicked off the 2008–09 season with a 2–1 win over Hereford United at home. Dean Beckwith put Hereford ahead before JJ Melligan and Adam Boyd gave Orient the win. Orient then continued the season with multiple poor results and performances throughout September and October and their only wins were away matches against Walsall and Southend United in the Football League Trophy first round. However Orient were knocked out of the trophy in the following round in an away match at Brighton & Hove Albion. They were in 22nd position in the League One table. Orient booked a place in the second round of the FA Cup after beating Colchester United 1–0. Two Goals from Jason Demetriou and Danny Granville in a 1–2 away victory against Bradford City put Orient through to the third round of the FA Cup where they played Sheffield United at home. They lost 4–1 and, after a run of bad form in the league, Orient parted company with manager Martin Ling and assistant Dean Smith. Youth team manager Kevin Nugent was named caretaker manager overseeing three games. On 5 February 2009 Geraint Williams was announced as manager until the end of the season. He enjoyed a very positive start, winning seven of his first nine matches and moving Orient up to 15th. After Geraint Williams' positive influence on the team they secured their League One status on 13 April with a 1–0 win over Swindon Town at the County Ground and eventually finished the season in 14th place.  Orient had a proud day when they beat former Premier League runners-up Newcastle United 6–1 in a pre-season friendly match on 25 July 2009. By beating Colchester United away, in the first round of the Football League Cup, they earned a home second round fixture against Premier League Club, Stoke City.

Continued success (2010–2014).

On 3 April 2010 Geraint Williams was sacked as manager after a 3–1 home defeat to fellow relegation strugglers Hartlepool following a poor run of form. Kevin Nugent once again took control for the 2–1 defeat at Southampton on 5 April and after the match Russell Slade was named as manager until the end of the season. With even less time to save Orient from relegation than Williams before him, Slade managed to bring about a change in form that saw Orient finish in 17th place, just one point but four places clear of relegation. In the summer of 2010 Slade's contract was extended for two years. After a poor start to the 2010–11 season, Orient's league form picked up towards Christmas, culminating in an 8–2 win against non-league Droyslden in an FA Cup second round replay. In a game described as "the weirdest football match ever", Orient had trailed most of the game 2–0 but scored six goals in extra time to progress into the third round. Orient then beat high-flying Championship side Norwich City 1–0 at Carrow Road to progress into the fourth round where they met another Championship side, Swansea City, at the Liberty Stadium. Orient beat Swansea 2–1 to set up a glamour fifth round tie against Premier League giants Arsenal at Brisbane Road, which finished in a 1–1 draw thanks to a late Jonathan Téhoué equaliser for the O's. This set up a replay at the Emirates Stadium. Leyton Orient lost that replay 0–5, bringing to an end their longest run in the FA Cup since 1981–82. Either side of the Arsenal games, Leyton Orient achieved a club record-equalling 14 games unbeaten, putting the team just outside the play-off positions. However they were unable to maintain that momentum and ultimately missed out on the play-offs by just one point.  The 2013–14 season saw more success for Orient, finishing third in the league and securing a place in the play-offs. They defeated Peterborough United to advance to the playoff final at Wembley, but lost in the final to Rotherham United via a penalty shoot-out.

Sale, financial crisis and fall to Non-League (2014–2017).

The 2014–15 season saw a reversal of fortunes for Orient after the club was taken over by Italian businessman Francesco Becchetti. Long-standing manager Russell Slade left early in the season and was replaced by caretaker manager Kevin Nugent, followed in quick succession by Mauro Milanese and then Fabio Liverani before Christmas 2014. A disastrous second half of the season meant that Orient was relegated from League One after a 2–2 draw at Swindon Town on the final day. Liverani, with only eight wins in 27 matches, left the club by mutual consent on 13 May 2015.  Orient finished one place but six points away from a League Two play-off place in the 2015–16 season. However, the following season (2016–17) saw another disastrous slump, under five different managers, as well as off-pitch turmoil, including a winding-up hearing against Becchetti for unpaid taxes. Another managerial departure saw Daniel Webb resign from the club, with assistant manager Omer Riza taking over first-team duties until the end of the season. On 22 April 2017, Orient were relegated to the National League after a 3–0 loss to Crewe Alexandra, ending their 112-year stay in the Football League. Beccehetti saw continued criticism for his ownership, which resulted in a pitch invasion and protest against him on 29 April, resulting in the game being called off. On 22 June, the club was officially sold to Nigel Travis, the chairman of Dunkin' Brands.

Non-League and promotion back to League Two (2017–).

After a poor start to the season, manager Steve Davis, appointed at the start of the National League campaign, was sacked on 14 November 2017, and was replaced by Justin Edinburgh. Under Edinburgh the club fared better, and spent much of the 2018–19 season competing for promotion from the National League. However they were eliminated in the fourth round of qualifying for the 2018–19 FA Cup by Maidstone United. On 27 April 2019, following a 0–0 draw with Braintree Town, Orient secured promotion to League Two as champions of the National League after two years in non-league. The club also reached the final of the FA Trophy, but were defeated by A.F.C. Fylde.  On 3 June 2019, manager Justin Edinburgh was admitted to hospital following a cardiac arrest. He died on 8 June 2019, aged 49. His assistant Ross Embleton was appointed as interim manager for the new season. Embleton was replaced permanently by Carl Fletcher in October 2019 but Fletcher was sacked the following month after just five games in charge, and Embleton was reinstated as interim boss. Embleton was later appointed permanently in January 2020 on a 12-month rolling contract.  Orient's first season back in League Two produced a 17th place finish, with the final table ultimately being determined on a weighted points per game basis because of football's suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic. During this time, the club furloughed all players and staff to reduce the financial burden on the club due to the pandemic.

Kit and badge.

Orient's crest is made up of two wyverns facing each other over a football. The wyvern symbol was introduced in 1976 and is believed to incorporate Orient's links with the City of London – the wyvern is the symbol of the Thames, in mythology is the defender of the Thames – and with the sea, through the old Orient Shipping Company. The wyvern on the badge provided the inspiration for the club mascot Theo who got his name from a shortening of the club nickname, the O's. Theo first appeared in the 2000–01 season.  Previous club crests have included a version of the Borough of Leyton's coat of arms and a single red dragon.

Sponsorship.

The club shirt sponsorship deals have included tie-ups with Independent Transport, Acclaim Entertainment, Marchpole, Matchroom Sport and PokerMillion.com. At the start of the 2008–09 season the club entered into a three-year deal with PartyGaming.com to present PartyPoker.com, PartyBets.com and PartyCasino.com on the front of players' and replica kits.  During the 2012–13 season, the shirt sponsors were Samsung and FIFA 13. The same sponsors were used for the 2013–14 season, only FIFA 13 became FIFA 14. For 2014–15, the club announced a deal with online bookmakers 666Bet.  On 30 July 2015, Orient announced a deal that would see steel distributors and stockholders Rainham Steel feature on the home, away and third kits. From 2016–2018, Orient were sponsored by Energybet.com. From 2018-19 onwards, Orient's principal shirt sponsor is The Sun's Dream Team. For the 2020-21 season, former loanee Harry Kane sponsored Orient, using the space on their shirts to thank the key workers of the Coronavirus pandemic, and support the Haven House Children's Hospice and Mind, the mental health charity. 10% from the sale of every shirt is allocated to the charity named on the front.

Stadiums.

Orient's initial ground was at Glyn Road between 1884 and 1896 when the club moved to Whittle's Athletic Ground.

Millfields.

Whittle's Athletic Ground was originally a whippet racing ground later known as Millfields and Clapton Orient played there until 1930. The O's also played pre-season friendlies at Leyton Cricket Ground for several seasons.  Millfields could hold 35,000 or more and was quite modern for its time, though larger crowds were typically for dog racing and speedway and was a major London venue for boxing and baseball. As Orient was only a tenant and facing high rents and competition with other events at Millfields Road, Orient owners left Millfields Road for another racing ground across Hackney Marshes soon after, having stayed for 30 years. The ground closed in 1969, the Greyhound Racing Association selling with housing redevelopment taking its place in 1974.

Lea Bridge Road.

Clapton Orient left Millfields in 1930, moving to Lea Bridge Stadium which had been used as a speedway stadium. Orient's first match held there was a 3–1 win over Newport County on 4 September 1930, in front of a crowd of 5,505. However, the ground was closed for repairs by order of the Football League after the directors of Torquay United complained that a wooden fence was too close to the touchline. Orient's next two home league fixtures (both victories) were held at Wembley Stadium, the second attracting a crowd of just 1,916 to see the 3–1 win over Southend United. An FA Cup tie against Luton Town had to be held at Arsenal Stadium.  The capacity of the stadium was 20,000 and although with improvements it could have been increased to 50,000, the Orient directors were never content with the ground. There were rumours of a move as far as Mitcham or a merger with short-lived neighbours Thames but a decision was made to move to Brisbane Road in time for the start of the 1937–38 season. The last Orient match to be held at Lea Bridge Road was another 3–1 victory over Southend United in front of a crowd of 2,541. The stadium was demolished in the 1970s.

Brisbane Road.

Brisbane Road has undergone many changes since Orient's arrival. Previously known as Osborne Road and having been the home of Leyton F.C., it initially had only one stand (known as "the orange box") on the east side that held 475 people and cover on the west side for standing. All of the standing was cinder banks. The East Stand (also known as the Main Stand) was bought from Mitcham Greyhound Stadium in 1956 and eventually extended to cover the whole east side. The terraced enclosures at the front of the East Stand were replaced by seating in the late 1990s. Over the decades, the west side became a covered terrace and finally a seated-stand, while uncovered terracing was built at the north and south sides. As the ground's capacity was being progressively reduced through changes to ground safety regulations, Orient looked to redevelop Brisbane Road as an all-seater stadium to secure its future there.  The initial plans, dubbed "Orient 2000" by the club, were revealed in the mid-1990s. The plans were ambitious, as they involved rotating the pitch and developing all four sides. However, the club's near-bankruptcy and subsequent buy-out by Barry Hearn meant that a more realistic redevelopment plan was instigated. The first phase involved demolition of the South Terrace in the late 1990s and after delays while National Lottery funding was unsuccessfully sought the new South Stand was opened at the start of the 1999–2000 season. The next phase of redevelopment (replacement of the North Terrace and West Stand) ran into financial problems. Notwithstanding that finance for the redevelopment had already been raised by selling off the four corners of the stadium for residential blocks of flats, an increase in costs meant that an emergency general meeting of the company was needed in April 2005. It was agreed that the club should sell a c.999-year lease on the West Stand for £1.5 million to a consortium led by Barry Hearn (under the company name "Samuel Beadie (Leyton) Ltd" or "SBLL"), with SBLL leasing back to the club on a same-length lease all of the stand except the office space for an annual rent of £1. The additional funds generated by this complicated arrangement were used to complete the building of the West Stand. External completion of the West Stand was achieved in mid-2005 and the stand was opened for the 2005–06 season. The stand has a single lower tier of seating, while further up the structure are directors' and corporate hospitality boxes, club offices and player facilities, which were fitted out in summer 2007, prior to which the players continued to use the facilities in the East Stand.  A second EGM was held in May 2006, where it was agreed to sell further land behind the North and South Stands to SBLL for £1.25 million, the proceeds to be used to fund the building of the North Stand. The plan was to commence building the North Stand in July 2006 and for it to be open by Christmas 2006 but Waltham Forest council initially rejected the revised planning application for the stand and its adjoining additional flats. A revised application approved in early 2007 and construction began towards the end of the 2006–07 season. The stand – which has become the Family Stand – was completed before the 2007–08 season, giving the O's a four-sided ground once more, with a capacity of 9,271. The modernisation of the East Stand happened during the break between the season of 2013/14 and 2015/16. Black seats formed a pattern over the other red seats to spell out "The O's".  During the 2008–09 season, Leyton Orient changed the name of the South Stand in honour of the late Orient top-scorer, Tommy Johnston and is known simply as the Tommy Johnston Stand.

Olympic Stadium proposal.

On 18 October 2011, the club submitted a request to the Football League to become tenants of the London 2012 Olympic Stadium after the initial decision to award West Ham the stadium collapsed on 11 October 2011, following legal challenges from Tottenham Hotspur and Leyton. Leyton also expressed an interest in ground sharing the stadium with West Ham, but West Ham were not keen on the idea, and in December 2012 West Ham was chosen as the permanent tenant of the Olympic Stadium. Orient chairman Barry Hearn voiced his complaints over West Ham United being given an anchor tenancy at the stadium. Orient claimed that the stadium was too close to their own, which they claimed would breach FA rules and by extension, move the club into bankruptcy. On 6 March, Barry Hearn stated that he would mount another legal challenge as he believed that the rules set out by the LLDC had not been followed. Hearn also said that he felt that Leyton Orient's proposed ground share had been ignored and not properly explored. Leyton's legal challenge was ended when a confidential agreement between Orient and the Premier League was reached.

Rivalries.

Among Orient's main rivals are Southend United, with whom they contest the A13 derby. The rivalry came about after a period of Southend being Orient's geographically closest league rivals between 1998 and 2005. Although they have not often played in the same division, they have met in the League Cup in 2011–12 season, Leyton Orient beating the Shrimpers after extra time on penalties. More recently, Southend beat Orient 3–2 on aggregate in the 2012–13 Football League Trophy Southern Area Final.  Other local rivals include West Ham United, Millwall, Brentford, Dagenham & Redbridge and Barnet. To a lesser extent and from a little further afield, Brighton & Hove Albion and Cambridge United are also considered rivals.  Historic rivals include neighbours Leyton and two other disbanded/merged clubs, Leytonstone and Walthamstow Avenue. The Dagenham & Redbridge rivalry continues the old rivalries with the latter two.

Players.

Current squad.

Honours and achievements.

Football League Second Division (2nd tier)  Football League Third Division / Third Division South (3rd tier)  Football League Fourth Division / League Two (4th tier)  National League (5th tier)  FA Trophy  Anglo-Scottish Cup  London Challenge Cup  Dubonnet Cup

Supporters.

The supporter fan-base is usually centred in East London.  The Supporters club is the official supporters representative although there is a smaller group called "Leyton Orient Fans Trust". that are involved in fans rep meeting alongside the supporters club, The fans trust coordinated protests against the owner at the time between 2017 and 2019 at Blackpool F.C. (along with home fans who were also protesting their management), which included a protest down Leyton high road which was attended by a couple of hundred people. In April 2016 a smaller fans group known at the time as OTF arranged pitch protests against Hartlepool United, where the fans stormed the pitch and Colchester United where the game was abandoned after a pitch invasion with five minutes remaining which saw thousands enter the pitch effectively getting the game abandoned. although the remaining 5 minutes would be played 3 hours later behind closed doors bringing much needed publicity to the clubs plight with worldwide news coverage which happened to be watched by Kent Teague who soon after become the principal investor in the club.. Notable fans include Bob Mills, Daniel Mays, Colin Matthews, Andrew Lloyd Webber, and Andrew's brother Julian. The album "Variations", which was famously used as the theme tune for London Weekend Television's South Bank Show, was written by Andrew Lloyd Webber as the result of his losing a bet to Julian Lloyd Webber on the result of a Leyton Orient match. Julian later presented a gold disc of "Variations" to the club chairman at half time during a game with Leicester City.

Leyton Orient Football Club is a professional football club based in Leyton, London, England, who compete in, the fourth tier of the English football league system. They are the second oldest football club in London, and are known to their fans by their nickname "the O's". The club's home colours are all red and they have played home matches at Brisbane Road since 1937, having previously played at Millfields and Lea Bridge Road.

Leyton Orient FC (celým názvem: Leyton Orient Football Club) je anglický fotbalový klub, který sídlí ve východním Londýně. Založen byl v roce 1881 pod názvem Eagle Cricket Club. Od sezóny 2017/18 hraje v National League (5. nejvyšší soutěž). V roce 2017 klub poprvé v historii sestoupil z English Football League, stalo se tak po nepřetržité 112 roční účasti.


Structure.

A series of forts and stations was spread out along the major road systems connecting the regions of the Roman world. The relay points or change stations ("stationes") provided horses to dispatch riders and (usually) soldiers as well as vehicles for magistrates or officers of the court. The vehicles were called "clabulae", but little is known of them. A "diploma", or certificate, issued by the emperor himself was necessary to use the services supplied by the "cursus publicus". Abuses of the system existed, for governors and minor appointees used the "diplomata" to give themselves and their families free transport. Forgeries and stolen "diplomata" were also used. Pliny the Elder and Trajan write about the necessity of those who wish to send things via the imperial post to keep up-to-date licences.  Another term, perhaps more accurate if less common, for the "cursus publicus" is the "cursus vehicularis", particularly in the period before the reforms of Diocletian. At least one 'Praefectus Vehiculorum', Lucius Volusius Maecianus, is known; he held the office during the reign of Antoninus Pius. Presumably, he had some sort of supervisory responsibility to ensure the effective operation of the network of stations throughout the Empire and to discourage abuse of the facility by those not entitled to use it. There is evidence that inspectors oversaw the functioning of the system in the provinces, and it may be conjectured that they reported to the 'Praefectus' in Rome. However, the office does not seem to have been considered a full-time position because Maecianus was also the law tutor of the young Marcus Aurelius, apparently his main function.  Although the government supervised the functioning and maintenance of the network of change stations (with repair facilities),'mutationes,' and 'full service change stations with lodging,'mansiones,' the service was a department of state in the same way as, say, the modern British Royal Mail or a series of State-owned and operated hotels and repair facilatiies. As Altay Coskun notes in a review of Anne Kolb's work done in German, the system "simply provided an infrastructure for magistrates and messengers who traveled through the empire. It consisted of thousands of stations placed along the main roads; these had to supply fresh horses, mules, donkeys, and oxen, as well as carts, food, fodder, and accommodation." The one who was sending a missive would have to supply the courier, and the stations had to be supplied out of the resources of the local areas through which the roads passed. As seen in several rescripts and in the correspondence of Trajan and Pliny, the emperor would sometimes pay for the cost of sending an ambassador to Rome along the "cursus publicus", particularly in the case of just causes.  Following the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine I, the service was divided in two sections: the fast (, ) and the regular (, ). The fast section provided horses, divided into "veredi" ("saddle-horses") and "parhippi" ("pack-horses"), and mules, and the slow section provided only oxen. The existence of the 'cursus clabularis' service shows that it was used to move heavy goods as well as to facilitate the travel of high officials and the carriage of government messages. Maintenance charged to the provincials under the supervision of the governors under the general supervision of the diocesan vicars and praetorian prefects.

Persian influence.

The Romans adapted their state post from the ancient Persian network of the royal mounted couriers, the angarium. As Herodotus reports, the Persians had a remarkably efficient means of transmitting messages important to the functioning of the kingdom, called the Royal Road. The riders would be stationed at a day's ride along the road, and the letters would be handed from one courier to another as they made a journey of a day’s length, which allowed messages to travel fast. Augustus, at first, followed the Persian method of having mail handed from one courier to the next, but he soon switched to a system by which one man made the entire journey with the parcel. Although it is possible that a courier service existed for a time under the Roman Republic, the clearest reference by Suetonius states that Augustus created the system. To enable what was going on in each of the provinces to be reported and known more speedily and promptly, he at first stationed young men at short intervals along the military roads, and afterwards post-chaises. The latter has seemed the more convenient arrangement, since the same men who bring the dispatches from any place can, if occasion demands, be questioned as well.  Tacitus says that couriers from Judea and Syria brought news to Vitellius that the legions of the East had sworn allegiance to him, and this also shows that the relay system was displaced by a system in which the original messenger made the entire journey. Augustus modified the Persian system, as Suetonius notes, because a courier who travels the whole distance could be interrogated by the emperor, upon arrival, to receive additional information orally. That may have had the additional advantage of adding security to the post, as one man had the responsibility to answer for the successful delivery of the message. That does not come without a cost, as the Romans could not relay a message as quickly as they could if it passed from one rider to the next.

Area of operation.

The "cursus" operated in Italy and the more advanced provinces. There was only one in Egypt and one in Asia Minor, as Pliny's letters to Trajan attest. It was common for a village to exist every or so, and there a courier might rest at large, privately owned "mansiones". Operated by a "manceps", or a business man, the "mansiones" provided food and lodging, and care and a blacksmith for the horses. The "cursus" also used communities located along the imperial highways. These towns very often provided food and horses to messengers of the Legions, theoretically receiving reimbursement, and were responsible for the care of their section of the Roman roads. Disputes arose naturally, and for a time the central administration participated more directly.

Financial costs and the fate of the service.

Costs for the "cursus publicus" were always high, and its maintenance could not always be guaranteed. Around the time of Nerva, in the late first century, the general cost was transferred to the fiscus (Treasury). Further centralization came during the reign of Hadrian, who created an actual administration under a prefect, who bore the title "praefectus vehiculorum". The "cursus publicus" provided the infrastructure of change stations and overnight accommodation that allowed for the fairly rapid delivery of messages and especially in regard to military matters. The private citizen, however, sent letters and messages to friends across the sea with slaves and travelling associates. Most news reached its destination eventually.  In an effort to restrict abuse of the post, Julian (emperor 361–363), restricted the granting of passes to the praetorian prefects and himself. This was unworkable. He granted twelve to vicars and two to governors one for use within the province and the other for communication to the emperor. Four each were issued to the three proconsuls of Asia, Africa and Achaea. The counts of the Treasury and Crown Estates could obtain warrants whenever they needs since these two departments supplied revenue in gold and the private income of the emperors respectively, matters of the greatest importance. The highest-ranking generals and frontier generals were issued passes, especially those at danger points like Mesopotamia, cf. A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, pp. 130, 402. Notwithstanding its enormous costs, in the Eastern Roman Empire the service was still fully functioning in the first half of the sixth century, when the historian Procopius charges Emperor Justinian with the dismantlement of most of its sections, with the exception of the route leading to the Persian border (Secret History 30.1–11). The "dromos" continued to exist throughout the Byzantine period, supervised for much of it by the "logothetēs tou dromou", although this post is not attested before the mid-eighth century and a revival of the service may then have occurred after a substantial gap. It was by then a much reduced service, restricted essentially to the remains of the old "oxys dromos". In the west, it survived under the Ostrogoths in Italy, as Cassiodorus reports Theodoric the Great's correspondence.

Speed of post.

Procopius provides one of the few direct descriptions of the Roman post that allows an estimation the average rate of travel overland. In the 6th century, he described earlier times:  If the distance between change stations is known, and five to eight is the average number speed of the cursus publicus can be calculated. A. M. Ramsey writes, "It appears from the Jerusalem Itinerary that the mansiones, or night quarters on the roads, were about twenty-five [Roman] miles [] apart, and, as Friedlander points out, the distance between Bethlehem and Alexandria (about 400 Roman miles []) was reckoned to be sixteen mansiones, that between Edessa and Jerusalem (by Antioch nearly 625 [Roman] miles []) twenty-five mansiones. Although no Itinerary gives a complete list of mutationes and mansiones for any road, the general rule seems to have been two mutationes between each two mansiones or 23 miles. This would make the'stage' about eight and a third Roman miles []." The typical trip was per day or 5 to 8 stages. But this is in normal, not emergency, conditions, when a single rider could cover 100 miles or more in a day.  There are several cases in which urgent news or eager officials traveled at a faster rate. There is the journey of Tiberius mentioned by Valerius Maximus, the news of the mutiny of Galba as recorded by Tacitus, and the news of the death of Nero as described by Plutarch. In the last two cases, it is worth keeping in mind that bad news traveled faster than good news, and quite explicitly: a laurel was attached to the correspondence with news of victory, but a feather, as indicating haste, was fixed to the spear of a messenger carrying bad news. In all three cases, as A. M. Ramsey points out, the journey is especially urgent, and the time of travel may be recorded because of its exceptional rapidness. Such cases could not be used to find an average speed of the Roman post for carrying the vast majority of items.  Ramsey, following Wilcken, illustrates the speed of the Roman post over land with examples of the amount of time it would take a message to travel from Rome to Egypt about the accession of a new emperor (in a season other than summer, when the message would travel by sea from Rome to Alexandria). In the case of Pertinax, news of the accession, which took place on January 1, AD 193, took over sixty-three days to reach Egypt, being announced on March 6 in Alexandria. Since the route that would be taken over land consisted of about — from Rome to Byzantium, including the sea crossing and almost from Byzantium to Alexandria)—and since it took about sixty-three days or a little more for the message to arrive in Alexandria, this confirms an average rate of about per day for this journey.  Another example, based on a Latin inscription, is cited by Ramsey. Gaius Caesar, grandson of Augustus, died on February 21, AD 4, in Limyra, which is on the coast of Lycia. The news of death is found on an inscription dated April 2 at Pisa. The amount of time that the message took to arrive at Pisa is not less than thirty-six days. Since a voyage by sea would be too dangerous at this time of year, the message was sent over land, a distance of about. This confirms the calculation of an average rate of about fifty km per day.  In his article “New Evidence for the Speed of the Roman Imperial Post,” Elliot agrees with A. M. Ramsey that the typical speed was about per day and illustrates this with another instance, the time that it took news of the proclamation of the emperor Septimius Severus to reach Rome from Carnuntum.  These estimates are for journeys that took place over land, making use of the cursus publicus (or, cursus vehicularis). Lionel Cassons, in his book on ancient sea travel, gives statistics for the amount of time that sixteen voyages took between various ports in the Roman Empire. These voyages, which were made by and recorded by the Romans, are recorded specifically as taking place under favorable wind conditions. Under such conditions, when the average is computed, a vessel could travel by sail at a speed of about or per day. Cassons provides another table of ten voyages made under unfavorable conditions. With these voyages, the average speed is about or per day.

The cursus publicus (Latin: "the public way";, "dēmósios drómos") was the state mandated and supervised courier and transportation service of the Roman Empire, later inherited by the Eastern Roman Empire. It was a system based on obligations placed on private persons by the Roman State. They provided as contractors,'mancipes,' the equipment, animals, and wagons. In the Early Empire compensation had to be paid but this had fallen into abeyance in Late Antiquity when maintenance was charged to the inhabitants along the routes. The service contained only those personnel necessary for administration and operation. These included veterinarians, wagon-wrights, and grooms. The couriers and wagon drivers did not belong to the service: whether public servants or private individuals, they used facilities requisitioned from local individuals and communities The costs in Late Antiquity were charged to the provincials as part of the provincical tax obligations in the form of a liturgy/munus on private individual taxpayers.

Dromos (lat. "cursus publicus") je označení pro systém dopravy osob a nákladů v Římské a později Byzantské říši, zdokonalený císařem Diokleciánem. Systém se opíral především o soustavu silnic, na nichž byly v pravidelných vzdálenostech (cca 75 – 100 km) vybudovány přepřažní stanice ("stathmoi" či "mansiones"), které sloužily oprávněným osobám k výměně koní a povozů; také zde mohli přespat či se najíst. Na hlavních trasách se pak mezi těmito stanicemi nacházely menší stanice, které využívali kurýři rychlé pošty ("oxys dromos"). Služeb této pošty mohli využít pouze členové císařské rodiny a nejvyšší státní úředníci, případně vysocí církevní hodnostáři při cestách na synody či koncily. Ke každé této cestě bylo potřeba obdržet v císařské kanceláři písemné povolení ("diploma").


Description.

"Pteridomania", meaning "Fern Madness" or "Fern Craze", a compound of "Pteridophytes" and "mania", was coined in 1855 by Charles Kingsley in his book "Glaucus, or the Wonders of the Shore": Your daughters, perhaps, have been seized with the prevailing 'Pteridomania'...and wrangling over unpronounceable names of species (which seem different in each new Fern-book that they buy)...and yet you cannot deny that they find enjoyment in it, and are more active, more cheerful, more self-forgetful over it, than they would have been over novels and gossip, crochet and Berlin-wool. According to one author:  Although the main period of popularity of ferns as a decorative motif extended from the 1850s until the 1890s, the interest in ferns had really begun in the late 1830s when the British countryside attracted increasing numbers of amateur and professional botanists. New discoveries were published in periodicals, particularly "", which first appeared in 1844. Ferns proved to be a particularly fruitful group of plants for new records because they had been studied less than flowering plants. Also, ferns were most diverse and abundant in the wilder, wetter, western and northern parts of Britain which were becoming more accessible through the development of better roads and the railway.

Collection and cultivation.

The collection of ferns drew enthusiasts from different social classes and it is said that "even the farm labourer or miner could have a collection of British ferns which he had collected in the wild and a common interest sometimes brought people of very different social backgrounds together."  For some a fashionable hobby and for others a more serious scientific pursuit, fern collecting became commercialised with the sale of merchandise for fern collectors. Equipped with "The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland" or one of the many other books sold for fern identification, collectors sought out ferns from dealers and in their native habitats across the British Isles and beyond. Fronds were pressed in albums for display in homes. Live plants were also collected for cultivation in gardens and indoors. Nurseries provided not only native species but exotic species from the Americas and other parts of the world.  The Wardian case, a forerunner of the modern terrarium, was invented about 1829 by Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward to protect his ferns from the air pollution of 19th century London. Wardian cases soon became features of stylish drawing rooms in Western Europe and the United States and helped spread the fern craze and the craze for growing orchids that followed. Ferns were also cultivated in fern houses (greenhouses devoted to ferns) and in outdoor ferneries.  Besides approximately seventy native British species and natural hybrids of ferns, horticulturalists of this era were very interested in so-called "monstrosities" – odd variants of wild species. From these they selected hundreds of varieties for cultivation. "Polystichum setiferum", "Athyrium filix-femina", and "Asplenium scolopendrium", for example, each yielded about three hundred different varieties.

Decorative art.

Fern motifs first became conspicuous at the 1862 International Exhibition and remained popular "as fond symbol of pleasurable pursuits" until the turn of the century.  As fern fronds are somewhat flat they were used for decoration in ways that many other plants could not be. They were glued into collectors' albums, affixed to three dimensional objects, used as stencils for "spatter-work", inked and pressed into surfaces for nature printing, and so forth.  Fern pottery patterns were introduced by Wedgwood, Mintons Ltd, Royal Worcester, Ridgeway, George Jones, and others, with various shapes and styles of decoration including majolica. A memorial to Sir William Jackson Hooker, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew was commissioned from Josiah Wedgwood and Sons and erected in Kew Church in 1867 with jasperware panels with applied sprigs representing exotic ferns. A copy was presented to what is now the Victoria and Albert Museum where it may still be seen.  While realistic depictions of ferns were especially favoured in the decorative arts of this period, "Even when the representation was stylised such as was common on engraved glass and metal, the effect was still recognisably 'ferny'."

Other species.

"Selaginella" and "Lycopodiopsida" and other fern ally plants were also collected and represented on decorative objects.

Effects on native populations.

The zeal of Victorian collectors led to significant reductions in the wild populations of a number of the rarer species. Oblong Woodsia came under severe threat in Scotland, especially in the Moffat Hills. This area once had the most extensive UK populations of the species but there now remain only a few small colonies whose future remains under threat. The related Alpine Woodsia suffered a similar fate, although the risks were not all to the plants. John Sadler, later a curator of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, nearly lost his life obtaining a fern tuft on a cliff near Moffat, and a botanical guide called William Williams died collecting Alpine Woodsia in Wales in 1861. His body was found at the foot of the cliff where Edward Lhwyd had first collected the species nearly two centuries earlier. In her botanical guidebook and memoir "Hardy Ferns" (1865), the writer Nona Bellairs called for laws to protect ferns from over-collection: "We must have 'Fern laws', and preserve them like game".  The Killarney Fern, considered to be one of Europe's most threatened plants and once found on Arran, was thought to be extinct in Scotland due to the activities of 19th century collectors, but the species has since been discovered on Skye in its gametophyte form. Dickie's Bladder-fern, which was discovered growing on base-rich rocks in a sea cave on the coast of Kincardineshire in 1838. By 1860 the original colony seemed to have been extirpated, although the species has recovered and today there is a population of more than 100 plants there, where it grows in a roof fissure.

Outside the United Kingdom.

Pteridomania is "usually considered a British eccentricity", and historians are divided regarding its reach outside the United Kingdom. John D. Scott has written: The craze seemed to have passed America by – most likely because these same species in America are essentially free of these "freaky" abnormal forms. It may also be due to the fact the American botanists have been for the most part more interested in unravelling the complexities of the species involved in the fern complexes such as Asplenium, Dryopteris, and Botrychium. On the other hand, historian Sarah Whittingham has "turned up much proof that it reached American shores" in her book, "Fern Fever: The Story of Pteridomania". The American Fern Society was established in 1893 and now has over 900 members worldwide. The society is based at Indiana University and counts itself as "one of the largest international fern clubs in the world." William Ralph Maxon served repeatedly as the society president.  The Dorrance H. Hamilton Fernery at the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania is the only remaining freestanding Victorian fernery in North America. It has a curved Victorian-style glass roof and turned 100 years old in 1999. Designed by John Morris, the arboretum's namesake, the Fernery is said to embody "some of the many passions of the Victorians: a love of collecting, a veneration of nature, and the fashion of romantic gardens...its filigree roof sparkling in sunlight.

Pteridomania or Fern-Fever was a Victorian craze for ferns. Decorative arts of the period presented the fern motif in pottery, glass, metal, textiles, wood, printed paper, and sculpture, with ferns "appearing on everything from christening presents to gravestones and memorials".

Pteridomania nebo Fern-Fever (kapradinománie nebo kapradinová horečka) jsou názvy pro posedlost kapradinami. Viktoriánské dekorativní umění často používalo motiv kapradiny na keramice, sklu, kovu, textilu, dřevu, potištěném papíru nebo v sochařství. S kapradiny se „objevovaly všude, od dárků ke křtinám po náhrobky a pomníky“.


Packaging.

The macabre cover artwork was concocted by Entwistle and photographer Graham Hughes, cousin of the Who's singer Roger Daltrey. It depicts Entwistle's face whilst wearing a death mask, transposed against an X-ray picture of the lungs of a terminal heart patient, obtained from Entwistle's doctor at the time. It has been compared to the cover of the 1970 album "Vintage Violence" by Welsh musician John Cale. The gatefold cover features the X-ray of a pregnancy test, maintaining the "life vs. death" theme. And the back cover features one of Entwistle's Irish wolfhounds lying down with a human skull.

Background.

The album features a remake of Entwistle's Who live classic "Heaven and Hell" with the band's on and off roadie Dave "Cyrano" Langston, who had encouraged Entwistle to make the album and provided some acid-drenched guitar. Langston was even thought to be the Who's guitarist Pete Townshend under a pseudonym. Cyrano would later explain that he had been more influenced by Joe Walsh than anybody else, especially by his work with the James Gang, who had themselves actually been influenced by the Who, and had also been a starter band for the band. Walsh himself would later play guitar on all the tracks to Entwistle's 1981 album "Too Late the Hero".  When Entwistle was asked about his first single, "I Believe in Everything", in comparison with the rest of the album, he said:  I've been saying a lot of stuff that I didn't really believe in. I sort of wrote it for the heads, really, the people thinking, "ah, so that's where Entwistle's brain's at, he really sort of believes in the devil and hell and all that sort of business." So I wrote a number that touches on reincarnation, then goes into the absurd, with Father Christmas and the whole bit and right at the end just to prevent the heads from thinking that I did believe in everything like I was saying, 'cause they always seem to believe that you actually believe in your own words. I believe in some of them but not all of them, so I just wrote the joke in to throw them off, and it's done it. Pete Townshend went onto say that "We learned more from John making his album than we had in all the years he'd played bass with us. Because he did it and it spoke to us.  The UK album differs from the US version. Entwistle remixed "What Are We Doing Here?" and the vocals sound quite different, possibly taken from a different vocal track.

Critical reception.

Writing for The Village Voice, music journalist Robert Christgau gave the album a B+, and described Entwistle as "an important source of the fucked-up Calvinism that has always added that peculiar note of constraint to the Who", while adding that "These paeans of resentment and frustration climax thematically in songs called "Heaven and Hell" and "You're Mine" (starring John as Satan). But the music--not the melodies, the singing and playing--adds some not-so-peculiar constraints of its own."  In a retrospective review for AllMusic, critic Cub Koda wrote of the album, "Musically, it has much of a Who flavor to it, with the strong guitar work, lumbering drums and basslines that define the music. But Entwistle's many talents (he contributes an entire horn section to "Pick Me Up") surface on this debut disc, and his preoccupation with darker subject matter ("Heaven and Hell," "My Size," and "You're Mine") is well to the fore", adding that "Compared to this, Townshend's grimmest Who material sounds like a romp in the park. Potent stuff."

Track listing.

All tracks written and composed by John Entwistle, except where indicated.  Side one  Side two

Personnel.

Credits are adapted from the "Smash Your Head Against the Wall" liner notes.  Production and artwork

Smash Your Head Against the Wall is the debut solo studio album by English musician John Entwistle, released in May 1971 by Track Records in the UK and Decca Records in the US. "Smash Your Head Against the Wall" was the first solo album by any member of rock band the Who, born out of Entwistle's frustrations within the band, namely not having as many of his songs featured on their albums as he would've liked, and it features a guest appearance by the Who's drummer Keith Moon on one track ("No. 29 (Eternal Youth)"), as well as strong musical influences from the band's work.

Smash Your Head Against the Wall je debutové sólové album Johna Entwistlea, který byl baskytarisou anglické rockové kapely The Who. Ve Spojeném království bylo vydáno společností Track Records a ve Spojených státech Decca Records. Bylo to vůbec první sólové album jakéhokoliv člena The Who.


Early career.

Martin Glover was born 27 December 1960 in Slough, England. He attended Kingham Hill School, an independent private school in Oxfordshire where he met Alex Paterson, who would become a roadie for Glover's band Killing Joke, and later founder of The Orb. Naming himself "Pig Youth" after the reggae chanter Big Youth in 1977 he joined punk band the Rage, who toured with the Adverts. Later he joined "4 Be 2", a band formed by John Lydon's brother Jimmy Lydon, and recorded the "One of the Lads" single with them.  Youth also played bass on the Bollock Brothers discomix 12", "The Slow Removal Of Vincent Van Gogh's Left Ear."  Youth is most famous for being the bass player in Killing Joke. He left the band in 1982, and soon after founded his own commercially orientated dub funk band Brilliant, which recorded one album in 1986 before later disbanding.  In 1989, Youth and Alex Paterson started the WAU! Mr. Modo label. Their early releases were industrial techno dubs and heavy sound system dubs from artists such as Napthali, Manasseh, Bim Sherman and Jah Warrior.  Youth's connections with dub continued in the mid-1990s when he was asked by Adrian Sherwood to remix some of Bim Sherman's tracks for a reworking of the "Miracle" album. He also recently appeared on a Ted Parsons/NIC dub album, contributing a remix which opens with a sample from Glen Brown's "Version '78", a track originally released on the South East label.  In the early nineties, Youth formed techno and house music duo Blue Pearl together with American singer Durga McBroom. They scored a handful of hit singles including their blue vinyl debut "Naked in the Rain", which reached No. 4 in the UK Singles Chart and was also a No. 5 dance hit in the U.S. in 1990. It was followed by "Little Brother" and "(Can You) Feel the Passion". An album, "Naked", was also released.  In 1994 Youth rejoined Killing Joke and their album "Pandemonium" was released on his Butterfly Recordings label, as was the 1996 follow-up, "Democracy".  He is credited with founding the first psychedelic trance record label, Dragonfly Records, as well as the Liquid Sound Design and Kamaflage Records labels. He is well known on the psychedelic trance scene, collaborating with Simon Posford and Saul Davies as Celtic Cross, with Greg Hunter and Simon Posford as Dub Trees, and on the project Zodiac Youth. He has performed both full-on trance as well as chill-out DJ sets at several Return to the Source parties, and released the Ambient Meditations 3 mix album on their label in 2000. His Butterfly Studios were also home of the Return to the Source offices circa 1999–2002.

Later career.

Youth's Butterfly Records label has produced artists such as Take That, Wet Wet Wet, Tom Jones, The Orb, System 7, Maria McKee and Heather Nova. Youth was the co-producer of The Verve's "Urban Hymns" and Dolores O'Riordan's 'Are You Listening?'. He has also worked, produced and remixed for bands including Kate Bush, Guns N' Roses, Primal Scream, Embrace, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Art of Noise, Crowded House, Zoe, P.M. Dawn, Yazoo, Erasure, U2, Bananarama, INXS, Gaudi, James and Suns of Arqa.  Youth had also made plans to work with Duran Duran in the later stages of their lost album "Reportage", before it was shelved later in 2006.  In 2008, Youth produced the Delays album "Everything's the Rush", the Futureheads' "This Is Not The World" and worked on the debut album of American band The Daylights. In 2013, Glover produced the debut album "Collective" by the DIY indie rock band Echotape, followed by "Meteorites" by Echo and the Bunnymen and "Lion" by Peter Murphy. The following year, Glover produced Culture Club's "Tribes" album.  Youth is a member of the band Transmission, together with Simon Tong of The Verve, Paul Ferguson of Killing Joke and Tim Bran of Dreadzone. He also played guitar on several tracks on the 2007 Client album "Heartland".  In mid-2010, he teamed up with Alex Paterson (the Orb) to compile a retrospective compilation album of tracks from the WAU! Mr Modo label. The album titled "Impossible Oddities" was released on CD and double vinyl on 25 October 2010 via Year Zero Records.  On 27 October 2012, during the International Festival of Music Producers and Sound Designers SOUNDEDIT, Youth was awarded The Man with the Golden Ear Award.  In 2016 he received the PPL Music Producers Guild Lifetime Achievement award and released the album "Create Christ, Sailor Boy" with David Tibet as Hypnopazūzu.  In 2017, he teamed up with Gaudi for the release of their collaborative album "Astronaut Alchemists", due for release on Liquid Sound Design in 2018.  In 2018, he recorded a collaborative album with Nik Turner. "Pharaohs From Outer Space" was released by Painted Word on 17 August 2018.

Production discography.

Taken from Martin Glover's Youth site.

Martin Glover (born 27 December 1960), known by his stage name Youth, is an English record producer and a founding member and bassist of Killing Joke. He is a member of the Fireman, along with Paul McCartney.

Martin Glover (* 27. prosince 1960), jinak zvaný Youth nebo Orion, je britský hudebník a hudební producent, baskytarista post-punkové skupiny Killing Joke a člen experimentálního dua The Fireman.