Gameplay.

"Guild Wars 2" uses a heavily modified version of the proprietary game engine developed for "Guild Wars" by ArenaNet. The modifications to the engine include real-time 3D environments, enhanced graphics and animations and the use of the Havok physics system. The developers say the engine now does justice to the game's critically acclaimed concept art, and that concept art will be integrated into the way the story is told to the player.  "Guild Wars 2" allows a player to create a character from a combination of five races and eight professions, the five races being the humans and charr, introduced in "Prophecies", the asura and norn, introduced in "Eye of the North", and the sylvari, a race exclusive to "Guild Wars 2". The professions, three of which do not appear in "Guild Wars", are divided into armor classes: "scholars" with light armor, "adventurers" with medium armor, and "soldiers" with heavy armor. There is no dedicated healing class as the developers felt that making it necessary for every party to have a healer was restrictive.  The race and profession of the player determines the skills they can access. "Guild Wars 2", like "Guild Wars", uses a skill-based combat system, whereby players must select only 10 skills from a much larger pool, introducing an element of strategy. However, unlike "Guild Wars", skill slots have predefined roles: the first five are determined by player's weapon and profession, the sixth is for healing, the seventh through ninth will be skills with no defined roles that are unlocked as the game progresses, and the tenth slot will be for an "elite" skill, which is also initially locked. In a departure from the high number of skills present in "Guild Wars", "Guild Wars 2" will focus on quality of skills over quantity and will also reduce the overall number of game modes to reduce balancing complexity — one of the most common issues present in MMORPGs.  The low level cap of "Guild Wars" (20) has been replaced with one at 80, which the developers state strikes the correct balance between allowing for character development and avoiding forcing players into the grind-based gameplay that too often accompanies a high level cap, the elimination of which was a core design principle of the original "Guild Wars". Player versus environment features a scaling system that lowers the players level and stats to reflect the levels of monsters, thereby maintaining a global level of difficulty. In player versus player, a player will have access to almost all skills and items, and compete at the fixed level 80, so that all players will be on a level playing field.  In addition to the small-scale, tactical combat described above, the game features "World versus World", large scale combat taking place in a persistent world independent of the main world. Players are able to drop in and out "on the fly" and possess the ability to construct siege weapons, with rewards commensurate with their success. "Guild Wars 2" offers eight crafting disciplines, allowing the player to practice two at a time, with a fee for switching. While there are basic recipes to follow, the player can experiment with different combinations of ingredients to discover new recipes. As the game is set 250 years after its predecessor, players are unable to carry over their characters. However, the achievements and honors accumulated by all the characters on players' "Guild Wars" accounts. Each achievement earns points which confer certain bonuses in "Guild Wars 2". The accounts of both games must be linked in order to acquire these bonuses.

Plot.

Setting.

"Guild Wars 2" takes place in the high fantasy world of Tyria, 250 years after the players' defeat of the Great Destroyer in the "Eye of the North" expansion. Five so-called Elder Dragons sleeping beneath the continent have awoken in the time since "Guild Wars", causing widespread destruction to Tyria and corrupting its inhabitants. The once dominant humans of Tyria are in decline, supplanted from most of their land by natural disasters and war with the Charr, who have finally reclaimed the last vestiges of their ancestral homeland of Ascalon from the humans. To the north, the Norn, a proud race of Nordic hunters, have been forced south by the rise of Jormag, the elder dragon of ice. In the west, the technologically advanced Asura have been forced to establish permanent homes above-ground after the minions of the first dragon to awaken, Primordus, took control of the Depths of Tyria. Near the forests where the Asura make their home are the Sylvari, a new race who have appeared in Tyria in the last 25 years, unaffected by the difficulties that plague the other races but with some as yet unexplained connection to the Elder Dragons.  To the south, the continent of Cantha has been cut off by an isolationist and xenophobic political climate, which is reinforced by Zhaitan's undead navy. The continent of Elona, too, has been cut off; the only hint of its continued prosperity being the ongoing battle between the lich Palawa Joko's Mordant Crescent and Kralkatorrik, the crystal dragon in the Crystal Desert, as well as occasional reports from Order of Whispers (a secretive organization) spies. The Battle Isles have been wiped off the map entirely by the tidal wave caused by the re-emergence of the fallen kingdom of Orr, which came with the awakening of Zhaitan.  The advancement of time from "Guild Wars" is reflected in the changes in culture, including armor and clothing, as well as in the advancement of in-game technology and a unified common language.

Story.

The player is tasked with reuniting the members of the disbanded "Destiny's Edge", a multi-racial adventuring guild whose members' struggles and eventual reunion serve as a microcosmic metaphor for the larger-scale unification of the playable races, whose combined strength is needed to effectively combat Zhaitan, the undead Elder Dragon.  After the defeat of the Elder Dragon Zhaitan in the game's "Personal Story", Season 1 of the "Living World" began. This story followed the player character joining a new group of characters to battle the enigmatic and insane Sylvari, Scarlet Briar, as she created strange enemy groups such as the Molten Alliance (a team-up between evil Charr and mole-like Dredge), the Toxic Alliance (a combination of lizard-like Krait and a spliter group from the Nightmare Court, a group of evil Sylvari), and the Aetherblades, steampunk sky pirates. As the player and their new group of heroes, made up of characters from each race, battle Scarlet, they also learn about her past and investigate what she could be searching for. The season culminated with Scarlet attacking the city of Lion's Arch, landing a giant drill known as The Breachmaker in the center of the City. The player and their fellow heroes fought back, and killed Scarlet, but not before Lion's Arch was left in ruins and the Breachmaker pierces a Ley Line, awakening a previously unknown jungle Elder Dragon, Mordremoth.  Season 2 of the "Living World" picked up where Season 1 left off, sending the player towards the Maguuma Wastes to battle Mordremoth with the help of their fellow heroes and Destiny's Edge. The season began with the crashing of the Zephyrite Sanctum, a group of airships populated by followers of the now-dead dragon, Glint, who had escaped from the control of the Elder Dragons and had tried to help Destiny's Edge kill one of the Elder Dragons before the events of the game. The player and their allies followed Scarlet Briar's path into Dry Top, a region to the west, and learned about the Elder Dragons. The player also learned of an egg laid by Glint before her death and went in search of it. Later, all of the races united against Mordemoth, and the Pact prepare once again to battle an Elder Dragon. However, while the player hunted down Glint's Egg and learned many secrets from the past, the Pact fleet was destroyed over the jungle by a devastating attack by Mordremoth.  "Heart Of Thorns" brings the player's attention to the shattered Pact fleet. The player has chased after Glint's egg, stolen by the Sylvari member of "Destiny's Edge". Finding the remaining Pact Soldiers, the player commands the Pact to regroup and begin holding the point within the Verdant Brink, using the fallen fleet as an opportunity to begin an assault on the jungle. Mordremoth schemes to take the egg, and crush the Pact once and for all. Advancing further towards the jungle on the trail of the lost Sylvari, the player faces the loss of a member of Destiny's Edge, but in a twist of fate, is reunited with the egg. Making way through the jungle with the Pact, the player encounters the mysterious Exalted. Followers of the forgotten, and protectors of Glint's offspring, teach the player the importance of the egg, and have the player leave the egg in their golden city, so the player may advance towards the dragon. Within the jungle, an ancient Asuran city is discovered, revealing large quantities of information regarding the powers of the dragons, and vicious predators, with the Pact taking the point to break into the dragon's territory, and end the fight once and for all. After an all out assault and rescue, the player must face the dragon Mordremoth, and defeats him within the mind of the Pact Marshal, but at the cost of the Marshal's life. As Mordremoth fades, the continent of Tyria feels a massive shock as magic flows once more.

Development.

The decision to start creating "Guild Wars 2" began in a design meeting for "Guild Wars Utopia", back when the company was releasing campaigns on a sixth-month development cycle. The team realised that they would not be able to do everything they wanted within the constraints of the scope that they had previously defined for campaigns and the limited amount of time available to them, and at the behest of Jeff Strain, found themselves discussing how the continued addition of features and content in stand-alone campaigns was leading to more bloated tutorials and difficulty in balancing the ever-increasing number of skills. Eventually, the discussion evolved into a blueprint for an entirely new game.  Work on "Guild Wars 2" began in 2007. It was announced March 27, 2007 to coincide with the announcement of the final "Guild Wars" expansion, which was designed to act as a bridge, in both gameplay and story terms, to "Guild Wars 2". The development team abandoned the early open alpha and beta testing which they had used for the "Guild Wars" game. ArenaNet considered that player expectations for open beta tests of MMORPG had changed, and the beta was no longer used to test the game but to trial a nearly finished game prior to purchase. Beta tests scheduled for 2008 were cancelled to ensure "Guild Wars 2" had maximum impact and appeal to these players.  In August 2009, two years after the game was first announced, ArenaNet decided the game had reached a state where they were happy to show it to the public. A trailer which mixed animated concept art and in-game footage was released at Gamescom, followed by interviews expanding on the lore of the game world and information about the player races.  In November 2009, NCsoft CEO Jaeho Lee stated the game would most likely not release until 2011, but a closed beta would be made available in 2010. The Q4 2009 shareholders notes further supported this when the CEO stated that "the current development target was the end of 2010 but, "Guild Wars 2" likely won't be released until 2011." A playable demo of the game was made available at Gamescom (19–22 August 2010), Penny Arcade Expo (3–5 September 2010) and Paris Games Week (27 October-1 November 2010). The game was developed for Microsoft Windows with a "very small team" investigating the possibility of a console version.  ArenaNet conducted small closed alpha and beta tests in 2011. On 23 January 2012 it was announced that "Guild Wars 2" will ship this year. In February, select press were invited to participate in beta testing. In March and April, the size of beta tests was increased significantly as the beta was made available to anyone who pre-purchased the game. On June 28, 2012, ArenaNet announced the game would be released on August 28, 2012 and those who prepurchased the game would be able to play on August 25. On September 18, 2012, a Mac OS X client for "Guild Wars 2" was released; it is currently in beta testing. ArenaNet took over the publishing of the game in 2015.

Post-launch development.

"Guild Wars 2" received content updates every two weeks, but now plans large releases for every few months, with smaller patches and bug fixes between these. Content updates regularly contain new items available for purchase in the gem store, as well as offering unique events for players to engage in. Some content updates introduce new mechanics to the game, such as the addition of new dungeons or the introduction of new combat options.  In the "Lost Shores" content updates released on November 16, 2012, a new dungeon was added to the game. Called Fractals of the Mists, the new dungeon differs from other dungeons in the game by consisting of many smaller "mini-dungeons" called Fractals. Each fractal contains its own story and environment, and must be completed in order to move on to the next randomly chosen fractal. Once three fractals are completed, a new set of fractals is unlocked that offer a greater challenge than the last. This update also introduced a new rarity level for equipment called Ascended which can be acquired through various sources, though most easily through the Fractals of the Mists dungeon.  The "Flame and Frost: Prelude" update released on January 28, 2013 introduced several new features to "Guild Wars" 2, including achievement laurels, guesting and new "living story" content. Achievement laurels are rewarded for earning daily and monthly achievements, and may be used by players to purchase items from certain vendors such as Ascended equipment and infusions for that equipment. Guesting was introduced to allow players to temporarily play on the same server as their friends, without having to transfer their home to a new server. In conjunction with this new feature, a gem fee was added for players wishing to transfer their home to another server. The final new features added during this update was the introduction of Living Story content. The living story in "Guild Wars 2" consists of a series of events and other content that players must progress through within a certain amount of time. Once this time has passed, the story progresses and new content is unlocked while the previous content becomes unavailable, though the story's effect on the world remains. Living World content is intended to provide a continuing story thread for players to follow.  The two following content updates, "Flame and Frost: The Gathering Storm" and "Flame and Frost: The Razing", released in February and March 2013 respectively added guild missions, introduced a new progression system for "Guild Wars 2"'s WvW game mode, progressed the Flame and Frost living story narrative and introduced content that set up story elements for future living story narratives. Guild missions introduced the ability for guilds to earn guild merits by engaging in bounties and group puzzles Guild leaders can use merits to unlock rewards for their guild. The new WvW progressions system introduced World XP and new WvW ranks, which can be used to unlock new titles and abilities exclusive to WvW. New WvW achievements were also introduced.  The "Flame and Frost: Retribution" update released in April 2013 introduced a new limited availability dungeon, new guild missions, added new WvW abilities and added new purchasable siege weapons and guild banners for WvW play. The new dungeon, Molten Weapons Facility, coincided with the final portion of the Flame and Frost living story narrative and was only available for thirteen days. The new WvW abilities allow players to become more proficient in using the arrow cart in WvW play and allows players to progress through five new levels of the Guild Killer ability line.  Introduced in May 2013, the next content update for "Guild Wars 2" began a new living story narrative called "The Secret of Southsun", which would continue later in the month with a smaller update titled "Last Stand at Southsun". In addition to the new living story content, the update introduced another large set of changes to WvW, including the ability for players to set traps in WvW battlegrounds, improvements to the World XP system, improved rewards and new abilities, improvements to the matchup system and the ability for players to use special Ascended and infused equipment in WvW play.

Introduction of the "Living Story".

In June 2013, two new content updates titled "Dragon Bash" and "Sky Pirates of Tyria" introduced a new living story narrative as well as several new features. These features included improvements to the PvP leaderboards, the introduction of the Authorized Shoutcaster Program, the ability for players to purchase items from the gem store as gifts for other players, a large balance update to the game's skills and traits, custom arenas for structure PvP, a new spectator mode and a new ability for players to master in WvW play.  The next update was released on July 9, 2013, titled "Bazaar of the Four Winds". The largest new feature added in the update was an account-wide achievement system that allows players to unlock rewards based on how many achievement points have been earned. In addition, the update overhauled the achievement interface, introduced a new structured PvP map, and introduced a new WvW mastery.  Over the rest of 2013, the updates "Cutthroat Politics", "Queen's Jubilee", "Clockwork Chaos", "Super Adventure Box: Back to School". "Tequatl Rising", "Twilight Assault", "Blood and Madness", "Tower of Nightmares", "The Nightmares Within", "Fractured", and "A Very Merry Wintersday" were released, updating and changing many areas and game mechanics throughout the world. Many of these changes were permanent, leaving a mark on the world to show an event had occurred. Updates included redesigning a boss, adding new paths to Dungeons, and rebalancing playable classes over time.  2014 brought the end of "Season 1" of the Living Story content updates, "The Origins of Madness", "The Edge of the Mists", "Escape from Lion's Arch", "Battle for Lion's Arch", and the finale "Battle for Lion's Arch: Aftermath ". These updates released a new WvW map, and destroyed the core city of the game's world, Lion's Arch, while setting up the story for the eventual Season 2 of the Living Story.  During the down time between Seasons 1 and 2, the April 2014 Feature Pack was released, overhauling the Trait system, the Dyes system, the Cosmetic Wardrobe system, PvP equipment, and the way server load was handled via a system called Megaservers. This created world instances for all players, regardless of their home "world", to allow the game to feel more populated. The feature pack also fixed numerous bugs and offered balance tweaks to many races and classes.  On May 20, 2014, around the time of the Chinese servers release, the update "Festival of the Four Winds" was released, allowing players to access content from two prior patches, "Queen's Jubilee" and "Bazaar of the Four Winds", alongside new activities.

"Living World" Season 2.

On July 1, 2014, Season 2 of the Living World began with the "Gates of Maguuma" release, which added a portion of a new explorable area, Dry Top, and changed the way Living World releases worked, no longer making them time-gated to complete. This was followed by "Entanglement" on July 15, 2014, which added more explorable sections to Dry Top, and added more achievements, new weaponry for players, and a new story segment.  On July 29, 2014, "The Dragon's Reach: Part 1" was released. This was the first in a two-part set of releases. This updated added a few more rewards to the Dry Top zone, added a few new items and achievements, and added some new events to various zones across the game's world. On August 12, 2014, the second part, "The Dragon's Reach: Part 2" was released, concluding part one of the second season of the Living Story and starting a several month hiatus on Living Story content. This update added the final new section to the Dry Top map, new rewards and events, new achievements, and game balances.  On September 9, 2014, the second Feature Pack was released, significantly changing and improving the Combat Log, the Black Lion Trading Post, and the New Player Experience, while adding a new type of Achievement called collections, adding a number of changes to the World Versus World gametype, improving the Wardrobe and miniature pets displays, and making a number of rebalances and changes to the game's professions.  On October 15, 2014, the previous year's Halloween event, "Blood and Madness" was re-released with a few new events and rewards.  The Living World's second season continued on November 4 with the release "Echoes of the Past", which included a lengthy new story segment focusing on the story of Glint and her Dragon Egg among other things, an entire brand new map called The Silverwastes which added WvW mechanics in a PvE environment and including a number of new rewards and collections included an earnable Luminescent Shoulderguard armor piece. This was followed by "Tangled Paths" released on November 18, 2014, which added a new story segment, a few new rewards including another Luminscent armor piece, and an underground section to the Silverwastes map.  On December 2, 2014, the seventh release in Season Two was released, called "Seeds of Truth", which contained a new story instance, a large underground addition to the Silverwastes map which nearly doubled the map's size, a number of improvements to PvP and associated matchmaking, and two new Luminescent armor pieces for players to earn. This was followed on January 13, 2015 by "Point of No Return", the final eighth and final episode in Season 2. This update included several new story instances, a brand new large group boss, two new Luminescent armor pieces for players to earn, and a number of new achievements, among other things. This episode serves to lead directly into the first expansion, "Heart of Thorns".

"Heart of Thorns" expansion.

On January 24, 2015, at PAX South held in San Antonio, ArenaNet announced the first expansion for the game titled "Heart of Thorns". The expansion introduced new group challenges, new profession specializations, a new profession, and an account-based "mastery" system for character progression through the new territories featured in it, as well as changes to current player versus player content. It was released on October 23, 2015 to positive reviews.  With the second of the Living World seasons over, and an expansion on the way, releases were smaller as teasers for the expansion were released. On January 27, 2015, a number of bug fixes and balance improvements were released. Following that, a small scale Festival was released on February 10, 2015 called the "Lunar New Year". This update included a relaunch of an older activity called Dragon Ball, featuring reworked gameplay, as well as new Daily Lunar New Year achievements, and new rewards.  On August 29, 2015, the base game was made free to download. The free version of the game includes some restrictions over the core game, such as fewer character slots and some chat limitations.

"Living World" Season 3.

The first episode of the 3rd season of the Living World was announced on 12 July 2016. Entitled "Out of the Shadows", it was released on July 26, 2016, containing a new story instance and map with related achievements, a new PvP map with related achievements, a new fractal, some tweaks to the PvP and WvW game modes, and a number of balance changes.

"Path of Fire" expansion.

"Guild Wars 2: Path of fire" is the second expansion pack for "Guild Wars 2". It was made available for pre-purchase on August 1, 2017 and released on September 22, 2017. The expansion introduces new features such as mounts, additional elite specializations for each profession, a bounty system for defeating certain enemies, and access to the areas of the Crystal Desert and Elona (first seen in the first game's Guild Wars Nightfall expansion). It will also introduce new raids and season four of the living world storyline.

"Living World" Season 4.

Living World Season 4 refers to a schedule of content updates, beginning on the 28th of November, 2017. It continues the story of Guild Wars 2: Path of Fire, picking up immediately where the story instance Small Victory (Epilogue) left off. This article assumes knowledge of the storyline up to and including Path of Fire. The energy released upon the death of Balthazar has been absorbed by both Kralkatorrik and Aurene. The Commander and his or her allies must contend with an empowered Elder Dragon threatening Elona, which remains under the thrall of Palawa Joko's Awakened army.

Reception.

"Guild Wars 2" was released to universal acclaim. It received a score of 90/100 on Metacritic.  "PC Gamer"s Chris Thursten gave the game a 94% rating, calling it "an accomplished and rewarding online RPG that does a great deal to reclaim the promise of its genre." IGN's Charles Onyett rated the game a 9/10, commenting that the game is "one of the most exhaustively detailed and rewarding MMOs in existence, one that never unfairly penalizes and fosters an incredible urge to explore through a generous reward system and achingly pretty environment design". GameSpot's Kevin VanOrd opened his review with ""Guild Wars 2" is a paradise for explorers and thrill-seekers alike, and the best online role-playing game in years" and gave the game a 9.0/10. Computer and Video Games Games Editor Andy Kelly gave a verdict of 8.9/10 closing with "An entertaining MMO that combats the dreaded grind with smart design. The lack of a monthly subscription fee only sweetens the deal." GamesRadar's Hollander Cooper wrote in his review, "Everything a massively-multiplayer online RPG should be. It's original, massive in scope, and wonderfully social, removing many of the gates that held back the genre in the past. Being able to play with friends regardless of level or class is a gigantic leap forward, and one that, when mixed in with all of the other innovations in the genre, make Guild Wars 2 one of the best MMOs currently available." and giving it 4.5/5 and GameSpy's Leif Johnson wrote, "To "Guild Wars 2"'s credit, its issues do little to detract from the immensely rewarding experience of the whole. It doesn't overthrow the conventions of the MMORPG, but it presents them in fresher and livelier packaging than its competitors."  "Time" listed "Guild Wars 2" as the top video game of 2012. Editor Matt Peckham noted that ""Guild Wars 2" is one of those rare games that unexpectedly knocks your life off-kilter, like a meteoroid banging into a satellite"... [It has] the feel of a living world, and the sort of compulsive anywhere-you-go playability other MMOs only dream of."

Guild Wars 2 is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game developed by ArenaNet and published by NCSoft and ArenaNet. Set in the fantasy world of Tyria, the game follows the re-emergence of Destiny's Edge, a disbanded guild dedicated to fighting the Elder Dragons, a Lovecraftian species that has seized control of Tyria in the time since the original "Guild Wars". The game takes place in a persistent world with a story that progresses in instanced environments.

Guild Wars 2 je pokračování fantasy MMORPG hry "Guild Wars" od americké firmy ArenaNet. V této hře existují čtyři platidla (zlato - klasické platidlo, karma - za úspěchy v úkolech, laurely - speciální platidlo získávané plněním daily achievmentů a gemy - bonusové platidlo pro změny vzhledu postavy za reálné peníze, za gemy nelze koupit vylepšení po stránce síly atd.). Hlavních serverů je několik a mezi těmi může hráč přecházet. Na rozdíl od většiny MMORPG se hra zaměřuje na hráče a jejich kooperaci. Abyste si hru užili, nemusíte hodiny grindovat. Téměř za vše, co uděláte, vás hra odmění. Takže pokud nechcete plnit úkoly (což by byla chyba, protože systém dynamických událostí je skvělý), stačí se věnovat craftingu, průzkumu lokací, osobnímu příběhu, plnění dungeonů, strukturovanému PvP, World PvP nebo plnění velkých jednorázových eventů (například odražení invaze nestvůr z moře a zničení jejich hnízda). Hra má časté aktualizace, a tak se nemusíte bát, že by vás přestala bavit.


Geography.

Zólyom county shared borders with the counties of Bars, Turóc, Liptó, Gömör-Kishont, Nógrád and Hont. The county's territory was situated along the central Garam river, approximately between (excluding) Korpona and (including) Breznóbánya. Its area was 2634 km2 around 1910. The county was characterised by extensive mining activities.

Capitals.

The capital of the county was the castle of Pusztavár near Zólyom, then from the late 15th century the Zvolen Castle () and from the 1760s the town of Besztercebánya.

History.

Zólyom county arose as a Hungarian comitatus in the 13th century, when most parts of the territory were conquered by the Kingdom of Hungary, from a huge royal property (the "Vetusolium dominium"). Initially, it comprised with a territory of the latter separated Árva, Turóc and Liptó counties.  In the aftermath of World War I, Zólyom county became part of newly formed Czechoslovakia, as recognized by the concerned states in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon. The Zvolen county ("Zvolenská župa") continued to exist until 1927, but it had completely different powers etc. and somewhat different borders. During the existence of the newly created Slovak State (1939-1945), Hron county ("Pohronská župa") was created in 1940, whose territory roughly corresponded to that of the Zvolen county. The capital was Banská Bystrica.  Together with the Slovak parts of Hont and Gemer, it became part of the Banská Bystrica Region ("Banskobystrický kraj") created in 1948. In 1993, Czechoslovakia was split and the Zvolen county became part of Slovakia.

Demographics.

1900.

In 1900, the county had a population of 124,420 people and was composed of the following linguistic communities:  Total:  According to the census of 1900, the county was composed of the following religious communities:  Total:

1910.

In 1910, the county had a population of 133,653 people and was composed of the following linguistic communities:  Total:  According to the census of 1910, the county was composed of the following religious communities:  Total:

Subdivisions.

In the early 20th century, the subdivisions of Zólyom county were:

Zólyom county (in Latin: "comitatus Zoliensis", in Hungarian "Zólyom (vár)megye", in Slovak "Zvolenský komitát/ Zvolenská stolica/ Zvolenská župa", in German "Sohler Gespanschaft/Komitat Sohl") was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Slovakia.

Zvolenská župa / stolice, Zvolenský komitát (lat. comitatus Zoliensis, maď. Zoly (vár) megye, něm. Sohler Gespanschaft / komitát Söhl) byl jeden z komitátů, stolic a žup Uherského království.


Professional wrestling career.

World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (2001, 2004).

Karen was never involved in a storyline of World Wrestling Entertainment while her then-husband Kurt Angle was under contract. She herself was never under contract, but did briefly appear at Unforgiven 2001 as a part of the big celebration with the Angle family following Kurt Angle's victory over Stone Cold Steve Austin for the WWF Championship. She also made an appearance on the WrestleMania XX DVD set in a bonus segment regarding Kurt Angle.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2007–2008).

Karen Angle was introduced in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) in the summer of 2007 when Samoa Joe and Kurt Angle were feuding for an all-at-once Triple Crown Championship (Kurt held the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, and Joe held the TNA X Division and TNA World Tag Team Championship). Karen was supposedly wanting to divorce Kurt, claiming that he was emotionally abusive toward both her and their children. At the Hard Justice pay-per-view, however, Karen betrayed Joe during his match with her husband, resulting in Kurt winning the Triple Crown (thus turning her heel). In the following weeks, her character began to develop into a manipulative vamp, such as when she claimed that Sting slapped her at No Surrender when, in fact, he had not. This led to Kurt and Sting losing the Tag Team titles to Team Pacman after Kurt executed the Olympic slam on Sting. Another feud then erupted between Kurt Angle and Sting in which Sting had Karen arrested for violating a restraining order and Kurt stalking Sting's son. At Genesis, Karen persuaded A.J. Styles and Tomko into helping Kurt retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship during the tag team match for the title. In late 2007, Karen began to have issues with Booker T's wife Sharmell, claiming there was only room for one "queen" in TNA (a direct reference to Booker T's and Sharmell's last WWE gimmick, where they were self-proclaimed royalty after Booker won the 2006 King of the Ring tournament). This led to a catfight at the December 12 "TNA Impact!" tapings. Karen suffered a broken foot after jumping from the apron after an in-ring segment. She did not miss any time as a result of TNA's taping schedule. On the February 14, 2008 episode of "Impact!", Karen was scheduled to renew her wedding vows to Kurt, but in the storyline, she was pronounced married to A.J. Styles after the priest, who had just been knocked down by Kevin Nash, awoke and married the two, mistaking Styles for Kurt. Kurt then started to emotionally attack Karen for not ending the "marriage". Later in the year, she proposed to separate from Kurt Angle (kayfabe) which Kurt Angle supported to "concentrate on his upcoming match with Samoa Joe at Lockdown". Since then, hints of a relationship with A.J. were given, after Kurt continued to ignore Karen, even having her ejected from her ringside seat at Lockdown. On the May 22, 2008 episode of "Impact!", Kurt Angle asked Karen to the ring to forgive him for not performing his "husbandly duties" and to ask her to come home. Karen then left a begging Kurt in the ring after he pleaded for a second chance. At the end of "Impact!", Karen came to the ring to the aid of A.J. Styles who was being beaten four on one by Booker T, Team 3D, and Tomko. After being ejected, Karen ran to the back to enlist Kurt's aid, who came out with a chair. Kurt threatened the four with the chair, only to turn around and see his estranged wife hugging a bloody AJ. Kurt freaked and hit AJ with the chair, thus prompting the four back in the ring. Team 3D held Karen up while Kurt held AJ's head, yelling at Karen, telling her this was all her fault. Kurt is quoted as saying to Karen, "This is your fault! You deceived me!" On the May 29, 2008 edition of "Impact!" after being assaulted backstage before his entrance, A.J. ran to the ring to help Karen only to be beat down by Team 3D and Kurt Angle for the second week in a row. Christian Cage came to the ring to aid Styles but was viciously assaulted for his trouble as well. It was then announced that at the Slammiversary pay-per-view it would be A.J. Styles one-on-one with Kurt Angle. Karen then interfered helping A.J. Styles win his match against Kurt Angle at Slammiversary 2008, turning her face again. Shortly thereafter, Angle was given her own interview segment, "Karen's Angle" on "iMPACT". Her first interview was Kaz on July 24, 2008. On the October 9, 2008 episode of "Impact!", it was announced that Karen had to step down as the host of "Karen's Angle" to focus on her family. Her profile and Knockout photos were taken off TNA's official website, but were put back up a few days later...

Return to TNA (2011, 2015).

On January 10, 2011, TNA announced that Karen would be making her return to the promotion on the January 13 edition of "Impact!", appearing beside her new husband Jeff Jarrett, who has recently been feuding with Kurt Angle. In her return appearance Karen confronted Angle just as he was about to attack Jeff, told him that she would not allow him to ruin their personal lives and promised to tell all about their divorce the following week. The following week Karen slapped Kurt, providing a distraction which allowed Jeff to beat him down. On February 13 at Against All Odds Jeff defeated Kurt in a singles match and as a result Angle was forced to walk Karen down the aisle, when she and Jarrett renewed their wedding vows on the March 3 edition of "Impact!". On March 3 Angle proceeded to destroy the wedding set with an axe and forced wedding guest, New York Jet Bart Scott to tap out with the ankle lock. On May 15 at Sacrifice, Angle and Chyna, whom Angle had recently brought to the promotion to negate Karen, defeated the Jarretts in a mixed tag team match, after Karen submitted to Chyna. Due to a storyline injury, Karen missed the culmination of Jeff's and Angle's feud at Slammiversary IX and the following "Impact Wrestling", which led to the defeated Jarrett leaving the company for a tour of Mexico. On June 18, Karen appeared beside her husband at Mexican promotion Lucha Libre AAA World Wide's (AAA) biggest event of the year, Triplemanía XIX, and provided a distraction, which led to Jeff defeating El Zorro for the AAA Mega Championship. On the September 1 edition of "Impact Wrestling!", Eric Bischoff named Karen the new Commissioner of the Knockouts Division. On the October 20 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Jarrett aligned herself with Gail Kim and Madison Rayne. On the December 15 edition of "Impact Wrestling", TNA's authority figure, Sting, fired both Jarretts from TNA as a result of Jeff losing to Jeff Hardy at Final Resolution.  Four years later, Karen, alongside her husband Jeff returned to "Impact Wrestling" on the June 24, 2015 tapings. Jeff announced that he would be the first entrant in the King of the Mountain match at Slammiversary 2015. Karen turned heel on the August 26 episode of "Impact Wrestling" when she revealed that she orchestrated the attacks on TNA General Manager Bully Ray and Drew Galloway. A team of 5 wrestlers from GFW fought against a team of 5 from TNA in a Lethal Lockdown match to determine complete control of TNA. GFW was unsuccessful when Drew Galloway pinned Brian Myers, thus exiling GFW from TNA.

Family Wrestling Entertainment (2013).

On October 12, 2013, Jarrett appeared at Family Wrestling Entertainment's Grand Prix, where she was named Commissioner.

Global Force Wrestling (2015–2017).

She is the co-founder of Global Force Wrestling.

Second return to Impact Wrestling / Global Force Wrestling (2017).

On January 5, 2017 it was announced that Karen Jarrett had rejoined Impact Wrestling, now under the ownership of Anthem Sports & Entertainment, as Executive Consultant role running Impact Wrestling. Jarrett returned as a face on the March 23 episode of "Impact Wrestling", and was welcomed back by Jeremy Borash, she soon was interrupted by Ethan Carter III and then Josh Mathews. When Mathews said he knew the Jarrets would be gone forever, Karen would slap him ending the show. On the March 30th episode of Impact Wrestling, Jarrett would call out so called leader of the knockouts Sienna and gave her 10 seconds to apologize for her treatment of Allie but was interrupted by a debuting KM, Sienna's cousin who publicly berated Jarrett for asking Sienna to apologize. Jarrett was rescued by Braxton Sutter, who knocked KM out of the ring. Jarrett made a match between KM and Sutter for later that night. Later on the same night, Jarrett handed Borash a piece of paper for him to announce a Knockouts battle royal to determine the new number 1 contender to Rosemary's Knockouts Championship. On the April 20th episode Impact Wrestling, Karen Jarrett announced that Impact Wrestling and Global Force Wrestling had merged.

Personal life.

Karen has two children with her former husband Kurt Angle; a daughter named Kyra Angle (born December 2, 2002) and son named Kody Angle (born October 26, 2006). In 2008, Karen filed for divorce, which was finalized on October 26, 2008.  Karen was romantically linked to TNA co-founder Jeff Jarrett in 2009. The relationship was said to have started while Kurt and Karen were separated. This resulted in TNA president Dixie Carter placing Jarrett on a leave of absence. The situation was revealed in July 2009 when a caller claiming to be a former TNA employee called the "Bubba the Love Sponge Show". On April 6, 2010, Karen announced that she and Jarrett were engaged. Karen and Jarrett were married on August 21, 2010.

Karen Jarrett ( Smedley and formerly Angle, born October 12, 1972) is an American professional wrestling valet and personality. She was formerly the Senior Vice President of the Impact Knockouts Division. She is the former wife of professional wrestler and Olympic gold medalist Kurt Angle and the current wife of Impact and GFW founder and wrestler Jeff Jarrett.

Karen Jarrettová (dříve Angleová, rodným jménem Smedleyová) (* 12. října 1972) je americká profesionální wrestlingová manažerka, dříve působící v Total Nonstop Action (TNA) jako vice prezidentka TNA Knockout divize. Je to bývalá manželka profesionálního wrestlera a držitele zlaté olympijské medaile, Kurta Anglea. Její současný manžel je zakladatel TNA a wrestler Jeff Jarrett.


Description.

"Verbascum phoeniceum" is a dicot plant that begins with rosette growth in late spring and into summer. The initial lower rosette shows whorled basal leaves with pinnate venation and as growth continues, simple leaves grow in an alternating fashion on the stem. The shape of the leaf blades of the "V. phoeniceum" can be elliptical, ovate, chordate or lanceolate depending on the environment in which it grows in. Five-petaled flowers appear when in bloom, where it grows as an inflorescence with multiple flowers on a spike starting with the first blooms on the bottom of the spike and newer ones upwards of the spike. "V. phoeniceum" exhibits pentamerous growth of perianth and corolla that is characteristic of the dicotyledonus mulleins.  The flowers can be deep purple in color (violetta) to pink (rosetta) and white (flush of white). The variation in shades for "V. phoeniceum" makes it ideal for hybridization with other mulleins. Hybrids may have flower colors ranging from white to various shades of pink and plum; as well as the advantage of a longer growing season due to its perennial nature. In the center of each flower are fuzzy golden-yellow stamens. The height of "V. phoeniceum" is shorter than most mulleins but can range between 0.9m – 1.2m in an herbaceous habit.

Subspecies.

There are two recognized subspecies of "V. phoeniceum":

Distribution.

"Verbascum phoeniceum" is found in southern Europe, northern Africa and central Asia. It thrives in dry soils with full sunlight. Although they can tolerate moderate shade, they are unable to withstand soggy soils thereby requiring efficient water drainage. It can be found growing wild on hillsides, disturbed sites and woodlands in their native habitats. "V. phoeniceum" has been brought over to the US among other temperate regions and cultivated as an ornamental garden plant. It thrives in USDA’s hardiness zones 4-8, with possible natural occurrence in New York and Ohio where the winter temperatures are also required for seed germination after dormancy.

Ecology.

"Verbascum phoeniceum" is pollinated by hoverflies and bees although it is suspected that moths also take part in pollinating the mulleins. The flowers expel a fragrance early in the day believed to attract moths and close up midday.  In a study by Branimir Petkovic "et al". 2004, "V. phoeniceum" were planted on three different substratum soil types, serpentine, andesite and limestone. Results showed that plant morphology and anatomy varies with soil type. Plants grown on serpentine substratum produced smaller stem leaves with the blades chordate shaped and dentate margins; plants grown on limestone substratum featured lanceolate stem leaves with entire margins and plants grown on andesite substratum featured even narrower chordate stem leaves with dentate margins. Serpentine soil produces an overall decrease in average values of the "V. phoeniceum" while limestone yields the highest values with andesite an intermediate, these values includes plant height, inflorescent length, flower numbers, and pedicel length.  The first observation of self-incompatibility in plants was made on "V. phoeniceum" in the late 18th century and published by Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter. Unlike other mulleins "V. thapsus" and "V. lychnitis" which are able to self-pollinate, "V. phoeniceum" pollinated with their own pollen do not set seed but are cross-fertile; this had been attributed to the allotetraploidy of the plant. Despite perfect flowers, individual "V. phoeniceum" flowers are shown to display either extreme male or extreme female characteristics, yielding more successful pollinations when used as such. "V. phoeniceum" has 2n= 32, 36 chromosomes.  "Verbascum phoeniceum" plants will self-seed, dropping their seed pods freely where the plants occur to join the soil seed bank. Horticulturalists growing "V. phoeniceum" often will deadhead flowers to keep the plant in continuous bloom throughout its short-perennial lifespan.

Usage.

There are not as many known uses for "Verbascum phoeniceum" compared to other mulleins. However in a study by Tatli et al. 2006, the mentholic extracts taken from the leaves and flowers of "V. phoeniceum" and other verbascum plants showed strong antimicrobial activity.

Verbascum phoeniceum, known as purple mullein or temptress purple, is a species of mullein that is part of the family Scrophulariaceae native to Central Europe, Central Asia and Western China. It is also naturalized in certain regions of the US and Canada. It successfully grows in USDA’s zones 4 to 8. It is a short-lived perennial species, and blooms earlier than other mullein species on average, producing vibrant purple-pink flowers; it can grow up to 1m or more.

Divizna brunátná ("Verbascum phoeniceum") je druh, který díky sametově fialovým květům patří mezi diviznami k těm nejkrásnějším. Jako jediný mezi druhy rostoucími v České republice nemá květy žluté barvy.


Biography.

Agostino Vallini was born in Poli, near Rome, but moved with his family to Barra, near Naples, as a child. He studied at the Major Archiepiscopal Seminary of Naples and the Pontifical Theological Seminary of Southern Italy, where he obtained his licentiate in theology. Vallini also attended the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome, earning his doctorate in canon and civil law with a dissertation on the new Code of Canon Law.  He was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Vittorio Longo on 19 July 1964. He then taught canon law at his "alma mater", the Theological Faculty of Southern Italy. From 1971 to 1978 he taught ecclesiastical law at the Pontifical Lateran University, while also serving as adviser for the Italian Catholic University Federation, the movement "Seguimi", and the Union of Major Religious Superiors of Italy. He later became Rector of the Major Archiepiscopal Seminary of Naples and Regional of Catholic Action. On his return to Naples in 1978 he became rector of the major seminary until 1987, when he took up the post of dean of the S. Tommaso d'Aquino campus, where he had continued to teach.  On 23 March 1989, Vallini was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Naples and Titular Bishop of Tortibulum by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 13 May from Cardinal Michele Giordano, with Archbishops Luigi Diligenza and Antonio Ambrosanio serving as co-consecrators, in the Cathedral of Naples. Vallini was named Diocesan Bishop of Albano on 13 November 1999. On 27 May 2004, he was appointed Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura. As prefect of the Signatura, he served as the highest judicial authority beneath the Pope in the Church.  Upon the death of John Paul II on 2 April 2005, Vallini and all major Vatican officials automatically lost their positions. He was confirmed as Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura by Pope Benedict XVI on 21 April. Pope Benedict created him Cardinal-Deacon of S. Pier Damiani ai Monti di S. Paolo in the consistory of 24 March 2006.  Vallini was appointed Vicar General of His Holiness for the Diocese of Rome on 27 June 2008, succeeding Camillo Ruini. As Vicar General, he was responsible for the diocese of Rome on behalf of the pope. He was also Archpriest of the Lateran Basilica and Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Lateran University.  Vallini serves as a member of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints; Congregation for Bishops; Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life; Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. He also serves as a member of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts and the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See and Council of Cardinals for Study of Organizational and Economic Affairs of the Holy See. He can hold these memberships until his 80th birthday.  On 18 September 2012, Pope Benedict XVI named Vallini one of the Synod Fathers of the Synod of Bishops on the New Evangelization.  He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis.  On 26 March 2017 Pope Francis accepted his resignation as Vicar of Rome and Archpriest of St. John Lateran. On 30 September Francis named him a member of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura.  On 4 November 2017, Pope Francis appointed Cardinal Vallini Pontifical Legate for the Basilicas of Saint Francis of Assisi and Saint Mary of the Angels, both in Assisi, Italy.

Views.

AIDS and contraception.

Distributing condoms in schools in the context of combating AIDS trivializes sexuality and education and must be fought by concerned parents, according to Vallini. In an official statement, he responded to a decision by the civil authorities of the province of Rome to allow the distribution of condoms from vending machines in high schools (see religion and AIDS).

Agostino Vallini (born 17 April 1940) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been a cardinal since 2006. From 2008 to 2017 he served as Vicar General of Rome. He is also the Archpriest emeritus of the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran.

Agostino kardinál Vallini (* 17. dubna 1940, Poli, Provincie Roma, Itálie) je emeritní kardinál vikář římské diecéze a arcikněz lateránské baziliky.


Geology.

Around 700,000 years ago, a volcanic eruption resulted in the creation of the lake in Ratanakiri's mountain region. The shore of Yeak Laom Lake forms an almost perfect circle. It is 800 meters in diameter, and about 48 meters deep. Its shape and depth are due to its volcanic's origin.

Local beliefs.

The Tampuan folklore, the lake was formed by a giant digging a pit to retrieve his beautiful daughter from a suitor with whom she had run away. Rain filled the pit, creating the lake.  The lake and forest area have spiritual significance for the Tampuan people, who perform ritual offerings during harvesting, planting or family sickness.

Climate.

Banlung's rainy season occurs from May–October while it has dry periods from December–February. On average, the warmest month is April, and the coolest month is January. July is the wettest month while January is the driest.

Tourist activity.

Yak Loam is a popular tourist destination, taking only 10 minutes by car or tuktuk from Banlung town. The lake is encircled by a ring of forest, and the clear emerald water is used for swimming, with life-jackets provided. A 3-kilometer path circles around the lake, with a small museum offering insight into Tampuan culture. Handicraft stores selling souvenirs made by the hill tribes living nearby are found at the entrance, and ethnic costumes can be hired for photo shoots. The entrance fee is $0.25 for Cambodian nationals and $2 for international visits. Food can be brought from outside, or purchase from stalls.

Protected area and management.

Before 1995, environmental impacts from litter and agriculutural were increasing. That year, the provincial authority and the International Development Research Centre (UK) began environmental protection and education activities with the Tampuen community around the lake, with the community themselves taking over the project in 1997.  The governor of Ratanakiri approved a 25-year agreement for the local Tampuen community to manage the lake and surrounding area. Indigenous land rights were explicity included in land laws introduced in 2001. A Community Based Tourism Committee of ten elders was formed with one man and one woman from each of the five Tampuen villages in the area, with this committee overseeing activities with proceeds from the entry fee going back into supporting the community and the ongoing protection of the lake and the surrounding forest. Tampuen guides provide nature tours around the lake, and community members perform traditional dance to raise money for community development.  A 2018 sub decree from the Ministry of Environment established Boeng Yeak Laom Multiple Use Area covering 362 hectares, which includes the lake and the surrounding ring of forest.

Yeak Laom Lake (បឹងយក្សឡោម) is a crater lake and a tourist destination in Yeak Laom commune, Ban Lung District ក្រុងបានលុង, Ratanakiri Province ខេត្តរតនគីរី, north-eastern Cambodia. It is pronounced in English as "Yak Lom." It is about 5 kilometers south of Banlung provincial town, and is located in a protected area. In 2012, Yeak Laom Lake was selected in the list of the 15 most beautiful crater lakes in the world.

Jak Loum () je jezero v provincii Ratanakiri na severovýchodě Kambodže. Nachází se ve vzdálenosti 5 km od centra provincie Banlungu. Má rozlohu 40,7 ha. Maximální hloubka dosahuje 48 m.


Hardware and releases.

Screens on all Sidekick devices (excluding the Slide and 4G models) slide vertically to reveal the qwerty keyboard. There are two buttons on the left side of the device ("menu" and "jump") and also two on the right ("back" and "cancel"). On all Hiptops except the original, the left side houses a directional pad and on the right, a track ball (excluding the original Hiptop) The Hiptop 2 and Slide's directional pad contains internal multicolored LEDs used in ringers and notifications, while the 3, 2008, LX, and 2009 track ball contains internal multicolored LEDs that provide the same function. The right side also has two phone buttons: send call (also page-down) and end call (also page-up). The top of the unit has two application-specific shoulder buttons. The bottom has volume controls and a power button. The Hiptop line is designed to be held horizontally with both hands, allowing typing with two thumbs, similar to a Game Boy Advance or a console video game controller.

Hiptop/T-Mobile Sidekick (Danger/Flextronics).

Released on October 1, 2002, the original Hiptop was unique compared to all other hardware versions. All the units, from the beginning, have featured "Menu", "Back", "Jump" and other keys accessible even when the unit was closed. The Hiptop also featured a speaker which is used for device sounds but not telephone. Along the top edge of the phone bezel is an infrared transceiver. The headset jack serves a dual purpose, as it is also used for the accessory camera. A later revision of the Hiptop upgraded its screen from a monochrome LCD to a color LCD viewable with or without the backlight on (unique to Hiptop models until the LX). It is slightly bigger than any later Hiptop.  The Hiptop was sold by T-Mobile in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany and Austria. SunCom and Edge Wireless used to sell the device in some parts of the United States, and Fido was the exclusive Hiptop carrier in Canada until sales were discontinued after Fido was bought by Rogers Communications, at the end of the Hiptop 2's life. The discontinuation was mainly because the Hiptop is a competitor to Rogers' BlackBerry business.  In Germany, the Hiptop service was also offered from 2003 by E-Plus which included a flat rate tariff. The Hiptop was also sold in Singapore by Starhub in 2004.

Hiptop2/T-Mobile Sidekick II (Danger/Sharp).

Released in 2004, the Hiptop2 was introduced with Danger moving the D-Pad (directional-pad) to the left side of the Hiptop (from the inside where it was previously found), along with top-left and top-right shoulder dials, volume up/down and power on bottom of phone. The Hiptop2 also features a VGA camera, and the addition of page-up/page-down buttons on the top and bottom of its scroll wheel. The line-by-line scrolling feature is notable to the Hiptop brand of products and is not a feature of most other multi-function cell phones. The line-by-line (ability to scroll one line at a time rather than just page by page) scrolling feature is consistent in all applications, as are the "Jump" and all other hardware buttons.  The Hiptop2 has two speakers; the phone speaker built into the D-pad, and a speaker on the back of the unit (near the VGA camera) for sounds, alerts and speaker phone calls. The microphone is located near the end-call button; on right side of the phone there is a power jack, a mini-USB port (usable only by developers, not for the general public) and hands-free headset jack.  Another important feature of the Hiptop2 is the ability to easily view the screen even without a backlight. All units until the LX model had this feature. Most other manufacturers utilized an LCD screen that was not visible without backlight. Hiptop and Palm Treo units (Treo 600 and later) utilized a transflective liquid crystal display that worked with and without the backlight, making the IM, mail, and all other messages readable even in bright sunlight, and without picking the unit up.  The dimensions of the Hiptop2 are 133 mm x 64 mm x 21 mm.  On October 9, 2006, the Australian Hiptop2 was released through Telstra. The Australian version is practically the same as the Sidekick II in the U.S. but re-constructed for the Australian audience it has MSN Messenger built-in as the default messenger and Yahoo! Messenger which is downloadable from the catalog (the US version has Yahoo and AOL Instant Messenger).  There are also two limited edition variants of the T-Mobile USA Sidekick II: Juicy Couture Edition (Pink) and Mister Cartoon Edition (Black). These are different case colors with the same hardware and operating systems.

Hiptop3/T-Mobile Sidekick 3 (Danger/Sharp).

Released July 10, 2006, the Hiptop3 manufactured by Sharp was smaller than previous versions, measuring 130 mm wide x 59 mm high x 22 mm thick. All features, including the line-by-line scroll feature remained the same. Software remained basically the same, but with the addition of more applications.  The industrial design was changed as well as a new color scheme to a dark gray shell with silver trim and gloss black buttons. The scroll wheel was replaced by a multicolor LED-lit six-direction trackball replacing the D-pad as the indicator light. The keyboard was also changed to a rigid plastic keyboard differing from the rubber keyboard of previous models known to peel away from the unit (although easily replaceable).  New features were introduced including a removable 3.7v 1500 mAh battery, a miniSD slot capable of up to 2 GB of flash memory storage, a 1.3-megapixel camera capable of 1280 x 1024 resolution, an improvement from the sub-megapixel VGA 640 x 480 camera, and a built-in 1/16" audio jack for the newly included MP3 playback software. The MiniUSB functionality was changed from allowing access to the Hiptop's internal communications to only allowing access to the MiniSD card over a USB v1.1 port. The built-in storage allows for end-users to store files for.mp3,.wav, and.aac playback, camera, user customizable themes and other catalog application's uses.  The T-Mobile USA Sidekick 3 was made available in three limited edition models which only differed in cosmetic color changes:

T-Mobile Sidekick iD (Danger/Sharp).

The Sidekick iD is a smaller version of the Sidekick 3. It was released April 13, 2007. The Sidekick iD was aimed at younger, less affluent customers. To reduce the cost of the Sidekick iD, the creators, (Sharp), removed some of the features of the Sidekick 3, including the 1.3-megapixel camera, the Bluetooth capability, and its media player.  Although many of the "fun" features were taken out, Danger and Sharp did keep some of the features previously seen on the Sidekick 1, 2 and 3. This included the Sidekick-patented swivel screen, the hidden keyboard, and the trackball. However, a new feature were removable colored "bumpers", allowing the appearance of the Sidekick to be easily changed.

T-Mobile Sidekick LX (Danger/Sharp).

The Sidekick LX (PV-250) was released on October 17, 2007 for existing T-Mobile customers via the Internet and five special locations. A week later, on October 24, 2007, the LX was released to new T-Mobile subscribers. The Sidekick LX is available in two different colors, Midnight Blue and Espresso Brown. In addition to the two color selections, the LX includes a wider, higher-resolution screen, blue LED mood lights on all four corners which coordinate to the user's settings, downloadable music and backgrounds, a lighter weight, MMS messaging, and a Micro SD card slot with a 128 MB card included (over the Sidekick 3's 64 MB MiniSD card), and an updated operating system. On July 16, 2008, T-Mobile released a limited edition Tony Hawk Edition Sidekick LX, which includes video recording. Despite production models being made for testing, ultimately the LX was never released in Australia due to a lack of compatibility with Telstra's 3G 850Mhz network, however Telstra went ahead with selling the Slide after the Hiptop3; the Hiptop3 is now phased out. A Midnight Blue Sidekick LX was featured in the video game.  In late 2010, Mobilicity began selling the Sidekick LX 2009 as the Mobiflip. In early 2011, US regional carrier Cincinnati Bell began selling the Sidekick LX 2009 as the Sharp Jump.

Motorola Q700 (Sidekick Slide) (Danger/Motorola).

In Australia it is marketed as the Hiptop Slide and in the U.S. as the Sidekick Slide. It was first released on November 5, 2007, through Telstra in Australia. T-Mobile USA release followed two days later, on November 7, 2007.<ref name="Sidekick/Hiptop Slide and LX Release Date and Information"></ref> It was later released in the UK and Germany by T-Mobile (as opposed to the Sidekick LX only being released by T-Mobile USA). The Sidekick/Hiptop Slide offers the same features and services as every other Danger device and an update to Danger's latest OS version (4.0). Like the LX, this Sidekick for T-Mobile USA adds the Multimedia Messaging application and provides support for T-Mobile MyFaves plans.  The T-Mobile Sidekick Slide, although less expensive than the LX, provides various hardware upgrades. These upgrades include 128 MB RAM and 225 MHz TI OMAP 850 processor, as opposed to the Sidekick 3 and LX's 64 MB RAM and 200 MHz OMAP 331 processor, and a second speaker which is located on the back of the device, as opposed to the Hiptop 3 and LX's reliance on the D-pad speaker for both calls and music playback.<ref name="Sidekick/Hiptop Slide Hardware Specifications"></ref>  T-Mobile USA suspended sales of the Sidekick Slide on Friday evening, November 16, 2007, after Motorola confirmed that some devices inadvertently powered off when the slide door on the front side of the phone was opened or closed. Sidekick Slide owners that reported the power issue received a free exchange to a blue Sidekick LX with free express shipping.  On November 21, 2007, Motorola stated the failures were triggered by poor battery contacts; sliding the screen out to type on the keyboard sometimes loosened the contact and forced the device to shut off momentarily.  On December 6, 2007, the Sidekick Slide was once again available for purchase.  On May 16, 2008, a new version of the Sidekick Slide was released, named the Sidekick Slide Scarlet.  The Sidekick Slide was officially discontinued on August 8, 2008. It was available for sale again on December 12, 2008, however, T-Mobile has once again discontinued the Sidekick Slide.  On October 1, 2009, Telstra officially discontinued the Hiptop service plans and phones. All remaining customers who contracts are still under contract are not affected, however the service and phone is no longer available for sale, and will not be offered for sale again.

T-Mobile Sidekick 2008 (Danger/Sharp).

On August 1, 2008 T-Mobile released the Sidekick 2008 right before the Slide was discontinued. This has improved features such as a high resolution 2-megapixel camera and video functionality high quality AIM. It also went back to the swivel Qwerty design, including changeable face/backplates. The Sidekick 2008 is available only in certain T-mobile stores. The Sidekick 2008 features were reviewed by gizmodo, PC Magazine and in a cnet video review.

T-Mobile Sidekick LX 2009 (Danger/Sharp).

The 2009 edition of the Sidekick LX (PV-300), which was known during the development phase as the "Sidekick Blade" or the "Sidekick 2009", was released on May 13, 2009, after a pre-order period beginning on April 17.  The new handset supports 3G and HSDPA, and makes various changes to the hardware, including a 3.2 inch F-WVGA display with 854×480 resolution and a 3.2-megapixel camera with autofocus and flash. However, most of the known changes involve software and improved functionality for social networking applications. Support for Facebook, Twitter and MySpace is now native to the system, allowing the handset to pass along notifications in the status bar as it does with instant messaging, e-mail and so forth. YouTube streaming playback is also supported on the system through Flash light.  The Sidekick LX 2009 offered synchronization with Microsoft Outlook and Microsoft Exchange, through a download via the applications catalog. The highest-profile addition to the handset was Bing (then called "Live Search"), was added and integrated with the new GPS functionality; the mapping software previously relied on cell-tower triangulation (a far less accurate process). The application including turn-by-turn navigation

Danger platform discontinuation.

T-Mobile announced on July 2, 2010, that the Sidekick LX 09 and Sidekick 2008 would no longer be available through T-Mobile. Danger notified its development community via their Danger Developer Zone forums that it would no longer accept submissions for its application store, called the Download Catalog, on September 21, 2010. The development of applications for the Sidekick platform was also halted on September 21, 2010. This was followed by the closure of the Danger Developer Zone forums and related archives September 30, 2010. However the Canadian company Mobilicity later began selling the Sidekick LX (2009) under the name Mobiflip.

Mobilicity Mobiflip / Sharp Jump / Sharp PV300GR (Sharp).

While the T-Mobile Sidekick LX 2009 was no longer sold from July 2, 2010 onwards, modified versions of the device have been available for sale since. In Canada, carrier Mobilicity began selling the device under the name "Mobiflip" and the model number PV300G in late December 2010. In the United States, regional carrier Cincinnati Bell began selling the "Sharp Jump", model number PV300GC, in early 2011. Both devices have a modified version of the Danger OS installed, although any mention of Danger has been removed. This modified OS is independent of any backend service, and the original Danger Web browser, Instant Messaging and Email applications have been removed. The Web browser was replaced with Opera Mini whereas the Instant Messaging clients were replaced with one universal client which also allows the user to connect to an IM service through an XMPP server. There is no email client installed, and there is no Catalog service available.  The Mobiflip can be unlocked for voice service worldwide, but will not work for data due to the lack of an option to change the network APN. The Sharp Jump is different as it is possible to change the network APN, and will work with voice and data anywhere in the world provided the phone is unlocked and a compatible GSM or UMTS network is available.

T-Mobile Sidekick 4G (Android/Samsung).

In April 2011, T-Mobile revived the Sidekick brand for a new 4G HSPA+-compatible Android smartphone developed by Samsung, known as the Sidekick 4G, based on the Galaxy S. It incorporates features from the original series, including the keyboard, 3.2-megapixel camera (minus LED flash), and the four-button layout, and adds a new Android-powered interface incorporating elements from the Hiptop's operating system. It should not be confused for a Danger device, which these have no relation to besides the T-Mobile exclusive "Sidekick" branding.

Software.

The Hiptop operating system, referred to as DangerOS, is one of the only Java based operating systems. Even the device drivers were developed in Java. A large part of DangerOS' architecture will be used later to create the Android operating system. For Hiptop development, Danger has its own proprietary APIs, which are a subset of J2SE with their own extensions. Danger introduced support for Java ME, the Java language optimized for mobile devices, to its OS with the release of OS 2.3.  Each Sidekick had an IM client (with AIM, Yahoo Messenger, and MSN Messenger); an Email client with an included T-Mail account; a pre-installed game (Rockets and Rocks or Bob's Journey); an organizer with planner, a calendar, and calculator; a SMS and phone app; a Download Catalog (also called Download Fun Catalog); and a Communities app, which was where social networks were accessed. Devices released in Europe also had a WAP browser (Wapaka) developed by the French company Digital Airways.  A cloud service backed up all personal data like settings, planner, notes, calendar, photos and all contacts. It was accessible and also editable on a web interface. A factory reset or new device was able to restore all personal data by signing in with username and password.  To aid third-party software design, Danger has released a comprehensive software development kit (SDK) that contains a Hiptop simulator, development installation utilities, and Danger API information. The SDK is available without charge from Danger's development website.  There is no way to add applications to a standard Hiptop software on the device without the use of the Download Catalog.  Application developers can bypass this functionality by using the included programs in the Danger Hiptop SDK to install user-written applications to the Hiptop device directly. To do this, you must apply for a special software key known as a Danger Developer Key. The Danger Development Key is a special security certificate that is provided by Danger that enables the device to be used as a Development Device. This will allow the installation of user-written applications to the device, but will void any software warranty provided by Danger and/or your wireless carrier. Any applicable hardware warranties should still apply.  While DangerOS uses.jar files for applications, they are uploaded to the device in special files called "bundles". Bundle files have the extension '.bndl'. Each bundle file is linked to a specific operating system version and build number. For example, a bundle file for v3.4/155053 (T-Mobile Sidekick 3) would be denied installation on a v3.3/149695 device (T-Mobile Sidekick iD). Installation of bundles require a developer key to be installed on your device if you are using a Production OS. Internal OS builds do not require developer keys.  The Sidekick LX 2009 model runs DangerOS 5.0 which is based on NetBSD.

Data service outage 2009.

On October 2, 2009, Microsoft (the owner of Danger, Inc.) lost the ability to access user data for T-Mobile US Sidekick subscribers temporarily. Subscriber data loss included contacts, notes, calendars and photos. Some data was restored within 14 days of the outage, but most of the data was restored between October 8 and the end of November. Early reports stating T-Mobile and Microsoft had lost all customer data as a result of a server failure at Microsoft proved to be untrue.  Sidekick user data is stored at Danger facilities, under the ownership of Microsoft. Unsubstantiated reports suggest Microsoft vendor Hitachi, Danger's storage area network (SAN) provider may have had a part in the temporary data loss. Lawsuits against Microsoft claim that Microsoft had inadequate backups or an insufficient disaster recovery plan. Litigation against Microsoft and others is pending as of this writing.  As a result of the outage, T-Mobile suspended sales of all Sidekicks and Sidekick Data Plans until the outage was resolved. Sales and new activations resumed on November 16, 2009.

Danger cloud service discontinuation.

On February 28, 2011 Engadget reported Microsoft would discontinue Danger's cloud service on May 31, 2011. After that date, Sidekicks no longer had access to any data services, though voice service still functioned.  In Australia, the Telstra Hiptop service was continued for existing customers after May 31, 2011, when the T-Mobile USA Sidekick service was shut down. However, it was announced that the Hiptop service for Telstra customers was to be discontinued on October 4, 2011. Selected affected customers received a free Samsung Galaxy 551 to replace their Hiptop devices. After the Telstra shutdown, no known carriers worldwide offered any form of Danger data service.

Usage by the deaf and hard-of-hearing.

When the Hiptop/T-Mobile Sidekick was initially released in late 2002, it was the only cellular phone to factory integrate an instant messaging client, specifically AIM. This text-based communications medium, along with on-device email and a full QWERTY keyboard, made it popular with the Deaf community, providing a telecommunications tool for use both inside and outside the home. Almost immediately it began replacing the dominant wireless devices used by the Deaf at that time, namely the Motorola T-900, PageWriter, and TimePort, as well as the early RIM and BlackBerry e-mail pagers manufactured by Research In Motion.  The Hiptop/T-Mobile Sidekick's importance to the Deaf was further solidified in March 2003 when it became the first cellular phone capable of placing unassisted TDD and Relay Operator calls (see Telecommunications Relay Service) through the phone's web browser using a system developed by Jon B. Sharpe at Lormar Logic Company. Lormar Logic enhanced the TDD/Relay Operator system in August 2003 by developing a means for the deaf to place calls through AOL Instant Messenger.  MCI Relay followed two months later with a Relay Operator system accessible through telnet. MCI Relay and Hamilton Relay both released AOL Instant Messenger relay systems in July of the following year. By 2005, at least four Relay Operator providers (Hamilton, MCI, Sprint, Sorenson, and i711) were providing direct Relay Operator access from the Sidekick using either one of the instant messenger clients or through a free download from the Catalog, and two companies (Lormar Logic and i711) were providing direct TDD access. The software for these is provided at no additional charge in addition to the normal data plan. The free Lormar Logic service also provides the Deaf with direct encrypted calling to the United States Social Security Administration and the Internal Revenue Service. The i711 client provides extra services to the Deaf at an additional fee (such as AAA roadside services, and finding Open Captioned movies, etc.).  Access to direct TDD and relay operator communications has allowed the Hiptop/T-Mobile Sidekick and similar devices to, in many cases, replace the use of standard TDD machines, and its dominance is clearly illustrated by the evolution of its own sign in American Sign Language, made using both hands to mimic the opening of the rotating screen.  T-Mobile's decision to offer a "data only" wireless plan, thereby eliminating charges for unusable voice minutes, also played a role in the device's dominance in the deaf community. Additionally, some local deaf non-profit groups in the U.S. will either pay all or part of the cost of the device/monthly service fees for the user to keep them "connected". Other groups have set up discount programs, where Deaf users receive a discount on the cost of the device and monthly service fee based on the number of members in the group.

The Danger Hiptop, also re-branded as the T-Mobile Sidekick, Mobiflip and Sharp Jump is a GPRS/EDGE/UMTS smartphone that was produced by Danger, Inc. from 2002 to 2010.

T-Mobile Sidekick 4G je oblíbený smartphone vyvíjený společností Samsung ve spolupráci s mobilním operátorem T-Mobile. Jako první ze všech sidekicků tento běží na OS Android, verze 2.2.


Club career.

Edgar Malakyan is a graduate of the football school Pyunik Yerevan. Since 2008, he fully performed as part of the main team, being in the player base. Framework for action aimed at creating Malakyan attacking waves at the opponent. Possesses good dribbling, and knows how to play with a partner and take it to a rendezvous with the keeper. The first match in Pyunik happened in 2007. It was the only appearance Malakyan had in the team that season, which he spent in the double play in the First League. In the away match of the five round championship in 2010, against Banants Yerevan, he spent his 50th match in Pyunik in the Armenian Premier League. In that year, with the team they won the triple awards, winning the 2010 Armenian Premier League, the 2010 Armenian Cup and the 2010 Armenian Supercup.  In June 2012, Malakyan had signed a three-year contract with Viktoria Plzeň. Agents from Viktoria noticed Edgar's match of 2nd preliminary round of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League season, in which Viktoria won over Pyunik 4:0 and 5:1, Edgar showed himself to play well.  In the first league game against Hradec Králové on 29 July 2012, in which Victoria won 3-0 at home, Malakyan got injured. In the 3rd round of the 2012–13 Czech Cup on 26 September 2012 in a match against Chomutov, Malakyan came in when the score was a losing 1:2 and sharpend the game, gave the assists, and Victoria won 3-2. On 8 November, for his debut in the UEFA Europa League against Hapoel Tel Aviv, Malakyan came out on the field for 46 minutes. The match ended in favour of the players from Victoria 4-0.  In winter of 2013, he was loaned to another Czech club Dynamo České Budějovice.  In 2013–14, he was loaned to FC Banants. His performance there was so good that he decided to continue his career in Armenia permanently as he signed for Alashkert in 2015. After half a season, he was then traded to Shirak Gyumri, where he would finish relaunching his career in Armenia. Becoming team captain and having good performances in UEFA Europa League qualifying play offs, he was then bought by Ukrainian Stal Kamianske alongside his younger brother, Gor. Since signing for the Ukrainian Premier League side in 2016, Edgar became a regular starter, key squad member and team captain as well. This eventually lead to him being called up for the Armenian national team again after 5 years without playing for Armenia.

International career.

Malakyan debuted internationally on 1 August 2009 as part of the Armenia national football team in a friendly match against Moldova. He played in the first half, then was substituted by David Manoyan.  On 7 June 2011, Malakyan was the scorer of a double in the Armenia U21 youth team in a match against the Montenegro U21 youth team.

Honours.

Club.

Pyunik Yerevan

Edgar Malakyan (; born 22 September 1990) is an Armenian football player who currently plays as a midfielder for Shirak SC and the Armenian national team.

Edgar Malakjan (arménsky Էդգար Մալաքյան; * 22. září 1990, Jerevan) je arménský fotbalový záložník a reprezentant, od ledna 2015 působící v FC Širak. Mimo Arménii působil v Česku.


As a food source.

"Chlorella" is a food source because it is high in protein and other essential nutrients; when dried, it is about 45% protein, 20% fat, 20% carbohydrate, 5% fiber, and 10% minerals and vitamins. Mass-production methods are now being used to cultivate it in large man-made circular ponds. It is commonly used as a superfood and can be found as an ingredient in certain liquid-based cocktails.  When first harvested, "Chlorella" was suggested as an inexpensive protein supplement to the human diet. Advocates sometimes focus on other supposed health benefits of the algae, such as claims of weight control, cancer prevention, and immune system support. According to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific studies do not support its effectiveness for preventing or treating cancer or any other disease in humans".  Under certain growing conditions, "Chlorella" yields oils that are high in polyunsaturated fats—"Chlorella minutissima" has yielded eicosapentaenoic acid at 39.9% of total lipids.  Some companies producing Chlorella commercially as a human food include Solazyme and Allma.

History.

Following global fears of an uncontrollable human population boom during the late 1940s and the early 1950s, "Chlorella" was seen as a new and promising primary food source and as a possible solution to the then-current world hunger crisis. Many people during this time thought hunger would be an overwhelming problem and saw "Chlorella" as a way to end this crisis by providing large amounts of high-quality food for a relatively low cost.  Many institutions began to research the algae, including the Carnegie Institution, the Rockefeller Foundation, the NIH, UC Berkeley, the Atomic Energy Commission, and Stanford University. Following World War II, many Europeans were starving, and many Malthusians attributed this not only to the war, but also to the inability of the world to produce enough food to support the increasing population. According to a 1946 FAO report, the world would need to produce 25 to 35% more food in 1960 than in 1939 to keep up with the increasing population, while health improvements would require a 90 to 100% increase. Because meat was costly and energy-intensive to produce, protein shortages were also an issue. Increasing cultivated area alone would go only so far in providing adequate nutrition to the population. The USDA calculated that, to feed the U.S. population by 1975, it would have to add 200 million acres (800,000 km2) of land, but only 45 million were available. One way to combat national food shortages was to increase the land available for farmers, yet the American frontier and farm land had long since been extinguished in trade for expansion and urban life. Hopes rested solely on new agricultural techniques and technologies. Because of these circumstances, an alternative solution was needed.  To cope with the upcoming postwar population boom in the United States and elsewhere, researchers decided to tap into the unexploited sea resources. Initial testing by the Stanford Research Institute showed "Chlorella" (when growing in warm, sunny, shallow conditions) could convert 20% of solar energy into a plant that, when dried, contains 50% protein. In addition, "Chlorella" contains fat and vitamins. The plant's photosynthetic efficiency allows it to yield more protein per unit area than any plant—one scientist predicted 10,000 tons of protein a year could be produced with just 20 workers staffing a 1000-acre (4-km) "Chlorella" farm. The pilot research performed at Stanford and elsewhere led to immense press from journalists and newspapers, yet did not lead to large-scale algae production. "Chlorella" seemed like a viable option because of the technological advances in agriculture at the time and the widespread acclaim it got from experts and scientists who studied it. Algae researchers had even hoped to add a neutralized "Chlorella" powder to conventional food products, as a way to fortify them with vitamins and minerals.  When the preliminary laboratory results were published, the scientific community at first backed the possibilities of "Chlorella". "Science News Letter" praised the optimistic results in an article entitled "Algae to Feed the Starving". John Burlew, the editor of the Carnegie Institution of Washington book "Algal Culture-from Laboratory to Pilot Plant", stated, "the algae culture may fill a very real need," which "Science News Letter" turned into "future populations of the world will be kept from starving by the production of improved or educated algae related to the green scum on ponds." The cover of the magazine also featured Arthur D. Little's Cambridge laboratory, which was a supposed future food factory. A few years later, the magazine published an article entitled "Tomorrow's Dinner", which stated, "There is no doubt in the mind of scientists that the farms of the future will actually be factories." "Science Digest" also reported, "common pond scum would soon become the world's most important agricultural crop." However, in the decades since those claims were made, algae have not been cultivated on that large of a scale.

Current status.

Since the growing world food problem of the 1940s was solved by better crop efficiency and other advances in traditional agriculture, "Chlorella" has not seen the kind of public and scientific interest that it had in the 1940s. "Chlorella" has only a niche market for companies promoting it as a dietary supplement.

Production difficulties.

The experimental research was carried out in laboratories, rather than in the field, and scientists discovered that "Chlorella" would be much more difficult to produce than previously thought. To be practical, the algae grown would have to be placed either in artificial light or in shade to produce at its maximum photosynthetic efficiency. Also, for the "Chlorella" to be as productive as the world would require, it would have to be grown in carbonated water, which would have added millions to the production cost. A sophisticated process, and additional cost, was required to harvest the crop, and, for "Chlorella" to be a viable food source, its cell walls would have to be pulverized. The plant could reach its nutritional potential only in highly modified artificial situations. Another problem was developing sufficiently palatable food products from "Chlorella."  Although the production of "Chlorella" looked promising and involved creative technology, it has not to date been cultivated on the scale some had predicted. It has not been sold on the scale of "Spirulina", soybean products, or whole grains. Costs have remained high, and "Chlorella" has for the most part been sold as a health food, for cosmetics, or as animal feed. After a decade of experimentation, studies showed that following exposure to sunlight, "Chlorella" captured just 2.5% of the solar energy, not much better than conventional crops. "Chlorella", too, was found by scientists in the 1960s to be impossible for humans and other animals to digest in its natural state due to the tough cell walls encapsulating the nutrients, which presented further problems for its use in American food production.

Use in carbon dioxide reduction and oxygen production.

In 1965, the Russian CELSS experiment BIOS-3 determined that 8 m of exposed "Chlorella" could remove carbon dioxide and replace oxygen within the sealed environment for a single human. The algae were grown in vats underneath artificial light.

Alternative medicine.

"Chlorella" is consumed as a health supplement primarily in the United States and Canada and as a food supplement in Japan. Manufacturers of "Chlorella" products assert that it has a number of purported health effects, including an ability to treat cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific studies do not support its effectiveness for preventing or treating cancer or any other disease in humans".

Health concerns.

A 2002 study showed that "Chlorella" cell walls contain lipopolysaccharides, endotoxins found in Gram-negative bacteria that affect the immune system and may cause inflammation. However, more recent studies have found that the lipopolysaccharides in organisms other than Gram-negative bacteria, for example in cyanobacteria, are considerably different from the lipopolysaccharides in Gram-negative bacteria.

Aquaria.

"Chlorella" can be a nuisance organism in freshwater aquaria.

Chlorella is a genus of single-celled green algae belonging to the division Chlorophyta. It is spherical in shape, about 2 to 10 μm in diameter, and is without flagella. It contains the green photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll-a and -b in its chloroplast. In ideal conditions it multiplies rapidly, requiring only carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and a small amount of minerals to reproduce.

Chlorella je rod sladkovodních jednobuněčných řas známých od roku 1890. Popsal ji mikrobiolog M. W. Beijerinck. Organismy nerozeznatelné od "Chlorelly" (dnes označované za Acritarcha) žily na Zemi již v prekambriu před cca 1,5 miliardy lety. Název chlorella je odvozen od řeckého slova "chloros" = zelený a latinské přípony "ella" = malá. Chlorella v porovnání s ostatními rostlinami obsahuje vysoké množství chlorofylu.


Geography.

The town is situated on the road between Požega on one end and Valjevo on the other. The town is near the mountain tourist centres: Divčibare and Zlatibor. It lies at the foothill of Drmanovina and Crnokosa and from south Povlen and Maljen mountains.

Climate.

Kosjerić has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: "Dfb"), that's very close to an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: "Cfb").

History.

The exact date of the town's founding is unclear. Near the town archaeologists have found Roman and Serbian medieval relics, but it is believed that mass immigration occurred before the Serbian Revolution at the beginning of the nineteenth century with people from Montenegro, East Bosnia and the Western Serbian mountains Zlatibor and Tara.  This part of Serbia was under the rule of the Nemanjić dynasty until the Ottoman Empire seized control of the country in 1463. During the next two centuries roads were built and major development began linking the Adriatic Sea to western Serbia and to the east. Wars between Austria-Hungary and the Turks took a toll on the population numbers in Kosjerić.  It is thought that the oldest inhabitants of the town were from the family Kosijer. From legends it is said that Antonije Kosjer came from Kosijer in Montenegro and brought his three sons along with him. After that Jovan Baronim came from the village Bare and his sister accompanied him with seven sons. It is recorded that there was migration from the village of Divci and from Montenegrin Kolašin.  Rapid development began in 1882, but it was suppressed by the faster-growing communities of nearby bigger towns, Valjevo and Požega. Kosjerić reached the status of the town in 1966 and economic development after the completion of the Belgrade-Bar railway in 1972.

Demographics.

According to the 2011 census results, the municipality of Kosjerić has a population of 12,090 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups.

Ethnic composition of the municipality:

Settlements.

Aside from the town of Kosjerić, the municipality includes the following 27 settlements:

Economy.

Much of Kosjeríć's economy is based on agriculture and processing industry, with local cement factory being the key of economic development in past few decades. The cement factory is one of three Serbian cement factories and it has helped boost the economic prosperity not only for the town but for the whole region. In 2002, TITAN Group and the Serbian Privatization Agency signed an agreement for the transfer of 70% of the share capital of the Kosjerić Cement company, a deal worth $35.5 million. As of 2013, the production capacity of the Kosjerić cement plant was 750,000 tons. With modernization of production processes, the number of employees fell from 680 in 2002 to around 250 in 2013. Many of the town citizens are employed at the factory.  Due to its location and climate Kosjerić has a strong production of fruit and vegetables, most of which are plums and raspberries. The area is well known for its plum brandy (40–45% ABV; "ljuta rakija"). Other successful companies are: concrete pipelines manufacturer "Pim-Grad", electric equipment manufacturer "Elkok" and factories for the manufacture of concrete elements like "Kofeniks" and "Povlen".  The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):

Tourism.

Kosjerić has developing tourism industry. Kosjerić and the surrounding area are known for their fresh air and beautiful nature. High mountains, fields, wood and water wells surround the town and it is famous for country tourism and the production of healthy food. Fresh air and nice climate are very appropriate for different sports; hence Kosjerić became a famous sport center equipped with different types of sport fields on, sports hall with 700 stands, Olympic-sized pool and several football, basketball and handball playgrounds.  It has attracted many people from central Serbia for its famed festivals: "The Shepard Days" () which is held every July and "Days of Petar Lazić" () which is held every August. Also, every year an NGO called "K-Town Group" organize an international art camp "Kosjerić", which includes different art workshops with 50 participants from around the world. The development and reconstruction of the "Hotel Olympic" has also further helped increase tourist numbers.

Kosjeríć (; ) is a town and municipality located in the Zlatibor District of western Serbia. The municipality has a population of 12,090 inhabitants, but the town itself has 3,992. The municipality's area is, with 26 villages mostly placed in the river valleys, though there are also some settlements in the mountains at altitudes of more than.

Kosjerić (v srbské cyrilici Косјерић) je obec v Srbsku nacházející se v Zlatiborském okruhu. V roce 2000 mělo samotné město 3794 obyvatel, celá opština Kosjerić pak dohromady 15 478 (celkem 27 sídel). Obec se nachází na dopravní tepně Valjevo-Užice a železniční trati Bělehrad-Bar.


Preparation.

Sodium dithionate is produced by the oxidation of sodium bisulfite by manganese dioxide:  Alternatively, it can be prepared by the oxidation of sodium sulfite by the silver(I) cation:  Another method is via oxidation of sodium thiosulfate with chlorine:  And another method to produce sodium dithionate is treating sodium thiosulfate with sodium hypochlorite solution.

Structure.

The dithionate ion represents sulfur that is oxidized relative to elemental sulfur, but not totally oxidized. Sulfur can be reduced to sulfide or totally oxidized to sulfate, with numerous intermediate oxidation states in inorganic moieties, as well as organosulfur compounds. Example inorganic ions include sulfite and thiosulfate.  Sodium dithionate crystallize as orthorhombic crystals of the dihydrate (). The water of crystallization is lost when heated to 90 °C, and the structure becomes hexagonal.  Large single crystals of () have been grown and studied for pulsed lasing purposes (pico second spectroscopy) with great success by E. Haussühl and cols.

Properties.

Sodium dithionate is a very stable compound which is not oxidized by permanganate, dichromate or bromine. It can be oxidized to sulfate under strongly oxidizing conditions: these include boiling for one hour with 5 M sulfuric acid with an excess of potassium dichromate, or treating with an excess of hydrogen peroxide then boiling with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The Gibbs free energy change for the oxidation to sulfate is about −300 kJ/mol. In addition, the () anion is not a good reducing group. Therefore, it has been used to form single crystals of large cation complexes in high oxidation states without reduction of the metallic complex.

Sodium dithionate NaSO is an important compound for inorganic chemistry. It is also known under names disodium dithionate, sodium hyposulfate, and sodium metabisulfate. The sulfur can be considered to be in its +5 oxidation state.

Dithionan sodný je důležitá sloučenina pro anorganickou chemii. jeho vzorec je NaSO, kde jsou centrální atomy síry vázány přímo, bez kyslíkového můstku, přičemž každá síra je ve formálním mocenství VI., vzájemnou vazbou formálně sníženém o 1, tedy na V. Pozor na záměnu s dithioničitanem sodným, který je sloučeninou s velmi odlišnými vlastnostmi (na rozdíl od dithionanu má silné redukční vlastnosti), tato záměna se vyskytuje často, dokonce i v některých katalozích výrobců.