Early life and education.

Educated as a theologian, Ásgeir graduated with honours from the University of Iceland in Reykjavík in 1915, but was considered too young to be ordained as a minister. He married Dóra Þórhallsdóttir in 1917. Dóra was the daughter of Þórhallur Bjarnarson (1855-1916), 6th Bishop of Iceland (1908–1916). Her brother was Tryggvi Þórhallsson, who was the 5th Prime Minister of Iceland (1927–1932).

Political and business career.

Ásgeir was elected to the Althing in 1923 at the age of 29 for the Progressive Party. He spoke as the speaker of the Althing at Þingvellir on the occasion of the Althing's 1,000th anniversary celebrations in 1930, and became Minister of Finance in 1931 and Prime Minister in 1932. He left the Progressive Party in 1934, but stood for election as an independent for a while until he joined the Social Democratic Party, and remained in the Althing until he was elected president in 1952. From 1938 and until he was elected president, he was the director of Útvegsbanki Íslands, an Icelandic bank which later merged with three other banks and became Íslandsbanki (which later became Glitnir).

President of Iceland.

Ásgeir was elected the second President of Iceland in a closely contested election in 1952, which had been called upon early due to the death of Sveinn Björnsson, Iceland's first president. Ásgeir's main opponent, Bjarni Jónsson, minister in the Reykjavík Cathedral, had the endorsement of the governing parties in Iceland, the Independence Party and the Progressive Party. Still Ásgeir managed to receive 46.7% of the vote, compared to Bjarni's 44.1%. The third candidate, Gísli Sveinsson, a former MP for the Independence Party, got 6.0%.  Ásgeir was the first Icelandic president to go to Denmark on an official visit. He also visited Norway, Canada, the United States of America and Israel.  Ásgeir was re-elected unopposed in 1956, 1960, and 1964. Shortly after his fourth term started, his wife, Dóra, died from leukemia. In 1968, Ásgeir decided not to seek re-election. It was widely expected that his son-in-law, Gunnar Thoroddsen would be elected as his successor. However, even though Gunnar started as the frontrunner (according to opinion polls), he lost the election to Kristján Eldjárn.

Awards.

In 1955, Ásgeir was awarded the Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ("Sonderstufe des Großkreuzes des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland").

Ásgeir Ásgeirsson (; 13 May 1894 – 15 September 1972) was the second President of Iceland, from 1952 to 1968. He was a Freemason and served as Grandmaster of the Icelandic Order of Freemasons.

Ásgeir Ásgeirsson (13. května 1894 Kóranesi á Mýrum, Island – 15. září 1972 Reykjavík) byl islandský politik, druhý prezident Islandu. Prezidentský úřad zastával v letech 1952–1968. V letech 1932–1934 byl též premiérem.


Overview.

The London Group is composed of working artists. All forms of art are represented. The group functions democratically without dogma or style. It has a written constitution, annually elected officers, working committees and a selection committee. There are usually between 80 and 100 members and an annual fee is charged to cover gallery hire and organisational costs. The group has no permanent exhibition venue and rents gallery space in London, most recently at the Menier Gallery, Bankside Gallery and Cello Factory. New members are elected most years, from nominations made by current members.

History.

The London Group was founded in 1913, when the Camden Town Group came together with the English Vorticists and other independent artists to challenge the domination of the Royal Academy of Arts, which had become unadventurous and conservative.  The London Group emerged from a merger of the Fitzroy Street Group and the male-member-only Camden Town Group organization. Founding members included the patron-artist Ethel Sands, artist Anna Hope Hudson, Walter Sickert, Jacob Epstein, Wyndham Lewis, Robert Bevan and his wife Stanislawa de Karlowska, and Henri Gaudier-Brzeska. Other early female members included Marjorie Sherlock, Mary Godwin, and Ruth Doggett. Throughout its history, The London Group has held open submission exhibitions to encourage and support other artists struggling to get their work shown in public. The open submissions are shown along with the work of existing members and guest artists. The exhibition Uproar! celebrated the first 50 years of the London Group in 1963, and it highlighted the role played by women and emigre artists in its membership. In 2013–14, the Ben Uri Gallery celebrated The London Group's 100-year anniversary with an exhibition Uproar: The First 50 Years of The London Group 1913-1963 curated by Rachel Dickson and Sarah MacDougall.  One of the oldest standing artist-led organisations in the world, The London Group continues to exist today with over 80 members. In 2011, the open exhibition presented over 140 artists at the Cello Factory. The group celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2013 with several shows, both historical and contemporary.

The London Group is a society based in London, England, created to offer additional exhibiting opportunities to artists besides the Royal Academy of Arts. Formed in 1913, it is one of the oldest artist-led organisations in the world. It was formed from the merger of the Camden Town Group, an all-male group, and the Fitzroy Street Group. It holds open submission exhibitions for members and guest artists.

The London Group (Londýnská skupina) je společnost se sídlem v Londýně. Byla založena proto, aby vedle Královské akademie umění nabídla umělcům další výstavní příležitosti. Společnost zformovaná v roce 1913 je jednou z nejstarších uměleckých organizací na světě. Byla vytvořena fúzí Camden Town Group a Fitzroy Street Group. Pořádá otevřené výstavy pro členy a hostující umělce.


Plot.

Penny passes the auditions to enter the M.A.R.S. high school, one of the most exclusive performing arts schools in the world. The M.A.R.S. has strict rules and is very competitive, Penny and her schoolmates have to pass a daily test. But Penny is special, she has a secret that must keep over all: she is the daughter of Bakìa, one of the biggest pop stars of the moment, who has managed to make nobody know about her daughter by enrolling her in a boarding school in Switzerland so that she could have a "normal" childhood and not hinder her career.  Now Penny is growing up and wants to follow her dream: attending the M.A.R.S. together with Camilla, her best friend, and finally live like all the girls of her age. That's why she signs up for the M.A.R.S. with a fake name, she wants to test her talent and make it by herself without having to deal with her mother's cumbersome success.  The only one at the M.A.R.S. who knows her real identity is Camilla. They are like sisters and nothing can separate them, or that's what they thought until they fall in love with the same boy at school, the charming Sebastian. And while she follows her dream, Penny will also have a mystery to solve: finding out who her father is.

Production.

In April 2017, it was announced that The Walt Disney Company Italy planned to produce an English language spin-off from the successful series "Alex & Co." The start of shooting for the 17-part first season was planned for Autumn 2017. "Penny on M.A.R.S." was produced in English instead of Italian because it was believed that the series could be sold better internationally. The characters Penny, Camilla, Bakìa and Freddy Wolf from "Penny on M.A.R.S." had performances in the special episodes (the last episodes) of "Alex & Co.," in which the spin-off series was introduced. On June 29, 2017, the spin-off series after the last episode of "Alex & Co." was officially announced in a teaser, thereby also announcing the title "Penny on M.A.R.S.".  The first table read for the first season was on September 20, 2017. Shooting for the first season began on September 28, 2017 and ended on December 15, 2017. The shooting took place in Milan and the surrounding area. The backdrop of the Music Arts Reiner School (short M.A.R.S.) is the building of the design department of the Bovisa's headquarters of the Polytechnic University of Milan.

Soundtrack.

The first album from the series was released on May 4, 2016 in Italy. It contains the following list of songs:

Penny on M.A.R.S. is an English-language teen dramedy television series that premiered on Disney Channel Italy on May 7, 2018. The series is a spin-off of the Italian series "Alex & Co." The series is commissioned by 3Zero2 in cooperation with The Walt Disney Company Italy. The series premiered on June 4, 2018 on Disney Channel in the United Kingdom. On April 2018, the series was renewed for a second season. The second season began premiering on 18 February, 2019, in the United Kingdom.

Penny z M.A.R.Su (v italském originále Penny on M.A.R.S.) je italský anglicky mluvící rodinný seriál společnosti Walt Disney Company, který měl v Itálii premiéru 7. května 2018 na stanici Disney Channel. Seriál je spin-offem úspěšného italského seriálu "Alex & spol.", který byl v Itálii vysílán v letech 2015–2017.


Algorithm.

Briefly, the GLR algorithm works in a manner similar to the LR parser algorithm, except that, given a particular grammar, a GLR parser will process all possible interpretations of a given input in a breadth-first search. On the front-end, a GLR parser generator converts an input grammar into parser tables, in a manner similar to an LR generator. However, where LR parse tables allow for only one state transition (given a state and an input token), GLR parse tables allow for multiple transitions. In effect, GLR allows for shift/reduce and reduce/reduce conflicts.  When a conflicting transition is encountered, the parse stack is forked into two or more parallel parse stacks, where the state corresponding to each possible transition is at the top. Then, the next input token is read and used to determine the next transition(s) for each of the "top" states – and further forking can occur. If any given top state and input token do not result in at least one transition, then that "path" through the parse tables is invalid and can be discarded.  A crucial optimization allows sharing of common prefixes and suffixes of these stacks, which constrains the overall search space and memory usage required to parse input text. The complex structures that arise from this improvement make the search graph a directed acyclic graph (with additional restrictions on the "depths" of various nodes), rather than a tree.

Advantages.

Recognition using the GLR algorithm has the same worst-case time complexity as the CYK algorithm and Earley algorithm: "O"("n"). However, GLR carries two additional advantages:  In practice, the grammars of most programming languages are deterministic or "nearly deterministic", meaning that any nondeterminism is usually resolved within a small (though possibly unbounded) number of tokens. Compared to other algorithms capable of handling the full class of context-free grammars (such as Earley or CYK), the GLR algorithm gives better performance on these "nearly deterministic" grammars, because only a single stack will be active during the majority of the parsing process.  GLR can be combined with the LALR(1) algorithm, in a hybrid parser, allowing still higher performance.

A GLR parser (GLR standing for "Generalized LR", where L stands for "left-to-right" and R stands for "rightmost (derivation)") is an extension of an LR parser algorithm to handle non-deterministic and ambiguous grammars. The theoretical foundation was provided in a 1974 paper by Bernard Lang (along with other general Context-Free parsers such as GLL). It describes a systematic way to produce such algorithms, and provides uniform results regarding correctness proofs, complexity with respect to grammar classes, and optimization techniques. The first actual implementation of GLR was described in a 1984 paper by Masaru Tomita, it has also been referred to as a "parallel parser". Tomita presented five stages in his original work, though in practice it is the second stage that is recognized as the GLR parser.

GLR analyzátor nebo Tomitův analyzátor je metoda syntaktické analýzy pro bezkontextové gramatiky, která je zobecněním LR(k) metod. Zkratka GLR(k) znamená "zobecněný LR analyzátor" ().


Early life.

Born in Manly, New South Wales, in 1974, she and her family lived in France from 1978 until 1989, and she started ski racing while living there, at the ski resort of Morzine in the French Alps. Her parents had intended to stay for only 18 months, but they liked the lifestyle so much that they stayed. Her mother, Dr. Susan Steggall, documented these ten years in "Alpine Beach. A Family Adventure".  Steggall won European age championships at the age of 10 and 13, and was a member of the French junior skiing team at the age of 14. Steggall was educated for 18 months in Sydney at the Queenwood School for Girls following the family's return to Australia in 1989.  Steggall's grandfather Jack Steggall played ten Tests for Australia in rugby union; her father played rugby for Northern Suburbs, Manly Rugby Club and Manly Lifesavers; and her brother is Olympic snowboarder Zeke Steggall.

Skiing career.

Despite moving back to Australia, the Steggall siblings regularly travelled to the northern hemisphere to train. She was also sent overseas by the Australian Ski Institute to train under Austrian alpine coach Helmut Spiegl.  Steggall was selected to make her Olympic debut in Albertville in 1992, at the age of 17. She came 23rd out of 44 entries in the giant slalom event, and failed to finish the slalom or the combined event. At the 1994 Olympics in Lillehammer, the size of the field was scaled back. Steggall came 22nd out of 28 athletes in the slalom and 24th and last in the giant slalom. She withdrew from the super-G and was unplaced in the overall standings.  In December 1995, Steggall broke into the top 10 in a World Cup event for the first time, placing 10th in the slalom event at Sankt Anton. In January 1996, Steggall came fourth at the World Championships in Sestriere, Italy, missing bronze by just 0.04 s.  Steggall came into the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano as one of the medal favourites. Three months earlier, she had become the first Australian woman to win a World Cup event in alpine skiing, after winning the slalom event at Park City, Utah. She posted the fastest time in both of her runs to win by 0.76sec. She then came fifth, sixth and tenth in the next three World Cup events to be ranked sixth in the world. Steggall won a Europa Cup event at Piancavallo. She won Australia's first individual Winter Olympic medal with a bronze in slalom skiing at Nagano in 1998. Her time of 1 m 32.67 s was 0.27 s behind the winner. In December, Steggall placed second in a World Cup event at Mammoth Mountain, missing the gold medal by 0.01 s to Anja Pärson. She had earlier placed seventh at Park City.  Steggall's success prompted the Australian Olympic Committee to expand the Australian Ski Institute into the Olympic Winter Institute of Australia. It was given a million-dollar annual budget and for the first time, Australia had a federal government-funded full-time training program to accompany the Australian Institute of Sport. It operated in six sports and supported 37 athletes and resulted in an immediate upturn in results with numerous athletes going on to win gold for Australia across the winter sport disciplines.  In 1999, Steggall won the slalom event at the World Championships held in Vail, Colorado, in the United States. That was her last podium finish at global level. In February 2000, she came 10th at Aare, Sweden the last top-10 result in her career.  Her career ended at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. She failed to complete her first run and was eliminated.  Steggall was part of the Sydney Olympic torch relay in September 2000, carrying the Olympic flame along the pathway of Olympians in Manly and on the Manly ferry to Circular Quay. In 2004, she was part of the Athens Olympic torch relay, carrying the Olympic flame up the Sydney Harbour Bridge and handing over to Kieren Perkins.

Legal career.

Steggall retired from skiing in 2002. She completed a BA in communications and media studies from Griffith University and then studied law. She was admitted as a solicitor while working for her father's legal practice, Roper & Steggall, in Manly. She was then admitted to the NSW Bar as a barrister in 2008. Her principal areas of practice as a barrister have been family law, sports law, commercial law, real property law, local government and planning law, corporations and insolvency law, and equity. Steggall served as councillor to the NSW Bar Association and Chair of its Health, Sports and Recreation Committee from 2010 to 2013.  Steggall is currently an Independent Non-Executive Director, Olympic Winter Institute of Australia; Director, Sport Australia Hall of Fame; Member of the Australian Sports Anti Doping Agency (ASADA) Anti Doping Rule Violation Panel. She was appointed as arbitrator of Court of Arbitration for Sport in January 2017. She was one of the 12 world-wide arbitrators appointed to Ad Hoc Tribunal of CAS for the Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games.  Steggall serves on the Council of Governors, at Queenwood School for Girls, Mosman.

Politics.

On 27 January 2019, Steggall announced her candidacy as an independent in the Division of Warringah in the 2019 Australian federal election, running against former Australian Prime Minister and incumbent Liberal MP Tony Abbott on a platform advocating action on climate change, mental health and honest government.  During the campaign Steggall was the subject of an online smear campaign that targeted her Wikipedia page.  On 18 May 2019, during the 2019 Australian federal election, Steggall defeated Abbott, who had held Warringah since a 1994 by-election. Steggall won the seat with a two candidate preferred vote of 57.24%. Abbott went into the election holding Warringah on a seemingly insurmountable margin of 61 percent. However, he lost over 12 percent of his primary vote from 2016, and finished over 4,100 votes behind Steggall on the first preference count. Her victory marked the first time that this traditional blue-ribbon Liberal seat had been out of the hands of the Liberals or their predecessors since its formation in 1922.  Prior to the election, there were allegations that Steggall had connections to the political activist group GetUp! These claims were denied by Steggall.

Personal life.

Steggall was married to Olympic rower David Cameron from 1999 until their separation in 2006. They have two children from their marriage.  In 2007, her relationship with marketing executive Tim Irving was made public, and the couple became engaged in June 2008 and married later that year.

Honours.

Steggall received an Australian Sports Medal in 2000 and a Medal of the Order of Australia in 2007. She was inducted into the Australian Institute of Sport 'Best of the Best' in 2001 and the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 2004.

Zali Steggall (born 16 April 1974) is an Australian politician, lawyer and former Olympic athlete. She is Australia's most internationally successful alpine skier, winning a bronze medal in slalom at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, and a World Championship gold medal in 1999. In the Winter Olympics she is Australia's first individual medalist, first female medalist, and only medalist in alpine skiing. Steggall's Olympic career extended from Albertville in 1992 to Salt Lake City in 2002.

Zali Steggallová (* 16. dubna 1974 Sydney) je bývalá australská lyžařka. Její bratr Zeke Steggall závodil na snowboardu. V dětství žila s rodinou ve francouzském středisku zimních sportů Morzine a byla členkou francouzské juniorské reprezentace v alpském lyžování. V roce 1989 se vrátila do Austrálie.


Early life.

Hardy was born in Bournemouth, Dorset, and grew up in Sherborne. He attended Sherborne Abbey Primary School and the Gryphon School. As a student at Gryphon, Hardy starred as Sergeant Francis Troy in a school film adaptation of "Far from the Madding Crowd".

Career.

In 2012, Hardy starred as Arthur Wellesley in the David Hare play "The Judas Kiss", also featuring Rupert Everett. The production initially had a limited run at the Hampstead Theatre from September to October 2012 followed by a short tour to Bath, Richmond, Brighton and Cambridge before, after rave reviews, transferring to the West End's Duke of York's Theatre in January 2013. His role required him to perform full frontal nudity, which he later described as "incredibly nerve-racking."  On 19 April 2013, it was announced that Hardy would play Peter Beale in the long-running BBC soap opera "EastEnders", taking over from Thomas Law who portrayed the character from 2006 until 2010. Hardy said: "I'm really excited to be joining the fantastic cast of "EastEnders" – a show which my family have watched for years. I can't wait to step into the shoes of a character with so much history and am looking forward to getting stuck in." He made his first appearance on 7 June 2013. On 19 November 2014, it was announced that Hardy would leave the series. He made his final appearance on 24 February 2015.  Hardy made his film debut in Bryan Singer's superhero film "", released on 27 May 2016, co-starring as the winged mutant Archangel. He was subsequently cast as writer John William Polidori in Haifaa Al-Mansour's period romance film "Mary Shelley", opposite Elle Fanning and Douglas Booth. Hardy portrayed Granite Mountain Hotshots firefighter Wade Parker, who lost his life in the 2013 Yarnell Hill Fire, in Joseph Kosinski's action-drama "Only the Brave". The film, co-starring Josh Brolin and Miles Teller, was released on 22 September 2017.  In April 2018, he played the lead role of Walter Hartright in the BBC adaptation of the Wilkie Collins novel "The Woman in White".  Hardy played Queen drummer Roger Taylor in the 2018 biographical film "Bohemian Rhapsody", which earned him a nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture at the 25th Screen Actors Guild Awards.  In 2018, it was announced that Hardy was cast in the Netflix action thriller film "6 Underground", directed by Michael Bay. The film was released on 13 December 2019.

Ben Hardy (born Ben Jones; 2 January 1991) is an English actor. He is known for playing Peter Beale in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders" (2013–2015). Hardy made his film debut as Archangel in the superhero film "" (2016), and played Roger Taylor in the biographical film "Bohemian Rhapsody" (2018).

Ben Jones (* 2. ledna 1991 Bournemouth, Anglie), známý jako Ben Hardy je britský herec. Proslavil se rolemi Angela v akčním filmu a také ztvárnil bubeníka Rogera Taylora v životopisném filmu "Bohemian Rhapsody".


History.

Preparatory works for the dam started in 1974, with construction of roads and a support point at the Koda seasonal settlement. The design was performed by Hydroproject in 1976.  Construction of the power station started in 1980 but was suspended in 1994 due to the lack of financing. Work on the project resumed in 2005 when RAO UES (then owner of RusHydro) and Rusal agreed to develop the project jointly. Construction restarted in 2007. The first turbine was dispatched in 2008. The dam began to fill its reservoir in May 2012. The filling required relocating various small settlements and flooded the valleys of several tributaries, including the Koda river.  By August 2012 the first two turbines were installed. They later became operational on 15 October 2012. The third generator began operations later the same month and the fourth was commissioned on 13 January 2013.

Description.

The Boguchany Dam is a long dam of combined type, which includes reinforced concrete long gravity segment for power station building and long rock-fill segment with asphaltene-concrete diaphragm throughout all its length. The dam was equipped with ship lock until 2010, later it was closed and its former location was included in concrete gravity section.  The power station consists of nine Francis turbines with a capacity of 333 MW each. It generates 17.6 TWh of electricity per year. Turbines are manufactured by Power Machines. The power station is owned and operated by JSC Boguchanskaya GES, a joint venture of RusHydro and Rusal, who also built it. Energy from the plant is partly used by the Boguchany Aluminium Smelter.

Locale.

Main facilities of the dam are located on the Angara river, in Kodinsk gorge, 444 km upstream from the river mouth, and are surrounded by taiga. The Angara flows in latitudinal direction here, cutting through Cambrian and Ordovician sedimentary massif interspersed with diabase intrusions. The valley's width barely exceeds 1 mile here, with rocky asymmetric bluffs overhanging the riverstream. The region is potentially seismic, with up to 7 degrees MSK-64 earthquake chance (1 in 5000 years possible recurrence).  As it reaches the dam, The Angara's river basin area accounts for 831,000 km3. The river's supply is greatly dependent on the lake Baikal and superincumbent reservoirs of Irkutsk, Bratsk and Ust-Ilimsk dams. The Angara's discharge amounts to 16,210 m3/s.  The climatic conditions in the vicinity may be described as continental. Summers are short and warm, whilst winters are prolonged and severe. Annual average temperature ranges between −2,6 to −4,3 °С, with the average July high of +18,5 °С and the average January low of −27,4 °С.

Navigation conditions improvement.

In 2012, the present design of all dams on the Angara river doesn't allow passage of any ships. Additionally the river was not navigable within the section between Boguchany Dam and Ust-Ilimsk Dam. After its completion in 2012-2013 the reservoir of the Boguchany Dam will be long and will reach Ust-Ilimsk Dam upstream. It will flood the last section of the Angara channel, which was inaccessible for safe navigation because of shallow rapids in the river.  The downstream part of the river has a shallow channel too and stays unavailable for large seaworthy ships. According to various sources related to this subject, there are plans to build additional dams in the lower part of Angara river or, according to original soviet plans, to build one large hydro power plant in Yenisei River below its join with Angara. The latter variant presumes construction of the largest hydro power plant in Russia with an annual production of over 40 TWh.

The Boguchany Dam () is a large hydroelectric dam on the Angara River in Kodinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It has an installed capacity of 2,997 MW. Construction of the power plant was completed when a ninth and final generator was brought online in January 2015.

Bogučanská vodní elektrárna (rusky "Богучанская ГЭС") je vodní elektrárna na řece Angara v centrální části Sibiře. Byla vybudována jako čtvrtý stupeň angarské kaskády po Irkutské, Bratské a Usť-Ilimské elektrárně. Je pátou nejvýkonnější vodní elektrárnou v Rusku.


Definition and basic properties.

The MSE assesses the quality of a predictor (i.e., a function mapping arbitrary inputs to a sample of values of some random variable), or an estimator (i.e., a mathematical function mapping a sample of data to an estimate of a parameter of the population from which the data is sampled). The definition of an MSE differs according to whether one is describing a predictor or an estimator.

Predictor.

If a vector of formula_1 predictions is generated from a sample of "n" data points on all variables, and formula_2 is the vector of observed values of the variable being predicted, with formula_3 being the predicted values (e.g. as from a least-squares fit), then the within-sample MSE of the predictor is computed as  I.e., the MSE is the "mean" formula_5 of the "squares of the errors" formula_6. This is an easily computable quantity for a particular sample (and hence is sample-dependent).  The MSE can also be computed on "q "data points that were not used in estimating the model, either because they were held back for this purpose or because these data have been newly obtained. In this process, which is known as cross-validation, the MSE is often called the mean squared prediction error, and is computed as

Estimator.

The MSE of an estimator formula_8 with respect to an unknown parameter formula_9 is defined as  This definition depends on the unknown parameter, but the MSE is "a priori" a property of an estimator. The MSE could be a function of unknown parameters, in which case any "estimator" of the MSE based on estimates of these parameters would be a function of the data and thus a random variable. If the estimator formula_8 is derived as a sample statistic and is used to estimate some population parameter, then the expectation is with respect to the sampling distribution of the sample statistic.  The MSE can be written as the sum of the variance of the estimator and the squared bias of the estimator, providing a useful way to calculate the MSE and implying that in the case of unbiased estimators, the MSE and variance are equivalent.

Regression.

In regression analysis, plotting is a more natural way to view the overall trend of the whole data. The mean of the distance from each point to the predicted regression model can be calculated and shown as the mean squared error. The squaring is critical to reduce the complexity with negative signs. To minimize it, the model could be more accurate, which means the model is close enough to actual data. One example of a linear regression using this method is called least squares. This is the method to evaluate appropriateness of linear regression model to model bivariate dataset, but the limitation is related to known distribution of the data.  The term "mean squared error" is sometimes used to refer to the unbiased estimate of error variance: the residual sum of squares divided by the number of degrees of freedom. This definition for a known, computed quantity differs from the above definition for the computed MSE of a predictor in that a different denominator is used. The denominator is the sample size reduced by the number of model parameters estimated from the same data, "(n-p)" for "p" regressors or "(n-p-1)" if an intercept is used. For more details, see errors and residuals in statistics. Although the MSE (as defined in the present article) is not an unbiased estimator of the error variance, it is consistent, given the consistency of the predictor.  Also in regression analysis, "mean squared error", often referred to as mean squared prediction error or "out-of-sample mean squared error", can refer to the mean value of the squared deviations of the predictions from the true values, over an out-of-sample test space, generated by a model estimated over a particular sample space. This also is a known, computed quantity, and it varies by sample and by out-of-sample test space.

Examples.

Mean.

Suppose we have a random sample of size formula_1 from a population, formula_15. Suppose the sample units were chosen with replacement. That is, the formula_1 units are selected one at a time, and previously selected units are still eligible for selection for all formula_1 draws. The usual estimator for the formula_18 is the sample average  which has an expected value equal to the true mean formula_18 (so it is unbiased) and a mean squared error of  where formula_22 is the population variance.  For a Gaussian distribution this is the best unbiased estimator (that is, it has the lowest MSE among all unbiased estimators), but not, say, for a uniform distribution.

Variance.

The usual estimator for the variance is the "corrected sample variance:"  This is unbiased (its expected value is formula_22), hence also called the "unbiased sample variance," and its MSE is  where formula_26 is the fourth central moment of the distribution or population and formula_27 is the excess kurtosis.  However, one can use other estimators for formula_22 which are proportional to formula_29, and an appropriate choice can always give a lower mean squared error. If we define  then we calculate:  This is minimized when  For a Gaussian distribution, where formula_33, this means the MSE is minimized when dividing the sum by formula_34. The minimum excess kurtosis is formula_35, which is achieved by a Bernoulli distribution with "p" = 1/2 (a coin flip), and the MSE is minimized for formula_36 So no matter what the kurtosis, we get a "better" estimate (in the sense of having a lower MSE) by scaling down the unbiased estimator a little bit; this is a simple example of a shrinkage estimator: one "shrinks" the estimator towards zero (scales down the unbiased estimator).  Further, while the corrected sample variance is the best unbiased estimator (minimum mean squared error among unbiased estimators) of variance for Gaussian distributions, if the distribution is not Gaussian then even among unbiased estimators, the best unbiased estimator of the variance may not be formula_37

Gaussian distribution.

The following table gives several estimators of the true parameters of the population, μ and σ, for the Gaussian case.

Interpretation.

An MSE of zero, meaning that the estimator formula_8 predicts observations of the parameter formula_9 with perfect accuracy, is the ideal, but is typically not possible.  Values of MSE may be used for comparative purposes. Two or more statistical models may be compared using their MSEs as a measure of how well they explain a given set of observations: An unbiased estimator (estimated from a statistical model) with the smallest variance among all unbiased estimators is the best unbiased estimator or MVUE (Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator).  Both linear regression techniques such as analysis of variance estimate the MSE as part of the analysis and use the estimated MSE to determine the statistical significance of the factors or predictors under study. The goal of experimental design is to construct experiments in such a way that when the observations are analyzed, the MSE is close to zero relative to the magnitude of at least one of the estimated treatment effects.  In one-way analysis of variance, MSE can be calculated by the division of the sum of squared errors and the degree of freedom. Also, the f-value is the ratio of the mean squared treatment and the MSE.  MSE is also used in several stepwise regression techniques as part of the determination as to how many predictors from a candidate set to include in a model for a given set of observations.

Loss function.

Squared error loss is one of the most widely used loss functions in statistics, though its widespread use stems more from mathematical convenience than considerations of actual loss in applications. Carl Friedrich Gauss, who introduced the use of mean squared error, was aware of its arbitrariness and was in agreement with objections to it on these grounds. The mathematical benefits of mean squared error are particularly evident in its use at analyzing the performance of linear regression, as it allows one to partition the variation in a dataset into variation explained by the model and variation explained by randomness.

Criticism.

The use of mean squared error without question has been criticized by the decision theorist James Berger. Mean squared error is the negative of the expected value of one specific utility function, the quadratic utility function, which may not be the appropriate utility function to use under a given set of circumstances. There are, however, some scenarios where mean squared error can serve as a good approximation to a loss function occurring naturally in an application.  Like variance, mean squared error has the disadvantage of heavily weighting outliers. This is a result of the squaring of each term, which effectively weights large errors more heavily than small ones. This property, undesirable in many applications, has led researchers to use alternatives such as the mean absolute error, or those based on the median.

In statistics, the mean squared error (MSE) or mean squared deviation (MSD) of an estimator (of a procedure for estimating an unobserved quantity) measures the average of the squares of the errors—that is, the average squared difference between the estimated values and the actual value. MSE is a risk function, corresponding to the expected value of the squared error loss. The fact that MSE is almost always strictly positive (and not zero) is because of randomness or because the estimator does not account for information that could produce a more accurate estimate.

Střední kvadratická chyba (též MSE z anglického "mean squared error" anebo MSD z "mean squared deviation") je v matematické statistice veličina vyjadřující přesnost odhadů pomocí střední hodnoty druhých mocnin rozdílů mezi odhadem či měřením a skutečností. V praxi se pod tímto jménem používají dvě různé blízce příbuzné veličiny, a sice buď střední hodnota čtverce chyby (tedy rozptyl chyb), nebo odmocnina této střední hodnoty (tedy směrodatná odchylka chyb). V následujícím výkladu použijeme první možnost, protože vede k jednodušším vzorcům; druhou možnost bychom získali odmocněním zde uvedené veličiny. V každém případě platí, že čím je odhad přesnější, tím je střední kvadratická chyba menší.


History.

Background.

Complex studies to develop the Angara River began in 1930 as part of a large effort for economic development along the river. In 1935, the research stage of the study was complete and recommended a hydroelectric power plant at the top of the Angara for industrial consumption. In 1936, the State Plan of the USSR reviewed the results and determined that six hydroelectric power stations in a cascade should be built on the river, the Irkutsk being the first. After further studies, designs and authorizations, the project was approved in 1949.

Construction.

Construction on the Irkutsk HPS began in February 1950 and was conducted by Angaragesstroy with Anton Melnikonis managing. Andrey Efimovich Bochkin served as the Chief of Angaragesstroy and Sergey Nikandrovich Moiseyev was appointed Chief Engineer. At the time, such a large rock-fill dam was unprecedented in the world and brought difficulties in designing and construction. Earthquakes in the area could reach a magnitude of 8, so the dam needed to be earth-fill and packed firmly. In addition, the cold temperatures and flooding of the river made construction and concrete settling difficult. In June 1954, the foundation stone for the dam was laid and concrete pouring began soon after. On July 7, 1956, the river was cut off to allow the filling of the Irkutsk Dam's reservoir and on December 29 of that same year, its first generator began to produce electricity. By December 31, a second generator was operational.  Within seven years, the reservoir behind the dam was filled and it had raised Lake Baikal by. A total of 138,600 hectares of land were inundated by the reservoir, forcing 200 communities and 17,000 people to relocate. By 1958, the last two generators in the HPS were operational ahead of schedule and it was accepted by the state in 1959.

Power station.

The power station is contained in a long, wide and high reinforced concrete building. It consists of 8 generators, each rated at 82.8 MW, for a total of 662.4 MW. Since first operation, the station has produced 192 billion kWh of electricity and an average of 4.1 billion kWh a year. Power is supplied to the Irkutsk Aluminum Factory in Shelekhov and local areas for residential use. In 1993, a modernization and rehabilitation of the power station was authorized. The work includes replacing the stators on seven of the turbines and a complete replacement of generator No. 5. Relays, switches and transformers are also being replaced and the work is expected to be complete by 2010.

Soviet legacy.

After the HPS's first operation, G.M. Krzhizhanovsky, who wrote the Plan of Russian State Electrification Committee, exclaimed that "Start-up of the Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station is the great holiday for the Soviet power industry. The Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station opened a new epoch in development of electrification of the country." Another academic, A.V. Vinter, congratulated the construction team with "The old dream of the Soviet engineers came true: Baikal and Angara is a Siberian miracle, a pearl of the Soviet water-power engineering, and now it started working for the people." In 1960, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR, 349 workers, engineers and employees including Bochkin were awarded Hero of Socialist Labour medals for the outstanding success of the HPS.

The Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station (Irkutsk HPS) is a rock-fill dam on the Angara River with an adjacent hydroelectric power station. It is located adjacent to Irkutsk, Irkutsk Oblast in Russia and is the first dam on the Angara cascades. Construction on the dam began in 1950, its reservoir began filling in 1956 and its power plant was commissioned in 1956 as well. It was the first large hydroelectric power station constructed in Eastern Siberia and its completion was hailed by the Soviets as an engineering success.

Irkutská vodní elektrárna (rusky "Иркутская ГЭС") je vodní elektrárna na řece Angara v centrální části Sibiře. Byla vybudována jako první elektrárna na Angaře. Irkutská přehradní nádrž způsobila zvýšení hladiny Bajkalského jezera a tak vytvořila jednu z největších přehradních nádrží na světě. Svým výkonem vzhledem k poměrně nízkému spádu se výrazně liší od dalších děl na řece, každopádně ve své době byl její příspěvek 663 MW výrazným impulsem pro rozvoj Irkutské oblastí, tedy i k výstavbě dalších velikých elektráren, a to v pořadí podél toku Bratské, Usť-llimské a Bogučanské.


History.

The concept of nuclear pharmacy was first described in 1960 by Captain William H. Briner while at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland. Along with Mr. Briner, John E. Christian, who was a professor in the School of Pharmacy at Purdue University, had written articles and contributed in other ways to set the stage of nuclear pharmacy. William Briner started the NIH Radiopharmacy in 1958. John Christian and William Briner were both active on key national committees responsible for the development, regulation and utilization of radiopharmaceuticals. A technetium-99m generator was commercially available, followed by the availability of a number of Tc-99m based radiopharmaceuticals.  In the United States nuclear pharmacy was the first pharmacy specialty established in 1978 by the Board of Pharmacy Specialties.  Various models of production exist internationally. Institutional nuclear pharmacy is typically operated through large medical centers or hospitals while commercial centralized nuclear pharmacies provide their services to subscriber hospitals. They prepare and dispense radiopharmaceuticals as unit doses that are then delivered to the subscriber hospital by nuclear pharmacy personnel.

Operation.

A few basic steps are typically involved in technetium based preparations. First the active technetium is obtained from a radionuclide generator on site, which is then added to a non-radioactive kit containing the pharmaceutical component. Further steps may be required depending on the materials in question to ensure full binding of the two components. These procedures are usually carried out in a clean room or isolator to provide radiation shielding and sterile conditions.  For Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Fludeoxyglucose (F) is the most common radiopharmaceutical, with the radioactive component usually obtained from a cyclotron. The short half life of Fluorine-18 and many other PET isotopes necessitates rapid production. PET radiopharmaceuticals are now often produced by automated computer controlled systems to reduce complexity and radiation doses to staff.

Training and regulation.

Radiopharmacy is a heavily regulated field, as it combines several practices and fields which may come under the purview of multiple regulators and legislation. These include occupational exposure of staff to ionising radiation, preparation of medicines, patient exposure to ionising radiation, transport of radioactive materials, and environmental exposure to ionising radiation. Different regulations may cover the various stages involved in radiopharmacies, ranging from production of "cold" (non-radioactive) kits, to the marketing and distribution of final products.<ref name="STI/PUB/1342"></ref>  Staff working in nuclear pharmacies require extensive training on aspects of good manufacturing practice, radiation safety concerns and aseptic dispensing. In the United States an authorised nuclear pharmacist must be a fully qualified pharmacist with evidence of additional training and qualification in nuclear pharmacy practice. Several European Union directives cover radiopharmaceuticals as a special group of medicines, reflecting the wide range of types of producers and staff groups that may be involved. In the UK qualified pharmacists may be involved along with clinical scientists or technologists, with relevant training.

Nuclear pharmacy, also known as radiopharmacy, involves preparation of radioactive materials for patient administration that will be used to diagnose and treat specific diseases in nuclear medicine. It generally involves the practice of combining a radionuclide tracer with a pharmaceutical component that determines the biological localization in the patient. Radiopharmaceuticals are generally not designed to have a therapeutic effect themselves, but there is a risk to staff from radiation exposure and to patients from possible contamination in production. Due to these intersecting risks, nuclear pharmacy is a heavily regulated field. The majority of diagnostic nuclear medicine investigations are performed using technetium-99m.

Radiofarmaka (z latinského radius = paprsek a řeckého φάρμακον (farmakon = jed, droga, lék)) jsou uměle vytvořená léčiva obsahující jeden nebo více radionuklidů. Samotná molekula radiofarmaka se skládá z nosné sloučeniny (obvykle jednoduché, organické) a navázaného radionuklidu. Nosná sloučenina se obvykle naváže na tkáňové či buněčné struktury a radionuklid funguje jako signalizace polohy a množství dané sloučeniny v určitém místě.


History.

It was founded in 1896 and named Alexandrovsk () in honor of Tsar Alexander III. Other sources, however, state that the original name was Alexandrovsk-na-Murmane (), it was called so after Alexandra Fyodorovna, wife of Emperor Nicholas II, and did not become known as "Alexandrovsk" until later.  Town status was granted to it on, 1899. At the same time, Alexandrovsk became an uyezd town, for which reason Kolsky Uyezd was renamed Alexandrovsky.  On May 3, 1920, the Alexandrovskaya Volost Executive Committee divided the territory of the volost into six selsoviets, including Alexandrovsky Selsoviet with the administrative center in Alexandrovsk. However, the Murmansky Uyezd Executive Committee's did not approve the creation of all six selsoviets, with Alexandrovsky Selsoviet being one which did not get an approval.  On October 16, 1925—when the Murmansk Governorate Commission meeting initiated work on compiling the lists of the urban and rural localities—Murmansk, Alexandrovsk, and Kola were categorized as urban; however, a recommendation was sent to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) to demote the latter two to rural localities due to economic conditions, sparse population, low trade volume, lack of industrial enterprises, and "general regression". On January 9, 1926, the assembly of the town residents created Alexandrovsky Selsoviet and on March 15, 1926, when the VTsIK approved the recommendation to demote the towns, Alexandrovsk and Kola were re-categorized as rural localities. At the same time the name was unofficially changed to Alexandrovskoye ().  On January 12, 1931, the Third Congress of the Soviets of Alexandrovsky District issued a resolution, renaming the district "Polyarny"; at the same time the village of Alexandrovskoye was renamed Polyarnoye (). On March 5, 1931 the new name of the district was approved by the administrative commission of the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee, and on March 11, 1931—by its Presidium. While the Presidium of the VTsIK never officially gave a final approval for this renaming, "de facto" the name has changed.  In 1934, the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee unsuccessfully petitioned to grant town status to Polyarnoye and to rename it Krasnoflotsk. Town status, however, was not granted to Polyarnoye until September 19, 1939, when it was at the same time renamed Polyarny.  By the June 14, 1956 Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR, Polyarny was demoted in status to that of a town under district jurisdiction and subordinated to Polyarny District. By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of July 9, 1960, Polyarny District was abolished and the town of Polyarny was administratively subordinated to Severomorsk. Finally, by the June 17, 1983 Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Decree, the town was elevated in status to that of a town under oblast jurisdiction, and by the August 10, 1983 Decision of the Murmansk Oblast Executive Committee, several inhabited localities previously subordinated to Severomorsk were transferred to it.

Administrative and municipal status.

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Polyarny serves as the administrative center of the closed administrative-territorial formation of Alexandrovsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts—to which it is directly subordinated. Within the framework of municipal divisions, the town of Polyarny is a part of Alexandrovsk Urban Okrug.

Military.

Since the 1930s Polyarny has had naval significance. Russian Shipyard Number 10 ("Shkval") is located in Polyarny, and in the West is more often referred to by the name of the town than by its official name. As the first nuclear-powered submarines were delivered to the Northern Fleet at the end of the 1950s, the yard was modified for docking and repair of these vessels. As Soviet (and now Russian) naval nuclear vessels are decommissioned, they are laid up at Polyarny to await defuelling and disposal.

Honors.

In a presidential decree dated May 5, 2008, the town of Polyarny was awarded the title of City of Military Glory.

In popular culture.

In the Tom Clancy novel "The Hunt for Red October", the experimental Typhoon-class nuclear submarine "Red October" departs on her voyage from Polyarny.  In 2018 action thriller Hunter Killer, directed by Donovan Marsh, the main plot revolves around an attempted coup d'état against the Russian President in while he is visiting a major Russian base of naval operations in Polyarny.

Polyarny () is a town and the administrative center of the closed administrative-territorial formation of Alexandrovsk in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, situated on the outermost western side of the Kola Bay. Population:

Poljarnyj ( "Поля́рный", do roku 1931 Alexandrovsk, "Александровск") je město v Murmanské oblasti v Rusku. Z důvodu přítomnosti vojenské námořní základny patří město Poljarnyj mezi tzv. uzavřená města, tzn., že do města je vstup osob, které zde nemají trvalé bydliště, možný pouze s úřední propustkou.


Early life.

His parents were Nicolas and Aggeliki from Assia. He was the first of three children. Papadopoulos attended the Ayios Kassianos and Elenio primary schools in Nicosia and then the Pancyprian Gymnasium. His father's circle which included lawyers and judges, were influential on his future career and he went on to study law at King's College London before becoming a barrister-at-law through Gray's Inn.  His life in London would prove to be pivotal in his future political life. In the second year of his studies he lived with future politician Spyros Kyprianou and Lellos Demetriades (lawyer and future mayor of Nicosia) both of whom had started their political life by founding "EFEKA" (short for National Student Union of Cypriots in England).

Political career.

Papadopoulos returned to Cyprus on the 20th of March 1955, ten days before the start of EOKA's armed struggle against British colonialism. At first he joined EOKA and became regional chief of operations in Nicosia, whilst Polycarpos Yiorkadjis was held captive. Soon however, he became active in PEKA, the political arm of the EOKA guerilla organisation. In 1958, aged 24, he became PEKA's general secretary.  He took part in the London Conference in 1959 and was one of the two delegates (besides the AKEL delegates) who voted against the signing of the London and Zurich Agreements. He was also one of the four representatives of the Greek Cypriot side at the Constitutional Commission which drafted the Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus.

Ministerial appointments.

Following independence, aged 25 and to his own surprise he was appointed first as provisional Minister of Internal Affairs and soon afterwards as Minister of Labour. He was the youngest member of the new cabinet and remains the youngest minister to date to serve in a Cypriot government. For the following 12 years he served successively as Minister of the Interior, Minister of Finance, Minister of Labour and Social Insurance, Minister of Health and Minister of Agriculture and Natural Resources.

The United Party.

In 1969 he co-founded the Eniaion Komma (United Party) a party aligned to and supportive of Makarios. Glafcos Clerides became president whilst Papadopoulos remained vice-president of the party. At the Parliamentary elections held on 15 July 1970 he was elected member of the House of Representatives, standing as an Eniaion Party candidate for the Nicosia constituency. However, following a difference of opinion with the leader he later resigned from the party.

1974 Coup d'etat.

In 1974 Papadopoulos was imprisoned by the military forces responsible for the coup d'état. Belonging to Makarios' cabinet made him a prime target and he was rounded up in Famagusta where he was imprisoned. He was released on the evening before the first Turkish invasion of Cyprus.

Other roles.

He served as advisor to the first representative of the Greek Cypriot side in the intercommunal talks, Glafcos Clerides, until April 1976 and subsequently he took up that post himself, serving until July 1978. He represented Cyprus at many international conferences, particularly the annual congresses of the International Labour Organization (ILO). Furthermore he represented the Greek Cypriot community in many recourses by Cyprus filed at the United Nations and the Council of Europe.  Until his election he practised law in Nicosia.  Standing as an independent candidate, he was re-elected in the election of 5 September 1976. From July 22, to September 20, 1976 he served as President of the House of Representatives. In the 19 May 1991 parliamentary elections he was elected member of the House of Representatives, standing as a candidate for the Democratic Party in the Nicosia constituency. He was re-elected on 26 May 1996.

Democratic Party.

On 7 October 2000, he was elected unopposed as the President of the Democratic Party during the historic electoral congress at which the founder of the Party, Spyros Kyprianou, stood down. At the 27 May 2001 elections he was re-elected at the head of the Democratic Party ticket.  He was a member of the National Council, Chairman of the Standing Parliamentary Committee on European Affairs and member of the Committee on Selection and the Committee on Financial and Budgetary Affairs. He was also Co-chairman of the Joint Cyprus-EU Parliamentary Committee.

President of Cyprus.

He campaigned for the 2003 presidential election on a platform that he would be able to secure a better deal over the Cyprus dispute than the incumbent Glafcos Clerides. He was backed not by just his own party, Diko, but also the party of the Left AKEL and social democratic Kisos and even by many nationalist members of the Democratic Rally of which 61% of party members opposed the plan.  Papadopoulos assumed the Presidency on 28 February 2003 after winning a first round majority with 51.51% of the vote. Before the 2004 Annan Plan Referendum he urged Greek Cypriots to vote "No", declaring "I received a state. I will not deliver a community".  Papadopoulos was a candidate for a second term in office in the 2008 presidential election. In the first round, held on February 18, he placed third, slightly behind Dimitris Christofias and Ioannis Kasoulides with about 31.8% of the vote, and was therefore eliminated from the second round. He had enjoyed a slight advantage in opinion polls prior to the election and his elimination was regarded as a surprise. He promptly conceded defeat on the day of the election.

Family.

He was married to Fotini Georkadji, daughter of Anastasios G. Leventis and widow of assassinated politician Polykarpos Georkadjis, from 1972 until his death in 2008. Papadopoulos had been best man at his wife's first wedding.  They had two children, Nikolas and Anastasia, and Papadopoulos raised Fotini's older children Constantinos and Maria from her marriage to Polykarpos Georkadjis.

Death.

Tassos Papadopoulos died on December 12, 2008 at 13:05 pm of small cell lung carcinoma. He was a heavy smoker. Papadopoulos had been admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the Nicosia General Hospital on November 22 for the disease. The funeral took place on December 15, 2008 in Agia Sophia church in Nicosia.

2009 grave robbing.

On 11 December 2009, it was reported that thieves had dug up the grave and stolen the body of the former president. Republic of Cyprus President Dimitris Christofias described it as "sacrilege". On 8 March 2010, the body was discovered in a cemetery near the capital. The family expressed their relief and denied any ransom had been paid.  Cypriot police said DNA results obtained early on 9 March 2010 positively identified the corpse as Papadopoulos's, after a telephone tip-off led police to the body the previous night.

Efstathios "Tassos" Nikolaou Papadopoulos (; 7 January 1934 – 12 December 2008) was a Cypriot politician and barrister who served as the fifth President of Cyprus from February 28, 2003 to February 28, 2008.

Efstathios "Tassos" Nikolau Papadopulos, řecky Ευστάθιος (Τάσσος) Νικολάου Παπαδόπουλος (7. ledna 1934, Nikósie – 12. prosince 2008, Nikósie) byl kyperský politik. V letech 2003–2008 byl prezidentem Kypru.


History.

The band was formed when Welsh-born Matthew Hitt moved to New York City in 2011 to pursue a career in modelling. With a degree in English Literature, he found time to "write and jam on [his] guitar every day". He recruited three musicians and began rehearsing and recording the songs. Guitarist Jack Ridley is originally from the North West of the US while bass player Erik Snyder grew up outside Philadelphia. On February 4, 2013, Drowners released their first EP "Between Us Girls" on the English label Birthday Records. The EP contains three short songs, including "Long Hair", oft cited as the lead track.  The band signed with a Frenchkiss Records, and began to record their first studio album in May 2013. The album was produced by Gus Oberg and Johnny T, while recording took place over a three-week period.  The band headed to Europe for the first time in February 2014 in support of their album, to perform a small number of London shows (including an in-store performance at Rough Trade East), and were main support for Cage The Elephant on their European tour and main support for SKATERS on their UK tour. The band enlisted a number of drummers, including Joe Brodie, before settling on Daniel Jacobs.  The band opened shows for Arctic Monkeys, The Vaccines and Foals while undertaking their first headlining tour of North America and Europe in February/March 2014. They continue to tour and performed at the Coachella festival and played support to Temples. After two months of recording, the band had finalised their second album by Christmas 2015.  In June 2016, the band released the album "On Desire" to mixed reviews. It was produced by Claudius Mitterndorfer and preceded by the single "Cruel Ways".

Drowners are an American-Welsh indie rock band formed in New York City in 2011 by Matthew Hitt (lead vocals, guitar), Jack Ridley III (lead guitar), Erik Lee Snyder (bass) and Daniel Jacobs (drums). Their first release was the EP "Between Us Girls" which appeared in early 2013. In January 2014 their debut album "Drowners" was released worldwide preceded by the single "Luv, Hold Me Down". In 2016, the band released their second album "On Desire". The band has toured both North America and Europe.

Drowners je americko-velšská indie rocková skupina, která vznikla v New Yorku v roce 2011. Jejími členy jsou Matthew Hitt, Jack Ridley, Erik Lee Snyder a Daniel Jacobs. Jejich prvním počinem bylo EP "Between Us Girls," které bylo vydáno na počátku roku 2013. V lednu 2014 vydali své debutový album "Drowners" se singlem "Luv, Hold Me Down". V roce 2016 skupina vydala své druhé album "On Desire".


History.

This cipher was invented in 1586 by Blaise de Vigenère with a reciprocal table of ten alphabets. Vigenère's version used an agreed-upon letter of the alphabet as a primer, making the key by writing down that letter and then the rest of the message.  More popular autokeys use a tabula recta, a square with 26 copies of the alphabet, the first line starting with 'A', the next line starting with 'B' etc. Instead of a single letter, a short agreed-on keyword is used, and the key is generated by writing down the primer and then the rest of the message, as in Vigenère's version. To encrypt a plaintext, the row with the first letter of the message and the column with the first letter of the key are located. The letter in which the row and the column cross is the ciphertext letter.

Method.

The autokey cipher, as used by members of the American Cryptogram Association, starts with a relatively-short keyword, the "primer", and appends the message to it. If, for example, the keyword is "QUEENLY" and the message is "ATTACK AT DAWN", the key would be "QUEENLYATTACKATDAWN".  The ciphertext message would thus be "QNXEPVYTWTWP".  To decrypt the message, the recipient would start by writing down the agreed-on key again.  The first letter of the key, Q, would then be taken, and that row would be found in a tabula recta. That column for the first letter of the ciphertext would be looked across, also Q in this case, and the letter to the top would be retrieved, A. Now, that letter would be added to the end of the key:  Then, since the next letter in the key is U and the next letter in the ciphertext is N, the U row is looked across to find the N to retrieve T:  That continues until the entire key is reconstructed, when the primer can be removed from the start.

Cryptanalysis.

Autokey ciphers are somewhat more secure than polyalphabetic ciphers that use fixed keys since the key does not repeat within a single message. Therefore, methods like the Kasiski examination or index of coincidence analysis will not work on the ciphertext, unlike for similar ciphers that use a single repeated key.  A key weakness of the system, however, is that the plaintext is part of the key. That means that the key will likely contain common words at various points. The key can be attacked by using a dictionary of common words, bigrams, trigrams etc. and by attempting the decryption of the message by moving that word through the key until potentially-readable text appears.  Consider an example message "MEET AT THE FOUNTAIN" encrypted with the primer keyword "KILT": To start, the autokey would be constructed by placing the primer at the front of the message:  The message is then encrypted by using the key and the substitution alphabets, here a tabula recta:  The attacker receives only the ciphertext and can attack the text by selecting a word that is likely to appear in the plaintext. In this example, the attacker selects the word "THE" as a potential part of the original message and then attempts to decode it by placing THE at every possible location in the ciphertext:  In each case, the resulting plaintext appears almost random because the key is not aligned for most of the ciphertext. However, examining the results can suggest locations of the key being properly aligned. In those cases, the resulting decrypted text is potentially part of a word. In this example, it is highly unlikely that "DFL" is part of the original plaintext and so it is highly unlikely either that the first three letters of the key are THE. Examining the results, a number of fragments that are possibly words can be seen and others can be eliminated. Then, the plaintext fragments can be sorted in their order of likelihood:  A correct plaintext fragment is also going to appear in the key, shifted right by the length of the keyword. Similarly, the guessed key fragment ("THE") also appears in the plaintext shifted left. Thus, by guessing keyword lengths (probably between 3 and 12), more plaintext and key can be revealed.  Trying that with "OUN", possibly after wasting some time with the others, results in the following:  A shift of 4 can be seen to look good (both of the others have unlikely Qs) and so the revealed "ETA" can be shifted back by 4 into the plaintext:  A lot can be worked with now. The keyword is probably 4 characters long ("..LT"), and some of the message is visible:  Because the plaintext guesses have an effect on the key 4 characters to the left, feedback on correct and incorrect guesses is given. The gaps can quickly be filled in:  The ease of cryptanalysis is caused by the feedback from the relationship between plaintext and key. A three-character guess reveals six more characters, which then reveal further characters, creating a cascade effect. That allows incorrect guesses to be ruled out quickly.

An autokey cipher (also known as the autoclave cipher) is a cipher that incorporates the message (the plaintext) into the key. The key is generated from the message in some automated fashion, sometimes by selecting certain letters from the text or, more commonly, by adding a short "primer key" to the front of the message.

Autoklíčová šifra neboli autoklávová šifra je označení těch šifer, které dotvářejí svůj klíč na základě otevřeného textu. Základní podobu této šifry poprvé publikoval v roce 1586 Blaise de Vigenère jako vylepšení takzvané Vigenèrovy šifry. V jeho verzi tvořilo dohodnutou část klíče jediné písmeno a zbytek „klíče“ pro Vigenèrovu šifru byl utvořen doplněním otevřeného textu za dohodnuté písmeno.


History.

Anton Piëch, son of Ferdinand Piëch, former CEO of the Volkswagen Group and grandson of Ferdinand Porsche, founded the Swiss electric car manufacturer Piëch Automotive with industrial designer Rea Stark Rajcic.  Piëch Automotive presented their first model, the GT Mark Zero (or Mk0), at the 2019 Geneva International Motor Show.  The particularity of Piëch Automotive's engineering is its modular concept, which makes it possible to keep software and hardware components up to date, in order to keep up with developments and technical progress, so the powertrain is interchangeable, while maintaining the structure and bodywork of the vehicle. The entire vehicle concept is designed and engineered for lean manufacturing with external partners without vertically integrating any production in the company.

Mark Zero concept.

The Piëch Mark Zero GT, whose first sketches date back to 2017, was presented as a concept car at the Geneva Motor Show on March 5, 2019.

Design.

The car is a two-seater sports coupé in the contemporary style. The first models should be delivered in 2022 equipped with electric motors and a battery positioned on the central tunnel as far as the rear axle, for a weight of 1,800 kg. The Mark Zero will be able to accommodate thermal, hybrid or fuel cell powertrains thanks to its modular platform, which is planned to be used for an SUV and a "Piëch sedan" in a second phase.

Motorization.

The Mark Zero is equipped with three electric motors, a 150 kW asynchronous electric motor mounted on the front axle and two independent synchronous electric motors mounted on the rear axle of 150 kW each, providing a total power of 600 hp.  Piëch claims its innovative battery is 80% rechargeable in 4 min 40 s on a 380 kW fast terminal that has not yet been deployed in 2019, for a range of 500 km.

Reception.

The design of the new car concept was mainly evaluated positively. Klaus Schmidt for example, former sportscar developer of the BMW M GmbH, describes the design as "unique".

Piëch Automotive is an electric car manufacturer based in Zürich, Switzerland, founded in August 2017 by Anton "Toni" Piëch and Rea Stark Rajcic.

Piëch Automotive AG je švýcarská automobilka se sídlem v Curychu zaměřující se na čistě elektrické sportovní vozy založená v roce 2016 Antonem Piëchem, synem průmyslníka Ferdinanda Piëcha a podnikatelem a průmyslovým designérem Rea Stark Rajcic. Svůj první vůz automobilka plánuje představit na ženevském autosalonu 2019. Bude se jednat o dvoudveřové sportovní kupé Piëch Mark Zero. To by mělo dle měřícího cyklu WLTP být schopno na jedno nabití ujet až 500 km. Po uvedení kupé do výroby chce automobilka vyrábět též čtyřdveřový sedan a sportovní SUV.


Early life, education, and career.

Ponsonby was born in London the first son and third child of Edward, 8th Earl of Bessborough, and his wife, Blanche. Her father, Sir Josiah Guest, was a great-uncle of Sir Winston Churchill. Ponsonby attended Harrow School before going up to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1898, graduating three years later with a Bachelor of Arts degree. In 1903, he began a career in law, being called to the Bar at the Inner Temple. After his father succeeded as Earl of Bessborough in 1906, Ponsonby used the courtesy title of "Viscount Duncannon".  In 1907, the young Viscount Duncannon (as he then was) entered politics, being elected to a seat on the London County Council. He remained at that post until running in the January 1910 general election and winning a seat in the British House of Commons as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Cheltenham. He lost that seat in the election of 19 December that same year, but re-entered the Commons in 1913 as the MP for Dover. Lord Duncannon married Roberte de Neuflize on 25 June 1912. With her he had four children: Frederick, born 29 March 1913; Desmond, born 4 August 1915; Moyra, born 2 March 1918; and George, born 14 August 1931. Desmond, however, did not live past the age of 10, dying on 8 April 1925 from a riding accident, and George, who was born in Canada and given the middle name "St. Lawrence" (after the river), would also predecease his father on 16 May 1951.  By the following year, however, the First World War broke out and, whilst retaining his parliamentary seat, Lord Duncannon joined the army and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry. He was transferred on 11 November 1914 to the Suffolk Hussars (both units were part of the Territorial Force and were sent into action overseas), where he was later appointed captain and promoted to acting major. He served at Gallipoli in 1915 and, from 1916 to 1918, on the military staff in France. During his wartime service, he was mentioned in dispatches, awarded the "Croix de chevalier" of the French Legion of Honour, and appointed to the Italian Order of St Maurice and St Lazarus, the Belgian Order of Leopold II, Greece's Order of the Redeemer, as well as a Third Class Member of the Russian Order of St Anna. At the conclusion of the war, Lord Duncannon was appointed a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in the 1919 New Year Honours List. After the death of his father on 1 December 1920, he succeeded to the Irish earldom of Bessborough, requiring him to resign his seat in the House of Commons and enter the House of Lords. On 17 December, he applied to be Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Three Hundreds of Chiltern. The earl also pursued a successful business career, holding directorships in several large commercial firms, including acting as head of both the São Paulo Railway and the Margarine Union, as well as deputy chairman of De Beers Consolidated Mines.

Governor General of Canada.

It was announced in early 1931 that King George V had, by commission under the royal sign-manual and signet, appointed Lord Bessborough as his representative. This had been done on the recommendation of British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald, with input from Prime Minister of Canada Richard Bennett, and came as somewhat of a surprise, as Bessborough was the only businessman to have ever been appointed Governor General.  After being admitted into the Privy Council of the United Kingdom on 20 March 1931, Lord Bessborough travelled to Canada and was sworn in as Governor General on 4 April, in the midst of the Great Depression. In his ensuing travels as viceroy, Bessborough witnessed the struggles of Canadians during this period, and praised their tenacity; in Shawbridge, Quebec, he stated in a speech: "There is nothing more encouraging and cheering than the calm steady way Canadians have pursued their daily tasks during the difficult period with a supreme faith in the destiny of their country." As a sign of his sympathy with the majority of the populace, he gave up 10% of his salary. Despite the economic situation, Canada was gaining international stature and Lord Bessborough acted as host to the leaders who, in July 1932, converged on Ottawa for the Imperial Economic Conference. He also presided over the opening of the Welland Canal the same year. The Governor General welcomed a number of foreign dignitaries, including Prince Takamatsu and his wife, Princess Takamatsu; King Rama VII of Siam and his consort, Queen Ramphaiphanni; and Winston Churchill, then a British Member of Parliament. There were also a number of technological firsts that took place during Bessborough's tenure: his installation ceremony was the first to be broadcast by radio; in 1932, from the Governor General's study at Rideau Hall, he inaugurated the first trans-Canada telephone line by calling each of the lieutenant governors; and, as Governor-in-Council, he created the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (the CBC). Lord Bessborough was also the first Canadian viceroy to fly the new standard dedicated to that office, created in 1931.  Bessborough's time as Governor General coincided with the celebrations in May 1935 for the Silver Jubilee of the King's reign, part of which included his launching the King's Jubilee Cancer Fund with a radio broadcast from Rideau Hall, and also initiated a campaign to increase the membership of the Scouts. But the most prominent mark that Bessborough left on Canada was the Dominion Drama Festival, which was developed with the assistance of future Governor General Vincent Massey and Henry C. Osborne and first held in April 1933, and awarded the Bessborough Trophy to the best amateur theatrical company in the country.

Post-viceregal life.

After life in Canada, Lord Bessborough returned to London and to his businesses. His activities were not all business related; during the Second World War, Bessborough helped in the establishment of a department in the British Foreign Office dedicated to the welfare of French refugees in the United Kingdom.  In 1956, the Earl returned once more to Canada, staying at Rideau Hall as a guest of the then-Governor General, Vincent Massey, before he died the following year at the country house he purchased in 1924, Stansted House.

External links.

Vere Brabazon Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough (27 October 1880 – 10 March 1956) was an Anglo-Irish businessman and politician who served as Governor General of Canada, the 14th since Canadian Confederation.

Vere Brabazon Ponsonby, 9. hrabě z Bessborough ("Vere Brabazon Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough, 10th Viscount Duncannon, 10th Baron Bessborough, 9th Baron Ponsonby of Sysonby, 6th Baron Duncannon") (27. října 1880, Londýn, Anglie – 10. března 1956, Stoughton, Anglie) byl britský státník ze šlechtického rodu Ponsonbyů. Jako absolvent cambridgeské univerzity se zúčastnil první světové války, poté byl poslancem Dolní sněmovny, od roku 1920 zasedal ve Sněmovně lordů. V letech 1931-1935 byl generálním guvernérem v Kanadě.


Background and education.

A member of the prominent Ponsonby family of Cumberland, he was the eldest son of Frederick Ponsonby, 3rd Earl of Bessborough, and Lady Henrietta Frances, daughter of John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer. Sir Frederick Cavendish Ponsonby and William Ponsonby, 1st Baron de Mauley, were his younger brothers, while Lady Caroline Lamb was his younger sister. Ponsonby's mother was Lord Granville's lover prior to his marriage to Lady Harriet Cavendish, the Countess of Bessborough's niece. Lord Granville fathered two illegitimate children through her: Harriette Stewart and George Stewart. Lord Bessborough was educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford.

Political career.

He was First Commissioner of Woods and Forests under Lord Grey (1831–1834) and served under Lord Melbourne in that office (1835–1841), briefly as Home Secretary (1834), and as Lord Privy Seal (1835–1839). Later, he served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland under Lord John Russell from 1846 until his death on 16 May 1847. He was made a Privy Counsellor in 1831 and in 1834, ten years before he succeeded his father, he was created Baron Duncannon, of Bessborough in the County of Kilkenny. He was Lord Lieutenant of Kilkenny from November 1838 until his death.  His political career was hampered by a noted stammer, which made him a very reluctant public speaker: as Lord Duncannon he was unkindly nicknamed "Dumbcannon". In private on the other hand he was regarded as a valued colleague in Government, due largely to his ability to keep his head in a crisis. He was one of the so-called Committee of Four who drafted the Reform Act 1832.

Family.

John Ponsonby married Lady Maria Fane, daughter of John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland, and Sarah Anne Child, on 16 November 1805 at Berkeley Square, London. They had eight sons and six daughters. Their daughter Lady Emily Charlotte Mary remained unmarried but she wrote a number of novels which were published without attribution. Through his daughter Lady Augusta Gore, Bessborough was the grandfather of sportsman Spencer Gore, who won the first Wimbledon singles title in 1877, and the Rt. Rev. Charles Gore, the Bishop of Oxford.  Children of Lord and Lady Bessborough:  The Viscountess Duncannon died in March 1834, aged 46. Lord Bessborough survived her by thirteen years and died in May 1847, aged 65. He was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son, John, and subsequently by his younger sons Frederick and Walter. Bessborough Gardens in London is named after Lord Bessborough.

John William Ponsonby, 4th Earl of Bessborough, PC (31 August 1781 – 16 May 1847), known as Viscount Duncannon from 1793 to 1844, was a British Whig politician. He was notably Home Secretary in 1834 and served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland between 1846 and 1847, the first years of the Great Famine.

John William Ponsonby, 4. hrabě z Bessborough ("John William Ponsonby, 4th Earl of Bessborough, 5th Viscount Duncannon, 5th Baron Ponsonby, 4th Baron Ponsonby of Sysonby") (31. srpna 1781, Londýn, Anglie – 16. května 1847, Dublin, Irsko) byl britský státník ze šlechtického rodu Ponsonbyů. Od mládí byl dlouholetým poslancem Dolní sněmovny a předním řečníkem strany whigů. Několikrát byl členem vlády, například jako ministr vnitra (1834). Politickou kariéru završil jako místokrál v Irsku (1846-1847), v této funkci zemřel.


Career.

F. R. David began his career as Robert Fitoussi, a Tunisian-born singer-songwriter and guitarist with French garage band Les Trèfles. After one E.P., they mutated into Les Boots, but achieved very little commercial success. Adopting his new stage name, he went solo in 1967 and recorded some orchestral pop psych with Michel Colombier, including a version of The Beatles' "Strawberry Fields Forever" (Il Est Plus Facile). He enjoyed minor hits with the Éric Charden penned "Symphonie" and a cover of The Bee Gees' "Sir Geoffrey Saved the World", but this success did not last. He then created Aztec Records with Sonopress & Carrer and started producing with Michael Haubrich and they wrote and produced several groups. The first was called Cockpit, followed by David Cast, Doc & Prohibition Group, Ragga, Alain Maria, Freddy Meyer, and DD Daughterdydawn with Vangelis Papathanassiou. During the early 1970s, he formed the progressive rock group David Explosion but their one album was not a success. He worked with Vangelis for a while, appearing as vocalist on some of his early 1970s albums, and then joined French rock band Les Variations, appearing on their final album "Café De Paris" (1975), which featured an early rock-disco crossover "Superman, Superman". When the band broke up, he went solo again. His personal "trademarks" are his sunglasses and his guitar (a white Fender Stratocaster).  His most recognised song was his hit "Words" in 1982, which sold eight million records worldwide, topped various charts around Europe in late 1982, and reached No. 2 in the UK Singles Chart in spring 1983, covering a rival version by 1960s hitmakers The Tremeloes, and going on to becoming the 22nd best-selling single in the UK during 1983. The song appears in the Oscar-nominated film for Best Picture, "Call Me By Your Name". The song is a catchy, slightly plaintive synth-led mid-tempo ballad sung in a slender, high-pitched voice. F. R. David's voice is also heard on the 1974 45rpm single "Who" by Vangelis under the name 'Odyssey'.  In 1983, Thomas Anders covered F. R. David's song "Pick Up the Phone" in German. In 2007, Mr. Oizo of Ed Banger Records sampled the song "Don't Go" on his song "First Love", which features singer Uffie.  During the 1990s, he took time out from his own music career and focused on writing and composing for other well known artists. F. R. David released another album "Words – '99 Version" in 2000 which contained mostly covers. In 2009, he released the album "Numbers", which was in collaboration with other musicians and featured songs that F. R. David himself most preferred.  Between 2010 and 2011, he went on a national French tour of 52 concerts.

"F. R." David (born Elli Robert Fitoussi 1 January 1947, Menzel Bourguiba, Tunisia) is a Tunisian-born French singer. He is best known for his 1982 hit single "Words".

F. R. David (vlastním jménem Elli Robert Fitoussi; * 1. leden 1947, Menzel Bourguiba, Tunisko) je francouzský zpěvák tuniského původu.