Aircraft.

The aircraft was an 18-year-old Airbus A321-231, serial number 663. It first flew on 9 May 1997 and was delivered new to Middle East Airlines on 27 May 1997 with registration of F-OHMP. In 2003, it was leased by Onur Air and, beginning in 2007, it was subleased to Saudi Arabian Airlines and other carriers and was registered as TC-OAE. In April 2012, Kolavia acquired the aircraft with a new registration of EI-ETJ and transferred it to Kogalymavia in May.  At the time of the crash, the aircraft was owned by Dublin-based AerCap and leased to Kolavia. The aircraft had accumulated 56,000 flight hours on nearly 21,000 flights.  On 16 November 2001, while operating for Middle East Airlines as F-OHMP, the aircraft suffered a tailstrike while landing in Cairo. It was repaired and returned to service with the airline in 2002.

Passengers and crew.

Flight 9268 was carrying 217 passengers, of which 25 were children, plus seven crew members. The captain of the flight was Valery Yurievich Nemov and the first officer was Sergei Stanislavovich Trukhachev. According to the airline, captain Nemov had amassed more than 12,000 hours of flight time, including 3,800 hours on this aircraft type. First officer Trukhachev had 5,641 hours of flight time, including more than 1,300 hours on the aircraft type.  The Russian embassy confirmed that most of the passengers were Russian and the majority were female. There were also one Belarusian and four Ukrainian passengers on board. Most of the passengers were tourists returning from Red Sea resorts. The Association of Tour Operators of Russia released the passenger manifest of all those thought to have been on the flight. The majority of the passengers were from northwest Russia, including Saint Petersburg and the surrounding Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov oblasts. A great number of children were orphaned by the crash as many parents on the flight had left their children behind in Russia.

Crash.

Flight 9268 left Sharm El Sheikh airport at 05:50 EST (03:50 UTC) for Pulkovo Airport in Saint Petersburg, Russia, with 217 passengers and seven crew members on board. The aircraft failed to make contact with Cyprus Air Traffic Control 23 minutes later. Russia's Federal Air Transport Agency confirmed the flight had disappeared from radar tracking, but there was initial confusion about whether the aircraft had crashed.  The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant's Sinai Branch said that it brought down the airliner. Wassim Nasr, France 24’s expert on jihadi movements, said that the ISIL group has never claimed an attack they did not commit. Russian media outlets said that the pilot reported technical problems and had requested a landing at the nearest airport before the A321 went missing. This claim was disputed by other sources, including the Egyptian authorities and subsequent analysis of the flight recorder data confirmed that no distress or diversion request was given. The Egyptian Civilian Aviation Ministry issued a statement that indicated the flight was at an altitude of when it disappeared from radar screens after a steep descent of in one minute. Flightradar24 shows the aircraft climbing to at before suddenly descending to at approximately north east of Nekhel, after which its position was no longer tracked. A bomb exploded in the aircraft, causing uncontrolled decompression and the aircraft disintegrated in mid-air. All 224 passengers and crew died. Reuters quoted an unnamed security officer as saying that the aircraft had been completely destroyed. Wreckage was scattered over, with the forward section about from the tail, indicating that the aircraft had broken up during flight. Aerial images of the wreckage broadcast on RT indicated that the wings were intact until impact. The debris pattern, combined with an initial interpretation of the aircraft's abrupt changes in altitude and airspeed, reinforced the presumption that the aircraft's tail separated during flight and fell separately.

Response.

Unnamed Egyptian authorities indicated that the first parts of the wreckage had been located. Fifty ambulances were sent to the crash site near Housna, from Sharm El Sheikh. Unnamed Egyptian officials reported that the aircraft "split in two" and most bodies were found strapped to their seats. Initial reports indicated that voices of trapped passengers could be heard in a section of the crashed aircraft. At least 100 bodies were initially found, including at least five children.

Investigation.

Ayman al-Muqaddam, the head of the central air traffic accident authority in Egypt, was appointed to investigate the cause of the crash. In a statement on 31 October, he indicated that the pilot had made contact with the civil aviation authorities and asked to land at the nearest airport. He suggested the aircraft may have been attempting an emergency landing at El Arish International Airport in northern Sinai. On the same day, Egyptian Civil Aviation Minister Hossam Kamel said that air traffic control recordings did not show any distress calls, nor change of route requests by the pilots. The President of Egypt, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, said that a probe of the crash would take months. Furthermore, on 31 October the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated, providing for the humanitarian retasking of satellite assets.  The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations sent three of its aircraft to the crash site. The Investigative Committee of Russia also started a legal case against Kogalymavia under legislation regulating "violation of rules of flights and preparations." Kogalymavia's employees were also questioned, along with those of the Brisco tour agency that had chartered the flight. Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry promised to work closely with Russian officials and investigators to find the cause of the accident. The aircraft had passed technical checks before taking off. Investigators would also view the security camera footage. Soon after the crash, Russia's regional transport prosecutors determined that the quality of fuel on the aircraft met required standards.  The aviation accident investigation agencies BEA (France), BFU (Germany), and AAIU (Ireland) participated in the investigation as representatives for the state of the aircraft's design, manufacture, and registration respectively. The BEA sent two investigators, accompanied by six representatives from Airbus, to Egypt on 1 November. According to the BEA, they joined two investigators from the BFU and four investigators from the Interstate Aviation Committee, their Russian counterpart, representing the state of the aircraft's operator.  Both the flight data recorder and the cockpit voice recorder were recovered from the crash site on 1 November. Russian Transport Minister Maksim Sokolov and a team of specialist investigators arrived in Cairo to assist the Egyptian investigators in determining the cause of the crash. The flight data recorders were reported to be in good condition. On 4 November, Egypt's Civil Aviation Ministry Investigators reported that the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) was partially damaged and much work was required to extract data from it. The CVR indicated that everything was normal until a sudden disastrous event. An explosion or other sudden loud noise was heard very shortly before the recorder stopped recording.  The Egyptian search and rescue team had found 163 bodies by 1 November. As the search area widened, the Egyptian team found the body of a child about from the wreckage, indicating that the aircraft had broken up in mid-air, confirmed by Russian investigator Viktor Sorochenko.  An unnamed official quoted by Reuters said that Flight 9268's tail section separated from the main body of the fuselage and was burning, which could indicate an explosion. According to a senior US defence official speaking on 2 November, a US infrared satellite detected a heat flash at the time and place of the disaster, and the US intelligence community believed that it could have been an explosion on the aircraft, by either a fuel tank or a bomb and the satellite imagery also ruled out a missile attack. US Director of National Intelligence James Clapper said that there was not yet any "direct evidence of terrorist involvement". Some UK news outlets reported that an ISIL bomb was the most likely explanation for the crash.  Within a week of the crash, serious considerations were given to the notion that the plane had been intentionally brought down. The UK government said that in the light of further British intelligence, the crash "may well have been caused by an explosive device". British aviation experts travelled to Egypt to assess airport security; the UK government Cobra emergency committee, chaired by the Prime Minister, considered their findings. The BBC reported that the British government thinks the incident was probably caused by terrorism based on intercepted transmissions between militants based in Sinai. These transmissions suggest that a bomb was put in the hold prior to takeoff. Although the British have not ruled out a technical fault, the BBC reports that is "increasingly unlikely". Paul Adams, BBC world affairs correspondent, said that Prime Minister David Cameron's spokesperson left little doubt that the British government believed the aircraft was brought down by a bomb. Adams said that suspending flights both to and from a foreign country and insisting on your own technical experts assessing security demonstrated a lack of confidence in that country's own security measures. Security experts and investigators have said the aircraft is unlikely to have been struck from the outside and Sinai militants are not believed to have any missiles capable of striking an airliner at.  At the same time, flights began to be stopped from and to Sharm El Sheikh in Egypt, causing around 20,000 British tourists to be stranded.  European investigators had found that the cockpit voice recorder data is consistent with an explosion and the flight data recorder cuts off abruptly. On 8 November, Reuters quoted an unnamed Egyptian investigation team member, speaking anonymously because of the sensitivity of the investigation, who said he was "90% sure" the airliner was brought down by a bomb, based on an initial analysis of the last second of the cockpit voice recording. Lead investigator Ayman al-Muqaddam said that other causes, such as lithium batteries overheating, a fuel explosion, or metal fatigue in the structure, still needed to be definitively ruled out.  On 17 November 2015, the Russian security service chief Alexander Bortnikov announced that their investigation had concluded that a "terror act" brought down Metrojet Flight 9268 after traces of explosives were found in the wreckage. Spectral analysis was used among other methods to examine the substance found. According to Russian officials, an improvised explosive device with power equivalent to up to 1 kilogram of TNT brought down the flight. Russia offered a US$50 million reward for further information. Reuters reported that, according to security sources, two employees of Egypt's Sharm El Sheikh airport had been detained for questioning over the crash on suspicion of putting a bomb on board the flight. Egyptian authorities denied this.  On 18 November 2015, ISIL published pictures of what it claimed was the type of bomb in its "Dabiq" online magazine, claiming to show the three IED components including a Schweppes soda can containing the explosive charge, a military-grade detonator and switch. In the same month Russian Defense Minister Sergey Shoygu announced that the Sinai branch of ISIL was responsible for downing of the flight.  On 14 December 2015 the Egyptian committee investigating the crash issued a preliminary report. The leader of the committee said that it had so far found "no evidence that there is an act of terror or illegal intervention". In response to the statement by the investigating committee, Russian spokesman Dmitry Peskov re-iterated that "our experts concluded this was a terrorist attack".  On 29 January 2016 Reuters reported, from an unnamed source, that a mechanic had been detained and was suspected of planting a bomb, which he had been given by his cousin, who was a member of ISIS. Two policemen and a baggage-handler were suspected of helping the mechanic.  On 24 February 2016, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi acknowledged that terrorism caused the crash, saying, "Has terrorism ended? No... Whoever downed that plane, what did he want? Just to hit tourism? No. To hit relations. To hit relations with Russia."

Other hypotheses.

Tailstrike and maintenance hypotheses.

Airline officials have announced that they have ruled out mechanical failure, but investigators have still not made such a determination. Natalya Trukhacheva, the ex-wife of co-pilot Sergei Trukhachev, said in an interview with NTV that her ex-husband had complained to their daughter about the aircraft's technical state.  The aircraft involved in the crash had suffered a tailstrike while landing in Cairo fourteen years earlier. Some have drawn comparisons to Japan Airlines Flight 123, which crashed into a mountain in 1985, seven years after the aircraft had suffered a tailstrike while landing. Flight 123 suffered catastrophic damage in mid-air while climbing to its cruising altitude. The crash of Flight 123 was caused by an incorrect repair of the aircraft's tail section following the tailstrike, which left the rear pressure bulkhead of the airliner vulnerable to metal fatigue and ultimately resulted in explosive decompression. Reports on the wreckage of Flight 9268 have suggested that a "clear break" occurred near the plane's rear pressure bulkhead, possibly indicating failure of the bulkhead.  On 2 November, Metrojet spokesman Alexander Smirnov insisted that the aircraft was 100% airworthy and that its crew was "very experienced", showing certificates the airline had received in 2014, later adding that the tailstrike incident in Cairo had been fully repaired and the engines had been inspected on 26 October, five days before the crash.

Missile hypothesis.

In a report by UK newspaper "The Guardian", a missile attack was "deemed unlikely" but the report stated that several airlines would avoid flying over Sinai while the crash was under investigation. On 2 November, Metrojet spokesman Alexander Smirnov ruled out technical fault and pilot error as the cause of the crash and blamed an "external force". ISIL's Wilayah Sinai claimed the incident was in revenge for Russian air strikes against militants in Syria, where IS controls territories, along with contiguous Iraqi territories. Wilayah Sinai was said not to have access to surface-to-air missiles capable of hitting an aircraft at high altitude since man-portable air-defence systems (MANPADS) can rarely reach even half the cruising altitude of an airliner, but analysts could not exclude the possibility of a bomb on board the flight.  Egyptian Army spokesman Mohamed Samir rebutted the claims and pointed out that the investigation was ongoing. Russian Transport Minister Maksim Sokolov dismissed the claims as "fabrications" due to a lack of evidence from Egyptian civil aviation, from security officials and from air traffic data. James Clapper, United States Director of National Intelligence, said on 2 November that there was no evidence yet of terrorist involvement but that he would not rule it out. On the same day, a source on the committee analysing the flight recorders said he believed that the aircraft was not struck from the outside and that the pilot did not make a distress signal before it disappeared from radar. He based his comments on the preliminary investigation of both flight recorders.

Disruption to air traffic.

All flights due to leave Sharm El Sheikh for Britain were delayed as a "precautionary measure" to allow experts to assess security. Emirates, Lufthansa and Air France–KLM announced they would avoid overflying the Sinai peninsula until the cause of the accident has been determined. The United States' Federal Aviation Administration had previously told carriers under its jurisdiction to operate above FL260 (26,000 feet [7,900 m]) while flying over Sinai. Germany's Luftfahrt-Bundesamt had told its airlines the same thing. Air Arabia, Flydubai and British Airways also stopped their flights over the Sinai Peninsula in response to the crash. The latter stated that they planned to continue flights over Sinai, although the intended alternative route was not announced. EasyJet initially stated that they would not halt their flights to and from Sharm El Sheikh and Hurghada, but would actively review them; passengers who opted not to fly the route would be re-booked on another flight or given a flight voucher.  On 4 November, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) changed their travel advice to advise against all but essential travel by air to Sharm El Sheikh. As a result, all British flights to and from the resort were cancelled from 4 November. On the same day, the Irish Aviation Authority (IAA) issued an order to all Irish airline operators not to operate to or from Sharm el‐Sheikh or fly over the Sinai Peninsula until further notice.  The decisions on 4 November by the British and Irish authorities to ground flights to and from Sharm El Sheikh came within minutes of each other. Patrick McLoughlin – UK Secretary of State for Transport – told Parliament that Ireland had investigators from the Air Accident Investigation Unit (AAIU) on the ground in Egypt reporting back to the Irish government, and the British and Irish governments have close security co-operation.  On the morning of 5 November Air France-KLM announced that it would not allow hold baggage on its flight out from Cairo that day; over half of the booked passengers refused to fly. There were an estimated 20,000 British citizens in Sharm El Sheikh on 5 November, almost half of whom were on holiday and stranded by the cancellation of flights. Flights to the UK were allowed again from 6 November, to enable people to travel home, but with restrictions and increased security measures. Passengers were permitted to travel home with only hand luggage, with hold luggage to be returned following a more stringent screening process. British officials at the airport provided extra security and approved aircraft as safe to travel.  Russian President Vladimir Putin announced on 6 November that all Russian flights to and from Egypt were cancelled. Most British airlines serving the resort sent repatriation flights out to the resort to bring stranded British tourists back to the United Kingdom. On the afternoon of 6 November, Egyptian authorities placed restrictions on the number of flights due to overcrowding in the terminals; as a result, only eight of the planned 29 repatriation flights were able to leave on the day with various flights forced to divert or return to the UK whilst in the air.  By 8 November about 11,000 Russian tourists and about 5,300 British tourists had been flown back from the resort.  On 9 November, British airlines announced that all flights to the resort had been cancelled until at least 25 November. The British government and head of Emirates Airlines stated that airport security throughout the Middle East could be significantly overhauled as a result of the bombing. By 15 November, 16,000 British tourists had been flown back from the resort since the suspension of flights.

Aftermath.

In March 2016, Metrojet filed for bankruptcy as a result of the bombing of Flight 9268 and the security situation in Egypt, both of which resulted in a subsequent fall in passenger numbers.  On 12 April 2018, flights between Russia and Egypt finally resumed. The flights, which are operated by both Aeroflot and EgyptAir, currently operate only between Moscow and Cairo.

International reactions.

Russia.

On 1 November 2015, the Government of Russia grounded all the A321 aircraft flown by Kogalymavia. The Russian news agency Interfax reported that the Russian transport regulator, Rostransnadzor, had requested Kogalymavia to stop flying its A321 aircraft until the cause(s) of the crash had been identified.  Maria Zakharova, a spokeswoman for the Russian Foreign Ministry, stated that the Russian Embassy was following the events. President Putin declared 1 November to be a national day of mourning in Russia.  Dmitry Kiselyov blamed the crash on an alleged secret pact between America and ISIL.  Initially representatives of the Russian government claimed that "there is not the slightest evidence" for a terrorist attack and especially denied any links between the crash and Russian intervention in Syria. On 17 November Russia's security chief said the cause of the attack was an act of terror, and the Russian Government offered a US$50 million reward for any information that leads to the arrest of the perpetrators.

Egypt.

Egyptian Prime Minister Sherif Ismail cancelled his meetings upon hearing news of the crash. Hours after the crash, he was on his way to the crash site along with other ministers on a private jet, according to the Tourism Ministry.

Ireland.

The Republic of Ireland, as the state of aircraft registry, made an offer of assistance which was accepted by the Egyptian accident investigation authorities for the Irish Air Accident Investigation Unit (AAIU) of the Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport to send a team consisting of an Operations/Pilot Inspector, an Engineering Inspector and a Regulatory/Operations Adviser from the Irish Aviation Authority (IAA) to assist in the investigation. The team flew out on an Irish military aircraft on 2 November.

Israel.

Israel, which borders the Sinai peninsula, offered to assist Russia and Egypt with surveillance if needed.

Ukraine.

In April 2018, Ukrainian foreign minister Pavlo Klimkin visited Cairo to discuss the bombing, and its effects. Since the travel ban had been lifted earlier the same year, Ukraine International Airlines launched direct flights between Kiev and Cairo on 9 April, though there are claims that the airline only resumed flights.

United Kingdom.

On 4 November British intelligence agencies became involved in the investigation. The UK government sent extra consular staff and half a dozen military planners to Egypt. Egyptian President al-Sisi met then British Prime Minister Cameron in London. At a joint press conference with Cameron, President Sisi said Egypt would co-operate on improved security measures at Sharm El Sheikh airport. Cameron and Russian President Putin also discussed the investigation into the crash. On 5 November, the government sent diplomatic staff including British embassy staff and FCO Rapid Deployment Teams to Sharm El Sheikh airport to help British nationals home.  Less than a week after the crash, the UK banned flights into Sharm El-Sheikh airport and this restriction is still in effect as of May 2019. As of 5 November 2017, the UK government was also advising against "all but essential" travel to the South Sinai "with the exception of the area within the Sharm el Sheikh perimeter barrier, which includes the airport and the areas of Sharm el Maya, Hadaba, Naama Bay, Sharks Bay and Nabq". Since flights from other countries were continuing, the UK government reminded its citizens of its ongoing recommendation against all but essential travel by air to or from Sharm el Sheikh.

United States.

US President Barack Obama stated, on 5 November, that the US government was taking the incident "very seriously", knowing there was a possibility that there had been a bomb on board the flight.

Airbus.

Airbus announced they would issue more information when it became available. They also released a statement on their website confirming the aircraft's MSN and engine configuration.

"Charlie Hebdo".

On 6 November, the French satirical weekly magazine "Charlie Hebdo" published cartoons referring to the tragedy, one with pieces of an aircraft falling on an ISIL fighter with the caption: "Russia's air force intensifies its bombing." The cartoon was considered offensive in Russia and a spokesman for President Vladimir Putin called the artwork "sacrilege", and members of the State Duma called for the magazine to be banned as extremist literature and demanded an apology from the French government.  On 12 November, the magazine published another cartoon, on its cover, equating the crash with a sex act, with a caption reading: "Crash in the Sinai: finally the sex tape." The cartoon again caused consternation in Russia. In response the Russian Ministry of Defence published cartoons on its television channel Zvezda and its website, one of which showed magazine editor Gérard Biard laughing at the magazine and saying: "Laughter extends life", with the figure of the grim reaper at his side commenting: "Not in your case, Gérard. Not in your case."

In popular culture.

The events of Metrojet Flight 9268 were featured in "Terror Over Egypt", (Season 17, Episode 8) in the Canadian TV series "Mayday", also marketed as "Air Disasters".

References.

Informational notes Citations

Metrojet Flight 9268 was an international chartered passenger flight, operated by Russian airline Kogalymavia (branded as Metrojet). On 31 October 2015 at 06:13 local time EST (04:13 UTC), an Airbus A321-231 operating the flight was destroyed by a bomb above the northern Sinai following its departure from Sharm El Sheikh International Airport, Egypt, en route to Pulkovo Airport, Saint Petersburg, Russia. All 224 passengers and crew who were on board were killed. The cause of the crash was most likely an onboard explosive device as concluded by Russian investigators.

Let Metrojet 9268 ruské letecké společnosti Metrojet (do roku 2011 známé pod názvem Kogalymavia) se po startu z mezinárodního letiště v Šarm aš-Šajchu zřítil na Sinaji. Na palubě Airbusu A321 letělo 217 cestujících a sedm členů posádky. Příčinou havárie byl výbuch bomby na palubě letadla.


Biography.

"Four Depressive Seasons", "Submit" and "There's Something Rotten..." (1992–1997).

In early 1991, Illdisposed was formed and soon released their first demo entitled "The Winter of Our Discontempt", this demo brought the band a deal with Nuclear Blast Records. In the end of 1992, the band contributed with the track "Reversed" to the compilation "Fuck You, We're from Denmark", released by Progress Red Labels, followed by 1993's debut album "Four Depressive Seasons", and in December 1993 toured in Europe as support for Wargasm and Sinister. In 1994 guitarist Hans Wagnerwas fired, due to problems with alcoholism, is temporarily replaced by Morten Gilsted. In 1994 The first EP "Return from tomorrow" was released. In early 1995, drummer Lars Hald assumed for some live concerts, the second studio album "Submit" was released with new drummer Rolf Rognvard-Hansen, previously had been guitarist for Caustic from Esbjerg. During the tour in Germany to promote the album, guitarist Lasse Bak played several concerts naked. "There's Something Rotten... In the State of Denmark" is the third studio album, and was released in 1997. This album marked the departure of guitarist Morten Gilsted replaced by ex-roadie Tore Mogensen. While recording the album, the band was featured in the documentary "Headbang i Hovedlandet" alongside future member Jakob 'Batten' Hansen's band Infernal Torment in 1997.

"Retro" and "Kokaiinum" (1998–2002).

In 2000, Illdisposed released the tribute album "Retro", with covers of bands such as Carcass, Autopsy, Darkthrone, Venom, Motörhead, and AC/DC. It was the first album to feature guitarist Jakob "Batten" Hansen, who joined the band in 1999, after Lasse Bak's brother Ronnie Bak had left. This was followed by their fourth album Kokaiinum in 2001, which featured original songs only. The song "Fear Bill Gates" was only one example for the band's lively sense of humor. Kokaiinum sometimes fused more melodic elements in the music, but still retained the groove/death metal style, that the band was known for.

From "1-800 Vindication" to "To Those Who Walk Behind Us" (2003-2009).

The band went on short hiatus because Bo needed time to cure his alcoholism. In 2003, they went back together, to release the "Demo 2003" EP, which already included some songs from the upcoming album 1-800 Vindication, those were "Jeff" and "Dark". The band had found new members in Thomas "Muskelbux" Jensen on drums and Jonas "Kloge" Mikkelsen on bass. Tore Mogensen left the band during that time and started working at TC Electronics, while Jakob "Batten" Hansen switched from bass to lead guitar. In 2004, 1-800 Vindication was released. It was the band's most successful album, released on Roadrunner Records. The song "Still Sane" was released as a single and a video was shot for it by Lasse Hoile, who also designed the artwork for the album. The release was followed by a tour and a DVD, shot in Arhus, entitled "We suck - live in Arhus". This DVD was during that time only available as a bootleg, but went on to be sold regularly, due to its high quality.  In 2005, guitarist and founding member Lasse Bak left the band to join his former Illdisposed band comrades Rolf Hansen and Morten Gilsted in Slow Death Factory. A short-lived replacement was found in ex-roadie and Exmortem guitarist Martin Thim, who joined during the recording of the band's sixth studio album Burn Me Wicked, released in 2006 on Roadrunner Records. The music on Burn Me Wicked was written almost entirely by Jakob Hansen, who recorded demos of the songs on his computer at home and then passed it to the other members. The two Roadrunner albums are the most successful Illdisposed albums to date, with sales of 30,000 copies each (before the re-release on Massacre). After an extensive tour, the band went back in the studio again, to record their seventh album The Prestige. The Prestige took the band more back to their roots and sounded more straightforward and rawer than its predecessors. Before recording started, Martin Thim left the band to focus more on his day job; he was replaced by ex-Volbeat guitarist Franz "Hellboss" Gottschalk. One of their most successful gigs was the With Full Force festival in Germany, where the band presented The Prestige in front of over 70,000 people. A live video of the song "A Child Is Missing" can be found on the band's website.  Only one year later, the band hit the studio again with a new record deal on Massacre Records, after Roadrunner dissolved the contract to the band. In 2009, Massacre Records released the new album To Those Who Walk Behind Us as well as re-releasing Illdisposed's Roadrunner albums 1-800 Vindication and Burn Me Wicked. This album was produced by Illdisposed's guitarist Jakob "Batten" Hansen and mixed by longtime friend Tue Madsen. To Those Who Walk Behind Us represented a mix between the band's more traditional death-metal sound and their use of synthesizers on albums like 1-800 Vindication and Burn Me Wicked.  On June 23, 2012, The original Illdisposed Line Up consisting of Bo Summer, Lasse Bak, Ronnie Bak, Morten Gilsted and Rolf Hansen, played a reunion show at Lasse Bak's 40th Birthday.

Illdisposed is a death metal band from Aarhus, Denmark that was formed in 1991 by vocalist Bo Summer and guitarist Lasse Bak. As of 2020, the band consists of vocalist Bo Summer, guitarists Jakob Batten and Rasmus Henriksen, bassist Kussen and drummer Rasmus Schmidt.

Illdisposed je dánská death metalová hudební skupina založená v roce 1991 ve městě Aarhus zpěvákem Bo Summerem, k němuž se záhy přidal kytarista Lasse Bak.


History.

The Araguaia National Park was created on 31 December 1959 by federal decree number 45,570. The whole island is a nature and culture preserve, enacted on 19 December 1973 by Article 28 of the Statute of Indian Law No. 6001. The park is at the northern end of the island and has an area of. The centre and south of the island is retained as a cultural preserve for indigenous peoples and has an area of.

Geography.

The park forms part of the large river island of Bananal Island in the Araguaia River in the southwest of the state of Tocantins, in Brazil. The park is largely flat land and lies at an altitude of above sea level. It is situated at the junction of the Amazon biome to the north and the grassland and stunted woodland biome to the south; the river is subject to large fluctuations in level and the park is subject to periodic flooding. The flora consists of a mixture of savannah grassland, scrub and deciduous forest. Rainfall is most frequent between November and March and the hottest time of year is during September and October. The park would be in the proposed South Amazon Ecotones Ecological Corridor.

Flora.

There are piassava palms and buriti palms in parts of the park that are frequently inundated. In the forested areas some frequently encountered species include the cow tree, "Cabralea", "Tabebuia", "Qualea parviflora", black sweetwood and genipap. In the drier savannah part of the park there are many species of grasses, with scattered trees such as the souari nut tree and the pau-d'alho.

Fauna.

There is a wide range of mammals in the park including marsh deer, other species of deer, peccary, capybara, giant anteater, maned wolf, jaguar, giant otter and armadillo. The reptiles present include the anaconda, spectacled caiman, black caiman and South American river turtle, and the rivers are home to many freshwater fish as well as Amazon river dolphins and Tucuxi dolphins. There are plenty of birds too, including the common toucan, anhinga, greater rhea, quail, partridge, osprey, Orinoco goose, heron. egret, Spix's macaw, hoatzin and musician wren.

The Araguaia National Park ("Parque Nacional do Araguaia") is a national park located in Tocantins state in the north of Brazil, between 09o51’—11o11’S and 49o57’—50o27’W. Bananal Island, on which the park is located, is believed to be the largest inland river island in the world.

Národní park Araguaia je národní park v Brazílii, ve spolkovém státě Tocantins. Byl vyhlášen v roce 1959 a jeho rozloha je 555 517 hektarů. Nachází se v severní části největšího říčního ostrova na světě - ostrova Bananal, který leží mezi dvěma rameny řeky Araguaia.


Early life.

Roscoe Arbuckle was born on March 24, 1887, in Smith Center, Kansas, one of nine children of Mary E. "Mollie" Gordon (d. February 19, 1898) and William Goodrich Arbuckle. He weighed in excess of at birth and his father believed that he was illegitimate, as both parents had slim builds. Consequently, he named him after Senator Roscoe Conkling of New York, a notorious philanderer whom he despised. The birth was traumatic for Mollie and resulted in chronic health problems that contributed to her death 12 years later.  Arbuckle was nearly two when his family moved to Santa Ana, California. He

Career.

In 1904, Sid Grauman invited Arbuckle to sing in his new Unique Theater in San Francisco, beginning a long friendship between the two. He then joined the Pantages Theatre Group touring the West Coast of the United States and in 1906 played the Orpheum Theater in Portland, Oregon, in a vaudeville troupe organized by Leon Errol. Arbuckle became the main act and the group took their show on tour.  On August 6, 1908, Arbuckle married Minta Durfee (1889–1975), the daughter of Charles Warren Durfee and Flora Adkins. Durfee starred in many early comedy films, often with Arbuckle. They made a strange couple, as Minta was short and petite while Arbuckle tipped the scales at 300 lbs. Arbuckle then joined the Morosco Burbank Stock vaudeville company

Screen comedian.

Despite his physical size, Arbuckle was remarkably agile and acrobatic. Director Mack Sennett, when recounting his first meeting with Arbuckle, noted that he "skipped up the stairs as lightly as Fred Astaire" and that he "without warning went into a feather light step, clapped his hands and did a backward somersault as graceful as a girl tumbler". His comedies are noted as rollicking and fast-paced, have many chase scenes, and feature sight gags. Arbuckle was fond of the "pie in the face", a comedy cliché that has come to symbolize silent-film-era comedy itself. The earliest known pie thrown in film was in the June 1913 Keystone one-reeler "A Noise from the Deep", starring Arbuckle and frequent screen partner Mabel Normand.  In 1914, Paramount Pictures made the then unheard-of offer of US$1,000 a day plus 25% of all profits and complete artistic control to make movies with Arbuckle

Scandal.

On September 5, 1921, Arbuckle took a break from his hectic film schedule and, despite suffering from second-degree burns to both buttocks from an accident on set, drove to San Francisco with two friends, Lowell Sherman and Fred Fishback. The three checked into three rooms at the St. Francis Hotel: 1219 for Arbuckle and Fishback to share, 1221 for Sherman, and 1220 designated as a party room.  Several women were invited to the suite. During the carousing, a 26-year-old aspiring actress named Virginia Rappe was found seriously ill in room 1219 and was examined by the hotel doctor, who concluded her symptoms were mostly caused by intoxication, and gave her morphine to calm her. Rappe was not hospitalized until two days after the incident. Virginia Rappe suffered from chronic cystitis, a condition that liquor irritated dramatically. Her heavy drinking habits and the poor quality of the era's bootleg alcohol could leave her in severe physical distress. She developed a reputation for over-imbibing at parties, then drunkenly tearing at her clothes from the resulting physical pain. But by the time of the St. Francis Hotel party, her reproductive health was a greater concern. Despite reports trying to paint her in a bad light, the autopsy revealed she never had any abortion nor was pregnant.  At the hospital, Rappe's companion at the party, Bambina Maude Delmont, told Rappe's doctor that Arbuckle had raped her friend. The doctor examined Rappe but found no evidence of rape. Rappe died one day after her hospitalization from peritonitis caused by a ruptured bladder. Delmont then told police that Arbuckle had raped Rappe; the police concluded that the impact of Arbuckle's overweight body lying on top

Trials.

The prosecutor, San Francisco District Attorney Matthew Brady, an intensely ambitious man who planned to run for governor, made public pronouncements of Arbuckle's guilt and pressured witnesses to make false statements. Brady at first used Delmont as his star witness during the indictment hearing. The defense had also obtained a letter from Delmont admitting to a plan to extort payment from Arbuckle. In view of Delmont's constantly changing story, her testimony would have ended any chance of going to trial. Ultimately, the judge found no evidence of rape. After hearing testimony from one of the party guests, Zey Prevon, that Rappe told her "Roscoe hurt me" on her deathbed, the judge decided that Arbuckle could be charged with first-degree murder. Brady had originally planned to seek the death penalty. The charge was later reduced to manslaughter.

First trial.

On September 17, 1921, Arbuckle was arrested and arraigned on charges of manslaughter. He arranged bail after nearly three weeks in jail. The trial began November 14, 1921, in the city courthouse in San Francisco. Arbuckle hired as his lead defense counsel Gavin McNab, a competent local attorney. The principal witness was Ms. Zey Prevon, a guest at the party. At the beginning of the trial Arbuckle told his already estranged wife, Minta Durfee, that he did not harm Rappe; she believed him and appeared regularly in the courtroom to support him. Public feeling was so negative that she was later shot at while entering the courthouse.  Brady's first witnesses during the trial included Betty Campbell, a model, who attended the September 5 party and testified that she saw Arbuckle with a smile on his face hours after the alleged rape occurred; Grace Hultson, a local hospital nurse who testified it was very likely that

Second trial.

The second trial began January 11, 1922, with a new jury, but with the same legal defense and prosecution as well as the same presiding judge. The same evidence was presented, but this time one of the witnesses, Zey Prevon, testified that Brady had forced her to lie. Another witness who testified during the first trial, a former security guard named Jesse Norgard who worked at Culver Studios where Arbuckle worked, testified that Arbuckle had once shown up at the studio and offered him a cash bribe in exchange for the key to Rappe's dressing room. The comedian supposedly said he wanted it to play a joke on the actress. Norgard said

Third trial.

By the time of the third trial, Arbuckle's films had been banned, and newspapers had been filled for the past seven months with stories of Hollywood orgies, murder, and sexual perversion. Delmont was touring the country giving one-woman shows as "The woman who signed the murder charge against Arbuckle", and lecturing on the evils of Hollywood.  The third trial began March 13, 1922, and this time the defense took no chances. McNab took an aggressive defense, completely tearing apart the prosecution's case with long and aggressive examination and cross-examination of each witness. McNab also managed to get in still more evidence about Virginia Rappe's lurid past and medical history. Another

Concurrent scandals.

Although it was regarded as Hollywood's first major scandal, the Arbuckle case was one of five major Paramount-related scandals of the period. In 1920, silent film actress Olive Thomas died after accidentally drinking mercury bichloride, which her husband, matinee idol Jack Pickford, had been

Aftermath.

After the trials, Hollywood shunned Arbuckle, and he could no longer find work. A secondary effect, for archive history, was the determined destruction of copies of films starring Arbuckle. In November 1923, Minta Durfee filed for divorce, charging grounds of desertion. The divorce was granted the following January. They had been separated since 1921, though Durfee always claimed he was the nicest man in the world and they were still friends. After a brief reconciliation, Durfee again filed for divorce, this time while in Paris, in December 1924. Arbuckle married Doris Deane on May 16, 1925.  Arbuckle tried returning to filmmaking, but industry resistance to distributing his pictures continued to linger

William Goodrich pseudonym.

Eventually, Arbuckle worked as a director under the alias William Goodrich. According to author David Yallop in "The Day the Laughter Stopped" (a biography of Arbuckle with special attention to the scandal and its aftermath), Arbuckle's father's full name was William Goodrich Arbuckle. Another tale credited Keaton, an inveterate punster, with suggesting that Arbuckle become a director under the alias "Will B. Good". The pun being too obvious, Arbuckle adopted the more formal pseudonym "William Goodrich". Keaton himself told this story during a recorded interview with Kevin Brownlow in the 1960s.  Between 1924 and 1932, Arbuckle directed a number of comedy shorts under the pseudonym for Educational Pictures, which featured lesser-known

Roscoe Arbuckle’s Plantation Café.

Dan Coombs, one of Culver City’s first mayors, and Arbuckle re-opened the "Plantation Club" near MGM Studios on Washington Boulevard, Culver City, as

Second divorce and third marriage.

In 1929, Doris Deane sued for divorce in Los Angeles, charging desertion and

Brief comeback and death.

In 1932, Arbuckle signed a contract with Warner Bros. to star under his own name in a series of six two-reel comedies, to be filmed at the Vitaphone studios in Brooklyn, New York. These six short films constitute the only recordings of his voice. Silent-film comedian Al St. John (Arbuckle's nephew) and actors Lionel Stander and Shemp Howard appeared with Arbuckle. One of the films ("How've You Bean?") had grocery-store gags reminiscent of Arbuckle's 1917 short "The Butcher Boy", with vaudeville comic Fritz Hubert as his assistant, dressed like Buster Keaton.

Legacy.

Many of Arbuckle's films, including the feature "Life of the Party" (1920), survive only as worn prints with foreign-language inter-titles. Little or no effort was made to preserve original negatives and prints during Hollywood's first two decades. By the

In popular culture.

The James Ivory film "The Wild Party" (1975) has been repeatedly but incorrectly cited as a film dramatization of the Arbuckle–Rappe scandal. In fact it is loosely based on the 1926 poem by Joseph Moncure March. In this film, James Coco portrays a heavy-set silent-film comedian named Jolly Grimm whose career is on the skids, but who is desperately planning a comeback. Raquel Welch portrays his mistress, who ultimately goads him into shooting her. This film was loosely based on the misconceptions surrounding the Arbuckle scandal, yet it bears almost no resemblance to the documented facts of the case.  In Ken Russell's 1977 biopic "Valentino", Rudolph Nureyev as a pre-movie star Rudolph Valentino dances in a nightclub before a grossly overweight, obnoxious, and hedonistic celebrity called "Mr. Fatty" (played by William Hootkins), a caricature of Arbuckle rooted in the public view of him created in popular press coverage of the Rappe rape trial. In the scene, Valentino picks up starlet Jean Acker (played by Carol Kane) off a table in which she is sitting in front of Fatty and dances with her, enraging the spoiled star, who becomes apoplectic. The caricature of Arbuckle as a boor continued to be promulgated in the seventies by film writers such as Kenneth Anger in his work "Hollywood Babylon".  In an episode of the "Mathnet" segment of the children's public-television television series "Square One Television" (Season 2, Episode 1, "The Case of the Willing Parrot," presented in five sections over the course of a week of the overall show), fictitious deceased celebrity Roscoe "Fatty" Tissue was written as a parody of Arbuckle.  Before his death in 1997, comedian Chris Farley expressed interest in starring as Arbuckle in a biography film. According to the 2008 biography "The Chris Farley Show: A Biography in Three Acts", Farley and screenwriter David Mamet agreed to work together on what would have been Farley's first dramatic role. In 2007, director Kevin Connor planned a film, "The Life of the Party", based on Arbuckle's life. It was to star Chris Kattan and Preston Lacy. However, the project was shelved. Like Farley, comedians John Belushi and John Candy also considered playing Arbuckle, but each of them died before a biopic was made. Farley's film was signed with Vince Vaughn as his co-star.  In 2005, jazz trumpet player Dave Douglas released the album "Keystone", dedicated to the work of Roscoe Arbuckle. It contains a DVD which features the movie "Fatty and Mabel Adrift" (1916/ Keystone – Triangle), starring Roscoe Arbuckle, Mabel Normand, Al St. John, and Luke the Dog.  In April and May 2006, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City mounted a 56-film, month-long retrospective of all of Arbuckle's known surviving work, running the entire series twice.  Arbuckle is the subject of a 2004 novel titled "I, Fatty" by author Jerry Stahl. "The Day the Laughter Stopped" by David Yallop and "Frame-Up! The Untold Story of Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle" by Andy Edmonds are other books on Arbuckle's life. The 1963 novel "Scandal in Eden" by Garet Rogers is a fictionalized version of the Arbuckle scandal.  Fatty Arbuckle's was an American-themed restaurant chain in the UK prominent during the 1980s and named after Arbuckle.  The 2009 novel "Devil's Garden" is based on the Roscoe (Fatty) Arbuckle trials. The main character in the story is Dashiell Hammett, a Pinkerton detective in San Francisco at the time of the trials.  "Stoneface", a 2012 play by Vanessa Claire Stewart about Buster Keaton, depicts Keaton and Arbuckle's friendship and professional relationship.  Arbuckle is played by actor Brett Ashy in the motion picture "Return to Babylon" (2013).  The scandal is described during the climax of the film "Middle Man".  NOFX's 2012 album "Self Entitled" has a song called "I, Fatty" about Arbuckle.

Roscoe Conkling "Fatty" Arbuckle (; March 24, 1887 – June 29, 1933) was an American silent film actor, comedian, director, and screenwriter. He started at the Selig Polyscope Company and eventually moved to Keystone Studios, where he worked with Mabel Normand and Harold Lloyd, as well as with his nephew Al St. John. He mentored Charlie Chaplin and discovered Buster Keaton and Bob Hope. He was one of the most popular silent stars of the 1910s and one of the highest paid actors in Hollywood, signing a contract in 1920 with Paramount Pictures for $14,000 (equivalent to approximately 175,000 in dollars).

Roscoe Conkling „Fatty“ Arbuckle (24. března 1887 Smith Center, Kansas, USA – 29. června 1933 New York, USA) byl americký herec a režisér. Svoji přezdívku „Fatty“, "Tlouštík", kterou dostal kvůli své otylé postavě, Arbuckle nesnášel, používal ji však jako své umělecké jméno. Fatty Arbuckle byl jednou z největších hvězd éry němého filmu. Ve své době byl oblíbenější a známější než Charlie Chaplin.


Overview.

Nilsson made such strong imprints on many roles that they came to be known as the "Nilsson repertory". She sang the operas of Richard Strauss and made a specialty of Puccini's "Turandot", but it was the music of Wagner that made her career. She once said that Isolde made her famous and Turandot made her rich. Her olympian command of his music was comparable to that of Kirsten Flagstad, who dominated the Wagner repertory at the Metropolitan Opera during the years before World War II.

Biography.

Early life.

Birgit Nilsson was born Märta Birgit Svensson on a farm at Västra Karup in Skåne (100 km/60 miles north of Malmö) to Nils Svensson and Justina Svensson (née Paulsson). When she was three years old she began picking out melodies on a toy piano her mother bought for her. She once told an interviewer that she could sing before she could walk, adding, "I even sang in my dreams". Her vocal talent was first noticed when she began to sing in her church choir. A choirmaster near her home heard her sing and advised her to take voice lessons.  She studied with Ragnar Blennow in Åstorp for six months to prepare for an audition at the Royal Academy of Music in Stockholm where she came in first out of a group of 47 singers and was awarded the Christina Nilsson scholarship named for the famous soprano. Her teachers at the Academy were Joseph Hislop and Arne Sunnegårdh. However, she considered herself self-taught: ""The best teacher is the stage", she told an interviewer in 1981. "You walk out onto it, and you have to learn to project."" She deplored her early instruction and attributed her success to native talent. "My first voice teacher [Hislop] almost killed me... [T]he second was almost as bad."

Early career.

In 1946, Nilsson made her debut at the Royal Opera in Stockholm with only three days' notice, replacing the ailing Agathe in Carl Maria von Weber's "Der Freischütz". Conductor Leo Blech wasn't very kind to her and, as she wrote in her autobiography, she even contemplated suicide after the performance. In 1947 she claimed national attention as Verdi's "Lady Macbeth" under Fritz Busch. A wealth of parts followed, from Strauss and Verdi to Wagner, Puccini, and Tchaikovsky. In Stockholm she built up a steady repertoire of roles in the lyric-dramatic field, including Donna Anna, Aida, Lisa, Tosca, Venus, Sieglinde, Senta and the Marschallin, one of her favourite roles all sung in Swedish. In 1949 she sang Ariadne auf Naxos with Hjördis Schymberg and Elisabeth Söderström among others.

International engagements.

Under Fritz Busch's tutelage, her career took wing. He was instrumental in securing her first important engagement outside Sweden, as Elettra in Mozart's "Idomeneo" at the Glyndebourne Festival in 1951. Her debut at the Vienna State Opera in 1953 was a turning point; she would be a regular performer there for more than 25 years. It was followed by Elsa in Wagner's "Lohengrin" at the Bayreuth Festival in 1954, then her first Brünnhilde in a complete "Ring" at the Bavarian State Opera, at the Munich Festival of 1954. Later she returned as Sieglinde, Brünnhilde, and Isolde until 1969.  She took the title role of "Turandot", which is brief but requires an unusually big sound, to La Scala in Milan in 1958, and then to the rest of Italy. Nilsson made her American debut as Brünnhilde in Wagner's "Die Walküre" in 1956 with the San Francisco Opera. She attained international stardom after a performance as Isolde at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City in 1959, which made front-page news. She said that the single biggest event in her life was being asked to perform at the opening of the 180th season at La Scala as Turandot in 1958. She performed at many major opera houses in the world including Vienna, Berlin, the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden, Tokyo, Paris, Buenos Aires, Chicago, and Hamburg.  She sang with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra in the all-Wagner concert that opened the Concert Hall of the Sydney Opera House in 1973.

From the 1960s through to the 1980s.

Nilsson was widely known as the leading Wagnerian soprano of her time, the successor to the great Norwegian soprano Kirsten Flagstad, particularly as Brünnhilde. However, she also sang many of the other famous soprano roles, among them Leonore, Aida, Turandot, Tosca, Elektra, and Salome. She had, according to "The New York Times", a "voice of impeccable trueness and impregnable stamina".  The conductor Erich Leinsdorf thought that her longevity, like Flagstad's, had something to do with her Scandinavian heritage, remarking that Wagner required "thoughtful, patient and methodical people." Nilsson attributed her long career to no particular lifestyle or regimen. "I do nothing special", she once said. "I don't smoke. I drink a little wine and beer. I was born with the right set of parents."  In sheer power, her high notes were sometimes compared to those of the Broadway belter Ethel Merman. However Nilsson claims her "explosive" high notes that were her biggest asset on-stage "have not been recorded like they should have been" in the studio. She later lamented: "It always made me a little bit sad when I heard my own recordings. And many people told me that I sang much better in person than I do on the recordings! That didn't flatter me at all, because I know what's going to be left when I am no longer singing".  Twice at the Met, Nilsson sustained injuries that kept her from performing. In February 1971, she sprained her ankle during a performance of "Elektra" that resulted in cancellation of one performance (that was replaced by a historical performance of "Fidelio" starring Christa Ludwig). Nilsson recovered to sing the broadcast performance of "Elektra" on 27 February. More seriously, in March 1974 she fell and dislocated her shoulder during a rehearsal of "Götterdämmerung". While recuperating in her hospital room at Roosevelt Hospital she said, "other than my bruises and my black and blues I feel fine". Although able to sing Brünnhilde for the first two performances with her arm in a sling, her injury caused her to miss subsequent performances, including that season's "Götterdämmerung" broadcast. "The New York Times"' review of the production's 8 March opening night is reprinted in the Metropolitan Opera Archives.

"Miss N.".

Beginning at the summer of 1968 at the Bayreuth Festival, Nilsson was obsessively stalked by a much younger American actress and model, Nell Theobald, until Theobald's suicide nine years later in 1977. Nilsson recounted her experiences with Theobald at length in her memoir, "La Nilsson", in which she referred to Theobald solely as "Miss N." The stalking incident was later featured in "Opera News" magazine and "The New York Times".

Nilsson's humour.

Nilsson did not get along with famous conductor Herbert von Karajan. Once when rehearsing on stage at the Vienna Staatsoper, her string of pearls broke. While helping her retrieve them, Karajan asked, "Are these real pearls bought with your La Scala fees?" Nilsson replied, "No, these are fake pearls bought with your Vienna Staatsoper fees." When Nilsson first arrived at the Met to rehearse the production of "Die Walküre" conducted by Karajan, she said, "Nu, where's Herbie?" And Karajan once sent Nilsson a cable several pages long, proposing in great detail a variety of projects, different dates and operas. Nilsson cabled back: "Busy. Birgit."  The Swedish photographer Lennart Nilsson, who became world famous for his documentation of pregnancy from conception to birth, was asked by the magazine "Life" to photograph Birgit Nilsson's vocal cords as she sang high C. Birgit Nilsson turned the proposal down with the words "Your photographer wants me to swallow the tiny camera so he can take pictures of the vocal cord. I don't want that, since I know where it has been before." Eventually, though, she agreed on having the pictures taken.  There was a healthy competition between Nilsson and tenor Franco Corelli as to who could hold the high C the longest in Act II of "Turandot." In one tour performance, after she outlasted him on the high C, he stormed off to Rudolf Bing during the next intermission, saying that he was not going to continue the performance. Bing, who knew how to handle Corelli's tantrums, suggested that he retaliate by biting Nilsson on the neck when Calaf kisses Turandot in Act III. Corelli didn't bite her but he was so delighted with the idea that he told her about Bing's suggestion. She then cabled Bing, informing him she had to cancel the next two performances because she had contracted rabies.  When Nilsson started singing "Aida" at the Met, soprano Zinka Milanov was miffed as Aida had theretofore been "her" role. After one performance in which Nilsson was singing, Milanov commandeered and drove off in the Rolls Royce Nilsson had hired for after the performance. When asked about this afterwards, Milanov said, "If Madame Nilsson takes "my" roles, I must take "her" Rolls."  The secret to singing Isolde, she said, was "comfortable shoes." After a disagreement with the Australian soprano Joan Sutherland, Nilsson was asked if she thought Sutherland's famous bouffant hairdo was real. She answered: "I don't know. I haven't pulled it yet."  Once, asked what was her favourite role, she answered: "Isolde made me famous. Turandot made me rich". When long-time Metropolitan Opera director Sir Rudolf Bing was asked if she was difficult, he reportedly said, "Not at all. You put enough money in, and a glorious voice comes out". When Nilsson was preparing her taxes and was asked if she had any dependents, she replied, "Yes, just one, Rudolf Bing".

Business.

Nilsson was also famous for her ability to make money. She became one of the highest-paid singers in the field, in part because of the rarity of her skills. Being a shrewd businesswoman, she negotiated much of her own career. She never ranted or engaged in tantrums. She would begin contract talks by refusing every offer and being evasive about her availability. This tack would continue until the impresario offered something she wanted. Nilsson's reply would be "maybe". Now in control, she would be begged to accept what she desired in the first place.

Interactions with conductors.

Nilsson was known for standing up to conductors. In a 1967 rehearsal of "Die Walküre" with Herbert von Karajan conducting, Nilsson responded to the gloomy lighting of the production by wearing a miner's helmet (complete with Valkyrian wings). When on some occasion von Karajan urged a retake "but this time with more heart. That's the place where you have your purse", Nilsson replied, "I'm so pleased to find we have something in common." When Georg Solti, in "Tristan und Isolde", insisted on tempos too slow for Nilsson's taste, she made the first performance even slower, inducing a conductorial change of heart. After a tiff with Hans Knappertsbusch, Nilsson reported: "He called me by a name that begins with "A" and ends with 'hole'".

Self-criticism.

Despite her worldwide recognition, Nilsson said she was nervous before every major performance. "Before a premiere, on the way to the opera, I'd hope for just a small, small accident, it didn't need to be much, but just so I would not have to sing", she said in a 1977 interview on Swedish TV. Nilsson often spoke of her limits. She said her voice was not a good fit with what she described as the softer textures and refined tones of Italian operas. Nonetheless, she sang roles in Italianate operas such as Donna Anna in "Don Giovanni".

Recordings.

Nilsson recorded all of her major roles in major commercial recordings of the complete works, as well as about a dozen solo recitals of arias, art songs, concerts, and hymns—all were originally released on vinyl LP format and most have been reissued on CD or in digital format. Partly because of her availability to play Brünnhilde, Decca Records undertook the expensive project of making a studio recording of Wagner's four-opera "Ring Cycle", conducted by Solti and produced by John Culshaw. The effort took seven years, from 1958 to 1965. A film of the proceedings made her a familiar image for arts-conscious television viewers.

Absence from New York and Salzburg.

Though a frequent visitor to the Metropolitan Opera, Nilsson did not always see eye to eye with its redoubtable general manager, Rudolf Bing (who was often said to dislike Wagner), nor with conductor Herbert von Karajan. Subsequently, she made fewer New York appearances than hoped in the early 1970s and was virtually excluded from the Salzburg Festival. Her American career was derailed in the mid-1970s by US Internal Revenue Service claims filed for back taxes. Several years later a schedule of payments was worked out, and Nilsson's hiatus from the United States ended. When she returned, Donal Henahan wrote in "The New York Times", "The famous shining trumpet of a voice is still far from sounding like a cornet."  Nilsson appeared at the Metropolitan Opera 223 times in 16 roles. She sang two complete "Ring" cycles in the 1961–62 season, and another in 1974–75. She was Isolde 33 times, and Turandot 52. She played most of the other major soprano parts: Aida, Tosca, the Dyer's Wife in Strauss's "Die Frau ohne Schatten", "Salome", "Elektra", as Verdi's Lady Macbeth, and Leonore in Beethoven's "Fidelio". In 1966 she simultaneously performed the roles of Venus and Elisabeth (who never appear together) in Wagner's "Tannhäuser." She memorably appeared as replacement Sieglinde to Rita Hunter's Brünnhilde in the 1970s. She appeared 232 times at the Vienna State Opera from 1954–82, and the Vienna Philharmonic, the company's orchestra, made her an honorary member in 1999. "If there ever was someone that one can call a real star today and a world-famous opera singer during her time then that was Frau Nilsson", said Ioan Holender, director of the Vienna State Opera.

Later life.

Nilsson's autobiography, "Mina minnesbilder" ("My memoirs in pictures") was published in Stockholm in 1977. She retired in 1984 to her childhood home in the Skåne province of southern Sweden, where her father had been a sixth-generation farmer and she had worked to grow beets and potatoes until she was 23. In an interview in the mid-1990s, she appeared happy, serene and as unpretentious as ever. "I've always tried to remember what my mother used to tell me", she said. "Stay close to the earth. Then when you fall down, it won't hurt so much."  In 1981, Sweden issued a postage stamp showing Nilsson as Turandot. She received the Illis Quorum gold medal, today the highest award that can be conferred upon a Swedish citizen by the Government of Sweden. In 1988, on the occasion of the 350th anniversary of New Sweden, the first Swedish settlement in America, The American-Scandinavian Foundation named their prize for promising young American opera singers the Birgit Nilsson Prize. Nilsson personally chaired several competitions.

Death.

Nilsson died, aged 87, on 25 December 2005 at her home at Bjärlöv, a small village near Kristianstad in Skåne in the same county where she was born. No cause of death was released. She was survived by her husband Bertil Niklasson (died March 2007), a veterinary surgeon whom she had met on a train and married in 1948. They had no children.

Legacy.

Three years after Nilsson's death, in December 2008, the Birgit Nilsson Foundation announced that it would award a prize every two to three years to a concert or opera singer, a classical or opera conductor, or a specific production by an opera company. The prize was funded by Nilsson herself. The foundation said that Nilsson had chosen the first winner, to be announced in early 2009.  On 20 February 2009, Spanish tenor Plácido Domingo was announced as the inaugural recipient of the prize, which carried with it a cash award of $1,000,000. The first award ceremony took place in the Royal Swedish Opera on 13 October 2009. King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden personally presented the prize to the designated winner. A jury has been set up by the foundation to make recommendations for future prizes. The second winner of the Birgit Nilsson prize was Riccardo Muti, who received the award in Stockholm on 13 October 2011. On 9 April 2014 it was announced that the third recipient of the prize would be the Vienna Philharmonic.  On 6 April 2011, the Bank of Sweden announced that Nilsson's portrait will feature on the 500 kronor banknote, beginning in October 2016.

External links.

General  Audio  Television appearances  Interviews and articles

Märta Birgit Nilsson (17 May 1918 – 25 December 2005) was a celebrated Swedish dramatic soprano. Although she sang a wide repertory of operatic and vocal works, Nilsson was best known for her performances in the operas of Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss. Her voice was noted for its overwhelming force, bountiful reserves of power, and the gleaming brilliance and clarity in the upper register.

Birgit Nilssonová (17. května 1918, Västra Karup – 25. prosince 2005, Västra Karup) byla švédská operní pěvkyně. Začínala jako lyrický soprán, ale pozvolna se přesunula k dramatické poloze. Časopis "Harmonie" ji v nekrologu označil za „za největší wagnerovský soprán po druhé světové válce“.


Biography.

A native of Center Star, Alabama, United states, Oldham started by playing piano in bands during high school. He then attended classes at the University of North Alabama but turned instead to playing at FAME Studios. He moved to Memphis, Tennessee in 1967 and teamed with Penn at Chips Moman's American Studios.  Oldham later moved to Los Angeles and has continued to be a sought-after backing musician, recording and performing with such artists as Bob Dylan, Aretha Franklin, Delaney Bramlett, Willy DeVille, Joe Cocker, the Hacienda Brothers, Linda Ronstadt, Jackson Browne, the Everly Brothers, Bob Seger, Dickey Betts, Cat Power, J.J. Cale, and Frank Black.  Frequently a backing musician for Neil Young, he played on Young's critically acclaimed 1992 album "Harvest Moon". Oldham also appeared in the concert film "" and backed Crosby Stills Nash & Young on their 2006 Freedom of Speech tour.  In 1993, he joined a host of Memphis soul music veterans to record Arthur Alexander's comeback and un-intended final studio recording, the album "Lonely Just Like Me".  In 2007, Oldham toured with the Drive-By Truckers on their The Dirt Underneath tour. In 2008, Oldham played on "Last Days at the Lodge", the third album released by folk/soul singer Amos Lee. In May 2011, Oldham backed Pegi Young on a six-show tour of California.  On June 25, 2019, "The New York Times Magazine" listed Spooner Oldham among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.

Awards.

Oldham was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2009 as a sideman. In 2014, he was inducted into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame.

Collaborations.

With Shelby Lynne  With Steve Cropper  With Neil Young  With Billy Ray Cyrus  With Rita Coolidge  With Linda Ronstadt  With Wilson Pickett  With John Prine  With Jennifer Warnes  With Aretha Franklin  With Dan Penn  With Jewel  With Bob Seger  With Jackson Browne  With Tony Joe White  With Sheryl Crow  With J. J. Cale  With Amos Lee  With Josh Groban  With Maria Muldaur  With Bob Dylan  With Keith Richards  With Boz Scaggs

Dewey Lindon "Spooner" Oldham (born June 14, 1943) is an American songwriter and session musician. An organist, he recorded in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, at FAME Studios as part of the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section on such hit R&B songs as Percy Sledge's "When a Man Loves a Woman", Wilson Pickett's "Mustang Sally", and Aretha Franklin's "I Never Loved a Man".

Spooner Oldham, vlastním jménem Dewey Lindon Oldham, Jr., (* 14. června 1943) je americký hudebník. Narodil se v alabamské vesnici Center Star a v roce 1967 se usadil v Memphisu. Společně s Danem Pennem je autorem řady písní, mezi které patří například „Cry Like a Baby“ (pro The Box Tops) a „Do Right Woman“ (Aretha Franklinová). Během své kariéry spolupracoval s mnoha hudebníky, mezi něž patří i Neil Young, Bob Dylan a Jennifer Warnes. V roce 2009 byl uveden do Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.


Early life.

Shaffer was born to a Jewish family in Liverpool, the son of Reka (née Fredman) and Jack Shaffer, the latter an estate agent. He was the identical twin brother of fellow playwright Anthony Shaffer.  He was educated at the Hall School, Hampstead, and St Paul's School, London, and subsequently he gained a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, to study history. Shaffer was a Bevin Boy coal miner during World War II, and took a number of jobs including bookstore clerk, and assistant at the New York Public Library, before discovering his dramatic talents.

Theatrical career.

Shaffer's first play, "The Salt Land" (1955), was presented on ITV on 8 November 1955. Encouraged by this success, Shaffer continued to write and established his reputation as a playwright in 1958, with the production of "Five Finger Exercise", which opened in London under the direction of John Gielgud and won the Evening Standard Drama Award. When "Five Finger Exercise" moved to New York City in 1959, it was equally well received and landed Shaffer the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Foreign Play.  Shaffer's next piece was a double bill, "The Private Ear/The Public Eye", two plays each containing three characters and concerning aspects of love. They were presented in May 1962 at the Globe Theatre, and both starred Maggie Smith and Kenneth Williams. Smith won the Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Leading Actress at the age of 27.  The National Theatre was established in 1963, and virtually all of Shaffer's subsequent work was done in its service. His canon contains a unique mix of philosophical dramas and satirical comedies. "The Royal Hunt of the Sun" (1964) presents the conquest and killing of the Inca ruler Atahuallpa by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro in Peru, while "Black Comedy" (1965) takes a humorous look at the antics of a group of characters feeling their way around a pitch black room — although the stage is actually flooded with light.  "Equus" (1973) won Shaffer the 1975 Tony Award for Best Play as well as the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award. A journey into the mind of a seventeen-year-old stable-boy who had plunged a spike into the eyes of six horses, "Equus" ran for over 1,000 performances on Broadway. It was revived by Massachusetts' Berkshire Theatre Festival in the summers of 2005 and 2007, by director Thea Sharrock at London's Gielgud Theatre in February 2007, and on Broadway (in the Sharrock staging) in September 2008. The latter production, which ran in New York until February 2009, required the stableboy to appear naked; its star, Daniel Radcliffe, was still associated with the "Harry Potter" films intended for general audiences, and this led to mild controversy.  Shaffer followed this success with "Amadeus" (1979) which won the Evening Standard Drama Award and the Theatre Critics' Award for the London production. This tells the story of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and court composer Antonio Salieri who, overcome with jealousy at hearing the "voice of God" coming from an "obscene child", sets out to destroy his rival. When the show moved to Broadway it won the 1981 Tony Award for Best Play and, like "Equus", ran for more than a thousand performances.  After the success of "Amadeus", Shaffer wrote the play "Lettice and Lovage" specifically for Dame Maggie Smith in 1986, for which he was nominated for another Tony Award and Dame Maggie Smith eventually won the Tony Award for best actress after three nominations in 1990. "Lettice and Lovage" also enabled Margaret Tyzack to win the award for best featured actress, and the production was nominated for best direction of a play, at the 1990 Tony Awards.

Screen adaptations.

Several of Shaffer's plays have been adapted to film, including "Five Finger Exercise" (1962), "The Royal Hunt of the Sun" (1969), "The Public Eye" (1962), from which he adapted the 1972 film "Follow Me!" (1972), "Equus" (1977), and "Amadeus" (1984), which won eight Academy Awards including Best Picture.  Shaffer received two Academy Award nominations for adapting his plays "Equus" and "Amadeus" for the big screen. For writing the screenplay for "Equus", he was nominated for the 1977 Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar but the award went to Alvin Sargent, who wrote the screenplay for "Julia". For writing the screenplay for "Amadeus", Shaffer received both the 1984 Best Screenplay Golden Globe and the 1984 Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar.

Personal life.

Shaffer was gay but did not write explicitly about it. His partner Robert Leonard died in 1990. Shaffer died on 6 June 2016 while on a trip to the south-west of Ireland, three weeks after his 90th birthday.

Peter Antony.

He co-wrote three detective novels with his brother Anthony Shaffer under the pseudonym "Peter Antony".

Awards.

Shaffer received the William Inge Award for Distinguished Achievement in the American Theatre in 1992. Two years later he was appointed Cameron Mackintosh Visiting Professor of Contemporary Theatre at Oxford University.  In 1993 he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Letters) by the University of Bath.  Shaffer's play, "Five Finger Exercise" won the Evening Standard Drama Award when it premiered in London and then won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Foreign Play when it moved to New York City.  Shaffer's play, "Equus" won the 1975 Tony Award for Best Play and the New York Drama Critics' Circle that year as well. His screenplay adaptation of the play was nominated for a Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar in 1978.  Shaffer's play "Amadeus" won the Evening Standard Drama Award and the Theatre Critics' Award for its initial London production. Upon moving to Broadway, "Amadeus" won the 1981 Tony Award for Best Play. His screenplay adaptation of the play won the Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar as well as the Golden Globe Best Screenplay in 1984.  Shaffer's play "Lettice and Lovage" was nominated for another Tony Award, and for her performance in it, Dame Maggie Smith won the Tony Award for best actress after three nominations in 1990. "Lettice and Lovage" also won best supporting actress for Margaret Tyzack and was nominated for best direction of a play in 1990 Tony Awards.

Honours.

Shaffer was appointed a CBE in 1987 and named Knight Bachelor in the 2001 New Year's Honours. In 2007 he was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.

Sir Peter Levin Shaffer (; 15 May 1926 – 6 June 2016) was an English playwright and screenwriter. He wrote numerous award-winning plays, of which several were adapted into films.

Peter Shaffer (15. května 1926 – 6. června 2016) byl anglický dramatik. Narodil se do židovské rodiny v Liverpoolu, byl dvojčetem dramatika Anthonyho Shaffera. V roce 1979 napsal hru "Amadeus" pojednávající o Wolfgangu Amadeu Mozartovi a Antoniu Salierim. Později hru přepracoval do filmového scénáře a film "Amadeus", jehož režisérem byl Miloš Forman, získal osm Oscarů a řadu dalších ocenění.


Musical career.

R3hab began his career in late 2007 while producing the track "Mrkrstft" which was remixed by fellow Breda DJ Hardwell. His connection with what was then a small scene of Dutch DJs helped him to grow. His plan b was leveraging his business education into the corporate world, which came in handy when he grew internationally to become one of the hardest working artists. Earlier in his career, he was known for his mixes, with one being a mix of "Alive" by Vinni Vicci. After his breakout song "Prutataaa" with Afrojack, he signed with Afrojack’s label. Not only producing his own tracks and shows but also remixing countless tracks.  His debut album "Trouble" marked a major breakthrough for the Dutch native upon its release in the fall of 2017. Released independently, the LP has gained over 500m streams globally to date. Singles "I Just Can’t", "Trouble" and "Icarus" attracted global attention and coverage upon their release and serve as proof of R3hab's ability to adopt a more elegant, pop-driven sound, while retaining his quintessential Dutch roots. An interesting fact about "Trouble""," is that it was more downtempo compared to the first songs he first produced, which were approximately 128BPM.  With his second full-length studio album, "The Wave", R3hab continues to push the boundaries of dance music. The album recorded over 350 million plays, with tracks "Rumors", "Ain't That Why", "Hold On Tight", "The Wave" and "Lullaby" reaching the Billboard Top 100 Dance/Electronic charts.  R3hab transported ATC’s 2000 single "Around The World (La La La)" to the 21 century with a modern makeover, which became his most streamed song on Spotify is with over 142 million streams and features "A Touch of Class." Topping Spotify charts in eight countries and landing on the Global Viral Chart, the track reaffirmed his undisputed status as one of electronic music's foremost innovators.  Focused on global growth, R3hab recently joined an artist management company called Dancing Dragon Management under Live Nation Electronic Asia for an exclusive deal to spread in China. In 2019, Liquid State, a joint venture between Tencent and Sony Music, said at the All That Matters conference that it had signed R3hab to an Asian distribution deal. As part of the deal, he will be releasing new tracks through Liquid State that focus on the Asian market, while licensing his CYB3RPVNK label's music library of more than 190 tracks. On his current world tour, R3hab has performed in 116 concerts (as of 10.26.2019) and has featured Cash Cash and Alan Walker.  On January 24, 2020, Japanese boyband Arashi released a remix version of the song Turning Up, remixed by him, in digital form and as a music video in YouTube.

Fadil El Ghoul ( ; born 2 April 1986 in Den Bosch), better known by his stage name R3hab (sylized as R3HAB; pronounced "rehab"), is a Moroccan Dutch DJ, record producer and re-mixer from Breda, North Brabant.

R3hab, vlastním jménem Fadil El Ghoul, (* 2. dubna 1986) je nizozemský diskžokej a hudební producent. Narodil se ve městě Breda do rodiny marockého původu. Je autorem remixů písní mnoha interpretů, včetně Katy Perry, Lady Gaga a Calvina Harrise. Rovněž vydal řadu vlastních písní, často ve spolupráci s dalšími interprety. V roce 2012 začal moderovat vlastní rozhlasový pořad nazvaný „I NEED R3HAB“ na stanici SiriusXM. Vystupoval v mnoha státech po celém světě, mimo evropských zemí například v Austrálii či ve Spojených státech amerických.


Overview.

Adam is available in three different trim levels and a wide choice of exterior colours, as well as three roof colours, different interior colours, decors and various headliners. The Adam is claimed to have over 61,000 combination possibilities for the exterior and over 82,000 for the interior. Production began at the Eisenach plant in Germany in January 2013, beside the Corsa.  The Adam is based on a shortened version of the Corsa D platform. The three door hatchback measures 3.70 metres in length and 1.72 metres in width, and seats four people.

Awards.

The Opel Adam won the Red Dot Car Design Award in April 2013. In November 2012, "Auto Zeitung" readers in Germany voted for Opel Adam as the number one city car. In the 38th Readers’ Choice Award of the trade magazine "Auto Motor und Sport", the car won the mini car category with 24.2 percent of the votes, beating the Volkswagen Up (23.9 percent) and the Mini (16.6 percent).

Engines.

From launch, there were a choice of three engines: 1.2 L 70PS (124 g/km CO2), and 1.4 L with 87 PS and 100 PS (129 g/km CO2). All engines are available in ecoFLEX mode with lower CO2 emission, 1.2 ecoFLEX with 118 g/km and 1.4s with 119 g/km. From spring 2014, Opel introduced a 1.0 three cylinder SIDI Turbo engine.

Sales.

Opel had planned to sell between 40,000 and 50,000 units a year in Europe, and sold over 45,000 in its first year, though sales were still in start up mode in the first two months of 2013. Year over year, sales increased every month in the first four months of 2014.  The Opel Adam is not sold in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Turkey, Chile as well as in CIS countries. Singapore is one of the few markets outside Europe which sells the Opel Adam.

Specifications.

Adam R2 Opel presented the study of the Adam R2 for the FIA Rally Regulations R2 at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show in Switzerland. It is largely based on the Adam Cup. The Adam R2 is powered by a 1.6 litre naturally aspirated engine making and of torque. Three cars were entered into the 2015 European Rally Championship.

Adam by Bitter.

Bitter has been producing a luxury version of the Adam since 2014 as the Opel Adam by Bitter. The differences between the Bitter and Opel versions are mainly cosmetic.

The Opel Adam is a city car engineered and produced by the German car manufacturer Opel, and is named after the company's founder Adam Opel. It is sold under the Vauxhall marque in the United Kingdom. It was launched in France at the 2012 Paris Motor Show, with sales starting in the beginning of 2013. On 10 October 2018, Opel and its British subsidiary, Vauxhall, announced that in order to optimise its model lineup and to focus on high volume segments, the company would axe its Adam, Karl, Cascada and Viva models after the end of their life cycles, in approximately one year.

Opel Adam je model auta navržené a vyrobené německým výrobcem automobilů Opel. Je pojmenované podle zakladatele společnosti Opel. Model je vyráběn ve třech různých provedeních s širokou nabídkou barev exteriéru, interiéru a různých provedení dekorů.


Priority in the Book of Mormon.

The original transcription of the Book of Mormon by scribe Martin Harris was interrupted by the loss of the original manuscript. The question about the subsequent workflow is known as the problem of priority in the Book of Mormon.

Lost 116 pages.

The "Lost 116 pages" were the first manuscript pages of the Book of Mormon, and these were entrusted to scribe Martin Harris and subsequently lost. Smith subsequently announced a revelation:  Behold I say unto you, that you shall not translate again those words which have gone forth out of your hands; for behold, they shall not lie any more against those words; for behold, if you should bring forth the same words, they would say that you have lied; that you have pretended to translate, but that you have contradicted your words; and behold they would publish this, and satan would harden the hearts of the people, to stir them up to anger against you, that they might not believe my words  In a preface to the 1830 edition of the Book of Mormon, Smith writes of the Lost 116 pages:

"1 Nephi" priority.

Faced with the loss of the 116 page manuscript, transcription of a second manuscript began.  The theory of "1 Nephi" Priority argues that after the loss of the original 116-page manuscript, the transcription process returned to the beginning of the Golden Plates narrative, starting over at the beginning with "1 Nephi". Proponents of 1 Nephi Priority included multiple 20th century authors.

"Mosiah" priority.

The theory of Mosiah Priority argues that after the loss of the original 116-page manuscript, transcription continued in narrative order, beginning with Mosiah and continuing to Moroni. Afterwards, the transcription process turned to replacing the beginning of the Book of Mormon (1 Nephi to Words), roughly corresponding to the material in the Lost 116 pages.

Historical evidence.

The title page of the Book of Mormon, which Joseph Smith said was found at the very end of Moroni's record, had been completed before 11 Jun 1829. But evidence shows that the translation process still continued after this date. Metcalfe also argues that because the title page mentions Mormon's abridgment and Ether, but not Nephi's record, this suggests that "1 Nephi" had not yet been translated.  For some parts of the Book of Mormon text, likely dates of transcription have been identified. This includes the restarting of translation work (referred to in D&C 10 in April–May 1829), teachings on baptism in "3 Nephi" (referred to in D&C 13 on May 15, 1829), and a prophecy of the Three Witnesses in "2 Nephi" 27 (referred to in D&C 17 in June 1829). The times when these passages were produced corresponds with a sequence and a consistent pace of translation beginning at "Mosiah" in April 1829 and then arriving at "1 Nephi" later that summer.  The pages of the original manuscript containing "1 Nephi" are written in Oliver Cowdery's handwriting. However, the first scribes were Joseph's wife Emma and his younger brother Samuel, suggesting that the original manuscript was not begun at "1 Nephi". In addition, a scribe's handwriting in "1 Nephi" is believed to be from John Whitmer, who was not involved until late in the translation process, after Joseph Smith had moved back to Fayette, New York.  The beginning of the "Book of Mosiah" appears to be missing, since it lacks an introduction (unlike all the other abridged books) and its beginning was originally marked as Chapter 3 in the printer's manuscript. This suggests that an earlier beginning to "Mosiah" may have been in the lost 116-page manuscript and that the current "Book of Mosiah" immediately continues from that lost text.

Textual evidence.

Textual evidence for Mosiah priority includes the shift in word choices over the transcription process. Scholars examine pairs of words that are roughly synonymous, such as: More recent research has shown that the following graph is partly an artifact resulting from the fact that it is based on total hits in each book. However, Alma has c. 85,000 words, Mosiah c. 30,000, 1 Nephi c. 23,000, and Mormon under 10,000. Other books are smaller. A valid graph must use data standardized for book size. In a recent study, Eccel standardized the data on 5,000 words. The resulting graph showed no gradual shift in style. To the contrary, the radical shift from the Nephi group to the Mosiah-Helaman group, supports the study of John Hilton, which concluded that Nephi and Alma could not have been authored by the same person.

Computational studies.

A 2008 computational study claimed to note patterns which support Mosiah priority, although its methodology is not without criticism.

Reception.

Mosiah priority is widely accepted by Book of Mormon researchers and in scholarly publications about the text.

Mosiah priority is a theory about the creation of the Book of Mormon arguing that the original manuscript began not with 1 Nephi (found at the beginning of the Book of Mormon), but midway through, starting with Mosiah. According to Mosiah priority, after the text of Mosiah through the end of the Book of Mormon was transcribed, Joseph Smith returned to the beginning and transcribed 1 Nephi through Words of Mormon. Mosiah priority is the most widely held solution to questions regarding the sequence of the English text.

Teorie Mosiášova prvenství je teorie o historickém vzniku Knihy Mormonovy, tedy amerického náboženského díla, které sepsal (nebo přeložil) teolog Joseph Smith. Tato teorie je založena kromě jiného na lingvistických rozborech.


Early life.

Moldazhanova was born to a pharmacist mother and metallurgy student father, though she was raised by her single mother after they separated. With a head for math, she studied physics at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, then went on to graduate with a doctorate from Moscow State University. Her connections to Oleg Deripaska began, since he was also a physics graduate of Moscow State University.

Career.

Moldazhanova began as a personal assistant to Deripaska in 1995, before being targeted as a high potential employee and gaining training as an accountant from Russia's Finance Academy. In the early 2000s, she grew to director within sales, marketing and strategy within Rusal.  In 2005, she was appointed as CEO of Basic Elements, which was a $14 billion private-equity holding company at that time. In 2006, she was named #22 in CNN's Global Power 50 Most Powerful Women, due to her status as CEO and her involvement in restructuring the fund around multiple sectors.  In 2008, still as chief executive of Basic Elements, she was named as #37 of Forbes 100 Most Powerful Women. The article guessed the Basic Element was looking to be listed on a foreign stock exchange, which didn't happen.  In 2009, Deripaska took over management from Moldazhanova, before ceding again to her in 2012. In 2018, Moldazhanova ended her tenure at Basic Elements, while additionally resigning from director position on the board of Rusal.

Personal life.

In 1999, Moldazhanova divorced her husband, with whom she has one daughter. According to "Salzburger Nachrichten", Moldazhanova has an Austrian passport.

Gulzhan Moldazhanova (born 11 June 1966, Almaty, Kazakhstan) is a businesswoman who served as CEO for Basic Element and was named among the most powerful women of the mid- to late 2000s. In 2018, she and others resigned from Russian company Rusal as it was facing sanctions from the US.

Gulžan Talapovna Moldažanová (: "Гульжан Талаповна Молдажанова"; * 11. června 1966, Almaty, Kazašská ASSR, Sovětský svaz) je ruská podnikatelka kazašského původu.