Background.

"Straight Outta Cashville" title alludes to the N.W.A album, "Straight Outta Compton", and is a neologism for Nashville, (Buck's hometown).  The singles from this album include "Let Me In", (featuring 50 Cent), "Shorty Wanna Ride", and "Stomp", (featuring The Game and Ludacris). The album features several rappers "outside" of the G-Unit camp, such as Lil' Flip, David Banner, D-Tay, Stat Quo, and others. The album also features production from Lil Jon, Kon Artis, and Klasic from The Bullets Production Team, along with others.  "Straight Outta Cashville" received minimal promotion after November 2004 as result of the VIBE award incident, in which Buck was arrested for an assault. Though the case was eventually dropped, four months had passed by since Buck himself had been able to promote the album.

Critical reception.

"Straight Outta Cashville" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Rafael Martinez of "Prefix" called the record "the best G-Unit release to date", giving praise to the production, featured guests and Buck delivering above-average lyricism from the hip-hop blueprint, concluding that "Cynics will criticize "Straight Outta Cashville" as another typical G-Unit album, only this time south of the Mason-Dixon Line. But Buck is more than just a 50 flunky and can hold down an album on his own. You can’t argue with success: G-Unit is running this." Kelefa Sanneh from "The New York Times" said, "This album isn't revelatory, but it is convincing, and although Young Buck's subject matter never surprises, the tracks sometimes do." Jon Caramanica, writing for "Rolling Stone", praised Buck for lyrically holding his own opposite the featured artists on a solid debut effort, saying that ""Straight Outta Cashville" is crime rap par excellence – unrepentantly grimy lyrics backed by soulful production." Robert Christgau graded the album as a "dud", indicating "a bad record whose details rarely merit further thought."

Sales and certifications.

In its first week of release, "Straight Outta Cashville" debuted at number 3 on the "Billboard" 200 chart with sales of 361,000 copies. The album has since been certified Platinum by the RIAA.

Straight Outta Cashville is the debut studio album by American rapper Young Buck, released on August 24, 2004 by G-Unit Records and Interscope Records.

Straight Outta Cashville je debutové studiové album amerického rappera Young Bucka, vydané 24. srpna 2004 u nahrávacích společností G-Unit Records a Interscope Records.


Story.

"The Headless Horseman" is a story about an Irish adventurer and hero in the War with Mexico. First Lt. Reid, writing as "Captain Reid," penned a series of popular novels and attributed his headless horseman idea to a south Texas folk tale. Vladimir Nabokov recalled "The Headless Horseman" as a favorite adventure novel of his childhood years: "which had given him a vision of the prairies and the great open spaces and the overarching sky." At 11, Nabokov even translated "The Headless Horseman" into French alexandrines.  The story takes place in Texas soon after the War with Mexico. Louise Poindexter, a beautiful newcomer, is courted by two men – the arrogant and vindictive Cassius Calhoun and the dashing but poor mustanger Maurice Gerald. Calhoun plots to eliminate his rival when tragedy strikes: Louise's brother, the young Henry Poindexter, is murdered. All clues point to Maurice Gerald as the assassin. At the same time a headless rider is spotted in the environs of the Poindexter plantation.

Origins of the novel.

The novel was reportedly inspired by Creed Taylor's (1820–1906) true story of "El Muerto", the Headless Horseman. Taylor was a veteran of the Texas Revolution, the War with Mexico, the Civil War and an Indian fighter, who was also involved in the Sutton–Taylor feud, once considered the state's longest and deadliest feud.  Historian J. Warren Hunter, through his discussions with Taylor, learned a lot of Texas history firsthand at the Taylor home in Kimble County. Among the many recollections Taylor conveyed to Hunter, was a particularly outrageous one which involved his cronies, Alexander Anderson "Bigfoot" Wallace and John McPeters.  Taylor claimed the event occurred in 1848. By then, Wallace, a survivor of the doomed Mier Expedition, had become a famed Indian fighter. Although McPeters fought at San Jacinto, he is almost forgotten today. During the War with Mexico, both men were Texas Rangers commanded by the fierce Mabry "Mustang" Gray (1817–1848).  As Creed's story appears in Hunter's 1898 manuscript, "The Life of Creed Taylor"; Bigfoot and McPeters tracked and killed a number of Mexican horse thieves near the Nueces, south of present-day Uvalde. Wallace decided to use the ringleader's body as a warning to others. Bigfoot decapitated the dead man, called Vuavis or Vidal, and the two put his body on a wild stallion that the two had caught and tied between two trees. They thrust his head into his sombrero, secured by a strap and tied to the pommel of the saddle. Then they set the horse loose to roam the hilly countryside.  Creed didn't place himself in the story, but did know the horse thief who had lost his head. One of Taylor's friends, Bate Berry, captured Lt. Vuavis during the Siege of Bexar (December 1835). Creed watched as Vuavis, who had deserted, willingly spilled all his Mexican military info to Berry, who had a reputation for scalping enemies. They finally released the shaken captive.  Years later, Vuavis, alias "Vidal," and his gang began terrorizing south Texas ranchers and stealing their cattle. It was then that Bigfoot and McPeters got on his trail, and shortened his career. Travelers and soldiers at Fort Inge near Uvalde soon were reporting sightings of a wily headless rider.

Various narratives.

The original story spawned various retellings. After Mayne Reid, James T. DeShields was the next interpreter. A dry-goods salesman, he was known for one novel, "Cynthia Ann Parker". DeShields wrote pieces for the "Fort Worth Press" based on material he bought from old Texans; and his sometimes exaggerated articles were presented as factual.  In 1906, J. Warren Hunter sold his Taylor interview manuscript to DeShields, who lightly rewrote parts. 21 years after Hunter's death, he published "Tall Men with Long Rifles", an account of Taylor's adventures in the Texas Revolution.  In 1924, J. Warren Hunter's son, J. Marvin Hunter (editor of "Frontier Times"), took his turn. He personalized crimes of Vidal's rustlers, who were now stealing horses from Creed Taylor. The younger Hunter vividly sketched events, while changing the time to 1850, the year of a sweeping Indian raid that drained frontier manpower, leaving few defenders against bandits. John McPeters disappeared from the narrative altogether. The younger Hunter declared that Capt. Reid's novel was based on fact.  Folklorist J. Frank Dobie changed the tale in his 1928 "Tales of Old Time Texas", suggesting the headless rider was once a "ghostly guard of the mine of the long-abandoned Candelaria Mission on the Nueces to protect it from profane prospectors".

Adaptations.

"The Headless Horseman", a 1972 Soviet-Cuban co-production film directed by Vladimir Vajnshtok and starring Ludmila Savelyeva and Oleg Vidov.

The Headless Horseman is a novel by Mayne Reid, first published in monthly serialized form during 1865 and 1866, and subsequently published as a book in 1866, based on the author's adventures in the United States. ""The Headless Horseman"" or ""A Strange Tale of Texas"" was set in Texas and based on a south Texas folk tale.

Bezhlavý jezdec (1866, The Headless Horseman) je dobrodružný román irskoamerického spisovatele Thomase Mayne-Reida. Jde o westernový příběh, který se odehrává v Texasu a který Vladimir Nabokov označil za oblíbený dobrodružný román svého dětství, ""který mu podal představu o prériích a velkých otevřených pláních a klenoucí se obloze"".


Early life, education and career.

Matheson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and obtained an A.B. from Harvard College and his M.B.A. from the UCLA Anderson School of Management. His father, Scott M. Matheson, served as governor of Utah from 1977 to 1985, his mother, Norma Matheson, served as First Lady of Utah and a prominent figure in the state Democratic Party, and his brother, Scott Matheson, Jr., was the 2004 Democratic nominee for Governor. Matheson is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.  Prior to entering politics, Matheson worked in the energy field, working for several different companies and studying environmental policy. He later started his own energy consulting firm.  His wife, Amy, is a pediatrician and they have two sons, William and Harris.  He joined a group that was in favor of increased compensation for people who were affected by the radiation from Cold War atomic testing. The radioactive fallout from nuclear tests caused the cancer that killed Matheson's father.

U.S. House of Representatives.

Matheson was co-chairman of the Blue Dog Coalition, a conservative group of 25 Democrats in the House. He was also a member of the New Democrat Coalition. During his congressional tenure, he was the only Democrat in Utah's Congressional Delegation.  During his time in Congress, Matheson was relatively conservative by national party standards. In the "National Journal" ratings in 2010, Matheson was more conservative than 51% of his colleagues, but more liberal than 49%, making him one of the most conservative Democrats, yet a centrist overall. On November 3, Matheson voted against requiring public disclosure of bonuses and golden parachute arrangements (agreements between a company and an employee specifying that the employee will receive significant benefits if they are terminated). This was a bill that the Democrats heavily supported and the Republicans opposed; only five other Democrats voted against the bill.

Foreign policy and terrorism.

In March 2007, Matheson was one of 14 Democrats who voted against a bill that would require President George W. Bush to bring combat troops home from Iraq by September 1, 2008. Matheson regularly voted in favor of the wars in the Middle East, having voted for the 2003 Iraq invasion and opposing the bill to remove troops from Libya in 2011 and Pakistan in 2010. He did, however, vote in favor of requiring a time-table for withdrawal from Afghanistan, after opposing the bill in two previous votes.  In 2011, Matheson voted to extend expiring provisions of the PATRIOT Act and voted in favor of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2012.

Abortion.

Matheson leans anti-abortion but supports expanding federal funding for embryonic stem cell research. He was rated 55% from National Right to Life Committee indicating a mixed record on abortion and 30% from NARAL indicating a pro-life voting record. However, Matheson's NARAL Pro-Choice America rating dropped to 0% in 2010, while he garnered a 50% rating from the National Right to Life Committee.

Debt and economy.

Matheson voted against raising the federal debt limit, as well as against both Republican and Democratic budgets that did not reduce the deficit. Matheson, a former energy industry businessman, voted against authorizing the construction of new oil refineries.  Matheson was a strong supporter of Wall Street regulation, voting in favor of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the strongest set of Wall Street reforms since the 1930s. In a comment on this legislation, Matheson stated, "Nearly two years ago the subprime mortgage meltdown triggered the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. We've been living under the same set of rules that were in place before the financial crisis sparked the job-killing recession. Now, that is about to change."  In July 2011, Matheson was one of five Democrats to vote for the Cut, Cap and Balance Act.  In January 2013, Matheson was one of sixteen Democrats that voted against the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which was the last minute solution to the U.S. fiscal cliff. Matheson released a statement saying that "to address the fiscal cliff, legislation must include a strong framework for real deficit reduction. Sadly, this bill falls short."

Education.

Matheson is also opposed to the No Child Left Behind Act, believing that education is a local issue and federal funds should come with minimal strings attached. Matheson also believes that the "Highly Qualified Teacher" requirements should be more flexible, and that states should have alternative options to the single standardized test used in No Child Left Behind.

Healthcare.

In November 2009, during intense debates over American health care reform, Matheson voted against the Affordable Health Care for America Act. When President Obama named Matheson's brother Scott M. Matheson to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit at a time where he needed Matheson's vote for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, "The Weekly Standard" posted an article that said "Barack Obama will host ten House Democrats who voted against the health care bill in November at the White House; he's obviously trying to persuade them to switch their vote to yes. One of the ten is Jim Matheson of Utah." They suggested that the White House was using this timely nomination to influence Matheson's vote. Matheson responded by saying that he is very happy for his brother and that "the federal 10th Circuit Court will gain a judge devoted to judicial integrity, fairness and knowledge of the law." In March 2010, he was one of 34 Democrats to vote against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which passed the House 219-212. However, when the 112th Congress reconsidered the legislation in January 2011, Matheson voted against repealing the healthcare overhaul.

Video games.

On January 15, 2013 during the 113th Congress Matheson introduced a bill called H.R. 287 or The "Video Games Ratings Enforcement Act" that if passed no video game can be sold on a public market without an official rating from the ESRB. Matheson introduced this bill in light of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.

Marriage.

Matheson believes marriage should be legally recognized as a union between one man and one woman.

Committee assignments.

Congressman Matheson sat on these committees and subcommittees in the 111th Congress:

Political campaigns.

2000.

In 2000, Matheson was tapped to run for the 2nd district seat. The Democrats were optimistic in part because the 2nd district has historically been friendlier to Democrats than the rest of Utah and in part because two-term incumbent Merrill Cook had a reputation for erratic behavior. The prospect of losing the seat frightened district Republicans enough that Cook was unseated in the primary by computer executive Derek Smith. However, Matheson defeated Smith comfortably, taking 56 percent of the vote even as George W. Bush won the district with 57% of the vote.

2002.

During the 2000s round of redistricting, the Republican-controlled state legislature made the 2nd significantly more Republican than its predecessor. The old 2nd had been located entirely in Salt Lake County since the 1980s round of redistricting; Salt Lake County has historically been friendlier to Democrats (at least at the state and local level) than the rest of Utah. The legislature drew all or part of 14 mostly rural counties in eastern and southern Utah into the 2nd. They were only connected to Salt Lake City by a narrow band of territory in heavily Republican Utah County. In addition, the legislature shifted most of western Salt Lake City to the 1st, leaving the more conservative eastern part of the city in the 2nd. The new district was approximately six points more Republican than its predecessor.  Ultimately, Matheson defeated State Representative John Swallow by only 1,600 votes, largely due to a 25,800-vote margin over Swallow in Salt Lake County. According to at least one study, some extra financial help from the Republican Party might have helped Swallow defeat Matheson. However, national Republicans stayed out of the race after state legislators claimed they had drawn a district that no Democrat could possibly win.

2004.

Matheson defeated Swallow again—this time by a 12-point margin even as Bush won the state by a large margin (and carried the district with 67 percent of the vote).

2006.

Matheson defeated State Representative LaVar Christensen by 22 points.

2008.

Matheson defeated Republican challenger Bill Dew in the 2008 general election by 28 percent.

2010.

Matheson defeated Republican nominee Morgan Philpot. In May, Matheson faced his first challenge from within his party. Claudia Wright claimed that Jim Matheson was not liberal enough and obtained 45% of the vote at the Democratic State Convention, forcing a primary for the Democratic nomination. After weeks of campaigning Matheson secured the Democratic nomination, by obtaining 67.5% of the vote.

2012.

Matheson had said he was considering a run for statewide office in 2012, particularly if his seat was substantially changed in redistricting. Polling conducted in July 2011 showed Matheson leading incumbent Republican Senator Orrin Hatch in a possible 2012 Senate race.  On December 15, 2011, Matheson announced that he would run for the newly created seat in the 4th congressional district, meaning there would be an open-seat race for the 2nd district. The 2nd district race was not expected to be competitive for Democrats. In a three-way race between Matheson, Mia Love (Republican) and Jim Vein (Libertarian), Matheson beat Love by 768 votes. In the race, Vein garnered 6,439 votes.

Electoral history.

"Note: Totals may not equal 100.0 percent due to rounding."  <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes: In 2000, Steven Alberts Voris received 597 votes. In 2004, Personal Choice Party candidate Ronald R. Amos received 1,210 votes. In 2006, Libertarian Party candidate Austin Sherwood Lett received 1,620 votes.

James David Matheson (born March 21, 1960) is an American politician who served as a United States Representative from Utah from 2001 to 2015. He represented Utah's 2nd district from 2001 to 2013 and its from 2013 to 2015 as a member of the Democratic Party. While in office, he was Utah's only Democratic congressman, and his district was one of the most Republican-leaning districts to be represented by a Democrat.

Jim Matheson (celým jménem James David Matheson; * 21. března 1960 Salt Lake City, Utah, USA) je americký demokratický politik. V letech 2001−2013 byl členem Sněmovny reprezentantů Spojených států amerických za druhý obvod státu Utah a od roku 2013 je prvním členem sněmovny za jeho čtvrtý obvod.


Biography.

Beaune was born in the town of Chailles, located in the department Loire-et-Cher, in 1943. She developed a passion for the study of Joan of Arc while reading the entirety of the documents related to Joan's trial during her second year of preparatory courses at her high school, the Lycée Molière, in Paris. She continued her studies at the École normale supérieure and received her agrégation for History in 1966. Her thesis for her habilitation, which she defended in 1984, was published in 1985 as "La Naissance de la nation France". Initially a maître de conférences (a type of lecturer) at the University of Paris I - Sorbonne from 1985-1992, she spent the majority of her career as a professor at the University of Paris X - Nanterre (1992-2005).

Work.

Her research is primarily devoted to political history and women of France in the late Middle Ages. She is considered one of the leading experts on Joan of Arc.  Her books include:  Her recent articles are on such topics as royal identity in 15th-century France and medieval women's libraries.

Awards.

She received the Prix du Sénat du Livre d' Histoire (Senate Prize for Best History) from the French Senate for "Jeanne d' Arc" (2004). In 2012, she was awarded the Grand prix Gobert by the Académie française for her work as a whole.

Controversy.

In mid 2007, the French channel Arte filmed several interviews with renowned French historians, including Beaune, for the documentary " Vraie Jeanne, fausse Jeanne ", directed by Martin Meissonier. About a year after the filming, respondents found that the documentary was based on the sensational theories advocated by Marcel Gay and Roger Senzig in the book " L' Affaire Jeanne d' Arc "; the historians interviewed had been unaware of this when approached to participate in the project. In response, Beaune updated her 2004 work on Joan of Arc to "Jeanne d'Arc, vérités et légendes" (Paris: Perrin, 2008) (Joan of Arc, Truths and Fictions).

Colette Beaune (born 1943 in Chailles, Loire-et-Cher) is a French historian and professor emeritus at the University of Paris X - Nanterre.

Colette Beaune (* 1943, Chailles, Loir-et-Cher) je francouzská historička, emeritní profesorka Université Paris X - Nanterre. Je považována za jednoho z největších odborníků na téma Johanky z Arku.


History.

Dynamo Moscow has its roots in the football Club Sokolniki Moscow.  After the Russian Revolution, the club eventually found itself under the authority of the Interior Ministry and its head Felix Dzerzhinsky, chief of the Cheka, the Soviet Union's secret police. The club was renamed Dynamo Moscow in 1923 but was also referred to disparagingly as "garbage", a Russian criminal slang term for "police", by some of the supporters of other clubs.  Dynamo won the first two Soviet Championships in 1936 and 1937, a Soviet Cup in 1937, and another pair of national titles in 1940 and 1945. They were also the first Soviet club to tour the West when it played a series of friendlies in the United Kingdom in 1945. Complete unknowns to the British, the Soviet players first drew 3–3 against Chelsea and then defeated Cardiff City 1–10. They defeated an Arsenal side reinforced with Stanley Matthews, Stan Mortensen and Joe Bacuzzi by a score of 3–4 in a match played in thick fog at White Hart Lane. They drew 2–2 against Scottish side Rangers.  They continued to be a strong side at home after World War II, and enjoyed their greatest success through the 1950s. Dynamo captured another five championships between 1949 and 1959, as well as their second Soviet Cup in 1953. Honours were harder to come by after that time. The club continued to enjoy some success in the Soviet Cup, but has not won a national championship since 1976. Even so, Dynamo's 11 national titles make it the country's third-most decorated side behind Dynamo Kyiv (13 titles) and Spartak Moscow (12 titles).  Dynamo's greatest achievement in Europe was in the 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup, where they reached the Final at Camp Nou in Barcelona, losing 3–2 to Rangers. This was the first time a Russian side had reached a final in a European competition, a feat not repeated until CSKA Moscow won the UEFA Cup in 2005.

VTB Bank era (2009–2016).

At the end of the 2008 season, Dynamo finished third, qualifying for the 2009–10 Champions League preliminary round. On 29 July 2009, Dynamo recorded a 0–1 away win against Celtic at Celtic Park, which gave them a strong advantage going into the second leg. However, Celtic comfortably defeated Dynamo 0–2 in Moscow to progress, sending Dynamo into the Europa League play-off round where the club was eliminated by Bulgarian side CSKA Sofia after a 0–0 away draw in Sofia and a 1–2 home defeat in Moscow.  In 2012, after a poor start to the season in which it lost its first five league games, Dynamo replaced interim manager Dmitri Khokhlov with the Romanian Dan Petrescu, who managed to pull the club out of the relegation zone into a position in the upper-half of the league table. The team was close to qualifying for a place in European competition, but a failure to win in the last matchday left them in seventh, two points below the last Europa League qualifier position. Despite his efforts, Petrescu's contract was terminated on 8 April 2014 by mutual agreement after a heavy loss to league outsiders Anzhi Makhachkala 0–4. As Dynamo Director of Sports Guram Adzhoyev stated, "Last year Dan drew the team from the complicated situation, lifted it to the certain level, but recently we have seen no progress." Petrescu was replaced by Stanislav Cherchesov as manager. Under his management, Dynamo qualified for the group stage of the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League in which they won every game before falling to Napoli in the Round of 16. Dynamo was only able to finish in fourth place in the 2014–15 season after a string of poor results in the latter stages.  In June 2015, Dynamo was excluded from 2015–16 Europa League competition for violating Financial Fair Play break-even requirements. As a result, VTB Bank proposed to transfer 74 percent of the shares of the club to the Dynamo sports society. Under the proposed plan, the society would own 100 percent of shares of Dynamo as it did in 2009, while the shares of the VTB Arena would still be held by the Bank. The move would allow the club to comply with the requirements of Financial Fair Play, and VTB Bank would continue to provide support to Dynamo to the extent consistent with Financial Fair Play regulations.  Manager Stanislav Cherchesov was replaced by the returning Andrey Kobelev, and many foreign players, such as Mathieu Valbuena, Balázs Dzsudzsák and Kevin Kurányi, subsequently left Dynamo. Several young Dynamo prospects, such as Grigori Morozov, Aleksandr Tashayev and Anatoli Katrich, who won the Under-21 competition in the 2014–15 season, were introduced to the first-team squad.  On 22 December 2015, Chairman of Dynamo's board of directors Vasili Titov announced that the shares had not been transferred to the Dynamo society; that FFP compliance rather than the share transfer was the top priority for the club; and that he expected the club to achieve compliance by April 2016.  After the winter break of the 2015–16 season, Dynamo won only one game out of 12 played in 2016 and Kobelev was fired with 3 games left in the season. On the final day of the season, Dynamo lost 0-3 to FC Zenit St. Petersburg at home, dropped to 15th place in the table and was relegated from the Premier League for the first time in the club's history.  In October 2016, with Dynamo leading the second-tier Russian Football National League at the time, the newly appointed club president Yevgeni Muravyov claimed that club's debts stand at 13 billion rubles (approximately 188 million euros) and unless a new owner is found shortly or VTB re-commits to covering the club's debts, the club might declare bankruptcy. That would have most likely meant the loss of professional license and relegation to the fourth-level Russian Amateur Football League.

Dynamo Society era (2016 to 2019).

On 29 December 2016, Dynamo Sports Society agreed to buy VTB Bank shares back for 1 ruble. On 13 January 2017, VTB Bank announced they will sponsor Dynamo Sports Society to the amount of 10.64 billion rubles for the period from 2017 to 2019 (approximately 167 million euros as of that date). HC Dynamo Moscow and other teams of the society were also to be financed under that deal. On 1 February 2017, former club president Boris Rotenberg said that the 75 million euro debt the football club owes to Rotenberg's companies has been restructured and "is not harming anybody". On 12 April 2017, with 7 games left to play in the 2016–17 season, Dynamo secured the return to the top level Russian Premier League for 2017–18. That is the FNL record for the earliest a team secured promotion.  On 14 March 2018, Yevgeni Muravyov was dismissed as the club president due to unauthorized payment made as a "bonus" to a third company during the transfer of Konstantin Rausch from 1. FC Köln.

Return to VTB (from 2019).

The new stadium for the club, VTB Arena was completed in late 2018. Following that, the stadium majority owner and football club's major sponsor VTB Bank expressed interest in reacquiring the control over the club. On 14 February 2019, Dynamo Sports Society agreed to sell back the club shares to "Dynamo Management Company" (the company that owns the stadium and has VTB bank as the majority owner). The price was the same symbolic 1 ruble. On 26 April 2019, it was reported that the deal is close to be finalized formally, but the price for the stock increased to 10 billion rubles (approximately €138 million). This reported larger number includes accumulated debts and the cost of the club's training centre. On 30 April 2019, VTB confirmed that the deal has been closed and formal price is 1 ruble, the debts outstanding from the football club to Dynamo society has been restructured to an 8-year term, and Yuri Belkin will be appointed club's general director.

Rivalries.

Since its establishment in 1923, Dynamo's historical rival has been Spartak Moscow. Clashes between the clubs were seen by their fans and more generally as the most important games in the Soviet Union for more than three decades, attracting thousands of spectators. (Ironically, however, on New Year's Day in 1936, it was a combined Dynamo-Spartak team that traveled to Paris to face Racing Club de France, then one of Europe's top teams.) Dynamo clinched the first-ever Soviet League by beating Spartak 1–0 at Dynamo Stadium in front of 70,000 spectators. Spartak responded by winning the championship the following year. But after Dynamo's decline in the late 1970s, the rivalry has faded. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, first CSKA Moscow and then Zenit Saint Petersburg have emerged as the top clubs in Russian football, with the rivalries between Dynamo and its Moscow neighbours such as Spartak Moscow and Lokomotiv assuming less significance.

Stadium.

Dynamo's ground used to be the historic Dynamo Stadium in Petrovsky Park, which seated 36,540. In 2008, it was closed for demolition. From 2010 to 2016, Dynamo Moscow played their matches at the Arena Khimki, which they shared with their Moscow rivals, CSKA Moscow. They continued to play at Arena Khimki until the 26th of May, 2019, when FC Dynamo Moscow officially "returned home," as they played their first match at the newly opened VTB Arena.

Players.

Current squad.

"As of 1 June 2020, according to the RFPL official website"

FC Dynamo-2 Moscow.

Following Dynamo's relegation from the Russian Premier League (which holds its own competition for the Under-21 teams of the Premier League clubs) at the end of the 2015–16 season, the reserve squad FC Dynamo-2 Moscow received professional license and was registered to play in the third-tier Russian Professional Football League, beginning with the 2016–17 season. Following main squad's promotion back to the RPL, it stopped playing professionally in the 2017–18 season, with players returning to the RPL U-21 tournament.

Notable players.

For details of Dynamo Moscow players with a Wikipedia article, see List of FC Dynamo Moscow players.

Personnel.

Presidents.

In the Dynamo organization, the position of "president" has not always been present; several times the head of the club was titled as "chief executive officer (CEO)," or general director.

FC Dynamo Moscow (Dinamo Moscow, FC Dinamo Moskva, ) is a Russian football club based in Moscow. Dynamo has returned to the Russian Premier League for the 2017–18 season after one season in the second-tier Russian Football National League.

Tchongjong je město v Jižní Koreji v provincii Jižní Kjongsang. Do katastru obce patří poloostrov Kosong, ostrov Hansan a několik dalších ostrovů. Dříve se město jmenovalo Čchungmu, což je posmrtné jméno admirála I Sun-sina, který se proslavil tím, že nedaleko města během Imdžinské války vybojoval pro Koreu několik významných vítězství. Jméno Tchongjong znamená "velitelství" a také se vztahuje k admirálu I, jehož velitelství se nacházelo na ostrově Hansan.


Overview.

EcuRed as a Cuban encyclopedia originated from the need to provide universal knowledge within the.cu Internet domain and make it accessible to the vast majority of Cubans, especially after in 2015 the Cuban government created 35 Wi Fi zones in the main cities of the country, and lowered the prices for the Nauta Service (provided by ETECSA, the public company for telecommunications).  The content is entwined with the Cuban Revolution and is written from a Cuban perspective. For example, EcuRed's article about the United States said it had historically taken "by force territory and natural resources from other nations, to put at the service of its businesses and monopolies", and the George W. Bush article says that he continues with a family tradition of corruption, government deceit and intrigue. The name is an acronym from the Spanish phrase "" ("Cuban Encyclopedia online").  EcuRed states on its webpage that its goal "is the accumulation and development of knowledge with a non-profit, pro-democracy aim from a decolonizing point of view".  Anyone with an email can register on the encyclopedia regardless of country of origin, but unlike some wikis, not all of EcuRed's articles may be modified by the public. Pages can be "protected" for multiple reasons, including "to protect modifications of articles considered very valuable, with a high consensus, or with an elevated repercussion".  The site is available to all Internet users in Cuba, which was estimated in 2018 at being 6.5 million out of a total population of 11.2million.  The site is administered by Cuba's Youth Computer Club, a company of the Ministry of Communications of Cuba, but content is collaboratively created by registered editors of the site.

EcuRed is a Cuban online encyclopedia built on MediaWiki software. Launched on 13 December 2010, the site hosts over 206,000 reference articles, biographies and academic works.

EcuRed (Zkratka pro „"E"nciclopedia "cu"bana en la "Red"“) je kubánská online encyklopedie, vybudovaná na softwaru MediaWiki. Vypadá tedy podobně jako Wikipedie, její obsah je však kontrolován kubánskou vládou. Jednostranná prorežimní prezentace faktů vysloužila encyklopedii EcuRed přezdívku "Castropedie".


Club career.

Genk.

Born in Mechelen, Ogunjimi made his professional debut with Racing Genk during the 2005–06 season. In 2007, he went on loan, playing for RKC Waalwijk. While with Waalwijk he appeared in 27 games and scored 10 goals. Upon returning to Genk, Ogunjimi became a prominent player for the Belgian side helping the club to the domestic title in the 2010–11 season. In the Summer of 2011 Marvin Ogunjimi was supposed to be transferred last minute to RCD Mallorca but the papers arrived 7 minutes too late at FIFA so the transfer was refused.

Mallorca.

On 14 November 2011, Mallorca announced Ogunjimi's move to their side. On 31 August 2012, he joined Standard Liège on a loan deal. In mid-February 2014, Ogunjimi signed for the New England Revolution on trial until the end of the month.

Strømsgodset.

On 6 June 2014, Ogunjimi signed for Strømsgodset. The new club reportedly paid a small fee to Mallorca. He got his first match against Steaua in the second round of Champions League qualifications on 16 July 2014. On 2 August the same year, he scored in his home league debut match against Sogndal IL, which ended 1–1. He scored another three goals in the next three matches. Following this, he struggled under manager David Nielsen, and went 11 matches without scoring in the league. When new manager Bjørn Petter Ingebretsen took over, he put his faith in Ogunjimi, and the Belgian finally found the net on 21 June 2015. He scored four goals in three matches in the league, and one in the Europa League qualifications in June and July 2015, before he got injured in the second leg of the first qualifying round of the Europa League. On 14 July 2015, Strømsgodset announced that Ogunjimi had torn the anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee, and would miss the rest of the 2015 season.

Suwon FC.

Ogunjimi signed for Suwon FC on 12 February 2016 and was loaned from July 2016 to Ratchaburi Mitr Phol. Upon return his contract was terminated by mutual consent as Suwon FC had suffered relegation.

Skënderbeu Korçë.

On 1 February 2017, Ogunjimi signed for Skënderbeu Korçë until the end of December 2017. He made his first Albanian Superliga appearance one month later on 4 March in team's 1–1 home draw versus Teuta Durrës, playing the last 27 minutes as a substitute. His first and only start would come only on the final matchday against Partizani Tirana, playing for 60 minutes as Skënderbeu drew 2–2 at home, failing to retain the Albanian Superliga for the first time in five years. Following the end of 2016–17 which saw the team losing the championship for the first time in six years and losing the Albanian Cup final to Tirana, Ogunjimi was released after going goalless in 7 appearances, including 6 in league, which only 1 was as a starter.

Okzhetpes.

On 17 June 2017, FC Okzhetpes announced the signing of Ogunjimi.

International career.

On 8 October 2010, he made his international debut for Belgium against Kazakhstan in Astana, coming on at half-time and scoring twice in a 2–0 victory. Only four days later, in his second appearance against Austria, Ogunjimi started and scored a goal to tie the game at 3–3 in the 87th minute, as the match finished in a thrilling 4–4 tie.

Honours.

Racing Genk

Marvin Ogunjimi (born 12 October 1987) is a Belgian professional footballer of Nigerian descent who plays as a forward for Patro Eisden Maasmechelen. Until 2011, he played for the Belgian national team and has obtained 7 caps.

Marvin Ogunjimi (* 12. října 1987, Mechelen, Belgie) je belgický fotbalový útočník a reprezentant nigerijského původu, který hraje od roku 2014 v norském klubu Strømsgodset IF.


History.

2001–2004: Beginnings at Poble Espanyol.

Although Primavera Sound had existed in a small format in Barcelona since the 1990s, 2001 saw the first bigger event take place at the Poble Espanyol with more than one stage and attracted around 7,700 people. This venue is an open air architectural museum up the Montjuïc hill. It recreates the best and most famous venues and cultures within Spain.The bill included the likes of Armand Van Helden, Le Hammond Inferno, former main man of Pizzicato 5, Yasuharu Konishi, Faze Action, Bent, Los Planetas, Manta Ray, Sr. Chinarro, Samuel L. Session, Unkle, Carl Craig, Dj Godfather; and many other bands and DJs like Gentle People Djs, Leila, Zip and Gus Gus Djs.In 2002 Primavera Sound took place on 17 and 18 May. The main change was the addition of a second day to the festival. Sixty local and international bands and DJs played on five different stages that year, including Pulp, Tindersticks, Spiritualized, Echo & The Bunnymen, J Mascis, Aphex Twin, Luke Slater, Giant Sand, The Delgados, Dave Clarke, Bis, Ian Pooley, Andrew Weatherall, Le Tigre, Gonzales, The Moldy Peaches, Chicks On Speed, Clem Snide, La Buena Vida, Green Velvet, Cinerama, Lo-Fidelity Allstars and The Zephyrs. 2002 was also the first year to include non-musical performances.  24,000 people attended in 2003, and the number of acts also increased to more than 90 groups and DJs both local and international. Five areas were arranged at the Poble Espanyol site for the night shows (Nitsa-Apolo, Rockdelux by Lois, CD Drome, Nasti and Psicolabis). An extra site was added to the festival: Mercat de les Flors, for the day time activities: the Primavera Soundtrack Film Festival and the Record label Fair, which included two stages (acoustic and electric) where the label's bands showcased their works. Acts included Belle And Sebastian, Yo La Tengo, Teenage Fanclub, Arab Strap, I Am Kloot, Sonic Youth, Mogwai, The White Stripes, Television, Beef, The Go-Betweens, 2 Many Dj's, Julian Cope, Baxter Dury, Roni Size, Ed Harcourt, Antònia Font, Lcd Soundsystem, Märtini Brös, Erol Alkan, Gold Chains, Godspeed You! Black Emperor, Hangedup, The Streets, Baby Zizanie, A Room With A View.  In 2004 the festival kept growing in length (three days in the Poble Espanyol), artists and attendance. Attendance increased to up to 40,000 people. Headliners included PJ Harvey, Primal Scream, The Divine Comedy, Wilco and Franz Ferdinand. The size of the simultaneous record label and industry fair also increased, with 30 stands representing the leading independent Spanish record labels, as well as specialized press and associated companies.

2005–2009: Expansion.

In 2005 the festival relocated from the Poble Espanyol to the Fòrum site. This new site was built explicitly for the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures. It is a 14-hectare multipurpose public park meters away from the Mediterranean Sea. It is best known for its public art, the Museum of Natural Sciences of Barcelona and its underground auditorium, its seaview and solar panels, with the last one becoming one of the emblems of the site. Other points in favour was the proximity to commercial and residential areas of Sant Adrià and Poblenou, which has been described as the "hipster" part of the city, and its great connection with public transport through the Metro Line 4 and the Trambesòs.  2005 saw the first use of the Auditorium building where some of the main performances of that weekend took place, such as Antony & The Johnsons, Vic Chesnutt and Tortoise. Headliners included New Order, Iggy Pop’s Stooges live comeback, Sonic Youth, Steve Earle and Gang of Four.  2006 saw only minor changes in the layout of the stages and some improvements in the infrastructure. Performers included Lou Reed, Motörhead, Yo La Tengo, The Flaming Lips, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Babyshambles, Animal Collective, Gang Gang Dance, Deerhoof, Richard Hawley, Isobel Campbell, José González, Vashti Bunyan,  2007 saw the audience increase to over 60,000 attendees. With thirty per cent of the audience coming from other countries, The 150 acts included Wilco, Smashing Pumpkins, Sonic Youth played the legendary album Daydream Nation integrally and the Forum vibrated with the concert of the veteran Patti Smith, The Good, the Bad & the Queen, The Durutti Column, Maxïmo Park, Buzzcocks, Grizzly Bear, Billy Bragg, Low, Band Of Horses, Diplo, Erol Alkan and many others.  2008 saw around 160 artists perform in venues both in the Parc Del Fòrum and into the centre of Barcelona city. Performers included Portishead, MGMT, Public Enemy, Vampire Weekend, Cat Power, El Guincho, Bon Iver, Dirty Projectors, Explosions In The Sky, Why? and Caribou.  2009 saw a total of 171 concerts and over 80,000 spectators. The audience was spread around the fourteen stages of the festival, six of which are on the Parc del Fòrum site (76,000 spectators) and another eight distributed around the centre of Barcelona with Primavera in the city, which attracted 4,600 more spectators. The starting signal was given in various underground stations of the town centre on Saturday 23 May and the usual presentation showcases, organized with the collaboration of different record companies and taking place from Monday the 25th in the Apolo, and Sidecar. The main event took place on the 28th, 29th and 30 May and the second edition of Primavera at the Park (free concerts in the Joan Miró) consolidated itself in 2009 with twelve concerts which prolonged the festival into the Sunday 31 May.  Headliners included My Bloody Valentine, Yo la Tengo, The Vaselines, Phoenix, Aphex Twin, Squarepusher, Andrew Bird, The Horrors, Bloc Party, Throwing Muses, Saint Etienne, Jarvis Cocker, Art Brut, Damien Jurado, Sonic Youth, Herman Dune, Deerhunter, Simian Mobile disco, Liars, Michael Nyman, Ghostface Killah, Black Lips and Neil Young.

2010–2017: Reafirmation and internationalitzation.

2010 saw over 100,000 spectators attend the festival for the first time, and featured the first edition of PrimaveraPro, a gathering more than 400 music industry professionals from different countries and different areas within the sector such as labels, booking agencies, promoters or festival programmers.  Performers included Pavement, Superchunk, The Fall, The XX, Pixies, Beach House, Pet Shop Boys, Orbital, Ben Frost, Van Dyke Parks, Built To Spill,  Grizzly Bear Dum Dum Girls, and Los Campesinos!.  In 2011 attendance grew to over 120,000 people. Performers included Caribou, Echo & The Bunnymen, Mercury Rev, The National, Nick Cave, Belle & Sebastian, The Flaming Lips, PJ Harvey, Animal Collective and Pulp.  2012's headliners included Refused, Wilco, Franz Ferdinand, The xx, Beirut, Napalm Death, Grimes, Danny Brown, Other Lives, Kindness, The Cure, John Talabot, Marianne Faithfull, The Chameleons, the Afghan Whigs and Nick Garrie. Attendance was around 117,000 people. In June 2012 the first edition of NOS Primavera Sound took place at the Parque da Cidade in Oporto. Alberto Guijarro, the festival's director, stated that “after years in Barcelona we organised a first edition in Porto to take advantage of musicians on tour, but it is a different type of event; what we do in Portugal is a Primavera boutique, more well-kept, smaller and with its own personality".2013's headliners included The Postal Service, Phoenix, Tame Impala, Deerhunter, Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds, Blur. Bob Mould, James Blake, Wu-Tang Clan, My Bloody Valentine, Los Planetas, Hot Chip, The Knife, Solange Knowles, Kurt Vile, Local Natives and Mulatu Astatke among 260 concerts programmed at the thirteenth edition of the festival. Local bands included Manel, Madrid band Toundra, Fred I Son, The Free Fall Band, La Bien Querida and El Inquilino Comunista. There was a new record attendance of 170,000 counting the four days in the Parc del Fòrum and the activities in the framework of Primavera a la Ciutat. 2014 saw performances by Arcade Fire, Pixies, The National and Neutral Milk Hotel as well as Charles Bradley, Kendrick Lamar, Nine Inch Nails, Caetano Veloso, Disclosure, Queens Of The Stone Age, Future Islands and St. Vincent.  In 2015, the festival was headlined by The Black Keys, Anthony and the Johnsons, Alt-J, Patti Smith, The Strokes, Ride, Interpol and Underworld. James Blake, Caribou, Belle and Sebastian, Spiritualized, Jungle, Simian Mobile Disco, Jose Gonzalez, Jon Hopkins and The Church also appeared.  The 2016 festival was headlined by Radiohead, LCD Soundsystem and Sigur Ros. PJ Harvey, Tame Impala, The Last Shadow Puppets, Air, Brian Wilson, Beach House, Suede, Beirut and Animal Collective also performed.  In 2017, the festival was headlined by Arcade Fire, Bon Iver, The XX, Run the Jewels, Miguel, Aphex Twin, Grace Jones, Slayer, Solange and Van Morrison. More than 200.000 people attended the 2017 festival. American singer Frank Ocean, who offered less than ten concerts in 2017 and hasn't performed live since, cancelled its headlining gig four days before the performance.

2018–present: Openness to pop and California.

In 2018, the festival started to bet for more urban and pop performers without leaving its rock and indie sign. This edition was headlined by Arctic Monkeys, Bjork, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, The National, Chvrches, The War on Drugs, Lorde, Arca and A$AP Rocky. It took place from May 31 to June 3. Migos were also booked for the show but cancelled hours before the performance becaused they missed their flight. Skepta and Los Planetas replaced them. The local artists catalogue included C. Tangana, Hinds, La Bien Querida, El Capullo de Jerez, Bad Gyal, Mujeres and Núria Graham among others. That same year a new proposal was released: the festival's attenders could vote online who they would like to see performing at the Your Heineken Stage. The 2019 lineup of the festival has attempted to showcase a gender balanced lineup with equal numbers of male and female performers. The festival's 'new normal' initiative aims to set a benchmark for equal gender representation that other festivals should follow. Primavera's head of press, Marta Pallarès, told the Guardian “We need to change the ‘pale, male and stale’ paradigm”. Female acts announced for the festival included Cardi B, Janelle Monáe, Rosalía, Solange, Erykah Badu, FKA Twigs, Robyn, Courtney Barnett, Carly Rae Jepsen, Charli XCX, Lizzo, Cupcakke and Nina Kravitz. Cardi B cancelled her appearance and was replaced by Miley Cyrus. Other acts include Nas, Interpol, Tame Impala, Suede, James Blake, J Balvin, Jarvis Cocker, Primal Scream, Modeselektor and Loyle Carner. National and local artists included Yung Beef, La Zowi, Cariño, Pavvla, Nathy Peluso, María José Llergo and most importantly Rosalía, whose performance at the main stage was ranked as one of the best and most awaited ones in the festival's history. Over 220,000 people attended the festival. When the 2019 festival ended, Primavera Sound announced two new editions. One of them would be held at Los Angeles Historic Park in California would be taking place in September 2020. Another edition in London was planned for June 2020 at Drumsheds but was put on hold due to time constraints and concerns over permits and licenses.  Following the reschudeling to August 2020, the 2020 Primavera Sound edition was cancelled due to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The lineup for the 2021 edition, which will run from June 2 to June 6, 2021 and is presented under the slogan #BestFestivalForever, was announced a year before its celebration. Again, the lineup respects gender equality as it has an almost perfect fifty-fifty gender lineup. Headliners include Tame Impala, Massive Attack, Pavement, Iggy Pop, The National, The Strokes, Bikini Kill, Yo La Tengo, FKA Twigs, Charli XCX, and Tyler, the Creator among others. Artists and bands like BROCKHAMPTON, Gorillaz, Doja Cat, Little Simz, Kehlani, Rina Sawayama, Mariah the Scientist, Paloma Mami, Young Thug, Pabllo Vittar and Bad Bunny will make their Primavera Sound debut this year. National and local artists include Manel, Amaia, Bad Gyal, C. Tangana, Yung Beef, Ferran Palau, Núria Graham, Maria del Mar Bonet and Carolina Durante. Many artists scheduled for the 2020 edition like Kacey Musgraves, King Princess, Lana del Rey and Kim Petras won't be attending this new edition due to "agenda" conflicts. This will mark the festival's 20th anniversary, which is said to be "a celebration of life with the 20 best performers of this 20 years".  The 2020 NOS Primavera Sound edition in Oporto was also rescheduled to June 2021 following the coronavirus pandemic sanitary crisis. Primavera Sound was scheduled to celebrate its debut Los Angeles edition at Los Angeles Historic Park in September 2020, which was also pushed to 2021. This two lineups will be revealed soon.

Location and festival grounds.

Primavera Sound takes place in the Parc del Fòrum, located in the south-east part of the Poblenou neighbourhood, between Barcelona and Sant Adrià de Besòs. It is accessible through public transport.  During the festival, several stages continuously host live music. These are named after the festival's sponsors. The primary stages that have been used are:

Primavera Sound is a music festival that takes place between the end of May and beginning of June in Barcelona, Spain. The first edition took place in 2001 in Poble Espanyol and in 2005 it moved to the Parc del Fòrum, a much larger site on the seafront. The nature of the festival (urban and an integrated part of the city) and the wide range of bands represented have made Primavera Sound a meeting point for artists and spectators from all generations. In 2012 the festival expanded to Porto, the second biggest city in Portugal under the name NOS Primavera Sound. This one takes place at the Parque da Cidade a week after the Barcelona edition. In September 2021, the festival will celebrate its first edition in Los Angeles called Primavera Sound Los Angeles. A spin-off of the festival titled "Primavera a la Ciutat" takes place in selected places in Barcelona from plazas to churches and offers free concerts a couple days prior to the festival's inauguration.

Primavera Sound je hudební festival, který se od roku 2001 každoročně koná v Barceloně ve Španělsku na sklonku května, popřípadě začátkem června. Festival se odehrává uvnitř volnočasového komplexu Parc del Fòrum vzdáleného přibližně šest kilometrů na severovýchod od centra Barcelony. S návštěvností přesahující od roku 2010 sto tisíc návštěvníků patří událost mezi největší španělské hudební festivaly.


Construction.

In 1924 the Lovink Committee published a proposal to build a pilot polder. This polder could, on a small scale experiment future agriculture. The knowledge would then be used for the Wieringermeer. For this reason, in 1926-1927 near the village Andijk, of land were reclaimed. On August 27, 1927, the pilot polder was drained. The cost of the polder, about 1 million guilders, was relatively high, but the cost of polders to come should be lower.

Research.

The Directorate of Wieringermeer wanted to study the behavior of a soil recovered from the sea, and how saline soils can be cultivated. After the draining was completed, a farm was built as well as laboratories for agriculture, soil science and research in microbiology. Different aspects for optimal use of land have been studied, such as desalination, drying and compacting. Experiments were also made to know the best way to cultivate and to select suitable crops. Some species can concentrate the salt and prepare future plantations.

Results.

By 1929 the polder was dry. Rain normally washes salt from reclaimed land in six or seven years; to make the soil useful faster, gypsum was added to the soil with different fertilizers in various parts of the experimental farm. The land became an ordinary farm on 1 November 1935 after tests showed that the polder could be cultivated. With the experience gained in the pilot, development of the polder Wieringermeer was accelerated.

Later use.

In the late twentieth century the polder became a site for holiday homes.

The pilot Polder Andijk, or Test Polder Andijk, "Proefpolder Andijk" in Dutch, is a polder established in 1926 - 1927 in the Zuiderzee near the village of Andijk. The aim of this prototype is to study the embankments and agriculture for future polders in the Zuiderzee Works. In 1929, the pilot polder was inaugurated by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.

Pilotní polder Andijk (též Testovací polder Andijk, "Proefpolder Andijk") je polder v Nizozemsku, který vznikl ohrázováním a odvodnění části zálivu Zuiderzee, jehož realizace probíhala v letech 1926 a 1927. Polder o rozloze 40 ha byl zbudován v rámci projektu Zuiderzeewerken, aby se na nově získané pevné půdě zkoumaly a studovaly možnosti jejího využití pro zemědělství. Vznikly zde výzkumné stanice zkoumající vlastnosti půdy (mikrobiologie, salinita atd.) a zemědělské farmy zabývající se pěstováním a šlechtěním plodin, které by se nejlépe hodily do specifických půdních vlastností polderu. Poznatky zde získané se použily při výstavbě mnohem větších polderů Wieringermeer, Noordoostpolder a Flevopolder.


Early life and education.

Mowat was born May 12, 1921 in Belleville, Ontario and grew up in Richmond Hill, Ontario. His great-great-uncle was Ontario premier Sir Oliver Mowat, and his father, Angus Mowat, was a librarian who fought in the Battle of Vimy Ridge. His mother was Helen Lilian Thomson, daughter of Henry Andrew Hoffman Thomson & Georgina Phillips Farley Thomson of Trenton, Ontario. Mowat started writing, in his words "mostly verse", when his family lived in Windsor from 1930 to 1933.  In the 1930s, the Mowat family moved to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, where as a teenager Mowat wrote about birds in a column for the "Saskatoon Star-Phoenix". During this time he also wrote his own nature newsletter, "Nature Lore". In the 1930s Mowat studied zoology at the University of Toronto but never completed a degree. He took his first collecting expedition in the summer of 1939 to Saskatoon with fellow zoology student Frank Banfield collecting data regarding mammals and Mowat focusing on birds. They sold their collections to the Royal Ontario Museum to finance their trip. Before enlisting Banfield published his field notes in the "Canadian Field-Naturalist". Mowat published his when he returned from World War II.

War service.

During World War II, Mowat joined the Canadian Army and was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Second Battalion, The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment, affectionately known as the "Hasty Ps". He went overseas as a reinforcement officer for that regiment, joining the Canadian Army in the United Kingdom. He saw very brief active service when the 3rd Infantry Brigade was shipped to Brest, France, in June, 1940, but was quickly withdrawn. On July 10, 1943, he was a subaltern in command of a rifle platoon and participated in the initial landings of Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily.  Mowat served throughout the campaign as a platoon commander and moved to Italy in September 1943, seeing further combat until December 1943. During the Moro River Campaign, part of the Italian Campaign, he suffered from battle stress, heightened after an incident on Christmas Day outside of Ortona, Italy when he was left weeping at the feet of an unconscious friend, Lieutenant Allan (Al) Park, who had an enemy bullet in his head. He then accepted a job as Intelligence Officer at battalion headquarters, later moving to Brigade Headquarters. He stayed in Italy with the 1st Canadian Infantry Division for most of the war, and was eventually promoted to the rank of captain.  Mowat moved with the division to northwest Europe in early 1945. There, he worked as an intelligence agent in the Netherlands and went through enemy lines to start unofficial negotiations about food drops with General Blaskowitz. The food drops, under the codename Operation Manna, saved thousands of Dutch lives.  Mowat also formed the 1st Canadian Army Museum Collection Team, according to his book "My Father's Son", and arranged for the transport to Canada of several tons of German military equipment, including a V2 rocket and several armoured vehicles. Some of these vehicles are on display today at Canadian Forces Base Borden's tank museum, as well as the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa.  Mowat was discharged in 1945, at the conclusion of World War II, as a captain and was considered for promotion to major. However, he declined the offer as it would have required his volunteering to stay in the military until "no longer needed", which Mowat assumed meant duty with the Canadian Army Occupation Force (CAOF) (but might also have meant the conclusion of the war with Japan). He was entitled to the following medals as a result of his service: the 1939–1945 Star, the Italy Star, the France and Germany Star, the Defence Medal, the Canadian Volunteer Service Medal and the War Medal 1939–1945.

Post-war.

In 1947 Mowat was hired as field technician for American naturalist Francis Harper's study of the barren-ground caribou in the Nueltin Lake area—now Nunavut's Kivalliq Region, resulting in the publication of Harper's book entitled "Caribou of Keewatin." Two young Inuit were with them, including then-fifteen-year-old Inuk Luke Anoteelik (Luke Anowtalik) and his sister Rita, who were the sole survivors of starvation in an Inuit village. Luke Anowtalik went on to become well known for his distinctive carvings of antler and bone that are now in the permanent collection of the National Gallery of Canada. Due to a clash of personalities, Mowat undertook his own explorations. "Harper later extracted a promise that neither would mention the other in their respective future writing, a promise also extracted from Mowat by later field companions for their lifetimes."  In the late 1940s Mowat was hired by Frank Banfield – then Chief Mammalogist of the newly formed Canadian Wildlife Service – as field assistant in Banfield's ambitious multi-year investigation of the barren-ground caribou,

Literary career.

After serving in World War II, Mowat attended the University of Toronto. Mowat's first book, "People of the Deer" (1952), was inspired by a field trip to the Canadian Arctic he made while studying at the University of Toronto. Mowat was "outraged" at the conditions endured by the Inuit living in Northern Canada. The book turned Mowat into a controversial, popular figure.  Mowat became a McClelland and Stewart author when they published his book entitled "The Regiment" in 1955. Jack McClelland, known for his promotion of Canadian authors, became his lifelong friend as well as his publisher. Mowat's next book, (a children's book) "Lost in the Barrens" (1956), won a Governor General's Award.  In 1963, Mowat wrote a possibly fictionalised account of his experiences in the Canadian Arctic with Arctic wolves entitled "Never Cry Wolf" (1963), which is thought to have been instrumental in changing popular attitudes towards the animals.  In 1985, Mowat started a book tour of the United States to promote "Sea of Slaughter". He was denied entry by customs agents at Pearson International Airport in Toronto, which was justified by laws that allowed American customs officials to deny entry to entrants they thought were "Communist sympathizers". Believing gun lobbyists were behind his denial, he came forward with his suspicion. The law was overturned in 1990, and Mowat wrote about his experience in "My Discovery of America" (1985).  Mowat became very interested in Dian Fossey, the American ethologist who studied gorillas and was brutally murdered in Rwanda in 1985. His biography of her was published in 1987, in Canada under the title "Virunga: The Passion of Dian Fossey", and in the United States as "Woman in the Mists: The Story of Dian Fossey and the Mountain Gorillas of Africa" — an allusion to Fossey's own recounting of her life and research "Gorillas in the Mist" (1983).  Many of Mowat's works are autobiographical, such as "Owls in the Family" (1962, about his childhood), "The Boat Who Wouldn't Float" (1969, one of three books about his time living in Newfoundland), and "And No Birds Sang" (1979, about his experience fighting in Italy in World War II).  In 1965 "Westviking" was published, followed 30 years later by "The Farfarers", which suggests a people he called the Albans preceded the Norse to the High Arctic and the Labrador and Newfoundland coasts.

Criticism.

In a 1964 book review published in "Canadian Field-Naturalist", Frank Banfield of the National Museum of Canada, a former Canadian Wildlife Service scientist, compared Mowat's 1963 bestseller to Little Red Riding Hood, stating, "I hope that readers of "Never Cry Wolf" will realize that both stories have about the same factual content". Mowat responded to Banfield's criticisms in a letter to the editor of the "Canadian Field-Naturalist", and signed it "Mowat's wolf Uncle Albert". L. David Mech, a wolf expert, is cited by Warner Shedd, a former regional executive of the World Wildlife Federation, as noting that no scientist, Mowat notwithstanding, has ever encountered a wolf population that primarily subsists on small prey, as claimed in Mowat's book. Mech additionally states, "...Mowat is not a scientist, and his book, although presented as truth, is fiction."  "The New York Times Book Review" published a dismissive review of "People of the Deer" on February 24, 1952. "The Beaver" was quite hostile in its first review. The second review, by A. E. Porsild, was equally hostile, questioning the existence of the Ihalmiut. Despite a few harsh reviews, however, "People of the Deer" was generally well received; published in the Atlantic Monthly, and "showered with glowing international reviews."  Duncan Pryde, a Hudson's Bay Company trader who pioneered the linguistic study of Inuit languages, attacked Mowat's claim to have picked up the language quickly enough in two months to discuss detailed concepts such as shamanism, pointing out that the language is complex and required a year or more for Europeans to master the basics. Pryde said that when Mowat visited his post at Baker Lake in 1958, he could barely speak a single word in the Inuit language.  Canadian Geographic published excerpts from "The Farfarers" with the comment that it was "a highly speculative blend of history and archeology. In it, Mowat again draws upon Norse sagas, the chronicles of Irish monks, accounts of Roman travellers, as well as the works of modern historians and archeologists. It is both detailed and, as with all early history, sketchy. The written record for much of the period covered is scant and the archeological record spotty. Still, such speculative writing can suggest avenues of exploration and study for future researchers. No professional archeologists are known to share Mowat’s theories but that does not disturb him. A literary gadfly for much of his long career, Mowat is happy to stir up debate and challenge academics to match the visions that he champions and defends with such vigour and relish."

Awards and honours.

Mowat was made an Officer of the Order of Canada (OC) in 1981. He also received the Canadian Centennial Medal (1967) the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal (1977), the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal (1992), Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal (2002), and Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal (2012).  Farley is also the namesake of the lovable sheepdog in the comic strip by Lynn Johnston, "For Better or For Worse". Johnston and Mowat were long-time friends.

Affiliations.

Mowat was a strong supporter of the Green Party of Canada and a close friend of the party's leader Elizabeth May. The Green Party sent a direct mail fundraising appeal in Mowat's name in June 2007, and that same year Mowat became a patron of the Nova Scotia Nature Trust by donating over of his land in Cape Breton to the Nature Trust. He was also an honorary director of the North American Native Plant Society. Mowat was described as "a life-long socialist."

Farley Mowat Library.

In 2012, independent Canadian publisher Douglas & McIntyre announced they had created the Farley Mowat Library series and would be re-releasing many of his most popular titles, with new designs and introductions, in print and e-book format.

Later life.

Mowat and his second wife Claire spent their later years together in Port Hope, Ontario and their summers on a farm on Cape Breton Island. They attended a local Anglican church in Port Hope about monthly, Claire emphasizing that Mowat was more spiritual than religious, and Mowat stating that he probably believed in God the same way his dog did, and that such ceremonies were important in tying people to each other and the world.  Mowat died on May 6, 2014, less than one week before his 93rd birthday. He maintained his interest in Canada's wilderness areas throughout his life and could be heard a few days before his death on the CBC Radio One program "The Current", speaking against the provision of Wi-Fi service in national parks. He is buried at the historic St. Mark's Anglican Church cemetery in Port Hope.

Works.

The "Top of the World Trilogy"

See also.

Biography  Webpage:  Film and television:

Farley McGill Mowat, (May 12, 1921 – May 6, 2014) was a Canadian writer and environmentalist. His works were translated into 52 languages, and he sold more than 17 million books. He achieved fame with the publication of his books on the Canadian north, such as "People of the Deer" (1952) and "Never Cry Wolf" (1963). The latter, an account of his experiences with wolves in the Arctic, was made into a film of the same name released in 1983. For his body of work as a writer he won the annual Vicky Metcalf Award for Children's Literature in 1970.

Farley McGill Mowat (12. května 1921, Belleville, Ontario − 7. května 2014, Cobourg, Ontario) byl kanadský anglicky píšící prozaik, novinář, přírodovědec, environmentalista a cestovatel.


Early life and career.

Griffin studied music at DuSable High School in Chicago under Walter Dyett, starting out on clarinet before moving on to oboe and then alto sax. While still at high school at the age of 15, Griffin was playing with T-Bone Walker in a band led by Walker's brother.  Alto saxophone was still his instrument of choice when he joined Lionel Hampton's big band three days after his high school graduation, but Hampton encouraged him to take up the tenor, playing alongside Arnett Cobb. He first appeared on a Los Angeles recording with Hampton's band in 1945 at the age of 17.  By mid-1947, Griffin and fellow Hampton band member Joe Morris had formed a sextet made up of local musicians, including George Freeman, where he remained for the next two years. His playing can be heard on various early Rhythm and Blues recordings for Atlantic Records. By 1951 Griffin was playing baritone saxophone in an R&B septet led by former bandmate Arnett Cobb.  After returning to Chicago from two years in the Army, Griffin began establishing a reputation as one of the premiere saxophonists in that city. Thelonious Monk enthusiastically encouraged Orrin Keepnews of Riverside Records to sign the young tenor, but before he could act Blue Note Records had signed Griffin.  He joined Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers in 1957, and his recordings from that time include a memorable album joining together the Messengers and Thelonious Monk. Griffin then succeeded John Coltrane as a member of Monk's Five Spot quartet; he can be heard on the albums "Thelonious in Action" and "Misterioso."  Griffin's unique style, based on an astounding technique, included a vast canon of bebop language. He was known to quote generously from classical, opera and other musical forms. A prodigious player, he was often subjected to and victorious at "cutting sessions" (a musical battle between two musicians) involving a legion of tenor players, both in his hometown Chicago with the likes of Hank Mobley and Gene Ammons, and on the road. Diminutive, he was distinctive as a fashionable dresser, a good businessman, and a well-liked bandleader to other musicians.

Recording career.

Griffin was leader on his first Blue Note album "Introducing Johnny Griffin" in 1956. Also featuring Wynton Kelly on piano, Curly Russell on bass and Max Roach on drums, the recording brought Griffin critical acclaim.  The album "A Blowin' Session" (1957) featured John Coltrane and Hank Mobley. He played with Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers for a few months in 1957, and in the Thelonious Monk Sextet and Quartet (1958). During this period, he recorded a set with Clark Terry on "Serenade to a Bus Seat" featuring the rhythm trio of Wynton Kelly, Paul Chambers, and Philly Joe Jones.

Move to Europe.

Griffin moved to France in 1963 and to the Netherlands in 1978. His relocation was the result of several factors, including income tax problems, a failing marriage and feeling "embittered by the critical acceptance of free jazz" in the United States, as journalist Ben Ratliff would write. Apart from appearing regularly under his own name at jazz clubs such as London's Ronnie Scott's, Griffin became the "first choice" sax player for visiting US musicians touring the continent during the 1960s and '70s. He briefly rejoined Monk's groups (an Octet and Nonet) in 1967.  Griffin and Davis met up again in 1970 and recorded "Tough Tenors Again 'n' Again", and again with the Dizzy Gillespie Big 7 at the Montreux Jazz Festival. In 1965 he recorded albums with Wes Montgomery. From 1967 to 1969, he was part of the Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band and in the late '70s recorded with Peter Herbolzheimer and His Big Band, which also included, among others, Nat Adderley, Derek Watkins, Art Farmer, Slide Hampton, Jiggs Whigham, Herb Geller, Wilton Gaynair, Stan Getz, Gerry Mulligan, Rita Reys, Jean "Toots" Thielemans, Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, Grady Tate, and Quincy Jones as arranger. He also recorded with the Nat Adderley Quintet in 1978, having previously recorded with Adderley in 1958.  On July 25, 2008, Johnny Griffin died of a heart attack at the age of 80 in Mauprévoir, near Availles-Limouzine, France, His last concert was in Hyères, France on July 21, 2008.

Discography.

As sideman.

With Ahmed Abdul-Malik With Nat Adderley With Chet Baker With Count Basie With Art Blakey With James Carter With the Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band With Tadd Dameron With Dizzy Gillespie With Bennie Green With Philly Joe Jones With Johnny Lytle With Blue Mitchell With Thelonious Monk With Bud Powell With A. K. Salim With Ira Sullivan With Clark Terry With Wilbur Ware With Randy Weston With Wes Montgomery

John Arnold Griffin III (April 24, 1928 – July 25, 2008) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. Nicknamed "the Little Giant" for his short stature and forceful playing, Griffin's career began in the early 1940s and continued until the month of his death. At eighty, he felt no need to stop. He did not complain. He had a hard life, but often said, “as long as God has given me the gift to blow, I owe it to God to keep on blowing.” A pioneering figure in hard bop, Griffin recorded prolifically as a bandleader in addition to stints with pianist Thelonious Monk, drummer Art Blakey, in partnership with fellow tenor Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis and as a member of the Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band after he moved to Europe in the 1960s. In 1995, Griffin was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music.

Johnny Griffin (24. dubna 1928 Chicago − 25. července 2008 Mauprévoir) byl americký jazzový saxofonista. Ve čtrnácti letech začal hrát na altsaxofon a nedlouho poté hrál i s T-Bone Walkerem. O několik let později se připojil k bigbandu Lionela Hamptona (již tenorsaxofon). V letech 1951−1953 hrál ve armádní kapele. Rovněž spolupracoval s hudebníky, jako byli Thelonious Monk, Dizzy Gillespie, Art Blakey, Nat Adderley, Blue Mitchell, Count Basie a další. Rovněž vydal řadu alb pod svým jménem a několik společně s Eddiem „Lockjaw“ Davisem.


History.

This area of fertile soil and abundant wildlife was long occupied by varying tribes of Native Americans. European explorers began to trade with them, but settlers did not come in large numbers until the late 18th century.  Lexington was named in June 1775, in what was then considered Fincastle County, Virginia, 17 years before Kentucky became a state. A party of frontiersmen, led by William McConnell, camped on the Middle Fork of Elkhorn Creek (now known as Town Branch and rerouted under Vine Street) at the site of the present-day McConnell Springs. Upon hearing of the colonists' victory in the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, they named the site Lexington. It was the first of many American places to be named after the Massachusetts town. Danger from the ensuing war with the British and allied tribes delayed permanent settlement for four years.  In 1779, during the American Revolutionary War, Col. Robert Patterson and 25 companions came from Fort Harrod and erected a blockhouse. They built cabins and a stockade, establishing a settlement known as Lexington. In 1780, Lexington was made the seat of Virginia's newly organized Fayette County. The town was chartered on May 6, 1782, by an act of the Virginia General Assembly. The First African Baptist Church was founded by Peter Durrett, a Baptist preacher and slave held by Joseph Craig. Durrett helped guide "The Travelling Church", a group migration of several hundred pioneers led by the preacher Lewis Craig and Captain William Ellis from Orange County, Virginia to Kentucky in 1781. It is the oldest black Baptist congregation in Kentucky and the third-oldest in the United States.  In 1806, Lexington was a rising city of the vast territory to the west of the Appalachian Mountains; poet Josiah Espy described it in a letter: Residents have fondly continued to refer to Lexington as "The Athens of the West" since Espy's poem dedicated to the city.  In the early 19th century, planter John Wesley Hunt became the first millionaire west of the Alleghenies. The growing town was devastated by a cholera epidemic in 1833, which had spread throughout the waterways of the Mississippi and Ohio valleys: 500 of 7,000 Lexington residents died within two months, including nearly one-third of the congregation of Christ Church Episcopal. London Ferrill, second preacher of First African Baptist, was one of three clergy who stayed in the city to serve the suffering victims. Additional cholera outbreaks occurred in 1848–49 and the early 1850s. Cholera was spread by people using contaminated water supplies, but its transmission was not understood in those years. Often, the wealthier people would flee town for outlying areas to try to avoid the spread of disease. Planters held slaves for use as field hands, laborers, artisans, and domestic servants. In the city, slaves worked primarily as domestic servants and artisans, although they also worked with merchants, shippers, and in a wide variety of trades. Plantations raised commodity crops of tobacco and hemp, and thoroughbred horse breeding and racing became established in this part of the state. In 1850, one-fifth of the state's population were slaves, and Lexington had the highest concentration of slaves in the entire state. It also had a significant population of free blacks, who were usually of mixed race. By 1850, First African Baptist Church, led by London Ferrill, a free black from Virginia, had a congregation of 1,820 persons, the largest of any, black or white, in the entire state.  Many of 19th-century America's leading political and military figures spent part of their lives in the city, including U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and Confederate President Jefferson Davis (who attended Transylvania University in 1823 and 1824); Confederate general John Hunt Morgan; U.S. Senator and Vice President John C. Breckinridge; and Speaker of the House, U.S. Senator, and Secretary of State Henry Clay, who had a plantation nearby. Lincoln's wife Mary Todd Lincoln was born and raised in Lexington, and the couple visited the city several times after their marriage in 1842.  During the 19th century, migrants moved from central Kentucky to Tennessee and Missouri. They established their traditional crops and livestock in Middle Tennessee and an area of Missouri along the Missouri River. While Kentucky stayed in the Union during the American Civil War, the residents of different regions of the state had divided loyalties.

Geography.

Lexington, which includes all Fayette County, consists of, mostly gently rolling plateau, in the center of the inner Bluegrass region. The area is noted for its fertile soil, excellent pastureland, and horse and stock farms. "Poa pratensis" (bluegrass) thrives on the limestone beneath the soil's surface, playing a major role in the development of champion horses; it is associated with the area's beauty of landscape. Numerous small creeks rise and flow into the Kentucky River.  The Lexington-Fayette metro area includes five additional counties: Clark, Jessamine, Bourbon, Woodford, and Scott. This is the second-largest metro area in Kentucky after Louisville. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of. of it is land and of it (0.35%) is covered by water.

Cityscape.

Lexington features a diverse cityscape. "Forbes"

Planning.

Lexington must manage a rapidly growing population while working to maintain the character of the surrounding horse farms that give the region its identity. In 1958, Lexington enacted the nation's first urban growth boundary, restricting new development to an urban service area (USA). It set a strict minimum area requirement, currently, to maintain open space for landholdings in the rural service area. In 1980, the comprehensive plan was updated: the USA was modified to include urban activity centers (UACs) and rural activity centers (RACs). The UACs were commercial and light-industrial districts in urbanized areas, while RACs were retail trade and light-industrial centers clustered around the Interstate 64/Interstate 75 interchanges. In 1996, the USA was expanded when of the RSA were acquired

Climate.

Lexington is in the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate zone, with hot, humid summers, and moderately cold winters with occasional mild periods; it falls in USDA hardiness zone 6b. The city and the surrounding Bluegrass region have four distinct seasons that include cool plateau breezes, moderate nights in the summer, and no prolonged periods of heat, cold, rain, wind, or snow. The monthly daily average

Demographics.

The Lexington-Fayette Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) includes Bourbon, Clark, Fayette, Jessamine, Scott, and Woodford Counties. The MSA population in 2015 was estimated at 500,535. The Lexington-Fayette-Frankfort-Richmond, KY Combined Statistical Area had an estimated population of 723,849 in 2015. This includes the metro area and an additional seven counties. As of the census of 2010, 295,803 people, 125,752 households, and 62,915 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,042.8 people per square mile (353.5/km2). The 135,160 housing units averaged 408.3/mi2 (157.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.7% White, 14.5% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.2% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.21% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latinos of any race were 6.9% of the population.  Of the 125,752 households, 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% were married

Economy.

Lexington has one of the nation's most stable economies. Lexington describes itself as having "a fortified economy, strong in manufacturing, technology, and entrepreneurial support, benefiting from a diverse, balanced business base". The Lexington Metro Area had an unemployment rate of 3.7% in August 2015, lower than many cities of similar size. In 2011 Lexington was ranked as the 4th-best city for "Businesses and Careers" by "Forbes" magazine, the 5th-best city for Young Professionals in 2008, and 6th-Best "Value Cities" in 2011 by "Kiplinger."  The city is home to several large corporations. Sizable employment is generated by four "Fortune" 500 companies: Xerox (which acquired Affiliated Computer Services), Lexmark International, Lockheed-Martin, and IBM, employing 3,000, 2,800, 1,705, and 552, respectively. United Parcel Service, Trane, and Amazon.com, Inc. have large operations in the city, and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky is within the Lexington CSA, located in adjoining Georgetown. A Jif peanut butter plant located here produces more peanut

Culture.

Annual cultural events and fairs.

June has two popular music festivals: Bluegrass and Broadway. The Festival of the Bluegrass, Kentucky's oldest bluegrass music festival, is in early June; it includes three stages for music and a "bluegrass music camp" for school children. For more than two decades, during the second and third weekends, UK Opera Theatre presents a Broadway medley "It's A Grand Night for Singing!"  Later in June, the Gay and Lesbian Services Organization hosts the Lexington Pride Festival, which celebrates pride in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities and welcomes allies. The festival offers live music, crafts, food, and informational booths from diverse service organizations. Lexington Mayor Jim Gray, elected in 2010 and openly gay, proclaimed June 29, 2013, as Pride Day. Lexington has one of the highest concentrations of gay and lesbian

Historical structures and museums.

Lexington is home to numerous museums and historical structures. One of the most famous is Ashland: The Henry Clay Estate along Richmond Road east of downtown. This two-story museum is a National Historic Landmark and was the former home of statesman Henry Clay.  Since the late 20th century, Lexington has demolished hundreds of historic structures to make way for hotels, banks, and parking structures. The Lexington Public Library was constructed where the historic Phoenix Hotel once stood. An historic 1880s block located on Main Street was demolished. This lot is still vacant.  The Pope Villa, built in 1811, is one of the best surviving domestic designs by the architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe. It is being restored by the Bluegrass Trust for Historic Preservation, which also maintains and administers the Hunt-Morgan House.  Additional historic

Sports.

College athletics.

The Kentucky Wildcats, the athletic program of the University of Kentucky, is Lexington's most popular sports entity. The school fields 22 varsity sports teams, most of which compete in the Southeastern Conference as a

Professional sports.

Lexington is home to the Lexington Legends, a Class A minor-league affiliate of the Kansas City Royals as of 2012. Since its inception in 2001, Lexington has produced numerous major leaguers, including 2009 National League All-Star Hunter Pence (outfielder), John Buck (catcher), Mike Gallo (pitcher), Chaz Roe (pitcher), and Josh Anderson, (right fielder). The Legends belong

Horse racing and equestrian events.

This area has been known as a major center for Thoroughbred breeding since the late 18th century due to the high calcium content in the soils of the inner Bluegrass region. Horses raised on its grass are thought to develop stronger bones and greater endurance.  The city is home to two horse-racing tracks, Keeneland and The Red Mile harness track. Keeneland, sporting live races in April and October, is steeped in tradition; little has changed since the track's opening in 1936. Keeneland hosted the 2015 Breeders' Cup, with the event's signature race, the Breeders' Cup Classic, won by Triple Crown winner American Pharoah. This track also has the world's largest thoroughbred auction house; 19 Kentucky Derby winners, 21 Preakness Stakes winners, and 18 Belmont Stakes winners were purchased

Parks and outdoor attractions.

City parks and facilities.

Lexington has over 100 parks ranging in size from

Natural areas.

The city is home to Raven Run Nature Sanctuary, a nature preserve along the Kentucky River Palisades. Its of back-country hiking trails range from wheelchair-accessible paved trails to difficult single-track trails. The city has recently purchased land adjacent to the park which will make Raven Run the largest park in the city. Raven Run is home to over 56 species of trees, 600 species of plants, 200 species of birds, and other wildlife. Remains of a grist mill, homestead, and limekiln remain. The preserve also has

Government and politics.

Federally, Lexington is part of Kentucky's 6th congressional district, represented by Republican Andy Barr, first elected in 2012.  In 1974, the governments of the city of Lexington and Fayette County, Kentucky combined to create the current Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government. Lexington has an elected mayor and city council-style of government.

Mayor.

On November 2, 2010, Vice Mayor Jim Gray defeated Mayor Jim Newberry to become Lexington's first openly gay mayor. He was re-elected in 2014 but passed

Urban County Council.

The Urban County Council is a 15-member legislative group. Twelve of the members represent specific districts and serve two-year terms; three are elected citywide as at-large council members and serve four-year terms. The at-large member receiving the highest number of votes in the general election automatically

Law enforcement.

Primary law enforcement duties within Lexington-Fayette County are the responsibility of the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government Division of Police. The Division of Police resulted from the merger of the Lexington Police Department with the Fayette County Patrol in 1974. The Fayette County Sheriff's Office is responsible for court service, including court security, prisoner transport, process and warrant service, and property tax collection. The 1974 merger also consolidated the office of city jailer into the office of county jailer, a constitutional position. In 1992 (effective 1993), the Kentucky General Assembly enabled a correctional services division to be established by ordinance, making employees

Fire protection.

All fire/rescue protection within Lexington-Fayette County (with the exception of the Blue Grass Airport) is provided by the Lexington Fire Department. The current department was

Education.

According to the United States Census, of Lexington's population over the age of 25, 22.4% hold a bachelor's degree, 11.4% hold a master's degree, 3.1% hold a professional degree, and 2.6% hold a doctoral degree. Lexington was ranked 10th in a list of America's most educated cities with a population more than 250,000, ranked by percentage of bachelor's degrees among residents 25 and older, according to the United States Census Bureau. In a report released by Jack Miller, president of Central Connecticut State University, Lexington ranks 13th in the United States in terms of literacy rate. The index was compiled through six indicators of literacy, including Internet sources, newspaper circulation, the number of bookstores, library resources, education, and periodical resources.

Media.

Lexington's largest daily circulating newspaper is the "Lexington Herald-Leader". The region is also served by eight primary television stations, including WLEX, WKYT, WDKY-TV, WTVQ, The CW, WKLE, and MyNetworkTV, and online news agency

Transportation.

Highways.

The northeast border of Lexington has direct access to Interstate 64 and Interstate 75, but freeways do not run through downtown or other sections of the city. Instead, Lexington has two beltways: inner New Circle Road (KY 4) and outer Man o' War Boulevard (southern semicircle), then numerous arterial highways/U.S. routes radiate

Air.

Blue Grass Airport is Lexington's primary commercial airport. It provides about 13 nonstop flights and a total of 86 flights daily from its two runways. Four major airlines operate connection service at Blue Grass, including Allegiant Air, American Eagle, Delta Air Lines, and United Express.  On August 27, 2006, Comair Flight 5191 took off from the wrong runway, and crashed in a nearby field, killing 49 of the 50 passengers, leaving

Public transportation.

Lexington is served by Lextran, a public transit bus agency operated by LFUCG and has been in existence since 1972. Lextran (officially the Transit Authority of the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government) is a public transportation bus system serving Lexington, Kentucky. It runs bus routes throughout the city, which mostly all converge in downtown at the Lexington Transit Center located at

Modal characteristics.

In 2016, 78.5 percent of working Lexington residents commuted by driving alone, 8.5 percent carpooled, 2 percent used public transportation, and 4 percent walked. About 2.3 of commuters used all other forms of transportation, including taxi, bicycle,

Transportation planning.

The Lexington Area Metropolitan Planning Organization is responsible for transportation planning for Fayette and Jessamine Counties. This

Sister cities.

All four are, like Lexington, major centers of the Thoroughbred breeding industry in their respective countries.

Lexington is the second-largest city in Kentucky and the 60th-largest city in the United States. Known as the "Horse Capital of the World," it is the heart of the state's Bluegrass region. Notable locations in the city include the Kentucky Horse Park, The Red Mile and Keeneland race courses, Rupp Arena, Transylvania University, the University of Kentucky, and Bluegrass Community and Technical College. Lexington ranks 10th among US cities in college education rate, with 39.5% of residents having at least a bachelor's degree.

Lexington je správní město okresu Fayette County ve státě Kentucky ve Spojených státech amerických. K roku 2010 zde žilo 295 803 obyvatel. S celkovou rozlohou 739,5 km2 byla hustota zalidnění 400 obyvatel na km2.


Early life.

Otis Crandall Davis was born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama on July 12, 1932. He is black and Native American. He served four years in the United States Air Force, during the Korean War.

Career.

College athletics.

Following the Air Force, Davis attended the University of Oregon on a basketball scholarship, hoping to one day becoming a professional. One day in 1958 while observing athletes running on the track with a friend, Davis, who had never run before, nor attended schools in his youth with sports programs other than basketball and football, decided that he could beat the athletes he saw on the track. He approached track coach Bill Bowerman, who would later become the founding father of the Nike, Inc., and asked to join the track team. Bowerman, who needed high jumpers, had Davis try his hand at that event. Among Davis' first attempts at the high jump, he jumped 6-0. Recalls Davis, "I had no form. I had no style. I just jumped." He also hit 23-0 in the long jump with little effort, though Davis was flustered by the sprinting events, relating "I didn't even know how to get in the starting blocks". In his first competitive event, Bowerman entered Davis in the 220-yard dash and the 440-yard dash in the Pacific Coast Conference championships, both of which Davis won, missing the school record by two tenths of a second in the latter event.  According to Davis, Bowerman made the first pair of Nike shoes for him, contradicting the claim that they were made for Phil Knight. Says Davis, "I told Tom Brokaw that I was the first. I don't care what all the billionaires say. Bill Bowerman made the first pair of shoes for me. People don't believe me. In fact, I didn't like the way they felt on my feet. There was no support and they were too tight. But I saw Bowerman make them from the waffle iron, and they were mine."  In 1960, Davis was competing on a national level for the Oregon Ducks, and was poised to becoming a national AAU champion in the 440-yard run.

Olympic career.

The same year, at the age of 28, Davis made the U.S. Olympic team. He ran his fastest time to date one week before participating in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome as one of the oldest members of the track team, where he was nicknamed "Pops" by his teammates. According to Davis, "I was still learning how to turn with the staggered starts and all. I was still learning the strategy involved. I was still learning how to run in the lanes."  Davis competed against the heavily favored German athlete Carl Kaufmann, who was the world record holder in the 400-meter dash. Davis won by a hair over Kaufmann, setting a world record of 44.9 seconds and becoming the first man to break the heralded 45-second barrier. The photo of the finish, with (in full horizontal dive position) Kaufmann's nose ahead of Davis, but his torso behind, has been studied and discussed by track and field officials for years. Both athletes were awarded the world record time, recorded in the 10ths of a second in those days, but Davis was awarded the win. Two days later, Davis and Kaufmann met again for the 4 × 400 m relay final. He held off the challenge, anchoring home the gold with another world record performance of 3:02.2. The photo of the finish of that race was also made famous in "Life" magazine. It was also at the 1960 games that Davis met and became friends with Muhammad Ali. Davis comments, "Boy, you think I talk a lot, but I couldn't get a word in with him. And since he's a boxer and I'm a runner, I couldn't really argue with that. We just kind of gelled."

Post-Olympic career.

Following the Olympics, Davis competed in some sporadic track meets, such as the 1961 U.S. Nationals at Randall's Island, where at age 29, Davis was victorious, but his competitive running career was virtually over, as he never repeated his Olympic performance. He returned to Oregon, where he obtained his degree, a B.S. Health & Physical Education, in 1960. He later considered playing as wide receiver for the Los Angeles Rams. After retiring from competition, Davis become a high school teacher, working in Springfield, Oregon for many years, and then traveled overseas to work as an athletic director at United States military bases, including McGuire Air Force Base in New Jersey, where he taught in 1989. He also taught various after-school programs for gifted students.  In 1991, Davis moved to Jersey City, New Jersey, in order to live closer to New York, eventually settling in Union City sometime after December 2008. In 1996 he was a torch-bearer for the Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Around 2002 or 2003, Davis was hired by the Union City Board of Education, and began working at Emerson High School as a truancy officer, teacher, coach and mentor. When he was inducted into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame in 2003, he asked Emerson Principal Robert Fazio to accompany him to the ceremony in Los Angeles, and when the rest of the school's staff discovered that Davis was an Olympic medalist, they honored him with a banner posted in a hallway in the school honoring his achievements.  In 2012, Davis was working as a verification officer at Union City High School, mentoring students, some of whom have gone on to win the United States Olympians Tri-States Chapter Annual Achievement Award, which is awarded to New York, New Jersey and Connecticut students. The top five winners in 2012 were Union City students. He is also co-founder and, in 2012, president of the Tri-States Olympic Alumni Association, a member of the University of Oregon Hall of Fame and the New Jersey Sports Writers' Halls of Fame.  Davis ran athletic skills programs during the spring and summer in Union City, in order to reach students who did not normally participate in sporting events, and to complement the schools' physical education curricula. Among the programs that Davis directed were the Mayor's Cup, first held on June 6, 2011, in which students from the city's several elementary schools compete in events that include sprinting, spring relays and circle relays, and the Sports Challenge, which provides special needs children with the opportunity to be a part of sports activities.

"For the baseball player, see Otis Davis (baseball)" Otis Crandall Davis (born July 12, 1932) is a former American athlete, winner of two gold medals for record-breaking performances in both the 400 m and 4 × 400 m relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics. Davis set a new world record of 44.9 seconds in the 400 m event, and he became the first man to break the 45-second barrier.

Otis Davis (* 12. července 1932 Tuscaloosa, Alabama) je bývalý americký atlet, sprinter specializující se na 400 metrů, dvojnásobný olympijský vítěz.