Production.

The dinosaur models created for "Clash of the Dinosaurs" were reused for this program. The "Parasaurolophus" model was used for "Charonosaurus" even though the legs of "Charonosaurus" were shorter than those of "Parasaurolophus". The "Deinonychus" model was used for "Saurornithoides" (rather inaccurately, as "Saurornithoides" was slenderer than "Deinonychus"), and the "Sauroposeidon" model was used for "Alamosaurus" (even though "Alamosaurus" had different proportions than "Sauroposeidon"). The same "Tyrannosaurus", "Triceratops", "Ankylosaurus", and "Quetzalcoatlus" models were also used. These models were placed upon different backdrops most of the time than those used in "Clash of the Dinosaurs".

Plot.

In the Pacific Northwest of North America, a "Quetzalcoatlus" is soaring above the valley during a rainstorm when it spots an unguarded "Tyrannosaurus rex" nest. The pterosaur flies down and consumes several of the hatchlings. Meanwhile, the father "Tyrannosaurus" is hunting for prey in the forest when his acute sense of smell alerts him to the intruder at the nest and runs back towards the nest. The "Quetzalcoatlus" is forced to flee when the enraged father "Tyrannosaurus" arrives, trying to fly off but its huge wings prevent it from flying in the thick forest. The "T. rex" repeatedly lunges and tries to kill it. It finally takes off just as the father "T. rex" bites the pterosaur's foot, though the pterosaur manages to break free of his jaws by pecking at his eye. Only one "T. rex" hatchling survives the carnage.  After a "T. rex" attacks an "Ankylosaurus" before being driven off, a male "Triceratops" loses a fight for mating rights against another male "Triceratops". Two "T.rex" hear the commotion and close in to hunt the loser. Working together, they bring down the "Triceratops". In Mongolia a herd of "Charonosaurus" is drinking at a watering hole in an oasis. A "Saurornithoides" steals an egg from a nest and flees, but the enraged mother follows the raptor into a cave. It tries to eat the egg, but the mother arrives, bellowing before the raptor's partner appears, and the "Charonosaurus" flees, with the "Saurornithoides" pair racing after it. They manage to bring down the "Charonosaurus" by tearing into its neck.  Meanwhile, in what is today central Mexico, a herd of "Alamosaurus" is roaming the plains in search of food while a female lays her eggs without nesting, as a six-mile wide asteroid formed from the collision of two asteroids 100 million years earlier enters the Earth's atmosphere. The asteroid hits the Earth in the Gulf of Mexico, creating a massive explosion and sending debris into the air. The explosion heats the air temperature near the crash site to 600° F. Hundreds of "Alamosaurus" are burned alive. Two minutes after impact, seismic shock waves trigger an 11.1 earthquake, which, combined with a second heat wave from the impact, wipes out the remaining "Alamosaurus". Most of their eggs are destroyed but some survive, buried under the cool soil.  The effects of the collision begin to affect the animals in British Columbia, with the 11.1 magnitude earthquake rippling through the valley. Falling debris litters the ground and drive animals from the valley. Several "Triceratops" and "Ankylosaurus" are engulfed by a 300° ejecta cloud and burnt to death. Fifteen minutes after impact, the ejecta cloud has spread to the Pacific Northwest and threatens to in-circulate the entire planet in ash. A pair of "Quetzalcoatlus" tries to fly away, but pieces of flaming debris shower the valley. Suffering from burnt wings, the male pterosaur falls from the sky to his death. After trying to save her mate, the also wounded female is forced to land in the valley. The effects of the ejecta also caused lightning storms to strike the valley.  The soaring temperatures create high humidity in the valley and force the "Triceratops" to keep moving. Many of the dead dinosaurs provide plentiful food for the hungry "Tyrannosaurus". The debris create massive fires that devastate forests of the Pacific Northwest. In the valley, the air pressure plummets, creating a vacuum that sucks in the raging flames and ignites a firestorm, causing temperatures in the valley to reaches 1800 °F. The female "Quetzalcoatlus" stands over her mate's body but panics when the vegetation around her ignites. She manages to take off despite her tattered wings, leaving the dead male behind. Smaller animals hide underground while the larger animals are forced to flee.  In Mongolia, forty-five minutes since the impact, the ejecta cloud rolls in from the east, increasing the temperature around Mongolia by several degrees every second until it reaches 300°, causing three "Charonosaurus" and a pair of "Saurornithoides" to use a cave for shelter (unenthusiastically with each other as well). The temperatures return to normal after five hours, and the "Saurornithoides" run outside to feast on a "Charonosaurus" corpse, while two of the surviving "Charonosaurus" travel to the watering hole. The third stays behind. Soon the ejecta cloud causes a sandstorm, suffocating the two "Charonosaurus" alive. The pair of "Saurornithoides" survive by hiding behind their prey, while the third "Charonosaurus" remains in the cave. A day passes, and the "Saurornithoides" return to the watering hole, where the last "Charonosaurus" is drinking. The "Saurornithoides" are desperately hungry, yet are weak from their ordeal. One of them recklessly attacks the "Charonosaurus", but the hadrosaur collapses on top of it, killing it in the process. The remaining "Saurornithoides" resorts to eating the corpse of its companion.  Four days since impact, food is in short supply across the entire planet. In the Pacific Northwest, four "Triceratops" head towards an island in search of food. The earthquake caused by the impact event forms a huge megatsunami, but also causes the water to recede and form a land bridge to the island. Three of the "Triceratops" cross the land bridge to the island. The female "Quetzalcoatlus" lands, where she eats a stranded fish, just as the megatsunami builds and races towards the shore. The "Quetzalcoatlus" attempts to take off but is caught into the vast wave and drowns, with the wave subsequently drowning the three "Triceratops" as well.  Ten days have passed since impact, and few dinosaurs remain. But during that time, the after-shocks began awaking violent/super volcanic eruptions around the earth. In Mongolia, the "Charonosaurus" stays close to the watering hole, but collapses and dies from inhaling hydrogen sulfide that rose from the watering hole. The "Saurornithoides" runs up to the dead "Charonosaurus", but it too is killed by the poisonous gas.  A month and a half later, in the Pacific Northwest, a handful of dinosaurs patrol the wasteland. A starving but weak "Ankylosaurus" finds a small bush, but it's almost forced to fight over it when a wandering "Triceratops" appears, until the "Tyrannosaurus" arrives. The "Tyrannosaurus" loses an eye to his prey's horn, but he manages to break off one of its horns and kills it by simply lunging and biting down hard on the neck. The "Tyrannosaurus" then turns his attention to the "Ankylosaurus" and after being struck in the right leg, flips it over and rips out its throat. He heads back to the dead "Triceratops", but trips over the "Ankylosaurus" and is impaled through the neck on the "Triceratops's" remaining horn. In Mexico, an "Alamosaurus" baby emerges from an egg that was sheltered away in the ground. All around the world, small handfuls of dinosaurs try to start over, but their species are beyond hope for replenishing their numbers. In the end, inbreeding, disease, and starvation will wipe out their populations until a single "Alamosaurus" remains, only to die in the wasteland too, and it only took 160 million years to bring the dinosaurs to this catastrophic point in their evolution.  But life on Earth was not completely destroyed: fish and crocodiles surviving underwater; small mammals, snakes, insects, arachnids, and lizards hid underground; birds flew or swam away from the disaster. Three years pass before sunlight finally reaches the planet again, and plant life finally carpets the Earth again, setting the stage for a new era: the era of mammals. Mammals now multiply and diversify, with countless species of mammals evolving, until 10,000 species explode across the planet and one species, humans, eventually rule the planet like the dinosaurs once had.

Last Day of the Dinosaurs is a 2010 Discovery Channel television documentary about the extinction of the dinosaurs. It portrays the Alvarez hypothesis as the cause of extinction. The documentary was released on August 28, 2010 and narrated by Bill Mondy.

Last Day of the Dinosaurs (česky "Poslední dny dinosaurů") je televizní dokument Discovery Channel z roku 2010 v délce 50 minut. Pojednává o vyhynutí neptačích dinosaurů na konci křídové periody před 66 miliony let. Přiklání se k interpretaci vyhynutí zaviněné dopadem desetikilometrové planetky Chicxulub do oblasti současného Mexického zálivu. Dokument zobrazuje všechny průvodní jevy dramatického dopadu vesmírného tělesa, včetně vln megatsunami, žárové a tlakové vlny, zvýšení teploty apod. Odehrává se na několika místech naší planety, zejména v oblasti budoucího Texasu, Montany a mongolské pouště Gobi. Dokument těží z efektivních počítačem vytvořených modelů dinosaurů i fyzikálních efektů dopadu.


History.

In 1984, the Indian Army's Northern Command inducted the HAL Cheetah during the Siachen Glacier conflict. Two years later, the Indian Air Force's Air Observation Post units were transferred to the Indian Army to form its Army Aviation Corps. With nine helicopter squadrons, the corps supported ground units by carrying men and material to the Siachen Glacier until the 2003 ceasefire.  During the late-1980s Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War, the corps experienced jungle warfare. A unit of the Army Aviation Corps operated in Somalia as part of United Nations Operation in Somalia II from October 1993 to November 1994. During the operation, the corps flew over 2,000 hours accident-free with 100-percent serviceability in desert-like conditions. It also participated in the 1999 Kargil War.

Present day.

Role.

Army Aviation Corps pilots are drawn from other combat arms, including artillery officers. The Indian Air Force flies attack helicopters such as the Mil Mi-25/Mi-35 and HAL Rudra, which are under the operational control of the army. Helicopters such as the HAL Chetak, HAL Cheetah and HAL Dhruv provide logistical support for the Indian Army in remote and inaccessible areas.  The Army Aviation Corps also perform combat search and rescue (CSAR), artillery lift, combat transportation, logistics relief, military prisoner transportation and medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) in wartime and during natural disasters. The director general of the Army Aviation Corps is Lt Gen P. K. Bharali.

Training.

Army Aviation Corps candidates are trained at the Combat Army Aviation Training School (CATS) in Nashik; training was previously conducted at the School of Artillery in Deolali. A Cheetah helicopter simulator was installed at CATS to reduce training costs and pilot risk. The simulator exposes trainees to snow, rain, varied terrain, night flying, emergencies, and tactical maneuvers.

Aircraft.

In 2019, the Indian Army operated 245 aircraft.

Plans.

In 2012, the army was evaluating helicopters from Kamov, Eurocopter and AgustaWestland for its light-helicopter contract for supplying troops stationed at high altitudes. The $750 million contract for the 197 helicopters intended to replace its 1970s Chetak and Cheetah helicopters for high-altitude surveillance and logistics. The successful bidder would provide 60 helicopters in operating condition; the remaining 137 aircraft would be produced by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). The successful bidder was required to invest at least 30 percent of the contract in India.  In December 2014, the Kamov Ka-226T was selected as a light utility helicopter to replace the Chetak and Cheetah while the HAL Light Utility Helicopter was developed. Kamov would build a production plant in India, and 197 helicopters would be purchased under the Make in India program.  The army is planning to acquire the HAL Light Combat Helicopter, which is under development by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, to meet its requirements for a high-altitude——anti-armour and anti-infantry helicopter. It is also planning to acquire a 3-tonne, single-engine HAL Light Utility Helicopter for reconnaissance.  Other planned acquisitions are:

The Army Aviation Corps is a component of the Indian Army which was formed on 1 November 1986. The corps is headed by a director general (with the rank of lieutenant general) at army headquarters in New Delhi.

Indické armádní letectvo (,, Armádní letecký sbor) je letecká složka Indické armády. Vzniklo v roce 1986 převedením existujících pozorovacích perutí z podřízenosti letectva do svazku armády.


Early life.

Butler was born on 4 December 1835 at the rectory in the village of Langar, Nottinghamshire, to the Rev. Thomas Butler, son of Dr. Samuel Butler, then headmaster of Shrewsbury School and later Bishop of Lichfield. Dr Butler was the son of a tradesman and descended from a line of yeomen, but his scholarly aptitude being recognised at a young age, he had been sent to Rugby and Cambridge, where he distinguished himself. His only son Thomas wished to go into the Navy, but succumbed to paternal pressure and entered the Church of England, in which he led an undistinguished career in contrast to his father's. Samuel's immediate family created for him an oppressive home environment (chronicled in "The Way of All Flesh"). Thomas Butler, states one critic, "to make up for having been a servile son, became a bullying father."  Samuel Butler's relations with his parents, especially with his father, were largely antagonistic. His education began at home and included frequent beatings, as was not uncommon at the time. Samuel wrote later that his parents were "brutal and stupid by nature". He later recorded that his father "never liked me, nor I him; from my earliest recollections I can call to mind no time when I did not fear him and dislike him... I have never passed a day without thinking of him many times over as the man who was sure to be against me." Under his parents' influence, he was set on course to follow his father into the priesthood. He was sent to Shrewsbury at the age of twelve, where he did not enjoy the hard life under its then headmaster, Benjamin Hall Kennedy, whom he later drew as "Dr Skinner" in "The Way of All Flesh". Then in 1854 he went up to St John's College, Cambridge, where he obtained a first in Classics in 1858. (The graduate society of St John's is named the Samuel Butler Room (SBR) in his honour).

Career.

After Cambridge he went to live in a low-income parish in London 1858–59 as preparation for his ordination into the Anglican clergy; there he discovered that baptism made no apparent difference to the morals and behaviour of his peers and began questioning his faith. This experience would later serve as inspiration for his work "The Fair Haven". Correspondence with his father about the issue failed to set his mind at peace, inciting instead his father's wrath. As a result, he emigrated in September 1859, on the ship "Roman Emperor" to New Zealand. Butler went there like many early British settlers of privileged origins, to put as much distance as possible between himself and his family. He wrote of his arrival and life as a sheep farmer on Mesopotamia Station in "A First Year in Canterbury Settlement" (1863), and made a handsome profit when he sold his farm, but the chief achievement of his time there was the drafts and source material for much of his masterpiece "Erewhon".  "Erewhon" revealed Butler's long interest in Darwin's theories of biological evolution. In 1863, four years after Darwin published "On the Origin of Species," the editor of a New Zealand newspaper, "The Press", published a letter captioned "Darwin among the Machines." Written by Butler but signed "Cellarius" (q.v.,) it compares human evolution to machine evolution, prophesying that machines would eventually replace man in the supremacy of the earth: "In the course of ages we shall find ourselves the inferior race." The letter raises many of the themes now debated by proponents of the technological singularity, i. e. that computers evolve much faster than humans and that we are racing towards an unknowable future through explosive technological change.  Butler also spent much time criticising Darwin, partly because Butler (himself a man living in the shadow of a previous Samuel Butler) believed that Darwin had not sufficiently acknowledged his grandfather Erasmus Darwin's contribution to the origins of his theory.  Butler returned to England in 1864, settling in rooms in Clifford's Inn (near Fleet Street), where he lived for the rest of his life. In 1872, the Utopian novel "Erewhon" appeared anonymously, causing some speculation as to the identity of the author. When Butler revealed himself, "Erewhon" made him a well-known figure, more because of this speculation than for its literary merits, which have been undisputed.  In 1839 his grandfather Dr Butler had left Samuel property he owned at Whitehall in Shrewsbury on the condition that he survived his own father and his aunt, Dr Butler's daughter Harriet Lloyd. While at Cambridge in 1857 he sold the Whitehall mansion and six acres to his cousin Thomas Bucknall Lloyd, but kept the remaining land surrounding the mansion. His aunt died in 1880 and his father's death in 1886 resolved his financial problems for the last 16 years of his own life. The land at Whitehall was sold for housing development and he laid out and named four roads – Bishop and Canon Streets after his grandfather's and father's clerical titles, Clifford Street after his London home, and Alfred Street in gratitude to his clerk.  Butler indulged himself, holidaying in Italy every summer and producing, while he was there, his works on the Italian landscape and art. His close interest in the art of the Sacri Monti is reflected in "Alps and Sanctuaries of Piedmont and the Canton Ticino" (1881) and "Ex Voto" (1888). He wrote a number of other books, including a less successful sequel, "Erewhon Revisited". His semi-autobiographical novel "The Way of All Flesh" did not appear in print until after his death, as he considered its tone of satirical attack on Victorian morality too contentious at the time.  Butler died on 18 June 1902, aged 66, in a nursing home in St John's Wood Road, London. By his wish he was cremated at Woking Crematorium, and by differing accounts his ashes dispersed or buried in an unmarked grave.  George Bernard Shaw and E. M. Forster were great admirers of the later Samuel Butler, who brought a new tone into Victorian literature and began a long tradition of New Zealand utopian/dystopian literature that would culminate in works by Jack Ross, William Direen, Alan Marshall and Scott Hamilton.

Sexuality.

Butler never married, and although he did for years make regular visits to a woman, Lucie Dumas, he also "had a predilection for intense male friendships, which is reflected in several of his works."  His first significant male friendship was with the young Charles Pauli, son of a German businessman in London, whom Butler met in New Zealand; they returned to England together in 1864 and took neighbouring apartments in Clifford's Inn. Butler had made a large profit from the sale of his New Zealand farm, and undertook to finance Pauli's study of law by paying him a regular pension, which Butler continued to do long after the friendship had cooled, until Butler had spent all of his savings. Upon Pauli's death in 1892, Butler was shocked to learn that Pauli had benefited from similar arrangements with other men and had died wealthy, but without leaving Butler anything in his will.  After 1878, Butler became close friends with Henry Festing Jones, whom Butler persuaded to give up his job as a solicitor to be Butler's personal literary assistant and travelling companion, at a salary of £200 a year. Although Jones kept his own lodgings at Barnard's Inn, the two men saw each other daily until Butler's death in 1902, collaborating on music and writing projects in the daytime, and attending concerts and theatres in the evenings; they also frequently toured Italy and other favourite parts of Europe together. After Butler's death, Jones edited Butler's notebooks for publication and published his own biography of Butler in 1919.  Another significant friendship was with Hans Rudolf Faesch, a Swiss student who stayed with them in London for two years, improving his English, before departing for Singapore. Both Butler and Jones wept when they saw him off at the railway station in early 1895, and Butler subsequently wrote a very emotional poem, "In Memoriam H. R. F.", instructing his literary agent to offer it for publication to several leading English magazines. However, once the Oscar Wilde trial began in the spring of that year, with revelations of homosexual behaviour among the literati, Butler feared being associated with the widely reported scandal and in a panic wrote to all the magazines, withdrawing his poem. Tellingly, in his "Memoir" Jones describes this as a "Calamus poem"; both men would have been aware of Walt Whitman's homoerotic poems of the same name, as well as the very famous but less directly homoerotic "In Memoriam" by Alfred, Lord Tennyson lamenting the death of his friend Arthur Hallam. Jones adds that Butler chose that title because "he had persuaded himself that we should never see Hans again."  Beginning with Malcolm Muggeridge in 1937, a number of literary critics have discussed Butler's sublimated or repressed homosexuality, comparing his lifelong pose as an "incarnate bachelor" to the very similar bachelorhoods among his contemporaries of other writers assumed to be homosexual but closeted, such as Walter Pater, Henry James, and E. M. Forster. As Herbert Sussman speculates: There can be little doubt as to the intensity of Butler's same-sex desire, and the intensity with which he deployed the bachelor mode to regulate it. Victorian bachelorhood enabled a middle-class man who rejected matrimony to remain distinctly middle-class... For Butler, as for Pater and James, the aim of bachelordom was to contain the homoerotic within the respectable... With Pauli, and with Jones and Faesch, Butler most likely kept within the homosocial boundaries of his time. There is no evidence of genital contact with other men, although the temptations of overstepping the line strained his close male relationships.  Regarding the visits to Lucie Dumas (Jones was also a client of hers, and Butler paid for his visits), Sussman says, "Even the scheduled excursions into heterosexual sex functioned less to relieve the sexual tension of bachelorhood than to act out the intense same-sex desire for one's daily companions... In characteristic Victorian fashion, then, these men... perform[ed] their sexual bond through the body of a woman."

Literary history and criticism.

Butler developed a theory that the "Odyssey" came from the pen of a young Sicilian woman, and that the scenes of the poem reflected the coast of Sicily (especially the territory of Trapani) and its nearby islands. He described his evidence for this theory in "The Authoress of the Odyssey" (1897) and in the introduction and footnotes to his prose translation of the "Odyssey" (1900). Robert Graves elaborated on this hypothesis in his novel "Homer's Daughter". In a lecture entitled "The Humour of Homer", delivered at The Working Men's College in London, 1892, Butler argued that Homer's gods in the "Iliad" are like men but "without the virtue" and that the poet "must have desired his listeners not to take them seriously." Butler translated the "Iliad" (1898). His other works include "Shakespeare's Sonnets Reconsidered" (1899), a theory that Shakespeare's sonnets, if rearranged, tell a story about a homosexual affair.  The English novelist Aldous Huxley acknowledged the influence of "Erewhon" on his novel "Brave New World". Huxley's Utopian counterpart to "Brave New World", "Island", also prominently refers to "Erewhon".  Jacques Barzun in "From Dawn to Decadence" asks, "Could a man do more to bewilder the public?".

Assessment.

Butler belonged to no literary school, and spawned no followers during his lifetime. A serious but amateur student of the subjects he undertook, especially religious orthodoxy and evolutionary thought, his controversial assertions effectively shut him out from both of the opposing factions of church and science which played such a large role in late Victorian cultural life: "In those days one was either a religionist or a Darwinian, but he was neither." His influence on literature, such as it was, came through "The Way of All Flesh", which Butler completed in the 1880s but left unpublished to protect his family, yet the novel, "begun in 1870 and not touched after 1885, was so modern when it was published in 1903, that it may be said to have started a new school," particularly in the use of psychoanalytical modes of thought in fiction, which "his treatment of Ernest Pontifex [the hero] foreshadows."

Philosophy and personal thought.

Whether in his satire and fiction, his studies on the evidences of Christianity, his works on evolutionary thought or in his miscellaneous other writings, a consistent theme runs through Butler's work, stemming largely from his personal struggle with the stifling of his own nature by his parents, which led him on to seek more general principles of growth, development and purpose: "What concerned him was to establish his nature, his aspirations and their fulfillment upon a philosophic basis, to identify them with the nature, the aspirations, the fulfillment of all humanity – and more than that – with the fulfillment of the universe... His struggle became generalized, symbolic, tremendous." The form that this search took was principally philosophical and – given the interests of the day – biological: "Satirist, novelist, artist and critic that he was, he was primarily a philosopher," and in particular a philosopher who looked for the biological foundations for his work: "His biology was a bridge to a philosophy of life which sought a scientific basis for religion and endowed a naturalistically conceived universe with a soul." Indeed, "philosophical writer" was ultimately the self-description Butler chose as most fitting to his work.

Theology.

In a collection of essays published after his death entitled "God the Known and God the Unknown", Samuel Butler argued for the existence of a single, corporeal God and argued that belief in an incorporeal deity was essentially the same thing as atheism. He asserted that this "body" of God was, in fact, composed of the bodies of all living things on earth, a belief which may be classed as "panzoism". He later changed his views and decided that God was composed not only of all living things but all non-living things as well. He argued, however, that "...some vaster Person [may] loom... out behind our God, and... stand in relation to him as he to us. And behind this vaster and more unknown God there may be yet another, and another, and another."

Heredity.

Samuel Butler argued that each organism was not, in fact, distinct from its parents. Instead, he asserted that each being was actually merely an extension of its parents at a later stage of evolution. "Birth," he once quipped, "has been made too much of."

Evolution.

Butler accepted evolution but rejected Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. In his book "Evolution, Old and New" (1879) he accused Darwin of borrowing heavily from Buffon, Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, whilst playing down these influences and giving them little credit. In 1912, biologist Vernon Kellogg described Butler's views as follows:  Butler, though strongly anti-Darwinian (that is, anti-natural selection and anti-Charles Darwin) is not anti-evolutionist. He professes, indeed, to be very much of an evolutionist, and in particular one who has taken it upon his shoulders to reinstate Buffon and Erasmus Darwin, and, as a follower of these two, Lamarck, in their rightful place as the most believable explainers of the factors and method of evolution. His evolution belief is a sort of Butlerized Lamarckism, tracing back originally to Buffon and Erasmus Darwin.  Historian Peter J. Bowler has described Butler as a defender of neo-Lamarckian evolution. Bowler noted that "Butler began to see in Lamarckism the prospect of retaining an indirect form of the design argument. Instead of creating from without, God might exist within the process of living development, represented by its innate creativity."  Butler's writings on evolution were criticized by scientists. Critics have pointed out that Butler admitted to be writing entertainment rather than science and his writings were not taken seriously by most professional biologists. Butler's books were negatively reviewed in "Nature" by George Romanes and Alfred Russel Wallace. Romanes stated that Butler's views on evolution had no basis from science.  Gregory Bateson often mentioned Butler and saw value in some his ideas, calling him "the ablest contemporary critic of Darwinian evolution". He noted Butler's insight into the efficiencies of habit formation (patterns of behaviour and mental processes) in adapting to an environment: ...mind and pattern as the explanatory principles which, above all, required investigation were pushed out of biological thinking in the later evolutionary theories which were developed in the mid-nineteenth century by Darwin, Huxley, etc. There were still some naughty boys, like Samuel Butler, who said that mind could not be ignored in this way—but they were weak voices, and incidentally, they never looked at organisms. I don’t think Butler ever looked at anything except his own cat, but he still knew more about evolution than some of the more conventional thinkers.

Biography and criticism.

Butler's friend Henry Festing Jones wrote the authoritative biography: the two-volume "Samuel Butler, Author of Erewhon (1835–1902): A Memoir" (commonly known as Jones's "Memoir"), published in 1919 and reissued by HardPress Publishing in 2013. Project Gutenberg hosts a shorter "Sketch" by Jones. More recently, Peter Raby has written a life: "Samuel Butler: A Biography" (Hogarth Press, 1991). "The Way of All Flesh" was published after Butler's death by his literary executor, R. Streatfeild, in 1903. This version however altered Butler's text in many ways and cut important material. The actual manuscript was edited by Daniel F. Howard as "Ernest Pontifex, or The Way of All Flesh" (Butler's original title) and published for the first time in 1965. For a critical study, mostly about "The Way of All Flesh", see Thomas L. Jeffers, "Samuel Butler Revalued" (University Park: Penn State Press, 1981).

Samuel Butler (4 December 1835 – 18 June 1902) was the iconoclastic English author of the Utopian satirical novel "Erewhon" (1872) and the semi-autobiographical Bildungsroman "The Way of All Flesh", published posthumously in 1903. Both have remained in print ever since. In other studies he examined Christian orthodoxy, evolutionary thought, and Italian art, and made prose translations of the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" that are still consulted today. He was also an artist.

Samuel Butler (4. prosince 1835 Langar – 18. června 1902 Londýn) byl anglický spisovatel a překladatel. Studoval na univerzitě v Cambridge a nejdříve se připravoval na dráhu anglikánského duchovního. Pochybnosti o víře jej však přiměly, aby svůj záměr opustil a roku 1859 odjel na Nový Zéland. Zde založil ovčí farmu, jejímž prodejem později vydělal menší jmění, a začal literárně tvořit. Do Anglie se vrátil roku 1864 a natrvalo se usadil v Londýně. Roku 1872 vydal anonymně utopický román "Erewhon", jímž se etabloval jako spisovatel. Nikdy se neoženil.


Geography.

Neighbouring communities.

To the northwest Seefeld borders on Leutasch (village of Weidach), to the northeast on Scharnitz (village of Gießenbach). Its eastern municipal boundary with Zirl runs along the arête from the Seefelder Joch and Seefelder Spitze. To the south lies Reith (village of Auland) and to the west Telfs (village of Mösern).

Topography.

The village is situated on the south-facing Seefeld Plateau north of the River Inn on the watershed between the basins of the Inn and the Isar. The plateau (which also comprises the villages of Leutasch, Reith, Scharnitz and Mösern) is surrounded by the Wetterstein mountain range to the west, and the Karwendel mountain range to the east; it falls away in a steep drop off to the Inn valley to the south. To the north, the high valley leads through the village of Scharnitz towards the border with Germany at Mittenwald.  Seefeld has two main mountain areas (for walking or skiing): one is the rounded hill, the Gschwandtkopf (1,495 m); the other is on the slopes of the mountains to the east and called the "Rosshütte" after the large mountain restaurant halfway up. These mountains dominate the Seefeld Plateau; from left/north to right/south, they are the Seefelder Joch, Seefelder Spitze (2,215 m), Härmelekopf (2,224 m) and Reither Spitze (2,374 m). Notable other landmarks include the Seekirchl, a small, onion-domed church, and the Pfarrhügel, a spur of the Gschwandtkopf running into the town centre and forming a small attractive hill. There is also a popular bathing lake called the Wildsee.

Lakes and streams.

On the east side of the "Seefelder Joch" rise the tributaries of the "Haglbach", which flows west through the valley of "Hermannstal", then swings south on reaching the plateau to run along the municipal boundary and feed the Wildsee. The Wildsee is threatened by sediment deposition from the "Haglbach". In future it is planned to excavate a reservoir east of "Innsbrucker Straße" to collect these sediments. The tailstream of the Wildsee, now called the Seebach, runs through Seefeld in a northerly direction and collects the waters of the Raabach shortly after passing the village centre. This section was called the "Mühlbach" by Peter Anich in 1762.  The Raabach has its source in the southeast near the Mösern "Mähder" and was once impounded to form a reservoir that gave the church of Seekirchl its name. Below the Schlossberg, near the Seebach, is a radon-containing spring, that, under the name of the Franz Josef Spring, was mentioned in 1900 for the first time in the Directory of Spas of the Imperial-Royal Province of Tyrol and Vorarlberg ("Verzeichnis der Kurorte und Bäder der K.K. Statthalterei für Tirol und Vorarlberg") and used until 1984 as a health spring. Its radon content of 117 becquerels per litre is rather low (the limit for drinking water is 1,000 Bq/l).  The "Klammbach" originates at the Wildmoosalm below the lake of Wildmoossee and runs northwest of the village on the far side of the Geigenbühel, passes the Triendlsäge (where there is a reservoir with a capacity of 450 m3 which supplies a small hydropower station generating 45 kW) and merges with the "Seebach" by the "Lehenwald" woods in front of the "Bodenalm" to form the "Drahnbach". The latter flows towards Scharnitz and empties into the Isar tributary, the Gießenbach. The reservoir at near the "Rosshütte" (called the "Kaltwassersee" and named after the local area) has a capacity of 66,500 m3 and receives its water from the public mains. In 2015 it was additionally fed between April and August from the "Blauer Schrofen" spring below the Seefelder Spitze. The additional water from the Kaltwassersee for snowmaking was raised in 2009 from 100,000 m3 to 165,000 m3 per year.

Infrastructure.

Rail services.

Seefeld is on the Karwendel Railway with links to Munich via Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Innsbruck. It is also served by S-Bahn line 5 from Innsbruck to Scharnitz (to Garmisch-P.). From the start of the winter timetable in 2010, Seefeld station became the highest Intercity-Express (ICE) stop in Europe. At weekends it is served by two ICE trains in each direction daily (2014 timetable).

Bus services.

Three bus routes run by the Tyrol Transport Association stop in Seefeld, as does a long distance bus route (at the Rosshütte bus stop):

Road transport.

The Bundesstraße 177 federal highway ("Seefelder Strasse") to the German border is part of the European route E 533. It runs from Zirl over the Zirler Berg to Scharnitz and Mittenwald. Another road link from the Inn valley runs from Telfs via Mösern, along the road to Leutasch and enables Mittenwald to be reached over the Scharnitz Pass.  Innsbruck Airport lies about 20 km from Seefeld. In winter there are direct flights from e. g. Hamburg, Berlin, Cologne and Frankfurt.

Communication and telecommunication.

The pilot project by "Telesystem Tirol" for cable TV was conducted in 1975 by a family firm based in Auland. Today about 900 participants in Seefeld and Reith are connected. DVB-T is transmitted by a transmitter on the Gschwandtkopf.  Broadband access and HSPA is available in the entire permanent settlement of Seefeld at a rate of 42.2 MBit/s. It is naked DSL with symmetric bandwidth of up to 20 Mbit/s, ADSL up to 30 Mbit/s. Broadband internet is also provided over the cable network. Since August 2012 there has been free WLAN access in the pedestrian zone, the spa park, the sport and congress centre, around the Seekirchl and at the "Casino Arena", around the ski jumps on the Gschwandtkopf and at several stations in the Rosshütte ski area.

Sports facilities.

In recent years Seefeld has expanded and renovated its sports facilities and positioned itself as the Nordic Competence Centre ("Nordisches Kompetenzzentrum") for the training of national teams and clubs as well as the Stams Skiing Grammar School ("Skigymnasium Stams").

Economy.

Tourism.

Seefeld is an important centre for cross-country skiing. The Nordic events at both the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics were hosted at Seefeld. Competitions during the 1933, 1985 and 2019 FIS Nordic Skiing World Championships also took place here. In both the Winter Olympics and the 1985 World Championships only the normal hill in ski jumping took place in Seefeld, the large hill took place in Innsbruck) as well as some of the events at the 1st Winter Youth Olympic Games in January 2012. World Cup competitions have been located here a number of times. During the 2019 World Championships, ski jumping took place in Seefeld in Tirol.  The 1963 Biathlon World Championships also took place in Seefeld in Tirol.  The alpine skiing area is small and appropriate for beginners. There are two separate small areas which are not connected except by a ski bus (free of charge) or taxis. The terrain itself is quite good and there is good access to other facilities (walks, shops and the Olympia swimming complex).  Seefeld is popular with walkers because of its plateau location; there are many attractive walks which don't depend on climbing up and down mountains. However, the walks into the mountains are beautiful too, especially since the Karwendel is a huge nature reserve. Recommended walks include down through the Schlossbachklamm to Hochzirl (then the train back), and from the cable car stations down into the Eppzirlertal (if you're fairly fit). There are possibilities for multi-day walks through the Karwendel towards the Achensee.  Together with eleven other towns Seefeld is a member of the community "Best of the Alps".

Seefeld in Tirol is an old farming village, now a major tourist resort, in Innsbruck-Land District in the Austrian state of Tyrol with a local population of 3,312 (as of 1 January 2013). The village is located about northwest of Innsbruck on a plateau between the Wetterstein mountains and the Karwendel on a historic road from Mittenwald to Innsbruck that has been important since the Middle Ages. It was first mentioned in 1022 and since the 14th century has been a pilgrimage site, benefiting not only from the visit of numerous pilgrims but also from its stacking rights as a trading station between Augsburg and the Venice. Also since the 14th century, Tyrolean shale oil has been extracted in the area. Seefeld was a popular holiday resort even before 1900 and, since the 1930s, has been a well known winter sports centres and amongst the most popular tourist resorts in Austria. The municipality, which has been the venue for several Winter Olympics Games, is the home village of Anton Seelos, the inventor of the parallel turn.

Seefeld in Tirol, původně zemědělská ves, je nyní největším turistickým centrem v okrese Innsbruck-venkov v rakouské spolkové zemi Tyrolsko. Žije zde 3398 obyvatel (k 1. lednu 2016). Ves leží 17 km severozápadně od Innsbrucku na náhorní plošině mezi Wettersteinem a Karwendelem na obchodní stezce z Mittenwaldu do Innsbrucku, která byla důležitá od středověku.


Biography.

Dibb was born on January 6, 1978 in Orange, California to Jessica B Mendlovitz and David C Dibb, who married in 1977. He began writing and recording music with childhood friend Noah Lennox (Panda Bear) in 1991. While at The Park School of Baltimore, Josh met David Portner (Avey Tare) and Brian Weitz (Geologist) when they asked him to join their band, Automine. Josh introduced Noah to Dave and Brian and over the next few years the four spent time playing music together and sharing tapes of music they made individually.  After high school, Panda Bear and Deakin went to Boston, where Deakin attended Brandeis University. Avey Tare and Geologist moved to New York City to attend NYU and Columbia University respectively. After months of playing the band finally settled on the name "Animal Collective". After touring with the group from 2004 to the end of 2006 and recording two albums, Feels and Strawberry Jam, the Water Curses EP and the visual album ODDSAC he decided to take a break from the increasingly rigorous touring schedule. After not participating in the recording of the album "Merriweather Post Pavilion", he rejoined the band live on April 10, 2011 in Petaluma, California after a three-year absence.  On January 1, 2010, he played his first solo show as Deakin at The Ottobar in Baltimore, MD where he grew up. In December 2009, Deakin raised $25,985 through the Kickstarter crowdfunding platform to travel to Mali to play at the music festival Festival au Désert outside of Tomboctou in January 2010 and to record an album in early 2010. After playing the music festival, Deakin played five shows in Europe, including a few shows opening for Panda Bear.  On January 7, 2016, Dibb sent backers of his Kickstarter campaign an announcement that his long awaited solo album was complete. The album, titled "Sleep Cycle", was released on Bandcamp on April 6, 2016. "Just Am" was the first track shared from the album, accompanied by a music video.

Joshua Caleb Dibb (born January 6, 1978), also known by his moniker Deakin, is an American musician who co-founded the experimental pop band Animal Collective. He is the most infrequent member of the collective appearing on only about half of all albums. In 2016, he made his solo debut with the album "Sleep Cycle". He also occasionally works as a carpenter during musical down time.

Josh Dibb, známý rovněž jako Deakin (* 6. ledna 1978) je americký hudebník, člen skupiny Animal Collective. Studoval na Park School of Baltimore, kde se setkal s ostatními členy skupiny (s jedním z nich, s Noahem Lennoxem, se znal již od dětství). Po univerzitních studiích působil ve skupině Animal Collective, avšak nehrál na všech jejích albech. Dále je například autorem remixů písní od skupin Goldfrapp a Ratatat, ale také hudebníka vystupujícího pod jménem Pantha du Prince. Své první sólové album nazvané "Sleep Cycle" vydal v roce 2016.


Early life and education.

Cardellini was born in Redwood City, California, the daughter of Lorraine (née Hernan), a homemaker, and Wayne David Cardellini, a businessman. She is the youngest of four children. Cardellini is of Italian, Irish, German, and Scottish descent. She was raised Catholic. She made her first public appearance at age 10, when she sang in a school play. Subsequently, she acted in several school productions and started attending drama lessons. She graduated from nearby Mountain View's Catholic St. Francis High School in 1993, then moved to Los Angeles to seek roles in television and film.  Cardellini was a contestant in a 1994 episode of "The Price Is Right", winning a fireplace.  She attended Loyola Marymount University's College of Communication and Fine Arts, graduating in 1997 with a degree in theatre arts. In 2007, she was recognized as a "Distinguished Alumna" by the university.

Career.

Cardellini received her first big break role in 1996 when she landed a starring role as Sarah on ABC's Saturday morning live-action children's series, "Bone Chillers". Following this, she made guest appearances on prime-time programs such as "Step by Step", "Clueless", "3rd Rock from the Sun", and "Boy Meets World" as Lauren, a girl that came between the show's star couple. Cardellini co-starred in the AMC mini-series "The Lot" in 1999, and spent the summer in Europe as part of a touring production of "Lancelot", a fourteenth-century Dutch tragedy. Cardellini had her first major success when she landed one of the starring roles in the NBC series "Freaks and Geeks", which debuted during the 1999–2000 season. As Lindsay Weir, an honor student in the midst of an identity crisis, Cardellini earned positive response that subsequently catapulted her to fame. Cardellini starred in the live-action adaptation of "Scooby-Doo" in 2002, in which she played the cartoon character Velma Dinkley. She later reprised the role of Velma in 2004's "". She joined the cast of the hospital drama "ER" in 2003 as Samantha Taggart, a free-spirited nurse. Cardellini acted for six seasons on "ER", until the series finale, "And in the End...", and with the cast won the TV Land ensemble "Icon Award" in 2009. Her other film work includes roles in "Dead Man on Campus", "Strangeland", "Good Burger", "Legally Blonde", "Brokeback Mountain" (for which she was nominated for the ensemble Gotham and Screen Actors Guild awards), and a starring role in the Happy Madison film "Grandma's Boy" as Samantha. She was the voice of Ursula in the role-playing video game, "Gladius", and played the voice of Bliss Goode on the ABC animated series "The Goode Family". In 2007, Cardellini was chosen to play lovelorn Clara in the CBS miniseries "Comanche Moon", a prequel to 1989's "Lonesome Dove".  In 2010 and 2011, Cardellini returned to the stage with the Dr. God comedy group in Los Angeles and San Francisco, appeared in "Kill the Irishman" and "Super", and starred in the independent film "Return". She appeared with cast members and producers of "Freaks and Geeks" and "Undeclared" at the Paley Center for Media PaleyFest on March 12, 2011. From June 15, 2012 to February 15, 2016, she has been the voice of Wendy on the Disney Channel show "Gravity Falls".  Cardellini voice acts periodically on the podcast and live show "The Thrilling Adventure Hour", on the "Sparks Nevada: Marshal on Mars" segments. In 2013, she was chosen to play Sylvia Rosen, a love interest of Don Draper on "Mad Men". For her performance on "Mad Men", she received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series. Starting in 2015, she joined Kyle Chandler on a new Netflix series "Bloodline" from the creators of "Damages". The show was cancelled in 2016, and ended after its third season. That same year, she also had a starring role in the comedy "Daddy's Home". In 2017, she reprised her role in the sequel "Daddy's Home 2".  In August 2018, Cardellini was cast to co-star with Christina Applegate in Netflix's dark comedy series "Dead to Me". It premiered on May 3, 2019.  In 2019, she starred in the horror film "The Curse of La Llorona".

Personal life.

Cardellini dated her "Freaks and Geeks" co-star Jason Segel for five years following the show's cancellation. In October 2011, Cardellini and her boyfriend Steven Rodriguez announced her pregnancy. Cardellini gave birth to their daughter in February 2012. Cardellini and Rodriguez became engaged in June 2013.

Linda Edna Cardellini (born June 25, 1975) is an American actress. In television, she is known for her leading roles in the teen drama "Freaks and Geeks" (1999–2000), the medical drama "ER" (2003–09), the drama thriller "Bloodline" (2015–17), and the black tragicomedy "Dead to Me" (2019–present). She also guest starred in the period drama "Mad Men" (2013–15), for which she received an Emmy Award nomination. Her voice work includes the animated series "Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated" (2010–13), "Regular Show" (2012–15), "Gravity Falls" (2012–16), and "Sanjay and Craig" (2013–16).

Linda Edna Cardellini (* 25. června 1975 Redwood City, Kalifornie) je americká herečka. V televizi debutovala v roce 1996 v seriálu "Bone Chillers", na stříbrném plátně se poprvé objevila ve snímku "Good Burger" o rok později. V dalších letech hrála např. ve filmech "Pravá blondýnka" (2001), "Scooby-Doo" (2002), "" (2004), "Zkrocená hora" (2005), "Sejmout zabijáka" (2011), "" (2015) a "" (2019). V letech 1999–2000 působila v seriálu "Machři a šprti", od roku 2003 do roku 2009 hrála v seriálu "Pohotovost", hostovala také v seriálu "Šílenci z Manhattanu" (2013–2015). Od roku 2009 se věnuje i dabingu animovaných seriálů.


Biography.

Childhood.

Joan Manuel Serrat i Teresa was born 27 December 1943 in the Poble-sec neighbourhood of Barcelona, to members of a working family. His father, Josep Serrat, was a Catalan anarchist affiliated with the CNT and his mother, Ángeles Teresa, the woman of the home was from Belchite, from the Zaragoza in the region of Aragon. His childhood and environment in his neighbourhood greatly impacted him, as a great number of his songs described Catalonia after the Spanish Civil War (examples are "La Carmeta", "La tieta" y "El drapaire" as stereotypical characters from his neighbourhood).

Early career.

Serrat became involved with music at the age of 17 when he obtained his first guitar to which he dedicated one of his earliest songs, "Una guitarra". In the early 1960s, the young artist participated in a pop band, playing along with classmates at Barcelona's Agronomy School and performing mainly Beatles songs and Italian 'pop-of-the-era' songs translated to Spanish. In 1965, while singing in a radio show called Radioscope, host Salvador Escamilla helped him secure a record deal with local label Edigsa, from there joining the group Els Setze Jutges which defended the Catalan language during the Spanish State. In that same year, he recorded his first EP "Una guitarra" with the songs "Una guitarra", "Ella em deixa", "La mort de l'avi" and "El mocador". In 1966 appeared his second EP "Ara que tinc vint anys" with the songs "Ara que tinc vint anys", "Quan arriba el fred", "El drapaire" and "Sota un cirerer florit". In 1967 his first LP was released "Ara que tinc vint anys" which included some songs from previous EP recordings, as well as "Balada per a un trobador", "Els vells amants" and "Els titelles". Joan Manuel Serrat's first live stage performance in 1967 at the Palau de la Música Catalana, served to establish him as one of the most important artists inside the Nova cançó movement in Catalonia.  The following year, Spain entered Serrat in the Eurovision Song Contest 1968 to sing "La, la, la", but he asked to sing it in Catalan, to which the Spanish authorities would not agree. This would be the first time he would come into conflict with the language politics of Francoist Spain, because of his decision to sing in his native Catalan language, repressed by dictator Francisco Franco. Defiantly, Serrat refused to sing the Spanish-language version, and was hurriedly replaced by Massiel, who went on to win the contest with her Spanish-language interpretation.

1969–1974.

Serrat's first son Queco is born in 1969, and in that same year he made his first tour to South America. He released an album containing songs with texts of Antonio Machado, a well-known Spanish poet of late 19th-early 20th century. This album brought him immediate fame in all Spain and Latin America though, in spite of this, his decision to sing in Spanish was criticized in some Catalan nationalist circles. Regarding this and other times when his choice of language (sometimes Spanish, sometimes Catalan) raised controversy on either side of the political sphere, he once explained: "I sing better in the language they forbid me." He participated and won the song festival of Rio de Janeiro in 1970 with his single "Penélope".  The release of the "Mediterráneo" LP in 1971 consolidated the artist's reputation worldwide. During that year, Serrat sang a seminal concert at the theater of the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, which was highly influential in the Puerto Rican music community of the time, and which had repercussions as late as 2006.  In late 1974, Serrat was exiled in Mexico due to his condemnation of capital punishment in Francoist Spain. It wasn't until Franco's death on 20 November 1975 that Serrat was able to return to his homeland. In 1976, Joan Manuel Serrat was acclaimed for the first time in the United States, while performing in Los Angeles, San Francisco, and New York.  In January 1995, the Spanish government awarded him a medal for his contribution to Hispanic culture. That same year, a tribute album called "Serrat, eres único" was made to honour his career, featuring artists such as Diego Torres, Ketama, Rosario Flores, Joaquín Sabina, and Antonio Flores. In the same year, he toured "Nadie es Perfecto," through several countries in Latin American. In February 1995, Serrat gave a concert at University of Lima, in Lima-Peru. On 28 November 1998, Serrat performed the "Cant del Barça" during the FC Barcelona Centenary festival at the Camp Nou.  In 2000, the Spanish Association of Authors and Editors (SGAE) awarded him with one of ten Medals of the Century.  Serrat revealed in October 2004 that he had been undergoing treatment for cancer of the urinary bladder and in November that year he had to cancel a tour of Latin America and the US in order to undergo surgery in Barcelona, where he still lives. His signature song "Mediterráneo" was selected as the most important song of the 20th century in Spain.  His recovery was satisfactory, and in 2005 he went on tour again ("Serrat 100×100") around Spain and Latin America with his lifelong producer and arranger, Ricard Miralles. During the tour Serrat played symphonic versions of his songs with local symphony orchestras.  A second volume of "Serrat, eres único" was also released this year, featuring Alejandro Sanz, Estopa, and Pasión Vega. Around the same time, Cuban artists such as Silvio Rodríguez, Pablo Milanés, Chucho Valdez, and Ibrahim Ferrer came together to make another tribute CD, "Cuba le canta a Serrat".  By 2006, the theater of the University of Puerto Rico in Río Piedras where Serrat sang in 1970 had undergone a multimillion-dollar renovation, after being closed for ten years. The university planned to reopen the theater with Serrat as its first popular culture act, thus recalling his first performance there. However, student protests over the university conceding private entities control over some theater administration functions ended up in a physical confrontation between some student leaders and patrons attending the theater's inaugural gala, the day before Serrat's first scheduled performance. As a result, the concerts had to be postponed and changed to another venue. Serrat felt particularly uneasy about the whole situation; when he was pressed to take sides in the controversy he opted to remain neutral.  In 2006, Serrat also released Mô, his first album completely in Catalan in 17 years. The album title refers to the city of Mahón, capital of the Spanish island of Menorca, where he likes to get away from it all during long touring seasons.  In 2017 and 2018, he carried a tour named "Mediterraneo da Capo" to commemorate the 47th anniversary of his mythical record "Mediterraneo".  Serrat is a part owner of the Mas Perinet winery producing both DO Montsant and DOC Priorat wines in La Morera de Montsant.

Legacy.

There are many artists and authors of songs that have paid homage to the figure and work of Joan Manuel Serrat. Among the most noteworthy are "Ahí te mando mi guitarra, Juan Manuel", composed by Manuel Alejandro and played by Blanca Villa while Serrat was in exile for his statements against the death penalty; the recent "Maldito Serrat" by the Argentine singer-songwriter Ignacio Copani; "Mi primo el Nano", composed by his friend Joaquín Sabina, and the "Canción para un maño", a song by Georges Brassens adapted by Paco Ibáñez.  Apart from these songs that deal exclusively with the figure of Joan Manuel Serrat, there are others that mention the name of Joan Manuel Serrat or some of his songs. These are the cases of Alberto Cortez in his live version of "No soy de aquí", by Joaquín Sabina himself when he recorded "No hago otra cosa que pensar en ti" on the album "Serrat, eres único", of Presuntos Implicados in "Ser de agua" or of singer-songwriters like Juan Carlos Baglietto, Fito Páez <! - "como decía un catalán, voy tratando de crecer y no de sentar cabeza"->, Javier Ruibal, Víctor Heredia, Fernando Delgadillo, Ricardo Arjona, Amaury Pérez, Vicente Feliú, Alejandro Filio, Kiko Tovar, Cacho Duvanced, Ramiro Segrelles, Joan Isaac, Guillermina Motta, Gerardo Peña, Hernaldo Zúñiga, Liuba María Hevia, Alejandro Nardecchia, Miquel Pujadó, Joan Baptista Humet, among others.  You can also quote in this section the lyrics of "Sóc el millor", which Francesc Pi de la Serra composed, although more than in homage was a harsh criticism towards Serrat for his decision of Joan Manuel to sing also in Spanish. Also noteworthy is the humorous version of the song "Ara que tinc vint anys", which La Trinca recorded with a change in title: "Ara que tinc 80 anys".

Political Views.

In 1974, during a visit to Mexico, an arrest warrant was issued for Serrat in Spain after he criticised the death penalty and the "established and official violence" of the Dictatorship of General Franco. Serrat lived in exile for the remainder of the dictatorship, returning after the death of Franco in 1975 and Spain's return to democracy.  In recent years, Serrat has been a vocal critic of the Catalan independence movement, unilateral referendum of 1 October 2017, Spanish Government and Catalan regional government. Serrat holds the view that the 2017 unilateral Catalan Nationalist push for secession and the reaction from the government of Mariano Rajoy served the purpose of "covering up years of cuts and economic corruption" from both the Catalan regional government and Spanish national government. He has been the target of boycotts and abuse from sections of the Catalan independence movement because of his political views..

Joan Manuel Serrat i Teresa (; born 27 December 1943) is a Spanish musician, singer-songwriter, recording artist, and performer. He is considered one of the most important figures of modern, popular music in both the Spanish and Catalan languages.

Joan Manuel Serrat (* 27. prosince 1943) je španělský zpěvák a kytarista. Hudbě se začal věnovat ve svých sedmnácti letech, kdy dostal svou první kytaru. Během své kariéry vydal několik desítek alb, první z nich, vydané v roce 1967, neslo název "Ara que tinc Vint Anys". Své písně zpívá jak ve španělštině, tak i v katalánštině. Roku 1986 získal italské ocenění Premio Tenco.


Mission.

Overall management, engineering and navigation for the mission is provided by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, while the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory provides principal science operations and Lockheed Martin Space Systems built the spacecraft and provides mission operations. The science team includes members from the United States, Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom, and Italy.  After traveling for approximately two years, the spacecraft rendezvoused with asteroid 101955 Bennu in December 2018 and began 505 days of surface mapping at a distance of approximately. Results of that mapping will be used by the mission team to select the site from which to take a sample of the asteroid's surface. Then a close approach (without landing) will be attempted to allow extension of a robotic arm to gather the sample.  An asteroid was chosen as the target of study because an asteroid is a "time capsule" from the birth of our Solar System. In particular, 101955 Bennu was selected because of the availability of pristine carbonaceous material, a key element in organic molecules necessary for life as well as representative of matter from before the formation of Earth. Organic molecules, such as amino acids, have previously been found in meteorite and comet samples, indicating that some ingredients necessary for life can be naturally synthesized in outer space.  Following a collection of material (60 grams), the sample will be returned to Earth in a capsule similar to that which returned the samples of a comet 81P/Wild on the Stardust spacecraft. The return trip to Earth will be shorter and the capsule will land with a parachute at the Utah Test and Training Range in September 2023 before being transported to the Johnson Space Center for processing in a dedicated research facility.

Launch.

The launch was on 8 September 2016 at 23:05 UTC on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V 411 from Cape Canaveral, Space Launch Complex 41. The 411 rocket configuration consists of a RD-180 powered first stage with a single AJ-60A solid fuel booster, and a Centaur upper stage. OSIRIS-REx separated from the launch vehicle 55 minutes after ignition. The launch was declared "exactly perfect" by the mission's Principal Investigator, with no anomalies worked before or during launch.

Cruise.

OSIRIS-REx entered the cruise phase shortly after separation from the launch vehicle, following successful solar panel deployment, propulsion system initiation, and establishment of a communication link with Earth. Its hyperbolic escape speed from Earth was about. On 28 December 2016, the spacecraft successfully performed its first deep space maneuver to change its velocity by using of fuel. An additional, smaller firing of its thrusters on 18 January further refined its course for an Earth gravity assist on 22 September 2017. The cruise phase lasted until its encounter with Bennu in December 2018, after which it entered its science and sample collection phase.  During its cruise phase, OSIRIS-REx was used to search for a class of near-Earth objects known as Earth-Trojan asteroids as it passed through Sun–Earth Lagrange point. Between 9 and 20 February 2017, the OSIRIS-REx team used the spacecraft's MapCam camera to search for the objects, taking about 135 survey images each day for processing by scientists at the University of Arizona. The search was beneficial even though no new trojans were found, as it closely resembled the operation required as the spacecraft approached Bennu, searching for natural satellites and other potential hazards.  On 12 February 2017, while from Jupiter, the PolyCam instrument aboard OSIRIS-REx successfully imaged the giant planet and three of its moons, Callisto, Io, and Ganymede.  OSIRIS-REx flew by Earth on 22 September 2017.

Arrival and survey.

On 3 December 2018, NASA affirmed that OSIRIS-REx had matched the speed and orbit of Bennu at a distance of about, effectively reaching the asteroid. OSIRIS-REx performed closer passes of the Bennu surface, initially at about through December to further refine the shape and orbit of Bennu. Preliminary spectroscopic surveys of the asteroid's surface by OSIRIS-REx spacecraft, detected the presence of hydrated minerals in the form of clay. While researchers suspect that Bennu was too small to host water, the hydroxyl groups may have come from water presence in its parent body before Bennu split off.  OSIRIS-REx entered orbit around Bennu on 31 December 2018 at about to start its extensive remote mapping and sensing campaign for the selection of a sample site. This is the closest distance that any spacecraft has orbited a celestial object, surpassing the "Rosetta" orbit of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko at. At this altitude, it takes the spacecraft 62 hours to orbit Bennu. At the end of this detailed survey, the spacecraft will enter a closer orbit with a radius of.

Sample acquisition.

Rehearsals will be performed before the sampling event, during which the solar arrays will be raised into a Y-shaped configuration to minimize the chance of dust accumulation during contact and provide more ground clearance in case the spacecraft tips over (up to 45°) during contact. The descent will be very slow to minimize thruster firings prior to contact in order to reduce the likelihood of asteroid surface contamination by unreacted hydrazine propellant. Contact with the surface of Bennu will be detected using accelerometers, and the impact force will be dissipated by a spring in the TAGSAM arm.  Upon surface contact by the TAGSAM instrument, a burst of nitrogen gas will be released, which will blow regolith particles smaller than into the sampler head at the end of the robotic arm. A five-second timer will limit collection time to mitigate the chance of a collision. After the timer expires, the back-away maneuver will initiate a safe departure from the asteroid.  OSIRIS-REx will then halt the drift away from the asteroid in case it is necessary to return for another sampling attempt. The spacecraft will use images and spinning maneuvers to verify the sample has been acquired as well as determine its mass and verify it is in excess of the required. In the event of a failed sampling attempt, the spacecraft will return for another try. There is enough nitrogen gas for three attempts.  In addition to the bulk sampling mechanism, contact pads on the end of the sampling head will passively collect dust grains smaller than, upon contact with the asteroid. These pads are made from tiny loops of stainless steel.  After the sampling attempt, the Sample-Return Capsule (SRC) lid will be opened to allow the sampler head to be stowed. The arm will then be retracted into its launch configuration, and the SRC lid will be closed and latched preparing to return to Earth.  NASA selected the final four candidate sample sites in August 2019, named Nightingale, Kingfisher, Osprey, and Sandpiper. On 12 December 2019, they announced that Nightingale had been selected as the primary sample site and Osprey was selected as the backup site. Both located within craters, Nightingale is near Bennu's north pole while Osprey is near the equator. NASA's initial plans were to perform the first sampling in late August 2020, NASA's originally planned Touch-and-Go (TAG) sample collection event was scheduled for 25 August 2020, but is now scheduled for 20 October 2020. During this sample collection event, the spacecraft will descend to Bennu's surface and collect material from sample site Nightingale.  On 15 April 2020, a sample collection rehearsal was successfully coordinated over the Nightingale sample site. The exercise took OSIRIS-REx as close as from the surface before performing a back-away burn.

Curation.

On 24 September 2023, the OSIRIS-REx return capsule will re-enter Earth's atmosphere and land under a parachute at the Air Force's Utah Test and Training Range. The sample will be curated at NASA's Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate (ARES) and at Japan's Extraterrestrial Sample Curation Center. The sample material from the asteroid will be distributed to requesting organisations worldwide by ARES.

Name.

OSIRIS-REx is an acronym, and each letter or combination of letters relates to part of the project:  Each of these words was chosen to represent an aspect of this mission. For example, the S, for security means the security of Earth from hazardous NEO. Specifically it refers to better understanding the Yarkovsky Effect, that changes the trajectory of the asteroid. Regolith Explorer means that the mission will study the texture, morphology, geochemistry, and spectral properties of the regolith of asteroid Bennu.  When its heritage concept was proposed in the Discovery program in 2004, it was called OSIRIS without the additional REx. This mission is also sometimes called New Frontiers 3, for it being the third of the New Frontiers program missions.  The acronym OSIRIS was chosen in reference to the ancient mythological Egyptian god Osiris, the underworld lord of the dead. He was classically depicted as a green-skinned man with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs and wearing a distinctive crown with two large ostrich feathers at either side. Rex means "king" in Latin. His name was chosen for this mission as asteroid Bennu is a threatening Earth impactor, with an estimated 1-in-1800 chance of hitting Earth in the year 2170.

Science objectives.

The science objectives of the mission are:  Telescopic observations have helped define the orbit of 101955 Bennu, a near-Earth object with a mean diameter in the range of. It completes an orbit of the Sun every 436.604 days (1.2 years). This orbit takes it close to the Earth every six years. Although the orbit is reasonably well known, scientists continue to refine it. It is critical to know the orbit of Bennu because recent calculations produced a cumulative probability of 1 in 1410 (or 0.071%) of impact with Earth in the period 2169 to 2199. One of the mission objectives is to refine understanding of non-gravitational effects (such as the Yarkovsky effect) on this orbit, and the implications of those effects for Bennu's collision probability. Knowing Bennu's physical properties will be critical for future scientists to understand when developing an asteroid impact avoidance mission.  Telescopic observations have revealed some basic properties of Bennu. They indicate that it is very dark and is classified as a B-type asteroid, a sub-type of the carbonaceous C-type asteroids. Such asteroids are considered "primitive", having undergone little geological change from their time of formation.

Payload.

In addition to its telecommunication equipment, the spacecraft will carry a suite of instruments that will study the asteroid in many wavelengths, as well as image the asteroid, and retrieve a physical sample to return to Earth. The Planetary Society coordinated a campaign to invite interested persons to have their names or artwork on the mission's spirit of exploration saved on a microchip now carried in the spacecraft.

OCAMS.

The OSIRIS-REx Camera Suite (OCAMS) consists of the PolyCam, the MapCam, and the SamCam. Together they acquire information on asteroid Bennu by providing global mapping, sample site reconnaissance and characterization, high-resolution imaging, and records of the sample acquisition.

OLA.

The OSIRIS-REx Laser Altimeter (OLA) is a scanning and LIDAR instrument that will provide high resolution topographical information throughout the mission. The information received by OLA creates global topographic maps of Bennu, local maps of candidate sample sites, ranging in support of other instruments, and support navigation and gravity analyses.  OLA scans the surface of Bennu at specific intervals to rapidly map the entire surface of the asteroid to achieve its primary objective of producing local and global topographic maps. The data collected by OLA will also be used to develop a control network relative to the center of mass of the asteroid and to enhance and refine gravitational studies of Bennu.  OLA has a single common receiver and two complementary transmitter assemblies that enhance the resolution of the information brought back. OLA's high-energy laser transmitter is used for ranging and mapping from. The low-energy transmitter is used for ranging and imaging from. The repetition rate of these transmitters sets the data acquisition rate of OLA. Laser pulses from both the low and high energy transmitters are directed onto a movable scanning mirror, which is co-aligned with the field of view of the receiver telescope limiting the effects of background solar radiation. Each pulse provides target range, azimuth, elevation, received intensity and a time-tag.  OLA was funded by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and was built by MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates at Brampton, Ontario, Canada. OLA was delivered for integration with the spacecraft on 17 November 2015. The lead instrument scientist of OLA is Michael Daly from York University.

OVIRS.

The OSIRIS-REx Visible and IR Spectrometer (OVIRS) is a spectrometer, which measures light to provide mineral and organic spectral maps and local spectral information of candidate sample sites. It also provides full-disc asteroid spectral data, global spectral maps (20 m resolution), and spectra of the sample site (blue to near-infrared,, with a spectral resolution of ). These data will be used in concert with OTES spectra to guide sample-site selection. These spectral ranges and resolving powers are sufficient to provide surface maps of mineralogical and molecular components including carbonates, silicates, sulfates, oxides, adsorbed water and a wide range of organic compounds. It provides at least two spectral samples per resolution element taking full advantage of the spectral resolution.

OTES.

The OSIRIS-REx Thermal Emission Spectrometer (OTES) provides mineral and thermal emission spectral maps and local spectral information of candidate sample sites by collecting thermal infrared data from 4–50 μm.  OTES provides full-disc Bennu spectral data, global spectral maps, and local sample site spectral information used to characterize the global, regional, and local mineralogic composition and thermal emission from the asteroid surface. The wavelength range, spectral resolution, and radiometric performance are sufficient to resolve and identify the key vibrational absorption features of silicate, carbonate, sulfate, phosphate, oxide, and hydroxide minerals. OTES is also used to measure the total thermal emission from Bennu in support of the requirement to measure emitted radiation globally. Based on the performance of Mini-TES in the dusty surface environment of Mars, OTES was designed to be resilient to extreme dust contamination on the optical elements.

REXIS.

The Regolith X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (REXIS) will provide an X-ray spectroscopy map of Bennu to constrain the element abundances. It complements core OSIRIS-REx mission science. REXIS is a collaborative development by four groups within Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, with the potential to involve more than 100 students throughout the process. REXIS is based on flight heritage hardware, thereby minimizing elements of technical risk, schedule risk, and cost risk.  REXIS is a coded aperture soft X-ray (0.3–7.5 keV) telescope that images X-ray fluorescence line emission produced by the interaction of solar X-rays and the solar wind with the regolith of Bennu. Images are formed with 21 arcminute resolution (4.3 m spatial resolution at a distance of 700 m). Imaging is achieved by correlating the detected X-ray image with a 64 x 64 element random mask (1.536 mm pixels). REXIS will store each X-ray event data in order to maximize the data storage usage and to minimize the risk. The pixels will be addressed in 64 x 64 bins and the 0.3–7.5 keV range will be covered by five broad bands and 11 narrow line bands. A 24 s resolution time tag will be interleaved with the event data to account for Bennu rotation. Images will be reconstructed on the ground after downlink of the event list. Images are formed simultaneously in 16 energy bands centered on the dominant lines of abundant surface elements from O-K (0.5 keV) to Fe-Kß (7 keV) as well the representative continuum. During orbital phase 5B, a 21-day orbit 700 m from the surface of Bennu, a total of at least 133 events/asteroid pixel/energy band are expected under 2 keV; enough to obtain significant constraints on element abundances at scales larger than 10 m.  On 11 November 2019, university students and researchers involved in the mission accidentally discovered X-ray burst from a black hole name MAXI J0637-430 locate 30,000 light-years away, during observing the asteroid with REXIS.

TAGSAM.

The sample-return system, called Touch-And-Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism (TAGSAM), consists of a sampler head with an articulated arm. An on-board nitrogen source will support up to three separate sampling attempts for a minimum total amount of of sample. The surface contact pads will also collect fine-grained material.  Highlights of the TAGSAM instrument and technique include:

Cooperation with JAXA.

Hayabusa2 is a similar mission from JAXA to collect a sample from near-Earth asteroid 162173 Ryugu. It arrived at the asteroid in June 2018 and left in November 2019 after two successful sample collections. Due to the similarity and overlapping timelines of the two missions, NASA and JAXA signed an agreement to collaborate on sample exchange and research. The two teams visited each other, with representatives from JAXA visiting the OSIRIS-REx Science Operations Center at the University of Arizona, and members of the OSIRIS-REx team traveling to Japan to meet with the Hayabusa2 team. The teams are sharing software, data, and techniques for analysis, and will eventually exchange portions of the samples that are returned to Earth.

OSIRIS-REx II.

OSIRIS-REx II was a 2012 mission concept to replicate the original spacecraft for a double mission, with the second vehicle collecting samples from the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos. It was stated that this mission would be both the quickest and least expensive way to get samples from the moons.

The OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer) is a NASA asteroid study and sample-return mission. The mission's primary goal is to obtain a sample of at least from 101955 Bennu, a carbonaceous near-Earth asteroid, and return the sample to Earth for a detailed analysis. The material returned is expected to enable scientists to learn more about the formation and evolution of the Solar System, its initial stages of planet formation, and the source of organic compounds that led to the formation of life on Earth. If successful, OSIRIS-REx will be the first U.S. spacecraft to return samples from an asteroid.

OSIRIS-REx (akronym z angl. "The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer") je název vesmírné sondy a vědecké vesmírné mise NASA, jejímž cílem je studium asteroidu 101955 Bennu (planetka) a návrat zpět na Zemi s odebranými vzorky. Start sondy se uskutečnil 8. září 2016 a po více než dvou letech na cestě se 3. prosince 2018 sonda dostala do plánované pracovní polohy (přibližně 19 km) nad povrchem planetky. Návrat se vzorky asteroidu pro jejich detailní výzkum na Zemi je plánován na rok 2023.


Early years.

Mark Ellis was born in London, England. As a child, Ellis attended St Olave's Grammar School in Orpington, England. He began his music career as the vocalist for the band Seven Hertz. During that same time, he began his professional studio career as a runner at Morgan Studios in London, where he also served as Tape Operator on 1984 by Rick Wakeman. Ellis also was a runner at Battery Studios in London and held apprenticeships at Marcus Studios and Trident Studios.

Freelance and "Some Bizzare Records".

Flood moved up to house engineer before going freelance in 1981, the same year he worked as assistant engineer on New Order's debut album, "Movement". The following year, he engineered Ministry's debut album, "With Sympathy". He then became associated with Stevo's "Some Bizzare Records" label, leading to work with Cabaret Voltaire, Psychic TV, and Marc Almond's side project, Marc and the Mambas, among others.

Mute Records.

Following his work with Some Bizzare Records, Flood began working with Mute Records as one of their preferred producers, heralding his first production project with Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds on "From Her to Eternity" (1983–1984) and the follow-up album, "The Firstborn Is Dead" (1984). His work at Mute was as producer, co-producer or engineer with each of the label's major acts, including Depeche Mode, Vince Clarke and Erasure, whose debut album "Wonderland" (1986) and its followup "The Circus" (1987) he engineered.

Mainstream commercial success.

Flood's first mainstream commercial break came in 1987 when he engineered U2's "The Joshua Tree", alongside producers Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois. Shortly thereafter, he co-produced Nine Inch Nails on debut "Pretty Hate Machine", along with John Fryer, Adrian Sherwood, and Keith LeBlanc. He also worked with Depeche Mode on their 1990 album, "Violator". In 1991, he returned to work again with U2 on "Achtung Baby", along with Brian Eno, Daniel Lanois and Steve Lillywhite. The following year, he also returned to work with Depeche Mode to record the album "Songs of Faith and Devotion" and co-produced three tracks of Nine Inch Nails' "Broken" EP.  In 1993, Flood shifted from engineering U2's albums to producing them, sharing duties with Brian Eno and The Edge on "Zooropa". In 1994, he worked again with Nine Inch Nails, this time on "The Downward Spiral". In 1995, Flood co-produced The Smashing Pumpkins' album "Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness" with longtime collaborator Alan Moulder, and PJ Harvey's album "To Bring You My Love". Shortly thereafter, he assisted producer Nellee Hooper on Sneaker Pimps' "Becoming X". He also collaborated with Dave Bessell, Gary Stout and Ed Buller to create Node; an analogue synth heavy project that produced a single album, "Node".  In 1996 Flood teamed up with U2 once again to produce "Pop", released the next year. The following year, he assisted Billy Corgan and Brad Wood on The Smashing Pumpkins's 1998 album "Adore" and co-produced PJ Harvey's album "Is This Desire?".

2000 to 2005.

In 2000, he co-produced "Machina/The Machines of God" by The Smashing Pumpkins with Corgan. He also co-produced Erasure's "Loveboat" with Vince Clarke and Andy Bell of Erasure. The following year Flood worked again with Depeche Mode, remixing the single version of "Freelove", and in 2002 he produced Richard Warren's Echoboy album "Giraffe". He also co-produced "I To Sky", by JJ72.  In 2003, Flood re-worked "Cars" for Gary Numan's album Hybrid. The following year he produced London based The Duke Spirit's debut album "Cuts Across The Land". In the same year he co-produced U2's "How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb". In 2004 he produced Soulwax's album "Any Minute Now" and in mid-2005 he mixed a-ha's eighth album, "Analogue", and produced's debut album "Ignoto". Later that year, Flood also mixed Placebo's album "Meds".

2006 to 2013.

Flood co-produced The Killers' album, "Sam's Town" in 2006 with fellow English producer/engineer Alan Moulder. Later that year he remixed the debut single by Dark Room Notes, "Love Like Nicotine". At the beginning of 2007, he co-produced PJ Harvey's album "White Chalk" with John Parish and PJ Harvey. He also co-produced a couple of songs on the Goldfrapp album "Seventh Tree", which was released in February 2008. In late 2007/early 2008, he produced Sigur Rós's "Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust" in Iceland.  Flood and Paul Hartnoll of Orbital co-produced the 2008 album by The Music, "Strength in Numbers". He produced the 2009 album by The Hours, "See the Light". He joined Steve Lillywhite again in 2008 to work with Thirty Seconds to Mars, on "This Is War". And then worked with Editors on "In This Light and on This Evening". He also collaborated with Nitzer Ebb again to finish up their first new release in over a decade, "Industrial Complex". In 2010, he produced "Belong" by The Pains of Being Pure at Heart and "Let England Shake" by PJ Harvey.  In 2013, Flood worked again with Depeche Mode, being responsible for the mixing process of their album "Delta Machine", which was produced by Ben Hillier.

Studios.

Flood had a studio in Kilburn called The Bedroom. He later opened the Assault & Battery studio complex with longtime recording partner Alan Moulder. In 2008, Miloco Studios opened Assault & Battery 2, a tracking and mix studio in Willesden Green. Assault & Battery 1 came under the Miloco umbrella in Summer 2009, and both Flood and Moulder remain involved with the studios.

Production style.

Billy Corgan, who worked with Flood on three albums, said, "Flood's incredible. Flood is a tremendous producer. Flood is very masterful with the sonics, but where he really shines is he's a great idea person. And I don't mean like he tells you, "Oh, put this chorus here." It's more like he can see an ambiance of the song that you don't necessarily see and he would really fight with us – not negative a fight, just he would really kind of push us to say there's another vibe here that you can get to."

Pseudonym.

According to producer Mark Freegard, Ellis' pseudonym, "Flood," was given to him by producer Chris Tsangarides during Ellis' early days at Morgan Studios and while The Cure was there recording. As a young studio runner, Ellis was responsible for responding to numerous requests from the recording artists and staff for tea and bacon sandwiches. Ellis kept up with the numerous requests for tea while the other runner remained largely unavailable, leading to Tsangarides nicknaming them "Flood" and "Drought," respectively.

Selected engineering/production credits.

Selected production credits:

Mark Ellis (born 16 August 1960), known by his professional pseudonym Flood, is a British post-punk and alternative rock record producer and audio engineer. Flood's list of work includes projects with New Order, U2, Nine Inch Nails, Marc and the Mambas, Depeche Mode, Gary Numan, Ministry, The Charlatans, Thirty Seconds to Mars, Erasure, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, PJ Harvey, Foals, a-ha, Orbital, Sigur Rós, The Smashing Pumpkins, The Killers, White Lies, Pop Will Eat Itself and Warpaint. His co-production collaborations have included projects with Brian Eno, Daniel Lanois, Steve Lillywhite, and longtime collaborator Alan Moulder, with whom he co-founded the Assault & Battery studio complex. In 2006, his work with U2 led to his sharing of the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for "How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb".

Flood, vlastním jménem Mark Ellis, (* 16. srpna 1960) je anglický zvukový inženýr a hudební producent. V osmdesátých letech často spolupracoval se skupinou Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, později často například s U2. Během své kariéry produkoval nahrávky mnoha dalších kapel, mezi něž patří například Nine Inch Nails, The Killers a Sigur Rós. Na počátku své kariéry hrál v několika skupinách. Později začal pracovat ve studiu. Roku 2011 získal polské ocenění Człowiek ze Złotym Uchem.


Synopsis.

During the first week, the new wife must adhere to exactly the same rules and lifestyle of the wife she is replacing. Each wife leaves behind a house manual which explains her role in the family and the duties she holds. This almost always determines what rules the wives will apply at the "rules change ceremony".  During the second week, the new wives are allowed to establish their own rules, and their new families must adhere to these new household rules. It usually takes a while for the families to adjust to this policy, meanwhile the wives disburse a sum of money to the family they have become involved with, to do what the wives see fit to spend it on.  At the end of the two weeks, the two couples all meet together for the first time, and the wives, along with their husbands, discuss how they felt about the two weeks. This often descends into personal insults and has degenerated into violence at least twice. More often than not, however, both families reach toward a middle ground and express that they have learned from the experience. Sometimes, the table meeting is a very heartfelt and emotional time for the two families who sometimes have complete and mutual respect for each other. A few weeks later, the cameras return to record what changes have occurred since the wife swap.

International versions.

"Celebrity Wife Swap".

There have been some celebrity versions of "Wife Swap" produced:  In the Netherlands "Jouw vrouw, mijn vrouw VIPs" is running since 2013 on RTL4 television. In 2015 a third season is being broadcast.

Notable episodes and special editions.

"Wife Swap" has aired several unique episodes in its history.

UK.

In 2005, Channel 4 broadcast two international versions of "Wife Swap", one where a British family changed lifestyles with a German family, and then one where a British family changed lifestyles with an Australian family.  In 2008, Channel 4 broadcast a version where two British families who happened to be living in Spain at the time swapped with one another.

"Boss Swap".

A spin-off, "Boss Swap", was broadcast as a series in the UK. A pilot for a US series was shown on ABC but was not commissioned. "Husband Swap" and "Vacation Swap" pilots were also broadcast in America, but were not picked up for series production. In the Netherlands and Belgium Vacation Swap episodes, are produced as "Jouw vakantie, mijn vakantie".  At least once a husband and a live-in boyfriend swapped while the women stayed with their families.

"X-Change".

There is an ongoing series on Hunan Television, in which the people being swapped are mostly the eldest children (or in rare cases, youngest or all children) of between 9–16 years old. One of these comes from an affluent family, but with behavioural and legal issues, in which they must surrender all technological gadgets and money (except for the allowances left by the opposite family, or any money they earned or collected). The other is from a poorer agricultural village, often orphaned or with single parents. This show also has celebrity mentors making videos of support for the participants.  In the Netherlands the same format is being used in KRO's "Puberruil", broadcast on NPO3. The children are 15–18 years old. Most of the time Dutch children are swapped, but there are also episodes named "Puberruil buitenland" where Dutch children are swapped with children in countries like India, Brazil and Sierra Leone. Longer episodes are called "Puberruil Xtra".

Wife Swap is a British reality television programme produced by independent television production company RDF Media and created by Stephen Lambert for Channel 4, first broadcast in 2003 and ran for 7 years before being axed. The show returned for a one off special episode on 15 June 2017.

Wife Swap je britská televizní reality show, vyvinutá britskou produkční společností RDF media. Vysílána byla v letech 2003–2009 na stanici Channel 4, dne 15. června 2017 pak byla uvedena jedna speciální epizoda. Pořad je založen na tom, že dvě rodiny, běžně z jiných sociálních tříd a životních stylů, vymění jejich manželky/matky na necelé dva týdny. Po celou dobu štáb dokumentuje každou podstatnou věc, např. jejich rozdíly a upozorňuje na nedostatky.