Biography.

Early life and diplomacy.

Jovan Dučić was born on 17 February 1871 in Trebinje, at the time part of Bosnia Vilayet within the Ottoman Empire.  In Trebinje he attended primary school. He moved on to a high school in Mostar and trained to become a teacher in Sombor. He worked as a teacher in several towns before returning to Mostar, where he founded (with writer Svetozar Ćorović and poet Aleksa Šantić) a literary magazine called "Zora" (Dawn).  Dučić's openly expressed Serbian patriotism caused difficulties with the authorities – at that time Bosnia and Herzegovina was "de facto" incorporated into the Austro-Hungarian Empire – and he moved abroad to pursue higher studies, mostly in Geneva and Paris. He was awarded a law degree by the University of Geneva and, following his return from abroad, entered Serbian diplomatic service in 1907. Although he had previously expressed opposition to the idea of creating a Yugoslavia, he became the new country's first ambassador to Romania (in 1937). He had a distinguished diplomatic career in this capacity, serving in Istanbul, Sofia, Rome, Athens, Cairo, Madrid and Lisbon. Dučić spoke several foreign languages and he is remembered as a distinguished diplomat.

Poetry.

It was as a poet that Dučić gained his greatest distinctions. He published his first book of poetry in Mostar in 1901 and his second in Belgrade, 1908. He wrote prose as well: several essays and studies about writers, "Blago cara Radovana" ("Tsar Radovan's treasure") and poetry letters from Switzerland, Greece, Spain and other countries.  Like Šantić, Dučić's work was initially heavily influenced by that of Vojislav Ilić, the leading Serbian poet of the late 19th century. His travels abroad helped him to develop his own individual style, in which the Symbolist movement was perhaps the greatest single influence. In his poetry he explored quite new territory that was previously unknown in Serbian poetry. He restricted himself to only two verse styles, the symmetrical dodecasyllable (the Alexandrine) and hendecasyllable—both French in origin—in order to focus on the symbolic meaning of his work. He expressed a double fear, of vulgarity of thought, and vulgarity of expression.

Personal life.

In the autumn of 1893, during the party in the newly built hotel Drina in Bijeljina, a young and ambitious teacher Dučić met recent School of Commerce graduate Magdalena Živanović. They got engaged with on 5 November 1893, and their correspondence continued even Dučić's departure from Bijeljina to Mostar to teach from 1895 to 1899.  A part of the correspondence is kept safe up to this day, as well as the letter which Dučić's friend and poet Aleksa Šantić redirected to Magdalena on 6 April 1901. year asking for help in collecting a subscription for his songs. Ljiljana Lukić, a retired professor, keeps a personal copy of the correspondence between Dučić and Magdalena.  Professor Ljiljana Lukić states that Dučić lived for a short time in the house of Magdalena Nikolić who lived with her sister. After break up with Dučić, Magdalena shouted that she would never leave home again. "Like a novel heroine, she lived by her memories and the only happy moments she had was in reading the letters and songs of the man she loved", as Professor Lukić concludes. Dučić's secret fiancé left in the amanet the following words to be written after her death on the monument, which are still read today on the Bijeljina graveyard: Maga Nikolić-Živanović, 1874–1957, the poet herself and first inspiration of poet Jovan Dučić.  Twenty years before Magdalena's death, while Dučić was the authorized minister of Kingdom of Yugoslavia, a request was received that testifies of the deep trace which Dučić left in Bijeljina. Singing society Srbadija asked the minister to help in building a home for the needs of society.  The Embassy of Serbia in Hungary is in the house which Jovan Dučić received from a Hungarian woman, and then donated it to the state.

Exile, death and legacy.

Dučić went into exile in the United States in 1941 following the German invasion and occupation of Yugoslavia, where he joined his relative Mihajlo (Michael) in Gary, Indiana. From then until his death two years later, he led a Chicago-based organization, the Serbian National Defense Council (founded by Mihailo Pupin in 1914) which represented the Serbian diaspora in the US. During these two years, he wrote many poems, historical books and newspaper articles espousing Serbian nationalist causes and protesting the mass murder of Serbs by the pro-Nazi Ustaše regime of Croatia.  He died on 7 April 1943. His funeral took place at the Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Church in Gary, Indiana and he was buried in the Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Monastery cemetery in Libertyville, Illinois. He expressed a wish in his will to be buried in his home town of Trebinje, a goal which was finally realized when he was reburied there on 22 October 2000 in the newly built Hercegovačka Gračanica monastery.  His "Acta Diplomatica" (Diplomatic Letters) was published posthumously in the United States (in 1952) and in the former-Yugoslavia (in 1991).  The Jovan Dučić Award is awarded for achievements in poetry and it is awarded every year during the manifestation "Dučić's Night" in Trebinje.  He was elected a member of Parnassos Literary Society.

Jovan Dučić (, ; 17 February 1871 – 7 April 1943) was a Herzegovinian Serb poet-diplomat. He is one of the most influential Serbian lyricists and modernist poets. Dučić published his first collection of poetry in Mostar in 1901 and his second in Belgrade in 1908. He also wrote often in prose, writing a number of literary essays, studies on writers, letters by poets from Switzerland, Greece and Spain and the book "Blago cara Radovana" for which he is most remembered when it comes to his writing.

Jovan Dučić (v srbské cyrlici Јован Дучић; 17. února 1874 – 7. dubna 1943) byl srbský básník přelomu 19. a 20. století.


Championship results.

Relegation round.

"Note: Matches" 9–0 "and" 1–4 "from the preliminary round (both on April 9, 2004) are included as well since these results carry forward."

Division I.

Division I consisted of two separate tournaments. The Group A tournament was held between 27 March and 2 April 2004 in Amstetten, Austria and the Group B tournament was held between 29 March and 4 April 2004 in Asiago, Italy. Switzerland and Germany won the Group A and Group B tournaments respectively and gained promotion to the Championship Division for the 2005 IIHF World U18 Championships. While Romania finished last in Group A and South Korea last in Group B and were both relegated to Division II for 2005.  Group A Group B

Division II.

Division II consisted of two separate tournaments. The Group A tournament was held between 28 March and 3 April 2004 in Debrecen, Hungary and the Group B tournament was held between 1 and 7 March 2004 in Elektrėnai and Kaunas, Lithuania. Ukraine and Great Britain won the Group A and Group B tournaments respectively and gained promotion to Division I for the 2005 IIHF World U18 Championships. While Belgium finished last in Group A and Australia last in Group B and were both relegated to Division III for 2005.  Group A Group B

Division III.

The Division III tournament was held between 6 and 14 March 2004 in Sofia, Bulgaria. Mexico and South Africa finished first and second respectively and both gained promotion to Division II for the 2005 IIHF World U18 Championships. While Turkey and Bosnia and Herzegovina finished sixth and seventh respectively and were relegated to the Division III Qualification tournament for 2005.

The 2004 IIHF World U18 Championships were held in Minsk, Belarus. The championships began on April 8, 2004, and finished on April 18, 2004. Games were played at the Ice Palace and Palace sport in Minsk. Russia defeated the United States 3–2 in the final to claim the gold medal, while the Czech Republic defeated Canada 3–2 to capture the bronze medal.

Mistrovství světa v ledním hokeji do 18 let 2004 se konalo ve městě Minsk v Bělorusku. Probíhalo ve dnech 8. až 18. dubna 2004. Mistrem světa se stal tým Ruska.


History.

In 1958, the Jerusalem Municipality, headed by Mordechai Ish Shalom, held a design competition for a municipal theatre on a plot of 11 dunams (2.8 acres), on the southern edge of the Talbiya neighborhood. Architects Michael Nadler, Shulamit Nadler and Shmuel Bixson won first prize. The municipality also received a large donation from the Jewish millionaire Miles Sherover, who made his fortune in Venezuela.  The cornerstone laying took place in October 1964. Despite plans to complete the building within two years, work progressed slowly due to disputes and budgetary problems. Critics claimed that the city had more pressing problems and predicted that the theatre would be a "white elephant." The building was dedicated in October 1971.  American millionaire Lester Crown, who had donated $9 million for a new sports stadium, in the Shuafat area that was never built, was persuaded by Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek to change the designation of the donation from sports to arts and culture. The money was used to build the Henry Crown Concert Hall, which seats 750, and the Rebecca Crown Auditorium, which seats 450. The planning and design of the new wing was carried out by the same architectural firm, so that the new wing, named for Crown's parents, was a natural continuation of the original design.

Architecture.

The theatre combines sculptural elements of exposed concrete with traditional Jerusalem stone construction. It sits in a large public square that is used for outdoor concerts and other events.

The Jerusalem Theatre (, The Jerusalem Centre for the Performing Arts) is a centre for the performing arts in Jerusalem. The theatre opened in 1971. The complex consists of the Sherover Theatre, which seats 950, the Henry Crown Symphony Hall (home of the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra) with 750 seats, the Rebecca Crown Auditorium, with 450 seats, and the Little Theatre with 110 seats. Changing art exhibits are held in the main foyer and other spaces in the building, and a restaurant and bookshop operate on the ground floor.

Jeruzalémské divadlo (: תיאטרון ירושלים, "Te'atron Jerušalajim") je komplex divadelních a kulturních budov v Jeruzalému v Izraeli fungující od roku 1971.


Ukraine men's national junior ice hockey team

History.

Ukraine made its first appearance at the top level in 1994, less than five years after gaining independence from the Soviet Union. Ukraine went on to upset the United States, and Ukrainian goaltender Igor Karpenko went on to win top goaltender at the 1995 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. Since, there was no relegation round due to the restructuring of the format, in 2001 Junior Ice Hockey Championship the team were participating at the German performance, like a strong and high level players team, from small country of the east Europe. In that year Team Ukraine got a 3rd place rank and deserved bronze medals of the Division I tournament. This group played in Landsbergand Füssen, Germany between December 10 and December 16, 2000.  The best players of the team Ukraine -"Yuriy Dyachenko" and "Alexandr Bobkin" best of 5 points results 3 scores and 2 assists for both 10 points in summary. Ukraine was not relegated, despite finishing 8th out of 8 teams. Ukraine was relegated to Pool B after finishing 10th in 1996. Four years later, Ukraine made it back to Pool A in 2000, and once again finished 10th. Despite, the relegation, Ukraine didn't lose a game by more than 7 goals. Ukraine earned promotion to top level for 2004 with a one-point differential over Japan, by defeating France 3-0 on the last day. Ukraine experienced troubles in Helsinki, Finland with equipment shortages (ea-sticks, tape), because the country was experiencing economic difficulties. Other teams participating donated sticks, tape, skate laces, and other pieces of equipment to the Ukrainian team. Despite, the generous donations from other teams, Ukraine did not hold up well in the tournament losing to the Czech-Republic (8-0); Switzerland (11-0); Canada (10-0); Finland (14-1). Ukraine went on to lose the relegation round to Sweden (4-0), and tie Austria (2-2). Ukraine has remained at the Division I level since then.

The Ukrainian men's national junior ice hockey team is the national under-20 ice hockey team in Ukraine. The team represents Ukraine at the International Ice Hockey Federation's World Junior Hockey Championship Division I.

Ukrajinská hokejová reprezentace do 20 let je výběrem nejlepších ukrajinských hráčů ledního hokeje v této věkové kategorii. Mužstvo je účastníkem skupiny B I. divize juniorského mistrovství světa (nižší skupina druhé úrovně).


Breeds.

This table shows the relative sizes of the breeds, with the original breed name followed by the most popular English version of the breed name.  The four Sennenhund breeds are well known in Switzerland and the rest of Europe. In the United States, the Bernese Mountain Dog has become somewhat popular, while the other breeds are promoted as rare to those seeking unique pets.

History.

Although one writer believes that the Swiss mountain dog derives from Roman molossers, the area from which the type originated never had Roman roads or towns. The word "Senn" or Senner is the term for Alpine herdsmen and dairymen (an Alpine meadow is called a "Sennelager") who tend other farmers' cattle and sometimes sheep; Sennenhund means "dogs of the Senn". Sennenhund were not just cattle dogs, but were kept as general farm dogs, working as livestock guardian dogs and as herding dogs when necessary, as well as guarding the farmers' families, homes, herds and flocks. The guarding function was especially necessary in earlier times, when wolves and other large predators threatened livestock and people. The larger Sennenhunds were also used for pulling carts.  Today, with the reintroduction of wolves, research is being done on the use of these dogs to protect livestock.A red and white color once found in the Sennenhunds was said to be from crosses with the St. Bernard dog, a breed from the Alps also said to be descended from Roman molossers.  The Sennenhunds, especially the largest ones, began to disappear in the 1800s with the decline in need for butcher's dogs and carting dogs. The efforts of Alpine geologist and indigenous Swiss dog breeds advocate Albert Heim (1849-1937) brought various examples of Sennenhund to an International Dog Show in 1908. At that point, Heim and other members of the Schweizerische Kynologische Gesellschaft (Swiss Kennel Club) began sorting out the dogs by what they judged to be representative breed types and naming the four breeds.

Similar breeds.

The St. Bernard was one of the first breeds of dogs to be documented and differentiated from other large farm dogs of the area. Except for color and historical documentation, the St. Bernard is very similar to the largest Sennenhund. Official documents from the hospice in St. Bernard Pass concerning the dogs date back to 1707, with paintings and drawings of the dog even earlier. The breed was the very first breed entered into the Swiss Stud Book in 1884 and the breed standard was finally approved in 1887.  The Rottweiler shares similarities in its origin, use and history.

Tri-color.

A tri-color coat is a pattern of some shade of black or brown, few shades of red is often called tan, and some white. Some have tan markings above the eyes. Eumelanin and phaeomelanin pigmentation occurs on the same dog; "the back is black from eumelanin pigment being made and the belly is tan or red from phaeomelanin pigment being made".

Breed examples.

Examples of Sennenhunds, showing the similarity of the breeds and the characteristic tri-color coat.

Sennenhund, called Swiss mountain dogs or Swiss cattle dogs in English, are a type of dog originating in the Swiss Alps. The Sennenhund are farm dogs of the general molosser type. There are four breeds of Sennenhund, all sporting a unique tricolor coat. While the two larger ones share a heavy build and a calm temperament, the two smaller ones are more agile. The breeds range from medium in size to very large. The name Sennenhund refers to people called "Senn" or Senner, Swiss alpine herdsmen and dairymen, and does not translate as "mountain" or "cattle".

Švýcarští salašničtí psi (: "Sennenhund") je typ psích plemen pocházející ze Švýcarských Alp. Jde o farmářské psy molossoidního typu. Existují celkem čtyři plemena, která se řadí mezi švýcarské salašnické psy. Všechna sdílí jedinečnou trikolorní barvu srsti, silnou stavbu těla a klidný temperament. Velikost plemen se liší od středně velkých po velké. Mezi zmiňovaná čtyři plemena patří:


Mechanism.

Phenyl isothiocyanate is reacted with an uncharged N-terminal amino group, under mildly alkaline conditions, to form a cyclical "phenylthiocarbamoyl" derivative. Then, under acidic conditions, this derivative of the terminal amino acid is cleaved as a thiazolinone derivative. The thiazolinone amino acid is then selectively extracted into an organic solvent and treated with acid to form the more stable phenylthiohydantoin (PTH)- amino acid derivative that can be identified by using chromatography or electrophoresis. This procedure can then be repeated again to identify the next amino acid. A major drawback to this technique is that the peptides being sequenced in this manner cannot have more than 50 to 60 residues (and in practice, under 30). The peptide length is limited due to the cyclical derivatization not always going to completion. The derivatization problem can be resolved by cleaving large peptides into smaller peptides before proceeding with the reaction. It is able to accurately sequence up to 30 amino acids with modern machines capable of over 99% efficiency per amino acid. An advantage of the Edman degradation is that it only uses 10 - 100 pico-moles of peptide for the sequencing process. The Edman degradation reaction was automated in 1967 by Edman and Beggs to speed up the process and 100 automated devices were in use worldwide by 1973.

Limitations.

Because the Edman degradation proceeds from the N-terminus of the protein, it will not work if the N-terminus has been chemically modified (e.g. by acetylation or formation of pyroglutamic acid). Sequencing will stop if a non-α-amino acid is encountered (e.g. isoaspartic acid), since the favored five-membered ring intermediate is unable to be formed. Edman degradation is generally not useful to determine the positions of disulfide bridges. It also requires peptide amounts of 1 picomole or above for discernible results.

Coupled analysis.

Following 2D SDS PAGE the proteins can be transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) blotting membrane for further analysis. Edman degradations can be performed directly from a PVDF membrane. N-terminal residue sequencing resulting in five to ten amino acid may be sufficient to identify a Protein of Interest (POI).

Edman degradation, developed by Pehr Edman, is a method of sequencing amino acids in a peptide. In this method, the amino-terminal residue is labeled and cleaved from the peptide without disrupting the peptide bonds between other amino acid residues.

Edmanovo odbourávání je metoda sekvenování proteinů (určení sekvence aminokyselin v rámci jejich polypeptidového řetězce), vyvinutá na počátku 50. let 20. století Pehrem Edmanem. Při Edmanově odbourávání dochází ke specifické reakci fenylisothiokyanátu (PITC) s N-koncovou aminokyselinou, načež je možné tuto koncovou aminokyselinu pomocí kyseliny fluorovodíkové odštěpit v podobě cyklického thiazolinonu. Ten je možné převést na stabilnější produkt a následně tuto látku analyzovat (určit, o jakou aminokyselinu se jednalo, a to např. pomocí TLC, elektroforeticky či kombinací HPLC s hmotnostní spektrometrií).


Life.

Government of the Duchy of Gniewkowo.

After his father's death, which occurred between 1347 and 1350, Władysław succeeded him as the last independent ruler of Gniewkowo, having recognized the overlordship of King Casimir III of Poland. Currently eight documents exist issued by Władysław during his reign as Duke of Gniewkowo; they show the full Latin version of his title: "Wladislaus dei gracia dux Cuyavie et dominus Gnewkovie nec non Slonensis terrarum". Thus it is known that Władysław styled himself as Duke of Kujawy and ruled over Gniewkowo and Słońsko.  The Ducal court of Gniewkowo had its own administrative apparatus, and the Ducal palace was built in the model of Wawel Castle.  Around 1 December 1359 Władysław married Elizabeth, the only daughter of Duke Albert of Strzelce, and a few months later, in March 1360, King Casimir III returned to him the ancestral district of Inowrocław, although only as a lifetime fief.  His wife Elisabeth died unexpectedly ca. 17 April 1361; Władysław, who deeply loved her, was grief-stricken and decided never to marry again.  Some time between 13 February 1362 and 1 March 1363, the Polish king forced him to return the fief of Inowrocław.  Between 29 May 1363 and 5 April 1364, Władysław decided to sell his domains to King Casimir III for 1,000 florins.

Pilgrimage, ordination as Cistercian and Benedictine monk.

After leaving his Duchy, Władysław began a long pilgrimage. He visited Malbork (where he met the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Winrich von Kniprode, and joined his expedition to Lithuania), Prague, the Holy Land, and Avignon, where he met Pope Urban V. In June 1366 he entered the Cistercian Cîteaux Abbey; however, after only one year, he moved to the Benedictine monastery at Dijon.

Candidate for the Polish crown, fight in Kujawy.

After King Casimir III's death in 1370, Władysław unexpectedly decided to take this opportunity to return to his ancestral Gniewkowo. To this end, he began several efforts before Pope Gregory XI to be released from his holy vows, but without results. Finally in November 1371 the Pope, under the pressure of King Louis I of Hungary, definitely refused the dispensation of his vows, and Władysław was forced to return to Dijon.  However, Władysław didn't give up to his pretensions, and on 8 September 1373 he secretly arrived to Gniezno and, with the support to the opposition of the Angevin rule, he quickly captured Włocławek, Inowrocław, Złotoria and even his former land of Gniewkowo. From them, he advanced his claims for the Polish crown as one of the closest Piast relatives of Casimir III. The response of King Louis I was immediate: Władysław, betrayed by his previous supporters, was forced by the starost of Greater Poland, Sędziwój Pałuka, to leave the country.  Władysław took refuge in the border city of Drezdenko, owned by the knight Ulrich von Osten. He remained there until 1375, when with the help of von Oseten and even Burgundian troops sent by Philip the Bold, invaded the fortresses of Złotoria, Raciąż and Gniewkowo. This time, both sides were better prepared for an armed conflict and they clashed at the Battle of Gniewków, where Władysław's forces defeated the Angevin troops. Władysław retreated to Nieszawa and then to Złotoria, where he organized marauded raids to the near suburbs and villages of Inowrocław and Greater Poland.  The counter-attack of King Louis I took place in June 1376, when he besieged with his army the fortress of Złotoria, where Władysław was injured during a duel with Bartosz Wezenborg. During the siege the ally of Louis I and grandson of Casimir III, Duke Casimir IV of Pomerania was also wounded; he died some months later as a consequence of his injuries.

Abdication, return to France, death.

The final abandonment of Władysław's claims over the inheritance of Casimir III the Great and his ancestral domains came in March 1377, as a result of an agreement concluded at Brześć Kujawski. In exchange for the withdrawal of his claims, Władysław received 10,000 florins (in annual payments of 1,000), and the post of Abbot at Pannonhalma Archabbey in Hungary. When the king failed to pay the annual amount in October 1379, Władysław suddenly appeared in Gdańsk; only then did the alarmed Louis I pay him the rest of the promised amount. After this, Władysław moved to Lübeck and around April 1381 returned to the monastery at Dijon, where he purchased from the abbot the prebend, a proper house and a lifetime maintenance.  His turbulent life didn't end there, because when King Louis I died in 1382, Władysław again raised hopes to recover his patrimony. This could be the only explanation for the fact that by a document dated on 15 September 1382, he finally obtained the dispensation of his vows from Antipope Clement VII. However, and for unknown reasons, he never made another attempt to recover his Polish lands.  Certainly after 3 March 1383 Władysław left again the monastery of Dijon, this time for good; he died on 29 February in the city of Strasbourg. Until recently, the date of his death was established as 1 March 1388, but this was rightly corrected by Kazimierz Jasiński: on his tombstone inscription was noted "Dni MCCC octuagesimo octavo 1 Kal. Martii", which means that Władysław died the day before 1 March 1388, and since 1388 was a leap year, "1 Kal. Martii" was 29 February 1388.  According to Władysław's last will, he was buried in the Benedictine Abbey of St. Benignus in Dijon (now Dijon Cathedral), where to this day his beautiful tombstone is preserved. A commemorative plate was placed there in the 19th century by Prince Władysław Czartoryski. The inscription of the plate states that Władysław the White obtained the release of his vows in connection with his possible succession to the Polish crown.  The turbulent life of the last Piast Kujawy prince fascinated even his contemporaries. For this reason, the monks of the Benedictine monastery in Dijon called him "Le Roy Lancelot" (King Lancelot), which referred to the hero of the series of Arthurian tales, one of the knights of the Round Table.

Władysław (Włodko) the White or Władysław of Gniewkowo (; ca. 1327/1333 – 29 February 1388), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Gniewkowo during 1347/1350–1363/1364 (his final and official resignation was in 1377) and last male representative of the Kujavian line.

Vladislav Bílý (polsky "Władysław Biały", 1327 nebo 1333 – 29. února 1388 Štrasburk) byl vévoda Gniewkowa (1347/1350-1363/1364) a poslední zástupce Kujavska.


Climate and geography.

Al Ain is located approximately east of the capital Abu Dhabi, and about south of Dubai. The eastern region covers an area of approximately. Oman lies to the east, Dubai and Sharjah to the north, Abu Dhabi to the west and the Empty Quarter desert and Saudi Arabia to the south. The topography of Al-Ain is unique and varies as one travels to the east. The ecologically important "Jebel Hafeet" ("Mount Hafeet"), an outlier of the main Hajar range, is considered one of the monuments of Al-Ain, lying just to the south of the city. Rising to in elevation, Jabal Hafeet is one of the highest mountains in the country, and has a number of ridges which stretch to the inner part of the city, two of which are "Jabal An-Naqfah" (which touches Al-Ain Oasis), and the Western ridge. Sand dunes of varying texture that are tinged red with iron oxide lie to the north and east of Al-Ain.  The city has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification "BWh"), featuring long, extremely hot summers and warm winters. In Al-Ain, the mean annual rainfall is and the average relative humidity is 60% (United Arab Emirates University, 1993). Low humidity in Al-Ain, particularly during the summers, makes it a popular destination for many people at that time of year. Boer (1997) classified the UAE climate as hyper-arid and divided it into four climatic regions: the coastal zone along the Persian Gulf, the mountain areas northeast of UAE, the gravel plains around Al Ain, and the central and southern sand desert. More rainfall and lower temperatures occur in the northeast than in the southern and western regions. The monthly average rainfall around Al-Ain was from the period 1970 to 1992.  To the south of the city, near Oman, there is the man-made Lake Zakher, which resulted from the release of waste water from desalination plants. Also in this region, to the east of Jebel Hafeet, lies the area of Mezyad, which has a border crossing with Oman, and is where the historic Mezyad Fort is located.

Demographics.

With a population of 766,936 (as of 2017), it has the highest proportion of Emirati nationals (30.8%) in the country, though the majority of its residents are expatriates, particularly from the Indian subcontinent. Many people are from Bangladesh and Pakistan, and a few Afghans which is in total 23,000 Afghan approximately in whole U.A.E and majority are from province of Khost.

Economy.

Al Ain is an important services centre for a wide area extending into Oman. There are three major shopping centres, Al Ain Mall, Al Jimi Mall and Al Bawadi Mall (opened in 2009 in Al Khrair area) as well as traditional souqs for fruit and vegetables and livestock. One such souq exists for camels near an IKEA store and Bawadi Mall on Zayed Bin Sultan Street, the road which leads to Mezyad. Industry is growing, but is still on a small scale, and includes the Coca-Cola bottling plant and the Al Ain Portland Cement Works. The water in Al-Ain is of good quality. Service industries such as car sales, mechanics and other artisans are located in the area known as Sanaiya and Pattan Market. Social and governmental infrastructure include the Higher Colleges of Technology, well-equipped medical facilities including the teaching hospital at Tawam, Al Ain International Airport, and military training areas.. Al Ain also has world's largest dates processing and marketing company, Al Foah Company LLC. The place is also famous for Al Ain Dairy Farm located just outside Al Ain.

History and prehistory.

Part of the historically important Western Hajar region, the area of Al-Ain or Tawam has been inhabited for nearly 8,000 years, with archaeological sites showing human settlement at places like Al-Rumailah, Hili and Jabel Ḥafeet. These early cultures built "beehive" tombs for their dead and engaged in hunting and gathering in the area. The oases provided water for early farms until the modern age. In the 1950s, Sheikh Zayed discovered the tombs, and brought this to the attention of a Danish team, leading to an excavation at the tombs in 1959. In 1971, Al Ain Museum was built to house items from this area. In the 2000s, the Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture & Heritage lobbied for its recognition as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, and in 2011, Al-Ain became the first World Heritage Site in the UAE to be recognized by UNESCO.  Bronze Age burial sites often re-used materials from earlier burials. For instance, the Wadi Suq communal tomb at Qattara Oasis is thought to have been constructed from stones recovered from previous Umm Al Nar burials.  Finds at Qattara include Wadi Suq era chlorite jugs and bowls and late Bronze Age short swords and daggers. Artefacts recovered also include carnelian jewellery, often associated by UAE historians with trading links to the Indus Valley. A find of particular interest from Qattara is a Bronze Age pendant discovered in the 1970s depicting a double-bodied or entwined pair of horned animals. Made from electrum, an alloy of silver and gold, the motif is found repeated in a number of Bronze Age sites in the UAE. Iron Age finds in and around Al Ain include "aflāj" (underground water channels) in Bidaa bint Saud, Al-Ain and Al-Buraimi which have been placed several centuries prior to the qanats of the Achaemenid Empire, which had previously been credited with the innovation. Al Ain was originally within the area of influence of the Dhawahir, a Bedouin tribe who settled Dhahirah before Buraimi. A later wave of settlers, the Na'im, have long had an uneasy relationship with the Dhawahir and the two tribes were frequently in dispute. Numbering 4,500, the Dhawahir consists of three subsections: the Daramikah, who populated Hili, Mutared and Qattara; the Jawabir in Al Ain and the Bani Saad who lived in Jimi. Staying in the villages for the summer date season, in winter the community would move throughout the Trucial States.  The area of Tawam had come under the rule of the Wajihid Dynasty in the 9th century CE.  A number of interests jostled for influence over the tribes of Buraimi, including the Sultan of Muscat, the Wahhabis (who had made a number of incursions) and the Sheikhs of the Trucial States, particularly the Bani Yas of Abu Dhabi, who acquired large tracts of land, principally from the Dhawahir. This suzerainty over Al Ain was cemented by Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, known as 'Zayed the Great', a strong and charismatic leader who took the Dhawahir's main settlement 'Ain Dhawahir (the original name of Al Ain) when the tribe rebelled against him in 1877. He built a fort, one of a number of fortifications established by the various interests vying for control over the oasis, to underline his dominion over the oasis and established a "wali", appointing a member of the Dhawahir as his headman.  Wilfred Thesiger visited Al-Ain in the late 1940s, during his travels across the Empty Quarter. He met Sheikh Zayed and stayed with him at Al-Muwaiji Fort. An ongoing dispute between Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi and Oman led to the Buraimi Dispute, a series of incidents which saw a Saudi armed force enter the oasis. Forces from the Trucial Oman Scouts, as well as the army of Muscat-Oman, arrived to recapture the oasis. With British intervention, the Saudi forces surrendered, leaving the oasis back in the hands of Abu Dhabi and Oman.  In 1971, Queen Elizabeth II visited the Hilton Hotel in the area, during her tour of the Persian Gulf. Following independence in 1971, Al Ain experienced rapid growth and investment as part of the emirate of Abu Dhabi, quickly becoming larger and more successful than Oman's Al-Buraimi. In 1972, Oman and Abu Dhabi agreed on the final borders to divide Buraimi and Al Ain. Until Sheikh Zayed's death in 2004, Al Ain's municipal code forbade construction of buildings over four stories, with the exceptions of the Hilton, Danat Al Ain Resort, and Rotana hotels. Until 2006, Buraimi and Al Ain shared an open border. This border was closed in November 2006, and passport controls were imposed.

Oases and "Aflaj".

The city's oases are known for their underground irrigation system ("falaj" or "qanāt") that brings water from boreholes to water farms and palm trees. Falaj irrigation is an ancient system dating back thousands of years, and is used widely in Oman, the UAE, China, Iran and other countries. There are seven oases here. The largest is Al Ain Oasis, near Old Sarooj, and the smallest is Al-Jahili Oasis. The rest are Al Qattara, Al-Muʿtaredh, Al-Jimi, Al-Muwaiji, and Hili.  Examples of "aflaj" include "Falaj Hazza", which is named after Sheikh Zayed's elder brother, Hazza bin Sultan Al Nahyan, and has a district named after it.

Infrastructure.

The city is known for its combination of modern and pre-modern buildings. The latter offer an insight into the city's and country's cultural heritage. The city used to have roundabouts in every intersection but recently it has been replaced by traffic signals.

Education.

Al-Ain is home to the main federal university in the UAE, the United Arab Emirates University, and to two campuses of the Higher Colleges of Technology – Al Ain Men's College and Al Ain Women's College. Al-Ain is also the home of Horizon International flight academy, Etihad Airways's cadet pilot training centre. Private higher education institutions include the Al Ain University and Abu Dhabi University (Al-Ain campus). Al-Ain also houses the eastern zone headquarters of the Abu Dhabi Education Council, Abu Dhabi's education authority.  Many of Al-Ain's private schools, catering mainly to the expatriate population, are located in the Al-Manaseer area. They include Al-Ain International school (British curriculum, private school, part of the Aldar group), Al Ain English Speaking School, Al Dhafra Private School, Manor Hall School, Al-Sanawbar School, Liwa International School, Al-Madar International School, Global English School, Emirates Private School, a branch of the International School of Choueifat, and an Institute of Applied Technology campus. Other private schools include the CBSE affiliated school Indian School, Al-Ain, Our Own English High School, Al Adhwa Private School, Brighton College Al Ain and Al Ain Juniors School. A new British International School, Belvedere International School is located in the Al Hili district.  Al-Khwarizmi International College has started a Campus at Al-Ain and is offering BBA programme and various other licensed, accredited and approved courses.

Health.

The first hospital in Al-Ain was Oasis Hospital, established in 1960 at the invitation of Sheikh Zayed. Oasis serves all nationalities, and provides training for medical students from UAE University. Ground has been broken for a new hospital to be completed in 2011. The hospital is part of CURE International.  Al-Ain is the home of Tawam Hospital, a training and research hospital linked with the UAE University. It was officially inaugurated on 17 December 1979. In March 2006, Johns Hopkins Hospital (Johns Hopkins Medicine International) (JHMI) took over the management of Tawam hospital.  Al Ain Hospital (abbr: AAH, also known as Al-Jimi Hospital) is the general hospital delivering health services to all Al-Ain patients regardless of their nationality. It is centrally located in the Al-Jimi district and is linked with the UAE University. Al-Ain Hospital still occupies old 1970s buildings, but a new building is planned. AAH currently has about 450 beds and provides services in all medical disciplines. In September 2007, the Medical University of Vienna International (MUVI) took over the management of AAH.

Places of worship.

Currently, the city's largest mosque is that of Shaikha Salamah. Once the under-construction Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Mosque is complete, it is expected to be the largest in the city, and one of the biggest mosques in the country.

Transportation.

Al-Ain is connected via the Dubai–Al-Ain Road to Al Faqa' and Dubai in the north, which also connects to Al Madam in the Emirate of Sharjah via Al-Shwaib. It is also connected to Abu Dhabi in the west, Al-Qu'a in the southeast, and Mezyad in the southwest. Bus and taxi services are available between these areas. The southern border area of Mezyad lies on the road to Dhank, Ibri and Nizwa in Oman. The city's airport (Al Ain International Airport) has scheduled passenger flights to Egypt, Pakistan and India.

Tourism and recreation.

Al-Ain is developing as a tourist destination. The dry desert air makes it a welcome retreat from the coastal humidity of the larger cities. Many Emirati nationals in Abu Dhabi have holiday houses in the city making it a popular weekend destination for families from the capital city. Its attractions include the Al Ain National Museum, the Al Ain Palace Museum, several restored forts and the Hili Archaeological Park site, dating back to the Bronze Age. Jebel Hafeet dominates the surrounding area. It is popular to visit to the mineral springs at Green Mubazzarah at the base of the mountain, and to drive to the mountaintop at sunset. Other attractions include Al Ain Zoo, an amusement park named "Hili Fun City", many well-maintained parks popular with families in the summer evenings, and a heritage village. Opened in 2012, Wadi Adventure is located near Jebel Hafeet and provides a range of water-based activities including surfing, kayaking and rafting. On top of Jabel Hafeet is the Mercure Hotel. Mount Hafeet and the nearby 'beehive' tombs are part of what is known as "Jebel Hafeet Desert Park" or "Mezyad Desert Park", which is meant to preserve the nature and geology of the area, besides attracting tourists.  Al-Ain has five major malls – Al Ain Mall in the town centre, Al-Jimi Mall in Al-Jimi District, Bawadi Mall in Al-Khrair District, Remal Mall located in the Sanaiya district, and Hili Mall located in the Hili District. Most commercial activity is centred in and around town centre. Another popular pastime for Emiratis and expatriates alike is spending time in coffee shops and shisha cafes. There are many café's in Al-Ain, ranging in size and quality. The city also has an International standard go-kart circuit. Al-Ain Raceway was selected to host the 2007 Rotax Max World Karting Finals, an event which saw 220 drivers from over 55 different countries compete for the Karting world title. Al-Ain Raceway opened to the general public in May 2008 and proves a popular activity for local Emiratis and tourists alike. It was announced in late 2010 that the 2011 Rotax Max World Karting Finals will be held at Al-Ain Raceway, this will bring nearly 1000 tourists to the small garden city. Like the rest of the UAE, Al-Ain has strict laws governing the consumption and distribution of alcohol. Five facilities in the city currently serve alcohol, Four of which are hotels. Al-Ain Rotana, Hilton, Mercure Grand Jebel Hafeet and Danat Al-Ain Resort, hotels all have pubs, bars, or night clubs. In addition to the hotels, the Al Ain Equestrian, Shooting & Golf Club in Al-Maqam also serves alcohol. Currently, there are only four locations that sell alcohol for private use – Spinneys near Al-Jimi District, an outlet to the left of the Hilton hotel (next to the hotel's staff quarters), High Spirits Bottle Shop behind Lulu Hypermarket Sana‘iya and the North Africa Market in Sanaiya. The city has two English-language radio stations – 100.1 Star FM, which plays English-speaking hits alternating with Arabic-speaking hits, and 105.2 Abu Dhabi Classic FM, which plays classical music.

Sport, culture, and arts.

Al-Ain is a cultural retreat for residents of the cities of Dubai and Abu Dhabi. It is home to a major festival of classical music, and is the home of Al Ain Club, which is one of the most successful football clubs in the UAE and Asia. It has many titles and championships to its name. Al-Ain Club contains also eight other games which are: handball, volleyball, basketball, swimming, Table Tennis, Athletics, Jiu jitsu, and Taekwondo.  Hili Fun City hosts two ice hockey teams, the Al Ain Vipers and Ghantoot. Each team has adult and youth teams starting from age 4. The Al-Ain Vipers Men's Team won the Emirates Hockey League in the 2009–10 season.  The Palm Resort to the west of the town hosts a popular rugby club with adult and youth teams, and the Al-Ain International Soccer Club which has three youth teams, including one for 7-9-year-old's. There is a water sports centre called "Wadi Adventure", with a wave pool and surf instructors. Additionally, the park has facilities for kayaking and rafting on an artificial river.

Al Ain (,, literally "The Spring") is a city in the Eastern Region of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, on the United Arab Emirates' border with Oman, adjacent to the town of Al-Buraimi. It is the largest inland city in the Emirates, the fourth-largest overall (after Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Sharjah), and the second-largest in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The freeways connecting Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, and Dubai form a geographic triangle in the country, each city being roughly from the other two.

Al Ajn (arabsky: العين, doslova "Pramen") je čtvrté největší město ve Spojených arabských emirátech, rozkládající se na samém východě emirátu Abú Zabí u hranice s Ománem. Al Ajn leží asi 160 km východně od Abú Zabí a 120 km jižně od Dubaje. Město je zároveň jednou ze tří obcí, jež v současnosti v emirátu Abú Zabí existují (další dvě jsou Abú Zabí a Západní oblast) a spolu s městem Abú Zabí tvoří Východní oblast. V roce 2009 zde žilo 374 000 obyvatel. Ve městě se nachází také několik univerzit, mezinárodní letiště, zoo a hraniční přechod do Ománu.


Plot.

Grampa decides to give his family their inheritance now, rather than make them wait until after his death. Each person's share turns out to be $50, and they decide to spend it at Costington's. Bart pays Gil Gunderson to walk up the down escalator, while Marge picks out a purse but mis-reads its $500 price tag as $50. Pressure from other shoppers leads her to charge it to her credit card; though she cannot afford it, Homer suggests that she use it until the store's return period is about to expire, then take it back. During dinner at a fancy restaurant, Marge tries her best to keep the purse clean, but Homer ruins it by dropping shrimp sauce on it. She is still able to return the purse despite this damage, and Homer begins buying expensive items on credit and returning them in time for a refund. Homer is eventually caught doing so on camera by Chris Hansen in a special entitled "To Catch a Credit Whore", forcing Homer to flee in shame (but not before signing a contract authorizing use of his image for TV).  Meanwhile, Lisa decides to donate her $50 to charity, but an online introduction to microfinance and a video from Muhammad Yunus prompt her to use the money to support a local business instead. She gives Nelson Muntz a loan for his fledgling bicycle company, which rapidly begins to flourish. He decides to drop out of school in order to invest all his time in the business; Lisa is upset by the news, but Principal Skinner thinks it would pay nicely as a part-time job. At a meeting of entrepreneurs, Lisa tries to persuade Nelson to stay in school, but she fails when she discovers that the attendees all left college (including Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Gates, and Richard Branson), and that the janitor is the only person present who did not drop out. Grampa comforts her, saying that money cannot change people, and she accepts Nelson's decision to drop out. The business soon fails due to Nelson's unknowing use of defective materials to build his bicycles, such as water-soluble glue. After the experience, he concludes that returning to school would not be a bad thing and gives the original $50 to Skinner, who sees it as a huge improvement over the school's shoestring budget. Though Lisa has lost her money, Nelson makes it up to her by taking her skating, during which they knock down Zuckerberg and several other people.

Cultural references.

In the beginning of the episode, Bart and Lisa are watching an Itchy and Scratchy parody of "Up". Chris Hansen is seen hosting "To Catch a Credit Whore", a parody of his previous show, "To Catch a Predator".

Reception.

In its original American broadcast, "Loan-a Lisa" was viewed by an estimated 8.63 million households receiving 4.2 rating/11 share in the 18-49 demographic going up 0.5 in the demographic. It was the most viewed show on Animation Domination in both viewers and 18-49 demographic.  Rowan Kaiser of The A.V. Club gave the episode a grade of B- said "spending time with The Simpsons tends to make me happy, and nothing about this episode was particularly terrible"..  TV Squad's Brad Tachek gave the episode a positive review as well saying "Tonight's episode wasn't quite as good as last week and just about as preachy, but it was still a good example of what makes 'The Simpsons' great."

"Loan-a Lisa" is the second episode of "The Simpsons" twenty-second season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 3, 2010. In the episode, Lisa helps fund Nelson's bicycle company with money Grampa Simpson gives her as part of his inheritance, but after Nelson meets Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and is convinced he can be successful by dropping out of school, Lisa tries to convince Nelson to stay in school. Meanwhile, Homer gets addicted to buying expensive items and returning them.

Dědíme po dědovi je druhý díl 22. řady seriálu "Simpsonovi", odvysílaný televizní stanicí Fox Network v USA 3. října 2010.


Classlessness.

The term classlessness has been used to describe different social phenomena.  In societies where classes have been abolished, it is usually the result of a voluntary decision by the membership to form such a society to abolish a pre-existing class structure in an existing society or to form a new one without any. This would include communes of the modern period such as various American utopian communities or the kibbutzim as well as revolutionary and political acts at the nation-state level such as the Paris Commune or the Russian Revolution. The abolition of social classes and the establishment of a classless society is the primary goal of anarchism, communism and libertarian socialism.  Classlessness also refers to the state of mind required in order to operate effectively as a social anthropologist. Anthropological training includes making assessments of and therefore becoming aware of one's own class assumptions so that these can be set aside from conclusions reached about other societies. This may be compared to ethnocentric biases or the "neutral axiology" required by Max Weber. Otherwise conclusions reached about studied societies will likely be coloured by the anthropologist's own class values.  Classlessness can also refer to a society that has acquired pervasive and substantial social justice where the economic upper class wields no special political power and poverty as experienced historically is virtually nonexistent as it cannot be achieved.  According to Ulrich Beck, classlessness is achieved with class struggle: "It is the collective success with class struggle which institutionalizes individualization and dissolves the culture of classes, even under conditions of radicalizing inequalities". Essentially, classlessness will exist when the inequalities and injustice out ranks societies idea of the need for social ranking and hierarchy.

Social classes in present day.

The state of social classes in society today is disputed. If the actual development is taken by the discussion, then Western society has moved past classes to a classless society. This is reinforced by the statement from Becker and Andreas Hadjar: "The weakening of class identities is also postulated by Savage (2000, p. 37), who assumes that although individuals may still refer to social class, class position no longer generates a deep sense of identity and belonging". Some say that society today has not completely abolished classes, but that distinctions can be only attributed to experience and success (meritocracy). Others maintain that the class system remains in place, e.g. by showing that children's success in education correlates with their parent's wealth, and wealth being inherited.

Marxist definition.

In Marxist theory, tribal hunter-gatherer society, primitive communism, was classless. Everyone was equal in a basic sense as a member of the tribe and the different functional assignments of the primitive mode of production, howsoever rigid and stratified they might be, did not and could not simply because of the numbers produce a class society as such. With the transition to agriculture, the possibility to make a surplus product, i.e. to produce more than what is necessary to satisfy one's immediate needs, developed in the course of development of the productive forces. According to Marxism, this also made it possible for a class society to develop because the surplus product could be used to nourish a ruling class which did not participate in production.

Libertarian socialism.

Libertarian socialism, also called left-libertarianism, social anarchism, social libertarianism and socialist libertarianism, is a group of anti-authoritarian socialist political philosophies that rejects socialism as the centralised state ownership and control of the economy, which they regard as state capitalism. Political philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about the government, state, justice, politics, liberty and the enforcement of a legal code by an authoritative body. According to Charles Larmore, the second approach sees political philosophy as the freedom to discipline one-self from the basic features of the human condition that make up the reality of political life.  Libertarianism is a collection of political philosophies and movements that uphold liberty as a core principle. Libertarians seek to maximize political freedom and autonomy, emphasizing freedom of choice, voluntary association and individual judgment. Libertarians share a skepticism of authority and state power, but they diverge on the scope of their opposition to existing political and economic systems. Various schools of libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and private power, often calling for the restriction or dissolution of coercive social institutions.  Past and present political philosophies and movements commonly described as libertarian socialist include anarchism (especially anarcho-communism, anarcho-syndicalism, collectivist anarchism and mutualism) as well as autonomism, communalism, participism, guild socialism, revolutionary syndicalism and libertarian Marxist philosophies such as council communism and Luxemburgism as well as some versions of utopian socialism and individualist anarchism.

Classless society refers to a society in which no one is born into a social class. Such distinctions of wealth, income, education, culture, or social network might arise and would only be determined by individual experience and achievement in such a society. For the opposite see class society.

Jako beztřídní společnost se označuje v komunistické terminologii společnost, která dokázala odstranit své rozdělení na jednotlivé třídy, tedy takové skupiny obyvatelstva, mající protikladné zájmy a uplatňující je pomocí své ekonomické síly.


History.

LECA was developed about 1917 in Kansas City, Missouri, to the production in a rotary kiln of a patented expanded aggregate known as Haydite which was used in the construction of USS Selma, an ocean-going ship launched in 1919. Following in the USA was the development of a series of aggregates known as Gravelite, Perlite, Rocklite, etc. In Europe, LECA commenced in Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, UK and Middle East.

Characteristics.

LECA is usually produced in different sizes and densities from up to, commonly 0–4 mm, 4–10 mm, 10–25 mm and densities of 250, 280, 330, and 510 kg/m3. LECA "boulder" is the biggest size of LECA with 100–500 mm size and 500 kg/m3 density.  Some characteristics of LECA are lightness, thermal insulation by low conductivity coefficient (as low as 0.097 W/mK), soundproofing by high acoustic resistance, moisture impermeability, being incompressible under permanent pressure and gravity loads, not decomposing in severe conditions, fire resistance, a pH of nearly 7, freezing and melting resistance, easy movement and transportation, lightweight backfill and finishing, reduction of construction dead load and earthquake lateral load, being perfect sweet soil for plants, and as a material for drainage and filtration.

Uses.

Common uses are in concrete blocks, concrete slabs, geotechnical fillings, lightweight concrete, water treatment, hydroponics, aquaponics and hydroculture.  LECA is a versatile material and is utilized in an increasing number of applications. In the construction industry, it is used extensively in the production of lightweight concrete, blocks and precast or incast structural elements (panels, partitions, bricks and light tiles). LECA used in structural backfill against foundations, retaining walls, bridge abutments etc., in addition, it can reduce earth pressure by 75% compared with conventional materials, and also increases ground stability while reducing settlement and land deformation. LECA can drain the surface water and groundwater to control groundwater pressure. LECA grout can be used for flooring (finishing) and roofing with thermal and sound insulation.  LECA is also used in water treatment facilities for the filtration and purification of municipal wastewater and drinking water as well as in other filtering processes, including those for dealing with industrial wastewater and fish farms.  LECA has uses in agriculture and landscapes. It can alter soil mechanics. It is used as a growing medium in hydroponics systems since blended with other growing mediums such as soil and peat, it can improve drainage, retain water during periods of drought, insulate roots during frost, and provide roots with increased oxygen levels promoting very vigorous growth. LECA can be mixed with heavy soil to improve its aeration and drainage.

Lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) or expanded clay (exclay) is a lightweight aggregate made by heating clay to around in a rotary kiln. The yielding gases expand the clay by thousands of small bubbles forming during heating producing a honeycomb structure. LECA has an approximately round or potato shape due to circular movement in the kiln and is available in different sizes and densities. LECA is used to make lightweight concrete products and other uses.

Umělé kamenivo je stavební materiál sloužící jako specifická náhrada přírodního kameniva. Typickým zástupcem tohoto druhu stavebních hmot je umělé kamenivo "keramzit".


Booby Trap (Star Trek: The Next Generation)

Plot.

While the Federation starship "Enterprise", under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard, investigates the asteroid-laden sector of space of the final battle between the Menthars and the Promellians, it receives a distress call from a Promellian battlecruiser: Captain Picard directs the ship to investigate. They find the ancient battlecruiser adrift but intact, and Picard, anxious to see the ship for himself, joins the away team as they transport over. They find the crew - all long dead, but still at their posts - while a recording by their captain suggests the ship was caught in a Menthar trap. With their investigation complete, the away team returns to the "Enterprise" to continue on, when they begin to suffer a series of power losses that prevent the use of either impulse or warp drive, and are bombarded by radiation that threatens to drain their shields and kill the crew. Picard orders Chief Engineer La Forge to find a way to restore power while a second away team searches for more clues on the Promellian vessel. They discover that the Menthars had previously used aceton assimilators to absorb an enemy ship's energy and redirect it back as hazardous radiation, and that the "Enterprise" is stuck in the same trap.  La Forge realizes that the only way to restore power is to reconfigure the warp drive and traces the warp drive's design back to the "Enterprise"s construction and blueprints created by Dr. Leah Brahms. La Forge enters the ship's holodeck to help figure through the engine reconfiguration, whereupon the computer takes an off the cuff remark by Geordi literally and creates a holographic representation of Brahms herself to assist him in his work. As Geordi does so, he asks the computer to update the hologram with Dr. Brahms' personality profile, and slowly gains romantic feelings for her. Despite the holo-Brahms' help, La Forge is unable to find a way to safely maneuver the "Enterprise" away, and when Picard orders all extraneous power systems (including the holodeck) shut down to conserve power, La Forge convinces the captain to allow the holodeck to continue to run.  After power is restored, the simulated Dr. Brahms recognizes a solution which is to allow the computer to take control of the ship, allowing it to make rapid adjustments to compensate for the trap. La Forge then finds an alternate solution to the problem which is to completely reduce the power output from the "Enterprise" and maneuver it out of the field by manual control with only two thrusters. Picard and La Forge decide that computers cannot account for human intuition and elect to go with the manual approach. Picard takes the helm himself to skilfully carry out the operation, successfully moving the "Enterprise" from the trap. Once free and with power restored, the "Enterprise" destroys the Promellian craft to prevent others from falling into the trap.

Releases.

The episode was released with "Star Trek: The Next Generation" season three DVD box set, released in the United States on September 3, 2002. It was released in high-definition Blu-ray in the United States on April 30, 2013.

Reception.

Keith DeCandido gave the episode a warp factor rating of 4/10 for Tor.com, writing, "There’s a lot of good in this episode—Picard’s archaeological geekiness, the simplicity of both the trap and the ultimate solution, the nobility of the Promellian captain, the whole ships-in-bottles bit—but ultimately it’s impossible to rate it as a good one because it’s "so gosh-darned creepy!"  The A.V. Club's Zack Handlen gave the episode a "B" grade, writing, "The big climax shifts entirely to Picard's shoulders, as he takes over the helm to pilot the Enterprise out of the debris field. It's the best part of the episode, and a comforting... reminder that by now in the show's run, even when things threaten to go off course, there's always a steady hand to get us back on track.  "Io9"s 2014 listing of the top 100 "Star Trek" episodes placed "Booby Trap" as the 90th best episode of all series up to that time, out of over 700 episodes. In 2019, "CBR" rated "Booby Trap" the 14th best 'holodeck' episode of the franchise.  In 2019, Den of Geek noted this episode for featuring romantic elements with Geordi.  In 2017, "Popular Mechanics" said that "Booby Trap" was one of the top ten most fun episodes of "Star Trek: The Next Generation," noting that it has several unique plot concepts, including ancient space traps, falling in love with a hologram, and that technology may not solve all problems.

"Booby Trap" is the sixth episode of the of the American science fiction television series "", the 54th episode overall, first broadcast on October 30, 1989.

„Past“, v originále „Booby Trap“, je v pořadí šestá epizoda třetí sezóny seriálu "". V této epizodě objeví hvězdná loď USS Enterprise D stovky let starý mimozemský křižník a chytí se do stejné vesmírné pasti, jako on. Tato past je pozůstatkem dávné války.


History.

Shan State is the unitary successor state to the Burmese Shan States, the princely states that were under some degree of control of the Irrawaddy valley-based Burmese kingdoms.  Historical Maw-Shan states extended well beyond the Burmese Shan States, ranging from full-fledged kingdoms of Assam in the northwest to Lan Xang in the east, to Lan Na and Ayutthaya in the southeast, as well as several petty princely states in between, covering present-day northern Chin State, northern Sagaing Division, Kachin State, Kayah State in Myanmar as well as Laos, Thailand and the southwestern part of Yunnan, China. The definition of Burmese Shan States does not include the Ava Kingdom and the Hanthawaddy Kingdom of the 13th to 16th centuries, although the founders of these kingdoms were Burmanized Shans and Monized Shans, respectively.

Early history.

The founding of Shan states inside the present-day boundaries of Burma began during the Pagan Kingdom in the Shan Hills and accelerated after 1287, when the Pagan Kingdom fell to the Mongols. The Shans, who came south with the Mongols, stayed, and quickly came to dominate much of northern to the eastern arc of Burma—from northwestern Sagaing Division to Kachin Hills to the present-day Shan Hills. The most powerful Shan states were Mong Yang (Mohnyin) and Mong Kawng (Mogaung) in present-day Kachin State, followed by Hsenwi (Theinni), Hsipaw (Thibaw) and Mong Mit (Momeik) in present-day northern Shan State. Smaller Shan states, such as Kale in northwestern Sagaing Division, Bhamo in Kachin State, Yawnghwe (Nyaungshwe) and Kengtung (Kyaingtong) in Shan State, and Mong Pai (Mobye) in Kayah State, played a precarious game of paying allegiance to more powerful states, sometimes simultaneously.  The newly founded Shan States were multi-ethnic, and included other ethnic minorities such as the Chin, the Kachin, the Wa, the Ta'ang, the Lisu, the Lahu, the Pa O, and the Kayah. Although Burmanised Shans founded the Ava Kingdom that ruled central Burma, other Shan states, Mohnyin in particular, constantly raided Ava territories throughout the years. A Mohnyin-led Confederation of Shan States finally conquered Ava in 1527.

Toungoo and Konbaung periods (1555–1885).

In 1555, King Bayinnaung dislodged Shan king Sithu Kyawhtin from Ava. By 1557 he went on to conquer all of what would become known as the Burmese Shan states under his rule, from the Assamese border in the northwest to those in Kachin Hills and Shan Hills, including the two most powerful Shan states, Mohnyin and Mogaung. The Shan states were reduced to the status of governorships, but the Saophas were permitted to retain their royal regalia and their feudal rights over their own subjects. Bayinnaung introduced Burmese customary law and prohibited all human and animal sacrifices. He also required the sons of Saophas to reside in the Burmese king's palace, essentially hostages, in order to ensure the good conduct of their fathers and to receive training in Burmese court life. Burmese kings continued this policy until 1885 when the kingdom fell to the British. (The northernmost Shan states, in Yunnan, had already fallen to the Chinese Ming dynasty by the middle of the 15th century.)  The reach of the Burmese sovereign waxed and waned with the ability of each Burmese monarch. Shan states became briefly independent following the collapse of the first Toungoo dynasty, in 1599. The Restored Toungoo dynasty under King Nyaungyan and King Anaukpetlun recovered the Shan states, including the two strongest—Monhyin and Mogaung by 1605 and Lan Na by 1615. In the early-18th century, the rule of Burmese monarchs declined rapidly and by the 1730s, the northernmost Shan states, many of which had paid dual tribute to China and Burma, had been annexed by the Qing Dynasty of China. The annexed border states ranged from Mogaung and Bhamo in present-day Kachin State to Hsenwi and Kengtung in present-day Shan State to Sipsongpanna (Kyaingyun) in present-day Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan.  In the middle of the 18th century, the Burmese Konbaung dynasty's reassertion of the easternmost boundaries of Burmese Shan states led to war with China. It made four separate invasions of Burma from 1765 to 1769, during the Sino-Burmese War. The Burmese success in repelling Chinese forces laid the foundation for the present-day boundary between Burma and China.  The present-day boundary of southern Shan State vis-à-vis Thailand was formed shortly thereafter. Burma lost southern Lan Na (Chiang Mai) in 1776 and northern Lan Na (Chiang Saen) in 1786 to a resurgent Bangkok-based Siam, ending more than two centuries of Burmese suzerainty over the region. It retained only Kengtung on the Burmese side. The southern border of Shan State remained contested in the following years. Siam invaded Kengtung in 1803–1804 and 1852–1854, and Burma invaded Lan Na in 1797 and 1804. Siam occupied Kengtung during World War II (1942–1945).  Throughout the Burmese feudal era, Shan states supplied much manpower in the service of Burmese kings. Without Shan manpower, the Burmans alone would not have been able to achieve their victories in Lower Burma, Siam, and elsewhere. Shans were a major part of Burmese forces in the First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824–1826, and fought valiantly—a fact that the British commanders acknowledged.  After the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, the Burmese kingdom was reduced to Upper Burma alone. The Shan states—especially that east of the Salween River, were essentially autonomous entities, paying token tribute to the king. In 1875, King Mindon, to avoid certain defeat, ceded Karenni states, long part of Shan states, to the British. When the last king of Burma, Thibaw Min, ascended the throne in 1878, the rule of central government was so weak that Thibaw had to send thousands of troops to tame a rebellion in the Shan state of Mongnai and other eastern Shan states for the remainder of his six-year reign.

Colonial period (1886–1948).

On 28 November 1885, the British captured Mandalay, officially ending the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 11 days. But it took until 1890 for the British to subdue all of the various Shan states. Under the British colonial administration, established in 1887, the Shan states were ruled by their saophas as feudatory princely states of the British Crown. The British placed Kachin Hills inside Mandalay Division and northwestern Shan areas under Sagaing Division. In October 1922, the Shan and the Karenni states were merged to create the Federated Shan States, under a commissioner who also administered the Wa States. This arrangement survived the constitutional changes of 1923 and 1937.  During World War II, most of the Shan states were occupied by the Japanese. Chinese [[Kuomintang (KMT ]who illegally entered Burmese territory ] forces came down to northeastern Shan states to face the Japanese. Thai forces, allied with the Japanese, occupied [[Kengtung]] and [[Saharat Thai Doem|surrounding areas]] in 1942, [[annexation|annexing]] the territory to the Thai state.  After the war, the British returned, while many Chinese KMT forces stayed inside Burmese Shan states. Negotiations leading to independence at the [[Panglong Conference]] in February 1947 secured a unitary Shan State, including former Wa states, but without the Karenni states. More importantly, Shan State gained the right of secession in 10 years from independence.

Independence (1948–2010).

Soon after gaining independence in January 1948, the central government led by [[U Nu]] faced several armed rebellions. The most serious was the Chinese Nationalist KMT invasion of Shan State in 1950. Driven out by the Chinese Communist forces, Nationalist KMT armies planned to use the region east of the Salween River as a base from which to regain their homeland. In March 1953, the KMT forces, with US assistance, were on the verge of taking the entire Shan State and within a day's march of the state capital [[Taunggyi]]. The Burmese army drove the invaders east across the Salween, but much of the KMT army and their [[Offspring|progeny]] have remained in the eastern Shan State under various guises to the present day. The Burmese army's heavy-handedness fueled resentment.  In 1961, Shan saophas led by [[Sao Shwe Thaik]], the first president of Burma and saopha of [[Nyaung Shwe|Yawnghwe]], proposed a new federal system of government for greater autonomy, although the Shans had the constitutional right to secede. Though Shan leaders promised not to exercise the right, the Burmese army led by Gen. [[Ne Win]] thought the proposal was secessionist. Gen. [[Ne Win]]'s [[coup d'etat]] in 1962 brought an end to the Burmese experiment with democracy and with it, the call for greater autonomy for ethnic minorities. The coup fueled the Shan rebellion, started in 1958 by a small group called "Num Hsük Han" ('young warriors'), now joined by the [[Shan State Army]] (SSA).  By the early-1960s, eastern Shan State festered with several insurgencies and warlords, and it emerged as a major opium-growing area, part of the so-called [[Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)|Golden Triangle]]. Narcotics trafficking became a vital source of revenue for all insurgencies. Major forces consisted of the SSA and the [[Communist Party of Burma]] (CPB), as well as those of the drug lords [[Khun Sa]], and [[Lo Hsing Han]]. By the mid-1960s, CPB had begun receiving open support from China. Thailand also began a decades-long policy of support for non-communist Burmese rebels. Families of insurgent leaders were allowed to live in Thailand, where insurgent armies were free to buy arms, ammunition, and other supplies.  In the late-1980s and 1990s, the [[State Peace and Development Council|military government]] signed ceasefire agreements with 17 groups, including all major players in Shan State. An uneasy truce has ensued, but all forces remain heavily armed. Today, the 20,000-strong [[United Wa State Army]] (UWSA) is the largest armed group, and is heavily involved in the narcotics trade. Under the 2008 Constitution, endorsed by the Burmese [[Military junta|junta]], certain UWSA-controlled areas were given the status of an autonomous region.  In recent decades, Chinese state and ethnic Chinese involvement in Shan State has deepened. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants from China have come to work in Upper Burma since the 1990s. Chinese investment in the state has funded everything from hydro power and mining projects to rubber plantations, logging, and wildlife trade. Wa and Kokang regions, led by local leaders, use the [[Chinese yuan]] and operate on [[Chinese Standard Time]].

New Constitution (2010–present).

In the general election of November 2010, 117 seats were open for Shan State Parliament (or Shan [[State Hluttaw]]): two each for 55 townships and seven seats for different ethnic constituencies. But elections for [[Mongmao]], Pangwaun, Pangkham, Namphan, and Mong La Township Constituencies were canceled. Fifty-four candidates from [[Union Solidarity and Development Party]](USDP), 31 from [[Shan Nationalities Democratic Party]] (SNDP), six from PaO National Organization, four from Ta'ang (Palaung) National Party, three each from Inn National Development Party and Wa Democratic Party, four from three other parties, and two independent candidates were elected. Only one candidate from [[National Unity Party (Burma)]] was elected for Shan State Hluttaw (2011), although it was the second largest party in term of numbers of candidates.  On 2011, Aung Myat (aka Sao Aung Myat), a former military officer of the [[Myanmar Army]] and a USDP candidate of Pindaya constituencies, was named as Chief Minister of Shan State Government. Two candidates from SNDP were named for the first Shan State Government. Sai Ai Pao (aka Sai Aik Paung) was named for Industry and Mining Minister and Sai Naw Kham (aka Tun Tun Aung) was named for Construction Minister. In the Shan State cabinets (2011), one was from the Myanmar Army and six were from the Union Soldiery and Development Party (USDP).  [[Sai Mauk Kham]] (aka Maung Ohn), one of the two vice presidents of Myanmar (2011-2015), was elected from Shan State No. 3 Constituency as a National Assembly candidate in the November 2010 election.

Geography.

[[File:Heart of the Daen Lao Range.jpg|left|thumb|[[Tachileik District]], into the heart of the [[Daen Lao Range]]]]  Most of the [[Shan State]] is a hilly [[plateau]], the Shan Plateau, which together with the higher mountains in the north and south forms the [[Shan Hills]] system. The [[gorge]] of the [[Thanlwin]] (Salween/Namhkong) River cuts across the state. [[Inle Lake]] where the leg-rowing [[Intha people]] live in floating villages, in the great [[Nyaung Shwe]] "plain", is the second largest natural expanse of water in Burma, shallow but long and wide. [[Pindaya Caves]] near [[Aungban|Aungpan]] are vast [[limestone]] caverns which contain 6,226 [[Buddha]] images.  The road to Taunggyi via [[Kalaw]] and [[Aungban|Aungpan]] branches off at [[Thazi, Meiktila, Mandalay Division|Thazi]] from the main [[Yangon]]–[[Mandalay]] Road; another road via [[Ywangan]] and [[Pindaya]] branches off from [[Kyaukse]] south of [[Mandalay]]. The [[railhead]] stops short of [[Taunggyi]] at [[Shwenyaung]], again from [[Thazi]] junction, and nearby [[Heho]] has an airport.  A severe magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck in Tarlay, [[Tachileik]] Township, the eastern part of Shan State, on 24 March 2011. It killed more than 70 and injured more than 100 people. 390 houses, 14 Buddhist monasteries, and nine government buildings were damaged.

Administrative divisions.

[[File:Map Shan Provinces.png|275px|thumbnail|Administrative Divisions of Shan state]]  Shan State is traditionally divided into three sub-states: North Shan State, East Shan State, and South Shan State. It is officially divided into 11 districts:  An additional district, [[Hopang District]], was formed as 12th district of Shan State by combining [[Mongmao Township|Mongmao]], [[Pangwaun Township|Pangwaun]] (Panwai), [[Namphan Township|Namphan]] (Ngaphan) and Pangsang ([[Pangkham]]) Townships from Lashio District; [[Matman Township]] from Kengtung District; [[Hopang Township]], [[Panlong Subtownship|Panlong]] and [[Namtit Subtownship|Namtit]] Sub-Townships from Kunlong District in September 2011.

Government.

Executive.

The [[Shan State Government]] is the cabinet of Shan State in [[Myanmar]].

Legislature.

The [[legislature]] of Shan State in Burma, called [[Shan State Hluttaw|Hluttaw]] was established on February 8, 2016. It is a [[unicameral]] body, consisting of 137 members—103 elected members and 34 military representatives.<ref name="uec3/16"></ref> As of February 2016, [[Sai Long Hseng]] of the [[Union Solidarity and Development Party]] (USDP) leads the Hluttaw.

Judiciary.

[[Shan State High Court]]

Transport.

Shan State is served by the following airports:

Demographics.

[[File:Hsipaw2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Houses, Hsipaw]] The people of Shan State can be divided into nine primary ethnic groups: the [[Shan people|Shan]], [[Pa-O]], [[Intha people|Intha]], [[Lahu people|Lahu]], [[Lisu people|Lisu]], [[Taungyo]], [[Danu people|Danu]], [[Palaung people|Shwe Palaung Ngwe Palaung]], [[Ahka]], and [[Kachin peoples|Kachin]] ([[Jingpo people|Jingpo]]).  The valleys and tableland are inhabited by the [[Shan people|Shan]]s, who in language and customs resemble the [[Thai (ethnic group)|Thai]]s, [[Siam people|Sam]], and the [[Lao people|Lao]]. They are largely [[Theravada Buddhism|Buddhists]] and are mainly engaged in agriculture. Among the Shans live the [[Bamar]], [[Burmese Chinese|Han-Chinese]], and [[Karen people|Karen]]s. The hills are inhabited by various peoples, notably the [[Va people|Wa]], who are numerous in the north and along the Chinese border. The Ta'ang People are numerous in the Northern Shan State, in [[Namkham]], [[Muse (Shan State)|Muse]], [[Namhpaka]], [[Kutkai]], and [[Lashio]] Townships along the Burma-China Border and also in the middle of Shan State, in [[Namshan|Namhsam]], [[Kyaukme (Shan State)|Kyaukme]] and [[Hsipaw|Thibaw]] Townships. The population of the [[Palaung people]] is over 1,000,000. Some of the Ta'ang people can be found in [[Kalaw]] and [[Aungban]] in the Southern Shan State.  The [[Lisu people]] are numerous in [[Mongmit]], [[Hsipaw]], [[Kyaukme, Shan State|Kyaukme]], [[Namhsam]], [[Namhpaka]], [[Kutkai]], [[Namtu]], [[Lashio]], [[Hopang]], [[Tangyan, Burma|Tangyan]], and [[Kokang]] of northern Shan State. Lisu also has numerous population in [[Taunggyi]], [[Pekon, Myanmar|Pekon]], [[Hopong]], [[Mongpon]], [[Loilem]], [[Panglong, Southern Shan State|Panglong]], [[Lai-Hka]], [[Namsang]], [[Mongnai]], [[Mongpan]], [[Mongton]] of southern Shan state. A few Lisu population in [[Kengtung]] and [[Wa Region]]. There is a dwindling population of [[Anglo-Burmese]] in major hill stations, such as [[Kalaw]] and in [[Taunggyi]], a hold-over from the colonial period. The Jinghpaw People are numerous in the Northern Shan State, in [[Namkham]], [[Muse]], [[Namhpaka]], [[Kutkai]], [[Kawng Hka]], [[Mungmyit Kodawng]], Kengtung and Lashio Townships and along the Burma-China Border. The Jinghpaw people in Shan State is estimated to number over 200,000.

Economy.

[[Silver]], [[lead]], and [[zinc]] are mined, notably at the Bawdwin mine, and there are smelters at [[Namtu]]. Rubies are extracted in large quantity in [[Mong Hsu Township]] with output peaking in the late-1990s and early 2000s.  [[Teak]] is cut, and [[rice]] and other crops are grown. Shan State is known for its garden [[produce]] of all sorts of fresh fruit and vegetables thanks to its temperate and sunny climate. Itinerant markets that travel from place to place, setting up on every fifth day in each small town or village, are typical, although large towns have permanent markets. It is part of the [[Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)|Golden Triangle]], an area in which much of the world's [[opium]] and [[heroin]] are illegally produced. [[Drug trafficking]] is controlled by local [[warlord]]s, some of whom have private armies amounting to thousands of soldiers. Much of the [[methamphetamine]] ("[[ya ba]]") that ends up in [[Thailand]] is produced in this region as well.  There are some border trading centers along the Shan State border and neighboring countries. Muse ([[Muse, Burma]]), the biggest border trading center along the Myanmar China border and [[Tachileik]], another important trading center between Myanmar and Thailand are in Shan State.  The construction project of [[Sino-Burma pipelines]] of oil and gas that passes through northern part of Shan State was started in September 2010 and was finished in June 2013.

Education.

Educational opportunities in Myanmar are limited outside the main cities of [[Yangon]] and [[Mandalay]]. It is especially a problem in Shan State where vast areas are beyond government control. According to official statistics, only about 8% of primary school students in Shan State reach high school.  [[Taunggyi University]] is the main university in the state, and until recently the only four-year university in the state. The [[State Peace and Development Council|military government]], which closed down universities and colleges in the 1990s to quell student unrest, has "upgraded" former colleges and two-year institutes. The government now requires that students attend their local universities and colleges, such as [[Lashio University]], [[Kyaingtong University]], [[Panglong University]].

Health care.

The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The military government spends anywhere from 0.5 to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world. Although health care is nominally free, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack basic facilities and equipment. The following is a summary of the public health system in the state, in [[fiscal year]] 2002–2003.

External links.

[[Category:Shan State| ]] [[Category:States of Myanmar]]

Shan State (Shan: ; Burmese:, ) is a state of Myanmar. Shan State borders China (Yunnan) to the north, Laos (Louang Namtha and Bokeo Provinces) to the east, and Thailand (Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son Provinces) to the south, and five administrative divisions of Burma in the west. Largest of the 14 administrative divisions by land area, Shan State covers 155,800 km, almost a quarter of the total area of Burma. The state gets its name from Burmese name for the Tai people: "Shan people". The Shan constitute the majority among several ethnic groups that inhabit the area. Shan is largely rural, with only three cities of significant size: Lashio, Kengtung, and the capital, Taunggyi. Taunggyi is 150.7 km northeast of the nation's capital Naypyitaw.

Šanský stát je separatistický státní útvar ve východní části Myanmaru. Má rozlohu 155 000 km2 (skoro čtvrtina rozlohy celé Barmy) a okolo pěti milionů obyvatel, převážně etnických Šanů. Hlavním městem je Taunďi.


Plot.

Things are grim aboard "Starbug", as the crew have now lost all trace of "Red Dwarf". Rimmer decides to conduct a "morale meeting" and appoints himself "morale officer". However the morale meeting turns out to be nothing more than an excuse for Rimmer to vent his feelings about how much he hates everyone. The rest of the crew discuss the bleak lives they're now leading, but the conversation is stopped when "Starbug" flies into a region of space populated by unreality pockets, a security measure around a top-secret Space Corps test ship. During one of these, Kryten becomes convinced that Lister is a 3000 series android (an unsuccessful model, due to its hyper-realistic appearance), after which he is forced to obey orders from Kryten, a 4000 series. After embarrassingly learning the truth, the crew are eager to find what has been protected so elaborately, flying further in as more of these unreality pockets occur, causing more very strong hallucinations. Everyone is about to give up when Kryten suggests the crew go into Deep Sleep.  Once awoken, the crew board the derelict ship and find a device capable of time travel. They learn the derelict ship's crew contracted an influenza virus in the 20th century, 800 years before the ship's origin. They all soon died, and their last act was to pilot the ship into deep space and generate the mine-field to drive off looters. The crew test the device, but as it only allows "Starbug" to travel through time, not space, it is of no use at the moment; however, if a faster-than-light drive can be found, then the time machine will allow them to travel to any time and place they desire.  The crew are subsequently contacted by another "Starbug", populated by their future selves. Only Kryten speaks to them to prevent the rest of the crew learning about their futures; however, afterwards he gets very emotional around Lister, which makes him very worried. Lister speaks to Kryten, telling him he understands that he's died in the future, but Kryten tells him that a "David Lister" is aboard the future ship, which seriously confuses Lister. Kryten explains that the future crew's time drive has malfunctioned and only allows them to go forwards. In order to fix it, they need to copy components from the time drive aboard the present "Starbug". The future crew board, but everyone except Kryten is sealed in the hold to prevent them from meeting their future counterparts. Lister is desperate to see what's happened to him and rigs a camera to see what's going on, and each of the crew is dismayed to see what they have become. Rimmer is obese, Cat is bald, Kryten has donned a toupee and a turtleneck sweater, and Lister is merely a brain in a jar. It soon becomes clear that their future selves are snobs and have socialised with some of the most evil figures of history (including the Hitlers, with future Rimmer stating that Hitler is "a hoot" as long as he's not talking politics) and lived in the height of luxury.  Lister refuses to help the future crew after seeing what they have become, and sends them at gunpoint back to their ship without the information they need. Later, as the crew try to come to terms with the fact they're destined to lead selfish and despicable lives, the future crew launch an attack on their past selves and, unwilling to spend the rest of their existence stranded in deep space, are willing to kill the crew knowing they'll be wiping themselves out. Rimmer shows uncharacteristic bravery by urging they fight, stating ""Better dead than smeg"" and the rest of the crew agree. Although things start off well, the more advanced future "Starbug" causes massive damage, killing Lister, Cat, and Kryten in explosions in the cockpit. Rimmer realises that the crew's only hope is to destroy the time drive, and grabs a bazookoid. Rimmer struggles through the bowels of the crumbling ship but manages to reach the time drive and fires upon it just as "Starbug" is destroyed by the future crew.

Production.

"Out of Time", known as "Present from the Future" during shooting, featured an idea that the writers were thinking about for some time – Lister as an android. The idea never materialised as an episode in its own right but wound up as part of the plot here.  The episode was filmed with auto-cue prompts installed throughout the Starbug set, since Rob Grant and Doug Naylor did not actually finish the script. He had to type lines for the actors to read, and simultaneously make it look like a well-rehearsed episode to the audience.  "Out of Time" ended with Rimmer blowing the time drive up and the ship exploding, then a caption appearing, which read 'To Be Continued...'. But that was not the initial ending that was filmed – the idea to go with that cliffhanger was thought of in post-production, but then a conclusion to the story was written and recorded; as Rimmer blows up the time drive, he is thrown back and everything around him returns to normal as the future selves never exist; later, the crew celebrate the erasure of their future selves (referencing Lister's earlier statement that the crew never celebrate anything) and Rimmer's bravery which he is uncharacteristically modest about. Kryten then informs everyone that "Red Dwarf"'s vapour trail has been relocated and the crew then toast their good fortune with some margarita. "To the present" says Kryten. Lister then blurts out "That's urine re-cyc", and the crew is left with foam moustaches.  Several other endings were considered, including the crew finding "Red Dwarf" at the end, which had been the original idea (and would be used in "Nanarchy" in 1997, four years later), but it was decided it would be a better cliffhanger to kill everyone off – especially as the BBC had already said it wanted more "Red Dwarf". Nevertheless, due to a number of circumstances, viewers would be waiting three years for a resolution.

"Out of Time" is the sixth episode of science fiction sitcom "Red Dwarf" Series VI and the 36th in the programmes run. It was first broadcast on the British television channel BBC2 on 11 November 1993. Written by Rob Grant & Doug Naylor and directed by Andy de Emmony, it was the first "Red Dwarf" series finale to end on a cliffhanger (discounting Lister's pregnancy in the Series II finale, "Parallel Universe"). It is the final episode with contributions from Rob Grant.

Mimo realitu (anglicky "Out of Time") je šestá epizoda šesté série (a celkové třicátá šestá v rámci seriálu) britského sci-fi sitcomu "Červený trpaslík". Poprvé byla odvysílána 11. listopadu 1993 na kanálu BBC2.