Details.

Results from Google Books show up in both the universal Google Search and in the dedicated Google Books search website ("books.google.com").  In response to search queries, Google Books allows users to view full pages from books in which the search terms appear if the book is out of copyright or if the copyright owner has given permission. If Google believes the book is still under copyright, a user sees "snippets" of text around the queried search terms. All instances of the search terms in the book text appear with a yellow highlight.  The four access levels used on Google Books are:  In response to criticism from groups such as the American Association of Publishers and the Authors Guild, Google announced an opt-out policy in August 2005, through which copyright owners could provide a list of titles that it did not want scanned, and Google would respect the request. Google also stated that it would not scan any in-copyright books between August and 1 November 2005, to provide the owners with the opportunity to decide which books to exclude from the Project. Thus, Google provides a copyright owner with three choices with respect to any work:  Most scanned works are no longer in print or commercially available.  In addition to procuring books from libraries, Google also obtains books from its publisher partners, through the "Partner Program" – designed to help publishers and authors promote their books. Publishers and authors submit either a digital copy of their book in EPUB or PDF format, or a print copy to Google, which is made available on Google Books for preview. The publisher can control the percentage of the book available for preview, with the minimum being 20%. They can also choose to make the book fully viewable, and even allow users to download a PDF copy. Books can also be made available for sale on Google Play. Unlike the Library Project, this does not raise any copyright concerns as it is conducted pursuant to an agreement with the publisher. The publisher can choose to withdraw from the agreement at any time.  For many books, Google Books displays the original page numbers. However, Tim Parks, writing in "The New York Review of Books" in 2014, noted that Google had stopped providing page numbers for many recent publications (likely the ones acquired through the Partner Program) "presumably in alliance with the publishers, in order to force those of us who need to prepare footnotes to buy paper editions."

Scanning of books.

The project began in 2002 under the codename Project Ocean. Google co-founder Larry Page had always had an interest in digitizing books. When he and Marissa Mayer began experimenting with book scanning in 2002, it took 40 minutes for them to digitize a 300-page book. But soon after the technology had been developed to the extent that scanning operators could scan up to 6000 pages an hour.  Google established designated scanning centers to which books were transported by trucks. The stations could digitize at the rate of 1,000 pages per hour. The books were placed in a custom-built mechanical cradle that adjusted the book spine in place for the scanning. An array of lights and optical instruments were used – including four cameras, two directed at each half of the book, and a range-finding LIDAR that overlaid a three-dimensional laser grid on the book's surface to capture the curvature of the paper. A human operator would turn the pages by hand and operate the cameras through a foot pedal. The system was made efficient since there was no need to flatten the book pages or align them perfectly. The crude images were worked upon by de-warping algorithms that used the LIDAR data to process the images. Optical character recognition (OCR) software were developed to process the raw images to text. Algorithms were also created to extract page numbers, footnotes, illustrations and diagrams.  Many of the books are scanned using a customized Elphel 323 camera at a rate of 1,000 pages per hour. A patent awarded to Google in 2009 revealed that Google had come up with an innovative system for scanning books that uses two cameras and infrared light to automatically correct for the curvature of pages in a book. By constructing a 3D model of each page and then "de-warping" it, Google is able to present flat-looking pages without having to really make the pages flat, which requires the use of destructive methods such as unbinding or glass plates to individually flatten each page, which is inefficient for large scale scanning.

Website functionality.

Each book on Google Books has an associated "About this book" page which displays analytical information regarding the book such as a word map of the most used words and phrases, a selection of pages, list of related books, list of scholarly articles and other books that cite the book, and tables of content. This information is collated through automated methods, and sometimes data from third-party sources is used. This information provides an insight into the book, particularly useful when only a snippet view is available. The list of related books can often contain irrelevant entries. In some cases, a book summary and information about the author is also displayed. The page also displays bibliographic information, which can be exported as citations in BibTeX, EndNote and RefMan formats. Registered users logged in with their Google accounts can post reviews for books on this page. Google Books also displays reviews from Goodreads alongside these reviews. For books still in print, the site provides links to the website of the publisher and booksellers.  Google Books can retrieve scanned books from URLs based on the ISBN, LCCN and OCLC record numbers. The 'About this book' page of a book with the 123456789X can be linked as "books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN123456789X". For some books, Google also provides the ability to link directly to the front cover, title page, copyright page, table of contents, index, and back cover of a book, by using an appropriate parameter. For example, the front cover of a book with the OCLC number 17546826 can be linked as "books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC17546826&printsec=frontcover"  Signed-in users can create a personalized collection or a "library" of books, using the "My Library" feature. Organized through "bookshelves", books can be added to the library using a button that appears along with search results or from the "Overview" page of books. The library can be shared with friends by making bookshelves publicly visible and sharing the private library URL. Users can also import a list of books to the library using their ISBN or ISSN numbers. There are four default bookshelves which cannot be renamed: "Favorites", "Reading now", "To read" and "Have read". The library also has default bookshelves ("Purchased", "Reviewed", "My Books on Google Play", "Recently viewed", "Browsing history", and "Books for you") to which books get added automatically. Users cannot add or remove books from these bookshelves.

Ngram Viewer.

The Ngram Viewer is a service connected to Google Books that graphs the frequency of word usage across their book collection. The service is important for historians and linguists as it can provide an inside look into human culture through word use throughout time periods. This program has fallen under criticism because of errors in the metadata used in the program.

Content issues and criticism.

The project has received criticism that its stated aim of preserving orphaned and out-of-print works is at risk due to scanned data having errors and such problems not being solved.  Users can report errors in Google scanned books at "support.google.com/books/partner/troubleshooter/2983879".

Scanning errors.

The scanning process is subject to errors. For example, some pages may be unreadable, upside down, or in the wrong order. Scholars have even reported crumpled pages, obscuring thumbs and fingers, and smeared or blurry images. On this issue, a declaration from Google at the end of scanned books says:  As of 2009 Google stated that they would start using ReCAPTCHA to help fix the errors found in Google Book scannings. This method would only improve scanned words that are hard to recognize because of the scanning process and cannot solve errors such as turned pages or blocked words.

Errors in metadata.

Scholars have frequently reported rampant errors in the metadata information on Google Books – including misattributed authors and erroneous dates of publication. Geoffrey Nunberg, a linguist researching on the changes in word usage over time noticed that a search for books published before 1950 and containing the word "internet" turned up an unlikely 527 results. Woody Allen is mentioned in 325 books ostensibly published before he was born. Google responded to Nunberg by blaming the bulk of errors on the outside contractors.  Other metadata errors reported include publication dates before the author's birth (e.g. 182 works by Charles Dickens prior to his birth in 1812); incorrect subject classifications (an edition of "Moby Dick" found under "computers", a biography of Mae West classified under "religion"), conflicting classifications (10 editions of Whitman's "Leaves of Grass" all classified as both "fiction" and "nonfiction"), incorrectly spelled titles, authors, and publishers ("Moby Dick: or the White "Wall""), and metadata for one book incorrectly appended to a completely different book (the metadata for an 1818 mathematical work leads to a 1963 romance novel).  Metadata errors based on incorrect scanned dates makes research using the Google Books Project database difficult. Google has shown only limited interest in cleaning up these errors.

Language issues.

Some European politicians and intellectuals have criticized Google's effort on linguistic imperialism grounds. They argue that because the vast majority of books proposed to be scanned are in English, it will result in disproportionate representation of natural languages in the digital world. German, Russian, French, and Spanish, for instance, are popular languages in scholarship. The disproportionate online emphasis on English, however, could shape access to historical scholarship, and, ultimately, the growth and direction of future scholarship. Among these critics is Jean-Noël Jeanneney, the former president of the "Bibliothèque nationale de France".

Google Books versus Google Scholar.

While Google Books has digitized large numbers of journal back issues, its scans do not include the metadata required for identifying specific articles in specific issues. This has led the makers of Google Scholar to start their own program to digitize and host older journal articles (in agreement with their publishers).

Library partners.

The Google Books Library Project is aimed at scanning and making searchable the collections of several major research libraries. Along with bibliographic information, snippets of text from a book are often viewable. If a book is out of copyright and in the public domain, the book is fully available to read or download.  In-copyright books scanned through the Library Project are made available on Google Books for snippet view. Regarding the quality of scans, Google acknowledges that they are "not always of sufficiently high quality" to be offered for sale on Google Play. Also, because of supposed technical constraints, Google does not replace scans with higher quality versions that may be provided by the publishers.  The project is the subject of the "Authors Guild v. Google" lawsuit, filed in 2005 and ruled in favor of Google in 2013, and again, on appeal, in 2015.  Copyright owners can claim the rights for a scanned book and make it available for preview or full view (by "transferring" it to their Partner Program account), or request Google to prevent the book text from being searched.  The number of institutions participating in the Library Project has grown since its inception.

Additional partners.

Other institutional partners have joined the project since the partnership was first announced:

History.

2002: A group of team members at Google officially launch the "secret 'books' project." Google founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page came up with the idea that later became Google Books while still graduate students at Stanford in 1996. The history page on the Google Books website describes their initial vision for this project: "in a future world in which vast collections of books are digitized, people would use a 'web crawler' to index the books' content and analyze the connections between them, determining any given book's relevance and usefulness by tracking the number and quality of citations from other books." This team visited the sites of some of the larger digitization efforts at that time including the Library of Congress's American Memory Project, Project Gutenberg, and the Universal Library to find out how they work, as well as the University of Michigan, Page's alma mater, and the base for such digitization projects as JSTOR and Making of America. In a conversation with the at that time University President Mary Sue Coleman, when Page found out that the University's current estimate for scanning all the library's volumes was 1,000 years, Page reportedly told Coleman that he "believes Google can help make it happen in six."  2003: The team works to develop a high-speed scanning process as well as software for resolving issues in odd type sizes, unusual fonts, and "other unexpected peculiarities."  December 2004: Google signaled an extension to its Google Print initiative known as the Google Print Library Project. Google announced partnerships with several high-profile university and public libraries, including the University of Michigan, Harvard (Harvard University Library), Stanford (Green Library), Oxford (Bodleian Library), and the New York Public Library. According to press releases and university librarians, Google planned to digitize and make available through its Google Books service approximately 15 million volumes within a decade. The announcement soon triggered controversy, as publisher and author associations challenged Google's plans to digitize, not just books in the public domain, but also titles still under copyright.  September–October 2005: Two lawsuits against Google charge that the company has not respected copyrights and has failed to properly compensate authors and publishers. One is a class action suit on behalf of authors (Authors Guild v. Google, Sept. 20 2005) and the other is a civil lawsuit brought by five large publishers and the Association of American Publishers. (McGraw Hill v. Google, Oct. 19 2005)  November 2005: Google changed the name of this service from Google Print to Google Book Search. Its program enabling publishers and authors to include their books in the service was renamed Google Books Partner Program, and the partnership with libraries became Google Books Library Project.  2006: Google added a "download a pdf" button to all its out-of-copyright, public domain books. It also added a new browsing interface along with new "About this Book" pages.  August 2006: The University of California System announced that it would join the Books digitization project. This includes a portion of the 34 million volumes within the approximately 100 libraries managed by the System.  September 2006: The Complutense University of Madrid became the first Spanish-language library to join the Google Books Library Project.  October 2006: The University of Wisconsin–Madison announced that it would join the Book Search digitization project along with the Wisconsin Historical Society Library. Combined, the libraries have 7.2 million holdings.  November 2006: The University of Virginia joined the project. Its libraries contain more than five million volumes and more than 17 million manuscripts, rare books and archives.  January 2007: The University of Texas at Austin announced that it would join the Book Search digitization project. At least one million volumes would be digitized from the university's 13 library locations.  March 2007: The Bavarian State Library announced a partnership with Google to scan more than a million public domain and out-of-print works in German as well as English, French, Italian, Latin, and Spanish.  May 2007: A book digitizing project partnership was announced jointly by Google and the Cantonal and University Library of Lausanne.  May 2007: The Boekentoren Library of Ghent University announced that it would participate with Google in digitizing and making digitized versions of 19th century books in the French and Dutch languages available online.  May 2007: Mysore University announces Google will digitize over 800,000 books and manuscripts–including around 100,000 manuscripts written in Sanskrit or Kannada on both paper and palm leaves.  June 2007: The Committee on Institutional Cooperation (rebranded as the Big Ten Academic Alliance in 2016) announced that its twelve member libraries would participate in scanning 10 million books over the course of the next six years.  July 2007: Keio University became Google's first library partner in Japan with the announcement that they would digitize at least 120,000 public domain books.  August 2007: Google announced that it would digitize up to 500,000 both copyrighted and public domain items from Cornell University Library. Google would also provide a digital copy of all works scanned to be incorporated into the university's own library system.  September 2007: Google added a feature that allows users to share snippets of books that are in the public domain. The snippets may appear exactly as they do in the scan of the book, or as plain text.  September 2007: Google debuted a new feature called "My Library" which allows users to create personal customized libraries, selections of books that they can label, review, rate, or full-text search.  December 2007: Columbia University was added as a partner in digitizing public domain works.  May 2008: Microsoft tapered off and planned to end its scanning project, which had reached 750,000 books and 80 million journal articles.  October 2008: A settlement was reached between the publishing industry and Google after two years of negotiation. Google agreed to compensate authors and publishers in exchange for the right to make millions of books available to the public.  November 2008: Google reached the 7 million book mark for items scanned by Google and by their publishing partners. 1 million were in full preview mode and 1 million were fully viewable and downloadable public domain works. About five million were out of print.  December 2008: Google announced the inclusion of magazines in Google Books. Titles include "New York Magazine", "Ebony", and "Popular Mechanics"  February 2009: Google launched a mobile version of Google Book Search, allowing iPhone and Android phone users to read over 1.5 million public domain works in the US (and over 500,000 outside the US) using a mobile browser. Instead of page images, the plain text of the book is displayed.  May 2009: At the annual BookExpo convention in New York, Google signaled its intent to introduce a program that would enable publishers to sell digital versions of their newest books direct to consumers through Google.  December 2009: A French court shut down the scanning of copyrighted books published in France, saying this violated copyright laws. It was the first major legal loss for the scanning project.  April 2010: Visual artists were not included in the previous lawsuit and settlement, are the plaintiff groups in another lawsuit, and say they intend to bring more than just Google Books under scrutiny. "The new class action," read the statement, "goes beyond Google's Library Project, and includes Google's other systematic and pervasive infringements of the rights of photographers, illustrators and other visual artists."  May 2010: It was reported that Google would launch a digital book store called Google Editions. It would compete with Amazon, Barnes & Noble, Apple and other electronic book retailers with its own e-book store. Unlike others, Google Editions would be completely online and would not require a specific device (such as kindle, Nook, or iPad).  June 2010: Google passed 12 million books scanned.  August 2010: It was announced that Google intends to scan all known existing 129,864,880 books within a decade, amounting to over 4 billion digital pages and 2 trillion words in total.  December 2010: Google eBooks (Google Editions) was launched in the US.  December 2010: Google launched the Ngram Viewer, which collects and graphs data on word usage across its book collection.  March 2011: A federal judge rejected the settlement reached between the publishing industry and Google.  March 2012: Google passed 20 million books scanned.  March 2012: Google reached a settlement with publishers.  January 2013: The documentary "Google and the World Brain" was shown at the Sundance Film Festival.  November 2013: Ruling in "Authors Guild v. Google", US District Judge Denny Chin sides with Google, citing fair use. The authors said they would appeal.  October 2015: The appeals court sided with Google, declaring that Google did not violate copyright law. According to the New York Times, Google has scanned more than 25 million books.  April 2016: The US Supreme Court declined to hear the Authors Guild's appeal, which means the lower court's decision stood, and Google would be allowed to scan library books and display snippets in search results without violating the law.

Status.

Google has been quite secretive regarding its plans on the future of the Google Books project. Scanning operations had been slowing down since at least 2012, as confirmed by the librarians at several of Google's partner institutions. At University of Wisconsin, the speed had reduced to less than half of what it was in 2006. However, the librarians have said that the dwindling pace could be a natural result of maturation of the project – initially stacks of books were entirely taken up for scanning whereas now Google only needed to consider the ones that have not been scanned already. The company's own Google Books history page ends in 2007, and the Google Books blog was merged into the Google Search blog in 2012.  Despite winning the decade-long litigation in 2017, "The Atlantic" has said that Google has "all but shut down its scanning operation." In April 2017, "Wired" reported that there were only a few Google employees working on the project, and new books were still being scanned, but at a significantly lower rate. It commented that the decade-long legal battle had caused Google to lose its ambition.

Legal issues.

Through the project, library books were being digitized somewhat indiscriminately regardless of copyright status, which led to a number of lawsuits against Google. By the end of 2008, Google had reportedly digitized over seven million books, of which only about one million were works in the public domain. Of the rest, one million were in copyright and in print, and five million were in copyright but out of print. In 2005, a group of authors and publishers brought a major class-action lawsuit against Google for infringement on the copyrighted works. Google argued that it was preserving "orphaned works" – books still under copyright, but whose copyright holders could not be located.  The Authors Guild and Association of American Publishers separately sued Google in 2005 for its book project, citing "massive copyright infringement." Google countered that its project represented a fair use and is the digital age equivalent of a card catalog with every word in the publication indexed. The lawsuits were consolidated, and eventually a settlement was proposed. The settlement received significant criticism on a wide variety of grounds, including antitrust, privacy, and inadequacy of the proposed classes of authors and publishers. The settlement was eventually rejected, and the publishers settled with Google soon after. The Authors Guild continued its case, and in 2011 their proposed class was certified. Google appealed that decision, with a number of amici asserting the inadequacy of the class, and the Second Circuit rejected the class certification in July 2013, remanding the case to the District Court for consideration of Google's fair use defense.  In 2015 Authors Guild filed another appeal against Google to be considered by the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in New York. Google won the case unanimously based on the argument that they were not showing people the full texts but instead snippets, and they are not allowing people to illegally read the book. In a report, courts stated that they did not infringe on copyright laws, as they were protected under the fair use clause.  Authors Guild tried again in 2016 to appeal the decision and this time took their case to be considered by the Supreme Court. The case was rejected, leaving the Second Circuit's decision on the case intact, meaning that Google did not violate copyright laws. This case also set a precedent for other case similar in regards to fair use laws as it further clarified the law and expands it. Such clarification is important in the new digital age as it affects other scanning projects similar to Google.  Other lawsuits followed the Authors Guild's lead. In 2006 a German lawsuit, previously filed, was withdrawn. In June 2006, Hervé de la Martinière, a French publisher known as La Martinière and Éditions du Seuil, announced its intention to sue Google France. In 2009, the Paris Civil Court awarded 300,000 EUR (approximately 430,000 USD) in damages and interest and ordered Google to pay 10,000 EUR a day until it removes the publisher's books from its database. The court wrote, "Google violated author copyright laws by fully reproducing and making accessible" books that Seuil owns without its permission and that Google "committed acts of breach of copyright, which are of harm to the publishers". Google said it will appeal. Syndicat National de l'Edition, which joined the lawsuit, said Google has scanned about 100,000 French works under copyright.  In December 2009, Chinese author Mian Mian filed a civil lawsuit for $8,900 against Google for scanning her novel, "Acid Lovers". This is the first such lawsuit to be filed against Google in China. Also, in November that year, the China Written Works Copyright Society (CWWCS) accused Google of scanning 18,000 books by 570 Chinese writers without authorization. Google agreed on Nov 20 to provide a list of Chinese books it had scanned, but the company refused to admit having "infringed" copyright laws.  In March 2007, Thomas Rubin, associate general counsel for copyright, trademark, and trade secrets at Microsoft, accused Google of violating copyright law with their book search service. Rubin specifically criticized Google's policy of freely copying any work until notified by the copyright holder to stop.  Google licensing of public domain works is also an area of concern due to using of digital watermarking techniques with the books. Some published works that are in the public domain, such as all works created by the U.S. Federal government, are still treated like other works under copyright, and therefore locked after 1922.

Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search and Google Print and by its codename Project Ocean) is a service from Google Inc. that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR), and stored in its digital database. Books are provided either by publishers and authors through the Google Books Partner Program, or by Google's library partners through the Library Project. Additionally, Google has partnered with a number of magazine publishers to digitize their archives.

Knihy Google (, starší označení Google Book Search, ještě starší Google Print) je vyhledávací služba, kterou poskytuje Google. Cílem je zpřístupnit naskenované (digitalizované) knihy knihoven. V počátcích tohoto projektu (2004) bylo naskenováno přibližně 15 milionů knih z největších amerických knihoven - knihovna Michiganské university, Harvardská univerzitní knihovna, Standfordská Green library, Oxfordská Bodleian Library, Newyorská veřejná knihovna.


Early life.

Grant Morrison was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1960. He was educated at Allan Glen's School where his first portfolio of art was rejected by his careers guidance teacher, who encouraged him to work in a bank. His first published works were "Gideon Stargrave" strips for "Near Myths" in 1978 (when he was about 17), one of the first British alternative comics. His work appeared in four of the five issues of "Near Myths" and he was suitably encouraged to find more comic work. This included a weekly comic strip, "Captain Clyde", an unemployed superhero based in Glasgow, for "The Govan Press", a local newspaper, plus various issues of DC Thomson's "Starblazer", a science fiction version of that company's "Commando" title.

Career.

1980s.

Morrison spent much of the early 1980s touring and recording with his band The Mixers, occasionally writing "Starblazer" for D. C. Thomson and contributing to various UK indie titles. In 1982 he submitted a proposal involving the Justice League of America and Jack Kirby's New Gods entitled "Second Coming" to DC Comics, but it was not commissioned. After writing "The Liberators" for Dez Skinn's "Warrior" in 1985, he started work for Marvel UK the following year. There he wrote a number of comic strips for "Doctor Who Magazine", his final one a collaboration with a then-teenage Bryan Hitch, as well as a run on the Zoids strip in "Spider-Man and Zoids". 1986 also saw publication of Morrison's first of several two- or three-page "Future Shocks" for "2000AD".  Morrison's first continuing serial began in "2000 AD" in 1987, when he and Steve Yeowell created "Zenith".  Morrison's work on "Zenith" brought him to the attention of DC Comics, who asked him to work for them. They accepted his proposals for "Animal Man", a little-known character from DC's past whose most notable recent appearance was a cameo in the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" limited series, and for a 48-page Batman one-shot that would eventually become "".  "Animal Man" put Morrison in line with the so-called "British Invasion" of American comics, along with such writers as Neil Gaiman, Peter Milligan, Jamie Delano and Alan Moore, who had launched the "invasion" with his work on "Swamp Thing".  After impressing with "Animal Man", Morrison was asked to take over "Doom Patrol", starting his surreal take on the superhero genre with issue No. 19 in 1989. Morrison's "Doom Patrol" introduced concepts such as dadaism and the writings of Jorge Luis Borges into his first several issues. DC published "Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth" in 1989 as a 128-page graphic novel painted by Dave McKean. Comics historian Les Daniels observed in 1995 that ""Arkham Asylum" was an unprecedented success, selling 182,166 copies in hardcover and another 85,047 in paperback."  While working for DC Comics in America, Morrison kept contributing to British indie titles, writing "St. Swithin's Day" for Trident Comics. "St. Swithin's Day"'s anti-Margaret Thatcher themes proved controversial, provoking a small tabloid press reaction and a complaint from Conservative MP Teddy Taylor.  The controversy continued with the publication of "The New Adventures of Hitler" in Scottish music and lifestyle magazine "Cut" in 1989, due to its use of Adolf Hitler as its lead character. The strip was unfinished when "Cut" folded, and was later reprinted and completed in Fleetway's "2000 AD" spin-off title "Crisis".

1990s.

Morrison returned to Batman with the "" story arc in issues 6–10 of the Batman title "". The early 1990s saw Morrison revamping Kid Eternity for DC with artist Duncan Fegredo, and Dan Dare, with artist Rian Hughes. Morrison coloured Dare's bright future with Thatcherism in Fleetway's "Revolver".  In 1991 Morrison wrote "Bible John-A Forensic Meditation" for Fleetway's "Crisis", based on an analysis of possible motivations for the crimes of the serial killer Bible John. Covering similar themes to Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell's "From Hell", the work utilised cut-up techniques, a Ouija board and collage rather than conventional panels to tell the story.  In 1993 Morrison, fellow Glaswegian comic writer Mark Millar and John Smith were asked to reinvigorate "2000 AD" for an eight-week run called "The Summer Offensive". Morrison wrote Judge Dredd and Really and Truly, and co-wrote the controversial "Big Dave" with Millar.  DC Comics launched its Vertigo imprint in 1993, publishing several of Morrison's creator-owned projects, such as the steampunk mini-series "Sebastian O" and the graphic novel "The Mystery Play". 1995 saw the release of "Kill Your Boyfriend", with artist Philip Bond, originally published as a "Vertigo Voices" one-shot. In 1996 Morrison wrote "Flex Mentallo", a "Doom Patrol" spin-off with art by Frank Quitely, and returned briefly to DC Universe superheroics with the short-lived "Aztek", co-written with Mark Millar.  In 1996, Morrison was given the "Justice League of America" to revamp as "JLA", a comic book that gathered the "Big Seven" superheroes of the DC universe into one team. This run was hugely popular and returned the title to best-selling status. Morrison wrote several issues of "The Flash" with Mark Millar, as well as DC's crossover event of 1998, the four-issue mini-series "DC One Million", in addition to plotting many of the multiple crossovers.  With the three volumes of the creator-owned "The Invisibles", Morrison started his largest and possibly most important work. "The Invisibles" combined political, pop- and sub-cultural references. Tapping into pre-millennial tension, the work was influenced by the writings of Robert Anton Wilson, Aleister Crowley and William Burroughs, and Morrison's practice of chaos magic in Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth. In 1998 Morrison published the prose piece "I'm A Policeman" in Sarah Champion's millennial short story collection "Disco 2000"; though no explicit connection to "The Invisibles" is made, there are strong thematic links between the two works. At DisinfoCon in 1999, Morrison said that much of the content in "The Invisibles" was information given to him by aliens that abducted him in Kathmandu, who told him to spread this information to the world via a comic book. He later clarified that the experience he labelled as the "Alien Abduction Experience in Kathmandu" had nothing to do with aliens or abduction, but that there was an experience that he had in Kathmandu that "The Invisibles" is an attempt to explain. The title was not a huge commercial hit to start with. (Morrison actually asked his readers to participate in a "wankathon" while concentrating on a magical symbol, or sigil, in an effort to boost sales). When the title was relaunched with volume two, the characters relocated to America. Volume three appeared with issue numbers counting down, signalling an intention to conclude the series with the turn of the new millennium in 2000. Due to the title shipping late, its final issue did not ship until April 2000.  The 1999 film "The Matrix" has numerous elements which have been attributed by critics to the influence of Morrison's "The Invisibles". Morrison himself was immediately struck by the similarities to his work upon first seeing the film.

2000s.

In 2000, Morrison's graphic novel "" was released with art by Frank Quitely. It was Morrison's last mainstream work for DC for a while, as he moved to Marvel Comics. While at Marvel, Morrison wrote the six-part "Marvel Boy" series, and "", his take on another major superhero team. In July 2001, he began writing the main X-Men title, renamed "New X-Men" for his run, with Quitely providing much of the art. Again, Morrison's revamping of a major superhero team proved to be a commercial success, with the title jumping to the No. 1 sales spot and established Morrison as the kind of creator whose name on a title would guarantee sales. His penultimate arc "Planet X" depicted the villain Magneto infiltrating and defeating the X-Men in the guise of new character Xorn and developing an addiction to the power-enhancing drug "Kick". In 2002, Morrison launched his next creator-owned project at Vertigo: "The Filth", drawn by Chris Weston and Gary Erskine, a 13-part mini-series. In 2004, Vertigo published three Morrison mini-series. "Seaguy", "We3", and "Vimanarama". Morrison returned to the JLA with the first story in a new anthology series, "JLA Classified". In 2005 Morrison wrote "Seven Soldiers", which featured the Manhattan Guardian, Mister Miracle, Klarion the Witch Boy, Bulleteer, Frankenstein, Zatanna and Shining Knight. The series consists of seven interlinked four-issue mini-series with two "bookend" volumes – 30 issues in all.  Dan DiDio, the editorial vice president of DC Comics, was impressed with Morrison's ideas for revitalising many of DC's redundant characters. Giving him the unofficial title of "revamp guy", DiDio asked him to assist in sorting out the DC Universe in the wake of the "Infinite Crisis". Morrison was one of the writers on "52", a year-long weekly comic book series that started in May 2006 and concluded in May 2007.  Starting in November 2005, DC published "All-Star Superman", a twelve-issue story arc by Morrison and Frank Quitely. Not so much a revamp or reboot of Superman, the series presents an out-of-continuity "iconic" Superman for new readers. "All-Star Superman" won the Eisner Award for Best New Series in 2006, the Best Continuing Series Eisner Award in 2007 and several Eagle Awards in the UK. It won three Harvey Awards in 2008 and the Eisner Award for Best Continuing Series in 2009. In the same year, Morrison and Quitely worked on pop star Robbie Williams' album "Intensive Care", providing intricate Tarot card designs for the packaging and cover of the CD.  In 2006 Morrison was voted as the No. 2 favourite comic book writer of all time by Comic Book Resources. That same year, Morrison began writing "Batman" for DC with issue No. 655, reintroducing the character of Damian Wayne and signalling the beginning of a seven-year-long run on the character across multiple titles. He wrote the relaunch of "The Authority" and "Wildcats", with the art of Gene Ha and Jim Lee respectively, for DC's Wildstorm imprint. "WildC.A.T.S." went on hiatus after one issue, "The Authority" was discontinued after two. The scheduling of "The Authority" conflicted with "52" and Morrison was unhappy with the reviews: "And then I saw the reviews on issue one and I just thought 'fuck this'.". It eventually concluded without Morrison's involvement in Keith Giffen's "The Authority: The Lost Year".  At the 2007 San Diego Comic-Con, DC Comics announced that Morrison would write "Final Crisis", a seven-issue mini-series slated to appear in 2008 with J. G. Jones handling the art. Morrison announced that 2008 would see publication of the follow-up to 2004's "Seaguy" called "Seaguy 2: The Slaves of Mickey Eye", the second part of a planned three part series.  At the 2008 New York Comic Con, Morrison announced he would be working with Virgin Comics to produce "webisodes" (short animated stories) based on the Mahābhārata; it would not be a direct translation but, "Like the Beatles took Indian music and tried to make psychedelic sounds... I'm trying to convert Indian storytelling to a western style for people raised on movies, comics, and video games." In August 2009, Morrison and Frank Quitely launched the "Batman and Robin" series.

2010s.

"Batman" No. 700 (Aug. 2010) saw the return of Morrison to the title and a collaboration with an art team that consisted of Tony Daniel, Frank Quitely, Andy Kubert, and David Finch. The separate stories tied together to illustrate that the legacy of Batman is unending, and will survive into the future. At San Diego Comic-Con International 2010 it was announced that Grant Morrison would be leaving "Batman and Robin" with No. 16 and launching a new series entitled "Batman Incorporated" with revolving artists starting with Yanick Paquette. A more team-oriented Batman book inspired by the "" animated series, "Batman Incorporated" builds on Morrison's work dating back to "Batman and Son" and "Final Crisis", with Bruce Wayne creating an international Batman franchise all over the world. The series suffered from slow scheduling and was ended after eight issues while the DC Universe was rebooted in 2011; to bridge the gap a prestige book was released that featured two issues together along with a synopsis that recapped the story so far. In mid-2012, a second volume of the comic was launched with Chris Burnham on artwork, scheduled for 12 issues. Morrison left the Batman titles in 2013. He killed the Damian Wayne character in "Batman Incorporated" No. 8 (April 2013) and his final issue was No. 13 (Sept. 2013).  Morrison returned to creator-owned work in 2010 with the eight issue Vertigo series "Joe the Barbarian", launched in January with artist Sean Murphy. Originally a six issue series, Morrison felt that the story would benefit from an extra two issues. The titular Joe is a diabetic young boy who begins to hallucinate a fantasy world populated with his toys and other fantasy characters when he stops taking his medication.  Following the closure of Virgin Comics, Dynamite Entertainment and Liquid Comics announced a partnership to publish a hardcover of illustrated scripts of Grant Morrison's Mahābhārata-based, animated project "18 Days" with illustrations by artist Mukesh Singh, that was released in August 2010.  He is the subject of a feature-length documentary titled "". The documentary features extensive interviews with Morrison as well as a number of comic artists, editors and professionals he has worked closely with. "Talking with Gods" was produced by Sequart Organization and was released in 2010 at the San Diego Comic Con.  Morrison was featured in My Chemical Romance's music videos "Na Na Na (Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na)" and "Sing" from their 2010 album "" as the concept's villain Korse. In June 2011, as part of DC Comics' massive revamp of their entire superhero line, Morrison was announced as the writer on the new "Action Comics" No. 1, teaming with artist Rags Morales, marking Morrison's return to the Superman character after the end of "All Star Superman".  In July 2011, Morrison's analysis of superheroes, "Supergods: Our World in the Age of the Superhero", was published by Random House Spiegel & Grau in the United States and Jonathan Cape in the UK.  Morrison was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for services to film and literature.  In September 2012, MorrisonCon was held at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino (Las Vegas). This small-scale convention, curated by Morrison, featured a number of comics industry guests, including Robert Kirkman, Darick Robertson, Jason Aaron, Jim Lee, Gerard Way, Jonathan Hickman, Frank Quitely, J. H. Williams III, and Chris Burnham.  Morrison's "The Multiversity" project for DC was published in 2014 and 2015. A metaseries of nine one-shots set in some of the 52 worlds in the DC Multiverse, it included the main "Multiversity" title which involves the return of President Calvin Ellis, the black Superman from Earth 23 originally seen in "Action Comics" vol. 2 No. 9, which was the framing for the whole series. Other issues include "The Society of Super-Heroes" a pulp version of the DC characters; "The Just" – set on a world of celebrity youngsters; "Pax Americana", drawn by Frank Quitely, "Thunder World" – a Captain Marvel book; the "Multiversity Guidebook"; "Mastermen" – which includes a fascist version of the Justice League. and "Ultra Comics".  In 2016, Morrison became editor-in-chief of the science fiction and fantasy comics magazine, "Heavy Metal" for several months.  In November 2018, Morrison and artist Liam Sharp launched a new Green Lantern book titled "The Green Lantern", for DC Comics. Following the success of the first season of "The Green Lantern", a second season was announced, to be published in 2020 but beforehand there was a Blackstars mini-series dealing with the ending of "Season One", launched in November 2019. "Season Two" began in 2020.

Screenwriting and playwriting.

Morrison wrote the screenplays "Sleepless Knights" for DreamWorks and "WE3" for New Line Cinema. He wrote the adaptation of the video game "Area 51" home console game for Paramount in development with CFP Productions producing. Morrison has written a screenplay for a film, "Sinatoro". In 2011 he worked on the screenplay "Dinosaurs vs Aliens " for Sam Worthington's production company, Full Clip Production, and said he planned to work with them again on a screenplay based on the "2000 AD" story "Rogue Trooper".  He has pitched a science-fiction television series, "Bonnyroad", to the BBC with director Paul McGuigan and Stephen Fry.  Morrison provided outline story and script work for two video games ("" and "Battlestar Galactica") both by Vivendi Universal.  He has written two plays staged by Oxygen House at the Edinburgh Fringe. "Red King Rising" (1989) was about the (partly fictional) relationship between Lewis Carroll and Alice Liddell. "Depravity" (1990) was about famed occultist Aleister Crowley. The plays won between them a Fringe First Award, the Independent Theatre Award for 1989 and the Evening Standard Award for New Drama. Both plays were included in his collection of prose, "Lovely Biscuits" released in 1999.  In 2017, Morrison co-created the Syfy TV series "Happy!" starring Christopher Meloni and Patton Oswalt, which aired its second season in 2019.  Morrison is currently a writer and producer on the Brave New World TV series for the Peacock Streaming Service, having developed it for adaptation.

Appearances as a comics character.

Grant Morrison first appeared as a comics character in cameos in "Animal Man" Nos. 11 and 14. He made a full appearance at the end of issue No. 25 in 1990, and spent most of issue No. 26 in a lengthy conversation with the comic's title character. The character appeared the next year in "Suicide Squad" No. 58, written by John Ostrander, as one of several minor characters killed in one of the series' trademark suicide missions.  In Morrison's 2005–2006 "Seven Soldiers" miniseries and its tie-ins, a group of seven "reality engineers" look like him. An eighth goes rogue, transforming into the silver-age character Zor, looking like Morrison in a magician's costume but with dark hair and a beard. This character is defeated and Morrison himself, wearing a DC Comics-logo tie clip, then becomes the narrator for the final chapter.  He appeared in an issue of "Simpsons Comics", fighting with Mark Millar over the title of "Writer of "X-Men"".  The miniseries "Tales of the Unexpected" features writers Morrison, Geoff Johns, Greg Rucka, and Mark Waid.  In Darwyn Cooke's "", Morrison is the physical model for Captain Cold.

Personal life.

Morrison lives and works in both Scotland and Los Angeles.

Grant Morrison, MBE (born 31 January 1960) is a Scottish comic book writer and playwright. He is known for his nonlinear narratives and countercultural leanings in his runs on titles including, but not limited to, DC Comics's "Animal Man", Doom Patrol, "Batman", "JLA", "Action Comics", "All-Star Superman", Green Lantern, The Flash, Vertigo's "The Invisibles", and Fleetway's "2000 AD". He has also served as the editor-in-chief of "Heavy Metal" and currently operates as an adviser for the magazine. He is also the co-creator of the Syfy TV series "Happy!" starring Christopher Meloni and Patton Oswalt. Morrison is also an occasional actor, with his most recent appearance being a brief cameo as a news broadcaster in the 2017 horror comedy film "Mom and Dad", which starred Nicolas Cage and Selma Blair.

Grant Morrison (* 1960, Glasgow, Skotsko) je skotský komiksový scenárista. Známý pro svou práci u DC Comics: Animal Man, Batman, JLA, The Invisibles, Action Comics, All-Star Superman a Doom Patrol, a také u Marvel Comics: New X-Men a Fantastic Four.


Plot.

"The Mysteries of Udolpho" is a quintessential Gothic romance, replete with incidents of physical and psychological terror: remote crumbling castles, seemingly supernatural events, a brooding, scheming villain and a persecuted heroine.  Modern editors note that only about a third of the novel is set in the eponymous Gothic castle, while tone and style vary markedly between sections of the work, to which Radcliffe added extended descriptions of exotic landscapes in the Pyrenees and Apennines, and of Venice, none of which she had visited. For details she relied on travel books, which led her to make several anachronisms. The novel, set in 1584 in southern France and northern Italy, explores the plight of Emily St. Aubert, a young French woman orphaned by the death of her father. She is imprisoned in Castle Udolpho by Signor Montoni, an Italian brigand who has married her aunt and guardian Madame Cheron. He and others frustrate Emily's romance with the dashing Valancourt. Emily also investigates a relationship between her father and the Marchioness de Villeroi, and its connection to Castle Udolpho.  Emily St. Aubert is the only child of a landed rural family whose fortunes are in decline. Emily and her father share a notably close bond in a shared appreciation for nature. They grow still closer after her mother's death from illness. She accompanies him on a journey from their native Gascony, through the Pyrenees to the Mediterranean coast of Roussillon, over many mountainous landscapes. During the journey, they encounter Valancourt, a handsome man who also feels an almost mystical kinship with the natural world. Emily and Valancourt fall in love.  Emily's father succumbs to a long illness. Emily, now orphaned, is forced by his wishes to live with her aunt, Madame Cheron, who shares none of Emily's interests and shows little affection for her. Her aunt marries Montoni, a dubious nobleman from Italy. He wants his friend Count Morano to become Emily's husband and tries to force him upon her. After discovering that Morano is nearly ruined, Montoni brings Emily and her aunt to his remote castle of Udolpho.  Emily fears she has lost Valancourt forever. Morano searches for Emily and tries to carry her off secretly from Udolpho, but Emily's heart still belongs to Valancourt, and she refuses. Morano's attempted escape is discovered by Montoni, who wounds the Count and chases him away. In subsequent months, Montoni threatens his wife with violence, trying to force her to sign over her properties in Toulouse that will otherwise go to Emily on his wife's death. Without resigning her estate, Madame Cheron dies of a severe illness caused by her husband's harshness.  Many frightening but coincidental events happen in the castle, but Emily manages to flee with the help of a secret admirer, Du Pont, also a prisoner there, and of the servants Annette and Ludovico. Returning to her aunt's estate, Emily learns that Valancourt has gone to Paris and lost his wealth. Nonetheless, she takes control of the property and is reunited with Valancourt in the end.

Publication.

"The Mysteries of Udolpho" was published by the radical bookseller George Robinson's company G. G. and J. Robinson at 25, Paternoster Row, in the City of London. The Robinsons paid her £500 for the manuscript and later also published her "A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794".

The Mysteries of Udolpho, by Ann Radcliffe, appeared in four volumes on 8 May 1794 from G. G. and J. Robinson of London. Her fourth and most popular novel, "The Mysteries of Udolpho" tells of Emily St. Aubert, who suffers misadventures that include the death of her mother and father, supernatural terrors in a gloomy castle, and machinations of an Italian brigand. Often cited as the archetypal Gothic novel, "The Mysteries of Udolpho" and Radcliffe's 1791 "The Romance of the Forest" appear prominently in Jane Austen's 1817 novel "Northanger Abbey", where an impressionable young woman reader comes to see friends and acquaintances as Gothic villains and victims, with amusing results.

Záhady Udolfa () je román Ann Radlicffové, který byl vydán v roce 1794. Záhady Udolfa jsou jednou z nejslavnějších děl Ann Radcliffové, které ještě více posílilo její věhlas. Jedná se o gotický román, kterému však Radcliffová dala nový rozměr.


History.

Cordele was incorporated on January 1, 1888, and named for Cordelia Hawkins, eldest daughter of Colonel Samuel Hawkins, the president of the Savannah, Americus and Montgomery Railway.  In November 1864, the area that is now Cordele served as the temporary capital of Georgia. During the last days of the Confederacy, Georgia's war governor Joseph E. Brown used his rural farmhouse to escape the wrath of Sherman's March to the Sea. During that time the farmhouse, which Brown called "Dooly County Place," served as the official capital for only a few days. It was replaced in 1890 by the Suwanee Hotel, located in what became downtown Cordele. The hotel was destroyed by a fire in late 1994 and was rebuilt.  Cordele was founded in 1888 by J.E.D. Shipp of Americus. The town was located at the junction of two major railroads – the Savannah, Americus & Montgomery line, and the Georgia Southern & Florida. As the railroads brought more people and business to the newly settled territory, Cordele experienced phenomenal growth. Before 1905 Cordele was located in southern Dooly County, from the county seat in Vienna. With Cordele's continued progress, many in the community felt the need for a seat of government to be closer than Vienna. Crisp County was formed in 1905 by taking a portion of southern Dooly County, and Cordele became its county seat.  By August 1930, Cordele housed the Crisp County Hydroelectric System, the first county-owned electric system. Located on the Flint River, the hydroelectric plant continues to operate, and the resulting Lake Blackshear has attracted residents to its waterfront properties.  On April 2, 1936, a tornado struck Cordele, killing 23 people.

Geography.

Cordele is located north of the center of Crisp County at (31.964178, -83.777277). U.S. Route 41 passes through the city as Seventh Street and leads north to Vienna and south to Ashburn. U.S. Route 280 (16th Avenue) crosses US 41 in the center of the city and leads east to Abbeville and west to Americus. Interstate 75 passes through the east side of the city, with access from exits 99, 101, and 102, and leads north to Macon and south to the Florida state line. State Route 300 leads from the south side of the city southwest to Albany.  According to the United States Census Bureau, Cordele has a total area of, of which is land and, or 0.82%, is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 11,608 people, 4,303 households, and 2,839 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,222.5 people per square mile (471.8/km2). There were 4,782 housing units at an average density of 503.6 per square mile (194.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 31.90% White, 65.03% African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.84% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.19% from other races, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.95% of the population.  There were 4,303 households out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.1% were married couples living together, 30.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.22.  In the city, the population was spread out with 31.6% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 18.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.9 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $17,615, and the median income for a family was $21,677. Males had a median income of $23,253 versus $17,282 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,746. About 38.1% of families and 41.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 59.2% of those under age 18 and 26.7% of those age 65 or over.

Cordele City Commissioners.

Five citizens of Cordele are elected to serve as the City Commissioners.  The current Cordele City Commissioners are: Jeanie Bartee, Wesley Rainey, Royce Reeves, Vesta Beal Shephard, and Chairman John Wiggins

Representation in the Georgia State Legislature.

In the Georgia State Senate, the City of Cordele is represented by the 13th district, which is vacant since the death of Greg Kirk on December 22, 2019. In the Georgia House of Representatives, the City of Cordele is represented by Rep. Buddy Harden.

Representation in the United States House of Representatives.

In the United States House of Representatives, the City of Cordele is represented by Rep. Sanford Bishop.

Georgia Veterans State Park.

To the west of Cordele town centre and located on Route 280 is the large Georgia Veterans State Park, which lies on the eastern edge of Lake Blackshear. This facility provides many outdoor activities for ex members of the US armed services. There are also interesting displays of preserved military aircraft and helicopters and army tanks and other fighting vehicles. These displays are open to public viewing during daylight hours

Arts and culture.

Annual cultural events.

Cordele hosts an annual Watermelon Festival each June.

Museums and other points of interest.

In 1968 a Titan I missile was erected by the Rotary Club of Cordele at the intersection of I-75 and U.S. 280 East.

Sports.

Cordele is home to Crisp Motorsports Park and the Watermelon Capital Speedway, a 3/8-mile asphalt oval. It is home to the annual pre-season race known as SpeedFest, which is sanctioned by the Champion Racing Association (CRA) organization and run in late January. The event features a 125-lap race for the CRA Jegs All-Star Tour (crate late models) and a 200-lap race for the ARCA/CRA Super Series (super late models).

Education.

Crisp County School District.

The Crisp County School District holds pre-school to grade twelve, and consists of four elementary schools, a middle school, and a high school. The district has 266 full-time teachers and over 4,337 students.

Infrastructure.

Major highways.

The Cordele Inland Port is operated by a private company, Cordele Intermodal Services, which offers rail service via the Heart of Georgia Railroad and Georgia Central Railroad, from their rail ramp in Cordele to the Georgia Ports Authority in Savannah. Two class I railroads CSX and Norfolk Southern pass through Cordele. Shortline Railroad, Heart of Georgia currently interchanges with CSX in downtown Cordele.

Cordele is a city in Crisp County, Georgia, United States. The population was 11,147 at the 2010 census. The city is the county seat of Crisp County.

Cordele je město v Crisp County, v Georgii, ve Spojených státech amerických. V roce 2011 žilo ve městě 11137 obyvatel.


History.

The vicinity of Dacula was one of the first areas in present-day metropolitan Atlanta to be claimed by white settlers (around the time of the War of 1812), but the area remained mostly undeveloped until the late 20th century. The Dacula area is home to some of the oldest buildings in greater Atlanta, such as the Elisha Winn House, which originally acted as the courthouse for Gwinnett County. Dacula itself began in the late 1800s under the name of Chinquapin Grove, where Dacula Elementary now stands. The town was renamed named "Hoke", in 1891 after a Seaboard Air Line Railroad executive, but that name was changed due to the Post Office Department's protest. Dacula's name was formed from letters in Decatur and Atlanta, two cities to the west that were already prospering at the time of Dacula's founding. The city was once home to a train station on a CSX line through northeast Georgia, although the station closed in the mid-1950s.

Geography.

Dacula is located in eastern Gwinnett County, with U.S. Route 29 Business/Georgia State Route 8 (Winder Highway) the main road through the center of town. Business 29/SR 8 leads west to Lawrenceville, the county seat, and east to Winder. U.S. Route 29 (University Parkway) is a four-lane highway that bypasses Dacula to the south, with access from Harbins Road. University Parkway leads east to Athens and west to Interstate 85, which leads an additional southwest to downtown Atlanta.  According to the United States Census Bureau, Dacula has a total area of, of which, or 0.59%, is water.  The Dacula 30019 ZIP Code goes well beyond their city limits, resulting in mail delivery as far north as the unincorporated community of Hamilton Mill, south of Interstate 85.

Demographics.

As of 2010 Dacula had a population of 4,442. the median age was 35.2. There were 1,472 households with 92.0% of housing units occupied. The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 76.6% white (70.3% non-Hispanic white), 11.3% black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.4% Asian Indian, 2.8% other Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 5.4% from some other race (0.1% non-Hispanic from some other race) and 3.1% from two or more races. 13.6% of the population was Hispanic or Latino.  As of the census of 2000, there were 3,848 people, 1,283 households, and 1,077 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,333.0 people per square mile (514.1/km2). There were 1,320 housing units at an average density of 456.9 per square mile (176.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 91.37% White, 4.24% African American, 0.34% Native American, 1.53% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.25% from other races, and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.72% of the population.  There were 1,283 households out of which 44.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.9% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.0% were non-families. 12.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. 0.5% of all households were lesbian couples, and 0.2% of all households were gay male couples. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.27.  In the city, the population was spread out with 29.2% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 36.9% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $57,525, and the median income for a family was $58,603. Males had a median income of $40,616 versus $27,380 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,720. About 0.9% of families and 1.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.0% of those under age 18 and 2.3% of those age 65 or over.  Dacula has experienced rapid growth, and with the addition of commercial businesses, commerce has exploded. A 2008 demographic study completed by the developers of the Dacula Town Center showed the population has increased greatly. According to the study, the population is now 31,466 in a 3-mile radius around Dacula. The same survey reveals that in a 5-mile radius within the 30019 zipcode the population is 82,719.

Education.

The county operates Gwinnett County Public Schools.  Gwinnett County Public Library operates the Dacula and Hamilton Mill Branch in the nearby unincorporated area of Hamilton Mill.

Media.

The town of Dacula is served by two newspapers: the "Gwinnett Daily Post" (based in nearby Lawrenceville) and the "Hamilton Mill Neighborhood News".

Dacula ( ) is a city in Gwinnett County, Georgia, United States. It is a suburb of Atlanta, located approximately northeast of downtown. The population as of the 2010 census was 4,442, and the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population to be 6,255 as of 2018.

Dacula je město v Gwinnett County, v Georgii, ve Spojených státech amerických. V roce 2011 žilo ve městě 4459 obyvatel.


History.

Around 1800 there was an increasing amount of attention paid to the store of Faroese folk ballads (kvæði), which survived in the oral tradition and were sung as an accompaniment to Faroese dancing. Even before 1800 Jens Christian Svabo had recorded ballads, but collecting got under way seriously after 1800, and names like Johan Henrik Schrøter, Jóannes í Króki and later on, V. U. Hammershaimb can be mentioned in this regard.  The old ballads were seen as having special historical value, but there was also interest in more recent ballads, e.g. comic ballads (táttur), and new ballads were composed in the old style. One poet who attracts particular notice is Jens Christian Djurhuus (1773–1853), who was a farmer in Kollafjørður. The most famous of his works is "Ormurin Langi", "The Ballad of the Long Serpent". His most individual work, however, is perhaps "Púkaljómur" (‘The Devils Ballad’), a religious epic based on a Danish translation of ‘Paradise Lost’ by the 17th-century English poet John Milton.  Otherwise he mainly takes the subject matter for his ballads from the Norse sagas, e.g. ‘Heimskringla’ (‘The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway’) and ‘Færeyinga saga’, the story of how the Faroes were converted to Christianity under Sigmundur Brestisson and with the resistance of Tróndur í Gøtu. This was the Romantic Age, and Norse literature was very much in vogue. Everything indicates that the Faroese immediately took his poetry to their hearts. In an account of a journey written in 1847-48 the ballad collector and clergyman V. U. Hammershaimb writes:

Description.

"Ormurin Langi" takes its subject matter from the account well given in Heimskringla of the famous sea battle off the island of Svolder in 1000, when the Swedish and Danish kings, together with the Norwegian Eiríkr Hákonarson, attacked the Norwegian king, Olaf Tryggvason, while he was on his way home from Wendland to Norway on his ship, the "Long Serpent", accompanied by his fleet.  They attack in turn and King Olaf repulses the assaults of the two kings, but is defeated by his countryman Eiríkr Hákonarson.  The outcome of the battle is known; when Olaf realises that the battle is lost, he leaps overboard together with his surviving men. It is not known where this battle took place, with it being doubtful whether there ever was an island called Svolder.  In the ballad the poet has Olaf sailing from the Baltic into the Oresund between Denmark and Sweden, where he imagines the island to be located, and the battle takes place in the straits between the island and the mainland.

Stamps.

Various scenes from the drama described in the ballad appear on ten stamps, issued in 2006 by Postverk Føroya and designed by the artist Vigdis Sigmundsdóttir. They show shipbuilding and a launch, with the king sitting on the throne while giving an audience to Einarr Thambarskelfir. Another one shows the fleet putting out to sea. Another shows the "Long Serpent" and the other ships heading into the straits while their adversaries stand on the shore watching them. In the "Long Serpent's" bow there is Ulf the Red, Olaf's forecastle man, while the king and Einar the Archer are seen up on the quarterdeck. There are dead bodies tumbling into the sea during the battle, which ends with Eiríkr Hákonarson capturing the Long Serpent and so taking command of the vessel.  The location where the song is composed is unknown.

Versions and history.

The oldest version dates back to 1819 and was made by Jóannes í Króki of Sandur. He also collected a version in 1823.  When Svend Grundtvig and Jørgen Bloch edited "Føroya kvæði", an anthology of Faroese folksongs, around 1880, they knew of six recordings of the ballad. A version in the poet's own hand turned up at a later date, but it is not known when it dates from.  Nowadays the ballad is referred to as "Ormurin Langi" (i.e. "The Long Serpent"), but that was not the title used by the poet himself. He referred to it as "Olaf Trygvasons kvad" ("The Ballad of Olaf Trygvason"), and other recorders did that as well, including Jóannes í Króki.  It was not until a version from around 1846 that it was discovered that the song got its title from Olaf Trygvason's ship, ("Ormurin langi"). When Hammershaimb had the ballad printed in his principal work, "Færøsk Anthologi" (A Faroese Anthology) of 1891, he used the title "Ormurin langi", and the same title was used when it was serialised a few years earlier (1882) in the Dimmalætting newspaper.  The lyrics of the ballad vary slightly from version to version, but when the ballad is performed today, it is always in the form known from "Færøsk Anthologi".  Nor do the old versions agree on which refrain (and therefore which tune) to use. The refrain that reigns supreme today is found in only one of the oldest versions. It is the one used in Færøsk Anthologi and is, incidentally, familiar from some of the old ballads. "Færøsk Anthologi" has had a standardising effect and its text has in some ways become the authorised version.  The song appears in the Icelandic Viking movie "In the Shadow of the Raven".

Ormurin Langi ("The Long Serpent") is a ballad type song (kvæði) in the Faroe Islands. It was written ca. 1830 by Jens Christian Djurhuus.

Ormurin Langi (znamená Dlouhý Had ve faerštině) je velmi oblíbená faerská píseň, nebo spíše balada (tzv. kvæði), která byla sepsána na počátku 19. století Jensem Christianem Djurhuusem, farmářem a básníkem z Kollafjørður.


Early life.

Peltz was born in Westchester County, New York, the daughter of billionaire businessman Nelson Peltz and model Claudia Heffner. She has one sister and six brothers, including Ottawa Senators professional hockey player Brad Peltz and actor Will Peltz. Peltz began acting as a child, and at 13 was starring in a Manhattan Theatre Club production of "Blackbird", alongside Jeff Daniels.

Career.

Peltz made her film debut as Mackenzie in the Christmas comedy "Deck the Halls" (2006). She later co-starred as Becki in the comedy film "Harold" (2008), and in June 2008, she appeared in the music video for Miley Cyrus' single "7 Things". Two years later, she portrayed in the fantasy adventure film "The Last Airbender" (2010), directed by M. Night Shyamalan. The film was universally panned by critics, including negative reaction to Peltz (who is Caucasian) portraying an originally Inuit character. Peltz was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress. In 2013, Peltz began appearing as part of the main cast in A&E's drama-thriller series "Bates Motel". She portrays Bradley Martin, a love interest for the young Norman Bates, alongside co-stars Freddie Highmore and Vera Farmiga. She left the main cast following the second episode of the second season, but returned as a guest star for the final three episodes of the third season. Peltz appeared in 14 episodes total. On March 26, 2013, Peltz was cast as one of the lead characters, Tessa Yeager, in the fourth "Transformers" film "" (2014).  In 2014, Peltz also starred as Kate Miller, opposite Ben Rosenfield and Grant Gustin, in the teen drama film "Affluenza". In October 2015, she walked the runway for Alexander Wang's last fashion show for Balenciaga at Paris Fashion Week. She then joined the cast of the dark comedy film "Youth in Oregon" (2016), playing Annie Gleason, the daughter of Billy Crudup and Christina Applegate's characters. Peltz appeared in the music video for Zayn Malik's single "It's You" in February 2016.  Peltz was cast as Chrissy Monroe in the Hulu drama series "When the Street Lights Go On", based on a Black List script of the same name. She appeared in Alex Pettyfer's directorial debut film "Back Roads" and starred alongside Thomas Mann in the sci-fi film "Our House", directed by Anthony Scott Burns.

Nicola Peltz (born January 9, 1995) is an American actress. Her breakthrough role came when she played in the 2010 film "The Last Airbender". From 2013 to 2015, she co-starred as Bradley Martin in the A&E drama series "Bates Motel". In 2014, she starred as Tessa Yeager in the fourth "Transformers" film, "".

Nicola Anne Peltz (* 9. ledna 1995, Westchester County, New York, Spojené státy americké) je americká herečka. V roce 2010 ztvárnila roli Katary ve snímku "Poslední vládce větru". Během let 2013 až 2015 hrála v dramatickém seriálu "Batesův motel". V roce 2014 si zahrála roli Tessy Yeager ve filmu "."


Early life.

Herbert Anthony Stevens IV was born on February 23, 1987, in Los Angeles. Stevens spent the first four years of his life in Germany while his father was in the military, right up until his parents split and he and his mother subsequently moved back to the United States, to live in his grandmother's house in Carson, California. He once recalled being five years old: "I was serious into video games and basketball, at five. But video games for sure. Five... What was that, Nintendo? Sega. Sonic the Hedgehog. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles on TV. But I know early on, I really, really liked Michael Jackson, like we all did. Newborn babies loved Michael Jackson." At the age of 10, Stevens contracted Stevens–Johnson syndrome, which caused him to be hospitalized and is the origin of his dark lips and light-sensitive eyes. In his adolescent years, Stevens was severely teased about his condition.  Stevens encountered music at a very young age, due to his family owning a record store. Stevens also began crafting his rapping skills at an early age: "I was on BlackPlanet freestyle chat, rapping my ass off. Text battle. It is a very interesting world. I think that it still exists online, where you freestyle but you type it. They call it keystyle. I think that is where I developed my rhyming skills. I had been rapping a little earlier, maybe around 12 [years old], but when I hopped online and into that culture, that textcee culture. It really got me going as far as being a rapper."  Stevens claims to have written his first verse when he was 12 years old, to the beat of Twista's "Emotions". Rapping continued on as a hobby for Stevens, whose parents "saw a bright, college-type future" for him and enrolled him in advanced classes. It was not until Stevens graduated from high school that he began to take his music career seriously.

Musical career.

2002–10: Career beginnings and signing to TDE.

In 2002, Stevens recorded his first song. In 2005, he signed a recording contract with StreetBeat Entertainment, but just a year later, in 2006, he met Punch, President and Chairman of Carson-based indie record label, Top Dawg Entertainment (TDE), who as Stevens says, "saw more in his music than metaphors and punchlines". Before signing to TDE, Stevens was a part of a rap group called Area 51, alongside Brooklyn-native and fellow American rapper Snake Hollywood.  In 2007, Stevens officially became part of the Top Dawg roster. Stevens cited the book "The Autobiography of Malcolm X" (1964) as being highly influential.  In 2008, Stevens made a brief cameo appearance in the music video for his TDE-mate Jay Rock's commercial debut single, "All My Life (In the Ghetto)". Also in 2008, he began recording music for his debut mixtape, at the TDE Recording Studio: House of Pain. In December 2008, Stevens released his first music video, for a song from the mixtape, titled "A Day in the Life", through YouTube. The mixtape, entitled "Longterm", was released in January 2009. It was the first in a series, that Stevens claims will have four installments: "When I did the first "Longterm" I knew that there would be four of them. When I did the first one. So there will be four of them: "Longterm 1, 2, 3, and 4". So right now we're at two. You'll have to wait for the next one. That's for the next Ab-Soul interview.".  In 2009, he formed supergroup Black Hippy, with his frequent collaborators and TDE label-mates Schoolboy Q, Jay Rock and K-Dot. Stevens released his second mixtape, and the sequel to his first, on June 28, 2010. The tape, titled "Longterm 2: Lifestyles of the Broke and Almost Famous" was highly acclaimed and featured Stevens singing on several songs.

2011–12: "Longterm Mentality" and "Control System".

In February 2011, Ab-Soul revealed he was working on an album titled "Longterm Mentality", and subsequently released "Hell Yeah", a track featuring Schoolboy Q. On February 22, 2011 Stevens released another promotional recording taken from the album, "Moscato", a collaboration with another fellow Black Hippy, Kendrick Lamar. In February 2011, Stevens also embarked on the "Road to Paid Dues" concert tour, after being enlisted by fellow American rapper Murs.  On March 21, 2011 Stevens released the music video for a song titled "Nothin' New", in promotion for the album. On March 25, he released "Gone Insane", the fourth track liberated that was taken from the album. On March 30, a trailer for "Longterm Mentality", was released via Top Dawg Entertainment. On April 1, 2011 he released the music video for "Gone Insane", directed by Top Dawg in-house directors Fredo Tovar and Scott Fleishman.  Stevens has stated the respective independent albums of his label-mates partly inspired material on "Longterm Mentality": "I compare [the process behind] "Longterm Mentality" to the process with all of my joints. Kendrick's "OD" had came out and Q's "Setbacks" had came out. I had these bodies of work to go off of as references, as inspiration. I hear what Kendrick is talking about, I hear what Q is talking about, I heard what Jay Rock was talking about. So how am I going to piece this all together and add my own two cents, too? How do I continue the sound but have my individuality as an artist? It's the same challenge every single time." Stevens released his first independent album, under Top Dawg Entertainment, exclusively through iTunes on April 5, 2011. The album subsequently peaked at #73 on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The album, although its title is "Longterm Mentality", is not the third part of his "Longterm" series. Soon after the release of Schoolboy Q's second independent album, "Habits & Contradictions" (2012), Stevens began promoting his second independent album, releasing a song titled "Black Lip Bastard", on January 17, 2012. The song was produced by TDE in-house producer Willie B. On February 28, 2012, Ab-Soul, alongside Schoolboy Q, appeared on Sway Calloway's #SwayInTheMorning radio show, where Ab-Soul called "Black Lip Bastard": "pretty much one of the title tracks", The first song that appears on the album, to be released was "Showin' Love", also produced by Willie B.  On March 24, Schoolboy Q announced #TheGroovyTour; a month-long tour with Ab-Soul accompanying him the entire way. The tour began on April 20, at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco, California. On April 6, 2012, Ab-Soul liberated a song titled "Terrorist Threats". The song features frequent collaborator Jhené Aiko and fellow American rapper Danny Brown, who proclaimed on Twitter that "Black Hippy the new Beatles and I'm Harry Nilsson". On April 17, 2012, Ab-Soul revealed the album's title to be "Control System" and unveiled the release date to be May 11, 2012. That same day, he also released a music video for "Pineal Gland", a song inspired by the psychedelic drug DMT and of course the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain. On April 24, 2012, Stevens released another song, "SOPA". The song, produced by Nez & Rio, references the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), a United States bill introduced by U.S. Representative Lamar S. Smith, that would have allowed the U.S. government to control the Internet.  On May 1, 2012, Ab-Soul released another music video, for a new song titled "Empathy", the song features vocals from Stevens' late longtime girlfriend Alori Joh (December 16, 1986 - February 6, 2012), who had committed suicide earlier in February. Joh's death had a huge impact on Stevens and the recording process of "Control System". On May 4, 2012, it was revealed "Black Lip Bastard" was remixed and would feature his Black Hippy cohorts, Rock, Lamar and Schoolboy Q. On May 8, 2012, his collaboration with Lamar, titled "ILLuminate", was released. The day before the album's release Ab-Soul revealed the track listing and released snippets from the album. The album, as written on the back cover, is "Dedicated to the beautiful soul of Loriana Angel Johnson aka Alori Joh".  "Control System" was released exclusively through iTunes on May 11, 2012, under Top Dawg Entertainment. The album sold approximately 5,300 units in an abbreviated week, debuting at number 83 on the "Billboard" 200 and appearing on several other "Billboard" charts as well. The album sold an estimated 3,700 the next week. During 2012, Stevens toured with the rest of Black Hippy and fellow American rapper Stalley, on BET's Music Matters Tour.  In late 2012, Stevens was featured on Joe Budden's mixtape "A Loose Quarter" on the track "Cut From a Different Cloth". The song received praise as one of the best songs on the project. Budden has since announced that he and Ab-Soul have recorded many songs together which will be seeing the light of day in the near future. Budden went on to praise Ab-Soul as "one of the best things going in hip hop right now".

2012-18: "These Days..." and "Do What Thou Wilt.".

In October 2012, American singer-songwriter and record producer JMSN, who previously produced "Nibiru" for Stevens earlier in August, for what his label called "TDE Fan Appreciation Week", announced he and Stevens would be releasing a collaborative project together. The lead single for their collaborative album, which was set to be titled "Unit 6", was officially released via iTunes on January 22, 2013. The single, titled "You're Gone", features vocals from both artists, as well as production from JMSN. On March 26, 2013, it was announced that Ab-Soul would be featured on "XXL"s 2013 Freshman Class issue, alongside Schoolboy Q and other up-and-coming rappers.  On August 6, 2013, after a near four-month hiatus, Stevens released a new song produced by Willie B, titled "Christopher DRONEr", alluding to former LAPD police officer Christopher Dorner. Along with the song, he announced he was working on a new solo project. The following day he would speak to "XXL" and say that he and JMSN had finished the "Unit 6" album, however their management could not "see eye to eye", so the project was ultimately shelved for a possible later release, with Stevens saying: "As of right now it’s sounding like prequel to my album." He went on to confirm that JMSN and Jhene Aiko, will appear on the upcoming solo project. On October 17, 2013, Stevens stated that he was close to finalizing the project. Then later that week, he confirmed that the project had been turned in for mixing and cleared up rumors that it was titled "Black Lip Pastor". With the release of the 56th Annual Grammy Awards nominations, it was revealed Stevens was nominated for Album of the Year for his participation on Macklemore & Ryan Lewis' debut album, "The Heist".  On January 2, 2014, Stevens revealed he had turned in two projects to his label Top Dawg, before the year 2013, was over: "I turned in 2 projects last year, yea I know what your thinking, let's see where this year takes me..." he tweeted. On January 6, 2014, in an interview with Bootleg Kev, when speaking on the album Stevens stated: "Ali is mixing it right now," and that they were waiting on the perfect way to present the project, as a result of creative releases such as Nipsey Hussle's "Crenshaw". He also revealed the album is about progression and confirmed there would be appearances from his TDE label-mates, as well as production from hip hop producer Statik Selektah. On April 11, 2014, Stevens announced he was also working on the third installment in the "Longterm" series.  On May 5, 2014, Stevens took to Twitter to announce his third album would be titled "These Days...". On May 30, 2014, Top Dawg management took to Twitter to reveal "These Days...", is scheduled for a June 24 release date. That same day, TDE management also unveiled the cover art for the album and released a snippet of a music video for Stevens' song "Stigmata". On June 21, 2014, Stevens released a music video for a song titled "Closure", taken from "These Days...". The album debuted at number 11 on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, with first-week sales of 21,812 copies in the United States and has received generally positive reviews from music critics.  In October 2014, in an interview with Montreality, Stevens revealed the title for his first in-store retail project would be "Longterm 3". In February 2015, Ab-Soul premiered the song "47 Bars" online, produced by The Alchemist. In July 2015, Stevens tweeted that his next album was "almost done." In July 2015, Stevens gave an update on the album: "My album's almost done..." he wrote on Twitter, adding, "It's a love story". He completed the post with the hashtag "DWTW", presumably the album title acronym to which he kept alluding.  On June 8, 2016, via Twitter, Stevens revealed he had completed his upcoming album and turned it in for mixing. The album, titled "Do What Thou Wilt.", was released December 9, 2016.  In 2018, Stevens appeared on the song "Bloody Waters" with Anderson Paak & James Blake from

2019-present: Upcoming fifth album.

On November 3, 2019, Stevens performed his set at the Day N Vegas music festival and revealed that he "been cookin' the bird up slow", referring to his album. He then ended his set by freestyling and promising a new album in 2020.  On April 20, 2020, to celebrate Top Dawg Entertainment founder and CEO Anthony Tiffith's birthday, as well as start off TDE's Fan Appreciation Week, Stevens released the single "Dangerookipawaa Freestyle".

Artistry.

Influences.

Ab-Soul cites fellow American rappers Twista, Canibus, Eminem, Nas and Lupe Fiasco as major influences, with Jay-Z being his biggest influence. He stated: "There are so many others, but those are the ones that came to my mind at this time. Those artists are basically the template to my format as an MC. They all capture me with their music, whether it be the vibe, delivery, cadence, story, or just the lyrics in general."

Herbert Anthony Stevens IV (born February 23, 1987), better known by his stage name Ab-Soul, is an American rapper from Carson, California. In 2007, he signed to indie record label Top Dawg Entertainment (TDE), where he eventually formed West Coast hip hop group Black Hippy alongside West Coast rappers Jay Rock, Kendrick Lamar and Schoolboy Q. He is perhaps best known for his introspective lyrics and his four independent albums under TDE, "Longterm Mentality", "Control System", "These Days...", and "Do What Thou Wilt.", which were all released to positive reviews and commercial success.

Herbert Anthony Stevens IV (narozen 23. února 1987, USA), známý jako Ab-Soul, je americký rapper. Vydává pod nezávislým kalifornským labelem Top Dawg Entertainment. Také je členem hip hopového seskupení Black Hippy společně s rappery Jay Rock, Kendrick Lamar a Schoolboy Q. Do povědomí se dostal nezávislými alby "Longterm Mentality" (2011), "Control System" (2012) a "These Days..." (2014).