Childhood.

Maria was the eldest child of King Henry III of Castile and Catherine of Lancaster. Her godmother was her mother's aunt, Maria de Ayala, a nun and illegitimate daughter of King Peter of Castile. She grew up in an entirely Castilian household in which she lived until her marriage, which was unusual for a royal daughter destined to marry a foreign prince. Her education was supervised by the great steward, Pedro González de Mendoza, while her governess was Inés de Ayala y Toledo, 3rd Lady de Casarrubios del Monte. As the King's eldest child, Maria was granted the title of Princess of Asturias, the title reserved for the first-in-line to the throne. Her father had her formally recognised as heir presumptive at the Cortes of Toledo on 6 January 1402. At the same time, she was bethrothed to her first cousin, Alfonso, the son of her paternal uncle Ferdinand, as a way to strengthen her status. However, the birth of her brother John (the future king) displaced the Princess in the line of succession; from that moment on, she was merely an infanta.  Her childhood was quite happy by all accounts; the frailty of her health was not evident until she was a married adolescent. Her father died when she was four, leaving the crown to her only brother, John II, and making her heiress presumptive again. Her mother, Queen Catherine, governed the Crown of Castile as regent during King John II's minority and the Infanta was able to observe her mother's statesmanship. The queen mother's political actions would later make Maria aware of her own responsibilities and prerogatives as a queen and as a regent. Mother and daughter were very close and remained in frequent correspondence even after the latter's marriage.

Marriage.

The engagement of Maria and Alfonso was not formalised until she was seven, but it had been reconfirmed by King Henry III's last will and testament. By the same arrangement, Maria's brother John was to marry Alfonso's sister Maria and Maria's sister Catherine was to marry Alfonso's brother Henry. The marriage of Maria and Alfonso was celebrated in the Cathedral of Valencia on 12 June 1415. The couple was wedded by Antipope Benedict XIII who had also provided a dispensation for their marriage. Maria was given a splendid dowry in form of land and revenues, while Alfonso was raised to the rank of infante of Castile. Her brother would later complain that the dowry was too large and that it was in fact the largest dowry ever given to an infanta of Castile.  Family squabbles were frequent due to the politics of her father-in-law and mother-in-law, Eleanor of Alburquerque. The infantes of Aragon, her brothers-in-law, Henry, Peter and especially the meddlesome John would prove problematic and pertinent to Maria's regency.  Maria had a delicate health; it is possible that she had epilepsy. A bout of smallpox left her permanently scarred and unattractive. She did not have her first menstrual period until she was sixteen and the consummation of the marriage had to be delayed; the couple would have no children. Her marriage was simply a political alliance. The few moments of marital happiness occurred during the early years of the marriage. The lack of children deeply affected their marriage and Alfonso's reign. Their relationship began visibly deteriorating in 1423, after Alfonso's return from Naples. Maria learned about her husband's Italian mistress, Giraldona Carlino, who would give birth to a son, Ferdinand, in 1425. Deeply hurt by his infidelity, she falsely informed him that his mother had died in order to inflict pain on him. Divorce was not an option and the couple remained together out of convenience.

Queenship.

Less than one year later, on 1 April 1416, King Ferdinand I died, leaving the crown to Maria's husband and making her Queen of Aragon. Illness prevented her from attending both her father-in-law's and her mother's funeral. Like all queens of Aragon except for only five (her mother-in-law included), Maria was never crowned queen. There is no evidence that the politically active Queen Eleanor ever prepared her daughter-in-law for her role, as would have been customary. She was overshadowed by her formidable mother-in-law who continued to exercise strong political influence even after her husband's death. The young Queen appeared in public only when it was necessary and refrained from taking part in politics, instead deferring to Eleanor. Maria moved into the public eye only when the queen mother's health began deteriorating.  In 1420, Alfonso left Aragon to pursue his claim to the throne of Naples. He was unwilling to leave the regency to any of his ambitious and untrustworthy brothers who almost caused war between Castile and Aragon on several occasions. Instead, he declared Maria his regent. Before departing, he issued a document granting her authority second only to his own and the right to govern as if she were him.  As the King was absent from Aragon almost his entire reign, the Queen was the "de facto" ruler of the kingdom, holding the formal title of lieutenant-general. While her personal retinue included many Castilians, Maria strategically appointed only Aragonese to the offices during her regency, which contributed to her popularity and the smooth functioning of her court.  Her first tenure as regent lasted from 1420 until 1423, and her second from 1432 until her husband's death in 1458. As such, she was forced to handle the conflicts with the burghers and the peasants which broke out during her husband's reign. When Alfonso was captured after his defeat at Ponza in Italy in 1435, she organised the funds to pay his release. On one occasion, Queen Maria of Aragon and Queen Maria of Castile, the two cousins and sisters-in-law, mediated the peace treaty between Aragon and Castile in Valladolid on behalf of their husbands; it was said that there would have been peace in Spain at that time if the Queen of Castile had as much authority as the Queen of Aragon. In 1454, after her brother's death, the Queen of Aragon travelled to Castile to negotiate with its new King, her nephew, Henry IV. She stayed in Arévalo, Castile, until the year before her death in 1458.

Maria of Castile (14 September 1401 – 7 September 1458) was Queen of Aragon and Naples as the spouse of Alfonso V of Aragon. Maria acted as the regent of Aragon during the reign of her spouse, as he was absent during most of his reign; her regencies lasted between 1420 and 1423 and between 1432 and 1458. She was also briefly Princess of Asturias in her own right as the heir presumptive to the throne of Castile.

Marie Kastilská ( "María de Castilla"; 1401, Segovia – 1458, Valencie) byla aragonská a neapolská královna z dynastie Trastámara. Během časté nepřítomnosti svého chotě vykonávala funkci regentky.


Early life.

Barkley was born in Liverpool, Merseyside. He joined Everton as an 11-year-old and played for the club's youth teams. He was named as a substitute in a first team league match in early 2010–11, and was expected to make his Premier League debut before his leg was broken in one place after a collision with Liverpool's Andre Wisdom during an England under-19 match in October 2010.

Club career.

Everton.

Early career.

He recovered from his injury in time to join the first team for pre-season training before the beginning of 2011–12. During pre-season, Tim Cahill heralded Barkley as the most talented footballer he had worked with. He made his debut in Everton's first home match of the season, a 1–0 defeat to Queens Park Rangers, and was named man of the match by Radio City Sport. His early performances were highly praised, with Martin Keown predicting that "[Barkley will] be one of the best players we'll ever see in this country." He signed a new four-and-a-half-year contract in December 2011.  On 14 September 2012, Barkley joined Sheffield Wednesday on a one-month loan, making his debut the same day in an away defeat against Brighton & Hove Albion. He scored his first goal for the club, a penalty, against Bolton Wanderers the following week. His loan was extended before he was recalled by Everton after playing 13 matches for Wednesday. He again went out on loan, this time to Leeds United for an "initial one-month stint", in January 2013 and made his debut for Leeds in a derby match against Barnsley.

2013–2018.

Barkley re-joined the Everton first team for the 2013–14 season. He scored his first goal for the club on the opening day in a 2–2 draw against Norwich City, and was later named man of the match. During the first half of the season, Barkley put in several man-of-the-match performances, notably against Arsenal and Swansea City – the latter whom he scored the winner against. He received praise from many pundits including Alan Hansen who said Barkley has absolutely everything and Gary Lineker who claimed he is a star in the making and a prodigious talent.  Barkley's first FA Cup goal came on 4 January 2014, opening a 4–0 win over Queens Park Rangers in the third round. In March, Barkley scored a superb solo goal against Newcastle United in which he ran from his own half to net the opener in a 3–0 victory. On 18 April 2014, he was named as one of the six players on the shortlist for the PFA Young Player of the Year award. He scored a total of 6 goals in 34 Premier League matches throughout the season, including a goal against Manchester City on 3 May which BBC Sport described as "spectacular" and was awarded goal of the season at Everton's end of year awards.  On 29 July 2014, Barkley signed a new contract with Everton, keeping him at the club until 2018. Before the start of the 2014–15 season he suffered an injury to his medial collateral ligament, and did not play until 18 October 2014, setting up Romelu Lukaku's goal in a 3–0 home league win over Aston Villa. He scored his first goal of the season in a 3–1 win over Queens Park Rangers on 15 December.  Barkley started the 2015–16 season with goals in Everton's first two league matches.  Barkley scored Everton's first goal of the 2016–17 season on the opening day of the season, netting in the fifth minute of a 1–1 home draw against Tottenham Hotspur. In May 2017, Everton manager Ronald Koeman issued an ultimatum to Barkley, stating that if he was not signing a new contract, despite being offered an extension by the club, he would be sold in the summer. Koeman said on 26 July that Barkley had told him that he was ready for a new challenge and that he would not be signing a new contract with the club.  Barkley did not feature for Everton in his final season with the club, having been sidelined with a long-term hamstring injury.

Chelsea.

2017–18 season.

On 5 January 2018, Barkley joined Premier League club Chelsea for a fee of £15 million, signing a five-and-a-half-year contract with the defending champions. He was assigned shirt number 8 by the club, the same number he wore at Everton. Barkley had been close to joining Chelsea previously on the summer transfer deadline day, before a move failed to materialise due to him suffering a long-term injury and wanting to consider his options. Days after its completion, the transfer was referred to Merseyside Police by the Mayor of Liverpool, Joe Anderson, to investigate the possibility of fraud in the transaction. No fraud was found. Barkley made his debut in a 2–1 defeat at Arsenal in the semi-final second leg of the EFL Cup on 24 January. He came on as a first-half substitute, replacing the injured Willian. Barkley made his Premier League debut in a 3–0 home loss to AFC Bournemouth.

2018–19 season.

On 7 October, Barkley scored his first goal for Chelsea in a 3–0 win away to Southampton in the Premier League after a strong start to the season under new manager Maurizio Sarri. He followed that up with a last minute equaliser against Manchester United at Stamford Bridge on 20 October. On 28 October, he scored for the third game running against Burnley at Turf Moor, netting in a 4–0 win. On 15 February 2019 Barkley scored his first European goal as Chelsea beat Malmö 2–1 in their Europa League last 32 first leg tie. He scored again in his second successive Europa League game against Malmö six days later in the second-leg tie at Stamford Bridge.

2019–20 season.

On 17 September 2019, Barkley missed a vital penalty in a home Champions League game against Valencia. The miss sparked controversy as moments prior had revealed Barkley stepped up to take the penalty without consulting teammates, particularly Jorginho and Willian, the club's two preferred penalty takers. Chelsea would eventually lose the match 0–1. After the game, manager Frank Lampard defended his actions, stating that Barkley was the club's designated penalty taker. Barkley scored his first goal of the season in a 7–1 win over Grimsby Town in the third round of Carabao Cup.  In November 2019, Barkley was pictured topless in a nightclub. As a result, he was left out of Chelsea's squad travelling to Valencia, and Lampard was critical of him.  Barkley netted Chelsea's second goal to seal a 2–0 home win against Nottingham Forest in the third round of the FA Cup on 5 January. On 3 March he scored the second goal in a 2–0 FA Cup win over Liverpool.

International career.

He has represented England at under-16, under-17, under-19, under-20, under-21 and senior level.  He was selected to play in the 2009 Montaigu Tournament and captained the team to success, beating Germany 2–1 on penalties in the final. He also helped England win the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Championship with two goals en route to the final where England beat Spain 2–1.  Barkley was called up to the England U-21 squad in August 2011. On 28 May 2013, he was named in manager Peter Taylor's 21-man squad for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He made his debut on 16 June, in a 3–0 win in a warm-up match against Uruguay. He scored his first goal for England under-21s on 13 August 2013, in a 6–0 win against Scotland.  Barkley was called up to the senior England squad in August 2013, and earned his first senior cap the following month, coming on as a substitute for Jack Wilshere in a 4–0 win in a World Cup qualifier against Moldova at Wembley. He was named in the England squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, and made his World Cup debut as a 61st-minute substitute for Danny Welbeck in England's 2–1 opening defeat to Italy in Manaus. He played the full match in England's final group match, a 0–0 draw with Costa Rica in Belo Horizonte. He scored his first goal for the senior team in a 6–0 win against San Marino in a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifier in September 2015.

Style of play.

In 2013, Everton manager Roberto Martínez described Barkley as a mix of Paul Gascoigne and Michael Ballack. England manager Roy Hodgson has said that Barkley's "pace and power" as well as his "excellent technique" are reminiscent of Paul Gascoigne, and Frank Lampard stated that Barkley reminds him of a young Wayne Rooney. Barcelona midfielder Xavi said in November 2014 that Barkley is good enough to play for the La Liga club, praising his physical and technical qualities.

Honours.

Chelsea  England U17  England  Individual

Ross Barkley (born 5 December 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for club Chelsea and the England national team.

Ross Barkley (* 5. prosince 1993, Liverpool, Anglie, Spojené království) je anglický fotbalový záložník a reprezentant, od ledna 2018 hráč anglického klubu Chelsea FC.


Club career.

FC Midtjylland.

Sviatchenko was, during his youth playing years, captain of the FC Midtjylland squad. During his first year as a U/19 player, he and his team finished first in the Danish U/19 league, which was followed up the next season with another first place. In 2009, he was awarded the "Academy Player Of The Year" award, which is given to players who have excelled themselves during their period at the academy.  He has been a starter in almost all of FC Midtjylland's games since his arrival at the club. He missed the Danish Cup final against FC Nordsjælland in May 2011 and the UEFA European Under-21 Championship in Denmark due to a cruciate ligament injury. In January 2012 he recovered and rejoined the first team in FC Midtjylland and played all the games in the last half of the season. Prior to the season 2013/2014 he was made vice-captain of the first team.  Sviatchenko established himself as a key player for FC Midtjylland, helping them to the Danish title in 2014–15, as well as securing progression to the last 32 stage of the UEFA Europa League the following season.

Celtic.

On 16 January 2016, it was reported that Sviatchenko was in Glasgow undergoing a medical with a view to joining Celtic in a £1.5 million transfer. The transfer was confirmed the following day, with Sviatchenko signing a four-and-a-half year deal with Celtic. Sviatchenko helped Celtic win a domestic treble in 2016–17. He damaged knee ligaments in a 2017–18 UEFA Champions League qualifier against Rosenborg, which prevented him playing for three months. In January 2018, Sviatchenko returned to FC Midtjylland on loan until the end of the 2017–18 season. That loan move was made permanent on 27 May 2018 for a fee of £1m.

International career.

Due to his dual citizenship, Sviatchenko was eligible to play for Ukraine, but agreed to a call-up for the Danish national team on 25 March 2015, due to injuries for Daniel Agger and Jores Okore. He made his international debut the following day at NRGi Arena in Aarhus, starting against the United States in a 3–2 friendly win, in central defence alongside Simon Kjær.

International goals.

Scores and results table. Denmark's goal tally first:

Personal life.

His wife, Anne Rudmose, is also a professional footballer and has played for Viborg FF's women's team and the Denmark national team. Rudmose signed for the Celtic women's team in February 2016, one month after Sviatchenko had joined the men's team.

Erik Sergiyovych Sviatchenko (; born 4 October 1991) is a Danish footballer of Ukrainian descent who plays as a defender for FC Midtjylland.

Erik Sviatchenko (ukrajinsky Ерік Сергійович Святченко, Erik Serhijovyč Svjatčenko; * 4. října 1991, Viborg, Dánsko) je dánský fotbalový obránce a reprezentant ukrajinského původu, který hraje od roku 2016 v klubu Celtic FC.


Plot.

Maggie Peyton is an aspiring race car driver. Her family includes her brother, Ray Jr., and her widowed father, Ray, who are members of their namesake's racing team. One day, Herbie, a Volkswagen Beetle with a mind of its own, is towed to a junkyard after losing several races, and Ray takes Maggie to the junkyard to buy her a car as a college graduation present. After Maggie selects Herbie, she finds an anonymous note in Herbie's glove box which reads: "Please take care of Herbie. Whatever your problem, he'll help you find the answer". Herbie takes her against her will to the garage where her old friend Kevin works as a mechanic. Kevin has Maggie take Herbie to a car show to buy parts for Herbie, but when they arrive, Herbie tricks Maggie into disguising herself in a racing suit and helmet and challenging NASCAR champion Trip Murphy in his Pontiac GTO to an important race, which Herbie wins by a second.  This delights Kevin, who tries to talk Maggie into racing again. However, Ray, who has forbidden her from racing since she was involved in a street racing accident years ago, is concerned. It also infuriates Murphy, who becomes obsessed with Herbie. Trip organizes a desert race to lure Herbie back for a rematch, which Maggie and Kevin enter. Herbie easily defeats the other cars and qualifies for the final match with Murphy, but when he talks Maggie into racing for pinks, Herbie becomes alarmed over Maggie's desire to win his stock car. In addition to being deeply hurt by Maggie's earlier assertion that driving in Murphy’s car was the best ride of her life, Herbie incorrectly assumes that Maggie will reject him if she wins the other car, and also is unaware that he only agreed to the match so that he could have Herbie scrapped if he got possession of him. Consequently, Herbie intentionally loses the race against Trip in his Chevrolet Corvette (C6), resulting in Maggie to be humiliated, Herbie being towed away, Kevin being disappointed in Maggie, and Ray lecturing Maggie for racing without his permission.  However, encouraged by her friend Charisma, Maggie decides to race professionally and tries to buy Herbie back from Murphy, but has entered Herbie in a demolition derby. Desperate to save Herbie from destruction, Maggie goes to the derby, runs onto the field while the derby is in progress, quickly apologizes and pleads with Herbie to help her, and an overjoyed Herbie accepts her back as his driver; the two manage to escape destruction and win the derby.  Meanwhile, Team Peyton may have to forfeit an upcoming NASCAR Nextel Cup Series race due to financial troubles and two crashes by Ray Jr., one of which leaves him with a depth perception problem, rendering him unable to race. Ray declines Maggie's offer to drive for the team, but Ray Jr. allows her to take his place and sends the Team Peyton crew to help her and Kevin prepare Herbie for the race. At the race track, Maggie and Herbie have a heart-to-heart conversation, and Murphy ominously warns Maggie that the race will be dangerous.  Herbie starts the race slowly, but he eventually catches up and begins passing the other cars before Maggie makes her first pit stop. While watching the race at home, Ray realizes his daughter is truly skilled at racing, and, having a change of heart, decides to watch the race in person. On the track again, Herbie is soon boxed in by some other cars, but Ray arrives at the track and encourages Maggie over the team radio, and Maggie escapes the trap by driving directly over Tony Stewart’s car which was in front of her. This damages Herbie's oil system, so Maggie makes another pit stop and Kevin hurriedly extracts a replacement part from a yellow New Beetle, which Herbie has been eyeing amorously throughout the film, owned by Sally, one of Team Peyton's few remaining sponsors, switching it with Herbie's, though the jerry-rigged oil system is fragile.  With Maggie, Herbie, and Ray now working together, Maggie and Herbie catch up to Murphy. Bent on destroying Herbie, he tries to damage Herbie by pushing him into the track wall when Maggie tries to pass him, but he is caught off guard and crashes into the wall when she slams on the brakes during his next attempt, causing his car to ricochet off the wall and hit Jeff Gordon's car, flipping his over. Herbie passes Trip's car, now upside down on the track, by climbing onto the catch fence above the wall and riding it all the way to the finish line. After landing back on the track, Maggie and Herbie win the race, and Maggie becomes the next Peyton to win a NASCAR race. Maggie is congratulated by her father and brother, and Maggie and Kevin kiss, while a defeated Murphy is hospitalized while trying to tell everyone Herbie's alive. The film ends with Ray speaking with Herbie and Sally's New Beetle (which is revealed to have a mind of its own as well), telling them not to stay out too long on their date as Herbie has another race coming up.

Cast.

Many racing professionals appear as themselves in cameo roles, including UNH announcer Allen Bestwick, 1973 NASCAR champion Benny Parsons and ESPN broadcaster Stuart Scott.  Director Angela Robinson stated in an interview that she attempted to have Dean Jones reprise his role as Jim Douglas for a cameo, but due to scheduling problems he was unable to do so. This circulated false rumors alleging Jones had filmed the cameo and the scene had been deleted.  Various 2004 season real-life NASCAR drivers and their cars can also be seen, including Dale Jarrett, Dale Earnhardt Jr. (car only), Casey Mears (car only), Kasey Kahne (car only), Tony Stewart (car only), Bobby Labonte (car only), Terry Labonte (car only), Brendan Gaughan, Mark Martin (car only), Ward Burton (car only), Carl Edwards (car only), Jimmy Spencer (car only), Mike Bliss (car only), Scott Wimmer (car only), Jamie McMurray (car only), Rusty Wallace (car only), Jeff Gordon, Jimmie Johnson, Kyle Busch (car only), Scott Riggs (car only), Robby Gordon (car only), and Kevin Harvick (car only).

Production and marketing.

During the film's post-production, Disney reportedly used CGI to reduce the size of Lohan's breasts and hide revealing necklines due to complaints from families during test screenings of the film. Director Robinson denied the claims, calling them "largely propagated on the Internet."  Principal photography began on March 1, 2004 in Los Angeles and wrapped on June 18. During the 2005 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series season, drivers Dale Jarrett and Scott Riggs ran special paint schemes to promote the film.  The film was reported to include heavy uses of product placement. For example, Maggie Peyton is a former reporter for ESPN (owned by Disney) turned NASCAR driver. A huge billboard for Mid America Motorworks (an aftermarket parts supplier for classic Volkswagens and other vehicles) is seen in the background of the scene where Murphy attempts to sabotage Herbie. In addition, Volkswagen provided a Volkswagen Touareg and a Volkswagen New Beetle for use in certain scenes.  Various race cars in the Nextel Cup Series appear during the race at the end, with action sequences being filmed during the 2004 Pop Secret 500 race at California Speedway. Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s No. 8 car is seen briefly, but it has all the Budweiser logos removed and replaced with his signature to avoid advertising alcohol in a children's film. In addition, billboards can be seen in straightaway scenes, some with the NEXTEL logo on them.

Reception.

Box office.

In its opening weekend, the film grossed $12,709,221 in 3,521 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking number four at the box office. By the end of its run, "Herbie: Fully Loaded" grossed $66,023,816 domestically and $78,123,000 internationally, totaling $144,146,816 worldwide.

Critical response.

As of 2015, the film holds a 41% rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 143 reviews, with the critics' consensus saying that ""Herbie: Fully Loaded" is a decent kids movie that is pretty undemanding for adult viewers." The film is the second-lowest rated entry in the franchise, with "Herbie Goes Bananas" scoring a 40% rating. Roger Ebert gave the film a two out of four stars, stating: "The movie is pretty cornball. Little kids would probably enjoy it, but their older brothers and sisters will be rolling their eyes, and their parents will be using their iPods." William Thomas of "Empire Magazine" gave the film a two out of five stars and said: "Every bit as good (and bad) as Herbie Goes Bananas; but the Love Bug deserves better performances."

Awards.

At the 2006 Kids' Choice Awards, Lohan won "Favorite Female Actress" for her role. The film was also nominated for "Favorite Movie" but lost to "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire".

Soundtrack.

The soundtrack album was released on June 21, 2005. It includes Lohan's 2004 song "First", and remakes of classic songs by Walt Disney Records artists including Aly & A.J., Caleigh Peters, Ingram Hill and Josh Kelley, and big names such as Lionel Richie and Mark McGrath. The album does not, however, contain any of Mark Mothersbaugh's original score for the film.  Despite most of the songs' original recodings appearing in the film itself, the soundtrack contains remakes exclusive to the album. For example, The Beach Boys' original recording of "Getcha Back" is used for the film's opening credits, but the Mark McGrath cover is featured on the soundtrack.  The Girls Aloud single "Long Hot Summer" was planned to be included, but was cut from the final film.

Herbie: Fully Loaded is a 2005 American sports fantasy-comedy film directed by Angela Robinson, written by Thomas Lennon, Robert Ben Garant, Alfred Gough and Miles Millar, and starring Lindsay Lohan, Justin Long, Matt Dillon and Michael Keaton. The film features cameos by many NASCAR drivers, including Jeff Gordon, Jimmie Johnson, Tony Stewart, Dale Earnhardt Jr. and Mark Martin. It is the sixth and final installment of "The Love Bug" film series, following the 1997 television film "The Love Bug" and the only theatrical "Herbie" film since "Herbie Goes Bananas" (1980). This film serves as a direct sequel to the original films and ignores the events from the fifth film "The Love Bug". The film was released on June 22, 2005, and grossed $144 million worldwide despite mixed critical reception.

Můj auťák Brouk je americký komediální film roku 2005. Hlavními hvězdami filmu jsou Lindsay Lohan, Michael Keaton, Justin Long, Breckin Meyer a Matt Dillon. Režisérkou filmu je Angela Robinson.


Club career.

Atlético Madrid.

Camacho was born in Zaragoza, Aragon. Initially starting out at hometown club Real Zaragoza, he was spotted by Atlético Madrid, and was signed to its youth academy. He made his first-team debut on 1 March 2008, starting, playing 68 minutes and being booked as the "Colchoneros" won 4–2 at home over FC Barcelona – he had just signed his first professional contract two months earlier.  On 3 May 2008, one day shy of his 18th birthday, Camacho scored his first La Liga goal, netting twice in another home success, this time 3–0 against Recreativo de Huelva. After some excellent performances in his first season, he would however spend the following campaign restricted to Copa del Rey matches (he did not make the league's list of 18 in most of the games), with coach Javier Aguirre preferring Portuguese Maniche and new signing Éver Banega; this situation would slightly improve in late February 2009 as new coach Abel Resino had a run-in with Maniche, leaving him out of the squad for the remainder of the season.

Málaga.

2009–10 did not provide Camacho with the needed opportunities to progress; injured for most of the early part of the season, when healthy, he was mainly utilized in injury time of games. In the following campaign, he appeared even more rarely – no minutes in the league whatsoever – and, in late December 2010, was transferred to Málaga CF, with teammate Sergio Asenjo also making the move in a loan deal.  Camacho scored his first official goal for Málaga on 29 April 2012, netting from a Jesús Gámez cross for the game's only at home against Valencia CF. He contributed with 13 games and 811 minutes as the Andalusia team finished fourth and qualified to the UEFA Champions League for the first time ever. In 2012–13, Camacho started regularly for the Manuel Pellegrini-led side. In January 2013, he was a central figure in two of the three fixtures between Málaga and Barcelona: on the 13th, his backpass turned into an assist for Lionel Messi for the first in an eventual 1–3 home loss; three days later he scored in the last minute to earn his team, by then reduced to ten men, a 2–2 draw at the Camp Nou for the season's domestic cup (4–6 aggregate loss).  During his spell at the La Rosaleda Stadium, Camacho played nearly 200 games all competitions comprised.

Wolfsburg.

On 8 July 2017, Camacho signed for VfL Wolfsburg for a reported fee of around €10 million. The following month, he was named as the club's captain behind Mario Gómez and Paul Verhaegh. He made his Bundesliga debut on 19 August, playing the entire 0–3 home loss against Borussia Dortmund; a long-term ankle injury ruled him out for a large part of the campaign, but he returned in March 2018 as the permanent captain of the side following Gómez's departure to VfB Stuttgart two months prior.

International career.

Camacho captained the Spain under-17 team to the title at the 2007 UEFA European Championship, scoring one goal during the tournament. In 2008, following his performances with Atlético's main squad, he was promoted to the under-21s, but missed the 2009 European Championships through injury.  On 7 November 2014, Camacho was called up to full side manager Vicente del Bosque's squad for matches against Belarus and Germany, making his debut on the 18th against the latter by coming on as a half-time substitute for Sergio Busquets, in an eventual 0–1 friendly loss in Vigo.

Personal life.

Camacho's father Juan José was also a footballer, as older brother Juanjo. The latter was also a midfielder, who played for several Segunda División and Segunda División B clubs.

Honours.

Club.

Atlético Madrid

International.

Spain

Ignacio Camacho Barnola (; born 4 May 1990) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for German club VfL Wolfsburg.

Ignacio Camacho Barnola (* 4. května 1990, Zaragoza, Španělsko) je španělský fotbalový záložník, od roku 2017 hráč klubu VfL Wolfsburg. Španělsko reprezentoval v mládežnických kategoriích, v roce 2014 debutoval v A-týmu.


Life.

Antonio Palomino was born to a respectable family at Bujalance, near Córdoba in 1655. He studied philosophy, theology and law at Córdoba, and had lessons in painting from Juan de Valdés Leal, who visited there in 1672, and afterwards from Juan de Alfaro y Gamez in 1675.  After taking minor orders Palomino moved to Madrid in 1678, where he associated with Alfaro, Claudio Coello, and Juan Carreño de Miranda, and executed some indifferent frescoes. He soon afterwards married a lady of rank, and, having been appointed "alcalde" of the "mesta", was himself ennobled; in 1688 he was appointed painter to King Charles II. The artist visited Valencia in 1697, and remained there for three or four years, again devoting himself to fresco painting, including the ceilings of the church of the Santos Juanes. Between 1705 and 1715 he spent considerable amounts of time in Salamanca, Granada and Córdoba; in the latter year the first volume of his work on art, "El Museo pictórico y escala óptica", appeared in Madrid. He painted the ceiling fresco in the dome of the sacristy of the Cartuja de Granada. After the death of his wife in 1725 Palomino took priest's orders. He died on 13 August 1726.

"El Museo pictórico y escala óptica".

Palomino's "El Museo pictórico y escala óptica" first appeared in 1715–24 in a three-volume folio edition. The first two parts, on the theory and practice of the art of painting, have had little influence. The third, subtitled "El Parnaso español pintoresco laureado", contains a large amount of important biographical material relating to Spanish artists, which, despite its uneven style, has led to the author being called "the Spanish Vasari". It was partially translated into English in 1739 as "An account of the lives and works of the most eminent Spanish painters, sculptors and architects"; an abridgment of the original ("Las Vidas de los pintores y estatuarios españoles") was published in London in 1742, and appeared in a French translation in 1749. A German version was published at Dresden in 1781, and a reprint of the entire work at Madrid in 1797. A modern English translation of the abridgment by Nina Ayala Mallory came out in 1987 from Cambridge University Press ().

Acislo Antonio Palomino de Castro y Velasco (165513 April 1726) was a Spanish painter of the Baroque period, and a writer on art, author of "El Museo pictórico y escala óptica", which contains a large amount of important biographical material on Spanish artists.

Antonio Aciselo Palomino De Castro Y Velasco (* 1655, Bujalance – 12. srpen 1726, Madrid) byl španělský malíř a kunsthistorik.


Club career.

Atlético Madrid.

Born in Leganés, Madrid, Robles is a youth product of Getafe, joining neighbouring Atlético Madrid in 2005 to finish his development. He spent his first professional season, (2009–10), with the reserve side in Segunda División B and, on 27 December 2009, signed his first professional contract, running until June 2014.  On 8 May 2010, Robles made his La Liga debut in a 1–1 away draw against Sporting de Gijón: starter David de Gea (another Atlético youth graduate) was being rested for the UEFA Europa League final, and his replacement, Sergio Asenjo, suffered a severe knee injury after only ten minutes. As a result of Asenjo's injury Robles took his place on the bench for the UEFA Europa League final as Atletico defeated Fulham.  In the 2010–11 campaign, Robles acted mostly as backup, particularly after Asenjo left in January 2011 to join Málaga on loan, only to be again seriously injured in the process. After De Gea was signed by Manchester United in the off-season, Robles was made first-choice by newly appointed manager Gregorio Manzano, but he lost his position after only three official games to the Belgian Thibaut Courtois, on loan from Chelsea.  On 31 January 2012, Robles was loaned to neighbouring Rayo Vallecano – also in the top division – who had lost first-choice keeper Dani Giménez to injury. He played his first game five days later in a 2–1 away win against Real Zaragoza.

Wigan Athletic.

Robles was loaned again in the 2013 winter transfer window, joining a host of compatriots – including manager Roberto Martínez – at Premier League club Wigan Athletic. He made his debut on 26 January, keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 win over non-league side Macclesfield Town in the fourth round of the FA Cup.  Robles made his first league appearance on 17 March 2013, starting in a 2–1 home victory against Newcastle United. He soon won the battle for first-choice status over Ali Al-Habsi.  On 11 May 2013, Robles started in Wigan's first-ever FA Cup final appearance, preventing Carlos Tevez from scoring twice in the first 45 minutes and eventually keeping a clean sheet in an historic 1–0 win over Manchester City at Wembley.

Everton.

Robles signed for Everton on 9 July 2013, re-joining Martínez on a five-year contract for an undisclosed fee. On 26 December 2013, he played in the "Toffees"' home defeat against Sunderland. Robles came on as a 24th-minute substitute for Leon Osman, as starting goalkeeper Tim Howard had been sent off for a professional foul. Robles was unable to save the resulting penalty, however, as Everton lost the game 1–0. Robles then made his first Premier League start for Everton against Southampton three days later due to Howard's suspension, with Everton winning 2–1.  On 13 January 2015, in a penalty shootout at the end of an FA Cup third round replay against West Ham United, Robles saved Stewart Downing's penalty kick. When the shootout went to sudden death, however, Robles hit the crossbar while West Ham's goalkeeper, his compatriot Adrián, scored to eliminate Everton. Martínez assigned Robles as be the first-choice goalkeeper, ahead of Howard, in February 2016.  After a match against Burnley in which his gaffe resulted in a penalty, Robles was dropped by Everton manager Ronald Koeman for the away trip to West Ham on 22 April 2017 in a Premier League fixture after claiming the first team spot back in December 2016. As Koeman was not convinced by Robles, Everton completed the signing of Jordan Pickford from Sunderland in June 2017, putting Robles further down in the pecking order. His contract was allowed to expire at the end of June 2018.

Betis.

On 5 July 2018, Robles signed a four-year contract with Real Betis. He was first-choice for cup and European matches, while Pau López started league games. As López left for Roma in the next year, he was the first-choice for league matches.

Honours.

Atlético Madrid  Wigan Athletic  Spain U21

Joel Robles Blázquez (; born 17 June 1990) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Real Betis.

Joel Robles Blázquez (* 17. června 1990, Getafe, Španělsko) je španělský fotbalový brankář, který v současnosti hraje za klub Everton FC.


History.

Besides building a road from Asella to Bekoji, during the occupation the Italians also built a small fort outside the town. After Asela had been captured in April 1941, Henfrey's Scouts (a small force of Ethiopian irregulars) continued south to capture Bekoji supported by armored cars. Because of heavy mud, increasing rains and a shortage of fuel, only a small unit reached the outpost at Bekoji.  The Baptist General Conference operated a mission station at Bekoji, performing medical work during the 1950s. By 1965, Bekoji contained the woreda governor's office, associated administrative buildings, and some local security facilities. There was all-weather road connection and telephone link to Asella. The major market day was Saturday, and a minor market was held on Tuesday. Trade centered on crops, livestock, seeds and foodstuffs. Most of the commercial buildings were drinking establishments.  The Chilalo Agricultural Development Union established a marketing centre here in 1970. Ingvar Jonsson made field interviews with farmers in the area between July 1973 and May 1974. He reported that about 90% of all interviewed tenants had sharecropping agreement, with rent to the landowner ranging between one third and one half of the crop. Studying aerial photos, Jonsson concluded 94 households had been removed from Bekoji while 282 new households had been established.

Demographics.

Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this town has an estimated total population of 16,730, of whom 7,999 are men and 8,731 are women. The 1994 national census reported this town had a total population of 9,367, of whom 4,338 were men and 5,029 were women.

Bekoji (Afan Oromo: Boqqojji) (Amharic: በቆጂ) is a town in central Ethiopia. Located in the Arsi Zone of the Oromia Region, it has a latitude and longitude of with an elevation of 2810 m. It is the administrative centre of Limuna Bilbilo woreda.

Bekoji (; také "Bek’ojī" či "Bok’ojī", italsky "Boccoggi", "Bocoggi", "Boccogi") je město ve střední Etiopii. Nachází se v Arsi v regionu Oromie, leží v nadmořské výšce 2810 metrů. Je administrativním centrem woredy Limuna Bilbilo. Stojí 105 km jihovýchodně od Addis Abeby.


Design.

Burn ignition is provided chemically, by feeding a starter fluid into the combustion chamber and gas generator which is self-igniting on contact with liquid oxygen. The engine is capable of throttling down to 30% of nominal thrust; the design also allows for a short-duration enhanced thrust (up to 105% of nominal level) in emergency situations. A Cardan suspension provides for yaw and pitch controls by gimballed thrust deflection up to 8 degrees.  A modern design, the engine incorporates sensors monitoring burn conditions. The measurements are used for telemetry and an emergency protection system.  The engine's powerhead fulfills two additional functions, heating helium gas for pressurization of propellant tanks and generating hydraulic power for hydraulic actuators to deflect the nozzle and aerodynamic rudders.

Development.

On 5 September 2008, the creator of the engine, NPO Energomash, stated that the engine had completed the full cycle of development and burn tests and is ready for manufacturing and delivery. The primary launch vehicle utilizing this engine is the Angara rocket, currently being developed.  As of 2010, the engine had passed all development phases and its nine prototypes had accumulated over 23,000 seconds in 105 firing tests, with one of them reaching the maximum running time of 3,635 seconds in 12 tests. Interdepartmental tests are under way and manufacturing of the engines for flight development tests has started. The flight tests will begin with a launch of the Angara-1.2 light-class rocket, and then of the Angara-A5 heavy launcher. Despite problems with funding, work on the RD-191 engine is in line with the Angara rocket family's master schedule.

Variants.

RD-151.

A version of the RD-191 with thrust reduced to 170 tonnes, called RD-151, was fire-tested on July 30, 2009. The first flight test of this engine was conducted on 25 August 2009 as part of the first launch of South Korean Naro-1 rocket.

RD-181.

The RD-181 is based on the RD-191 and is adapted for integration on the Antares rocket. While the RD-193 was designed as a close replacement for the NK-33, on December 17, 2014, Orbital Sciences announced that it would use the NPO Energomash RD-181 on the version 2 Antares launch vehicle and had contracted directly with NPO Energomash for up to 20 RD-181 engines. Two engines are used on the first stage of each Antares, which is currently used to carry cargo to the International Space Station under contract to NASA. While Russian press had stated that the contract was valued at US$ 1 billion with options, Orbital stated on 26 January 2015 that even when exercising all the options the contract was less than that amount, and that the initial contractual commitment was significantly less than that. On 19 February 2015, Orbital ATK said that its revamped Antares rocket featuring a new main engine would make its first launch in March 2016. On 29 May 2015, Orbital stated that the new engines had successfully conducted seven certification firings and all went as expected. It also stated that the first two flight models were doing its final tests and would be delivered to Orbital in early July.  The two RD-181s have more thrust than the paired AJ-26 engines used on the first generation Antares. Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems (formerly Orbital) modified the core stage to accommodate the increased performance, and then to finish up its CRS-1 cargo contract commitment to NASA for delivering a total of of cargo in only four additional flights, rather than the five more that would have been required with the AJ-26/Antares I combination.  For the Antares 230+ upgrades, debuted with the CRS-2 Cygnus NG-12 mission, heat exchangers were removed from the RD-181 engine.

RD-193.

In April 2013, it was announced that a further derivation, the RD-193, had completed testing. This version is lighter and shorter, designed for use on the light-launcher Soyuz-2.1v when the inventory of surplus NK-33 engines is exhausted.

The RD-191 is a high performance single-combustion chamber rocket engine, developed in Russia. It is derived from the RD-180 dual-combustion chamber engine, which itself was derived in turn from the four-chamber RD-170 originally used in the Energia launcher.

RD-191 je moderní jednokomorový raketový motor na kapalná paliva ruské konstrukce, využívající uzavřeného cyklu. Byl vyvinut ze čtyřkomorových motorů RD-170 a RD-171, používaných v nosných raketách Eněrgija a Zenit. Motor RD-191 je používán v nosné raketě Angara. Je vyvinut a vyráběn firmou NPO Energomaš.


Etymology and pronunciation.

The name comes from an Aztec dialect via Nahuatl, which literally translates to "avocado sauce", from "āhuacatl" ("avocado") + "molli" ("sauce", literally "concoction"). In Mexican Spanish, it is pronounced, in American English, it tends to be pronounced, and in British English,.

History.

Avocados were first cultivated in South Central Mexico around 10,000 years ago. In the early 1900s, avocados frequently went by the name "alligator pear".  Guacamole has increased avocado sales in the U.S., especially on Super Bowl Sunday and Cinco de Mayo. The rising consumption of guacamole is most likely due to the U.S. government lifting a ban on avocado imports in the 1990s and the growth of the U.S. Latino population.

Ingredients.

Guacamole dip is traditionally made by mashing ripe avocados and sea salt with a "molcajete y tejolote" (mortar and pestle). Recipes often call for lime juice, cilantro, and jalapeños. Some non-traditional recipes may call for sour cream, tomatoes, basil, or peas.  Due to the presence of polyphenol oxidase in the cells of avocado, exposure to oxygen in the air causes an enzymatic reaction and develops melanoidin pigment, turning the sauce brown. This result is generally considered unappetizing, and there are several methods (some anecdotal) that are used to counter this effect, such as storing the guacamole in an air-tight container or wrapping tightly in plastic to limit the surface area exposed to the air.

Composition and nutrients.

As the major ingredient of guacamole is raw avocado, the nutritional value of the dish derives from avocado vitamins, minerals and fats, providing dietary fiber, several B vitamins, vitamin K, vitamin E and potassium in significant content (see Daily Value percentages in nutrient table for avocado). Avocados are a source of saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and phytosterols, such as beta-sitosterol. They also contain carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein.

Similar foods.

"Mantequilla de pobre".

"Mantequilla de pobre" () is a mixture of avocado, tomato, oil, and citrus juice. Despite its name, it predates the arrival of dairy cattle in the Americas, and thus was not originally made as a butter substitute.

"Guasacaca".

Thinner and more acidic, or thick and chunky, "guasacaca" is a Venezuelan avocado-based sauce; it is made with vinegar, and is served over "parrillas" (grilled food), "arepas", "empanadas", and various other dishes. It is common to make the "guasacaca" with a little hot sauce instead of "jalapeño", but like a guacamole, it is not usually served as a hot sauce itself. Pronounced "wasakaka" in Latin America.

Commercial products.

Prepared guacamoles are available in stores, often available refrigerated, frozen or in high pressure packaging which pasteurizes and extends shelf life if products are maintained at.

Holiday.

National Guacamole Day is celebrated on the same day as Mexican Independence Day, September 16.

In popular culture.

On April 6, 2018, Junta Local de Sanidad Vegetal de Tancítaro, Mexico, achieved the Guinness World Records for the largest serving of guacamole. They created it as part of Tancítaro's 7th Annual Avocado Festival in Tancítaro, Michoacán, Mexico. The serving weighed 3,788 kg (8,351 lb) and had more than 350 people help prepare it.

Guacamole (; informally shortened to "guac" in the United States since the 1980s) is an avocado-based dip, spread, or salad first developed in Mexico. In addition to its use in modern Mexican cuisine, it has become part of international and American cuisine as a dip, condiment and salad ingredient.

Guacamole je avokádový pokrm, který pochází od Aztéků. Slovo guacamole pochází ze slova „ahuacamolli“ z jazyka nahuatl, což v překladu znamená „avokádová salsa“. Používá se jako pomazánka a jako přísada k dalším jídlům. Dnes je populární součástí kuchyně nejen v Mexiku a v USA, ale i v dalších zemích světa. Guacamole má v samotném Mexiku různé regionální podoby. Tradiční příprava spočívá v rozmačkání dužniny avokáda v hmoždíři a přidání mořské soli, rajčat, citrónové šťávy a čili. Recepty na guacamole často zahrnují také cibuli, česnek, pepř, jogurt, smetanu, majonézu, koriandr či bazalku apod.


Plot.

Bella Swan is preparing for her wedding. During the reception, Jacob Black, who had quickly left town upon receiving an invitation to Bella and Edward Cullen's wedding, returns. While dancing with Jacob in the woods, away from everyone else, Bella admits that she and Edward plan to consummate their marriage on their honeymoon while she is still human. Jacob becomes furious, knowing that such an act could kill her. Sam and other pack members restrain Jacob before he phases.  After the wedding, the couple spends their honeymoon on Isle Esme, and they make love for the first time. The next morning, Edward realizes that Bella has numerous bruises and is upset at himself for hurting her, though Bella insists that she enjoyed the experience. Edward vows not to make love again until she becomes a vampire. Two weeks after the wedding, Bella vomits after waking and notices her period is late. Alice and Carlisle call Bella, asking if she is alright. She states that she is not completely sure and realises she is pregnant. Edward, worried, predicts that Bella will not survive the pregnancy. He tells her that Carlisle should remove the baby. She refuses, as she wants to keep her child, and convinces Edward's sister, Rosalie, to act as her bodyguard. They fly back home to Forks, Washington. Though Bella has only been pregnant for two weeks, the baby rapidly grows.  Jacob rushes over to the Cullens' house. Bella, now heavily pregnant, is pale and underweight. Jacob, upset by Bella's failing health, says that Carlisle should terminate the pregnancy as soon as possible so that Bella may survive. Bella ignores Carlisle's medical advice and Alice's visions, continuing her pregnancy. As her pregnancy progresses, the quality of her health declines rapidly,

Production.

Development.

Talks for a "Breaking Dawn" film started after Summit Entertainment approved the second and third adaptations of the franchise, and scheduled the two films to be released six months apart. Wyck Godfrey, producer of the previous films in the series, stated in mid-2009 that they had every intention to make the film version of "Breaking Dawn", but Stephenie Meyer, author of the series, explained on her website's "Breaking Dawn" FAQ that if an adaptation were to be created, it would have to be split into two films because "The book is just so long!", saying that she would have made the book shorter if it were possible. She also believed it to be impossible to make a film due to

Pre-production.

Since the first film was released, fans and critics speculated whether "Breaking Dawn" would be adapted into a film considering the adult nature of the book. In March 2010, Rosenberg spoke about adapting the book saying, "It's the big one, it's gonna be a big challenge, and I guarantee you that not all of the fans will be happy, and I guarantee you some of them will be. You have to give up the ideal of making everybody happy, it's just not gonna happen, but you hope you make the majority happy. Again, for that last book it is about taking that specific character Bella on her journey. It's a big journey, it's a massive change for her, and you hope to realize that." One of the scenes that aroused the speculations that the film

Filming.

In order to keep the budget on both parts of "Breaking Dawn" reasonable, even though it is substantially greater than the previous installments in the series, much of the film was shot in and around Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Celtic Studios in Baton Rouge. Shooting in Louisiana provided larger tax credits, which a small studio like Summit Entertainment would find favorable. Summit announced in a press release on July 9, 2010, that filming was to take place in Baton Rouge, Ucluelet, and Vancouver, with the wedding being shot in Squamish. (Also shot in near by Pemberton, British Columbia.) Both parts will be shot back-to-back as one project. The film will attempt to keep its PG-13 rating, and it will not feature any of the gruesome scenes from the novel with Kristen Stewart confirming that the birth scene wasn't as grotesque as described in the book and that she didn't "puke up blood", though director Bill Condon said that they shot

Costume design.

In October 2010, it was announced that Michael Wilkinson would be the film's costume designer. However, Bella's wedding dress was designed by someone other than Wilkinson. Meyer's description of the dress was "a simpler style than the frillier Edwardian stuff....Elegant white satin, cut on the bias, with long sleeves." At first, Zac Posen was rumored to be the designer of Bella's wedding dress; however, these rumors proved false when Posen tweeted: "Heard the Bella/Twilight rumor and it's just that. I design for real women like Kristen Stewart and Anna Kendrick". In April 2011, Summit announced that Carolina Herrera is the designer of the dress. Stewart described the dress as very tight, but still liked it and thought that

Post-production.

In October 2010, Condon announced that Oscar-winning visual effects supervisor John Bruno, along with his team, would helm the visual effects for "Breaking Dawn", including the effects necessary to show Renesmee in her various stages of life in "Part 2". Later in February, Adam Howard was added to the "Breaking Dawn" visual effects team to help create the visual effects for Renesmee, due to his notable work on a similar issue in "The Social Network". Condon revealed that Mackenzie Foy's face and expressions will be placed digitally on the bodies of the other actresses playing the same character through her various stages of life. Condon spoke about the

Music.

On January 14, 2011, it was announced that Carter Burwell, composer of the first film in the series, will be returning to score both parts of the final installment. The score of "Part 1" was recorded in Abbey Road Studios, London in early September. Alexandre Desplat and Howard Shore, the composers of "" and "", respectively, happened to be in London at the time of the recording session and stopped by to visit Burwell.  "" was released on November 8, 2011. In July, Condon said that they are still under negotiations for the soundtrack and have 15 songs to choose from, but no deals have been signed with any artists. He also hinted

Marketing.

Promotion.

The teaser poster of "Breaking Dawn" was released on May 24. After giving fans a sneak peek on June 2, MTV released the first official teaser trailer on June 5, the night of the MTV Movie Awards. It was released online shortly before the awards show began and then made its television debut during the broadcast.  On July 21, Summit held a sold-out Comic-Con panel in Hall H, which

Leaks.

When the filming started on November 7, 2010 in the Lapa District and Paraty, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, leaked set photos and footage videos surfaced online. Summit Entertainment responded to the leaks by removing the photos and videos from YouTube, fansites and gossip websites. On January 13, 2011, scans of a still of Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson in one of their honeymoon scenes in an "Entertainment Weekly" article ran online, prior to the magazine's official release of the still. On March 31 and April 1, 2011, a mass leak of a 14-second video and numerous low-quality stills hit the Internet resulting to enthusiastic fan reaction and speculations that the film wouldn't be able to maintain a PG-13 rating. Summit Entertainment released an official statement in response to the leaks saying:  Additionally, the first teaser trailer leaked online hours before its debut at the MTV Movie Awards.

Lawsuit.

On August 1, 2011, Summit released a press release announcing the identification of some of the alleged people responsible for the leak of images and video from "Breaking Dawn" on March 31 and April 1 and the decision to take legal action. Summit claimed that the leak came from Posadas, Argentina, but due to the possibility that other people might be involved in the leak, the investigation is still ongoing. The only person Summit named was a woman called Daiana Santia, resident in Posadas, allegedly being involved in the group that stole the images and footage. Civil action has been filed in the U.S. and Argentina, while criminal action has also been filed in Argentina. Summit hired law firm Keats McFarland & Wilson LLP to search four continents, North America, South America, Europe and Australia, to find the other people behind the leak.  On the other hand, Santia hosted a press conference in her town and denied Summit's claims. She claimed that she only saw the images "while surfing the Internet" and didn't send them to anyone. She also stated that she didn't log in anywhere to see them and denies having the technical knowledge of hacking, specifically saying that she "in no way be considered a "hacker" because [she]

Home media.

According to the entertainment site MovieWeb, the DVD and Blu-ray Disc for "Part 1" was made available to purchase on February 11, 2012. Both editions include bonus features such as Bella and Edward's wedding video, fast-forwarding to favorite scenes, audio commentary with director Bill Condon, and

Reception.

Box office.

"The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1" grossed $281,287,133 in North America and $430,884,723 in other countries, bringing its worldwide total to $712,171,856. It earned a franchise-best $291.0 million on its worldwide opening weekend, marking the tenth-largest worldwide opening of all time. It reached $500 million worldwide in 12 days, a record time for the franchise. It ranks as the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2011 worldwide and the second-highest-grossing film of the franchise. The film is also currently the fiftieth-highest-grossing film of all time.

North America.

"Breaking Dawn – Part 1" (which opened on November 18, 2011 in 4,061 theaters) was projected to reap at least $140 million in its opening weekend. The film earned $30.25 million in midnight showings, which was the second-highest midnight gross ever, at the time, behind "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2" ($43.5 million) as well as the highest midnight gross of the franchise, until it was surpassed by ""s gross of $30.4 million. On its opening day, the movie topped the box office with $71.6 million (including midnight showings), which is the fifth-highest opening and single-day gross of all time. On its opening weekend, "Breaking Dawn – Part 1" claimed first

Markets outside North America.

The film earned $8.9 million in its first two days from five markets. By the end of its first weekend, it earned $152.9 million at about 9,950 locations in 54 markets, which was a new franchise high. Its biggest debut was in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Malta with £13,910,877 ($22.0 million), which was a new high for the series. It was also huge in many European and Latin American countries. It remained in first place at the box office outside North America for three consecutive weekends. With $423.8 million, it is the highest-grossing film of the franchise and the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2011. Its highest-grossing region after North America is the UK, Ireland, and Malta ($48.8 million), followed by Brazil ($35.0 million) and Germany ($33.1 million).

Critical response.

"Breaking Dawn – Part 1" received generally negative reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 25% of critics (of the 207 counted reviews) gave the film a positive review with an average rating of 4.35/10, and the site's consensus reads, "Slow, joyless, and loaded with unintentionally humorous moments, "Breaking Dawn Part 1" may satisfy the "Twilight" faithful, but it's strictly for fans of the franchise." The review site Metacritic gave the film a 45 out of 100, based on reviews from 36 critics. It is the lowest-rated installment in the franchise, which was previously "". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a "B+" grade, the audience was 80% female and 60% over 21 years old. Among females only the film received an improved "A-" grade.  Justin Chang of "Variety" gave the film a negative review, calling the film "disappointing". Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" also gave the film a negative review, calling "Part 1" "bloated". Brent Simon of "Screen International" called the film "soapy and melodramatic". Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gave the film one star out of a possible five, and referred to it as the next stage of an "emo-operetta" that "sweeps us away on a new riptide of euphoria". Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film two-and-a-half stars, saying that it is filled with a lot of unanswered questions, but calling Stewart's portrayal of Bella "pretty good". The television show "Film 2011"s Claudia Winkleman gave the film a negative review, calling it "hilarious". Writing for "Rolling Stone", Peter Travers said "Breaking Dawn – Part 1" is "the worst "Twilight" movie yet" and thought Taylor Lautner looked like a "petulant five-year-old". Mary Pols of "Time" magazine named it one of the Top 10 Worst Movies of 2011, saying "this entry, which held within it the teasing promise of explosive consummation, instead delivered soap-opera-level dry humping in high-thread-count sheets", and concluded, "This was the bloodiest of the "Twilight" movies but somehow the most bloodless."  Conversely, Gabriel Chong of "Movie Exclusive" gave the film four stars out of a possible five, praising the dialogue, wedding and action scenes, and particularly Condon's direction, stating, "In the hands of a lesser director, the turn of events could very well descend into farce—thankfully then, this movie has found a masterful helmsman in Condon." He went on to praise Stewart's performance, calling it "mesmerising" and saying that she "makes [Bella's] every emotion keenly felt that runs the gamut from joy, trepidation, anxiety, distress and above all quiet and resolute determination." Mark

Health issues.

A week following the film's release, incidents began occurring of the birthing scene having triggered epileptic seizures in moviegoers. The visual effects during the scene involves several pulsating red, white, and black flashing lights, which creates an effect similar to a strobe light. Reports of such photosensitive seizures have been reported in Sacramento, California, and Salt

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1, commonly referred to as Breaking Dawn: Part 1, is a 2011 American romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon, based on the 2008 novel "Breaking Dawn" by Stephenie Meyer. Constituting the first of a two-part adaptation of the novel, the film is the fourth and penultimate installment in "The Twilight Saga" film series, and was followed by the second part of "" in 2012. All three main cast members, Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner, reprised their roles.

Twilight Saga: Rozbřesk - část 1, je americký romantický fantasy film z roku 2011 od režiséra Billa Condona, inspirovaný románem od Stephenie Meyerové z roku 2008. Tento film, který představuje první z dvoudílné adaptace románu, je čtvrtou a předposlední částí filmové série "The Twilight Saga" a v roce 2012 následovala druhá část filmu "". Všichni tři hlavní členové obsazení, Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson a Taylor Lautner, hráli ve všech dílech své role.


Description.

"Amaranthus cruentus" is a tall annual herb topped with clusters of dark pink flowers. The plant can grow up to 2 m (6 ft) in height, and blooms in summer to fall. It is believed to have originated from "Amaranthus hybridus", with which it shares many morphological features. The plant is usually green in color, but a purple variant was once grown for use in Inca rituals.

Uses.

This species was in use as a food source in North America and Central America as early as 4000 BC. The seeds are eaten as a cereal grain. They are black in the wild plant, and white in the domesticated form. They are ground into flour, popped like popcorn, cooked into a porridge, and made into a confectionery called "alegría". The leaves can be cooked like spinach, and the seeds can be germinated into nutritious sprouts. While "A. cruentus" is no longer a staple food in North and Central America, it is still grown and sold as a health food.  It is an important crop for subsistence farmers in Africa.  In Maharashtra, during month of "Shravan", a stir-fried vegetable with just grated coconut is served during festivals. The stem is used in curry made with "vaal" hyacinth bean.  Among the Zuni people, the feathery part of plant ground into a fine meal and used to color ceremonial bread red. The crushed leaves and blossoms are also moistened and rubbed on cheeks as rouge.

Cultivation.

"A. cruentus" is cultivated as an ornamental plant, valued for its feather-like flowering plumes. It is usually grown from seed as a half-hardy annual, that is sown under glass in early Spring and planted out in summer. Numerous cultivars have been developed, of which the following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

Amaranthus cruentus is a flowering plant species that yields the nutritious staple amaranth grain. It is one of three "Amaranthus" species cultivated as a grain source, the other two being "Amaranthus hypochondriacus" and "Amaranthus caudatus". In Mexico, it is called huautli ( and alegría ( and in English it has several common names, including blood amaranth, red amaranth, purple amaranth, prince's feather, and Mexican grain amaranth. In Maharashtra, it is called "shravani maath" ("श्रावणी माठ") or "rajgira" ("राजगिरा"). In Kerala, it is called "chuvanna cheera" ("ചുവന്ന ചീര") or commonly, "cheera" ("ചീര").

Laskavec krvavý ("Amaranthus cruentus") je druh kvetoucí rostliny z čeledi laskavcovité ("Amaranthaceae"), který rodí výživná semena. Jedná se o jeden ze tří druhů laskavců ("Amaranthus") pěstovaných pro semena, dalšími dvěma jsou "Amaranthus hypochondiacus" a "Amaranthus caudatus". V Mexiku se tato rostlina nazývá "huautli a alegría", v angličtině má několik běžných jmen: "blood amaranth (laskavec krvavý)", "red amaranth (laskavec červený)", "purple amaranth" (laskavec nachový), "prince’s feather (knížecí peří)" a "Mexican grain amaranth (mexický obilný laskavec)". V indickém státě Maháraštra se nazývá "shravani maath" (श्रावणी माठ) nebo "rajgira"(राजगिरा).


Geography and landmarks.

Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as subtropical highland (Cwb).

Forestry and agriculture.

"According to local forestry officials, Nyingchi hosts the country's largest primitive forest region that covers 26.4 billion cubic metres, storing over 800 million cubic metres of wood." The forests of Bomi, Zayu and Loyu have ancient dragon spruces which reach heights of over 80 metres and diameters of 2.5 metres. Wildlife species include "the Bengal tiger, leopard, bear, snub-nosed monkey, antelope and lesser panda."  "There are over 2,000 species of higher plants, including some 100 species of xylophyta, 165 species of medical herbs and fungus. Crops include "rice, peanut, apple, orange, banana, lemon." Agricultural products include medicinal materials, "edible fungus, orange, tangerine, sugar cane, honey peach, apple, pear, grape, walnut and other fruits."

Transportation.

It takes about 5 hours to travel from Lhasa to Nyingchi by a highway opened at the end of 2018. The railway between Lhasa and Nyingchi has been under construction since late 2014. It is estimated that it will take about 2 or 3 hours from Lhasa to Nyingchi when the railway come into operation.  An airport – Nyingchi Mainling Airport – was opened in Nyingchi in March 2017, which may be used to support both commercial air traffic and the People's Liberation Army Air Force.

Tourism.

Guangdong province announced that it plans to invest more than RMB 400 million (US$63 million) in Nyingchi's tourism industry. According to the plan, Guangdong will help build 22 "prosperous model villages" in Nyingchi in counties such as Bomê and Zayü.

Administrative subdivisions.

The two counties of Zayü () and Mêdog (), collectively known as part of South Tibet, are considered by the Chinese government to be under Chinese jurisdiction. Parts of the two counties are under the de facto control of Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.

Nyingchi, also known as Linzhi, is a prefecture-level city in southeast of China's Tibet Autonomous Region. The administrative seat of Nyingchi is Bayi District. Part of Nyingchi is currently controlled by India, as part of Arunachal Pradesh. (See South Tibet dispute.)

Ňingthri, plným názvem Prefektura Ňingthri (tibetsky: ཉིང་ཁྲི་ས་ཁུལ་; Wylie: nying-khri sa khul; čínsky: 林芝地区; Pchin-jin: Línzhī Dìqū)), je prefektura v Tibetu v Čínské lidové republice. Má rozlohu přibližně 116 000 km2 včetně sporných území, která jsou pod kontrolou Indie.


Raising of Lazarus.

Narrative.

The biblical narrative of the raising of Lazarus is found in chapter 11 of the Gospel of John. A certain Eleazer (whence "Lazar"us) is introduced as a follower of Jesus who lives in the town of Bethany near Jerusalem. He is identified as the brother of the sisters Mary and Martha. The sisters send word to Jesus that Lazarus, "he whom thou lovest," is ill. Instead of immediately traveling to Bethany, according to the narrator, Jesus intentionally remains where he is for two more days before beginning the journey.  When Jesus arrives in Bethany, he finds that Lazarus is dead and has already been in his tomb for four days. He meets first with Martha and Mary in turn. Martha laments that Jesus did not arrive soon enough to heal her brother and Jesus replies with the well-known statement, "I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: And whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die". Later the narrator here gives the famous simple phrase, "Jesus wept".  In the presence of a crowd of Jewish mourners, Jesus comes to the tomb. Over the objections of Martha, Jesus has them roll the stone away from the entrance to the tomb and says a prayer. He then calls Lazarus to come out ("Come forth") and Lazarus does so, still wrapped in his grave-cloths. Jesus then calls for someone to remove the grave-cloths, and let him go.  The narrative ends with the statement that many of the witnesses to this event "believed in him." Others are said to report the events to the religious authorities in Jerusalem.  The Gospel of John mentions Lazarus again in chapter 12. Six days before the Passover on which Jesus is crucified, Jesus returns to Bethany and Lazarus attends a supper that Martha, his sister, serves. Jesus and Lazarus together attract the attention of many Jews and the narrator states that the chief priests consider having Lazarus put to death because so many people are believing in Jesus on account of this miracle.  The miracle of the raising of Lazarus, the longest coherent narrative in John aside from the Passion, is the culmination of John's "signs". It explains the crowds seeking Jesus on Palm Sunday, and leads directly to the decision of Caiaphas and the Sanhedrin to kill Jesus.  It is notable that at John 11:11, after being told by his disciples to fear those who would kill him, and after the parable about living in darkness, Jesus references his own parable and states that Lazarus sleeps, and that He will go "wake him up". The disciples thought Jesus meant Lazarus was actually sleeping in verse 12. Then, in verse 14, Jesus speaks plainly and tells them that "Lazarus has died". This is to be clear that Lazarus has died in the flesh, and is not sleeping or unconscious.  A resurrection story that is very similar is also found in the controversial Secret Gospel of Mark, although the young man is not named there specifically. Some scholars believe that the Secret Mark version represents an earlier form of the canonical story found in John.

Tomb of Lazarus.

The reputed first tomb of Lazarus is in the Leitrim (generally believed to be the biblical Bethany) and continues to be a place of pilgrimage to this day. Several Christian churches have existed at the site over the centuries. Since the 16th century, the site of the tomb has been occupied by the al-Uzair Mosque. The adjacent Roman Catholic Church of Saint Lazarus, designed by Antonio Barluzzi and built between 1952 and 1955 under the auspices of the Franciscan Order, stands upon the site of several much older ones. In 1965, a Greek Orthodox church was built just west of the tomb.  The entrance to the tomb today is via a flight of uneven rock-cut steps from the street. As it was described in 1896, there were twenty-four steps from the then-modern street level, leading to a square chamber serving as a place of prayer, from which more steps led to a lower chamber believed to be the tomb of Lazarus. The same description applies today.  The first mention of a church at Bethany is in the late 4th century, but both the historian Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 330) and the Bordeaux pilgrim do mention the tomb of Lazarus. In 390 Jerome mentions a church dedicated to Saint Lazarus, called the "Lazarium". This is confirmed by the pilgrim Egeria in about the year 410. Therefore, the church is thought to have been built between 333 and 390. The present-day gardens contain the remnants of a mosaic floor from the 4th-century church. The Lazarium was destroyed by an earthquake in the 6th century, and was replaced by a larger church. This church survived intact until the Crusader era.  In 1143 the existing structure and lands were purchased by King Fulk and Queen Melisende of Jerusalem and a large Benedictine convent dedicated to Mary and Martha was built near the tomb of Lazarus. After the fall of Jerusalem in 1187, the convent was deserted and fell into ruin with only the tomb and barrel vaulting surviving. By 1384, a simple mosque had been built on the site. In the 16th century, the Ottomans built the larger al-Uzair Mosque to serve the town's (now Muslim) inhabitants and named it in honor of the town's patron saint, Lazarus of Bethany.  According to the "Catholic Encyclopedia" of 1913, there were scholars who questioned the reputed site of the ancient village (though this was discounted by the Encyclopedia's author): Some believe that the present village of Bethany does not occupy the site of the ancient village; but that it grew up around the traditional cave which they suppose to have been at some distance from the house of Martha and Mary in the village; Zanecchia (La Palestine d'aujourd'hui, 1899, I, 445ff.) places the site of the ancient village of Bethany higher up on the southeastern slope of the Mount of Olives, not far from the accepted site of Bethphage, and near that of the Ascension. It is quite certain that the present village formed about the traditional tomb of Lazarus, which is in a cave in the village. The identification of this cave as the tomb of Lazarus is merely possible; it has no strong intrinsic or extrinsic authority. The site of the ancient village may not precisely coincide with the present one, but there is every reason to believe that it was in this general location."

Other traditions.

While there is no further mention of Lazarus in the Bible, the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic traditions offer varying accounts of the later events of his life. He is most commonly associated with Cyprus, where he is said to have become the first bishop of Kition (Larnaka), and Provence, where he is said to have been the first bishop of Marseille.

Bishop of Kition.

According to Eastern Orthodox Church tradition, sometime after the Resurrection of Christ, Lazarus was forced to flee Judea because of rumoured plots on his life and came to Cyprus. There he was appointed by Barnabas and Paul the Apostle as the first bishop of Kition (present-day Larnaka). He lived there for thirty more years, and on his death was buried there for the second and last time.  Further establishing the apostolic nature of Lazarus' appointment was the story that the bishop's omophorion was presented to Lazarus by the Virgin Mary, who had woven it herself. Such apostolic connections were central to the claims to autocephaly made by the bishops of Kition—subject to the patriarch of Jerusalem—during the period 325–431. The church of Kition was declared self-governing in 431 AD at the Third Ecumenical Council.  According to tradition, Lazarus never smiled during the thirty years after his resurrection, worried by the sight of unredeemed souls he had seen during his four-day stay in Hell. The only exception was, when he saw someone stealing a pot, he smilingly said: ""the clay steals the clay.""  In 890, a tomb was found in Larnaca bearing the inscription ""Lazarus the friend of Christ"". Emperor Leo VI of Byzantium had Lazarus' remains transferred to Constantinople in 898. The transfer was apostrophized by Arethas, bishop of Caesarea, and is commemorated by the Eastern Orthodox Church each year on October 17.  In recompense to Larnaca, Emperor Leo had the Church of St. Lazarus, which still exists today, erected over Lazarus' tomb. The marble sarcophagus can be seen inside the church under the Holy of Holies.  After the sacking of Constantinople by the Franks during the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Crusaders carried the saint's relics to Marseilles, France as part of the booty of war. From there, "later on, they disappeared and up to the present day they have not been traced."  In the 16th century, a Russian monk from the Monastery of Pskov visited St. Lazarus's tomb in Larnaca and took with him a small piece of the relics. Perhaps that piece led to the erection of the St. Lazarus chapel at the Pskov Monastery (Spaso-Eleazar Monastery, Pskov), where it is kept today.  On November 23, 1972, human remains in a marble sarcophagus were discovered under the altar, during renovation works in the church of Church of St. Lazarus at Larnaka, and were identified as part of the saint's relics.  In June 2012 the Church of Cyprus gave a part of the holy relics of St. Lazarus to a delegation of the Russian Orthodox Church, led by Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia, after a four-day visit to Cyprus. The relics were brought to Moscow and were given to Archbishop Arseniy of Istra, who took them to the Zachatievsky monastery (Conception Convent), where they were put up for veneration.

Bishop of Marseille.

In the West, according to an alternative medieval tradition (centered in Provence), Lazarus, Mary, and Martha were "put out to sea by the Jews hostile to Christianity in a vessel without sails, oars, or helm, and after a miraculous voyage landed in Provence at a place called today the Saintes-Maries." The family is then said to separate and go in different parts of southeastern Gaul to preach; Lazarus goes to Marseilles. Converting many people to Christianity there, he becomes the first Bishop of Marseille. During the persecution of Domitian, he is imprisoned and beheaded in a cave beneath the prison Saint-Lazare. His body is later translated to Autun, where he is buried in the Autun Cathedral, dedicated to Lazarus as "Saint Lazare". However, the inhabitants of Marseilles claim to be in possession of his head which they still venerate.  Pilgrims also visit another purported tomb of Lazarus at the Vézelay Abbey in Burgundy. In the Abbey of the Trinity at Vendôme, a phylactery was said to contain a tear shed by Jesus at the tomb of Lazarus.  The "Golden Legend", compiled in the 13th century, records the Provençal tradition. It also records a grand lifestyle imagined for Lazarus and his sisters (note that therein Lazarus' sister Mary is conflated with Mary Magdalene):  Mary Magdalene had her surname of Magdalo, a castle, and was born of right noble lineage and parents, which were descended of the lineage of kings. And her father was named Cyrus, and her mother Eucharis. She with her brother Lazarus, and her sister Martha, possessed the castle of Magdalo, which is two miles from Nazareth, and Bethany, the castle which is nigh to Jerusalem, and also a great part of Jerusalem, which, all these things they departed among them. In such wise that Mary had the castle Magdalo, whereof she had her name Magdalene. And Lazarus had the part of the city of Jerusalem, and Martha had to her part Bethany. And when Mary gave herself to all delights of the body, and Lazarus entended all to knighthood, Martha, which was wise, governed nobly her brother's part and also her sister's, and also her own, and administered to knights, and her servants, and to poor men, such necessities as they needed. Nevertheless, after the ascension of our Lord, they sold all these things.  The 15th-century poet Georges Chastellain draws on the tradition of the unsmiling Lazarus: "He whom God raised, doing him such grace, the thief, Mary's brother, thereafter had naught but misery and painful thoughts, fearing what he should have to pass". ("Le pas de la mort", VI).

Liturgical commemorations.

Lazarus is honored as a saint by those Christian churches which keep the commemoration of saints, although on different days, according to local traditions.  In Christian funerals the idea of the deceased being raised by the Lord as Lazarus was raised is often expressed in prayer.

Eastern Orthodoxy.

The Eastern Orthodox Church and Byzantine Catholic Church commemorate Lazarus on Lazarus Saturday, the day before Palm Sunday, which is a moveable feast day. This day, together with Palm Sunday, hold a unique position in the church year, as days of joy and triumph between the penitence of Great Lent and the mourning of Holy Week. During the preceding week, the hymns in the Lenten Triodion track the sickness and then the death of Lazarus, and Christ's journey from beyond Jordan to Bethany. The scripture readings and hymns for Lazarus Saturday focus on the resurrection of Lazarus as a foreshadowing of the Resurrection of Christ, and a promise of the General Resurrection. The Gospel narrative is interpreted in the hymns as illustrating the two natures of Christ: his "humanity" in asking, "Where have ye laid him?", and his "divinity" by commanding Lazarus to come forth from the dead. Many of the Resurrectional hymns of the normal Sunday service, which are omitted on Palm Sunday, are chanted on Lazarus Saturday. During the Divine Liturgy, the Baptismal Hymn, ""As many as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ"", is sung in place of the Trisagion. Although the forty days of Great Lent end on the day before Lazarus Saturday, the day is still observed as a fast; however, it is somewhat mitigated. In Russia, it is traditional to eat caviar on Lazarus Saturday.  Lazarus is also commemorated on the liturgical calendar of the Eastern Orthodox Church on the fixed feast day of March 17, while the translation of his relics from Cyprus to Constantinople in the year 898 AD is observed on October 17.

Roman Catholicism.

No celebration of Saint Lazarus is included on the General Roman Calendar, but he is celebrated, together with his sister Mary of Bethany, on July 29, the memorial of their sister Martha. Earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology placed him among the saints of December 17.  In Cuba, the celebration of "San Lázaro" on December 17 is a major festival. The date is celebrated with a pilgrimage to a chapel housing an image of Saint Lazarus, one of Cuba's most sacred icons, in the village of El Rincon, outside Havana.

Anglicanism.

Lazarus is commemorated in the Calendars of some Anglican provinces. In the Church of England his feast is kept on 29 July under the title "Mary, Martha, and Lazarus, Companions of Our Lord", and has the status of a lesser festival, and as such is provided with proper lectionary readings and collect.

Lutheranism.

Lazarus is commemorated in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church on 29 July together with Mary and Martha.

Conflation with the beggar Lazarus.

The name "Lazarus" also appears in the Gospel of Luke in the parable of Lazarus and Dives, which is attributed to Jesus. Also called "Dives and Lazarus", or "The Rich Man and the Beggar Lazarus", the narrative tells of the relationship (in life and in death) between an unnamed rich man and a poor beggar named Lazarus.  Historically within Christianity, the begging Lazarus of the parable (feast day June 21) and Lazarus of Bethany (feast day December 17) have often been conflated, with some churches celebrating a blessing of dogs, associated with the beggar, on December 17, the date associated with Lazarus of Bethany. Allusions to Lazarus as a poor beggar taken to the "Bosom of Abraham" should be understood as referring to the Lazarus mentioned in Luke, rather than the Lazarus who rose from the dead in John.  This conflation can be found in Romanesque iconography carved on portals in Burgundy and Provence. For example, at the west portal of the Church of St. Trophime at Arles, the beggar Lazarus is enthroned as St. Lazarus. Similar examples are found at the church at Avallon, the central portal at Vézelay, and the portals of the cathedral of Autun.

Order of Saint Lazarus.

The Military and Hospitaller Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem (OSLJ) is a religious/military order of chivalry which originated in a leper hospital founded by Knights Hospitaller in the twelfth century by Crusaders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Sufferers of leprosy regarded the beggar Lazarus (of Luke 16:19-31) as their patron saint and usually dedicated their hospices to him.

In Islam.

Lazarus also appeared in medieval Islamic tradition, in which he was honored as a pious companion of Jesus. Although the Quran mentions no figure named Lazarus, among the miracles with which it credits Jesus includes the raising of people from the dead (III, 43/49). Muslim lore frequently detailed these miraculous narratives of Jesus, but mentioned Lazarus only occasionally. Al-Ṭabarī, for example, in his "Taʾrīk̲h̲" talks of these miracles in general. Al-T̲h̲aʿlabī, however, related, closely following St. John's Gospel: "Lazarus ["Al-ʿĀzir"] died, his sister sent to inform Jesus, Jesus came three (in the Gospel, four) days after his death, went with his sister to the tomb in the rock and caused Lazarus to arise; children were born to him". Similarly, in Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, the resurrected man is called "ʿĀzir", which is another Arabic rendering of "Lazarus."

Depictions in art.

The raising of Lazarus is a popular subject in religious art. Two of the most famous paintings are those of Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (c. 1609) and Sebastiano del Piombo (1516). Among other prominent depictions of Lazarus are works by Rembrandt, Van Gogh, Ivor Williams, and "Lazarus Breaking His Fast" by Walter Sickert.

Bibliography.

Ṭabarī, i, 187, 731, 739  Ibn al-At̲h̲īr, i, 122, 123  T̲h̲aʿlabī, "Ḳiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ", Cairo 1325/1907-8, ii, 307. On the name Elʿazar, Eliezer, ʿĀzar, see S. Fraenkel, in ZDMG, lvi (1902) 71-3  J. Horovitz, in Hebrew Union College Annual, ii (1925), 157, 161  idem, "Koranische Untersuchungen", Berlin 1926, 12, 85, 86.

Lazarus as Babalu Aye in Santería.

Via syncretism, Lazarus (or more precisely the conflation of the two figures named "Lazarus") has become an important figure in Santería as the Yoruba deity Babalu Aye. Like the beggar of the Christian Gospel of Luke, Babalu-Aye represents someone covered with sores licked by dogs who was healed by divine intervention. Silver charms known as the crutch of St. Lazarus or standard Roman Catholic-style medals of St. Lazarus are worn as talismans to invoke the aid of the syncretized deity in cases of medical suffering, particularly for people with AIDS. In Santería, the date associated with St. Lazarus is December 17, despite Santería's reliance on the iconography associated with the begging saint whose feast day is June 21.

Cultural references.

Well known in Western culture from their respective biblical tales, both figures named Lazarus (Lazarus of Bethany and the Beggar Lazarus of "Lazarus and Dives"), have appeared many times in music, writing and art. The majority of the references are to Lazarus of Bethany.

In literature.

Many works of literature from the 20th century allude to Lazarus, including Truman Capote's short story "A Tree of Night" in "A Tree of Night and Other Stories" (1945) and John Knowles's novel "A Separate Peace" (1959). Allusions in 20th-century poetry occur in works such as Leonid Andreyev's book-length poem "Lazarus" (1906), T.S. Eliot's poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1915), Edwin Arlington Robinson's poem "Lazarus" (1920), and Sylvia Plath's poem "Lady Lazarus" published in her posthumous anthology "Ariel" (1965). An allusion to Lazarus also appears in the memoir "Witness" (1952) by Whittaker Chambers (who acknowledged the influence of Dostoevsky's works), which opens its first chapter, "In 1937, I began, like Lazarus, the impossible return."  Science fiction allusions to Lazarus occur in Robert A. Heinlein's Lazarus Long novels (1941–1987), Walter M. Miller, Jr.'s "A Canticle for Leibowitz" (1960), and Frank Herbert's "The Lazarus Effect" (1983).  "Lazarus Is Dead" (2011) by Richard Beard is an innovative novel that was described by the "Sunday Business Post" as "no ordinary novel: it is a brilliant, genre-bending retelling and subversion of one of the oldest, most sensational stories in the western canon."  John Derhak's "The Bones of Lazarus" (2012), is a darkly funny, fast-paced, supernatural thriller that traces intersecting lives on a war-torn, resource rich, Caribbean island. The plot revolves around the premise that Lazarus of Bethany, upon his resurrection by Christ, becomes an immortal creature of Judgment, seeking the hearts and souls of the wicked throughout time.  Richard Zimler's bestselling novel ""The Gospel According to Lazarus" (2019 in English) is written from the perspective of Lazarus himself. The book presents Yeshua ben Yosef (Jesus' Hebrew name) as an early Jewish mystic and explores the deep friendship between Lazarus and Yeshua, who - within the fictional setting - have been best friends since childhood.The themes of the book include how we cope with a loss of faith, the terrible sacrifices we make for those we love, the transcendent meaning of Yeshua's mission, and how we go on after suffering a shattering trauma. "The Observer" review summarized the novel as "A very human tale of rivalry, betrayal, power-grabbing and sacrifice... Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of this brave and engaging novel...is that Zimler manages to make the best-known narrative in western culture a page-turner."

In music.

In music, a popular retelling of the biblical Lazarus story from the point of view of Lazarus in heaven is the 1984 gospel story-song "Lazarus Come Forth" by Contemporary Christian Music artist Carman. A modern reinterpretation of the story is the title track to the album "Dig, Lazarus, Dig!!!" by the Australian alternative band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. Several other bands have composed songs titled "Lazarus" in allusion to the resurrection story, including Porcupine Tree, Conor Oberst, Circa Survive, Chimaira, moe., Wes King, Placebo, and David Bowie (written while he was terminally ill).

Trivia.

Lazarus is sometimes referenced in political figures returning to power in unlikely circumstances. When John Howard lost the leadership of the Liberal Party of Australia, he rated his chances of regaining it as "Lazarus with a triple bypass". Howard did regain the leadership and went on to become Prime Minister of Australia. Former President of Haiti, Jean Bertrand Aristide, was termed the "Haitian Lazarus" by journalist Amy Wilentz, in her description of his return to Haiti from exile and the political significance of this event.  The scientific term "Lazarus taxon", which denotes organisms that reappear in the fossil record after a period of apparent extinction. "Lazarus syndrome" refers to an event in which a person spontaneously returns to life (the heart starts beating again) after resuscitation has been given up. The Lazarus sign is a reflex which can occur in a brain-dead person, thus giving the appearance that they have returned to life.  The Commodore Amiga's operating system's disk repair program Diskdoctor occasionally renames a disk "Lazarus" if it feels it has done a particularly good job of rescuing damaged files.  Lazarus is also the name of an integrated development environment for the Free Pascal language, termed such as it was the revival of an earlier project called Megido.  In the "Batman" comics, Ra's al Ghul uses the Lazarus Pits to revitalize himself and keep him in a perpetual state of fitness and relative youth.  In the 2014 science fiction film "Interstellar", the name Lazarus is given to the space program which aims to expand humanity's reach to a distant world to prevent its extinction.  In the start of BioWare's sci-fi RPG "Mass Effect 2", the player character Commander Shepard is brought to life by a reconstruction effort known as the Lazarus Project.  The video game "Doom" features hellish energy which can be released in waves referred to in-game as Lazarus waves to create Revenants, a form of demon created from dead, cybernetically-enhanced soldiers.  Also in the video game "Diablo" (1996) by Blizzard North the Archbishop Lazarus is a character in the game Mythology who for unknown reasons destroys the Soulstone and resurrects the demon lord Diablo.  In 2K's video game "BioShock", the 'Lazarus Vector' is a genetic vector used to bring a forest back to life after it is poisoned by the game's antagonist.  The first episode of the fourth season of "Supernatural" is titled Lazarus Rising in reference to Lazarus due to Dean being brought back to life by the angel Castiel.  In (Zone 2)(#HitSquad) PS's Voice of The Streets Freestyle, PS says "Anyting B get ahh, ahh, anyting B I'm-, he came back and I call him Lazarus" referring to Tizzy T (a member of rival group Moscow 17) who was stabbed and revived.  Season 4 of the TV series "Preacher" parodies Starbucks Coffee as "Lazarus Coffee".

Lazarus of Bethany, also known as Saint Lazarus or Lazarus of the Four Days, venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church as (Righteous) Lazarus the Four Days Dead after he rose again, is the subject of a prominent sign of Jesus in the Gospel of John, in which Jesus restores him to life four days after his death. The Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic traditions offer varying accounts of the later events of his life.

Svatý Lazar z Betánie, bratr Marie a Marty, byl podle Ježíšův přítel. Onemocněl a zemřel; když se čtyři dny po smrti k jeho hrobu dostavil Ježíš, zázračně ho vzkřísil z mrtvých. Lazar je spojován jako biskup s biskupstvím v Larnace na Kypru a Provensálským biskupstvím v Marseille. Východní ortodoxní i římsko-katolická církev jej ctí jako svatého.