Cultivation.

Hairy vetch is widely used by organic growers in the United States as a winter cover crop and in no-till farming, as it is both winter hardy and can fix as much as 200 lb/acre of atmospheric nitrogen. Disadvantages of hairy vetch in production agriculture are related to the crop having a portion of hard seed and its tendency to shatter seed early in the season, leading to it remaining in the field as a weed later in the season. This can be a particular problem in wheat production.

Companion plant.

Organic gardeners often plant hairy vetch (a nitrogen-fixing legume) as a companion plant to tomatoes, as an alternative to rotating crops in small growing areas. When it is time to plant tomatoes in the spring, the hairy vetch is cut to the ground and the tomato seedlings are planted in holes dug through the matted residue and stubble. The vetch vegetation provides both nitrogen and an instant mulch that preserves moisture and keeps weeds from sprouting.

Alien or invasive species.

It is regulated in the state of Florida. Some sources consider it generally invasive in areas with suitable climate for it to out-compete native species, in a manner similar to how cow vetch, "Vicia cracca", is regarded. With both vetches, their agricultural usefulness is typically given precedence over concerns regarding potential ecological degradation. Despite being native to part of Europe it is considered an alien or invasive species in some European countries, such as Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Spain.

Vicia villosa, known as the hairy vetch, fodder vetch or winter vetch, is a plant native to some of Europe and western Asia. It is a legume, grown as a forage crop, fodder crop, cover crop, and green manure. Although non-native, it occurs in all US states and is considered invasive by some states, such as Alaska, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon, and Washington state — as well as in Japan and some parts of Europe where it is not native. It is also found in most Canadian provinces.

Vikev huňatá ("Vicia villosa") je jednoletá, poměrně mohutná, vystoupavá, poléhavá nebo popínavá bylina hustě porostlá drobnými chlupy, které ji dávají stříbřitý nádech. Je v české přírodě sice nepůvodní druh, ale je hojně rozšířena a považována za archeofyt. Dříve se na polích často pěstovala jako krmivo pro domácí zvířata a pomoci semen se rozšiřovala do okolní krajiny. V ČR je nejhojnější v termofytiku, v mezofytiku se vyskytuje roztroušeně a do vyšších chladnějších poloh bývá zavlékána jen ojediněle.


Early life.

The birthplace of Kumārila Bhatta is uncertain. According to the 16th-century Buddhist scholar Taranatha, Kumārila was a native of South India. However, Anandagiri's "Shankara-Vijaya" states that Kumarila came from "the North" ("udagdeśāt"), and persecuted the Buddhists and the Jains in the South.  Another theory is that he came from eastern India, specifically Kamarupa (present-day Assam). Sesa's "Sarvasiddhanta-rahasya" uses the eastern title Bhattacharya for him. His writings indicate that he was familiar with the production of silk, which was common in present-day Assam.  Yet another theory is that he comes from Mithila, from where Bengal and Assam derive a lot of their culture.

Linguistics views.

Kumārila Bhaṭṭa and his followers in the Mīmāṃsā tradition known as "" argued for a strongly Compositional view of semantics called "abhihitānvaya" or "designation of what has been denoted." In this view, the meaning of a sentence was understood only after understanding first the meanings of individual words. Word referents were independent, complete objects, a view that is close to the Fodorian view of language, according to philosopher Daniel Arnold. He also used several Tamil words in his works, including one of the earliest mention of the name "Dravida" in North Indian sources, found in his "Tantravārttika".  The above-mentioned view of sentence meaning was debated over some seven or eight centuries by the followers of Prabhākara school within Mīmāṃsā, who argued that words do not directly designate meaning. Rather, word meanings are understood as already connected with other words ("anvitābhidhāna", anvita = connected; abhidhāna = denotation). This view was influenced by the holistic arguments of Bhartṛhari's theory. Essentially the Prābhākaras argued that sentence meanings are grasped directly, from perceptual and contextual cues, skipping the stage of grasping singly the individual word meanings, similar to the modern view of linguistic underspecification, which relates to the Dynamic Turn in Semantics, that also opposes purely compositional approaches to sentence meaning.

Criticism of Buddhism.

With the aim to prove the superiority of Vedic scripture, Kumārila Bhaṭṭa presented several novel arguments:  1. ""Buddhist (or Jain) scripture could not be correct because it had several grammatical lapses."" He specifically takes the Buddhist verse: 'ime samkhada dhamma sambhavanti sakarana akarana vinassanti' (These phenomena arise when the cause is present and perish when the cause is absent). Thus he presents his argument:  The scriptures of Buddhists and Jains are composed in overwhelmingly incorrect (asadhu) language, words of the Magadha or Dakshinatya languages, or even their dialects (tadopabhramsa). Therefore false compositions (asannibandhana), they cannot possibly be true knowledge (shastra)... By contrast, the very form itself (the well-assembled language) of the Veda proves its authority to be independent and absolute.  This argument of Kumārila relies heavily on his idea that the meanings of each individual word should be complete for the sentence to have a meaning. It may be noted, that the Pali Canon was intentionally recorded in local dialects and not in languages germane only to the scholarly.  2. Every extant school held some scripture to be correct. To show that the Veda was the only correct scripture, Kumārila ingeniously said that ""the absence of an author would safeguard the Veda against all reproach"" (apaurusheya). There was ""no way to prove any of the contents of Buddhist scriptures directly as wrong in spirit..."", unless one challenges the legitimacy and eternal nature of the scripture itself. It is well known that the Pali Canon was composed after the Buddha's parinirvana. Further, even if they were the Buddha's words, they were not eternal or unauthored like the Vedas.  3. The Sautrantika Buddhist school believed that the universe was momentary (kshanika). Kumārila said that this was absurd, given that the universe does not disappear every moment. No matter how small one would define the duration of a moment, one could divide the moment into infinitely further parts. Kumārila argues: ""if the universe does not exist between moments, then in which of these moments does it exist?"" Because a moment could be infinitesimally small, Bhaṭṭa argued that the Buddhist was claiming that the universe was non-existent.  4. The Determination of perception (pratyaksha pariccheda).  Some scholars believe that Kumārila's understanding of Buddhist philosophy was far greater than that of any other non-Buddhist philosopher of his time. However, see Taber 2010 for an alternate view.  According to Buton Rinchen Drub, Kumārila spoke abusively towards his nephew, Dharmakīrti, as he was taking his brahminical garments. This drove Dharmakīrti away, and resolving to vanquish all non-Buddhist heretics he took the robes of the Buddhist order instead.

Legendary life.

According to legend, Kumārila went to study Buddhism at Nalanda (the largest 4th-century university in the world), with the aim of refuting Buddhist doctrine in favour of Vedic religion. He was expelled from the university when he protested against his teacher (Dharmakirti) ridiculing the Vedic rituals. Legend has it that even though he was thrown off of the university's tower, he survived with an eye injury. (Modern Mimamsa scholars and followers of Vedanta believe that this was because he imposed a condition on the infallibility of the Vedas thus encouraging the Hindu belief that one should not even doubt the infallibility of the Vedas.)  Kumārila Bhaṭṭa is sometimes regarded as an avatar of Kumaraswamy, the son of Parvati and Shiva. The main purpose of this avatar was to protect the Vedas (karma marham poojaa, abhishekam, yagynam, yahan, homam) which were dwindling away from the then India (Bharatha desam). Vedas are and continue to remain to define Bharatha desam from which the present day India has taken its shape, co-existing along with many other religious beliefs. Kumārila Bhaṭṭa left Nalanda after that and settled down in Prayag (modern day Allahabad). Kumārila visited many kingdoms and regionalities to debate with the Buddhist pundits. It was tradition at that time that whoever wins a debate in the King's court, their philosophy and ideology would be accepted by the King and by the subjects. To prevent the further downfall of Vedic Sanskruti, Kumārila Bhaṭṭa had defeated many Buddhist pundits and saved the country from Buddhist supremacy. It so happened that the jealous Buddhist scholars, who were unable to defeat Bhaṭṭa in debates, challenged him to a stunt. They said, "If your Vedas are the Truth, you should survive even when you fall from the top of a mountain." Kumārila Bhaṭṭa had utter conviction and faith in the Vedas and Shrutis and readily accepted this challenge. He proclaimed, "If the Vedas are the Ultimate Truth, I should survive" and was pushed from the top of a building. In doing so, he survived but there was a scratch above his right eye. He questioned mother of the Vedas, Gayatri mata, who replied in the form of a voice from the sky, "You had a small doubt about the truthfulness of the Vedas, which was clear by the usage of the word 'If'. That is the reason you got a small hurt, but I spared your life, which is what you have asked for". Even though he survived, he felt bad about cheating the Buddhist pundits to learn about Buddhism.  He decided to take "samadhi" by burning himself on a pile of peanut shells, which is said to be the most torturous death, to free himself from the sin of cheating. This character study can be found in the works of Pandurang Shastri Athavale.  One medieval work on the life of Sankara (considered most accurate) claims that Sankara challenged Bhaṭṭa to a debate on his deathbed. Kumārila Bhaṭṭa could not debate Sankara and instead directed him to argue with his student Mandana Misra in Mahishi village in Mithila. He said:  Another work on Sankara's life, however, claims that Sankara implored Kumārila not to commit suicide. Another contradictory legend, however, says that Kumārila continued to live on with two wives and several students, one of whom was Prabhākara. According to this legend, Kumārila died in Varanasi at the age of 80.

Scholars differ as regards Kumārila Bhaṭṭa's views on a personal God. For example, Manikka Vachakar believed that Bhaṭṭa promoted a personal God (saguna brahman), which conflicts with the Mīmāṃsā school. In his "Varttika", Kumārila Bhaṭṭa goes to great lengths to argue against the theory of a creator God and held that the actions enjoined in the Veda had definite results without an external interference.

Kumárila, též Kumárila Bhatta, byl indický hinduistický filozof ze 7.-8. století, představitel školy zvané mímánsá, interpret děl zakladatele mímánsy Džaiminiho. Kumárila měl v mládí konvertovat k buddhismu, ale pak se prý vrátil k hinduismu a stal se velkým zastáncem Véd a jimi přikazovaných rituálů. Jezdil po Indii a absolvoval řadu polemických disputací s buddhisty a džainisty. Jeho žákem byl Prabhákara, který také vykládal Džaiminiho. Kumárila zasáhl do mnoha oblastí, ceněna je jeho epistemologie, filozofie jazyka, hermeneutika, poetika, ale podnikl výpady i do oblasti právní teorie a historiografie. Současné filozofy nejvíce zaujal jeho pojem "svataḥ prāmāṇya" (zhruba: vnitřní spolehlivost, vnitřní jistota). Rozvíjel též koncept mókši.


Phonology.

Michif as recorded starting in the 1970s combined two separate phonological systems: one for French origin elements, and one for Cree origin elements (Rhodes 1977, 1986). For instance, /y/, /l/, /r/ and /f/ exist only in French words, whereas preaspirated stops such as and exist only in Cree words. In this variety of Michif, the French elements were pronounced in ways that have distinctively Canadian French values for the vowels, while the Cree elements have distinctively Cree values for vowels. Nonetheless, there is some Cree influence on French words in the stress system (Rosen 2006). But by the year 2000 there were Michif speakers who had collapsed the two systems into a single system (Rosen 2007).

Vowels.

Michif has eleven oral vowels and four nasalized vowels.

Nasalized vowels.

The following four vowels are nasalized in Michif:

Schwa-deletion.

A schwa /ə/ appearing between two consonants in French-origin words is dropped in Michif. Examples of this process are listed in the table below.

Liaison consonants.

In French, a liaison is used to bridge the gap between word-final and word-initial vowel sounds. Whether liaison still exists in Michif is a much discussed theoretical issue. Scholars such as Bakker (1997), Rhodes (1986), and Rosen (2007) have suggested that liaison no longer exists in Michif and that all words that etymologically began with a vowel in French now begin with a consonant, the latter resulting from a variety of sources, including a liaison consonant. Their arguments are based on the fact that the expected liaison consonant (for example, /n/) will not show up and instead, the consonant will be /z/, as in "in zur" 'a bear' The above authors cite over a dozen words with an unexpected initial consonant. Papen (2003, 2014) has countered this argument by showing that, statistically, the vast majority of so-called initial consonants in Michif reflect the expected liaison consonant and that only about 13% of so-called initial consonants are unexpected. Moreover, Papen points out that one of the so-called initial consonant is /l/, which in nearly all cases, represents the elided definite article "l" (from "li"), in which case it cannot be a liaison consonant, since liaison consonants may not have grammatical or semantic meaning. Thus in a sequence such as "larb" the meaning is not simply 'tree' but 'the tree', where initial "l" has the meaning of 'the', and /l/ is initial only in a phonetic sense, but not in a phonological one, since it represents a distinct morpheme from 'arb', and thus "arb" must be considered as phonologically vowel-initial.

Palatalization.

The voiced alveolar stop /d/ in French-origin words is palatalized to /dʒ/ in Michif, as in Acadian French. This may occur word-initially or word-internally before front vowels.

Vocabulary.

A comparison of some common words in English, French, Michif, and Cree:

Syntax.

Noun phrase.

Nouns are almost always accompanied by a French-origin determiner or a possessive.  Cree-origin demonstratives can be added to noun phrases, in which case the Cree gender (animate or inanimate) is that of the corresponding Cree noun.  Adjectives are French-origin (Cree has no adjectives), and as in French they are either pre- or postnominal. Prenominal adjectives agree in gender (like French), however, postnominal adjectives do not agree in gender (unlike French).

Verb phrase.

The verb phrase is that of Plains Cree-origin with little reduction (there are no dubitative or preterit verb forms).

Word order.

Michif word order is basically that of Cree (relatively free). However, the more French-origin elements are used, the closer the syntax seems to conform to norms of spoken French.

Lexicon.

Nouns: 83-94% French-origin; others are mostly Cree-origin, Ojibwe-origin, or English-origin Verbs: 88-99% Cree-origin Question words: Cree-origin Personal pronouns: Cree Postpositions: Cree-origin Prepositions: French-origin Conjunctions: 55% Cree-origin; 40% French-origin Numerals: French-origin Demonstratives: Cree-origin  The Lord's Prayer in English, French, and Michif:

Language genesis.

In languages of mixed ethnicities, the language of the mother usually provides the grammatical system, while the language of the father provides the lexicon. The reasons are as follows: children tend to know their mother’s language better; in the case of the Métis, the men were often immigrants, whereas the women were native to the region. If the bilingual children need to use either of their parents’ languages to converse with outsiders, it is most likely to be the language of their mothers. Thus, the model of language-mixing predicts that Michif should have a Cree grammatical system and French lexicon. Michif, however, has Cree verb phrases and French noun phrases. The explanation for this unusual distribution of Cree and French elements in Michif lies in the polysynthetic nature of Cree morphology. In Cree, verbs can be very complex with up to twenty morphemes, incorporated nouns and unclear boundaries between morphemes. In other words, in Cree verbs it is very difficult to separate grammar from lexicon. As a result, in Michif the grammatical and bound elements are almost all Cree, and the lexical and free elements are almost all French; verbs are almost totally Cree, because the verb consists of grammatical and bound elements. Seen in this way, it can be argued that Michif is fundamentally Cree, but with heavy French borrowing (somewhat like Maltese, a mixed Arabic-Italian language classified as fundamentally Arabic).

Language revitalization.

Métis cultural centres such as the Michif Cultural and Métis Resource Institute in St. Albert, Alberta, the Métis Culture and Heritage Resource Centre in Winnipeg, and the Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research are attempting to revive the language through public outreach.  As of 2013, the "Northern Journal" reports that "Aboriginal language and culture is becoming increasingly visible" in Alberta, as Alberta's Northland School Division, "serving mostly First Nations and Métis students in the northern part of the province" has expanded its community partnerships and culture camps.

Michif (also Mitchif, Mechif, Michif-Cree, Métif, Métchif, French Cree) is the language of the Métis people of Canada and the United States, who are the descendants of First Nations women (mainly Cree, Nakota and Ojibwe) and fur trade workers of European ancestry (mainly French and Scottish Canadians). Michif emerged in the early 19th century as a mixed language (not to be confused with a creole) and adopted a consistent character between about 1820 and 1840.

Michif (též Mitchif, Mechif, Michif-Cree, Métif, Métchif, Francouzská kríjština) je smíšený jazyk, kterým se mluví v Kanadě a malé části USA. Vznikl smísením francouzštiny a kríjštiny. Kromě toho byl jazyk ještě ovlivněn angličtinou a dalším indiánskými jazyky. Tímto jazykem mluví míšenci Indiánů a Francouzů.


Biography.

Born with the surname Chen () in Huarong District, Jing Prefecture (now Hubei), Zhiyi left home to become a monk at eighteen, after the loss of his parents and his hometown Jiangling that fell to the Western Wei army when Zhiyi was seventeen. At 23, he received his most important influences from his first teacher, Nanyue Huisi (515–577 CE), a meditation master who would later be listed as Zhiyi's predecessor in the Tiantai lineage. After a period of study with Huisi (560–567), he spent some time working in the southern capital of Jiankang. Then in 575 he went to Tiantai mountain for intensive study and practice with a group of disciples. Here he worked on adapting the Indian meditation principles of śamatha and vipaśyanā (translated as "zhi" and "guan") into a complex system of self-cultivation practice that also incorporated devotional rituals and confession/repentance rites. Then in 585 he returned to Jinling, where he completed his monumental commentarial works on the Lotus Sutra, the Fahua wenzhu (587 CE), and the Fahua xuanyi (593 CE).  Chappell holds that Zhiyi: "...provided a religious framework which seemed suited to adapt to other cultures, to evolve new practices, and to universalize Buddhism."

Important works.

Zhiyi's "Lesser treatise on Concentration and Insight" ("Xiao Zhiguan"/"Hsiao chih-kuan") was probably the first practical manual of meditation available to the Chinese and with its direct influence on the Tso-chan-i was very influential in the development of Chan meditation.  Rujun Wu identifies the of Zhiyi as the seminal text of the Tiantai school. Among Zhiyi's many important works are the "Liumiao Famen",, and. Of the works attributed to him (although many may have been written by his disciples), about thirty are extant.

View on śamatha-vipaśyanā.

Zhiyi's "Hsiao chih-kuan" () offers an exposition of the practice of śamatha (calming or cessation) and vipaśyanā (wise seeing or contemplation). Zhiyi's "Hsiao chih-kuan" states:There are many ways to enter the true reality of nirvana, but none that is more essential or that goes beyond the twofold method of cessation-and-contemplation. The reason is that “cessation” is the preliminary gate for overcoming the bonds [of passionate afflictions]; “contemplation” is the proper requisite for severing delusions. “Cessation” provides good nourishment for nurturing the mind; “contemplation” is the sublime technique for arousing spiritual understanding. “Cessation” is the preeminent cause for [attaining] dhyanic concentration; “contemplation” is the basis [for the accumulation of] of wisdom. If one perfects the twofold aspects of concentration (samadhi) and wisdom, then one is fully endowed with the aspects of both benefiting oneself and benefiting others.Zhiyi also notes that its necessary to have a balance between śamatha and vipaśyanā:It should be known that these two aspects are like the two wheels of a cart, or the two wings of a bird; if one side is cultivated disproportionately, then one falls prey to mistaken excess.

Four Samadhis.

Zhiyi developed a curriculum of practice which was distilled into the 'Four Samadhis' (Chinese: 四種三昧; pinyin: si zhong sanmei). These Four Samadhi were expounded in Zhiyi's "'Mohe Zhiguan"' (Chinese: 摩訶止観, Jpn.: "Makashikan"). The "Mohe Zhiguan" is the magnum opus of Zhiyi's maturity and is held to be a "grand summary" of the Buddhist Tradition according to his experience and understanding at that time. The text of the "Mohe Zhiguan" was refined from lectures Zhiyi gave in 594 in the capital city of Jinling and was the sum of his experience at Mount Tiantai c.585 and inquiry thus far. Parsing the title, 'zhi' refers to "ch’an meditation and the concentrated and quiescent state attained thereby" and 'guan' refers to "contemplation and the wisdom attained thereby". Swanson reports that Zhiyi held that there are two modes of zhi-guan: that of sitting in meditation 坐, and that of “responding to objects in accordance with conditions” 歷緣對境, which is further refined as abiding in the natural state of a calm and insightful mind under any and all activities and conditions.  Swanson states that Zhiyi in the "Mohe Zhiguan": ...is critical of an unbalanced emphasis on “meditation alone,” portraying it as a possible “extreme” view and practice, and offering instead the binome zhi-guan 止觀 (calming/cessation and insight/contemplation, śamatha-vipaśyanā) as a more comprehensive term for Buddhist practice. The "Samadhi of One Practice" (Skt. "Ekavyūha Samādhi"; Ch. 一行三昧) which is also known as the "samadhi of oneness" or the "calmness in which one realizes that all dharmas are the same" ("Wing-tsit Chan"), is one of the "Four Samadhi" that both refine, mark the passage to, and qualify the state of perfect enlightenment expounded in the "Mohe Zhiguan". The term "Samadhi of Oneness" was subsequently used by Daoxin.  The Four Samadhis are:

The Five Periods and Eight Teachings of the Buddha.

In order to provide a comprehensive framework for Buddhist doctrine, Zhiyi classified the various Buddhist sutras into the Five Periods and Eight Teachings (). These were also known as "goji hakkyō" in Japanese and "osi palgyo" (오시팔교) in Korean. According to Zhiyi, the five periods of the Buddha's teachings were as follows:  These were compared in order to the five stages of milk: fresh milk, cream, curds, butter and ghee (clarified butter).  Further. the teachings of the Buddha were organized into four types based on the capacity of listener:  and four types of sources:  Together these were the Eight Teachings of the Buddha attributed to Zhiyi.

Three Thousand Realms in a Single Moment of Life.

Zhiyi taught the principle of Three Thousand Realms in a Single Thought Moment () (J. "Ichinen Sanzen") in his 'Great Concentration and Insight', based on the Lotus Sutra. The number 'Three Thousand' is derived from the Ten Worlds, multiplied by ten [because of the Mutual Possession of the Ten Worlds], which gives 100, multiplied by ten [the Ten Factors listed in Ch. 2 of the Lotus Sutra which gives 1,000. 1,000 multiplied by 3 [the Three Realms of Existence: Self, Other, and Environment] which gives 3,000.  Volume 5 of Great Concentration and Insight states:

Zhiyi () (538–597 CE) is traditionally listed as the fourth patriarch, but is generally considered the founder of the Tiantai tradition of Buddhism in China. His standard title was Śramaṇa Zhiyi (Ch. 沙門智顗), linking him to the broad tradition of Indian asceticism. Zhiyi is famous for being the first in the history of Chinese Buddhism to elaborate a complete, critical and systematic classification of the Buddhist teachings. He is also regarded as the first major figure to make a significant break from the Indian tradition, to form an indigenous Chinese system.

Č’-i (, 538–597) byl čínský buddhistický filozof, zakladatel školy a sekty Tchien-tchaj, jejímž byl čtvrtým patriarchou. Jako první z čínských buddhistů vypracoval komplexní filozofický systém, čímž umožnil čínskému buddhistickému myšlení, aby získalo autonomii na indickém a mohlo se rozvíjet samostatně a originálně. K nejoceňovanějším patří jeho práce o meditaci, na niž kladl velký důraz. Mnichem se stal v 17 letech, jeho učitelem byl Chuej-s’. Jeho sekta byla vůdčí náboženskou silou v Číně v 8. – 9. století, v současnosti má silnou základnu v Japonsku, kde se k ní hlásí 5 milionů věřících.


Club career.

Guingamp.

Anthony Patrick Knockaert, who was born in Roubaix, began his professional career with Guingamp, having previously spent his youth career at Wasquehal, Leers, Lens, Mouscron and Lesquin. While progressing in the youth at Lesquin, he almost joined Leeds United in September 2008, but both parties could not agree terms after Lens intervened in the transfer and the fee would involved in compensation. At some point on progressing his youth career, Knockaert thought about considering quitting football after being told by the Lens' management that he was released because he was small at the time.  It was not until the summer of 2009 when he moved to Guingamp, where he signed his first professional contract. It was not until on 30 July 2010 when he made his Guingamp debut in the first round of the Coupe de la Ligue, scoring in a 2–1 win over Grenoble. After playing 120 minutes, in a 3–2 win over Evian in the second round of the Coupe de la Ligue, he scored his second goal in the Coupe de la Ligue, in a 3–2 win over on 22 September 2010. Seven days later, on 29 September 2010, he made his league debut, making his first start and played 69 minutes before being substituted, in a 5–0 win over Gap. Soon after, he signed a three-year contract with the club on 6 October 2010 Knockaert then scored his first league goals, in a 6–0 win over Maccabi Paris Métropole on 22 April 2011. After helping the club's promotion to Ligue 2, he made 27 appearances scoring 4 times in all competitions.  In the 2011–12 season, Knockaert started the season well when he scored twice in a 2–0 win over Vannes in the second round of the Coupe de la Ligue on 9 August 2011. Weeks later, on 9 September 2011, he scored his first goal of the season, in a 2–1 loss against Reims. It was not until on 17 October 2011 when he scored again, in a 4–1 win over AS Monaco. In the ten matches between on 19 December 2011 and 16 March 2012, he scored six times against Sedan, Istres, Boulogne, Le Havre, Troyes and Lens. Knockaert then scored three more goals later in the season, scoring twice against Metz and once against Clermont. He finished the 2011–12 season making 38 appearances and scoring thirteen times in all competitions.  At the end of the season, Knockaert's performance at Guingamp attracted interests from clubs around Europe, such as English side Newcastle United, and Portuguese side Benfica, as well as being linked with his native country side Montpellier.

Leicester City.

On 1 August 2012, Knockaert moved to Leicester City on a three-year contract. The transfer fee was undisclosed before the transfer fee was revealed as £2.5 million.  Knockaert made his Leicester City debut on 18 August 2012, where he came on as a substitute for Lloyd Dyer in the second half, in a 2–0 win over Peterborough United. he then scored his first goal for Leicester with a free-kick against Burton Albion in the League Cup on 28 August 2012. His first league goals came in a 2–0 win at Huddersfield Town on 2 October 2012. The first was a 35-yard shot into the top corner, while the second saw him flick the ball in from behind with his left heel, after a cross from left-back Paul Konchesky. By the end 2012, he scored two more goals against Ipswich Town and Barnsley. On 1 January 2013, he scored another two league goals for the club in the reverse fixture against Huddersfield Town with Leicester City winning 6–1 and then scored another by the end of January, with a 2–1 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers. On 4 May 2013, he scored the winning goal in a 3–2 victory over Nottingham Forest at the City Ground that got Leicester City into a playoff place. Following his performance against Forest, which also contained an assist for Andy King's 50th Leicester goal, Knockaert was named in the Championship Team of the Week, alongside King. However, in the 2013 Playoff semi-final second leg, with the aggregate scores level he won a penalty for Leicester City deep into stoppage time. He opted to take the penalty himself but it was saved by Watford goalkeeper Manuel Almunia who also saved the follow-up. With the ball still in play, and with Knockaert standing still and making no effort to win back the ball, Watford broke quickly and scored just seconds later to go through. Despite this, he went on to win both Young Player of the Year and Goal of the Season against Huddersfield Town and finished his first season making 47 appearances and scoring nine times in all competitions.  In the 2013–14 season, Knockaert scored his first goal of the 2013–14 season in the 5–2 League Cup victory away to Carlisle United and scored again in the second round of the League Cup with a 30-yard free kick at home to Derby County and then assisted Danny Drinkwater's winning goal in a 2nd half come back in the 3rd round victory. Despite his good performances, he did not score his first league goal until Leicester's 3–0 away win against Watford. After scoring three more goals from December to early-January against Sheffield Wednesday, Bolton Wanderers and Millwall, He was a regular member of a settled side that went unbeaten from early December until 5 April, when promotion was assured after losses by third placed QPR and fourth placed Derby County. Knockaert had scored the winning goal from a free-kick in a Friday night fixture the day before, at home to Sheffield Wednesday. He went on to finish the 2014–15 season making 50 appearances and scoring 7 times in all competitions.  In the 2014–15 season, Knockaert made his first Premier League appearance in the opening game of the season, where he played 64 minutes before being substituted, in a 2–2 draw against Everton. However, he struggled to regain his first team place, owing to the performances of Nick Powell, Marc Albrighton and Danny Simpson. In effort to fight for the first team place, he was sent to play for the club's reserves, which he did for the most of the season. Despite being rumoured to be loaned out to clubs in the Championship throughout the season, manager Pearson blocked his loan move from happening unless the squad was strengthened. Nevertheless, Knockaert made 11 appearances in the 2014–15 season in all competitions.  At the end of the 2014–15 season, Knockaert's contract was set to expire and he began talks with the club over a new contract, with manager Pearson revealing that he was given a "fair contract offer". However, he rejected a contract, revealing he had been offered a four-year contract. Despite this, Knockaert made a farewell message to Leicester City supporters upon leaving the club, stating that he would not forget the club.

Standard Liège.

On 4 June 2015, it was announced that Knockaert had joined Standard Liège on a free transfer. It came after the club had begun to open talks with Knockaert the month before.  Knockaert started well on his Standard Liège debut when he scored his first goal for the club despite losing 2–1 to Kortrijk in the opening game of the season. Five days later, he scored again, but this time in an UEFA Europa League match against Željezničar Sarajevo, as well as setting up a goal in a 2–1 win. Following this, he scored again in the league on 15 August 2015, in a 1–1 draw against Mouscron and scoring two weeks later, in a UEFA Europa League against Molde in the return leg, in a 3–1 win, but was eliminated following an away goal from Molde. Despite this, he scored three more goals by the end of 2015 against Gent, Genk and Mechelen. However, in a match against Oud-Heverlee Leuven on 26 September 2015, Knockaert reacted furiously via Twitter when he substituted during the second half, in a 2–2 draw. Following, he soon apologised the way he behaved and vowed to be calmer next time.  Between July 2015 and January 2016, Knockaert made 20 appearances and scored 5 goals in 2015–16 for the club despite missing out a game, due to suspension after picking a yellow card for the fifth time this season against Anderlecht on 8 November 2015. On 6 January 2016, Standard confirmed they had accepted an offer from Championship side Brighton & Hove Albion with the player set to travel to England to agree personal terms.

Brighton & Hove Albion.

2015–16 season.

On 7 January 2016, Brighton & Hove Albion confirmed the signing of Knockaert for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract. Upon joining the club, he said the move interested him, citing the club's ambition as the reason he returned to England.  Knockaert made his Brighton debut five days after signing with the club on 12 January 2016, playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 defeat against Rotherham United. He soon began to have an impact at Brighton, setting up two assists for his team in a 2–1 win over Huddersfield Town on 23 January 2016. He scored his first goal for Brighton in a 3–0 win over Brentford on 5 February 2016.  Knockaert was a key performer for Brighton in April 2016, scoring against Burnley, Fulham and twice against Queens Park Rangers, as the club pushed for automatic promotion. His performances in April earned him the Player of the Month award. Despite Brighton's unsuccessful attempt to reach promotion to the Premier League after losing in the play-offs, Knockaert impressed for the club, making 16 appearances and scoring 5 times.

2016–17 season.

In the 2016–17 season, Knockaert was linked with a move to recently relegated side Newcastle United, but Brighton rejected their bid. He began the season well, scoring three goals for Brighton in their first five matches against Nottingham Forest, Rotherham United and Reading. He also began playing in advanced role behind Tomer Hemed up front. He scored again for Brighton on 13 September 2016, in a 1–0 win over Huddersfield Town. In October 2016, Knockaert scored against Sheffield Wednesday, and also contributed to Brighton's 5–0 drubbing of Norwich City.  On 3 March 2017, Knockaert signed a new four-year contract extension with the club, expiring in June 2021. On 9 April 2017, he was named EFL's Championship Player of the Year having scored 13 goals in 40 games at that stage of the season. He finished the season with 15 goals in 45 appearances in the league and overall where Brighton were promoted to the Premier League.

2017–18 season.

Brighton's first match in the top flight for 34 years was at home to eventual champions Manchester City. Knockaert was brought on to replace Solly March in the 75th minute with Brighton trailing 2–0, the scoreline that the game finished. Knockaert scored his first Premier League goal on 15 October 2017, in a 1–1 home draw against Everton. He scored his second Premier League goal for Brighton on 1 January 2018, the opening goal in a 2–2 draw against AFC Bournemouth. On 10 March Knockaert was sent off for the first time in the Premier League away against Everton as a result of an in air two footed challenge. (Brighton were already 2–0 down in the 2–0 defeat). Knockaert played in the 1–0 home victory over Manchester Utd on 4 May 2018 which secured Albion's Premier League status. BBC Sport's Emlyn Begley described Knockaert and fellow winger Jose Izquierdo as "fantastic" in this game.

2018–19 season.

On 5 January 2019 Knockaert scored his first ever FA Cup goal in a 3–1 away win against south coast rivals Bournemouth in the third round. On 9 March Knockaert scored a screamer which turned out to be the winner against bitter rivals Crystal Palace where it finished 2–1 at Selhurst Park. This win meant Brighton won the double over Palace. Knockaert's goal also won the Premier League Goal Of The Month for March. On 13 April Knockaert was sent off for the second time in his Premier League career. Albion were 2–0 down against Bournemouth at the time of the red card and went on to be beaten 5–0 at home.

Fulham (loan).

On 21 July 2019, it was announced that Knockaert had joined Fulham on a season-long loan from Brighton & Hove Albion with an option to make the move permanent. On 3 August, Knockaert made his debut coming on as a sub away against Barnsley with Fulham losing 1–0, the scoreline it finished at. Knockaert scored his first goal for Fulham in a 4–0 home thrashing of Millwall on 21 August.

International career.

After representing France U20, Knockaert was called up by France U21 for the first time and made his France U21 debut, scoring in a 2–1 win over Chile U20 on 10 September 2012. He went on to make two more France U21 appearances against Norway U21 on 12 October 2012 and 16 October 2012.

Personal life.

In 2015, Knockaert was given a personal leave by the club after his father, Patrick, became ill. The following year, when his father died on 3 November 2016, he sat out of the match against Bristol City. It was not the first time he suffered a tragedy: he lost his elder brother, Steve, in 2011 and after scoring in a 3–0 win against Nottingham Forest, Knockaert dedicated his goal to his late brother.  In September 2018 he revealed his struggles with mental health issues.

Honours.

Guingamp  Leicester City  Brighton & Hove Albion  Individual

Anthony Patrick Knockaert (born 20 November 1991) is a French professional footballer who plays as a winger for Championship club Fulham, on loan from Brighton & Hove Albion of the.

Anthony Knockaert (* 20. listopadu 1991, Roubaix, Francie) je francouzský fotbalový útočník, od ledna 2016 hráč anglického klubu Brighton & Hove Albion FC. Hraje zejména na postu pravého křídla. Mimo Francii působil na klubové úrovni v Belgii a Anglii. Mezi jeho oblíbené fotbalisty patří francouzský záložník alžírského původu Zinédine Zidane a Argentinec Lionel Messi.


History.

Archaeological evidence suggests the site, like those of many churches in Rome, may have formerly housed a pagan temple. The first documentary evidence of a church at this site is the reference in the synod of Pope Symmachus of AD 499 of a "Titulus Damasi". According to tradition, in the AD 380s a basilica church was erected by Pope Damasus I in his own residence. This church is one of many in Rome dedicated to St. Lawrence, including the more ancient and then extra-urban Basilica di San Lorenzo Fuori le Mura, that was rebuilt by the same Pope Damasus I. The original basilica of San Lorenzo in Damaso was demolished by Cardinal Raffaele Riario, a nephew of Pope Sixtus IV who commissioned the imposing Renaissance-style Palazzo della Cancelleria (1489–1513). The palace was built of spolia and stone from nearby ancient Roman buildings, including the Colosseum, and enveloped the new basilica of San Lorenzo in Damaso under the right wing; the entrance is located at Number 1, Piazza della Cancelleria, on the right flank of the facade.  The architect of the basilica, like that of the Palace of the Chancellery, is unknown. The design of the Palace has been attributed to Francesco di Giorgio Martini and Baccio Pontelli, while Filippo Titi suggests Donato Bramante and other authors have cited Giuliano da Sangallo and Andrea Bregno. Titi also independently attributed reconstruction of the basilica to Bramante. The last restoration was necessary after a fire damaged the basilica in 1944.  The inscriptions in the basilica are valuable illustrations of the history of the Roman Catholic Church, and were collected and published by Vincenzo Forcella.  The Cardinal Priest of the "Titulus S. Laurentii in Damaso" is Antonio Rouco Varela, Archbishop of Madrid, Spain.

Interior.

The interior decoration was begun by commissions of the resident of the Palace, Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, in the late 16th century. Cavaliere d'Arpino painted the walls of the right counter-facade. The main altar hosts the painting of "Saints and Coronation of St. Mary" by Federico Zuccari. Below the altar are the relics of Pope St. Eutychian and Pope St. Damasus I. To the left of the altar is a copy of a statue of "St. Hippolytus of Rome"; the original is a restored antique statue in the Vatican Library. Tradition holds that St. Lawrence instigated the conversion of St. Hippolytus to the Catholic Faith. This copy was commissioned for the basilica by Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni. Vignola designed the portal. Immediately to the right of the entrance is the memorial to Alessandro Valtrini, a minister of Pope Urban VIII, that Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed in 1639. The second vestibule has statues of St. Francis Xavier and St. Charles Borromeo by Stefano Maderno.

Chapels.

To the right of the entrance is a chapel designed by Nicola Salvi and commissioned by Cardinal Tommaso Ruffo in the late 18th century. The ceiling is frescoed with "Glory of San Nicola" by Corrado Giaquinto, and the altarpiece of "Virgin with Sts. Philip Neri and Nicolò" was painted by Sebastiano Conca. To the left of the entrance is the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament, which was commissioned by Cardinal Ottoboni and frescoed by Andrea Casali. The altarpiece is the "Last Supper" by Vincenzo Berrettini. Inside the basilica, the first chapel to the right of the nave has a 19th-century monument to Prince Camillo Massimi and his wife, by Filippo Gnaccarini and Pietro Tenerani, respectively.  The second chapel to the right has the tomb of Pellegrino Rossi, the last minister of the Papal States under Bl. Pope Pius IX, by Pietro Tenerani. His murder in 1848 in the adjacent Palace was one of the events that led to the ensconcement of the Pope in the Vatican City and the annexation of the Papal States to the Kingdom of Italy.  The first chapel to the left has the tomb and funerary monument of Cardinal Ludovico Trevisan, Patriarch of Aquileia, with a recumbent statue by Paolo Romano.  The second chapel to the left contains the tomb of Fra Annibal Caro (1566) by Giovanni Antonio Dosio.  A chapel near the sacristy has an altarpiece depicting the "Madonna delle Gioie" by Nicolò Circignani, denominated "il Pomarancio", and two silver statues of St. Lawrence and St. Damaso by Ciro Ferri.  A further chapel is dedicated to the Sacred Heart of the Agonizing Jesus, and contains a portrait of Pope Leo XIII proclaiming the statutes of the Pious Union of the Sacred Heart of Jesus by the chapel's 19th century architect Vincenzo De Rossi Re. The founding of this fraternity was celebrated in the basilica in 1883.  The Chapel of the Santissima Concezione was completed and frescoed (1635-8) by a young Pietro da Cortona. Other works include the monument of Cardinal Trevisan (1505).

The Minor Basilica of St. Lawrence in Damaso (Basilica Minore di San Lorenzo in Damaso) or simply San Lorenzo in Damaso is a parish and titular church in central Rome, Italy that is dedicated to St. Lawrence, deacon and martyr. It is incorporated into the Palazzo della Cancelleria, which enjoys the extraterritoriality of the Holy See.

Bazilika svatého Vavřince in Damaso (Basilica Minore di San Lorenzo in Damaso), nebo jednoduše San Lorenzo in Damaso je farní a titulární kostel v centru Říma v Itálii, jeden z řady římských kostelů zasvěcených svatému Vavřinci, jáhnu a mučedníku. Kostel je stavebně začleněn do paláce Palazzo della Cancelleria, který má exteritorialitu Svatého stolce.


Background.

The Unite the Right rally was a white supremacist rally that occurred in Charlottesville, Virginia from August 11 to 12, 2017. Jason Kessler, the organizer of the rally, had been protesting for months the proposed removal of a statue of Robert E. Lee in Emancipation Park in Charlottesville.  Individuals and groups of different beliefs and tactics demonstrated against the rally. Many counter-protesters were ready to turn out despite the threat of violence. Protesters and some militant counter-protesters were attacking each other.  On August 12, 2017, a maroon Honda Odyssey and a white Toyota Camry sedan behind it were driving down the

Attack.

At around 1:45 p.m. on August 12, 2017, the 2010 Dodge Challenger impacted a crowd of counter-protesters while driving at a high speed. The speed was estimated between 23–28 mph (37–45 km/h) by a police crash reconstructionist. It audibly rammed pedestrians and struck the white sedan. The impact accelerated the sedan to 17.1 mph (27.5 km/h). The impact reportedly "[shoved] tons of metal into the crowd" and sent people "flying through the air" and over another car near the intersection with Water Street East. The struck vehicle also hit the maroon minivan ahead, "sending that vehicle into more pedestrians". A few seconds after the initial impact, some in the crowd began hitting the car with objects including a baseball bat, and Fields drove in reverse—hitting more people—with his car's front bumper "scraping the road." Pedestrians who had avoided the attack chased Fields along Fourth Street.  Fields backed up at a high speed for several blocks, and then turned left and sped off down Market Street. A Virginia State Police Bell 407 helicopter, that crashed about three hours later, was following the car and relaying its route to ground units. A deputy stopped and arrested Fields on Monticello Avenue, about a mile from the attack. The deputy waited for the police to arrive, and detective Steven Young came from the police department. According to Young, Fields kept apologizing and asked if anyone was injured. When Young told him that a person had died, Fields appeared shocked and started to cry. Young said that the Dodge had holes in the rear window and heavy front-end damage; Young said that the car was "splattered" with blood and flesh. A pair of blue sunglasses was stuck in the spoiler on the car's trunk.

Immediate aftermath.

Heather Heyer, a 32-year-old woman, was fatally injured in the attack, and died at the University of Virginia Medical Center. Initially, nineteen injuries were reported, as twenty patients were taken at the University of Virginia Medical Center. In the evening, five people were in critical condition and fourteen others were being treated for lesser injuries. Nine people had been discharged and ten remained hospitalized

Perpetrator.

James Alex Fields Jr. (born April 26, 1997) was the driver of the car. Fields grew up with his mother Samantha Bloom, a paraplegic, in Florence, Kentucky. After living in southwest Florence for ten years, they moved to Monclova Township, Lucas County, Ohio for her job in late 2016. Fields' mother told the "Toledo Blade" that he had "recently moved out on his own."  Until his arrest in Charlottesville, Fields worked for about two years as a security guard in Ohio; he earned per hour and his income was $650 every two weeks. According to acquaintances, Fields "filled his time" playing video games and working at a local grocery store.  According to Fields' high school history teacher, Derek Weimer, Fields was prescribed an antipsychotic as anger management medication after he had been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Fields told a judge that he was receiving treatment for bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).  Fields' father was killed in a car crash on December 5, 1996, five months before he was born. Bloom's parents died in a murder-suicide when she was 16 on August 21, 1984 when Bloom's father, 42 year-old self-employed contractor Marvin, killed his 37-year-old ex-wife Judy and himself.

Biography.

Fields threatened his mother with violence on multiple occasions. In November 2010, she locked herself in a bathroom, afraid of her son. Fields's mother reported to the police that he had threatened to beat her, took her phone, struck her head, and put his hands over her mouth after she told him to stop playing video games. In February 2011, Fields's mother reported to the police at 5:20 a.m. that he had not come home; she said that he was wearing a T-shirt and shorts. Two hours later, she reported to the police that Fields "was home and acting lethargic;" he threatened to run away "if police came to the condo." In October 2011, Fields threatened her with a knife; she called the police the next day to say that her son had been "very threatening" toward her and that she was scared and did not feel in control of the situation because she was in a wheelchair. In November 2011, Fields spat in his mother's face and threatened her, and a woman requested

Ideology.

An ex-schoolmate of Fields said that Fields would draw swastikas and talk about "loving Hitler" as early as middle school. Fields' high school history teacher said that Fields was "deeply into Adolf Hitler and white supremacy." The teacher, Derek Weimer, reportedly taught Fields in three classes at Randall K. Cooper High School and "had regular interaction with him after classes and during free time." He told "The Cincinnati Enquirer", "I'm sure if you would ask James he would say I was his favorite or one of his favorite teachers." Weimer said that Fields was "a very bright kid but very

Investigation and prosecution.

Fields was initially charged with one count of second-degree murder, three counts of malicious wounding, and one count of hit and run. Fields appeared in court on August 14, via video from jail, and was denied bail. Fields said that he could not afford a lawyer; a private attorney was appointed by the judge, as a public defender could not be appointed due to a conflict of interest. By August 17 he was represented by Denise Y. Lunsford, replacing Charles L. Weber. The next hearing for Fields was set for August 25.  On August 12, the Justice Department (DOJ) announced a joint civil rights investigation into the incident conducted by the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. NPR's Carrie Johnson reported that investigators wanted to know whether Fields had crossed state lines with the intent to commit violence. A Department of Justice official said that they would "investigate whether others may have been involved in planning the attack." Lisa Monaco, Homeland Security Advisor to President Barack Obama, raised the question of whether the attack would be investigated as domestic terrorism. Attorney General Jeff Sessions said on "Good Morning America" on August 14 that the attack met the definition of domestic terrorism. Attorney General Jeff Sessions said that civil rights division FBI agents and FBI terrorism investigators were working on the case. FBI Director Christopher A. Wray said that the attack met the definition of domestic terrorism.  On August 19, Fields was charged with two additional counts of malicious wounding, and three counts of aggravated malicious wounding. Charlottesville Police Lieutenant Steve Upman said in a release, "The victims related to these charges suffered serious injuries and in some cases permanent physical disabilities." The investigation remained under the Charlottesville police, the FBI and the DOJ. It was also reported on August 19 that the FBI had been attempting to identify individuals who were near Fields a few minutes before the attack, and that the city police had stated multiple times that Fourth Street Southeast had not been "supposed to be open at that time" and that they were "still investigating how the street was opened and why vehicles were directed toward it."  At the preliminary hearing in December 2017, State District Court Judge Robert H. Downer Jr. certified all ten charges to a grand jury. The certified charges were one count of first-degree murder, three counts of malicious wounding, three counts of aggravated malicious wounding, two counts of felonious assault and one count of hit and run. Video footage of the surveying helicopter and surveillance video footage from a restaurant near the mall crossing were shown. Surveillance video footage from the restaurant reportedly showed the Dodge Challenger zooming past "a string of vehicles" heading south on Fourth Street Southeast.  On January 3, 2018, Fields waived his right to a speedy trial, and his trial was scheduled to begin on November 26, 2018, and last three weeks. On December 7, Fields was found guilty of first-degree murder, hit and run, and eight counts of malicious wounding. On December 11, the jury recommended life in prison for the killing of Heather Heyer along with an additional 419 years for the other crimes committed which break down to 70 years for each of five malicious wounding charges, 20 for each of three malicious wounding charges, and nine years on one charge of leaving the scene of an accident. The judge affirmed the sentence on July 15, 2019, sentencing Fields to life in prison with an additional 419 years.

Heather Heyer.

Heather Danielle Heyer (May 29, 1985 – August 12, 2017) was the only person killed in the attack.  Heyer grew up in Ruckersville, Virginia, and graduated from William Monroe High School in Stanardsville, Virginia. She worked as a paralegal, bartender and waitress. She was approached by Alfred A. Wilson, the manager of the bankruptcy division at the Miller Law Group in Charlottesville. Heyer did not have a background in law; Wilson hired her at the recommendation of a friend and said that she "had an eye for detail" and was "a people person". He reportedly told her, "If you can get people to open up to you, that's what I need. I'll teach you everything about the law you need to know." She continued her job as a waitress while working at the law firm. Wilson said that Heyer did not take any vacations during her first two years at Miller Law Group. Heyer left her boyfriend after he made a racist comment about Wilson.  Heyer lived alone other than a pet dog. Heyer's friends described her "as a passionate advocate for the disenfranchised who

Reactions.

Memorial service.

A memorial service was held at the Paramount Theater, two blocks from the attack location, on August 16. More than a thousand people attended the service, many of them wearing sashes and ribbons. Present were Governor Terry McAuliffe (D-VA), Senator Tim Kaine (D-VA), Lt. Gov. Ralph Northam (D-VA) and former Counselor to the President Ed Gillespie (R-VA).  Heyer's mother Susan Bro delivered a speech calling for people to fight "as Heather would do." A standing ovation lasted nearly a minute and a half after Bro said, "They tried to kill my child to shut her up, but guess what, you just magnified her." Bro said that she

Vigils.

A vigil in remembrance of Heyer was planned for August 13 night, but was cancelled due to a "credible threat from white supremacists."

Randall K. Cooper High School.

Michael Wilson, Principal of the Randall K. Cooper High School that Fields had attended, said: "As educators, we are always using teachable moments and providing guidance to students to create college, career and life ready students to make good and sound choices.... We're all educators and we all are reflecting on what did we miss, or what could we do better. We do that with any student who may have made a wrong choice." He said that his staff sent thoughts and prayers to Charlottesville. Wilson said that the faculty members were worried about the

Public officials.

The city of Charlottesville and its City Council published a statement: "This senseless act of violence rips a hole in our collective hearts. While it will never make up for the loss of a member of our community, we will pursue charges against the driver of the vehicle that caused her death and are confident justice will prevail." Mayor Michael Signer called the attack domestic terrorism and blamed white supremacists. In a statement on August 18, Mayor Michael Signer called on the City Council to "take concrete steps to memorialize Heather's name and legacy." Signer asked the governor to convene an emergency General Assembly session to allow Charlottesville to remove the statue of Robert E. Lee.  Brian Moran, the Virginia Secretary of Public Safety, said, "He was a terrorist to do what he did."  Attorney General Jeff Sessions said in a statement, "The violence and deaths in Charlottesville strike at the heart of American law and justice. When such actions arise from racial bigotry and hatred, they betray our core values and cannot be tolerated. Justice will prevail."  On August 17, White House Deputy Press Secretary Lindsay Walters said that Trump would meet with Heyer's family.

President Trump.

U.S. President Donald Trump praised Heyer as "an incredible young woman." Heyer's mother Susan Bro thanked Trump for his August 14 remarks on the event. She wrote in a statement: "Thank you, President Trump, for those words of comfort and for denouncing those who promote violence and hatred. My condolences, also, to the grieving families of the two state troopers and quick recovery for those injured."  In an August 15 statement, widely condemned as endorsing white supremacists, Trump said:  Also on August 15, Trump said about Bro's statement on Trump's August 14 statement:  Bro initially declined to respond to Trump's August 15 statement as she was busy and tired. After Bro saw Trump's August 15 statement, she said that she would not talk to Trump.  Trump tweeted about the memorial service the morning of the day that it occurred. No Trump administration officials were present at the service.

White nationalists.

Jason Kessler, the organizer of the Unite the Right rally, said that none of the organizers knew Fields. After being unable to hold a press conference due to violence, he accused the city of "shutting down" speech and said that the city officials "failed to separate the protest groups and were ill-equipped to handle the melee that resulted." White supremacist rally speaker Richard B. Spencer placed the blame for the attack on authorities, who "failed to

Heyer's family members.

Heyer's mother Susan Bro said that she did not want people to hate Fields. She said that it was not what her daughter would have wanted.  Heyer's father Mark said that "My thoughts with all

Aftermath.

On the last day of his job, photojournalist Ryan Kelly took a photograph of the attack for "The Daily Progress", the sole daily newspaper in the vicinity of Charlottesville. On April 16, 2018, Kelly won the Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography.  Photographer Jeremiah Knupp also took a photograph of the attack, working for "The News Leader", a daily newspaper serving Staunton, Virginia and the surrounding areas. Knupp took the photograph from a pole on the parking garage, south-west of the intersection of Water Street and Fourth Street Southeast.  A GoFundMe campaign created to support Heyer's family had surpassed in a day. Fundraising websites removed campaigns that had sought to fund Fields' legal defense. The Democratic Socialists of America quickly raised, but were criticized for the convoluted application process for victims and timeliness in addressing their applications. The money raised was eventually transferred to the National Compassion Fund for management and disbursement.  Heyer's mother Susan Bro started the nonprofit Heather Heyer Foundation. It was funded from the GoFundMe campaign and from new donations. Bro said that the foundation would be devoted to civil rights and provide scholarships to people who want social justice. She quit her job as a secretary and bookkeeper for a Virginia Cooperative Extension office after the attack, and became the president and chair of the board of the Heather Heyer Foundation.  On August 15, 2017, Tadrint and Micah Washington, who were in the white sedan that was hit during the attack, filed a US$3 million lawsuit in damages against Jason Kessler, James Alex Fields Jr., Richard Spencer and 30 other groups and individuals.  Susan Bro presented the 2017 MTV Video Music Award for Best Fight Against the System.  In September 2017, New York's 25th Assembly district Representative Nily Rozic, a Democrat, filed a bill and petitioned the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation to rename the Donald J. Trump State Park in honor of Heyer.  On December 20, 2017, a part of Fourth Street Southeast in Charlottesville, where the attack occurred, was designated Honorary Heather Heyer Way.  On the afternoon of May 12, 2018, Heyer's close friend Marissa Blair married her fiancé Marcus Martin, who pushed her out of the car's way and was injured in the attack himself. During the ceremony, Blair led a butterfly release in remembrance of Heyer.  The 2018 film "BlacKkKlansman" features video footage of the attack; the film ends with a dedication to Heyer.

On August 12, 2017, James Alex Fields Jr. deliberately drove his car into a crowd of people who had been peacefully protesting the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, killing one and injuring 28. The 20-year-old Fields had driven from Ohio to attend the rally. Fields previously espoused neo-Nazi and white supremacist beliefs. He was convicted in a state court of hit and run, the first-degree murder of 32-year-old Heather Heyer, and eight counts of malicious wounding, and sentenced to life in prison with an additional 419 years in July 2019. He also pled guilty to 29 of 30 federal hate crime charges to avoid the death penalty, which also resulted in another life sentence handed down in June 2019.

Dne 12. srpna 2017 došlo k útoku automobilem ve městě Charlottesville ve Virginii. 20letý muž najel úmyslně autem do skupiny lidí protestujících proti konání neonacistického sjezdu, "Unite the Right rally". Následně byl americkým soudem odsouzen na doživotí za několik trestných činů včetně vraždy a zločinu z nenávisti.


History.

The settlement of Bogoslovsk () was founded in either 1759 or in 1769. It remained one of the largest copper production centers in the Urals until 1917. Coal deposits started to be mined in 1911. In 1941, the settlement of Bogoslovsky () merged with the nearby settlement of Ugolny () to form the town of Karpinsk.  From 1945 to 1949, there existed close to Karpinsk a labor camp for Russo-Germans and German civilians, who for the most part were forcibly displaced from East Prussia and Pomerania to be used as forced labor. They were women and men between fifteen and sixty-five years of age. Those capable of work were forced to engage in strip-mining of lignite, used in housing construction and road construction, labored in a stone quarry, and at times served as skilled laborers in various workshops. Seasonally, work brigades were sent into the taiga as forest laborers. Moreover, prisoner-of-war camp #504 for German POWs from World War II was located in Karpinsk.

Administrative and municipal status.

Within the framework of the administrative divisions, it is, together with the town of Volchansk and ten rural localities, incorporated as the Town of Karpinsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Karpinsk and eight rural localities are incorporated as Karpinsk Urban Okrug. The town of Volchansk, together with the remaining two rural localities, is incorporated separately as Volchansky Urban Okrug.

Sports.

Mikhail Sveshnikov, who is considered to be one of the best bandy players in the world, comes from the town. After the 2011-2012 season, he was acknowledged as the second best player of the national championship. He has become a citizen of honour in Karpinsk.  The local bandy club is Sputnik, where Oleg Sveshnikov, the father of Mikhail, is a coach.

Karpinsk () is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Turya River (Ob's basin), north of Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: The town is named for mineralogist and geologist Alexander Karpinsky.

Karpinsk (; do roku 1941 – "Bogoslovsk") je město ve Sverdlovské oblasti v Ruské federaci. Při sčítání lidu v roce 2010 měl bezmála třicet tisíc obyvatel.


Life.

Sozzini was born at Siena, the only son of Alessandro Sozzini and Agnese Petrucci, daughter of Borghese Petrucci b.1490, and granddaughter of Pandolfo Petrucci.  His father Alessandro Sozzini, oldest of eleven brothers, was born 1509 but died in 1541, in his thirty-second year. Fausto had no regular education, being brought up at home with his sister Fillide, and spent his youth in desultory reading at Borgo Scopeto, the family country-seat. To the able women of his family he owed the strong moral impress which marked him through life; his early intellectual stimulus came from his uncle Celso Sozzini, a nominal Roman Catholic, but an "esprit fort", founder of the short-lived "Accademia del Sizienti" (1554), of which young Fausto was a member.  In 1556 his grandfather Mariano Sozzini the younger's will, left Fausto, as only son of the oldest son, one fourth of the family estates, which made him independent. Next year he entered the "Accademia degli Intronati", the centre of intellectual life in Siena. He joined with the name "Frastagliato", while Celso had the name "Sonnacchioso". About this time the jurist Guido Panzirolo describes him as a young man of fine talent, with promise of a legal career; but he showed little interest for law, preferring to write sonnets.  In 1558–1559 the suspicion of Lutheranism fell on him in common with his uncles Celso and Camillo.

Lyons and Geneva.

Coming of age (1561) he went to Lyon, probably engaging in mercantile business; he revisited Italy after his uncle Lelio Sozzini's death; we find him in 1562 on the roll of the Italian church at Geneva; there is no trace of any relations with Calvin. He returned next year to Lyon. The evangelical position was not radical enough for him. In his "Brevis explicatio" (Lyons, 1562) of the prologue to St John's Gospel he already attributes to Christ an official, not an essential, deity – already an anti-Trinitarian position; and in a letter of 1563 rejects the immortality of the soul in favour of Christian mortalism; a position subsequently developed in his disputation with the humanist Francesco Pucci.

Florence.

Towards the end of 1563 he returned to Italy, conforming to the Roman Catholic Church, and for twelve years, as, his unpublished letters show, was in the service of Isabella de Medici, daughter of the grandduke Cosimo of Tuscany (not, as Samuel Przypkowski says, in the service of the grandduke himself). Between 1565 and 1568 he wrote the essay "Il Frastagliato Intronato". This portion of his life he regarded as wasted; till 1567 he gave some attention to legal duties, and wrote (1570) his treatise "De auctoritate s. scripturae".  In 1571 he was in Rome, probably with his patroness. He left Italy at the end of 1575, and after Isabella's death (strangled by her husband in 1576) and declined the overtures of her brother Francesco, now grand-duke, who pressed him to return. Francesco was doubtless aware of the motive which led Sozzini to quit Italy; there is every reason to believe Samuel Przypkowski's statement that the grand-duke agreed to secure to him the income of his property so long as he published nothing in his own name.

Basel.

Sozzini now fixed himself at Basel, gave himself to close study of the Bible, began translating the Psalms into Italian verse, and, in spite of increasing deafness, became a centre of theological debates. His discussion with Jacques Couet on the doctrine of salvation issued in a treatise "De Jesu Christo servatore" (finished 12 July 1578), the circulation of which in manuscript commended him to the notice of Giorgio Biandrata, court physician in Poland and Transylvania, and ecclesiastical wire puller in the interests of heterodoxy.

Transylvania.

Transylvania for a short time (1559–1571) enjoyed full religious liberty under the first -unitarian- prince, John Sigismund. The current existing ruler, Christopher Bathory, favoured the Jesuits; it was now Biandrata's object to limit the Judaic tendencies of the eloquent anti-Trinitarian bishop, Ferenc Dávid (1510–1579), with whom he had previously co-operated. A charge of the gravest sort against Biandrata's morals had destroyed his influence with David. Hence he called in Sozzini to reason with Dávid, who had renounced the worship of Christ. In Sozzini's scheme of doctrine, terms in themselves orthodox were employed in a heretical sense.  In matter of worship Sozzini distinguished between "adoratio Christi", the homage of the heart, imperative on all Christians, and "invocatio Christi", the direct address of prayer, which was simply permissive (Biandrata would have made it imperative); though in Sozzini's view, prayer, to whomsoever addressed, was received by Christ as mediator, for transmission to the father.  In November 1578 Sozzini reached Kolozsvár from Poland, and did his best, during a visit of four months and a half under Dávid's roof, to argue him into this modified doctrine of invocation. The upshot was that Dávid exerted all his powers in denouncing all "cultus" of Christ from the pulpit. Dávid's civil trial followed, on a charge of innovation. Sozzini hurried back to Poland before it began. He cannot be accused of complicity with the actions of Biandrata; he was no party to David's incarceration at the Fortress of Déva, where the old man miserably perished in less than three months. He was willing that Dávid should be prohibited from preaching pending the decision of a general synod; and his references to the case show that (as in the later instances of Jacobus Palaeologus, Christian Franken and Martin Seidel) theological aversions, though they never made him uncivil, froze up his native kindness and blinded his perceptions of character.  Biandrata ultimately conformed to the Catholic Church; hence Sozzini's laudatory dedication to him (1584) of his "De Jesu Christi natura", in reply to the Calvinist Andrew Wolan, though printed in his works, was not used.

Poland.

The remainder (1579–1604) of Sozzini's life was spent in Poland. Excluded at first by his views on baptism (which he regarded as applicable only to Gentile converts) from the "Ecclesia Minor" or anti-Trinitarian Church (largely anabaptist), he acquired by degrees a predominant influence in its synods.  He was asked by the Polish Brethren to take up the position of a champion of conscientious objection against the Belarusian Symon Budny and the Greek Unitarian Jacobus Palaeologus after Gregory Pauli of Brzeziny had become indisposed, and thereby gained some respect among the Poles.  Fausto Sozzini converted the Arian section of the "Ecclesia Minor" from belief in the pre-existence of Christ to the early Unitarian position, and from their rejection of the "invocatio Christi." He repressed the semi-Judaizers whom he failed to convince. Through correspondence with friends he influenced also the policy of the anti-Trinitarian Church of Transylvania.  Forced to leave Kraków in 1583, he found a home with a Polish noble, Christopher Morsztyn, whose daughter Elizabeth he married (1586). She died in the following year, a few months after the birth of a daughter, Agnese (1587–1654), afterwards the wife of Stanisław Wiszowaty, father of Andreas Wiszowaty, and the progenitress of numerous descendants. In 1587 the grand-duke Francesco died; to this event Sozzini's biographers attribute the loss of his Italian property, but his unpublished letters show that he was on good terms with the new grand-duke, Ferdinando. Family disputes had arisen respecting the interpretation of his grandfather's will; in October 1590 the holy office at Siena disinherited him, allowing him a pension, apparently never paid.  The end of financial remittances from his property in Italy dissolved the agreement under which his writings were to remain anonymous, and Sozzini began to publish in his own name. The consequence was that in 1598 a mob expelled him from Kraków, wrecking his house, and beating him. Friends gave him a ready welcome at Luslawice, 30 miles east from Kraków; and here, having long been "troubled with colic and the stone", he died on 4 March 1604. A limestone block with illegible inscriptions marks his grave. His engraved portrait is prefixed to his works (the original is not extant); an oil painting, formerly at Siena, cannot be considered authentic.

Works.

Sozzini's works, edited by his grandson Andrzej Wiszowaty and the learned printer Frans Kuyper, are contained in two closely printed folios (Amsterdam, 1668). They rank as the first two volumes of the "Bibliotheca fratrum polonorum" though the works of Johann Crell and Jonas Schlichting were the first of the series to be printed. They include all Sozzini's extant theological writings, except his essay on predestination (in which he denies that God foresees the actions of free agents) prefixed to Castellio's "Dialogi IV" (1575, reprinted 1613) and his revision of a school manual "Instrumentum doctrinarum aristotelium" (1586).  His pseudonyms, easily interpreted, were Felix Turpio Urhevetanus, Prosper Dysidaeus, Gratianus Prosper and Gratianus Turpio Gerapolensis (Senensis). Some of his early verse is in "Ferentillis Scielta di stanze di diversi autori toscani" (1579, 1594); other specimens are given in Cant and in the Athenaeum (Aug. II, 1877); more are preserved at Siena.  Sozzini considered that his ablest work was his "Contra atheos", which perished in the riot at Kraków (1598). Later he began, but left incomplete, more than one work designed to exhibit his system as a whole.  His reputation as a thinker must rest upon the "De auctoritate scripturae sacrae" (1570) and "De Jesu Christo servatore" (1578). The former was first published (Seville [London, John Wolfe], 1588) by López, a Jesuit, who claimed it as his own, but prefixed a preface maintaining (contrary to a fundamental position of Sozzini) that man by nature has a knowledge of God. A French version (1592) was approved by the ministers of Basel; the English translation by Rev. Edward Coombe (Somerset 1731) was undertaken in consequence of the commendation in a charge (1728) by Bishop Richard Smalbroke, who observes that Grotius had borrowed from it in his "De veritate Christ. rel.". In small compass it anticipates the historical argument of the credibility writers; in trying it by modern tests, it should be remembered that Sozzini, regarding it (1581) as not adequately meeting the cardinal difficulties attending the proof of the Christian religion, began to reconstruct its positions in his "Lectiones sacrae" (unfinished). His treatise on the Saviour renders a real service to theology, placing orthodoxy and heresy in new relations of fundamental antagonism, and narrowing the conflict to the main personal benefit of religion.  Of the person of Christ in this treatise he says nothing; its one topic is the work of Christ, which in his view operates upon man alone; the theological sagacity of Sozzini may be measured by the persistency with which this idea tends to recur. Though his name has been attached to a school of opinion, he disclaimed the rôle of a heresiarch, and declined to give his unreserved adhesion to any one sect. His confidence in the conclusions of his own mind has earned him the repute of a dogmatist; but it was his constant aim to reduce and simplify the fundamentals of Christianity. Not without some ground does the memorial tablet at Siena (inscription by prof. Giovanni Brigidi 1879) characterize him as vindicator of human reason against the supernatural.  Of his non-theological doctrines the most important is his assertion of the unlawfulness not only of war, but of the taking of human life in any circumstances. Hence the comparative mildness of his proposals for dealing with religious and anti-religious offenders, though it cannot be said that he had grasped the complete theory of toleration. Hence, too, his contention that magisterial office is unlawful for a Christian.

Fausto Paolo Sozzini, also known as Faustus Socinus or Faust Socyn (Polish) (5 December 1539 – 4 March 1604), was an Italian theologian and founder of the school of Christian thought known as Socinianism and the main theologian of the Minor Reformed Church of Poland.

Fausto Paolo Sozzini, Faustus Socinus, Faust Socyn (5. prosince 1539 Siena – 4. dubna 1604 Lusławice) byl italský teolog a filosof působící v Polsku. Byl zakladatelem tzv. socianismu, učení založeném na antitrinitářství, racionálním výkladu Bible, náboženské toleranci a pacifismu. Jeho klíčovým spisem bylo "De statu primi homini ante lapsum" ("O stavu prvních lidí před pádem", 1575-1578).


2017 World Championships in Athletics – Men's pole vault

Mistrovství světa v atletice 2017 – Muži skok o tyči

Summary.

Of the twelve finalists, only three reached 5.75 metres without any fails: Olympic bronze medalist Sam Kendricks (USA), world record holder Renaud Lavillenie and Xue Changrui (China). Two Polish vaulters, Piotr Lisek and Paweł Wojciechowski, also cleared that height but with previous misses. Kendricks and Xue succeeded first time at 5.82 metres, while all the others passed after one failure to the next height, 5.89 metres. Kendricks and Lisek cleared that height on their first attempts, and Lavillenie on his last attempt, with Xue and Wojciechowski failing to clear that height and leaving the three medallists confirmed. All three were unsuccessful in their first two tries at 5.95 metres, and on the third try Kendrick succeeded, Lisek failed, and Lavillenie passed. Both Kendricks and Lavillenie failed at 6.01 metres, leaving Lavillenie with bronze and Kendricks with gold.

Records.

Before the competition records were as follows:  The following records were set at the competition:

Qualification standard.

The standard to qualify automatically for entry was 5.70 metres.

Schedule.

The event schedule, in local time (UTC+1), was as follows:

Results.

Qualification.

The qualification round took place on 6 August, in two groups, both starting at 10:40. Athletes attaining a mark of 5.75 metres ( Q ) or at least the 12 best performers ( q ) qualified for the final. The overall results were as follows:

Final.

The final took place on 8 August at 19:42. The results were as follows:

The men's pole vault at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Olympic Stadium on 6 and 8 August.

Skok o tyči mužů na Mistrovství světa v atletice 2017 probíhal 6. (kvalifikace) a 8. srpna (finále). Zvítězil Američan Sam Kendricks.


Early life and education.

Bradley was born and grew up as a Catholic in the Wythenshawe district of south Manchester and attended St Paul's Roman Catholic High School. He has a sister who is 13 years older than he.  In 2005, he began attending Loreto College in the Hulme area of Manchester, where he studied Drama and Theatre Studies. He graduated from Loreto in 2007. He received a BA (Hons), Acting at the Manchester School of Theatre, graduating in 2010.

Career.

Three months after he graduated from drama school, in his first audition, Bradley won the part of Samwell Tarly in the 2011 HBO fantasy TV series "Game of Thrones". His character is a friend of Kit Harington's Jon Snow and provides occasional comic relief, especially in season 1. As the series progressed, Bradley's Tarly developed significantly. One reviewer called him "a wonderful comedic and cowardly yin to Jon's dour yang". George R. R. Martin said that the character that Bradley portrays is the character he would be, if he were on the show.  In 2011, Bradley appeared in the Canal+ drama, "Borgia," in the role of Pope Leo X, Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici. In 2012, Bradley played the character Tyr Seward in the BBC production of "Merlin" in series 5, in the episode "A Lesson in Vengeance." The same year, he appeared on the Channel 4 TV series, "Shameless," in the role of Wesley, Frank Gallagher's boss, in two episodes of series 10. In 2015, Bradley played the role of Miloš Hrma in the BBC Radio Salford radio play production of "Closely Observed Trains."  In 2018 Bradley appeared as Scooter in the film "Patient Zero," starring alongside Stanley Tucci and fellow "Game of Thrones" star Natalie Dormer

Personal life.

Bradley is a Manchester United supporter and plays the drums.  Bradley has been in a relationship with entertainment journalist Rebecca April May since 2017.

John Bradley West (born 15 September 1988) is an English actor, best known for his role as Samwell Tarly in the HBO fantasy TV series "Game of Thrones".

John Bradley-West (* 15. září 1988) je anglický herec, nejvíce známý svou rolí Samwella Tarlyho v televizním seriálu stanice HBO "Hra o trůny".


Advantages.

The main advantage is the ability of an aircraft to fly at supersonic speed without using its afterburner which consumes large amounts of fuel and limits its range.  Supercruise capability also provides advantages for stealth aircraft, because an afterburner plume reflects radar signals and creates a significant infrared signature.

History.

On 3August 1954, a Gerfaut research aircraft powered by an SNECMA Atar 101D2A engine exceeded Mach1 on level flight without using afterburners. The first production aircraft intended to exceed Mach 1 in dry level flight was the un-reheated Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire powered P.1 prototype of the English Electric Lightning, on 11August 1954. A week previous, on 4August, the P.1, "WG760" flown by Roland Beamont on its maiden flight, had unknowingly exceeded Mach1 in a climb, although, due to position error, the Machmeter had only shown a maximum of Mach0.95. Beamont, who had not noticed any change in behaviour of the aircraft, was surprised when informed after the flight data had been analysed. However, this early demonstration of supercruise was extremely limited, as the Lightning could only cruise without reheat at approximately Mach 1.02, while later versions were able to achieve much higher speeds.  The BAC TSR-2 strike and reconnaissance aircraft, which first flew on 27September 1964, was one of the first military aircraft specifically designed to cruise supersonically; one of the planned mission profiles was for a supersonic cruise at Mach 2.0 at. Supersonic cruise at lower levels was at Mach1.1 at. The TSR-2 used Bristol Olympus engines, a later version of which would also power Concorde.  Only the supersonic transports (SST), Concorde and the last version of the Tu-144 (the Tu-144D), spent most of their time cruising at their design speeds without needing afterburning. Some combat aircraft that are listed as capable of supercruise may only be able to do so without an external weapons load, for example. Reheat was added to Concorde for take-off to cope with weight increases that came after the initial design. As it was available, it was also used for transonic acceleration to reduce the time taken and fuel used to reach cruise. The upgraded Tu-144D had more economical engines than the Tu-144, which did not require afterburners during cruise, as well as a more advanced intake design, which increased the full payload range from (Concorde's operational range was ).

Military use.

The term "supercruise" was originally used to describe a fighter performance requirement set forth by USAF Col. John Boyd, Pierre Sprey, and Col. Everest Riccioni, proponents of the F-16 Falcon. Following the entry into production of the F-16, they began work on an improved fighter design with the ability to cruise supersonically over enemy territory for a minimum of twenty minutes. As air combat is often the result of surprise, and the speed of combat is determined by the speed of the surprising aircraft, this would have given a supercruise-capable design a worthwhile performance advantage in many situations. The postulated fighter would have had a top speed of just over Mach 1, and a fuel fraction in excess of 40%, the minimum required to meet the twenty-minute requirement. The fuel fraction requirement necessitated a very austere design with few advanced electronics. The United States Air Force showed no interest in the proposal at that time, but years later revived the term and redefined it to apply to the requirements for the Advanced Tactical Fighter, which resulted in the F-22 Raptor.  The F-22 Raptor's supercruise capabilities are touted as a major performance advantage over other fighters, with supercruise being demonstrated up to at least Mach1.8. Virtually all current and past jet fighters, prior to the F-22, cruise at approximately Mach0.8–0.9 with militarily significant weapons loads. However, supercruising uses more fuel to travel the same distance than at subsonic speeds, with the Air Force Association estimating that use of supercruise for a dash as part of a mission would cut the F-22's combat radius from about to about. This reduction is unconfirmed because the altitude and flight profile are classified, as are most of the F-22's capabilities, but it is still far less of a reduction than would result from the use of afterburner.  There are a few engines in production that are designed to facilitate tactically significant supercruise:  Independently, Russia is working on Izdelje 30 (after AL31F and AL41F derivatives modifications, like 117S turbofan) and RD33MKRU Morskaja Osa; an all new AL-41 engine with a complete redesign underway to add supercruise ability to the Sukhoi Su-57. This has yet to bear fruit, but the stop-gap 117S engine, produced by this program, seems to achieve the supercruise goal already. It was recently announced that during testing of a Su-35BM fighter equipped with these engines it was travelling at just past supersonic speed it continued to accelerate without the use of the afterburner, thus suggesting that it had supercruise capability, though it has yet to be seen whether this will be possible with a combat load.  All known supercruise aircraft can only do so at considerable altitude (where the air is thinner and so offers less resistance), which restricts the use of terrain mask for eluding detection.

Aircraft designed to cruise on afterburner.

The Lockheed A-12, SR-71 Blackbird, and YF-12, were designed for sustained operation at supersonic speeds using an afterburner. SR-71 missions flew at maximum range cruise, with afterburner settings in the lower portion of the range, about 98% of the time.  The North American XB-70 Valkyrie used six General Electric YJ93 engines for sustained flight at Mach3.0, its design point. Unlike the J-58 engine in the SR-71, the YJ93 did not need special fuel, as it used JP-6. Partial afterburner was used for cruise. The XB-70A AV-2 prototype sustained speeds in excess of Mach3 for 32 minutes on one flight. The type was designed to operate at its design point speed for periods of hours over intercontinental ranges. At 100% military thrust, at, the XB-70 would exceed M1.03 so long as its mass did not exceed, rising to M1.2 as the mass dropped to  The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 was designed for supersonic cruise at Mach 2.35 with partial afterburner in operation. The engines used an extremely low pressure ratio of 4.75, but this was boosted by ram air pressure during supersonic flight. The low pressure ratio of the compressor meant poor efficiency at subsonic speeds, and high efficiency at supersonic speeds.  The BAC TSR-2 was designed to cruise at M2.0 using afterburners, and had a predicted top speed of M2.35. It could also cruise supersonically without afterburner, as demonstrated on a delivery flight.

Aircraft with supercruise ability.

In service:  Formerly in service:  Prototype/experimental only:  Civilian:

Supercruise is sustained supersonic flight of a supersonic aircraft with a useful cargo, passenger, or weapons load performed efficiently, which typically precludes the use of highly inefficient afterburners or "reheat". Many well known supersonic military aircraft not capable of supercruise can only maintain Mach 1+ flight in short bursts, typically with afterburners. Aircraft such as the SR-71 Blackbird are designed to cruise at supersonic speed with afterburners enabled.

Supercruise je výraz, který znamená schopnost letadla dlouhodobě letět nadzvukovou rychlostí bez použití přídavného spalování. Pravděpodobně nejslavnější letadlo, které používalo supercruise byl nadzvukový Concorde.


Plot.

In the Westerlands.

Lord Tywin gives half his forces to his son Jaime to attack Riverrun, seat of House Tully and Lady Catelyn's childhood home, believing war with the Starks will allow the Lannisters to rule the Seven Kingdoms.

At Winterfell.

Osha, now a servant of Winterfell, reveals that she and her fellow wildlings were fleeing the White Walkers.

At the Wall.

Benjen's horse returns from north of the Wall without him. Sam believes Jon, assigned as a steward to the Lord Commander instead of a ranger, is being groomed for command. As Jon and Sam take their vows near a heart tree, Jon's direwolf Ghost brings him a dismembered hand.

In Vaes Dothrak.

Daenerys fails to convince Khal Drogo to invade her homeland. Ser Jorah receives a royal pardon and realizes Daenerys’ assassination has been ordered. He saves her from an attempted poisoning, and Drogo vows to lead his people to reclaim the Iron Throne for his unborn son.

In King's Landing.

Ned confronts Queen Cersei with the knowledge that her children were incestuously fathered by her brother Jaime. Cersei defends her affair and reveals Robert was still in love with Ned's deceased sister, Lyanna. Ned tells Cersei to leave the capital with her children before he tells Robert the truth.  Mortally wounded by a boar, Robert dictates his will and testament to Ned, naming him regent until Joffrey comes of age; instead of "Joffrey," Ned writes "my rightful heir." Robert begs Ned to make Joffrey a better man, and tells him to let Daenerys live.  Renly tries to convince Ned to launch a coup d'état against the Lannisters, but Ned refuses and dispatches a letter to rightful heir Stannis Baratheon. Ned reveals Joffrey's heritage to Littlefinger, who suggests that if Joffrey proves an unfit ruler, they use the truth to make Renly king instead. Ned refuses, asking Littlefinger to secure the City Watch's support against Cersei's men-at-arms.  By the time Robert dies, Renly has fled and Joffrey has ordered his own coronation. Ned and his allies present Robert's will to the court, but Cersei tears it up and orders Ser Barristan Selmy to seize Ned, who orders his men to arrest Cersei and Joffrey. Instead, the City Watch slaughters the Stark men as Littlefinger holds Ned at knifepoint, telling him "I did warn you not to trust me."

Production.

Writing.

The episode was written by the showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, based on the original novel by George R. R. Martin. The chapters included in "You Win or You Die" are 46, 48-50, and 55 (Eddard XII, Eddard XIII, Jon VI, Eddard XIV, and Daenerys VI), making it the episode that includes fewest chapters of the source novel in the entire first season. Among the scenes created specifically for the show were a meeting between Tywin and Jaime Lannister (as Lord Tywin is field dressing a stag) and a "training" session between Littlefinger and two new female recruits for one of his brothels.

Casting.

"You Win or You Die" marks the first appearance of Charles Dance as Lord Tywin, the patriarch of the Lannister household. Cast in the role shortly after the production began, Dance had been the first choice of the producers and one of the fan favorites for the role. Author George R. R. Martin commented that "his commanding screen presence and steely charisma should make him the perfect Lord Tywin." The deer that is field dressed by Tywin in the opening scene was a real dead stag. Dance had no previous experience with skinning and gutting, and before filming the scene practiced for an hour with a butcher.

Filming locations.

Most of the episode was shot on set at the Northern Irish studios of The Paint Hall. The exteriors of the entrance of Vaes Dothrak were filmed in the Sandy Brae area, and for the confrontation between Eddard and Cersei taking place in the Red Keep's gardens (identified as a godswood in the novels) the production used the cloister of the St Dominic Monastery in Rabat, in Malta.

Reception.

Ratings.

"You Win or You Die"'s first airing was seen by 2.4 million viewers, stabilizing the show's ratings. This could be considered positive when taking into account that the episode had been offered in advance during the preceding week in HBO's online service, and that it was aired in a three-day holiday weekend which often results in lower viewership. With the second airing, the total audience for the night was 3.2 million viewers.

Critical response.

The episode was well received by critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 20 reviews of the episode and judged 100% of them to be positive with an average score of 9.02 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The cinematic, fast-paced "You Win or You Die" thrusts the plot forward while hinting at painful moments looming for fans." "Time"s reviewer James Poniewozik called "You Win or You Die" the "most thrilling and thematically rich hour to date," AOL TV's Maureen Ryan found it an excellent outing that "saw the stakes raised in satisfying and suspenseful ways," and HitFix's Alan Sepinwall called it a terrific episode and commended how "it turned the spotlight on the characters who are villains in Ned Stark's version of the story."  Poniewozik continued: "We knew this would be a significant episode if for no other reason than that it contains the scene—alluded to in the episode's title—that gives the series its name," a sentiment Sepinwall agreed with. Myles McNutt, writing for Cultural Learnings, also considered "You Win or You Die" a climactic moment in the series. IGN's Matt Fowler noted that this was the episode that saw Ned Stark "unfortunately thwarted by his own honorable intentions," but that his "stubborn nobility is what makes Ned such a great character."  The final showdown with the Lannisters seizing control from Eddard was much discussed, with many commentators criticizing Ned's ingenuity and his actions during the episode. In "The Atlantic", Scott Meslow wrote that Eddard could never win the "game of thrones" because he is dedicated to playing by the rules. In his opinion, "one can't afford to play fair" when the only outcomes are "win" or "die." McNutt felt that the climax at the episode's end "was really well handled by both the cast and the director (Dan Minahan)."  As well as the final confrontation between Eddard and Cersei, other scenes were praised by the critics. The introduction of Charles Dance as Lord Tywin Lannister was considered "a beauty" by Emily VanDerWerff from "the A.V. Club", who admired how a single scene depicted not only the relationship between Tywin and Jaime, but also all the dynamics of the Lannister clan. She also praised the work of Nikolaj Coster-Waldau in the scene, commenting that despite having few lines, he transmitted that Jaime is cowed by his father very well. Maureen Ryan agreed with that sentiment, and also lauded Natalia Tena's short appearance. David Sims (a second reviewer for "the A.V. Club") highlighted the work of Mark Addy in his final scene, extending the praise to the rest of his work on the series.  Critics agreed that the scenes with the Dothraki were strong, with the storyline having improved significantly since the first episodes. Poniewozik stated that "this was the first week for me that the Dothraki scenes were not just absorbing but felt like the characters were as well-imagined as those in Westeros," and McNutt felt the episode "finally allows Khal Drogo to become an actual character." Drogo's rant vowing to give his unborn son the Iron Throne led to compliments about Jason Momoa's intensity and Emilia Clarke's calm and loving facial expressions.  However, the scene where Littlefinger exposes his motivations while hiring two whores for his brothel was largely criticized as an example of the show's perceived abuse of conversations with prostitutes as an expository device, a situation for which Myles McNutt coined the term "sexposition." Aidan Gillen's acting was consistently praised and the comparison between Littlefinger's actions and faking an orgasm was considered apt, but many agreed with Meslow's statement that it was "annoyingly overshadowed by the series' most gratuitous sex scene to date." Among other criticisms were the scene's excessive length, the repetition of the dramatic approach, and the assumption that viewers were not going to pay attention when presented with a long exposition that did not include sex.

"You Win or You Die" is the seventh episode of the first season of the HBO medieval fantasy television series "Game of Thrones". It was written by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Daniel Minahan. Set to air May 29, 2011, the episode was released in advance immediately following the conclusion of "A Golden Crown" to HBO customers with access to HBO Go.

Zvítězíš, nebo zemřeš (v anglickém originále You Win or You Die) je sedmý díl první řady středověkého fantasy seriálu "Hra o trůny", vytvořeného na základě knih George R. R. Martina. Scénář napsali hlavní tvůrci seriálu David Benioff a D. B. Weiss, zatímco režie se již podruhé ujal Daniel Minahan. V USA měla epizoda premiéru 29. května 2011. Získala si převážně dobré hodnocení, méně kladné ohlasy si ale zasloužila scéna Petyra Baeliše, ve které „zaučuje“ dvě prostitutky.