Description.

"George Washington" (commonly known as "GW") is long, wide and high. The super carrier can accommodate approximately 90 aircraft and has a flight deck in size, using four elevators that are each to move planes between the flight deck and the hangar bay. With a combat load, "GW" displaces almost and can accommodate 6,250 crewmembers. Her four distilling units can make 400,000 U.S. gallons (1,500,000 L) of potable water a day; the food service divisions serve 18,000 meals per day. There are over 2,500 compartments on board requiring 2,520 refrigeration tons (8.6 MW) of air conditioning capacity (enough to cool over 2,000 homes). The warship uses two Mark II stockless anchors that weigh 30 tons each, with each link of the anchor chain weighing. It is currently equipped with two 20 mm Phalanx CIWS mounts and two Sea Sparrow SAM launchers. One CIWS and one Sea Sparrow mount were removed to make way for two RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile launchers, installed during the 2005 Drydocking Planned Incremental Availability (DPIA).

Propulsion.

The ship can reach speeds of over and is powered by two Westinghouse A4W nuclear reactors and has four 5-bladed propellers of each. This means that "George Washington" can travel more than before needing refueling.  "George Washington" was deployed to protect New York City after the September 11 attacks. On 20 February, on a sixth deployment, "George Washington" entered the Gulf of Aden, and a week later, was conducting operations in the Persian Gulf.  On 28 January 2005, she entered the shipyard for Drydocking Planned Incremental Availability (DPIA). Many ship's systems were upgraded and maintenance was done to the hull. Her four jet blast deflectors were removed and upgraded to handle the increased heat generated by the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. One defensive Phalanx CIWS mount and one Sea Sparrow launcher were replaced by two Rolling Airframe Missile launchers. During the 11 months she was drydocked, the crew contributed 20,000 hours of volunteer community service to the city of Newport News, Virginia. The work was completed on schedule, and "George Washington" returned to her home port of Norfolk on 17 December 2005.

History.

On 1 December 2005, the United States Navy announced that "George Washington" would replace as the forward-deployed carrier at the U.S. Yokosuka Naval Base in Japan, becoming the first nuclear-powered surface warship permanently stationed outside the continental U.S. In an attempt to explain the carrier's mission to the Japanese public, the U.S. Navy printed a manga about life aboard GW, titled "CVN-73".  "George Washington" and CVW-17 left Norfolk on 4 April for a scheduled two-month deployment to operate as part of SOUTHCOM's "Partnership of the Americas". This deployment included counter-drug operations in the Caribbean Sea, crew exchanges and exercises with Latin American and South American navies, and port visits for the carrier and strike group, which consisted of the cruiser, the destroyer, and the frigate. The first of these port visits took place from 14–17 April in St. Maarten, and Antigua from 15–18 May. She returned to Norfolk on 24 May.  On 7 April 2008, "George Washington", with CVW-17 and Carrier Strike Group 8 embarked, departed Norfolk en route to Yokosuka, Japan to replace "Kitty Hawk", taking a route around South America as she is too large for the Panama Canal; she took part there in the Gringo-Gaucho maneuvers with Argentine Naval Aviation. After the planned turnover with "Kitty Hawk" at NS Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, CVW-17 and Carrier Strike Group Eight were to return to their home ports in the U.S. to be replaced by Carrier Air Wing 5, based at Naval Air Facility Atsugi, and Carrier Strike Group Five based at Yokosuka Naval Base in Yokosuka, Japan.  During the South American transit, the "George Washington" Battle Group participated in U.S. Southern Command exercises Partnership of the Americas and Unitas, a joint military exercise between the United States, Brazilian and Argentine navies. On 22 April 2008, "George Washington" arrived in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for her first port visit to that country. The ship traversed the Strait of Magellan on 9–10 May.

2008 fire.

On 22 May 2008, while the ship was off the Pacific Coast of South America, a fire broke out and injured 37 sailors, with no fatalities, in an incident described by the Navy as "serious". According to a statement from Naval Air Forces' public affairs office, the fire broke out in the ship's air-conditioning and refrigeration space and an auxiliary boiler room. The fire spread via a cableway and ventilation ducting and caused extreme temperatures in some parts of the ship. It took over twelve hours for the crew to contain and extinguish the fire, one of the largest non-combat fires aboard a U.S. Naval vessel since the devastating fire on board in 1967.  On 27 May, "George Washington" stopped at NAS North Island in San Diego, California for repairs. On 20 June the Navy announced that the damage from the fire was more serious than previously thought, and that repairs would take at least until August and would cost $70 million. As a consequence, "Kitty Hawk" was retained in Hawaii during June and July to replace "George Washington" in the RIMPAC 2008 exercises, with the planned turnover to take place in San Diego instead of Hawaii.  A Navy investigation found that the "entirely preventable" fire had been caused by unauthorized smoking in a room where of flammable refrigerant compressor oil was improperly stored. The room was near the aft auxiliary boiler. The ship's damage control team took nearly eight hours to discover the source of the smoke and flames. By that time, the fire had spread to eight decks and 80 compartments, and destroyed miles of electrical and fiber-optic cables. The damage control department had been found deficient in three inspections between June 2007 and April 2008. Although the carrier's commanding officer started a program to remedy the team's training and performance in the month before the fire, the report found those efforts to have been insufficient. Admiral Robert F. Willard, commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, noted in his investigation, "It is apparent from this extensive study that there were numerous processes and procedures related to fire prevention and readiness and training that were not properly functioning. The extent of damage could have been reduced had numerous longstanding firefighting and firefighting management deficiencies been corrected." Willard added that "Many crew members... displayed courage and resolve in fighting the fires."  On 30 July 2008, Willard announced that Captain David C. Dykhoff had been relieved of his duties as Commanding Officer citing "a loss of confidence in his ability to command and his failure to meet mission requirements and readiness standards." Executive Officer Captain David M. Dober was also relieved for "substandard performance." Six other sailors were disciplined with non-judicial punishment. Four sailors were found guilty of violating a lawful order and hiding hazardous materials in direct violation of safety regulations. The Navy's Pacific Fleet refused to name the enlisted sailors disciplined. Two non-commissioned officers were found guilty of negligence and dereliction of duty for not properly supervising the workspace. The Navy and Marine Corps Medal was awarded to Senior Chief Petty Officer Keith Hendrickson for leading a team that rescued four shipmates trapped by the fire deep in the interior of the ship. On 21 August, under new skipper Captain J.R. Haley and executive officer Captain Karl O. Thomas, "George Washington" departed NAS North Island for Japan, with Carrier Air Wing Five (CVW 5) embarked. The carrier arrived at Yokosuka, Japan on 25 September 2008, where she was met by several hundred local supporters and protesters.  In June 2009, the Navy revealed that 15 of the carrier's sailors were being expelled from the service for use of illegal designer drugs. On 2 July 2009, "George Washington", accompanied by, anchored on the Gage Roads of Perth. Her crew visited Fremantle and Perth. Local brothels recruited extra staff to cope with the increase in business. Crew members volunteered to complete community projects including cleaning, maintenance, and painting at organizations including PMH, a Salvation Army rehabilitation center, Perth Zoo and Cohunu Koala Park. In mid-July the ship took part in Exercise Talisman Saber off the coast of Australia's Northern Territory.  From 2 to 6 August 2009, "George Washington" made a port call in Singapore where sailors were granted rest and recreation leave and participated in community relations projects such as painting and landscaping at a local community center, children's center, special education school and an association for the disabled.  The ship made a 4-day goodwill visit to Manila Bay, Philippines, anchoring off historic Corregidor Island from 11 to 15 August 2009.  In August 2009, "George Washington" participated in the Indonesian Fleet Review, during "Sail Bunaken 2009", in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The parade of warships and tall ships from 40 nations included five from the "George Washington" Carrier Strike Group, including "George Washington", "Cowpens",,, and. Carrier Airwing Five, currently embarked on "George Washington", also participated with a multi-aircraft fly-by of the viewing station during the parade. The "George Washington" Carrier Strike Group returned to Japan 3 September for a maintenance upkeep period prior to her second fall patrol.  On 29 October "George Washington" docked at Hong Kong to resupply and stayed for four to five days.  On 11 May 2010, "George Washington" completed maintenance and refit and departed Yokosuka for trials.  On 21 July 2010, she arrived at Busan, South Korea for a port visit and then participated in exercise "Invincible Spirit" in the Sea of Japan with the USAF, Republic of Korea Air Force and Republic of Korea Navy from 25 to 28 July 2010. "Invincible Spirit" was staged to improve combined operations capability and as a show of deterrence following the ROKS "Cheonan" sinking. The exercise was conducted in the Sea of Japan to placate China's objections to military exercises being conducted in the Yellow Sea. Due in part to those objections a second exercise, in the Yellow Sea on the west coast of North Korea, was planned.  On 8 August 2010, "George Washington" stopped off the coast of Da Nang City in the South China Sea to celebrate the 15th anniversary of normalization of Vietnam-US diplomatic relations, the first Vietnam visit by a U.S. aircraft carrier since the Vietnam War.  In November 2010, the "George Washington" carrier group departed for planned exercises with the Republic of Korea Navy, partially in response to the shelling of Yeonpyeong and increased tension with North Korea.  "George Washington" was one of several ships participating in disaster relief after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. While docked for maintenance in Yokosuka she detected radiation from the Fukushima I nuclear accidents, and was ordered to leave port before schedule, with a smaller-than-normal crew, to avoid the radioactive plume. The smaller crew was unable to continue to provide aid. While at sea, the carrier made two visits to United States Fleet Activities Sasebo to exchange crew members and take on maintenance equipment. The ship returned to her berth at Yokosuka on 20 April 2011.  A 2011 proposal by U.S. Senator Tom Coburn (OK-R) called for the decommissioning of "George Washington" in 2016, before beginning her refueling and complex overhaul but after the carrier "Gerald R. Ford" enters service.  After redeploying on another training cruise, a 25 September 2011 video from the carrier uploaded to YouTube became a viral hit. In the video, two flight deck crewmen are almost hit by a landing F/A-18, which is waved-off shortly before landing on the deck where the crewmen are walking.  On 22 November 2011, "George Washington" returned to Japan to conclude her 2011 patrol, with four port visits and two major exercises while cruising more than 50,000 nautical miles across the western Pacific Ocean.  During deployment, the aircraft carrier participated in joint training exercises with other service branches and regional partners, visited three Asia-Pacific nations (South Korea, Hong Kong, Malaysia) to practice interoperability, and conducted dual-carrier operations with.  On 8 February 2013, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that the scheduled mid-life complex overhaul for the carrier would be postponed pending the resolution of the upcoming budget sequestration. The budget shortfall would affect "Lincoln"s refueling of her nuclear propulsion plant, the next scheduled mid-life complex overhaul involving "George Washington" forward-based in United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka, Japan, and the de-fueling of the recently deactivated nuclear-powered. "George Washington" and her support vessels visited Brisbane, Australia in July.  The ship moored on 4 October 2013 in Busan, South Korea, for a regularly-scheduled liberty port visit.  In November 2013, she visited Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. On 11 November 2013 "George Washington" and her carrier strike group were deployed for a humanitarian mission in the Philippines, Operation Damayan, after destructive Typhoon Haiyan. The carrier group arrived on 14 November, delivered relief supplies, and deployed aircraft for search and rescue missions.  On 6 December 2013, "George Washington" returned to her forward-deployed port of Fleet Activities Yokosuka, Japan.  In January 2014, it was announced that "George Washington" would be replaced by at Yokosuka when the ship's Refuelling and Complex Overhaul is due.  As part of the Navy's FY 2015 budget, Pentagon officials hinted at the possibility of taking "George Washington" out of service due to budget reductions. The ship is due for her mid-life refueling and overhaul in 2016, which will take three years and cost over $3 billion. The decision to replace "George Washington" with the newer "Ronald Reagan" in her area of operations near Japan means decommissioning the ship would not affect American carrier presence in the region. In 2011, the Congressional Budget Office had found that the elimination of a carrier and an air wing would save about $7 billion from 2012 through 2021, the time at which "George Washington" would be expected to return to service. is the oldest ship in the class and would be expected to be decommissioned early instead of "George Washington". However, "Nimitz" has undergone a mid-life refuelling and is not due for decommission until the mid 2020s, whereas "George Washington" has yet to undergo this procedure, providing an opportunity to remove the ship from service before the planned expenditure.  In February 2014, under pressure from Congress, the Obama administration was reported to have decided to request additional funds from Congress for the refueling. However, if sequestration is not repealed by 2016, the Pentagon may not be able to find funding to keep "George Washington" operating and it may have to be retired.  In the draft of the Navy's unfunded priorities list for FY 2015, a $796 million line item was included for the Refueling and Complex Overhaul (RCOH) of "George Washington". Before it was approved by the Pentagon and sent to Congress, it was vetted by the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) and signed by Chief of Naval Operations Jonathan Greenert, after which the line item was removed. In a 31 March 2014 letter to Congress, Admiral Greenert said that the decision to remove the RCOH line item from the unfunded priorities list was made to align with budget decisions over the next several years. The list was for the FY 2015, so a decision to refuel or inactivate the carrier has to be made during FY 2016 budget planning with the fiscal outlook at that time and the possibility of sequestration funding levels. The removal of the line item removes funding for advanced procurement of materials for the overhaul; another line item had funding to remove the fuel from the ship, but not to overhaul or refuel it.  By July 2014, the Navy had decided it would find the $7 billion in funds needed to keep "George Washington" in service. This was followed by three congressional marks to fund the Refueling and Complex Overhaul if the Navy would not provide funding in the FY 2015 budget., the Navy was still awaiting the fate of sequestration and the moving of funds to refueling the ship puts pressure on other programs. The Navy's FY 2016 budget funds nuclear refueling and overhaul of "George Washington".  "George Washington" departed Japan in May 2015 to participate in Exercise Talisman Saber 2015 with Australia and New Zealand. She arrived at Naval Air Station North Island on 10 August. In San Diego, "George Washington" conducted a 10-day turn over period with "Ronald Reagan" before leaving the Southern California operating area for Naval Station Norfolk, where the ship is expected to begin mid-life RCOH at Newport News Shipbuilding, Huntington Ingalls Industries in fall 2016.  "George Washington" deployed in October 2016 to Haiti to provide support after Hurricane Matthew, along with and.  On 4 August 2017, "George Washington" entered the Dry Dock #11 at the HII Newport News Shipbuilding in Newport News, Virginia, for a four-year Refueling and Complex Overhaul (RCOH). The contract for the RCOH was worth $2.8 billion and work is expected to be completed by August 2021.

USS "George Washington" (CVN-73) is a United States Navy nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, the sixth carrier in the and the fourth US Navy ship named after George Washington, the first president of the United States. The contract for "George Washington" was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding on 27 December 1982. Her keel was laid on 25 August 1986, she was christened on 21 July 1990 by First Lady Barbara Bush, and she was commissioned at Naval Station Norfolk on 4 July 1992.

USS "George Washington" (CVN-73) je letadlová loď Námořnictva Spojených států třídy "Nimitz", která působí v aktivní službě od roku 1992. Jedná se o šestou postavenou jednotku této třídy. Loď je pojmenována podle 1. prezidenta USA George Washingtona, jedná se celkově o čtvrté takto pojmenované americké plavidlo.


Critical reception.

"The Bones of What You Believe" received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 80, based on 39 reviews. Kyle Ryan of "The A.V. Club" complimented Mayberry's songwriting and wrote that Chvrches "have crafted one of the year's best albums, which means that buzz won't be dying down any time soon." Joe Rivers of "Clash" lauded the album as "an exceptionally strong debut where every track is a potential single", noting that "[n]ot only do CHVRCHES revive the [synthpop] sound, they push it forward, with wave upon wave of shimmering synths, more hooks than an angling shop and a songwriting acumen that belies the group's relative infancy." Reed Fischer of "Alternative Press" stated, "The heartbreaking and indignation in Lauren Mayberry's laser-precise voice makes her an imperfect protagonist in the song length dramas found throughout her band's debut", adding that "even more devastation (the building-crushing kind this time) stems from Ian Cook and Martin Doherty's sophisticated and catchy layers of synthesizers and vocal hoops." Larry Fitzmaurice of "Pitchfork" described the album as "a seamless fusion of emotive theatrics, hook-loaded songwriting, and some of the more forward-thinking sonics in electronic music right now", and found that "the hooks on "The Bones of What You Believe" are indelible regardless of instrumentation, and the sound is immaculate."  At "Spin", Puja Patel opined that the album is "at its best on its revenge tunes", concluding, "In a mainstream landscape that's still reveling in the EDM-fueled fuck-yous of Icona Pop and Charli XCX's 'I Love It,' CHVRCHES' poppy electronic textures and bleakly lyrical brashness raises the bar." "Rolling Stone"s Jon Dolan expressed, "Even when Chvrches are just competently mopey, their neon-Eighties visions are far from retro pose-striking." Barry Nicolson of "NME" praised the album's "great songwriting" and felt that "while not every track has the immediacy of 'Lies' or 'Recover', there's not a weak one among them." Heather Phares of AllMusic wrote, "Even on the darkest moments, such as 'Lies' or 'Science/Visions,' there's a disarming emotional directness to "The Bones of What You Believe" that makes it a unique, fully realized take on a style that seemed close to being played out." Ally Carnwath of "The Observer" commented that Chvrches are "more robust and melodic than arty peers such as Grimes and Purity Ring—choruses are foregrounded, synthy jabs pummel Lauren Mayberry's vocals, beats drop from satisfying heights—but Mayberry's lyrics also carry a subversive twist of angst and obsession." In a mixed review, "Slant Magazine"s Kevin Liedel remarked, "While the album has its fair share of sweet spots, the handful of capable melodies never quite balances out its bizarre impulses or the utter lack of thematic unity."

Personnel.

Credits adapted from the liner notes of "The Bones of What You Believe".

The Bones of What You Believe is the debut studio album by Scottish synth-pop band Chvrches, released on 20 September 2013 by Virgin Records and Goodbye Records. Recorded between 2011 and 2013 in Glasgow, the album was written, composed, and produced by the band as a collaborative effort. It was made available as both a 12-track standard edition and an 18-track special version, the latter including two extra songs, two remixes and two live videos. The album was debuted with a launch party broadcast live on music streaming platform Boiler Room.

The Bones of What You Believe je debutové studiové album skotské electronicko/synthpopové skupiny Chvrches, které vydalo Virgin Records 23. září 2013 ve dvou vydáních: standardní edici a deluxe edici. Standardní edice obsahuje 12 skladeb a navíc všechny singly, které skupina vydala v letech 2012-2013. Deluxe edice obsahuje stejných 12 skladeb plus 6 extra skladeb: 2 nové písně, 2 remixy a 2 živé videozáznamy.


Terminology.

The term tandem refers to the seating arrangement (fore to aft, not side by side), not the number of riders. A bike with two riders side by side is called a sociable.  Tandem bicycles are sometimes called "Daisy Bells". This is in reference to "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)" which is a popular song, written in 1892 by British songwriter Harry Dacre, with the well-known chorus, "Daisy, Daisy / Give me your answer, do. / I'm half crazy / all for the love of you", ending with the words, "a bicycle built for two".  On conventional tandems, the front rider steers as well as pedals the bicycle and is known as the "captain", "pilot", or "steersman"; the rear rider only pedals and is known as the "stoker", "navigator" or "rear admiral". On most tandems the two sets of cranks are mechanically linked by a timing chain and turn at the same rate.

History.

Patents related to tandem bicycles date from the mid 1880s. In approximately 1898, Mikael Pedersen developed a two-rider tandem version of his Pedersen bicycle that weighed 24 pounds, and a four-rider, or "quad", that weighed 64 pounds. They were also used in the Second Anglo-Boer War. Tandem popularity began to decline after World War II until a revival started in the late 1960s. In the UK The Tandem Club was founded in 1971, new tandems came on to the market from the French companies Lejeune and Gitane, and in the USA Bill McCready founded Santana Cycles in 1976. Modern technology has improved component and frame designs, and many tandems are as well-built as modern high-end road and off-road bikes.

Performance.

Compared to a conventional bicycle, a tandem has double the pedalling power, without necessarily doubling the speed, and with only slightly more frictional loss in the drivetrain. It has about the same wind resistance as a conventional bicycle. High-performance tandems may weigh less than twice as much as a single bike, so the power-to-weight ratio may be slightly better than that of a single bike and rider. On flat terrain and downhill, most of the power produced by cyclists is used to overcome wind resistance, so tandems can reach higher speeds than the same riders on single bicycles. They are not necessarily slower on climbs, but are perceived as such, in part due to the need for a high level of coordination between the riders, especially if the physical abilities of the two riders are very different, requiring a compromise on cadence.

Uses.

Tandem bicycles are used in competitions such as the Paralympics with blind and visually impaired cyclists riding as stokers with fully sighted captains.  Cycling at the Summer Olympics featured a men's tandem event in 1908 and from 1920 to 1972.  Tandems may also be used for bicycle touring and may provide a solution to the problem of riders with different abilities that wish to tour together. Each rider may exert themselves as they wish and all riders travel at the same speed.  The UK has specialist time trial events that have National competition records over 10, 25, 50 and 100-mile events against the clock. There are also 12 and 24 hour time trials ran by the CTT and VTTA riders. There are also place to place records that are run by the RRA

Variations.

More than two riders.

Tandems can have more than two riders – tandem refers to the arrangement of the riders one behind the other rather than the number of riders. Bicycles for three, four, or five riders are referred to as "triples" or "triplets", "quads" or "quadruplets", and "quints" or "quintuplets" respectively. One such familiar to UK TV viewers was the "trandem" ridden by The Goodies. Originally a two-rider tandem with an extra "dummy" seat attached, a full three-rider version was built for them by Raleigh.  A marching band in Bruges, Belgium, uses a six-place tandem bicycle fitted to carry certain of their instruments in a way that allows them to play music while underway. In the '80s or '90s, an eight-seat tandem bicycle was built and demonstrated in Philadelphia.

Independent pedaling.

Some designs such as the DaVinci can allow independent pedaling through the use of multiple freewheels.

Seating arrangements.

Tandems come with both upright and recumbent seating.  The Bilenky ViewPoint and the Hase Pino are hybrid upright/recumbent tandems steered by the captain who sits upright in the rear, while the stoker rides in a recumbent position in the front. Both also feature independent stoker pedaling.  The "Buddy Bike" is designed to allow a child to sit on the front saddle with an adult on the rear saddle and steering with extra-long handlebars.

Double steering.

Both riders, in the case of just two, may be able to steer. The Star Cycle Company, of Wolverhampton, England, marketed its "Combination Roadster tandem" in 1896. It had a link from the second set of handlebars to the front fork. Others include the 1897 Geneva, and the 1898 Stearns.

Tricycles.

Tandems are also available as tricycles; the conventional tandem trike has a small but devoted following in the United Kingdom and is available in one-wheel and two-wheel drive designs. Recumbent tandem tricycles are also gaining popularity throughout the world.

Short wheelbase.

There are short wheelbase models, with the rear rider sitting over the rear wheel, either just in front of or even behind the rear axle.

Folding.

Several manufacturers offer folding tandems, either with small wheels or not, to facilitate packing and travelling.

Couplers.

It is possible to add couplers either during manufacturing or as a retrofit so that the frame can be disassembled into smaller pieces to facilitate packing and travel. Santana manufactures a "triplet" (or quad) that can be transformed into a tandem by simply removing the center section of the frame."

Tandem specific components.

Tandems are subjected to unique stresses caused by additional riders and weight requiring solutions specific to tandem construction. The phrase "Tandem Specific" was popularized by its use in Santana tandem catalogs during the 1990s.

Drive train.

To transfer power from all pedals to the rear wheel requires a drive train. Typically, the forward crankset is connected by a left-side timing chain to the rear crankset, which in turn is connected by a right-side chain to the rear wheel. This configuration is called crossover rear drive, and requires both of the rear cranks to have chainrings. To work reliably, both of the left-side cranks must be tandem- or left-drive specific to accept the left-hand threading used on left pedals.  The second most popular solution, due to not requiring tandem-specific cranks is called single side rear drive. The forward crankset is connected by a right-side timing chain to the rear crankset, which in turn is connected by a right-side chain to the rear wheel. This requires that one of the rear chainrings be devoted to the timing chain and limits shifting options.  The least popular solution is to run a drive chain from the forward crankset all the way to the rear wheel, and also run a timing chain from the front crankset to the rear crankset. This is less popular because it requires considerably more chain than the first two arrangements. Such a setup is called a crossover front drive.  A rare solution to the requirement of coordinated pedaling is the use of a jackshaft plus two freehubs, thus allowing one rider to coast while the other continues to pedal. This also allows riders to select different crank positions, such as inphase (IP), or Out-Of-Phase (OOP), while pedaling together. Davinci Tandems use a unique "Independent Drive" whereby the intermediate shaft transfers the power from the stoker and captain cranks into a converter which allows up to four chainrings. This variant also allows stoker and captain cranks to freewheel (coast) independently.

Crankset.

The front crankset typically has only one chainring. The rear crankset typically has many chainrings, sometimes on both sides. On a tandem where the pedaling is designed to be in sync, both cranksets will use a chainring for the timing chain of the same size. The drive chain chainrings can be single gear or use a derailleur.  To maintain the necessary tension on the timing chain, many tandems use an eccentric that is placed in the front rider's bottom bracket shell. An alternate solution is to implement a pulley, or idler, on the bottom of the timing chain to take up slack. Idlers add friction and a potential point of failure to the drive train.

Fork.

Tandems have very different weight distribution and loads on wheels, brakes, and forks. A tandem-specific fork is designed to handle this. Custom tandem makers such as Co-Motion make specific forks for tandem, triple, and quad-bikes. Brake forces can be substantial. On any bicycle, the front brake (and thus fork) are critical to safe and efficient braking. On disc brakes tandems, it is important that heat transfer and dissipation has been engineered properly. In particular, carbon tandem forks can provide all the benefits of comfort and control, but are also designed to handle the increased heat load.

Handle bars and stem.

Stoker handlebars are typically connected to a stoker stem that is clamped around the captain's seatpost. The stoker handlebars are typically bullhorns or drop bars with "dummy levers" instead of brake levers for gripping.

Wheels.

Because of the extra weight and stresses, tandem wheels may use a higher spoke count, sturdier rims, higher pressure tires, a stronger freewheel, dishless spoke configuration, or asymmetric wheels. Tandems wear out rear wheels faster than front wheels; therefore, they may use non-symmetrical wheel setups, such as more spokes or a sturdier rim on the rear wheel.  The dish of a wheel measures the amount of asymmetry between the rim and the hub flanges. To accommodate a large cassette, more space is needed on the drive side of the axle; this increases the complexity of manufacturing and truing the wheel. Tandem rear wheels tend to run a wider hub/axle to allow the right-side hub flange to be further right of wheel center and thus reduce the total dish of the wheel. Some modern tandems use a 160-mm-wide axle that allows a wheel that is completely "dishless" (i.e. symmetric). The disadvantage is this may increase the Q-factor of the stoker's cranks and may also cause "heel-strike" of the stoker's shoes on the chain stays. Others use shorter axles (often 145mm wide) thereby trading a little decrease in the strength of the wheel for the advantage of a similar decrease in the bending moment of the axle spindle. Rear hubs may also be threaded on the left side to allow the use of a drum brake.  Specialty wheels such as Aerospoke or Shimano "Sweet-16" may build "tandem certified" racing wheelsets. The Aerospoke tandem wheelset is built up more than their roadset with special tandem hubs that can be removed and which facilitates stacking the rims flat into a travel case.

Brakes.

A tandem bicycle has about twice the kinetic energy as a single bicycle traveling at the same forward speed. This may be more than can be handled by the same brakes, especially rim brakes, as a single bicycle. Two alternatives have been employed to solve this problem: drum brakes and disc brakes.  The Arai drum brake is used during long downhill descents where a rim brake might overheat the tire and possibly cause it to fail. The drum of the brake screws onto the left side of the tandem hub, which must be threaded for the drum. The shoe plate slips over the axle and a small reaction arm from the shoe plate engages with the bicycle frame to prevent the plate from turning. The drum brake is typically controlled by a friction shift lever like a BARCON or similar. The brake is designed to be engaged continuously during a descent to maintain a steady speed. The standard brakes can be used in addition as necessary.  Some modern tandems use disc brakes, with all the advantages and disadvantages that entails.

Riding techniques.

The rear rider starts clipped in while the front rider holds the tandem upright. For those who can get accustomed to the rear rider always being clipped in, the distinct advantage to this technique will become obvious when trying to start at the foot of a bridge or on a hill. If the tandem team does not practice this, then they often reserve this type of start for when they are faced with a bridge or hill. This technique allows the rear rider to apply continuous power as the front rider steadies the tandem during the initial take-off. This reduces the risk of the tandem toppling over due to starting on an incline. The rear rider will continue to pedal as the front rider attempts to get the foot used for steadying the tandem clipped into the pedal.

Crank phase.

Riders may choose to synchronise their pedalling through in-phase (IP) or out-of-phase (OOP) pedalling. In in-phase pedalling, each rider's cranks are the same or opposite clock positions at any point in time. In out-of-phase pedalling, both riders have their cranks in differing non-opposite positions. This has the potential for a wide range of variation. Some tandem riders arrange their cranks so that they are 90° out of phase to produce what is called the "4 banger arrangement". In practice, OOP setups range from a mere two-tooth phase difference between cranks to a full 90° phase difference. Generally, OOP provides the greatest benefits to the tandem team that has disparate leg-strength. When the tandem is pedalled IP it is possible, and often happens, that the stronger rider literally drops the pedals out from beneath the feet of the weaker rider and cause the latter to be unable to contribute meaningfully. Using OOP makes a significant difference in gearing choice as each rider has the full mass of the tandem in their power stroke, so lower gears are preferred. However, using OOP can help develop leg strength for the very same reason. Some argue that this produces a smoother power stroke, or that it reduces stress on the drive train because the point of maximum power is reduced to roughly half and distributed over the chainrings.

Manufacturers.

Since the market for tandem bicycles is significantly smaller than the market for single bikes, there are far fewer tandem bicycle manufacturers than single-bicycle manufacturers. There are a few builders who specialize in tandems, as well as single-bike makers who offer tandem models. Current notable tandem bicycle manufacturers include:

The tandem bicycle or twin is a form of bicycle (occasionally a tricycle) designed to be ridden by more than one person. The term tandem refers to the seating arrangement (fore to aft, not side by side), not the number of riders. Patents related to tandem bicycles date from the mid 1880s. Tandems can reach higher speeds than the same riders on single bicycles, and tandem bicycle racing exists. As with bicycles for single riders, there are many variations that have been developed over the years.

Tandemové kolo (nebo krátce tandem) je označení pro jízdní kolo, které je určeno pro více osob, nejčastěji pro dvě. Klíčový prvek je zachování jednostoposti, respektive posazení jezdců za sebou. Výhodou tandemů je výrazně vyšší efektivita zejména na rovinatých trasách. Kromě toho mají i speciální použití, například zpřístupňují cyklistiku slepcům. Ti mají jízdu na tandemu také mezi paralympijskými disciplínami.


Gameplay.

The following covers the basic rules of gameplay. However, for more comprehensive rulesets, consult the links below.  Each player sits across from their teammate so that play alternates between the two teams. The game is traditionally run "counter"-clockwise, but is frequently played clockwise.  The game is played with a deck of 56 cards, consisting of a 52-card deck of four suits (Jade, Sword, Pagoda, Star) plus four special cards (Mah Jong, Dog, Phoenix, Dragon). A standard 52-card deck with 4 jokers (marked to indicate the special cards) can also be used.  Each player is dealt (or alternately "draws", in Chinese play) eight cards, and may call "Grand Tichu," a 200-point bet that he (not his partner) will be the first to get rid of his cards. Once players have decided whether to make this call, six more cards are dealt (the remaining cards in the deck) and players may no longer declare "Grand Tichu." Now, and at any time "prior to playing his/her first card", a player may call "Tichu," a 100-point bet that he (not his partner) will be the first to get rid of his cards. The differences between Grand Tichu and Tichu are when they may be called, the number of cards you've seen, and the number of points involved.  All players prepare three cards for simultaneous exchange, with each player passing one card (face down) to each of the other players—one to each opponent and one to the partner. Should a player declare "Tichu" before the simultaneous exchange, players are allowed to change their out-going exchange cards.  After the card exchange, the player with the Mah Jong leads the first trick. In Tichu, playable card combinations are generally based on Poker hands, with some exceptions. A player may pass on a trick with the option to play in later (essentially "checking" in Poker), and a trick is completed if it is passed three times in a row.  Playable card combinations include: a single card; any pair; two or more "stairs" (consecutive pairs; for example, 55667788. "Non"-consecutive pairs may not be played); three of a kind; straights of "at least" five cards in length, regardless of suit/color (so 56789TJQ is playable); and full houses (three of a kind & a pair). Four of a kind or a straight flush of at least five cards is a bomb which beats any card combination with the exception of a bigger bomb. Bombs may be played at any time (even out of turn) to end a trick, with every player given a chance to play bigger bombs before the trick is taken.  An example of "bombing": 10< K< D< 8888< AAAA< ♦9♦10♦J♦Q♦K< ♠2♠3♠4♠5♠6♠7.  The special cards affect gameplay accordingly:

Scoring.

Teams gain or deduct points for Grand Tichu (±200 points) and/or Tichu (±100 points) calls. As an example: player A declared Grand Tichu and lost to D's Tichu. A&C lose 200 points and B&D gain 100 points.  If both players on a team get rid of all their cards before either player on the opposing team is out of cards, the winning team scores 200 points and there is no card scoring this round.  The last player out gives their remaining cards to the opposing team, and gives all the tricks they have won this round to the first player out.  Points are scored based on the cards in the tricks won by each team. Kings and tens are worth ten points each, fives are worth five points, the Dragon is worth 25 points, and the Phoenix is worth "negative" 25. All other cards score zero.  In 2015 Great Grand was introduced to the game. The Great Grand has its origins in Western-Norway, and it is widely spread in this area. The Great Grand is very similar to Grand Tichu, but instead of gaining or deducting 200 points, the team will gain or deduct 400 points. However, the Great Grand must be called before any of the cards are dealt. Variations on the Great Grand Tichu include the Blind Grand Tichu, which was developed independently by players in Minnesota and Iowa (USA) in 2013. A Blind Grand Tichu must be declared before an individual player looks at any of his/her cards. Other players may look at their cards prior to a player declaring a Blind Grand Tichu. The Blind Grand Tichu awards 400 points for success and deducts 400 points for failure. However, the players who developed the Blind Grand Tichu determined that the large number of points associated with it (400 of the 1000 required to win the game) too heavily encouraged declaring Blind Grand Tichu, skewing the game away from the traditional declarations of Tichu or Grand Tichu, and have therefore abandoned its use.  Rounds continue until a team scores 1,000 points or more.

Three player game (or Threechu).

The cards are dealt the same way as normal. The dealer forms a team with a dummy and the other two players are a "normal" team and do nothing different. The dealer controls his own cards and of the dummy. He may not declare a Grand Tichu, only a small one. The exchange in cards is normal, only the dealer and dummy do not give each other a card. After this, the cards of the dummy must lay face-up on the table. After the round, another player plays with dummy, because playing with dummy has a slight advantage. Scoring is done individually. Usually, a number of rounds is played that is a multiple of three, so each player plays with the dummy an equal number of times. The dummy can declare tichu as well and also isn't obliged to fulfil the wish of Mah Jong.

Tientsin (6 players).

In Tientsin (Tianjin) tichu is played six-handed, two teams of three seated alternating round the table. The rules of the game are the same as for the four-handed version, except that:  There is no special reward for a double victory, but a triple victory (one team gets rid of all its cards while all three opponents still hold cards) scores 300 points.

Grand Seigneur (5-12 players).

The seating order is the Alpha and Omega of Grand Seigneur, which is very similar to President or Daifugō. At the head of the table, in the most comfortable armchair in the house, sits the Great Lord himself. On his left is the number two in the hierarchy, the Lord. Further to the left, in third place, sits the Squire. In fourth place the Burgher. Number five is the Pauper. In last place - so at the right of the Great Lord - sits the Wretch on a simple kitchen stool.  The number of places corresponds to the number taking part. If need be, obscure forms such as Grand Burgher or Petty Pauper can be added in. Obviously women use the corresponding forms, such as Wretch (f).  The first round is a simple round of Tichu, without any pushing of cards or any point values, in which everyone tries to get rid of his cards as quickly as possible - to be elected as the first Great Lord of the day. Whoever gets rid of his cards second becomes the first Lord and so on. The players then move into the seats to which they are entitled.  The social injustice of the game of Grand Seigneur appears in the pushing in the second round. If five play one card less is handed over at each level. The recipients simultaneously push the corresponding number of cards back - but useless cards of their choice.  The Mah Jong begins, the uneven contest takes it course and the winner becomes Great Lord, the tailender becomes the Wretch. The players take their new-won places - provided that any positions have changed. Great Lords are hard to overthrow due to the uneven card exchange.  There is no defined end to the game, only the glory of being Grand Lord. It is all for fun. The use of two packs is recommended when 7 or more play Grand Seigneur. The Hound and Mah Jong must be removed from the second pack. Extra rules:

Tichu (also known as Haris) is a multi-genre card game; primarily a shedding game that includes elements of Bridge, Daihinmin, and Poker played between two teams of two players each. Teams work to accumulate points; the first team to reach a predetermined score (usually 1,000 points) is the winner. Tichu is the trade name for what appears to be a variant of "Dou di zhu", "Choi Dai Di" (Cantonese) or "Da Lao Er" (Mandarin), meaning "big two", combined with "Zheng Fen" ("Competing for Points"). It is also marketed as "Tai-Pan" in Dutch. It was invented by Urs Hostettler and released in 1991.

Tichu je karetní hra, která vznikla modifikací původně čínské hry Zheng Shang You, jež do západního světa přivezl anglický tým hráčů Go v roce 1979. Podobá se hrám poker, mariáš a bridž. Cílem hry je zbavit se všech karet na ruce. Hra je primárně určena pro dva týmy o dvou hráčích, ale existují modifikace pro 3–12 hráčů.


History.

Formation and merger.

On July 1, 1894, Club de Regatas Botafogo was founded. On August 12, 1904, another club was founded in the neighborhood: the Electro Club, the name first given to the Botafogo Football Club. The idea came during an algebra lesson at Alfredo Gomes College, when Flávio Ramos wrote to his friend Emmanuel Sodré: "Itamar has a football club in Martins Ferreira Street. Let's establish another one, in Largo dos Leões, what do you think? We can speak to the Wernecks, to Arthur César, Vicente and Jacques". The Electro Club was founded, but its name did not last. After a suggestion from Dona Chiquitota, Flávio's grandmother, the club finally became the Botafogo Football Club, on September 18 of the same year. The colors were black and white like those of Juventus FC, the team of Itamar Tavares, one of the club's founders. Its badge was drawn by Basílio Vianna Jr., in Swiss style with the BFC monogram. The Botafogo Football Club would soon become one of the strongest football teams in Rio de Janeiro, winning the championships of 1907, 1910, 1912 and more.  With the same name, the same location, the same colours and most important the same supporters, it seemed inevitable that the clubs would merge. They did so on December 8, 1942 after a basketball match between both clubs, when Botafogo Football Club player Armando Albano died suddenly, that the idea of a merger began. On this tragic occasion, the president of Club de Regatas Botafogo, (also a major Brazilian poet), spoke: "At this time, I declare to Albano that his last match ended with the victory of his team. We won't play the time left on the clock. We all want the young fighter to leave this great night as a winner. This is how we salute him." Eduardo Góis Trindade, Botafogo Football Club's president said: "Between the matches of our clubs, only one can be the winner: Botafogo!." And then Schmidt declared the fusion: "What else do we need to our clubs become one?." Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas finally came into being. The Football Club's badge became black, and the monogram substituted by Clube de Regatas' lone star.

On the field.

The team won the Campeonato Carioca in 1907, 1910 and 1912. In 1909 the team beat Mangueira 24–0, which remains the highest score in Brazilian football. They won further state titles in 1930, 1932, 1933, 1934 and 1935. In the 1940s, after the creation of Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas, the team's best player was Heleno de Freitas. However, Heleno did not win a championship for Botafogo. He scored 204 goals in 233 matches, but went to the Boca Juniors in 1948, the year Botafogo won its 9th state championship.  They won the Campeonato Carioca in 1957, 1961 and 1962, and in 1968 they won Serie A, becoming the first "carioca" club to win the Brazilian league.  1989 ended a period of 21 years without a title when the club won the state championship, retaining the trophy in 1990.  In the 1990s, Botafogo won Copa Conmebol (the precursor of the current Copa Sudamericana). And in 1995 they won the Brazilian League for the second time in club's history, after drawing 1–1 the second leg of the Final against Santos FC at São Paulo.  Botafogo would be relegated to the Second Division after ranking last in the Brazilian League of 2002. In 2003, Botafogo ranked second in Brazil's Second division (after Palmeiras) and returned to the First Division.  In 2006, the club won the Rio de Janeiro State Championship for the 18th time, and again in 2010 and 2013 with the iconic players Loco Abreu and Seedorf, respectively.  Nowadays, Botafogo is the only club to have won titles in three different centuries, including the state championship for rowing in 1899.

Stadium.

The team's home ground is the Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos, named in honor of Nilton Santos, a former club player and two time world champion with the Brazilian national football team, and some feel the greatest left back of all time,.  Other stadiums used by the club during its history are:

Rivals.

Its biggest rivals are the other most important Rio clubs: Fluminense, Flamengo, and Vasco da Gama.  The derby with Fluminense is known as the "Clássico Vovô" (Grandfather Derby) because it is the oldest derby in the whole country. Both teams faced each other for the first time in 1905.  The match with Vasco is known as the "Friendship Derby" because the supporters of both club have been friends historically. It is the only derby in the city that tends to be nonviolent.  The derby against Flamengo, "The Rivalry Derby", is the biggest one for the club, and one of the more important for the country. The clubs strongly dislike each other and the rivalry goes from the players on the pitch, to the fans, to both clubs' boardrooms. Players who participate in these matches usually become club idols. Some examples include: Garrincha, Manga, Jairzinho, Túlio Maravilha, and more recently Loco Abreu and Jefferson. Manga is known for a remarkable quote about this derby when he used to say that the player's prize money was already guaranteed because it was easy to beat Flamengo. Flamengo's biggest star Zico once said that at his childhood, Botafogo was the club he hated more because the "Glorioso" used to win all the derbies.  From outside the city, the club has had a historic rivalry with Santos FC since the 1960s.

Supporters.

Botafogo is in the top 10 of Brazil's largest fanbases; it is the third-most popular club in the state of Rio de Janeiro, behind only Flamengo and Vasco. However, most of the club's supporters are located outside the state of Rio de Janeiro; it has numerous fans in all parts of the country, especially in the state of Minas Gerais, on Espírito Santo, in the northeast region of Brazil, and in Brazil's capital city Brasília.

Symbols.

Lone Star.

The Lone Star ("Estrela Solitária") is currently present in Botafogo's flag and crest. This star was the principal symbol of Club de Regatas Botafogo. After the two Botafogos merged, the Lone Star became one of the most important symbols of Botafogo's football team.

Flag.

The old flag of Club de Regatas Botafogo was white with a small black square which contained the Lone Star. The Football Club had a flag with nine black and white stripes with the club's crest localized in the center. Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas then based its flag on that of the two old clubs. The flag has five black and four white stripes, with a black square at the upper left side with the Lone Star.

Uniform.

Their primary uniform consists of a black jersey with vertical white stripes, black shorts and grey socks. Their secondary uniform is all white. An all black uniform may also be used. The socks, although traditionally grey, may also be black or even white on rare occasions.

Mascots.

In 1948 a stray dog named "Biriba", known for urinating on the players, was the mascot that led them to the Campeonato Carioca. For some time before the adoption of "Manequinho" as mascot, Donald Duck was Botafogo's mascot as he represented the fans' fiery temper (as well as, notoriously, 1940s idol Heleno de Freitas). Because of image rights problems with the Walt Disney Company, Donald did not become an official mascot.

Financial situation.

In 2006 Botafogo had "Supergasbras" and "Alê" as sponsors, the arrangement during that year earned the team $3.2 million (R$7.2 million). The next year, Botafogo managed to sign the sixth highest sponsorship deal in Brazil the new sponsor "Liquigás", a Petrobrás subsidiary paid the club $3.9 million (R$7.8 million) under the terms of the one-year contract. In 2008 not only was the agreement with "Liquigás" renewed for another year, but it also became more lucrative since the sponsorship was raised to around $5 million (R$10.2 million).  In 2007, Botafogo generated the 12th largest amount of revenue for all Brazilian Football clubs— a total $20.8 million (or R$41.1 million) but Botafogo had a net loss of $1.9 million (or R$3.7 million). Also at the end of 2007 Botafogo had total debts of $106.1 million (or R$209.7 million).

Honours.

The club has some of Brazilian football's top records, as the largest number of unbeaten matches: 52 games between 1977 and 1978; the matches unbeaten record in the Brazilian Championship games: 42, also between 1977 and 1978; the largest number of player participations in total matches of the Brazil national football team (considering official and unofficial games): 1,094 participations and the largest number of players assigned to the Brazilian national team for World Cup.

Regional.

(*)The only to win four times in a row.

Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas (; "Botafogo Football and Rowing"), also known as "Botafogo", is a Brazilian sports club based in Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro. Although they compete in a number of different sports, Botafogo is mostly known for its association football team. It plays in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the first tier of the Brazilian football league system, and in the state of Rio de Janeiro's premier state league. In 2000, Botafogo finished 12th in a vote by subscribers of "FIFA Magazine" for the FIFA Club of the Century.

Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas je fotbalový klub z Brazílie, sídlící ve stejnojmenné čtvrti města Rio de Janeiro. Je tradičním účastníkem nejvyšší soutěže Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, zakládajícím členem Clube dos 13 (organizace nejdůležitějších brazilských týmů) a úřadujícím mistrem státu Rio de Janeiro (Campeonato Carioca) pro rok 2013.


Biography.

The Greenhornes started life as a high school band based in Dearborn County, Indiana, (20 miles west of Cincinnati) called Us and Them, self-releasing a four-track tape. Originally a five piece that included guitarist Brian Olive (who later departed to play with the Toledo-based Soledad Brothers under the alias Oliver Henry) and keyboardist Jared McKinney, The Greenhornes debuted in 1998, issuing their first bit of music on a single, "The End of the Night" backed with "No More," released by Deary Me Records. The following year they released their first full-length album, "Gun For You". A self-titled LP followed in 2001. 2002's "Dual Mono" came after the departure of Olive and McKinney and included guitarist and vocalist Eric Stein, currently guitarist and vocalist of The Griefs. By 2003, the band was down to Fox, Lawrence, and Keeler. 2005 saw the release of "East Grand Blues", an EP for V2 Records, which was produced by Detroit musician Brendan Benson. It was quickly followed by the compilation "Sewed Soles". The band's collaboration with Holly Golightly, "There Is an End", was the theme song of Jim Jarmusch's 2005 film, "Broken Flowers".  Throughout their career, the Greenhornes have toured almost constantly, only taking breaks when the musicians have worked on other projects.  Lawrence and Keeler, along with Detroit musician and producer Dave Feeny, were in the Do-Whaters, the band formed and led by Jack White of The White Stripes for Loretta Lynn's 2004 album "Van Lear Rose". Lawrence and Keeler spent all of 2006 at work in The Raconteurs with Benson and White. Lawrence is also the banjo and autoharp player for the Detroit band Blanche, which also includes Feeny, and plays bass in The Dead Weather, a band that includes Alison Mosshart (The Kills), Jack White and Dean Fertita (The Waxwings). Recently, Fox, McKinney, and Olive have been playing together in a new, still-untitled band in and around Cincinnati.  The song "Can't Stand It" was featured in the episode Pie-O-My during season 4 of "The Sopranos". The Greenhornes have also contributed the song "Pattern Skies" to the PS2/Xbox video game "Destroy All Humans! 2". The group are confirmed to play the ATP New York 2010 music festival in Monticello, New York, in September 2010 at the request of film director Jim Jarmusch.  "Four Stars", the band's fourth studio album was released on November 9, 2010. It had the song "Saying Goodbye" on the soundtrack for the 2011 movie "The Green Hornet"  A seven-song 12" record of demos and outtakes from the recording of the "East Grand Blues EP" was released as a part of the vault package no. 6 from Third Man Records. This album is not available for purchase in stores, and only a limited number of pressings were made.

The Greenhornes are an American garage rock band from Cincinnati, Ohio, formed in 1996 by vocalist/guitarist Craig Fox, bass guitarist Jack Lawrence and drummer Patrick Keeler. They released their debut album "Gun For You" in 1999, followed by a self-titled album in 2001. A third studio album, "Dual Mono", was released in 2002, with the band taking a small hiatus. The Greenhornes returned in 2005 to release a new EP, "East Grand Blues", and a compilation album, "Sewed Soles". During this time, Lawrence and Keeler formed The Raconteurs with Detroit musicians and personal friends Jack White and Brendan Benson, leaving very few performances and interaction with Fox. In 2010, the band reunited once again to record a studio album, "Four Stars", their first in eight years.

The Greenhornes je americká garagerocková skupina, založená v roce 1996 ve městě Cincinnati v americkém státě Ohio. Původní sestavu tvořili zpěvák a kytarista Craig Fox, kytarista Brian Olive, baskytarista Jack Lawrence, klávesista Jared McKinney a bubeník Patrick Keeler. Olive ze skupiny odešel v roce 2000 a nahradil jej Eric Stein. O rok později odešel i McKinney a v následujícím roce i Stein. Od té doby skupiny hraje v triu v sestavě Fox, Lawrence a Keeler. Své první studiové album skupiny vydala v roce 1999 a neslo název "Gun for You"; následovala tři další alba a v roce 2012 jedno společné EP se zpěvákem Erikem Burdonem.


Design and description.

Like their predecessors, the s of the "Vauquelin" class were designed as fleet scouts, intended to fight their way through the enemy's screen. The design was virtually identical to the preceding s, although the stern was reshaped to improve minelaying and the torpedo armament was revised. To reduce topweight, the use of electric welding for non-strength parts of the hull and superstructure was increased as was the use of duralumin for internal partitions and parts of the superstructure. This improved their metacentric height at deep load to and made them much more stable than the "Aigle"s. The "Vauquelin"s were considered to be good seaboats, although the small rudder, carried over from the earlier ships, made them not very maneuverable. In service the use of duralumin was much criticized as it was corrosion prone and required much maintenance.  The "Vauquelin"-class ships had an overall length of, a beam of, and a draft of. The ships displaced at standard and at deep load. Their hull was subdivided by a dozen traverse bulkheads into 13 watertight compartments. Their crew consisted of 10 officers and 201 crewmen in peacetime and 12 officers and 220 enlisted men in wartime.  The "Vauquelin"s were powered by two geared Rateau-Breguet or Parsons steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four du Temple boilers that operated at a pressure of and a temperature of. The turbines were designed to produce which was intended give the ships a speed of. During their sea trials, each of the ships comfortably exceeded their designed speed, ranging from from. They carried a maximum of of fuel oil which give them a range of at. The ships were fitted with two turbo generators in the engine rooms. In addition, a pair of diesel generators were located in the central superstructure.

Armament and fire control.

The main armament of the "Vauquelin"-class ships consisted of five 40-caliber Modèle 1927 guns in single shielded mounts, one superfiring pair fore and aft of the superstructure and the fifth gun abaft the aft funnel. The guns were numbered '1' to '5' from front to rear. Their mounts had a range of elevation from −10° to +28°, which gave the guns a range of at maximum elevation. They fired projectiles at a muzzle velocity of at a rate of 8 to 12 rounds per minute. The "Vauquelin"s could stow 200 rounds for each gun, plus 75 star shells for No. 2 gun.  Their secondary armament consisted of four 50-caliber semi-automatic Modèle 1925 anti-aircraft (AA) guns in single mounts positioned amidships. Their mounts could elevate from −15° to +80° and the guns had a maximum effective range of. Firing projectiles at a muzzle velocity of the guns had a rate of fire of 20 rounds per minute. In addition there were two twin mounts for Hotchkiss Mitrailleuse de CA Modèle 1929 AA machine guns on the forecastle deck abreast the bridge.  The ships carried two above-water twin mounts for torpedo tubes, one pair on each broadside between each pair of funnels as well as one triple mount aft of the rear pair of funnels able to traverse to both sides. Their Mle 1923DT torpedoes had a TNT warhead and could be set for a speed of with a range of or for. A pair of depth charge chutes were built into their stern; these housed a total of sixteen depth charges, with eight more in reserve. They were also fitted with a pair of depth-charge throwers, one on each broadside abreast the aft funnels, for which they carried a dozen depth charges. The ships could be fitted with rails to drop forty Breguet B4 mines. With a de-emphasis on anti-submarine warfare for the s, the depth-charge throwers were removed in 1936 and more 200-kilogram depth charges were carried in their place.  Fire control for the main guns was provided by a Mle 1929 electro-mechanical fire-control computer that used data provided by a SOM B.1926 coincidence rangefinder atop the bridge. The computer could not compensate for the ships' motions and the guns could only be fired accurately when the ships were level. The rangefinder was replaced by a OPL Mle E.1930 stereoscopic rangefinder in 1934 and the SOM rangefinder was repositioned to the base of the mainmast. The following year, "Cassard" was the test ship for a new OPL E.1935 rangefinder in a two-man turret and an auxiliary Mle 1919 fire-control computer in the base of the turret. With the trial being successful, the new rangefinder in its turret replaced the E.1930 rangefinder in the rest of the "Vauquelin"s in 1935–1936, although the latter was transferred to a new turret built around the base of the mainmast.

Wartime modifications.

The reconsidered its anti-submarine warfare tactics after the war began in September and intended to reinstate the depth-charge throwers, although these were an older model than the one previously installed. Depth-charge stowage now consisted of 24 heavy depth charges and 16 of the 100-kilogram ones for those ships that received the throwers. There was a shortage of them and only, "Vauquelin" and received them beginning in May 1940. As an interim measure, a pair of rails were installed on the stern for depth charges. Each rail could accommodate three depth charges and ten more were stored in the magazine. The "Vauquelin"-class ships were allocated British Alpha 128 Asdic systems in April 1940, although they were slowly installed on the surviving ships between May and the end of 1941; "Le Chevalier Paul" did not receive one before her loss in June 1941.  In May 1940, "Vauquelin" and "Kersaint" received a pair of twin-gun 37-millimeter mounts; the former lost all of her 37-millimeter guns in exchange while the latter retained a pair of her single mounts. Beginning in 1941 the "Vauquelin"s had their anti-aircraft armament augmented, although shortages mean that most of the ships differed from each other. In general, the mainmast and the auxiliary fire-control position was replaced by a platform for a single 37-millimeter twin-gun mount and two of the single 37-millimeter mounts were transferred to the platform while the other two single mounts were removed. In addition each ship received two or four Browning 13.2-millimeter AA machine guns. "Le Chevalier Paul"s refit in January 1941 was the first to be completed and she had four 37-millimeter guns in a twin-gun mount and two singles, two single mounts for the Brownings and her original four Hotchkiss machine guns in a pair of twin-gun mounts. This was also the configuration for "Tartu" and "Cassard". "Vauquelin" kept her two twin-gun 37-millimeter mounts and her original Hotchkiss mounts, and added three single Brownings. "Kersaint" reverted to her four original single 37-millimeter mounts, but exchanged her Hotchkiss guns for four single Brownings and also received three Hotchkiss Modèle 1925 AA guns in single mounts.

Service.

"Kersaint", "Vauquelin", and "Maillé Brézé" were initially assigned to the 2nd Squadron (), based in Brest while the other three were sent to the 1st Squadron () in Toulon. All six ships were consolidated in the 1st Squadron in October 1934. After the start of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, "Kersaint" and "Cassard" were among the ships assigned to evacuate French citizens from Spain and later to patrol the surveillance zones assigned to France. After September most of the and destroyers in the Mediterranean were assigned these tasks on a monthly rotation as part of the non-intervention policy.  On 27 August 1939, in anticipation of war with Nazi Germany, the French Navy planned to reorganize the Mediterranean Fleet into the of three squadrons. When France declared war on 3 September, the reorganization was ordered and the 3rd Light Squadron, which included the 5th and 9th Scout Divisions () with all of the "Vauquelin"-class ships, was assigned to the 3rd Squadron. The ships of the 9th Scout Division were assigned to escort duties in the Western Mediterranean in early October, although they occasionally escorted ships in the Atlantic as well. "Cassard" was detached for several months to help search for German commerce raiders and blockade runners in the Atlantic. "Vauquelin" and "Maillé Brézé" escorted a pair of cruisers to Dakar, French West Africa, in October and then escorted a convoy back.  In April 1940 the 5th Scout Division with "Le Chevalier Paul", "Tartu" and "Maillé Brézé" was tasked to escort convoys between Scotland and Norway. Beginning in mid-April they escorted two French troop convoys to Harstad and Namsos. "Maillé Brézé" was lost on 30 April after a torpedo accident at Greenock, Scotland. The remaining ships rejoined their sisters at Toulon at the end of May in anticipation of Italy joining the war. Four days after the Italians declared war on 10 June, "Tartu", "Cassard" and "Le Chevalier Paul" were among the ships ordered to bombard targets in Vado Ligure. Little damage was inflicted despite the expenditure of over 1,600 rounds and two Italian MAS boats that attempted to intervene were only lightly damaged by the French. "Kersaint" was present when the British attacked the French ships in Mers-el-Kébir, French Algeria, in July, but was not damaged. When the Vichy French government reestablished the (FHM) on 25 September after it negotiated rules limiting the force's activities and numbers with the Italian and German Armistice Commissions, "Cassard" was the only "Vauquelin"-class ship initially assigned; the others were placed in reserve. "Le Chevalier Paul", "Vauquelin" and "Tartu" replaced three older in the FHM on 15 November. After the Allies invaded French Lebanon and Syria in June 1941, "Le Chevalier Paul" was dispatched to Lebanon with more ammunition for the ships there. She was sunk by British torpedo bombers en route on 16 June and "Vauquelin" sailed from Toulon the following day. She reached Beirut four days later; on the 29th, all three of the based there sailed for Greece to load reinforcements and supplies bound for Lebanon. They were spotted by British aircraft on their way back to Lebanon in early July and turned back in accordance with their orders. In the meantime, "Tartu", "Cassard" and a heavy cruiser transported a battalion of infantry from Algiers, French Algeria, to Marseilles between 30 June and 1 July that was intended to reinforce the Levant.  After the Allies invaded French North Africa on 8 November 1942, the Germans attempted to capture the French ships in Toulon intact on 27 November, but the four surviving sisters were scuttled by their crews. The Germans and Italians made only cursory attempts to salvage the ships, not least because three were further damaged during Allied air attacks in 1944 and they were scrapped in place between 1950 and 1956.

The "Vauquelin" class was a group of six large destroyers () built for the French Navy () in the early 1930s. Entering service in 1933–1934, the sister ships spent most of their careers in the Mediterranean. During the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, they helped to enforce the non-intervention agreement. When France declared war on Germany in September 1939, all of the "Vauquelin"s were assigned to the High Sea Forces ( (FHM)) which was tasked to escort French convoys and support the other commands as needed. Three of the sisters briefly deployed to Scotland in early 1940 to support the Allied forces in the Norwegian Campaign and was lost to an accidental explosion. The others returned to the Mediterranean in time to participate in Operation Vado, a bombardment of Italian coastal facilities after Italy entered the war in June.

Třída Vauquelin byla třídou „supertorpédoborců“ francouzského námořnictva postavených před druhou světovou válkou. Třídu tvořilo šest jednotek. Všechny byly za války ztraceny.


History.

Prehistory.

Presumably, Starobilsk traces its heritage to the settlement of Bielska Sloboda which originally might have been named after Okolnichy Bogdan Belsky of Litvin Bielsky family who at that time was a subject of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.  Bielsky arrived to banks of Siversky Donets to built a fortress at southern borders "Tsare-Borisov" (after Muscovite Tsar Boris Godunov) which was erected not far away in 1598–1600. In 1602 Godunov became suspicious of Belsky and order him to be arrested, stripped of any estates and exiled to Siberia. After the death of Godunov Belsky was granted amnesty in 1605 due to the fact that his sister being a wife of past away Boris Godunov, Maria Skuratova-Belskaya, became a regent. Belsky was sent as a voivode to Kazan where in 1611 was killed by mob after refusing to pledge allegiance to False Dmitry II. Sloboda gradually became abandoned, while the fortress was destroyed in 1612 in one of Tatar raids.

Origin.

In 1686 the settlement was repopulated by servicemen of the Ostrohozk Sloboda Cossack Regiment who originally came from Poltava and Chernihiv regions and named their settlement after a town of Bilsk, Cossack Hetmanate that might have belonged to another Litvin who sided with Muscovites, Theodore Bielsky.  Being a runaway serfs, Tsarist government allowed them to settle in military frontier with the Crimean realm to carry out border guard functions. After the place became also populated with serfs from the central regions of the today's Russia, the Tsarist government took measures to find and return those fugitives. In 1701 the Ambassadorial Prikaz decided to conduct a population census in new settlements along Aidar and Siversky Donets. Most population avoided the census. According to data of stolnik M.Pushkin who in 1703 conducted population census in 34 settlements, in Bielsky was registered only 41 resident although in reality there were much more.  Trying to meet the demands of Russian landlords who repeatedly turned to the Tsar with complaints and requests to return fugitives, on 6 July 1707 Peter the Great issued an edict (ukase) about the search of "newly arrived from Rus all ranks of people". To the Don was sent a punitive detachment under command of colonel Prince Yuriy Dolgorukiy. He was charged to search for fugitives and "take them to those landowner from whom they ran away". That action led to the well known Bulavin Rebellion. Struggling with the rebellion, Tsarist troops eventually burnt the settlement to the ground.  In 1732 the settlement was repopulated again by peasants from around Ostrogozhsk (Ostrohozk) turning it into a sloboda Stara-Bila. Among the first of its new residents were again servicemen of the Ostrohozk Regiment led by sotnik I.Senelnykov. In 1782 Staro-Bila was assigned to the Derkul Horse Factory of Bilovodsk district (Voronezh Governorate). On Tsarist edict (ukase) from 1 May 1797 sloboda Staro-Bila was renamed into Starobelsk and became the administrative centre of Starobelsk uyezd in Kharkov Governorate of the Russian Empire.

Later History.

Founded on October 12, 1851, Starobilsk "Joy of All Who Sorrows" Convent (Свято-Скорботний жіночий монастир) became a spiritual center for the region. After the Bolshevik revolution, the convent was restricted and, in April 1924, it was closed down. It remained empty until 1992, when the state returned it to the Orthodox Church. It was reconsecrated and opened in 1995.  The town was occupied by Austrian troops during the Central Powers' advance through Ukraine in spring 1918, but soon became a center of activity for the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine or Anarchists. A photograph in the City Regional Museum (Старобільський краєзнавчий музей) shows Anarchist leader Nestor Makhno addressing the people of Starobilsk from a balcony on the main square in 1919.  During World War II, the old convent was the site of a Soviet prison camp for Polish prisoners of war (POWs), especially officers. 48 of them died in the camp and were buried in Chmirov cemetery. A plaque on the outside wall of the convent declares that 4,000 Polish prisoners were confined inside the convent and ultimately executed in 1940. These numbered among the officers executed at the same time as the Katyn massacre, but in the Kharkiv NKVD building, and later buried in Pyatykhatky forest. The German Wehrmacht entered Starobilsk in late 1942 and evacuated nine months later, destroying much of the city but neglected to dynamite the milk factory. The town was rebuilt around this factory, which in turn helped the region recover after the war.  During the current War in Donbass many places in Luhansk Oblast were taken over by pro-Russian separatists; however, Starobilsk remained under Ukrainian control. The flag of the Luhansk People's Republic was raised over the Hotel Aidar on 17 June 2014, but swiftly removed. The city was occupied by a military presence for two years thereafter, during which time the statue of Lenin in Starobilsk city park was toppled by a tank.  In 2016, Lenin Street was renamed Monastery Street as it had been before the Bolshevik revolution.

International relations.

Twin towns – Sister cities.

Starobilsk is twinned with:

Starobilsk (, ) is a city near Luhansk in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Starobilsk Raion. The settlement has been known since 1686. The city status was given in 1938. Its population is.

Starobilsk (, do roku 1933 – "Starobilske"; – "Starobelsk") je město v Luhanské oblasti na Ukrajině. Leží na řece Ajdaru ve vzdálenosti 85 kilometrů na severozápad od Luhansku, hlavního města oblasti. V roce 2013 žilo ve Starobilsku přes osmnáct tisíc obyvatel.


Origins.

The party was founded in May 2013 by Tomio Okamura, an independent senator attached to the Christian Democratic parliamentary group. Tomio Okamura's Dawn of Direct Democracy supported the implementation of direct democracy at all levels "as a solution to the corruption, nepotism, clientelism and kleptocracy," the use of referenda, the direct election of deputies, senators, mayors and regional governors, a presidential system and, consequently, a stronger separation of powers.  Founding members of Dawn of Direct Democracy included members of Public Affairs, a former member of the Civic Democratic Party, and a representative of "Moravané".  In the parliamentary election of 2013 the party obtained 342,339 votes (6.88%), winning 14 seats. These included two deputies elected in the Central Bohemian Region, and one each in all others except the Plzen Region and Karlovy Vary Region.

Party split.

On 19 January 2015, Chief Whip Radim Fiala was removed and replaced by.  In February 2015, most of the nine members of the party and the 14 members of the Dawn parliamentary group decided to establish a new party, without leader Tomio Okamura. On 26 February 2015, Okamura announced that the party was experiencing serious financial difficulties. Since their election to the parliament, the party had been receiving millions of Czech crowns from the state each year.  Several members of Dawn have created new parties, including Freedom and Direct Democracy, led by Okamura, and the Party of National Interests led by Petr Adam. On 7 July 2015, Dawn announced plans to merge with the Party of the National Interests, which they did in August the same year. Retired veteran Miroslav Lidinský was elected as party chairman and the name was changed to Dawn – National Coalition. They also began working with the We Don't Want Islam in the Czech Republic movement () led by Martin Konvička. However, this collaboration also failed soon after, and Dawn's popularity has continued to decline. According to opinion polling, Dawn was unlikely to exceed the threshold for entry into parliament at the 2017 legislative elections.  Dawn MP Martin Lank left the party in May 2017, which reduced the parliamentary group to six MPs, further reduced to five on 6 June 2017 with the departure of Jana Hnyková. On 7 June 2017, Marek Černoch also left Dawn.  Dawn did not participate in the 2017 legislative election. In July 2017, prominent party members stated their intention to participate in local elections in 2018. The party was dissolved in March 2018.

Dawn – National Coalition (), short Dawn, (from June 2014 to August 2015) Dawn of Direct Democracy () or (from June 2013 to June 2014) Tomio Okamura's Dawn of Direct Democracy (), was a right-wing populist, Eurosceptic political party in the Czech Republic.

Úsvit – Národní Koalice (od června 2013 do června 2014 Úsvit přímé demokracie Tomia Okamury a do srpna 2015 Úsvit přímé demokracie) bylo české pravicové až krajně pravicové politické hnutí, založené senátorem Tomiem Okamurou, usilující původně o spojení politiků a organizací napříč politickým i kulturním spektrem a prosazení změny Ústavy k posílení přímé demokracie. V předčasných volbách do Poslanecké sněmovny Parlamentu ČR v říjnu 2013 hnutí získalo čtrnáct poslaneckých mandátů, po rozštěpení měl poslanecký klub Úsvitu k červenci 2015 devět členů. V březnu 2018 zaniklo přeměnou na spolek.


Biography.

Early years.

Pietri was born in Mandrio, a "frazione" of Correggio, but spent his youth in Carpi (Emilia-Romagna region). Here he worked as a shop-boy at a confectionery shop. He was 1.59 m (5 ft., 21⁄2 in.) tall.  In September 1904 the most famous Italian runner of the time, Pericle Pagliani, took part in a race in Carpi. According to tradition, Pietri was attracted by the event and, still wearing his work clothes, ran to the finish ahead of Pagliani. A few days later Pietri débuted in a distance race, finishing second in the 3,000 m of Bologna.  The following year he achieved his first international success, winning the 30 km in Paris. On 2 April 1906 Pietri won the qualifying marathon for the Olympic Games to be held in Athens that same year. In the Olympic race he retired due to intestinal illness when he was leading by 5 minutes.  In 1907 he won the Italian championships. He was by then the undisputed leader of Italian long distance races from 5000 metres to marathon distance.

1908 Olympics.

Dorando Pietri trained hard for the 1908 Olympics in London. In a race in Carpi he ran in 2 hours and 38 minutes, an extraordinary result for the times. The marathon, which was to take place on 24 July 1908, started with 56 competitors, including Pietri and fellow Italian Umberto Blasi. It began at 2:33pm. The weather was particularly hot by British summer standards. The London course measured ; the distance would later become the official marathon length from 1921.  Pietri began his race at a rather slow pace, but in the second half of the course began a powerful surge moving him into second position by the mark, 4 minutes behind South African Charles Hefferon. When he knew that Hefferon was in crisis, Pietri further increased his pace, overtaking him at the mark.  The effort took its toll and with only two kilometres to go, Pietri began to feel the effects of extreme fatigue and dehydration. When he entered the stadium, he took the wrong path and when umpires redirected him, he fell down for the first time. He got up with their help, in front of 75,000 spectators.  He fell four more times, and each time the umpires helped him up. In the end, though totally exhausted, he managed to finish the race in first place. Of his total time of 2h 54min 46s, ten minutes were needed for that last 350 metres. Second was American Johnny Hayes, with a time of 2h 55min 18s. The American team immediately lodged a complaint against the help Pietri received from the umpires. The complaint was accepted and Pietri was disqualified and removed from the final standings of the race.

International celebrity.

As a compensation for the missing medal, Queen Alexandra gave him a gilded silver cup. Arthur Conan Doyle had been commissioned by the "Daily Mail" to write a special report about the race. He was very impressed by the effort of the Italian at the stadium, which he commented with the words:  Conan Doyle proposed the Daily Mail to start a subscription to raise money and help Pietri to open a bakery in his native town. The fund reached the considerable sum of 300 pounds (), to which the same Conan Doyle contributed the initial 5 pounds ().  Pietri suddenly became an international celebrity. Composer Irving Berlin dedicated a song to him entitled "Dorando" and Pietri received requests to participate in exhibition races in the United States. On 25 November 1908, in Madison Square Garden, New York a race between Hayes and Pietri was organized. Pietri won the race as well as a second similar race on 15 March 1909. Pietri won 17 of the 22 races on his tour of America.  He returned to Italy in May 1909 and continued racing professionally in his native country and abroad for two more years. He ran his final marathon in Buenos Aires, on 24 May 1910, where he achieved his personal best of 2h 38min 48:2s.  Pietri's last race in Italy was a race held in Parma on 3 September 1911, which he won. He also won his very last race, this time in Gothenburg (Sweden), in October of the same year. He was 26 at the time. In three years as a professional runner he earned 200,000 lire in prize money alone, an enormous sum for the time.  He invested his earnings in a hotel he opened in collaboration with his brother. He was not as successful an entrepreneur as he was athlete, and the hotel went bankrupt. He moved to Sanremo, where he directed a car workshop. Pietri lived in Sanremo until his death, of a heart attack, at the age of 56.

In popular culture.

"Il sogno del maratoneta" is an Italian book and TV movie about Pietri's run.

Dorando Pietri, often wrongly spelt Petri (; 16 October 1885 – 7 February 1942) was an Italian long-distance runner. He finished first in the marathon at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London but was subsequently disqualified.

Dorando Pietri (16. října 1885, Correggio — 7. února 1942, San Remo) byl italský maratónec, známý svým vystoupením na olympiádě 1908, díky němuž bývá označován za největšího poraženého olympijské historie.


Early life.

Ivan was the second son of Ivan the Terrible by his first wife Anastasia Romanovna. His brother was Feodor. The young Ivan accompanied his father during the Massacre of Novgorod at the age of 15. For five weeks, he and his father would watch the Oprichniks with enthusiasm and retire to church for prayer. At age 27, Ivan was at least as well read as his father, and in his free time, wrote a biography on Antony of Siya. Ivan is reputed to have once saved his father from an assassination attempt. A Livonian prisoner named Bykovski raised a sword against the Tsar, only to be rapidly stabbed by the Tsarevich.

Marriages.

In 1566, it was suggested that the 12-year-old Ivan marry Virginia Eriksdotter, daughter of King Eric XIV of Sweden, but this did not come about. At the age of seventeen, Ivan was betrothed to Eudoxia Saburova, who had previously been proposed as a bride for Tsar Ivan. Indeed, she had been one of twelve women paraded before the Tsar in a bride-show for him to make a choice. The Tsar had rejected Eudoxia as a bride for himself but she was later married to the Tsar's son. The Tsar wanted his daughter-in-law to produce an heir very quickly, and this did not happen, so the Tsar banished her to a convent and got his son another bride. This second wife was Praskovia Solova, who quickly met with the same fate as her predecessor, and was also put away into a convent. The Tsar then got his son a third wife, Yelena Sheremeteva, who was found to be pregnant in October 1581. That child was presumably miscarried around the time when Ivan died by his father's hand in November 1581.

Death.

Ivan Ivanovich is believed to have been killed by his father, Ivan the Terrible.  Ivan Ivanovich's relationship with his father began to deteriorate during the later stages of the Livonian War. Angry with his father for his military failures, Ivan demanded to be given command of some troops to liberate besieged Pskov.  Their relationship further deteriorated when on 15 November 1581, the Tsar, after seeing his pregnant daughter-in-law wearing unconventionally light clothing, physically assaulted her. Hearing her screams, the Tsarevich rushed to his wife's defense, angrily shouting, "You sent my first wife to a convent for no reason, you did the same with my second, and now you strike the third, causing the death of the son she holds in her womb." Yelena subsequently suffered a miscarriage. The Tsarevich confronted his father on the matter, only to have the topic changed to his insubordination regarding Pskov. The elder Ivan accused his son of inciting rebellion, which the younger Ivan denied, but vehemently stuck to the view that Pskov should be liberated. Angered, Ivan's father struck him on the head with his sceptre. Boris Godunov, who was present at the scene, tried to intervene but received blows himself. The younger Ivan fell, barely conscious and with a bleeding wound on his temple. The elder Ivan immediately threw himself at his son, kissing his face and trying to stop the bleeding, whilst repeatedly crying, "May I be damned! I've killed my son! I've killed my son!" The younger Ivan briefly regained consciousness and was reputed to have said "I die as a devoted son and most humble servant". For the next few days, the elder Ivan prayed incessantly for a miracle, but to no avail, and the Tsarevich died on 19 November 1581.  Ivan's death had grave consequences for Russia, since it left no competent heir to the throne. After the Tsar's death in 1584, his unprepared son Feodor I succeeded him with Godunov as "de facto" ruler. After Feodor's death, Russia entered a period of political uncertainty known as the Time of Troubles.

Ivan Ivanovich (Ива́н Иванович) (28 March 1554 – 19 November 1581) of the House of Rurik, was a Tsarevich (heir apparent) of Russia. He was the son of Ivan the Terrible, who eventually killed him.

Ivan Ivanovič (rusky Ива́н Иванович; 28. března 1554 – 19. listopadu 1581) byl následník ruského trůnu, druhorozený syn cara Ivana IV. Hrozného a jeho první manželky Anastasie Romanovny.