Development.

The season was executive produced by Al Jean and Mike Reiss, who had also run the previous season. Several of the show's original writers who had been with the show since the first season left following the completion of the season's production run. "Cape Feare", which was the final episode to be produced by the "original team", aired during season five as a holdover. Jay Kogen, Wallace Wolodarsky and Jeff Martin wrote their final episodes for the season four production run. David M. Stern and Jon Vitti also left but returned to write episodes for later seasons. Reiss and Jean left to produce their own series, "The Critic", but later returned to produce several more "The Simpsons" episodes, and Jean again became the showrunner starting with season thirteen. Rich Moore, one of the show's original directors, also left to work on "The Critic", but returned years later to assist with animation on "The Simpsons Movie". George Meyer and John Swartzwelder stayed on, while Conan O'Brien, Frank Mula and future show runners Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein received their first writing credits. One-time writers for the season include Adam I. Lapidus and the team of Gary Apple and Michael Carrington, although Carrington later returned to voice characters in "Simpson Tide" and "Million Dollar Abie".  Sam Simon, who had been showrunner for the show's first two seasons, had assembled the original writing team, had been the series' creative supervisor from its inception, and has been credited as "developing [the show's] sensibility", departed at the end of season four. Simon was involved in a series of creative disputes with the show's creator Matt Groening, producer James L. Brooks and production company Gracie Films. Simon commented that he "wasn't enjoying it anymore," and "that any show I've ever worked on, it turns me into a monster. I go crazy. I hate myself." Before leaving, he negotiated a deal that saw him receive a share of the show's profits every year and an executive producer credit despite not having worked on the show since then until his death.  This season's production run (9F) was the first to be animated by Film Roman, after Gracie Films opted to switch domestic production of the series from Klasky Csupo. Sharon Bernstein of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that "Gracie executives had been unhappy with the producer Csupo had assigned to "The Simpsons" and said the company also hoped to obtain better wages and working conditions for animators at Film Roman." Klasky Csupo co-founder Gábor Csupó had been "asked [by Gracie Films] if they could bring in their own producer [to oversee the animation production]," but declined, stating "they wanted to tell me how to run my business." Simon commented that: "There won't be any change in the quality or look of the show. We're not going to compromise the quality of the show, and key creative personnel will continue on the show."  "A Streetcar Named Marge" and "Kamp Krusty" were holdovers from the previous season and so were the last of the Klasky Csupo produced episodes to air. Brooks suggested that the script for "Kamp Krusty" be expanded and produced as a feature-length theatrically released film. However, the episode ran very short, barely reaching the minimum length allowed, with the episode's musical number having to be lengthened by a number of verses. The episode had also been selected to be the season's premiere. As Jean told Brooks, "First of all, if we make it into the movie then we don't have a premiere, and second if we can't make 18 minutes out of this episode how are we supposed to make 80?"

Awards.

1993 marked the first year that the producers of "The Simpsons" did not submit episodes for the "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour)". Prior to this season, the series had only been allowed to compete in the animation category, but in early 1993 the rules were changed so that animated television shows would be able to submit nominations in the "Outstanding Comedy Series" category. The producers submitted "A Streetcar Named Marge" and "Mr. Plow" but the Emmy voters were hesitant to pit cartoons against live action programs, and "The Simpsons" did not receive a nomination. Several critics saw the show's failure to gain a nomination as one of the biggest snubs of that year. Dan Castellaneta was awarded an Emmy for "Outstanding Voice-Over Performance". "Treehouse of Horror III" was nominated for Emmys for "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore)" (Alf Clausen) and "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special".  The series won several other awards this season, including an Annie Award for "Best Animated Television Program", a Genesis Award for "Best Television Prime Time Animated Series" for the episode "Whacking Day" and a Saturn Award for "Best Television Series".

Episodes.

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DVD release.

The DVD boxset for season four was released by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on June 15, 2004, eleven years after it had completed broadcast on television. As well as every episode from the season, the DVD release features bonus material including deleted scenes, Animatics, and commentaries for every episode. The menus are a different format than the previous seasons.

The fourth season of the American animated sitcom "The Simpsons" originally aired on the Fox network between September 24, 1992 and May 13, 1993, beginning with "Kamp Krusty". The showrunners for the fourth production season were Al Jean and Mike Reiss. The aired season contained two episodes which were hold-over episodes from season three, which Jean and Reiss also ran. Following the end of the production of the season, Jean, Reiss and most of the original writing staff left the show. The season was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards and Dan Castellaneta would win one for his performance as Homer in "Mr. Plow". The fourth season was released on DVD in Region 1 on June 15, 2004, Region 2 on August 2, 2004 and in Region 4 on August 25, 2004.

Čtvrtá řada amerického animovaného seriálu Simpsonovi je pokračování třetí řady tohoto seriálu. Byla vysílána na americké televizní stanici Fox od 24. září 1992 do 13. května 1993. V Česku měl první díl z této řady premiéru 1. dubna 1994 na České televizi (při prvním českém vysílání měla řada jinou sestavu dílů). Řada má celkem 22 dílů.


History.

Ukraine made its debut in 2003, when Oleksandr Ponomariov finished 14th. Ukraine won the contest at the second attempt in, when Ruslana won with the song "Wild Dances", defeating second-placed Serbia and Montenegro by 17 points, 280 to 263.  On 19 September 2014, state broadcaster NTU announced that it would sit out the 2015 Contest because of financial difficulties in relation to the ongoing Ukrainian crisis. However, Ukraine broadcast the contest despite not taking part. On 23 May 2015, Ukrainian Broadcaster NTU pledged to bring Ukraine back to the contest for 2016. On 16 September 2015, it was announced that Ukraine would return to the contest in 2016.  On its return to the contest in, Ukraine became the first Eastern European country to win the contest twice, when Jamala won with her song "1944". The televote was won by Russia and the jury vote by Australia; Ukraine was second in both, but won with an overall total of 534 points, with Australia second with 511 points and Russia third with 491 points. In 2017, as host country, Ukraine was already pre-qualified for the final, however they achieved the worst result for the country – 24th with 36 Points.  In 2019, similarly to previous years, UA:PBC delegated national selection of its Eurovision entry to a private broadcaster STB. Juries and public vote determined Maruv's Siren Song as a winner. In the following days, UA:PBC failed to reach a deal with Maruv due to disagreements on conditions of her taking part in the Ukrainian delegation. UA:PBC then offered the Eurovision ticket to runner-ups in the national selection, Freedom Jazz, Kazka and Brunettes Shoot Blondes who all refused. As result, UA:PBC withdrew from the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 on 27 February 2019.  Since the introduction of the semi-final round in 2004, Ukraine is one of only two countries to have qualified for the final of every Eurovision they have competed in (they were absent from the 2015 and 2019 contests). The other country is Australia, who first entered in 2015. Ukraine has a total of nine top ten placements (six top five). The country has an average score of 143 points per contest, 233 if including the semi-finals.

Contestants.

The following lists Ukraine's entries for the Eurovision Song Contest along with their result.

Ukraine has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 15 times since making its debut in 2003. They first won the contest in with "Wild Dances" by Ruslana, and won again in with the song "1944" by Jamala, to become the first Eastern European country to win the contest twice. Ukraine hosted the and contests in Kiev. Since the introduction of the semifinal round in 2004, Ukraine and Australia are the only countries outside the Big 5 to have qualified for the final of every Eurovision they have competed in (Ukraine were absent in 2015 and 2019 and Australia did not participate until 2015; also 2020 contest was cancelled). Ukraine has a total of six top five placements, with Verka Serduchka () and Ani Lorak () both finishing second, Zlata Ognevich third (), and Mika Newton fourth (). The only countries with more top five results in the 21st century are Sweden (12) and Russia (11).

Ukrajina se účastní soutěže Eurovision Song Contest od roku 2003. Účast Ukrajiny v soutěži zajišťuje veřejnoprávní televize NTU. Ukrajina doposud vyhrála soutěž dvakrát, v roce 2004 zvítězila ukrajinská reprezentantka Ruslana s písní "Wild Dances" a poté v roce 2016 zpěvačka Džamala s písní "1944". Díky těmto vítězstvím se také soutěž v letech 2005 a 2017 konala v ukrajinském hlavním městě Kyjevě. Z účasti v soutěži Ukrajina odstoupila pouze v roce 2015 kvůli Ukrajinské krizi. Ukrajina je také jedna z mála účastnických zemí, které se od zavedení semifinálových kol vždy kvalifikovaly do finále.


Early and personal life.

Kaczyńska was born in Machava (near Kabylnik, now Belarus), the daughter of Lidia and Czesław Mackiewicz. Her father fought in the Vilnius Armia Krajowa (Home Army), while an uncle fought in the Polish II Corps of Gen. Władysław Anders at the Battle of Monte Cassino; another uncle was murdered by the NKVD (Soviet secret police) at Katyń.  Kaczyńska attended primary and secondary schools in Rabka Zdrój in southern Poland. She studied transport economics and foreign trade in Sopot at what is now the University of Gdańsk. After graduating in 1966, she worked at the Maritime Institute in Gdańsk, where she met Lech Kaczyński in 1976. They married in 1978, and had a daughter. In addition to her native Polish, Maria Kaczyńska spoke English, French and some Spanish and Russian.

Death.

On 10 April 2010, 10:41 MSD (06:41 UTC), Maria Kaczyńska, and her husband, Polish President Lech Kaczyński, both died when the Polish Air Force Tupolev Tu-154M they were aboard crashed while attempting to land at Smolensk-North Airport in the Russian city of Smolensk. All 89 passengers on board and the 7 crew members were killed.  The Kaczyńskis were traveling with several senior government figures on a trip to mark the 70th anniversary of the World War II Katyn Massacre, where thousands of Polish military officers were executed by the NKVD.  She was laid to rest alongside her husband on 18 April 2010 in the honorable royal crypt at the Wawel Cathedral.  Her diary was found by her daughter after her death, sparking an interest among many publishers who desired to buy it and release it. However, Marta Kaczyńska-Dubieniecka stated the diary was too precious for her to sell and also said that she was not likely to reveal its content.

Notes.

According to the list of passports of the Tu-154 flight. Some media gives her date of birth as 21 August 1943.

Maria Helena Kaczyńska (; ; 21 August 1942 – 10 April 2010) was the First Lady of Poland from 2005 to 2010 as the wife of President Lech Kaczyński.

Maria Helena Kaczyńska rozená Mackiewicz (21. srpna 1942, Machowo – 10. dubna 2010, Pečersk, Rusko) byla polská první dáma v letech 2005 až 2010.


Background.

Li Longji was born at the Tang dynasty eastern capital Luoyang in 685, during the first reign of his father Emperor Ruizong (Li Dan) – but at that time, Emperor Ruizong's mother Empress Dowager Wu (later known as Wu Zetian), not Emperor Ruizong, was in actual control of power as empress dowager and regent. Li Longji was the third son of Emperor Ruizong,

During Wu Zetian's reign.

In 690, Dowager Empress Wu had her son Emperor Ruizong yield the throne to her, and she took the throne as empress regnant of a new Zhou dynasty, interrupting Tang. She imposed upon Ruizong and his family the surname Wu () to match hers. In 692, Li Longji and his brothers were allowed to have residences outside the palace and were given staffs at their mansions. In 693, both his mother Consort Dou and Li Dan's wife Crown Princess Liu (Li Dan's having been reduced to crown prince rank at

During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign.

In 705, Wu Zetian was overthrown in a coup, and Li Longji's uncle Li Xiăn (note different person than the father of Li Guangshun, Li Shouli, and Li Shouyi), who was at that time crown prince (Li Dan having yielded that title to him in 698 and taken the title of Prince of Xiang), who had been briefly emperor prior to Li Dan, returned to the throne (as Emperor Zhongzong). Li Longji was made the deputy minister of military supplies (衛尉少卿,

Coup against Empress Dowager Wei.

In summer 710, Emperor Zhongzong died suddenly—a death that traditional historians believed to be a poisoning by Empress Wei and her daughter Li Guo'er the Princess Anle so that Empress Wei could become "emperor" like Wu Zetian and Li Guo'er could become crown princess. For the time being, Emperor Zhongzong's son by a concubine, Li Chongmao the Prince of Wen, was named emperor (as Emperor Shang), but Empress Wei retained actual power as empress dowager and regent. Originally, Empress Dowager Wei's clan members, along with Zong, Li Guo'er's husband Wu Yanxiu, and other officials Zhao Lüwen () and Ye Jingneng () were advising her to take the throne, like Wu Zetian did, and they also advised her to eliminate Li Dan and Princess Taiping. The official Cui Riyong leaked their plan to Li Longji. Li Longji

During Emperor Ruizong's second reign.

Emperor Ruizong was immediately faced with the issue of whom to make crown prince—as Li Chengqi, as the oldest son overall and the oldest son of his wife, was the appropriate heir under Confucian principles of succession, but Li Longji had been the one whose accomplishments had allowed him to retake the throne. He hesitated. Li Chengqi declined consideration to be crown prince—stating to his father:  Li Chengqi wept and begged to yield for several days, and after further persuasion by the chancellor Liu Youqiu—who had been part of Li Longji's coup plans—Emperor Ruizong agreed and created Li Longji crown prince. Li Longji submitted a petition offering to yield to Li Chengqi, but Emperor Ruizong rejected it.  Initially, Princess Taiping agreed to Li Longji's ascension as crown prince despite the fact that Li Longji was not Emperor Ruizong's oldest son and was not born of Emperor Ruizong's wife Empress Liu (Li Chengqi was both—and therefore pursuant to Confucian principles of succession should have been crown prince) as she believed that Li Longji was young (25 at the time he was made crown prince) and would be easy to control. However, once she began to see that Li Longji was strong-willed, she became apprehensive and often had officials close to her publicly opine that Li Longji was an improper crown prince. She further often paid Li Longji's staff members to spy on him to try to find faults with him. She associated with a group of officials, including the chancellors Dou Huaizhen, Xiao Zhizhong, and Cen Xi, intending to find some way to remove Li Longji, but was unable to get two other chancellors—Wei Anshi and Song Jing—to join her group.  In 711, Song and another chancellor, Yao Yuanzhi, tried to

As emperor.

"Xiantian" era (712–713).

Emperor Xuanzong made his wife Crown Princess Wang empress. Meanwhile, Princess Taiping continued to be highly influential in governmental matters through Emperor Ruizong, and most chancellors were her associates. (Of the seven chancellors at the time, five – Dou Huaizhen, Xiao Zhizhong, Cen Xi, Cui Shi, and Lu Xiangxian – were made chancellors at her recommendation, although Lu was not considered a member of her party.) Liu Youqiu and the general Zhang Wei (), with Emperor Xuanzong's approval, planned to mobilize the imperial

"Kaiyuan" era (713–741).

Emperor Xuanzong's "Kaiyuan" era is usually viewed as one of the golden ages of Chinese history – a period of political stability, peace in society, and economic prosperity, in addition to advances in education, literature, music, painting, sculpture, and religion.

Early "Kaiyuan" era.

Meanwhile, Zhang Yue and Liu Youqiu served as chancellors, but they were soon displaced by Yao Yuanzhi (who then changed his name to Yao Chong) and Lu Huaishen. Changing the system of having a large group of chancellors simultaneous, as had been the case throughout Tang, Emperor Xuanzong reduced the numbers to two (or sometimes three) for the rest of his reign. Yao was considered a highly capable administrator, and with him ruling on most important matters and Lu assisting, the government was said to be highly efficient.  In 714, Emperor Xuanzong carried out a series of political reprisals against the cruel secret police officials of Wu Zetian's reign, exiling the ones that were still alive and eventually barring their descendants from holding political offices. At the urging of Jiang Jiao's brother Jiang Hui (), he also exiled a number of chancellors – Wei Sili, Wei Anshi, Zhao Yanzhao, and Li Jiao – from Emperor Zhongzong's reign whom Jiang accused of being unable to curb Empress Wei's abuse of power.  Also in 714, Emperor Xuanzong, wanting to punish the Khitan

Middle "Kaiyuan" era.

In 723, Zhang Jiazhen was demoted on account of a corruption scandal involving his brother Zhang Jiayou (). His position was filled by Wang Jun, who was soon himself demoted over suspicions, never proven, that he was plotting treason. With Zhang Yue thus effectively being the senior chancellor, Zhang Yue promoted literary studies, which Emperor Xuanzong also favored. In 724, he also commissioned the chief imperial astronomer Nangong Shuo () to carry out a major astronomical survey to observe the sun and the North Star at various points of the empire.  Also in 724, it was discovered that Wang Shouyi had engaged sorcerers to make amulets for Empress Wang to wear, hoping that the use of magic would allow her to have a son. Empress Wang was deposed and reduced to commoner rank, while Wang

Late "Kaiyuan" era.

Meanwhile, Tang also began to have periodic conflicts with Balhae, and in 733 Emperor Xuanzong tried to commission Dae Mun-ye (), the brother of Balhae's King Mu, to attack Balhae, along with forces from Silla, but the attack was not successful.  Also in 733, Pei Guangting died, and at the recommendation of Xiao Song, he was replaced with Han Xiu, but soon, Song and Han were in repeated conflicts, and late in 733, both were removed and replaced with Pei Yaoqing, who became known for improving the food distribution system, and Zhang Jiuling, known for his integrity. In 734, Emperor Xuanzong added Li Linfu, a close associate of Consort Wu, as a chancellor as well.  Around the new year 735, Ketuhan was killed in an internal Khitan power struggle, and Khitan became a vassal again, although it would not stay so permanently.  By 736, Emperor Xuanzong was described as having been tired of important affairs of state and beginning to become wasteful and exuberant in his lifestyle. Zhang tried to curb his behavior but

"Tianbao" era (742–756).

Historians said that Emperor Xuanzong forced tens of thousand beautiful women to live in his palace to please him, more than many other Tang emperors. And he did not allow many to be set free even when they were old. As Emperor Xuanzong turned his attention to pleasure-seeking with his favorite concubine Yang Guifei and her family, he paid less and less attention to the running of his empire, and much of his power fell into the hands of the corrupt Li Linfu (who was succeeded by Lady Yang's dissolute cousin Yang Guozhong) and the eunuch Gao Lishi.  At the same time, 751 saw

Early "Tianbao" era.

Meanwhile, at Li Linfu's encouragement, Emperor Xuanzong began to promote non-Han generals to command large border armies, believing Li Linfu's assertion that non-Han generals were more likely to be personally loyal to Emperor Xuanzong himself and would not have clan entanglements, even though Li Linfu's own personal motivation was to prevent Han officials from going through the border command route to become chancellors, thus threatening him. Such generals who rose in ranks included An Lushan, An Sishun, Geshu Han, and Gao Xianzhi. By 742, the main Tang forces were all concentrated on the border, at nine different military circuits and one special military district (Lingnan), as well as three special coast defense districts (Changle, Donglai, and Dongmou):  Meanwhile, it was said that Emperor Xuanzong had paid less attention to increasing revenues after Yuwen Rong's fall, but by

Late "Tianbao" era.

Meanwhile, Li Linfu had a tight grip on power and favors from Emperor Xuanzong throughout the years, but as of 750, Yang Guozhong and Chen Xilie had allied with each other and were finding ways to eliminate Li Linfu's allies from government.  As of 751, Tang was also facing defeats on two different external fronts – as Nanzhao's king Geluofeng (), angry about unreasonable demands that the Zhang Qiantuo () the governor of Yunnan Commandery (雲南, roughly modern Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan) and Zhang's subsequent false accusations that he was planning to rebel, rebelled for real, and attacked and occupied Yunnan Commandery. A major attack by the general Xianyu Zhongtong () against Nanzhao failed terribly in 751, and subsequent defeats by Tang forces eventually led to a total of some 200,000 casualties among Tang troops. On the western front, Gao Xianzhi suffered a major defeat at the Abbasid forces at the Battle of Talas in 751 as well, ending the Tang expansion to the west.  In 752, Wang Hong's brother Wang Han () was accused of treason after his associates rose in a failed coup at Chang'an. In the aftermaths, Wang Hong was forced to commit suicide, and Yang Guozhong, Chen, and Geshu Han further tried to implicate Li Linfu in the plot as well. After Li LInfu died in winter 752, Yang Guozhong succeeded him, and almost immediately accused Li LInfu of having been complicit in the rebellion of another general, Li Xianzhong (). Li LInfu was posthumously disgraced, and his family was exiled.  A rivalry soon developed between Yang Guozhong and An Lushan, and Yang Guozhong began to repeatedly warn Emperor Xuanzong that An was plotting rebellion. Emperor Xuanzong ignored the warnings. In 754, Yang Guozhong suggested that if An were summoned to the capital, he would surely refuse, and Emperor Xuanzong decided to try An – and An arrived in Chang'an immediately after being summoned. After this incident, Emperor Xuanzong no longer believed that An

As retired emperor.

Emperor Xuanzong, after becoming retired emperor, largely allowed Emperor Suzong to coordinate the campaign against Yan, but at times nevertheless stepped in to make decisions. For example, in spring 757, apparently without first consulting Emperor Suzong, he named Li Lin chancellor, although he subsequently sent both Li Lin and another chancellor, Cui Yuan, whom he had not sent to Emperor Suzong previously, to Emperor Suzong. He also posthumously honored Emperor Suzong's mother Consort Yang (not Yang Yuhuan) as an empress. Meanwhile, remembering Zhang Jiuling had previously warned about An Lushan, Emperor Xuanzong sent messengers to Zhang's tomb to offer sacrifices to him.  Late in 757, Emperor Suzong, with aid from Huige, recaptured Chang'an from Yan, then ruled by An Lushan's son An Qingxu, who had killed An Lushan earlier in 757 and taken over the throne himself. After Emperor Suzong recaptured Chang'an, he sent messengers to Emperor Xuanzong requesting that he return to Chang'an and offering the throne back to Emperor Xuanzong. Emperor Xuanzong, apprehensive of the offer, initially not only declined but further requested to remain in Jiannan. Only after Emperor Suzong, at the suggestion of his strategist Li Mi, had the government officials make a joint submission to Emperor Xuanzong no longer mentioning the return of the throne, did Emperor Xuanzong agree to depart Jiannan to return to Chang'an. On the way back to Chang'an, he had Gao Lishi try to dig up Consort Yang Yuhuan's body for reburial, but her body had already decomposed; only her fragrance bag remained. Emperor Xuanzong took the fragrance bag back to Chang'an and visited it daily, as if Consort Yang were still alive. On 16 January 758, he arrived at Chang'an, and in a grand ceremony where Emperor Suzong offered the throne back to him again, he formally declined again and personally put the yellow robe symbolizing imperial status on Emperor Suzong, commenting, "I had been the Son of Heaven for 50 years, and I did not consider it a great honor. Now I am truly honored to be the father to the Son of Heaven." He took up residence at Xingqing Palace, a palace that was remodelled from the residence that he and his brothers

Poetry.

Xuanzong had one poem collected in the famous poetry anthology "Three Hundred Tang Poems", in the style of the five-character-regular-verse ("wulu") form and in the "huaigu" genre, and which was translated by Witter Bynner as "I Pass Through the Lu Dukedom with a Sigh and a Sacrifice for Confucius": this poem refers to the philosopher-sage Confucius and to Confucius' home state of Lu, during the by then long-gone Spring and Autumn period, and expresses sadness for what is past and beyond recall, thus reflecting on the transience of mortal existence.

Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (; 8 September 685 – 3 May 762), also commonly known as Emperor Ming of Tang or Illustrious August, personal name Li Longji, also known as Wu Longji () from 690 to 705, was the seventh emperor of the Tang dynasty in China, reigning from 713 to 756 CE. His reign of 43 years was the longest during the Tang dynasty. In the early half of his reign he was a diligent and astute ruler. Ably assisted by capable chancellors like Yao Chong, Song Jing and Zhang Yue, he was credited with bringing Tang China to a pinnacle of culture and power. Emperor Xuanzong, however, was blamed for over-trusting Li Linfu, Yang Guozhong and An Lushan during his late reign, with Tang's golden age ending in the An-Shi Rebellion.

Süan-cung (čínsky: znaky 玄宗, pinyin "Xuán zōng "); 8. září 685 – 3. května 762) vlastním jménem Li Lung-ťi (čínsky: znaky 李隆基, pinyin "Lǐ Lōng jī" ), v letech 690–705 Wu Lung-ťi (čínsky: znaky 武隆基, pinyin "Wǔ Lōng jī" ) z dynastie Tchang vládl v letech 712–756 tchangské Číně. Z císařů tchangské dynastie vládl nejdéle. Z počátku vládl mocnému a bohatému státu, nicméně prosperita se neudržela a panování Süan-cunga skončilo zkázou způsobenou povstáním An Lu-šana. To je podle Süan-cungovy třetí éry známo také jako „povstání éry Tchien-pao“.


Mythology.

The Hyades were daughters of Atlas (by either Pleione or Aethra, one of the Oceanides) and sisters of Hyas in most tellings, although one version gives their parents as Hyas and Boeotia. The Hyades are sisters to the Pleiades and the Hesperides.  The main myth concerning them is envisioned to account for their collective name and to provide an etiology for their weepy raininess: Hyas was killed in a hunting accident and the Hyades wept from their grief. They were changed into a cluster of stars, the Hyades, set in the head of Taurus.  Their number varies from three in the earliest sources to fifteen in the late ones. The names are also variable, according to the mythographer, and include: Additionally, Thyone and Prodice were supposed to be daughters of Hyas by Aethra, and have been added to the group of stars.  The Greeks believed that the heliacal rising and setting of the Hyades star cluster were always attended with rain, hence the association of the Hyades (sisters of Hyas) and the Hyades (daughters of ocean) with the constellation of the Hyades (rainy ones).  The Hyades are also thought to have been the tutors of Dionysus, in some tellings of the latter's infancy, and as such are equated with the Nysiads, the nymphs who are also believed to have cared for Dionysus, as well as with other reputed nurses of the god — the Lamides, the Dodonides and the nymphs of Naxos. Some sources relate that they were subject to aging, but Dionysus, to express his gratitude for having raised him, asked Medea to restore their youth.  In Tennyson's poem, Ulysses recalls his travels of old:  "I cannot rest from travel: I will drink - Life to the lees: All times I have enjoy'd - Greatly, have suffer'd greatly, both with those - That loved me, and alone, on shore, and when - Thro' scudding drifts the rainy Hyades - Vext the dim sea..."

In Greek mythology, the Hyades (, popularly "rain-makers" or "the rainy ones" from ὕω "hyo" "I fall as rain", but probably from ὗς "hys" "swine") are a sisterhood of nymphs that bring rain.

Hyády jsou v řecké mytologii dcery obra Atlase, jejich matkou je Aithra a jejich nevlastními sestrami jsou Plejády a Hesperidky.


Plot.

By the beginning of the film, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) had developed a full child spy program, of which 13-year-old Carmen Cortez and 10-year-old Juni Cortez are agents. Even though they were the first members of the new Spy Kids Division, they were not considered the top spy kids, and they soon face particularly difficult competition from Gary and Gerti Giggles, the children of double-dealing agent Donnagon Giggles, whom Carmen and Juni helped to rescue in the previous film. It is shown that Carmen defends Gary, and has a crush on him, which strains her relationship with Juni.  At a gala event, Donnagon hacks into the teleprompter which the president was reading from, and is named director of the OSS. A fight ensues when a group of Magna Men arrive and render all adults unconscious. They are after the "Transmooker", a highly coveted device which can shut off all electronic devices. Juni recovers it, but drops it when Gary tries to take it from him. Gary then blames Juni for the loss, resulting in Juni being fired. In his new position as director, Donnagon can carry on with his plan to steal the Transmooker, so he can rule the world.  The next morning Carmen hacks into the database and reinstates Juni as an agent. They take a mission meant for Gary and Gerti to recover the Transmooker. She and Juni use some hints from Alexander Minion, and follow the trail to a mysterious island where all electronics refuse to work. Gary and Gerti meanwhile are sent to the Gobi Desert and while trying to pinpoint their position manage to fall into a pit of camel feces, whereupon they swear revenge. Shortly after arriving Carmen and Juni meet Romero, a lunatic scientist who has been attempting to create genetically-miniaturized animals, so he can make a profit by selling the animals to kids in "miniature zoos." He had an experiment go wrong after pouring growth concoction onto the mutated set of animals. As a result, he is unwilling to leave his lab, out of fear of being eaten.  When Carmen is captured by a Spork, a breed of flying pig, she is dropped into its nest with Gerti, who reveals to her that Gary is genuinely evil. Carmen changes her feelings for Gary after he tries to kill Juni, and she sides with her brother. Romero, having been encouraged by Juni, finds out that his creatures are much friendlier than he thought. Carmen and Juni eventually find and recover the Transmooker, and are surprised when they are joined by their family, who were informed of their disappearance. The group is then confronted by Donnagon, who takes the Transmooker and attempts to use it to destroy the Cortez family, but it malfunctions. Gerti reveals she sabotaged it and threatens Donnagon with telling everything to her mother.  The President and his staff arrive on the island. Donnagon is fired by the President and his daughter, Alexandra; Gary is temporarily disavowed, and Gregorio is appointed director of the OSS by Alexandra on her father's behalf. Even though he is offered a promotion, Juni resigns due to the impersonal treatment he had received by the OSS after being framed. As the Cortez family leaves the island, Romero gives Juni a miniature spider-monkey as a gift, and all the island's inhabitants bid farewell to the Cortez family.  In a presumably non-canon post-credits scene, Machete hosts a concert featuring Carmen (with a microphone which auto-tunes her voice, and a belt that helps her dance), and Juni has a guitar that plays itself.

Production.

"Spy Kids 2" was filmed entirely on High Definition digital video. After seeing George Lucas using digital video for "", Rodriguez tested the technology during re shoots for the first "Spy Kids" film. Rodriguez used the cameras unfiltered.

Special effects.

Despite the fact that this film uses over twice the amount of special effects that the first film used, Rodriguez did not ask the producers for a larger budget; he said "...I told the studio I don't want more money. I just want to be more creative". Rodriguez picked some visual effects companies who were eager and less established, as well as starting up his own Troublemaker Studios, and reemploying Hybrid, who had worked with him on the first film. Gregor Punchatz, the film's lead animator, employed a certain technique to make the movements of the computer generated creatures resemble the stop-motion work of filmmaker Ray Harryhausen, who has a cameo in the film. The scene with the army of live skeletons was shot on a real rock formation, with the two young actors on safety wires, and the computer generated skeletons added later to over three dozen shots.

Release.

Box office.

"Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams" opened theatrically on August 7, 2002 in 3,307 venues and earned $16,711,716 in its first weekend, ranking third in the North American box office behind "XXX" and the second weekend of "Signs". The film ended its run on January 12, 2003, having grossed $85,846,429 in the United States and Canada, and $33,876,929 overseas for a worldwide total of $119,723,358.

Critical response.

The film received mostly positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 75% "Certified Fresh" approval score based on 136 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Though the concept is no longer fresh, "Spy Kids 2" is still an agreeable and energetic romp." Metacritic reports a 66 out of 100 rating based on reviews from 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".  Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and commented, "With ""Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams"," the "Spy Kids" franchise establishes itself as a durable part of the movie landscape: a James Bond series for kids." Kenneth Turan of the "New York Times " gave it 4 out of 5 stars said, "The movie is a gaudy, noisy thrill ride -- hyperactive, slightly out of control and full of kinetic, mischievous charm." Lisa Schwarzbaum of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote, "The antics are a tad more frantic, and the gizmos work overtime, as if... Robert Rodriguez felt the hot breath of el diablo on his neck. On the other hand, the inventiveness is still superior and the network of and family is extended." Michael Wilmington of Metro mix Chicago, noting how Rodriguez borrows many elements from television and earlier films, stated that, "Rodriguez recycles and refurbishes all these old movie bits with the opportunistic energy of a man looting his old attic toy chest -- but he also puts some personal feeling into the movie. This is a film about families staying together, children asserting themselves and even, to some degree, Latino power".

Home media.

The film was released on VHS and DVD in the United States on February 18, 2003. The film is also available to download on iTunes. A Blu-ray re-release was scheduled for August 2, 2011 to coincide with the fourth film.

Soundtrack.

The film score was co-written by director Robert Rodriguez and composer John Debney, who had also co-written the score for "Spy Kids". The sound is a mix of rock, pop, and indie rock, and includes songs performed by Alan Cumming and Alexa Vega. Unusually, the orchestral score was recorded in the auditorium of a local high school in Austin, Georgetown High School.  All tracks composed by Debney and Rodriguez, and performed by the Texas Philharmonic Orchestra.  Additional music not on the soundtrack album includes "Aye Como Spy", which is an adaptation of Tito Puente's "Oye Como Va", performed by Los Lobos (the song is on the soundtrack album from the first "Spy Kids" film).

Novelization.

Talk Miramax Books released a novelization of the movie in June/July 2002. The novel was written by children's book author Kiki Thorpe. The posters and end of the credits even say "Read the Talk/Miramax Books", telling the viewers to read the print retelling.

Sequel.

It was followed up in 2003 by a third film in the series, "".

Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams is a 2002 American spy action comedy adventure film produced, written, shot, edited and directed by Robert Rodriguez, co-produced by Elizabeth Avellán and starring Antonio Banderas, Carla Gugino, Alexa Vega, Daryl Sabara, Mike Judge, Ricardo Montalbán, Holland Taylor, Christopher McDonald, Danny Trejo, Alan Cumming, Tony Shalhoub, Cheech Marin, Steve Buscemi, Taylor Momsen, Matt O'Leary, and Emily Osment.

Spy Kids 2: Ostrov ztracených snů je pokračování úspěšného rodinného filmu "". Původně to byl první film série a bylo potřeba napřed postavy představit.


Biography.

Nedvěd was born in Liberec, Czechoslovakia (now in the Czech Republic) to Jaroslav and Soňa ("Sonia") Nedvěd. He left Czechoslovakia as a refugee on January 2, 1989, at the age of 17 after playing in an international midget tournament in Calgary. Nedvěd was the star of the tournament, with 17 goals and nine assists. He decided to defect to Canada because of the limited opportunities in Czechoslovakia under communist rule, which was very strict regarding athletes leaving the country to pursue professional careers elsewhere. He did not tell his parents about the decision, and with $20 and the help of another Czech who defected, whom Nedvěd refuses to identify even today, he declared his defection at a Calgary police station. In an interview in the "Newark Star Ledger", Nedvěd said that the "fear of regret" was the overriding reason to defect. For ten months until the fall of communism in Czechoslovakia in the Velvet Revolution, Nedvěd's parents were forced to make calls imploring Nedvěd to come home.  Nedvěd married supermodel Veronika Vařeková in 2004. In early 2006, when playing for the Phoenix Coyotes, Nedvěd asked for a trade to an Eastern Conference team to be closer to Vařeková who worked primarily in New York City. However, during the summer of 2006, Nedvěd and Vařeková separated. He has since moved back to the Czech Republic. His brother, defenceman Jaroslav Nedvěd, is also a hockey player.

Playing career.

After his defection, Nedvěd played one season for the Seattle Thunderbirds of the Western Hockey League and was drafted second overall by the Vancouver Canucks in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft after scoring 145 points in 71 games. Expected to be an instant star in the NHL, his first two seasons were a disappointment, as he struggled offensively and earned a reputation for soft play. In 1992–93, he finished with 38 goals and 71 points including a club record 15-game point-scoring streak. Despite this, though, he struggled in the playoffs and earned the ire of Canuck fans when he asked his idol Wayne Gretzky for a game stick immediately following the team's ouster from the playoffs by the Los Angeles Kings, an action fans felt symbolized the lack of commitment to winning from a player who scored just 3 goals in 28 playoff games as a Canuck.  Prior to the 1993–94 season, Nedvěd became involved in a bitter contract dispute with the Canucks which resulted in a lengthy holdout. While holding out, Nedvěd obtained his Canadian citizenship, and represented Canada at the 1994 Winter Olympics, winning a silver medal. His situation was finally resolved just before the NHL trade deadline, when he was signed by the St. Louis Blues, with Craig Janney ultimately awarded to the Canucks as compensation (and then dealt back to the Blues shortly after for Jeff Brown, Bret Hedican and Nathan LaFayette). Nedvěd scored 20 points in 19 games, but again struggled in the playoffs as the Blues were swept in the first round.  Nedvěd's stay in St. Louis would prove a short one, as he was dealt to the New York Rangers for the lockout-shortened 1994–95. He finished the year with 23 points in 46 games.  For the 1995–96 season, Nedvěd was on the move again, this time dealt to the Pittsburgh Penguins in a blockbuster trade. In Pittsburgh, Nedvěd would have the best years of his career on an offensive team featuring superstars Mario Lemieux, Jaromir Jagr, and Ron Francis. In his first year in Pittsburgh, he recorded career highs of 45 goals and 99 points, and also put his playoff demons behind him by scoring 20 points in helping the Penguins reach the conference finals. Included in that was a monumental goal against the Washington Capitals in a quadruple-overtime thriller, which at 79:15 of OT was at the time the longest NHL game in 60 years. During the 1996–97 season, he enjoyed another solid year, finishing with 33 goals and 71 points.  However, Nedvěd would find himself in another major contract dispute, and miss the entire 1997–98 season, instead spending most of the year toiling for lower-level teams in the Czech Republic. He remained unsigned at the start of the 1998–99 campaign, instead starting suiting up with the Las Vegas Thunder of the IHL. The situation would finally end two months into the season when he was dealt back to the New York Rangers in a deal involving Alexei Kovalev. The lengthy holdout would turn out to be a colossal blunder for Nedvěd, as he actually ended up with less money (once the millions of dollars he'd given up by missing a season were factored in) than had he accepted Pittsburgh's initial offer back in 1997, while at the same time he ended up missing an extended portion of the prime of his career and severely damaged his reputation around the league.  Nedvěd's second stint in New York would be more successful than the first, and the six seasons he would spend with the Rangers would represent the most stable portion of his career. Although the team would struggle and miss the playoffs every year through this stretch, Nedvěd would be a consistent offensive performer, leading the Rangers in scoring twice and finishing second on another occasion. In 2000–01, playing with Jan Hlaváč and Radek Dvořák - a trio dubbed the 'Czech Mates' - he had the second-best season of his career, finishing with 32 goals and 78 points.  Suffering through a disappointing 2003–04 season, Nedvěd was dealt to the Edmonton Oilers at the trade deadline. Although Edmonton failed to make the playoffs, Nedvěd scored 15 points in 16 games as the team went on a late-season surge.  Nedvěd signed with the Phoenix Coyotes in 2004 and spent the 2004–05 NHL lockout with Sparta Praha in the Czech Republic. Returning to NHL action in 2005–06 with the Coyotes, he struggled badly, scoring just 2 goals and 11 points in 25 games. He was dealt to the Philadelphia Flyers, where his play improved somewhat and he scored a further 14 points in 28 games, and returned to the NHL playoffs for the first time since 1997.  The 2006–07 season again started poorly for Nedvěd, and he was placed on waivers on October 18 following a 9-1 blowout to the Buffalo Sabres, and assigned to the AHL for the first time in his career. After bouncing between the NHL and AHL for the next two months, Nedvěd was claimed on re-entry waivers by the Edmonton Oilers, who hoped he could provide the same sort of spark he did when acquired in 2004. However, he continued to struggle in Edmonton and finished the season with just 2 goals and 12 points in 40 games between Edmonton and Philadelphia.  On July 19, 2007, Nedvěd signed a one-year contract with HC Sparta Praha of the Czech Extraliga.  On July 31, 2008, Nedvěd, attempting to make an NHL comeback, was invited to the New York Rangers training camp on a tryout basis. He was released by the Rangers on September 26 and returned to the Extraliga, this time with his hometown Bílí Tygři Liberec.  On May 4, 2012, at age 40, Nedvěd returned to the Czech Republic national team in the 2012 IIHF World Championship hosted in Finland and Sweden. On May 10, 2012, Nedvěd became the oldest Team Czech Republic player to score a goal in World Championship. He scored game-winning goal against Latvia at the age of 40 years, 6 months and 1 day.  On January 6, 2014, Nedvěd was named to the Czech team for the 2014 Sochi Olympics. He played in five games as the Czech Republic finished 6th.  On March 13, 2014, Nedvěd played his last career game with Bílí Tygři Liberec in a 6–2 home loss against the HC Vítkovice Steel. He officially announced his retirement after the game.

Legacy.

In the 2009 book "100 Ranger Greats", the authors ranked Nedvěd at No. 71 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons.

Petr Nedvěd (born December 9, 1971) is a Czech Canadian former professional ice hockey player who spent 15 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). Most recently he played centre for HC Bílí Tygři Liberec of the Czech Extraliga.

Petr Nedvěd (* 9. prosince 1971 Liberec) je bývalý kanadsko-český profesionální hokejový útočník, který odehrál 15 sezon v NHL. Jeho posledním angažmá byl klub Bílí Tygři Liberec v české extralize.


Geography.

Biberach has a population of about 32,000 and is located in Upper Swabia between the river Danube and Lake Constance.  The districts of Biberach comprise the inner city (with the quarters Bachlangen, Bergerhausen, Birkendorf, Burren, Fünf Linden, Gaisental, Hagenbuch, Jordanbad, Mumpfental, Reichenbach and Wolfentalmühle) and its suburban, integrated villages Rissegg, Rindenmoos, Ringschnait, Stafflangen and Mettenberg.

History.

For many centuries, Biberach was an Imperial Free City () in the Holy Roman Empire. In that role it participated in the 1792 Reichstag.  During the Protestant Reformation, Biberach was notable for being — eventually along only with Ravensburg, Augsburg and Dinkelsbühl — a "Mixed Imperial City" () where the Peace of Westphalia caused the establishment of a joint Catholic–Protestant government and administrative system, with equality offices () and a precise and equal distribution between Catholic and Protestant civic officials. This status ended in 1803, when Biberach was annexed by the Margraviate of Baden, soon to become a grand-duchy. In 1806, it was traded to the Kingdom of Württemberg in exchange for the town of Villingen; becoming part of the German Empire on its creation in 1871.  During the French Revolutionary Wars, Biberach and its environs were the site of two sizable battles in 1796 and 1800.  During World War II, two large prisoner-of-war camps were located here, with Oflag V-B for officers, and internment camp Ilag V-B for allied civilians, mainly from the Channel Islands.

Economy.

With an unemployment rate of around 3.6 percent and place of business of companies like EnBW, Handtmann, Liebherr, KaVo Dental GmbH, and Boehringer Ingelheim, Biberach is a significant industrial location in the southwest of Germany.

KaVo.

KaVo (Kaltenbach & Voigt) is a company producing dental medicine equipment and products like instruments, dental systems, laboratory and equipment for training centres for universities. The head office is in Biberach. In March 2004, Danaher, an American industrial company, took over KaVo.

Boehringer Ingelheim.

Boehringer Ingelheim researches, develops and produces drugs. Boehringer Ingelheim was founded in Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany, in 1885, where the corporate headquarters are located. There are about 4,500 employees in Biberach.

EnBW.

EnBW means "Energy Baden-Württemberg". Its corporate centre is in Karlsruhe. EnBW is Germany's third largest energy company. In Biberach there are about 900 employees.

Liebherr Biberach.

The beginning of Liebherr Biberach was in 1954. The firm produces many sorts of cranes. 1,700 people and 112 trainees work there. The group's founder, Dr. Hans Liebherr, invented the mobile tower crane in 1949 in Kirchdorf/Iller.

Transportation.

The town has two stations on the Southern Railway (Württemberg) and hourly trains to Ulm and Friedrichshafen.

Arts and entertainment.

Film festival.

Biberach has a film fest for German films which was founded in 1978.

"Biberacher Schützenfest".

The "Biberacher Schützenfest" is a historic festival for children and the town. The event is held annually in July and lasts nine days. The name "Schützenfest" derives from the German noun "Schütze", meaning "marksman". But nowadays, the crossbow competition and the appraisal of the best male and female champion shot (Schützenkönig and -königin) are only small events during the week of the Schützenfest. Other attractions and events during the festival are:

Christmas Market.

The annual Christmas market, called "Christkindlesmarkt", which lasts 16 days, is another highlight of the year. Exotic foods from Britain, France, and Italy (presented by the twin cities), kitsch, and beautiful arts and crafts are there to see and buy. People meet to drink mulled wine.

Music.

The church music in Biberach is specially determined by the St.-Martins-Chorknaben Biberach (English: St Martin's Boys’ Choir Biberach).

Sports.

TG Biberach 1847 e. V. is one of the biggest clubs in the region. It has more than 6,000 members and 27 divisions including American football, tennis, chess or volleyball.  IBOT Another important sports festival in Biberach is IBOT, an annual international handball tournament for youth with more than a thousand participants which takes place at Easter.

Twin towns – sister cities.

Biberach is twinned with five cities. It also has close links to Guernsey, one of the Channel Islands.

Biberach an der Riss (), often referred to as simply Biberach (), is a town in southern Germany. It is the capital of Biberach district, in the Upper Swabia region of the German state (Land) of Baden-Württemberg. It is called Biberach an der Riss after the small river Riss which flows through the city to distinguish it from the other towns of similar names.

Biberach an der Riß je velké okresní město v zemském okrese Biberach ve spolkové zemi Bádensko-Württembersko v Německu. Má 32 233 obyvatel (k 1. lednu 2015) a rozlohu 72,16 km2.


Early career.

In 1965, Muldaur landed the role of Ann Wicker in the CBS daytime soap opera "The Secret Storm". She then did a five-episode arc as Jeannie Orloff in the final season of Richard Chamberlain's NBC medical drama, "Dr. Kildare".  Various roles as a guest star in episodes of numerous television shows followed, including "Gunsmoke", "Bonanza", "I Spy", "The Courtship of Eddie's Father", "The Invaders", "Mannix", "Mod Squad", "Hawaii Five-O", "The F.B.I.", "The Virginian", and a two-episode arc on the Ben Gazzara drama "Run for Your Life".  Multiple collaborations between Muldaur and Burt Reynolds began when Muldaur appeared in an episode of "Hawk" (1966), a weekly procedural with Reynolds in the title role. Subsequently, they both guest-starred in a third-season episode of "The F.B.I." (1968), and Muldaur turned in a memorable guest performance in an episode of Reynolds' series "Dan August" (1970).  In 1967, Muldaur guest-starred on the "Gunsmoke" episode "Fandango" with James Arness. An excerpt of that episode's dialogue was sampled on the Pink Floyd album "The Wall", after "Hey You" and before the brief song "Is There Anybody Out There?"  In 1968, she appeared in the episodes "Return to Tomorrow" (as Science Officer Dr. Ann Mulhall), and in "Is There in Truth No Beauty?" as Dr. Miranda Jones. During this time, a friendship with creator Gene Roddenberry formed that led to him casting Muldaur as Marg in the television movie "Planet Earth" (1974) with John Saxon. Later she appeared as Dr. Katherine Pulaski in 20 episodes of the second season of "" (1988–1989).  "Harold Robbins' The Survivors" afforded Muldaur her first big break, when in 1969, she landed the role of Belle in the high-profile new ABC primetime serial. Unfortunately, the soap, a comeback vehicle for Hollywood icon Lana Turner, was canceled early into the 1970 television season after 15 episodes. The cast also included Ralph Bellamy and George Hamilton.

Film stardom.

After the cancellation of "The Survivors", Muldaur accepted a bevy of critically acclaimed supporting roles in many high-profile motion pictures: She received critical acclaim for a pivotal supporting role in "The Swimmer" (1968) with Burt Lancaster, which she filmed prior to gaining renown in "Star Trek" and "The Survivors"; "Number One", released in August 1969, was a crowd-pleasing football film starring Charlton Heston and Jessica Walter, and the moody psychological thriller "The Other" with Uta Hagen was released in 1972.  In actuality, her more substantial film roles during this time were those that garnered the most commercial success: Sidney J. Furie's "The Lawyer" (1970), "One More Train to Rob" (1971) with George Peppard, and the John Wayne crime drama, "McQ" (1974).  Muldaur appeared in the ensemble-apocalypse thriller "Chosen Survivors" (1974) with Jackie Cooper, Richard Jaeckel and Barbara Babcock. In 1977, she played Elaine Mati, the concerned wife of mentally unstable doctor Telly Savalas in the independent film "Beyond Reason".

Other television guest-starring roles.

In 1967 guest starred on Mannix episode “Coffin for a Clown”. In 1971 Muldaur appeared as Rachel Bonham in "The Men From Shiloh" (rebranded name for the TV western "The Virginian") in the episode titled "The Politician." Muldaur guest starred in a first-season episode of "Alias Smith and Jones", "The Great Shell Game" in 1971. In the second season of "Kung Fu" in 1973, opposite David Carradine, she guest-starred in the episode "The Elixir" playing a traveling show-woman who yearned for freedom from men—topical at the time—and starred in the pilot episode of "Charlie's Angels". In a 1972 "Hawaii Five-O" episode, she was guest star along with Ricardo Montalbán.  She had a recurring role as Judge Eleanor Hooper on "The Tony Randall Show" during the show's 1976–1978 run, and was a guest star in season 2 of "Fantasy Island". Muldaur guest-starred on "The Incredible Hulk", playing the part of Helen Banner, David Banner's sister, in the Season 3, episode "Homecoming" in November 1979. In 1981, she played a nun in the fifth-season episode "Sanctuary".  In 1975, she made a guest appearance in an episode of "The Rockford Files" as "Mrs. Bannister", a woman who has an affair with a former cellmate of the series' title character. During this time, Muldaur also appeared on "Police Woman", "Quincy M.E.", "The Streets of San Francisco", "The Love Boat", "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries" and "Hart to Hart", among others. She appeared in the first season of Angela Lansbury's "Murder, She Wrote".

Recurring roles.

"McCloud".

During the seven season course of the show, Muldaur had a recurring role on the Dennis Weaver mystery anthology "McCloud" as dependable fan-favorite Chris Couglin, McCloud's love interest. Her character is introduced in the pilot episode in 1970 and makes her last of 16 appearances in April 1977. She reprised her role as Chris for the 1989 reunion movie "The Return of Sam McCloud".

"Born Free".

Muldaur was cast as conservationist Joy Adamson in the television drama "Born Free" about Elsa the Lioness. Filming for the ambitious project, which co-starred Gary Collins, took place in Kenya and the NBC series, which debuted in Fall of 1974, lasted one season. The series was released on DVD in 2012 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. Guest stars on "Born Free" included Peter Lawford and several of Muldaur's future co-stars, including: Alex Cord ("Chosen Survivors") and Susan Dey ("L.A. Law").

"Hizzonner".

In 1979, Muldaur starred with David Huddleston in the short-lived NBC sitcom "Hizzonner", which lasted just seven episodes and co-starred Kathy Cronkite, daughter of news presenter Walter Cronkite. She played the Mayor's dependable secretary, Ginny.

"A Year in the Life".

First an Emmy-winning miniseries and then a weekly drama, "A Year in the Life" was a critical darling for NBC with a cast including Richard Kiley and Sarah Jessica Parker. As Dr. Alice Foley, Muldaur praised the show as an example of how television was becoming more realistic about women.

"Star Trek: The Next Generation".

Muldaur is known for playing "dignified, sophisticated characters". Consequently, for the second season of "", Gene Roddenberry was already familiar with Muldaur from her second-season appearance in the Classic Trek's "Return to Tomorrow", and later in a third-season appearance in "Is There in Truth No Beauty?". He subsequently cast her in his 1973 TV movie "Planet Earth". For Season 2 of "Star Trek: The Next Generation", Roddenberry chose her specifically to replace the outgoing Gates McFadden, who was let go on the insistence of one of the show's first season producers. Muldaur was cast to play the role of Dr. Pulaski, the new chief medical officer. "We needed someone with a little more of an edge," Rick Berman explained of the choice. "Kate's a strong, confident woman with a crusty edge who can hold her own with Captain Picard. Their relationship is not all that unlike the one between Kirk and McCoy... although from the onset we had no intention of trying to duplicate the original team."  Muldaur said after her casting:  Of Pulaski's willingness to stand up to the captain, Muldaur said:  Some television critics praised Muldaur's performance, with one noting her "wry, no-nonsense warmth that plays nicely off of some of the icier regulars". The addition of Muldaur, along with Whoopi Goldberg, also served to redress the absence of women from the principal cast, as the departure of McFadden and Denise Crosby had left only Marina Sirtis, a rapid attrition of women that recalled the imbalance of the original "Star Trek" series.  Ultimately, however, Muldaur found working on the syndicated show an "unhappy" experience, saying, "The imagination and joy wasn't there." "Everybody was out for themselves. I don't think they were happy to have me there." "It wasn't what I hoped it would be. I thought it would be wonderfully inventive and wonderfully creative, and I found it was not any of those things. But it did give me Trekkies. I love Trekkies. I find them very dear."  The "crusty" character also proved unpopular with some fans, who among other things found her treatment of the lovable android Data to be mean-spirited. Muldaur left the series after only one season. Show representatives denied that she had been fired, saying, "Technically, she's just not returning", while other sources said that her option had not been renewed. Roddenberry described Muldaur as "a most talented actress", and said that the decision "to let her go was made solely because the hoped-for chemistry between her and the rest of the starship cast did not develop." Berman added, "The thought of bringing Gates back was a good idea to us. The feeling was that we had perhaps made a mistake, and the best way to remedy it was to bring her back." The "revolving door" and the limited opportunities for female crew led critics to suggest that the mostly male series still had a problem featuring women.

"L.A. Law".

Muldaur subsequently earned two Emmy nominations for her role as pushy and power-hungry lawyer Rosalind Shays on "L.A. Law". Of Roz's creation, by prolific television writer David E. Kelley, Muldaur said: In one episode of the Stephen Bochco-drama, Jill Eikenberry's character Ann Kelsey tells Shays: "If you were a man, you'd be applauded for your achievements." Muldaur insisted her character "was just too strong for a lot of men".  Muldaur described the "L.A. Law" actors as "the closest family", and said she was "thrilled" to play a villain like Shays after portraying "everybody's mistress for 20 years", and expressed fascination with the public reception for Shays:  The surprise scene where Roz and Leland are seen in bed together was ranked as the 38th greatest moment in television in an issue of "EGG" magazine. Equally spectacular was Roz's fatal exit from the show, falling down an elevator shaft. Muldaur joked: "I was as shocked as everybody else. I thought maybe I had asked for too much money!"  After "L.A. Law", Muldaur retired from show business. At one point she contemplated a face-lift, noting in 2000 at the age of 61, "You don't see many people my age on television", but eventually decided against it, remarking, "Somebody has to look the right age." Her stated ambition is "to play all the great women's roles... I'd love to play Lady Macbeth."  Jill Eikenberry, who played Ann Kelsey on "L.A. Law", said on "E! True Hollywood Story" that the whole "L.A. Law" cast loved the dynamic between Muldaur and Richard Dysart, and that they were all very sad to see Muldaur leave the show.

"Batman: The Animated Series".

Muldaur provided the voice of Dr. Leslie Thompkins on "" from 1992 to 1994.

Other television series.

In 1975 Muldaur appeared in one episode in the first season of "The Rockford Files". In 1977, she guest-starred in the second episode ("Mirror Image") of the short-lived CBS espionage series "Hunter". In the early 1990s, she also guest-starred on two episodes of "Matlock" as well as "Empty Nest" with Richard Mulligan and the pilot for Aaron Spelling's "Hearts Are Wild".

Television films.

In 1973, Muldaur was cast in the lead of "Call to Danger" as Carrie Donovon, a Justice Department investigator trying to free a kidnapped crime-syndicate informant from a west coast farm compound. The film aired as a CBS New Tuesday Night Movie and co-starred Peter Graves and Clu Gulager, who Diana worked with previously on the Lana Turner primetime soap "The Survivors" in 1969–1970 and would work with again in the John Wayne crime drama, "McQ", (1974).  In 1974, Muldaur starred in "The Wonderful World of Disney" movie presentation of "Hog Wild!" with John Ericson and Kim Richards for NBC.  In 1979, she starred in the made-for-television film version of "The Miracle Worker" in which she played the role of Katie Keller, the mother of Helen Keller. The NBC film starred Melissa Gilbert and Patty Duke Astin.  In an attempt to capitalize on Burt Reynolds's international superstardom, Muldaur's performance in the pilot episode of the Reynolds-Norman Fell crime series, "Dan August", (1970–1971), was edited together with a subsequent episode and repackaged as a 1980 ABC Movie of the Week titled "Dan August: The Jealousy Factor".  In 1991, Muldaur played Lauren Jeffreys, the main guest-star client of Perry Mason (Raymond Burr) and lifelong friend of Della Street in the NBC television movie "Perry Mason and the Case of the Fatal Fashion". Valerie Harper, Scott Baio and Ally Walker also appeared. Muldaur worked previously with Raymond Burr as a special guest star on both the detective series "Ironside" in 1971 and his short-lived 1977 series "".  Other television films include: the "Black Beauty" mini-series (1977), "Pine Canyon is Burning" (1977), "Maneaters Are Loose!" (1978), "The Word" (1978), and Joseph Wambaugh's two-hour film "Police Story: A Cry for Justice" (1978) with Dennis Weaver and Larry Hagman. Muldaur teamed with The Smothers Brothers for "Terror at Alcatraz" (1982) and turned in strong dramatic performances in "Murder in Three Acts" (1986) opposite Peter Ustinov and "" (1991) with Jean Smart and Angela Bassett.  She was also in the third-season episode of the Incredible Hulk, Homecoming, as David Banner's sister, starring Bill Bixby and Lou Ferrigno.

Personal life.

Muldaur is a 1960 graduate of Sweet Briar College, a small private women's school in central Virginia.  She is the older sister of singer-songwriter Geoff Muldaur, who is the former husband of singer Maria Muldaur. She is also the aunt of singer-songwriter Jenni Muldaur and singer-songwriter Clare Muldaur-Manchon. She lived in Los Angeles from 1970 to 1991.  Muldaur was married to actor James Vickery, her co-star on the television series "The Secret Storm", until his death from cancer in 1979. She then married writer and producer Robert Dozier (son of producer William Dozier), who died of prostate cancer in 2012.  Muldaur is a former Airedale Terrier breeder and owner.

Diana Charlton Muldaur (born August 19, 1938) is an American film and television actress. Muldaur's television roles include Rosalind Shays on "L.A. Law" and Dr. Katherine Pulaski in the second season of "". She also appeared in two episodes of "" in the late 1960s, playing two different roles. She has been nominated for an Emmy two times: twice as a supporting actress on "L.A. Law" in 1990 and 1991. She was also nominated twice for a Q Award for "L.A. Law."

Diana Muldaurová (* 19. srpna 1938 New York, New York) je americká herečka. Vystudovala Sweet Briar College ve Virginii, hraní se začala věnovat již na střední škole. Prosadila se v 60. letech v newyorských divadlech, kde také studovala herectví u Stelly Adlerové. V roce 1968 hostovala ve dvou epizodách seriálu "Star Trek": v díle „Návrat k zítřku“ se objevila jako doktorka Ann Mulhallová, v epizodě „Což v pravdě žádná krása není?“ jako doktorka Miranda Jonesová. V 70. letech hrála například v seriálech "McCloud, Volání divočiny, Kung Fu" či "The Incredible Hulk". Její asi nejvýznamnější rolí 80. let je doktorka Katherine Pulaská v druhé řadě seriálu "" (1988–1989), kterou nahradila navrátivší se Gates McFaddenová coby doktorka Beverly Crusherová, již právě Muldaurová po první sezóně vystřídala. Na přelomu 80. a 90. let hrála Diana Muldaurová také v seriálu "L.A. Law" Rosalindu Shaysovou. V první polovině 90. let odešla do hereckého důchodu.


Name.

The three spot gourami gets its vernacular name from the two spots along each side of its body in line together with the eye being considered as the third spot. It is also known as "hairfin gourami" (from its specific name "trichopterus") or "two-spot gourami" (in Malaysia). Variety names include "opal" or "opaline gourami" (or "Cosby gourami") for varieties with a marbled pattern, "blue gourami" for the blue morph, "gold" or "golden gourami" for the yellow morph, "platinum gourami" for the white morph, and "lavender (or "amethyst") gourami" for the result morph of crossing a blue and gold.

Distribution and ecology.

Three spot gourami are native to standing or slow-moving freshwater habitats in southeastern Asia, ranging from Yunnan (China), through mainland southeast Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam) to Java, Borneo and Sumatra. They have been widely introduced outside their native range, such as the Philippines, India, Sulawesi, and southwestern Trinidad. These fish live in marshes, swamps, canals, and lowland wetlands. They migrate during the flood season from permanent water bodies to flooded areas, such as seasonally flooded forests in the middle and lower Mekong. During the dry season, they return to these permanent water bodies. These fish feed on zooplankton, crustaceans, and insect larvae. The male builds a bubble nest for the eggs, which he protects aggressively.

In the aquarium.

The three spot gourami is a hardy fish. They can be housed with a variety of tank mates of similar size and temperament. While males can be territorial with each other, they become timid around other, more aggressive fish. Male gouramis are known to be very aggressive; they may also be fin nippers and generally may bother other fish in the tank. They often show aggression toward species with long, flowing fins such as male guppies, goldfish, and bettas, because they display long tails and bright colors, presenting competition for impressing a female gourami. Female gourami sometimes bother other fish, but usually keep to themselves.  Though aquarists are typically told not to house multiple gouramis together, three spot gouramis that have been brought up together in pairs (usually females, especially if they are siblings) and that have stable personalities, can successfully cohabit with each other, provided there is enough room to swim. This varies based on individual personalities, but it has been accomplished by aquarists. In such situations, typically one may assume a more dominant role and grow larger, while occasionally teasing or playfully chasing around the smaller submissive fish, but both will generally be tolerant and cooperative toward each other.

Feeding.

The three spot gourami is an omnivore and requires both algae-based and meaty foods. An algae-based flake food, along with freeze-dried bloodworms, tubifex worms, and brine shrimp provide these fish with the proper nutrition. Live foods such as mosquito larvae and daphnia are also beneficial.

Breeding.

Differentiating between the male and female three spot gourami is by the dorsal fin. In the male, the dorsal fin is long and pointed and the anal fin is pointed, while the female's are shorter and rounded. However, some females may have a dorsal fin as long as the male's. When ready to breed, the male builds a bubble nest and then begins to entice the female by swimming back and forth, flaring his fins and raising his tail. The female may lay up to 800 eggs. After spawning, the females often are removed to a separate aquarium as the male may become aggressive toward her. The male protects the eggs and fry, but normally is removed after they become free-swimming. After hatching, frequent water changes, especially during the third week, are used to ensure the health of the fry, as this is when the labyrinth organ is developing.

Color.

Three spot gourami are known to change color (their black spots will fade) when under high stress or when they are not kept under good conditions. Healthy fish have two vivid black spots on each side of their bodies, but these fade with age. Selectively bred varieties most commonly available in the aquarium trade are opaline (or opal) (with a marbled pattern), platinum (or silver) (whitish), blue, golden (or gold) (xanthochromistic), and lavender (or amethyst) (the result of crossing a blue and golden, having a purple coloration).

The three spot gourami ("Trichopodus trichopterus"), also known as the opaline gourami, blue gourami, and gold gourami, is a species of fish native to southeastern Asia, but also introduced elsewhere. This gourami gets its name from the two spots along each side of its body in line with the eye, considered the third spot. This species is of minor commercial importance as a food fish in its native range and is also farmed. It is also popular in the aquarium trade.

Čichavec šedý ("Trichopodus trichopterus", často též "Trichogaster trichopterus") je labyrintní paprskoploutvá ryba z čeledi guramovití. V akváriích se často chová poddruh či varieta "Trichopodus trichopterus var. sumatranus", známá pod českým názvem čichavec modrý.


Overview.

The permanent exhibition shows the main sites and structures in Israel of importance to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The sites are of historical, archeological, cultural, religious, and ethnic importance, depicting the sites and the ethnic groups associated with them, such as different Muslim cultural groups, Jews and Christians living in the country, but also Druze, Bedouin and others. The signs are in Hebrew, Arabic, and English. 95% of the visitors are Israeli.  The complex covers 60,000 square metres (14.8 acres), with the models displayed over 35,000 sq m (8.6 acres). The park also includes a souvenir shop, a few restaurants and rest areas, and a hall for lectures and meetings in which a film about the creation of the park is displayed. An audio guide and motorised buggies are available.

History.

The slogan since its inception has been "See it all - small". The designers, architects and model builder team consisted of over 100 people from all parts of Israeli society and religions, including many new immigrants from the former USSR. The park was the brainchild of Israeli entrepreneur Eiran Gazit who conceived the idea after visiting the famous miniature town of Madurodam in the Netherlands in 1986. Delayed by the First Intifada, Gazit began plans to build the park in 1994. The park was created by Gazit and his partners, with Yoni Shapira serving as creative and marketing director, Mike Madeson in charge of international projects, and Koby Plashkes as technical director. It was funded mainly by two large investing groups: Granite HaCarmel and Secom of the Shikun Ubinui Group. It cost $20 million USD, with 15% of the funding coming from the Israel Tourism Office. The park was built on land owned by Kibbutz Nachshon. It had 350,000 visitors in its first nine months of opening. A Google Street View of Mini Israel was completed in November 2011, becoming active on April 19, 2012.

The models.

The park consists of about 350 buildings and landmarks, 30,000 figures, 500 animals, plants and 15,000 real trees, 4,700 cars, 100 motorbikes, 14 trains, 3 helicopters, 32 aircraft, 175 ships and 230 trucks. All trees are real bonsai cultivated and planted by Agronomy nursery. The park is loosely shaped like a star of David, with each of the six triangles representing an area or city: Jerusalem; Tel Aviv; Haifa; Galil; Negev; Center. Models were created in workshops spread throughout Israel using sophisticated computerized evaluations, based on research prepared by Mini Israel staff.  Most of the buildings were built in the scale of 1:25. Exceptions are Nahalal - 1:250; Orot Rabin power station - 1:50; walls of Jerusalem and Acre reduced to 1:50 leaving their height at 1:25; Knesset Menorah - 1:15  The models are made of polyurethane or similar polymeric materials, and small stones. They were painted with waterproof paint for resistance to weather conditions. Many of the models include kinetic moving parts such as trains, planes, a soccer game, heavy equipment, boats, etc.

Mini Israel () is a miniature park located near Latrun, Israel in the Ayalon Valley. Opened in November 2002, the site contains miniature replicas of hundreds of buildings and landmarks in Israel and on the West Bank. The tourist attraction consists of about 350 large models of notable buildings. The scale of 1:25 produces skyscrapers that tower over an adult and historic churches taller than a child.

Mini Izrael ( מיני ישראל), v anglickém přepisu Mini Israel je park miniatur nacházející se nedaleko Latrunu v Izraeli. Park byl otevřen v listopadu 2002 na pozemcích kibucu Nachšon a jsou v něm vystaveny stovky modelů nejznámějších izraelských budov. V roce 2007 bylo těchto modelů okolo 350, vytvořených většinou v měřítku 1:25.


History.

In the mid-to-late 19th century many dinosaur taxa were named for isolated teeth; such genera include "Trachodon", "Palaeoscincus", and "Troodon". Even before the badlands of North America started revealing the bones of "Tyrannosaurus", teeth turning up in many localities in the Western United States revealed the presence of large predatory dinosaurs.  In 1856 Joseph Leidy had named fourteen teeth collected by Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden in 1854 and 1855 from the Judith River Badlands of Montana as the species "Deinodon horridus". In 1866 Edward Drinker Cope chose three nonserrated teeth from the original syntype series of fourteen as the lectotypes of "Deinodon horridus". Leidy named these same three teeth "Aublysodon mirandus" in 1868. The meaning of the generic name is uncertain because Leidy himself gave no etymology or explanation of the intended meaning. The genus name is derived from Greek αὖ, "au", "again", "backwards", "contrariwise", βλύζω, "blyzo", "to spout", "to flow" and ὀδών, "odon", "tooth". The specific name means "wonderful" or "strange" in Latin.  Because the name "Aublysodon mirandus" was based on the same type, it was at first a junior objective synonym of "Deinodon horridus", which latter name thus had priority. Cope in 1868 mistakenly thought the name "Deinodon" was preoccupied by the snake "Dinodon" and renamed "Deinodon horridus" into an "Aublysodon horridus". If "Deinodon" really had been preoccupied, this would have made "Aublysodon" a valid genus. In 1899 Oliver Perry Hay pointed out Cope's mistake; "Aublysodon horridus" is a junior objective synonym of "Deinodon horridus", just as "Aublysodon mirandus" had been. However, in 1892 "Aublysodon" became an independent genus when Othniel Charles Marsh further limited its type by choosing a single small nonserrated premaxillary tooth with a D-shaped cross-section, specimen ANSP 9535, as the lectotype of "Aublysodon mirandus". The two other teeth, ANSP 9533 and ANSP 9534, remained as the lectotypes of "Deinodon horridus". The names were thus separated.  The tooth-based taxon "Aublysodon" was a mystery for a long time since no further skeletal elements were found that could be assigned with certainty to the teeth. In the early twentieth century it was assumed by some workers that it represented a member of the Ornithomimidae when it was not yet known this group was toothless. Lawrence Morris Lambe in 1902 referred the tooth to "Struthiomimus"; Hay in 1930 renamed "A. mirandus" into "Ornithomimus mirandus", forgetting in that case "Aublysodon" would have priority.  Today it is known that similar teeth are found in juvenile specimens of "Daspletosaurus", and it is likely that teeth referred to "Aublysodon" came from that genus. In October 2000, the type specimen of "Aublysodon" went missing when being sent by registered mail from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia to the Field Museum of Natural History. Because of the presence of "Aublysodon"-type teeth in other juvenile tyrannosaurines than "Daspletosaurus", such as those of "Tyrannosaurus", remains of which can also be found in Montana, Thomas Carr no longer considered the name to represent a real biological taxon, but to be a "nomen dubium".

Referred species.

Apart from "Aublysodon mirandus" and "A. horridus" several other species have been named within the genus. In 1876 Cope created an "Aublysodon lateralis", based on specimen AMNH 3956, a tooth of a juvenile tyrannosaur which has been synonymized with "Deinodon horridus". In 1892 Marsh named two more species: "Aublysodon amplus" and "Aublysodon cristatus", respectively based on teeth YPM 296 and YPM 297; the latter has also been placed in the genus "Deinodon". They may represent teeth from juvenile individuals of "T. rex" as they were found in the Maastrichtian Lance Formation. In 1903 John Bell Hatcher renamed "Laelaps explanatus" Cope 1876 into an "Aublysodon explanatus". This probably represents a tooth of "Saurornitholestes". In 1932 Friedrich von Huene classified a fragmentary skeleton named "Ornithomimus grandis" by Marsh in 1890 as "Aublysodon grandis", but most later researchers have considered this a synonym of the Campanian tyrannosaur "Deinodon horridus". In 1967 Alan Jack Charig named three species: "Aublysodon lancinator", "Aublysodon novojilovi" and "Aublysodon lancensis"; these had originally been species of "Gorgosaurus". The first two are today seen as juvenile specimens of "Tarbosaurus"; the last represents either a juvenile individual of "Tyrannosaurus" or a separate genus "Nanotyrannus".  The first skeletal material referred to an original "Aublysodon" species was a partial skull unearthed in Jordan, Montana in 1966 and described by Ralph Molnar in 1977/1978. The skull, specimen LACM 28741 at forty-five centimetres the length of an average human arm, bore pointed teeth attached to a long narrow snout. First thought to be a juvenile "Tyrannosaurus", then interpreted as a large dromaeosaurid, this "Jordan theropod" was given the name "Aublysodon molnaris" by Gregory S. Paul in 1988; in 1990 the name was by Paul emended to "Aublysodon molnari", applying the correct genitive. It was made a separate genus "Stygivenator" by George Olshevsky in 1995, but was later, in 2004, reinterpreted to be a juvenile "Tyrannosaurus rex" by Thomas Carr and Tom Williamson. Another partial skeleton from New Mexico, specimen OMNH 10131, was in 1990 considered to represent "Aublysodon", but later research by Thomas Carr and Tom Williamson first referred it to "Daspletosaurus" and ultimately to "Bistahieversor". In 1988 Paul also created another species when renaming "Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis" Dong 1977 into "Aublysodon huoyanshanensis". It probably represents a "Tarbosaurus" specimen.

Classification.

Cope assigned "Aublysodon" to the Goniopoda in 1870, a group roughly equivalent to the modern Theropoda. Marsh however, in 1892 was misled by the small size of the teeth, their D-shaped cross-section and their lack of serrations into considering "Aublysodon" a mammal exceptionally large for the Cretaceous. By the early twentieth century it was again generally understood that "Aublysodon" was a theropod reptile; later it would be typically assigned to the Deinodontidae, a group today called the Tyrannosauridae.  "Aublysodon" was by Paul in 1988 thought to belong to a unique subfamily of tyrannosaurids called the Aublysodontinae, a name already coined, together with an Aublysodontidae, by Franz Nopcsa in 1928. This was a concept which afterwards enjoyed some popularity: Thomas Holtz proposed a stem clade definition of the Aublysodontinae in 2001, ""Aublysodon" and all taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with it than with "Tyrannosaurus"".  "Aublysodon" was for a time also used in definitions of higher-level taxa. Holtz proposed a node clade definition of the Tyrannosauridae in 2001 as "all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of "Tyrannosaurus" and "Aublysodon"", using "Aublysodon" as an anchor taxon. Paul Sereno has also used "Aublysodon" as an anchor taxon for the Tyrannosauridae, although his definition was problematic for other reasons. These concepts have now been redefined without the dubious name.  Because "Aublysodon" is today considered a "nomen dubium" based on material probably belonging to "Daspletosaurus", its affiliations are likely tyrannosaurid and the terms Aublysodontinae and Aublysodontidae have become irrelevant.

Aublysodon (uncertain derivation; perhaps "backwards-flowing tooth"?) is a genus of carnivorous dinosaurs known only from the Judith River Formation in Montana, which has been dated to the late Campanian age of the late Cretaceous period (about 75 million years ago). The only currently recognized species, Aublysodon mirandus, was named by paleontologist Joseph Leidy in 1868. It is now considered dubious, because the type specimen consists only of an isolated premaxillary (front) tooth. Although this specimen is now lost, similar teeth have been found in many US states, western Canada, and Asia. These teeth almost certainly belong to juvenile tyrannosaurine tyrannosaurids, but most have not been identified to species level. However, it is likely that the type tooth (and therefore the name "Aublysodon mirandus" itself) belongs to one of the species in the genus "Daspletosaurus", which was present in contemporary formations, and which matches specific details of the original tooth. The synapomorphies alleged to distinguish the Aublysodontinae, especially lack of serrations on premaxillary teeth could have been caused by tooth wear in life, postmortem abrasion, or digestion. Most other "aublysodontine"-type teeth may be from ontogenetic stages or sexual morphs of other tyrannosaurids.

Aublysodon ("dozadu ohnutý zub"?) je pochybný rod teropodního dinosaura z čeledi Tyrannosauridae, žijícího v období pozdní křídy na západním území Severní Ameriky (stát Montana).


Comparison to "Nautilus".

"Seawolf" was the same basic "double hull" twin-screw submarine design as her predecessor, but her propulsion system was more technologically advanced. The Submarine Intermediate Reactor (SIR) nuclear plant was designed by General Electric's Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory and prototyped in West Milton, New York. The prototype plant was eventually designated S1G and "Seawolf"'s plant as S2G.  The Atomic Energy Commission historians' account of the sodium-cooled reactor experience was:  Although fully armed, "Seawolf", like the first nuclear submarine, "Nautilus", was primarily an experimental vessel. "Seawolf" was originally thought of publicly as a hunter-killer submarine, but in fact was intended to be a one-off test platform for the SIR (aka S2G) LMFR reactor and future sonar platforms. Its future uses, after the reactor plant was replaced with a light water system, included covert operations in foreign waters, for which it was converted January 1971 – June 1973.

Initial construction.

"Seawolf"'s keel was laid down 7 September 1953, by the Electric Boat division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut. It was launched on 21 July 1955 sponsored by Mrs. W. Sterling Cole, and commissioned on 30 March 1957, with Commander R. B. Laning in command. Like all of the original nuclear subs, the project manager at Electric Boat was the general manager of the company, Bill Jones. During the parallel construction of the first nuclear submarines, the Navy, the Atomic Energy Commission, its independent labs, and the shipyard all worked together to learn together.  For the yard, the Power Plant Project manager was a separate function on these original nuclear subs. Dennis B. Boykin III would lead EB's power plant installation, and return to the project two years later for the reactor conversion. His counterpart at the Office of Naval Reactors, Gardner Brown, did the same.  Lieutenant James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, the only US President to qualify in submarines, was to be her Engineering Officer, but had resigned his commission upon the death of his father in 1953.

1957–1959.

"Seawolf" departed New London, Connecticut, on 2 April for her shakedown cruise off Bermuda and returned on 8 May. Between 16 May and 5 August, she made two voyages to Key West and participated in intensive training exercises. On 3 September, she steamed across the North Atlantic to participate in NATO exercises. The submarine surfaced off Newport, Rhode Island, on 25 September after cruising 6,331 nonstop miles. The next day, President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower embarked and was taken for a short cruise onboard her.  "Seawolf" cruised to the Caribbean Sea for an exercise in November. In December, she began an availability period that lasted until 6 February 1958. She then participated in exercises along the east coast until early August.  "Seawolf" submerged on 7 August and did not surface again until 6 October. During this period, she logged over 13,700 nautical miles (25,400 km). She received the Navy Unit Commendation for demonstrating the ability of the nuclear-powered submarine to remain independent of the atmosphere for the period of a normal war patrol.  "Seawolf" returned to Electric Boat Company in Groton, Connecticut, on 12 December 1958, for conversion of her power plant from a S2G sodium-cooled LMFR to a S2Wa PWR. She was out of commission until 30 September 1960. The Office of Naval Reactors had determined that the unique superheated steam powerplant was too difficult to maintain, since the superheaters were rarely operational. Constructed of rolled steel (vs forged steel), the superheaters were usually unable to allow the plant to operate at full capacity.  On 18 April 1959, the Navy disposed of the radioactive S2G plant by sealing it in a 30-foot high stainless steel containment vessel, towing it out to sea on a barge, and then sinking the barge at a point about 120 miles due east of Maryland in 9,100 feet of water. Twenty-one years later, the Navy was unable to relocate the container, but said that the radioactive materials inside should decay before the containment vessel deteriorated.

1960–1966.

"Seawolf" began a three-week period of independent operations on 25 October, and returned to fleet operations in November and December. On 9 January 1961, "Seawolf" sailed to San Juan, Puerto Rico, to participate in local operations. On 25 January, it was ordered to locate and track the Portuguese passenger liner "Santa Maria" which had been seized by pirates two days earlier. The submarine made contact with the liner off the coast of Brazil on 1 February. After "Santa Maria" surrendered in Recife, the submarine returned to San Juan and continued east coast operations.  On 7 July, "Seawolf" began a two-month oceanographic voyage which took her to Portsmouth, England, before returning the vessel to New London on 19 September 1961.  In 1963, "Seawolf" participated in the search for the lost USS "Thresher" (SSN-593) and in various local and fleet operations until April 1964. On 28 April, "Seawolf" stood out of New London en route to the Mediterranean Sea and a -month deployment with the Sixth Fleet. During the period, it operated with aircraft carrier "Enterprise" (CVAN-65), guided missile cruiser "Long Beach" (CGN-9), and guided missile frigate "Bainbridge" (DLGN-25) as a part of the world's first nuclear task force. More local East Coast exercises followed until 5 May 1965. On that date, the submarine entered the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard for refueling and an extensive overhaul bringing it up to the SUBSAFE standard put in place after the loss of "Thresher". This overhaul lasted until September 1966.

1967–1973.

"Seawolf" sailed from Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on 24 August 1967 for New London, Connecticut, which was again its home port. The following month, she sailed to the Caribbean Sea for refresher training and weapons trials. It had to have a propeller replaced at Charleston, South Carolina, in early October and then conducted sea trials in the Bahama Islands for the remainder of the month. The end of the year 1967 found it back at its home port.  "Seawolf" was operating from that port when it grounded off the coast of Maine on 30 January 1968. It was towed back to New London, Connecticut, for repairs and did not put to sea again until 20 March 1969, when it began sea trials. The submarine was in the Caribbean Sea during June and July conducting underwater sound and weapons systems tests. "Seawolf" was deployed with the Sixth Fleet from 29 September to 21 December 1969.  "Seawolf" operated along the East Coast until 9 November 1970 when its home port was changed to Vallejo, California, and it sailed for the West Coast. The submarine transited the Panama Canal on 17 November and changed operational control to Submarine Force, Pacific Fleet. It entered drydock at Mare Island Naval Shipyard on 8 January 1971 for overhaul and conversion to a special project platform adding 52 feet to her length and remained there until 21 June 1973, when it moved up the coast to Bangor, Washington. "Seawolf" returned to Mare Island on 4 September 1973.  The euphemistic'special project platform' description is explained by carefully examining photos of the ships from before and after the yard period. The 52-foot hull extension forward of the sail held intelligence gathering equipment that supported covert operations. This included an "aquarium" for launching variable depth sonar and retrieval equipment. It also had thrusters installed and a saturation diver lock out installed inside its hull. A gondola was added underneath its hull along with retractable "skegs" (short for "sea keeping legs") for bottom station keeping. It would remain a special projects boat until its decommissioning.

1974–1978.

In 1974, "Seawolf" completed post-conversion testing and evaluation period and conducted its first Pacific Fleet deployment, operating independently for a period of three months. For its performance of duty, it was awarded a second Navy Unit Commendation. In 1975, "Seawolf" came under the exclusive direction of Submarine Development Group One, and for outstanding performance in 1974–1975, was awarded a Battle Efficiency "E."  In 1976, "Seawolf" received its second consecutive Battle Efficiency "E" and the Engineering "E" for Excellence. During its second Pacific Fleet deployment, it conducted independent submerged operations for three months and demonstrated superior endurance by remaining submerged for 89 consecutive days, a U.S. Navy record. It received her third Navy Unit Commendation.  In 1977, "Seawolf" received its third Battle Efficiency "E" and her second Engineering "E" for Excellence. During its third Pacific Fleet deployment, it conducted 79 consecutive days of independent submerged operations and received its fourth Navy Unit Commendation and the Navy Expeditionary Medal. In 1978, "Seawolf" conducted its fourth Pacific Fleet deployment.  Some of the above deployments are chronicled in the book "" by Sherry Sontag, Christopher Drew & Annette Lawrence Drew. Published in 1998, the book details previously classified stories of espionage and Cold War activities of American submarines, and specifically details one of "Seawolf"'s missions in Russian waters.

1981–1987.

In August 1981, "Seawolf" deployed on its fifth Pacific Fleet deployment. It returned to homeport in October 1981 and received the Navy Expeditionary Medal. In 1983, "Seawolf" conducted its sixth Pacific Fleet deployment of 76 days and returned to Mare Island Naval Shipyard in May 1983. It was awarded the Navy Expeditionary Medal, another Battle Efficiency "E," another Engineering "E," a Supply "E," and a Damage Control "DC." In 1984, "Seawolf" conducted a 93-day deployment to the Western Pacific, returned in July, and continued its high operating tempo with numerous local operations. It was awarded her third consecutive Supply "E," a Communications "C," and the Deck Seamanship Award.  In April 1986, "Seawolf" conducted its last Western Pacific deployment and returned to Mare Island in June 1986 to prepare for decommissioning. Decommissioned 30 March 1987, "Seawolf" was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the following 10 July. The former submarine began the Navy's Ship-Submarine Recycling Program on 1 October 1996 and completed it on 30 September 1997.

USS "Seawolf" (SSN-575), a unique submarine, was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for the seawolf, the second nuclear submarine, and the only US submarine built with a liquid metal cooled (sodium) nuclear reactor known as the Submarine Intermediate Reactor (SIR) or Liquid Metal Fast Reactor (LMFR), later designated S2G. Her overall design was a variant of, but with numerous detail changes, such as a conning tower, stepped sail, and the AN/SQS-51 active sonar mounted in the top portion of the bow instead of further below. This sonar arrangement resulted in an unusual bow shape above the water for a U.S. submarine. Her distinctive reactor was later replaced with a standard pressurized water reactor, the replacement process lasting from 12 December 1958 to 30 September 1960.

USS Seawolf (SSN-575) byla americká útočná ponorka s jaderným pohonem z doby studené války. Po USS "Nautilus" byla druhou ponorkou s jaderným pohonem a jedinou americkou ponorkou, jejíž jaderný reaktor byl chlazen tekutým kovem. Podobně jako "Nautilus" byla určena zejména k experimentům s principiálně novým pohonem — koncepce jejího pohonu se však neosvědčila.