Theory.

According to resource mobilization theory, a core, professional group in a social movement organization works towards bringing money, supporters, attention of the media, alliances with those in power, and refining the organizational structure. The theory revolves around the central notion of how messages of social change are spread from person to person and from group to group. The conditions needed for a social movement are the notion that grievances shared by multiple individuals and organizations, ideologies about social causes and how to go about reducing those grievances.  The theory assumes that individuals are rational: individuals weigh the costs and the benefits of movement participation and act only if the benefits outweigh the costs. When movement goals take the form of public goods, the free rider dilemma must be taken into consideration.  Social movements are goal-oriented, but organization is more important than resources. Organization means the interactions and relations between social movement organizations (SMOs) and other organizations (other SMOs, businesses, governments, etc.). The organization's infrastructure efficiency is a key resource in itself.  Resource mobilization theory can be divided into two camps: John D. McCarthy and Mayer Zald are the originators and major advocates of the classic entrepreneurial (economic) version of the theory, and Charles Tilly and Doug McAdam are proponents of the political version of resource mobilization called political process theory.  The entrepreneurial model explains collective action as a result of economics factors and organization theory. It argues that grievances are not sufficient to explain creation of social movements. Instead, access to and control over resources is the crucial factor. The laws of supply and demand explain the flow of resources to and from the movements and that individual actions or the lack thereof is accounted for by rational choice theory.  The political model focuses on the political struggle, instead of economic factors.  In the 1980s, other theories of social movements such as social constructionism and new social movement theory challenged the resource mobilization framework.

Types of resources.

Edwards and McCarthy identified five types of resources available to social movement organizations:

Criticism.

Critics point out that resource mobilization theory fails to explain social movement communities, which are large networks of individuals and other groups surrounding social movement organizations and providing them with various services. Critics also argue that it fails to explain how groups with limited resources can succeed in bringing social change and that the theory does not assign sufficient weight to grievances, identity and culture as well as many macrosociological issues.

Examples.

Civil Rights Movement.

Aldon Morris claims that the resource mobilization theory is a possible explanation of the surge of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. The rise of the movement was not because black Americans felt at the same time a frustration that leald to a rebellion, Instead, it was the mobilization and organization of the leaders that triggered the movement. Some of the leaders that Aldon Morris reframed are Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr., who, combined with the efforts of the NAACP, the SCLC, the SNCC, CORE and small business, labor unions, students' organizations and faith communities, led to the civil rights movement. The organizations together mobilized vast resources together, rather than individually, leading to the massive mobilization of people fighting for the same objective. The research done by Aldon Morris demonstrates that social movements depend on the ability of empower the less powerful people: "the civil rights movement managed, against overwhelming odds and historical tradition, to push for reform of oppressive and rigidly racist cultural repertoires, practices and laws that had denied African Americans basic civil rights."

MoveOn.org.

MoveOn.org is a social movement organization to which resource mobilization theory can apply because it is a platform for people to sign a petition or to start a new petition. Coupled with the political process theory, a social movement theory that posits that social movements either succeed or fail because of political opportunities, MoveOn.org has been a successful tool because of its accessibility, which would make people more likely to start a petition and move toward a common goal. In other words, resource mobilization applies to MoveOn.org because the website itself is an existing resource that is accessible to consumers of the Internet, which helps mobilize the goals of the organization, and that mobilization is essential to MoveOn.org's success. Also, resource mobilization applies because of the fact that the people who founded the organization knew how to use the resources available, which implies that anyone who uses the website to sign or start a petition is a rational social actor, who acts as a utility maximizer, who compares the costs and the benefits before deciding to be a part of a social movement.

Arab Spring.

The Arab Spring is another example. Born in Tunisia in December 2010, growing unrest spread through Egypt, Syria, and Yemen. Researchers studying resource mobilization through the Egyptian revolution of 2011 found a reliance on social media to spread social action messages while the governments worked to censor the media and cut off those countries from the rest of the world by severing the internet. The activists in those countries were communicating with one another through social media platforms like Twitter to co-ordinate protests, keep tabs on each other and spread the social change messages. The researchers noted the Egyptian Revolution demonstrated the use of social media to spread messages of social change rapidly and to mobilizedl large groups of people. Another group of researchers studying social movements in Tunisia during the Arab Spring found that cyberactivism sprung from grievances on increasing government restrictions on Internet use for political purposes, coupled with the lack of socioeconomic opportunities.

Connection with other fields.

Resource mobilization theory has been studied in conjunction with other fields, such as framing theory. Evidence has been found of an evolving relationship between framing processes and social movements. The relationship has led to the identification of two frames used in social movement stories: diagnostic, which involves identifying the sources of causality or blame for the situation, and prognostic, which lays out a plan of attack on how to create social change.

Resource mobilization is the process of getting resources from the resource provider, using different mechanisms, to implement an organization's predetermined goals. It is a theory that is used in the study of social movements and argues that the success of social movements depends on resources (time, money, skills, etc.) and the ability to use them.

Mobilizace zdrojů je proces získávání zdrojů od jejich poskytovatelů za použití různých mechanismů a za účelem dosažení předem stanovených cílů dané organizace. Zabývá se získáním potřebných zdrojů v co nejmenším časovém horizontu a za použití co nejmenšího množství finančních prostředků. Mobilizace zdrojů usiluje o disponování správnými zdroji ve správný čas, za správnou cenu a za podmínky zajištění jejich optimálního využití.


History.

The cave as it is today was discovered in 1922 but has been known to locals for many years. The cave is named for the disappearance of livestock in the vicinity of the cave being attributed to the Devil. Centuries later, after the cave had been fully explored, the missing livestock as well as numerous other animals including deer and cave bears were discovered to have fallen into the cave and died. One of these cave bear skeletons has been reconstructed and can be seen on the tour of the cave.

Visiting.

The cave offers guided tours year round in both German and English although the opening hours vary by season. The cave tour takes about an hour to complete and the guides stop occasionally to explain the history of the particular chamber and to describe the rock formations. Some of these formations have been named by the guides such as the Turtle, Pipe Organ, and the Crucifixion. Any tour can become English language tours if visitors simply ask the tour guide on any tour to switch on loudspeakers with English explanations (no fee).  Nordic walking trails pass by both the entrance and exit of the cave and network into the surrounding area. These trails provide views of the Weiherbach Valley in which the cave lies as well as the numerous rock faults and stone formations that litter the area. Rainbow and brown trout can be seen and fed in the river at the entrance of the cave.

Cave Therapy.

There is an operational therapeutic station located inside the cave intended to assist in the treatment of lung ailments with speleotherapy.

The Devil's Cave () is a dripstone cave located in the town of Pottenstein, Bavaria, Germany. The cave is long and is the longest in Germany and the largest in Franconian Switzerland.

Čertova jeskyně, německy "Teufelshöhle", je krasová jeskyně ležící u městečka Pottenstein v severní části Bavorska. Je nejdelší a největší jeskyní Franského Švýcarska.


Plot.

i. Little.

In Liberty City, Miami, Afro-Cuban drug dealer Juan finds Chiron, a withdrawn child who goes by the nickname "Little," hiding from a group of bullies in a crackhouse. Juan lets Chiron spend the night with him and his girlfriend Teresa before returning Chiron to his mother Paula, who revokes his TV privileges for worrying her. Chiron continues to spend time with Juan, who teaches him how to swim and mentors him, telling him he can choose his own path in life.  One night, Juan encounters Paula smoking crack with one of his customers. Juan berates her for her addiction and neglecting her son, but she rebukes him for selling crack to her in the first place; all the while they argue over Chiron's upbringing. She implies that she knows why Chiron gets tormented by his peers, alluding to "the way he walks," before going home and taking out her frustration on Chiron.  The next day, Chiron admits to Juan and Teresa that he hates his mother and asks what a "faggot" is. Juan tells him it is "a word used to make gay people feel bad." He tells Chiron there is nothing wrong with being gay and that he should not allow others to mock him. He then asks Juan whether he sells drugs and whether his mother does drugs, and leaves after Juan sadly answers yes to both questions.

ii. Chiron.

Now a teenager, Chiron juggles avoiding school bully Terrel and spending time with Teresa, who has lived alone since Juan's death. Paula, who has turned to prostitution after the worsening of her addiction, forces Chiron to give her the money he receives from Teresa. Chiron's childhood friend Kevin tells him about a detention he received for being caught having sex with a girl in a school stairwell, and Chiron later dreams about Kevin and the girl having sex in Teresa's back yard, waking with a start. One night, Kevin visits Chiron at the beach near his house. While smoking a blunt together, the two discuss their ambitions and the nickname Kevin gave Chiron when they were children. They kiss, and Kevin gives Chiron a handjob.  The next morning, Terrel manipulates Kevin into participating in a hazing ritual. Kevin reluctantly punches Chiron until he is unable to stand before watching as Terrel and other boys savagely attack him. When the principal urges him to reveal his attackers' identities, Chiron refuses, saying that reporting them will not solve anything. The next day, an enraged Chiron walks into class and smashes a chair over Terrel's head. The police arrive and arrest Chiron for assault, and he is sent to juvenile hall.

iii. Black.

Now going by the nickname "Black," an adult Chiron deals drugs in Atlanta. He receives frequent calls from Paula, who asks him to visit her at the drug treatment center where she now lives. One day, Kevin calls, inviting him to visit him should he ever come to Miami. While visiting Paula, Chiron breaks his silence. His mother apologizes for not loving him when he needed it most and tells him she loves him even if he does not love her back. The two tearfully reconcile before Paula lets Chiron go.  Chiron travels to Miami and visits Kevin at his workplace, a diner. When his attempts to probe Chiron about his life result in silence, Kevin tells him he's had a child with an ex-girlfriend and, although the relationship ended, he is fulfilled by his role as a father. Chiron reciprocates by talking about his unexpected drug dealing, and asks Kevin why he called. Kevin plays a song on the jukebox that made him think of Chiron.  After Kevin serves Chiron dinner, the two of them go to his apartment. Kevin tells Chiron that he is happy despite the fact that his life didn't turn out as he had hoped, resulting in Chiron breaking down and admitting that he has not been intimate with anybody since their encounter years ago. As Kevin comforts him, Black remembers himself as Little, standing on a beach in the moonlight.

Production.

Development.

In 2003, Tarell Alvin McCraney wrote the semi-autobiographical play "In Moonlight Black Boys Look Blue" to cope with his mother's death from AIDS. The theater piece was shelved for about a decade before it served as the basis for "Moonlight".  After the release of his debut feature film "Medicine for Melancholy" in 2008, Barry Jenkins wrote various screenplays, none of which entered production. In January 2013, producer Adele Romanski urged Jenkins to make a second film. The two brainstormed a few times a month through video-chat, with the goal of producing a low-budget "cinematic and personal" film. Jenkins was introduced to McCraney's play through the Borscht arts collective in Miami. After discussions with McCraney, Jenkins wrote the first draft of the film in a month-long visit to Brussels.  Although the original play contained three parts, they ran simultaneously so that the audience would experience a day in the life of Little, Chiron and Black concurrently. In fact, it is not made clear that the characters are the same person until halfway through the play. Jenkins instead chose to split the three parts of the original piece into distinct chapters and to focus on Chiron's story from the perspective of an ally.  The result was a screenplay that reflected the similar upbringings of Jenkins and McCraney. The character Juan was based on the father of McCraney's brother, who was also a childhood "defender" of McCraney, as Juan was for Chiron. Likewise, Paula was a depiction of Jenkins' and McCraney's mothers, who both struggled with drug addictions. McCraney and Jenkins also both grew up in Miami's Liberty Square, a primary location of the film.  Jenkins looked for financing for the film during 2013, finding success after sharing the script with the executives of Plan B Entertainment at the year's Telluride Film Festival. Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner of Plan B Entertainment became producers of the film, while A24 undertook to finance it and handle worldwide distribution, which marked the company's first production.

Casting.

Different actors portrayed Chiron and Kevin in each chapter of the film. Ashton Sanders was cast in the role of teen Chiron. Alex Hibbert and Jaden Piner were cast for the roles of child Chiron and child Kevin, respectively, in an open casting call in Miami. Trevante Rhodes originally auditioned for the role of Kevin, before he was cast as adult Chiron.  André Holland had previously acted in McCraney's plays, and had read "In Moonlight Black Boys Look Blue" a decade before the release of the film. Holland was attracted to the role of adult Kevin when later reading the script of the film, stating, "[The script] was the best thing I've ever read".  Naomie Harris was initially reluctant to portray Paula, stating that she did not want to play a stereotypical depiction of a black woman. When addressing her concerns, Jenkins emphasized the character's representation of both his and McCraney's mothers. Harris later commented that although she had previously vowed not to portray a crack addict, the film's script and director's tolerance appealed to her. In preparation for her role, Harris watched interviews of those with addiction to crack cocaine, and met with addicted women. She related her experiences of bullying to the addicts' attempts of escaping trauma.  Romanski proposed Juan be played by Mahershala Ali, who had a role in one of her previously produced films, "Kicks". Jenkins was hesitant when casting Ali due to his role as Remy Danton in "House of Cards"; however, he was convinced after witnessing Ali's acting range and understanding of his character. Ali considered the role an important opportunity to portray an African-American male mentor, and drew on his experiences of "[growing] up with a Juan". Janelle Monáe was sent the script and immediately connected to her role as Teresa, commenting that she too had family members with similar struggles relating to drugs and sexual identity.

Filming.

Filming began on October 14, 2015, in Miami, Florida. After scouting for locations in Miami with Romanski, Jenkins made an effort to film in locations where he previously lived. Liberty Square, a housing project located in the neighborhood of Liberty City, was chosen as one of the primary locations as both McCraney and Jenkins grew up in the area. The film was shot undisturbed since Jenkins had relatives living in the area, though the cast and crew had police escorts. Naomie Harris later reflected:  During filming, Jenkins made sure that the three actors for Chiron did not meet each other until after filming to avoid any imitations of one another. Consequently, Rhodes, Sanders, and Hibbert filmed in separate two-week periods. Mahershala Ali frequently flew to Miami on consecutive weekends to film during the production of other projects. Naomie Harris shot all of her scenes in three days without rehearsals, while André Holland filmed the totality of his scenes in five. The film was shot in a period of twenty-five days.  Jenkins worked with cinematographer and longtime friend James Laxton, who previously shot "Medicine for Melancholy". The two chose to avoid the "documentary look" and thus shot the film using widescreen CinemaScope on an Arri Alexa digital camera, which better rendered skin tone. With colorist Alex Bickel, they further achieved this by creating a color grade that increased the contrast and saturation while preserving the detail and color. As a result, the three chapters of the film were designed to imitate different film stocks. The first chapter emulated the Fuji film stock to intensify the cast's skin tones. The second chapter imitated the Agfa film stock, which added cyan to the images, while the third chapter used a modified Kodak film stock.

Editing.

The film was edited in Los Angeles by Joi McMillon and Nat Sanders, former university schoolmates of Jenkins. Sanders was responsible for editing the first and second chapters. McMillon was responsible for the third act which included the "diner scene", a favorite of the cinematographer Laxton.

Music.

The score of "Moonlight" was composed by Nicholas Britell. Britell applied the chopped and screwed technique from hip hop remixes to orchestral music, producing a "fluid, bass-heavy score". The soundtrack, released on October 21, 2016, consists of eighteen original cues by Britell along with others by Goodie Mob, Boris Gardiner, and Barbara Lewis. A chopped and screwed version was released by OG Ron C and DJ Candlestick of The Chopstars.

Themes.

Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian", lists "love, sex, survival, mothers and father figures" among its themes, particularly the lack of a nurturing father. However, A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" cites the character Juan as an example of how the film "evokes clichés of African-American masculinity in order to shatter them." In his review in "Variety," Peter Debruge suggests that the film demonstrates that the African American identity is more complex than has been portrayed in films of the past. For example, while Juan plays the role of Little's defender and protector, he is also part of the root cause of at least some of the hardship the young boy endures.  A major theme of "Moonlight" is the black male identity and its interactions with sexual identity. The film takes a form similar to a triptych in order to explore the path of a man from a neglected childhood, through an angry adolescence, to self-realization and fulfillment in adulthood.  This particular story of Chiron's sexuality is also seen as a story of race in a 'post-Obama' era. The film amalgamates art film with hood film in its portrayal of African-American characters on-screen. Many technical film techniques are employed to juxtapose the characters and action on scene, including the use of an orchestral score done in the melody of popular R&B and hip-hop motifs. This specifically deals with theme of recuperating identity, especially in terms of blackness. The characters operate in an urban working-class city in Florida but are portrayed through art house conventions to create a new space for black characters in cinema. This mirrors Chiron's own odyssey to learning who he is, as he constantly struggles with trying to find some essentialism to his identity, yet consistently fails in doing so. The triptych structure helps to reiterate the fragmented personality to the film and Chiron.

Black masculinity.

The film's co-writer, Tarell Alvin McCraney, speaks on the topic of black masculinity in the film, explaining why Chiron went to such lengths to alter his persona. He argues that communities without privilege or power seek to gain it in other ways. He says one way in which males in such communities do this is by trying to enhance their masculine identity, knowing that it often provides a means to more social control in a patriarchal society.  In "Moonlight", masculinity is portrayed as rigid and aggressive, amongst the behavior of young Black males in Chiron's teenage peer group. The expression of hyper-masculinity among Black men has been associated with peer acceptance and community. Being a homosexual within the Black community, on the other hand, has been associated with social alienation and homophobic judgement by peers because Black gay men are seen as weak or effeminate. In the film, Chiron is placed in this divide as a Black gay man and alters his presentation of masculinity as a strategy to avoid ridicule because homosexuality is viewed as incompatible with Black masculine expectations. As young kids, Kevin hides his sexuality in order to avoid being singled out like Chiron is. As Chiron grows older, he recognizes the need to conform to a heteronormative ideal of Black masculinity in order to avoid abuse and homophobia. As an adult, Chiron chooses to embrace the stereotypical Black male gender performance by becoming muscular and a drug-dealer.  "Moonlight" explores the effects of this felt powerlessness in black males. As McCraney explains, coping with this feeling often coincides with attempts to overstate one's masculinity, in a way that can easily become toxic. He says one unfortunate side effect of leaning into masculinity too much is that men no longer want to be "caressed, or nurtured, or gentle," which is why a character like Juan may be puzzling to some audiences.  Chiron's choice to value masculinity over the desire to be loved or caressed becomes evident in scenes like his first sexual encounter with Kevin. These ideas are related to Omise'eke Natasha Tinsley's essay "Black Atlantic, Queer Atlantic," in which she claims that the slave ships of the middle passage may have allowed for the formulation of queer identities and relationships amongst the black men and women below deck. She argues the formulation of queer relationships was a method of resistance, providing love and comfort to black people when there should have been none. However, Chiron does not view the desire to form a homosexual bond as being compatible with his desire to claim his masculinity, and this false dichotomy is the source of much internal tension and strife in his character throughout the film.

Intersection of blackness, masculinity, and vulnerability.

Blackness, masculinity, and vulnerability are major focuses of this film. In the beach scene with Chiron, Juan, his father figure in the film, emphasizes the importance of black identity. Juan says, "There are black people everywhere. Remember that, okay? No place you can go in the world ain’t got no black people. We was the first on this planet." As Juan speaks about the relevance and importance of the black experience, he also thinks about a time in his youth when a stranger told him "in moonlight, black boys look blue." This is an image that the audience gets to see as the director, Barry Jenkins, supplies numerous shots of Chiron in the moonlight. It seems that Juan seems to associate this image with vulnerability, given that he tells Chiron that he eventually shed the nickname "Blue" in order to foster his own identity. The scenes depicting Chiron in the moonlight are almost always the ones in which he's vulnerable, his intimate night on the beach with Kevin included. Throughout the film, this dichotomy between black and blue stands in for that between tough and vulnerable, with the black body often hovering between the two. In Chiron's situation, the black body, which can be seen as inherently vulnerable in American society, must be tough in order to survive, as seen by Chiron's final, very masculine and dominant identity.

Water.

Water is often seen as cleansing and transformative and this is apparent in the film as well. Whether it be him swimming in the ocean or simply splashing water on his face, Chiron is constantly interacting with water. However, it is most notable that water is most often seen in the film in times of immense transition for Chiron. Throughout his life, Chiron resorts to water to bring him comfort e.g. taking baths when his mother is not home or swimming in the ocean with Juan. In the scene where Juan taught Little to swim, he explained to him the duality of water in relation to Black existence, a concept addressed in Omise'eke Natasha Tinsley's "Black Atlantic, Queer Atlantic." The ocean is like a crosscurrent as Tinsley says, that can simultaneously be a place of inequality and exploitation as well as beauty and resistance. Tinsley describes how, "black queerness itself becomes a crosscurrent through which to view hybrid, resistant subjectivities and perhaps, black queers really have no ancestry except the black water." The water, is either an environment that can destroy Chiron or allow him to triumph and throughout the movie we see Chiron using the water to cope and find himself.

Release.

The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2016. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2016, the New York Film Festival on October 2, 2016, the BFI London Film Festival on October 6, 2016 and the Vancouver International Film Festival on October 7, 2016. The film was released to select theaters on October 21, 2016, before beginning a wide release on November 18, 2016. The full UK cinema release was on February 17, 2017.

Marketing.

The film's poster reflects its triptych structure, combining the three actors portraying Chiron into a single face. The producers employed no extra marketing for the film; interest in the film grew naturally up until the Academy Awards, induced by the critical reviews. The trailer for the film was released on August 11, 2016 in time for festival season. Mark Olsen of the "Los Angeles Times" referred to it "as one of the most anticipated films for fall".  On February 27, 2017, the day after the Academy Awards, Calvin Klein released an underwear advertising campaign featuring four of the male actors in the film. On March 7, 2017, Beijing-based streaming video service iQiyi announced that it has acquired the rights to stream the film in China. The film is also available in home media format through iTunes and DVD.

Reception.

Box office.

"Moonlight" grossed $27.9 million in the United States and Canada and $37.5 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $65.3 million, against a production budget of $4 million.  The film originally played in four theaters in its limited October 21, 2016 release, grossing $402,072 (a per-theater average $100,519). The film's theater count peaked at 650 in its wide opening on November 18, 2016, before expanding to 1,014 theaters in February. After the Oscars ceremony, A24 announced that the film would be played at 1,564 theaters. In the weekend following its Oscar wins the film grossed $2.5 million, up 260% from its previous week and marking the highest-grossing weekend of its entire theatrical release. It was also a higher gross than the previous two Best Picture winners, "Spotlight" ($1.8 million) and "Birdman" ($1.9 million), had in their first weekend following the Academy Awards.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 98% based on 375 reviews, with an average rating of 8.99/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Moonlight" uses one man's story to offer a remarkable and brilliantly crafted look at lives too rarely seen in cinema." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 99 out of 100, based on 53 critics, indicating "universal acclaim." On both websites, it was the highest-scoring film released in 2016.  David Rooney of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote a positive review after "Moonlight" premiered at the 2016 Telluride Film Festival. He praised the actors' performances and described the cinematography of James Laxton as "fluid and seductive, deceptively mellow, and shot through with searing compassion." Rooney concluded that the film "will strike plangent chords for anyone who has ever struggled with identity, or to find connections in a lonely world." In a uniformly positive review for "Time Out New York", Joshua Rothkopf gave "Moonlight" five stars out of five and praised Barry Jenkins' direction.  Brian Formo of "Collider" gave "Moonlight" an 'A−' grade rating, applauding the performances and direction but contending that the film "is more personal and important than it is great." Similarly, Jake Cole of "Slant Magazine" praised the acting, but criticized the screenplay, and argued that "so much of the film feels old-hat." In a review for "The Verge", Tasha Robinson lamented the plot details omitted between the film's three acts, but wrote that "what does make it to the screen is unforgettable."  While discussing the film after its screening at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival, Justin Chang of the "Los Angeles Times" described "Moonlight" as "achingly romantic and uncommonly wise," opining the film to be an early Oscar contender. Chang further wrote: "[Barry Jenkins] made a film that urges the viewer to look past Chiron's outward appearance and his superficial signifiers of identity, climbing inside familiar stereotypes in order to quietly dismantle them from within... "[Moonlight]" doesn't say much. It says everything."  Writing for "The London Review of Books" in February 2017, Michael Wood characterized the film as a study of an inherited intergenerational tragedy:  Camilla Long of "The Times" wrote that the film's "story has been told countless times, against countless backdrops", and that the film is not "relevant" to a predominantly "straight, white, middle class" audience. Long was criticized by users on Twitter for the review, and was accused of being homophobic and racist in her writing. Catherine Shoard, however, pointed out that "critics' opinions are subjective, and are supposed to be," but also noted her dismay for Long's "struggle to feel for those who aren't like you." Moreover, David McAlmont referred to Long's review as "not a review... [but] a waspish response to other reviews."  Richard Brody of "The New Yorker" included "Moonlight" in his list of the best 27 films of the decade.  On a list of top ten lists of the decade on Metacritic, it was tied for most second most number ones and second on overall mentions of lists of top ten films of the decade.

Top ten lists.

"Moonlight" was listed on numerous critics' top ten lists for 2016.

Accolades.

At the 74th Golden Globe Awards, "Moonlight" received six nominations, the second highest of all film nominees. The film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama, with additional nominations for five more: Best Director, Best Supporting Actor (for Ali), Best Supporting Actress (for Harris), Best Screenplay (for Jenkins) and Best Original Score (for Britell).  "Moonlight" received four nominations at the 70th British Academy Film Awards: Best Film, Best Actor in a Supporting Role, Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Original Screenplay.  "Moonlight" received eight nominations at the 89th Academy Awards, the second highest of all nominees, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Supporting Actor (for Ali), Best Supporting Actress (for Harris) and Best Adapted Screenplay. The film won three awards: for Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor and Best Adapted Screenplay. At the ceremony, presenters Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty read "La La Land" as the winner of Best Picture. Beatty later stated that he had mistakenly been given the duplicate Best Actress envelope, for which Emma Stone had won for her role in "La La Land" several minutes prior. When the mistake was realized, "La La Land" producer Jordan Horowitz came forward to announce "Moonlight" as the correct winner.  Because the film's screenplay was based on a play that had not previously been produced or published, different awards have had different rules about whether it qualified in the original or adapted screenplay categories. It was classified as an original screenplay by both the Writers Guild of America Awards and the BAFTAs, but was ruled as an adapted screenplay according to Academy Award rules.  Nat Sanders and Joi McMillon were nominated for Best Film Editing, making McMillon the first black woman to earn an Academy Award nomination in film editing. It is also the first LGBTQ film to win Best Picture at the Academy Awards.

Cultural impact.

The film is referenced in "Moonlight", a song from Jay-Z's studio album.

Moonlight is a 2016 American coming-of-age drama film written and directed by Barry Jenkins, based on Tarell Alvin McCraney's unpublished semi-autobiographical play "In Moonlight Black Boys Look Blue". It stars Trevante Rhodes, André Holland, Janelle Monáe, Ashton Sanders, Jharrel Jerome, Naomie Harris, and Mahershala Ali.

Moonlight je americký dramatický film z roku 2016. Režie a scénáře se ujal Barry Jenkins. Hlavní role hrají Trevante Rhodes, André Holland, Janelle Monáe, Ashton Sanders, Jharrel Jerome, Naomie Harris a Mahershala Ali.


Jamboree site.

The Jamboree was held on the fields of Rinkaby. In 2001, a national Jamboree took place here with 26,700 participants, and another national Jamboree, "Jiingijamborii" was held here from 14–22 July 2007. The camp area itself lies near the coast on sandy ground surrounded by pine woods. Sandy earth helps rain water run off and thus there is no risk of any parts of the camp area being waterlogged. The campsite is approximately 1.5 km by 1.5 km. Small areas of forest divide the campsite into smaller fields. The temperature is varying, average day temperature in the period is 22 degrees Celsius (72 °F), average night temperature is 17 °C (63 °F). The sun rises at 5 o'clock in the morning (05:00). Sunset is at 9 in the evening (or 21:00). Drinking water is available from wells at the field. There is already an extensive water and power system in the ground, dimensioned with the World Scout Jamboree in mind. In the southern part of the field there is space for the arena with a natural amphitheatre. There are sandy beaches near the camp area with sand dunes formed by the wind, creating their own particular type of landscape. The camp organised shuttle buses to the beach.

Opening and closing ceremonies.

The opening ceremony took place on 27 July 2011. It included a history and geography of Sweden, with music including the jamboree song "Changing the world" performed by Daniel Lemma and Pär Klang. Also included was a procession of flags (one from each country) and the official handover from Great Britain to Sweden, which involved Bear Grylls abseiling down from the roof of the stage (he had planned to paraglide in but had to change due to bad weather).  The closing ceremony took place on 6 August 2011, with live music from rock band Europe, playing songs including "The Final Countdown", as well as the Belgian singer Kate Ryan; halfway through her set a storm started with heavy rain. Every Scout reaffirmed the Scout Promise, including the King of Sweden.

Subcamps.

Each Town contained six subcamps each consisting of 2,000 Scouts with its own programme of activities. The subcamps were named after different features of Sweden, including cities, rivers and provinces. Within the subcamps each unit consisted of 4 patrols; a patrol consisting of 9 youth and 1 adult. The three towns were:  The adult-only Town for IST members and other adults not affiliated with a Sub-camp or participant unit had its own programme of activities :

Module activities.

The Module Activities Department created and delivered all Module programmes for all the participants at the World Scout Jamboree.  The module activities programme was made up of 5 separate but interlinked strands: The Module Activities took place over seven days during the camp; every participating Scout was able to visit every Module (five Modules in five days) as well as Camp-in-Camp (for two days). The Activities were approximately 4–5 hours long.  Module Activities Philosophy  The Module Activities were meant to provide a memorable, inspiring and engaging Scout programme. Every participant was given the opportunity to see modern and well planned activities which delivered new and exciting experiences, ideas and knowledge for everyone at the World Scout Jamboree.  Aim of the Modules  Every Module had an individual aim and direction that gave the participating Scouts some specific experiences and insights; some of the Modules focused on personal insight and some on knowledge and engagement with more global issues. Some Modules focused on the Scout herself/himself, some on the Scout patrol, and some on a wider group in society or the whole world. All the Modules offered several different thoughts, questions, experiences and feelings – contributing to a positive development for the Scout Movement as well as every Scout at the jamboree.  The Module Activities contributed to a full and positive jamboree experience for the Scouts from all different countries and cultures represented at the camp. An experience that was intended to be unique and fun for each Scout and to contribute to their personal development by focusing on the five areas of personal growth through the use of the Scout Method. The Module Programme encouraged the young people to develop their skills and abilities in the following areas;  The Module Programme also provided a wonderful opportunity for all of the Scouts to spend time with old friends and at the same time meet many new people and develop many new friendships. Through these new friendships, networks, shared experiences and feelings of solidarity the World Scout Movement continued to develop and prosper.  The activities of the Module Programme provided all Scouts with an opportunity to experience nature, try new ideas that they could take home and to learn how to develop their own ideas from concept to reality. Through this process the Scouts were encouraged and facilitated to challenge their expectations and assumptions and to develop new ways of thinking.  All the Module Activities had a clear objective. The Scout Method was fundamental in the preparation as well as the realization of the work; the Scout Law, “learning by doing” and personal progression were all important to the programme. The Activities also contributed to awareness of nature. Most of the Activities were patrol based – sometimes the Scouts would be in their own patrol and sometimes together with other patrols, or in an international patrol. This contributed to the Scout's individual growth and identity within the group as well as developing the group as a whole. The programme encouraged the Scouts to rethink, reflect and gain new understanding during the activities as well as afterwards.

International Service Team.

The International Service Team (IST) was a group of about 10,000 adult volunteers who ran the jamboree.  Program modules for the IST included four themes:  IST members had to attend at least two activities from two different themes to attain the IST Experience silver badge and three activities from three different themes to attain the gold badge. A patrol of IST consisted of from four to eight Scouts from different countries. Each patrol was assigned to a specific task.  The ISTs from larger contingents lived in Spring town, 40 people from one contingent in a plot.

The 22nd World Scout Jamboree (Swedish: "22:a världsjamboreen") took place in Rinkaby, Kristianstad, Scania in southern Sweden from 27 July to 7 August 2011. The theme was "Simply Scouting". 40,061 Scouts, leaders and adult volunteers participated from 166 different countries.

22. světové skautské jamboree () se konalo v Kristianstadském Rinkaby, v jižním Švédsku od 27. července do 7. srpna 2011. Jeho mottem bylo "Jednoduše skauting". Zúčastnilo se ho 40 061 skautů, vůdců a dospělých dobrovolníků ze 166 různých zemí.


Description.

As English-linguist Larry Andrews describes it, descriptive grammar is the linguistic approach which studies what a language is like, as opposed to prescriptive, which declares what a language should be like. In other words, descriptive grammarians focus analysis on how all kinds of people in all sorts of environments, usually in more casual, everyday settings, communicate, whereas prescriptive grammarians focus on the grammatical rules and structures predetermined by linguistic registers and figures of power. An example that Andrews uses in his book is "fewer than" vs "less than". A descriptive grammarian would state that both statements are equally valid, as long as the meaning behind the statement can be understood. A prescriptive grammarian would analyze the rules and conventions behind both statements to determine which statement is correct or otherwise preferable. Andrews also believes that, although most linguists would be descriptive grammarians, most public school teachers tend to be prescriptive.

Challenges.

Accurate description of real speech is a difficult problem, and linguists have often been reduced to approximations. Almost all linguistic theory has its origin in practical problems of descriptive linguistics. Phonology (and its theoretical developments, such as the phoneme) deals with the function and interpretation of sound in language. Syntax has developed to describe how words relate to each other in order to form sentences. Lexicology collects words as well as their derivations and transformations: it has not given rise to much generalized theory.  An extreme "mentalist" viewpoint denies that a language can be described by speakers who lack linguistic competence, which allows them to form new meaningful expressions from their experience, and to reject expressions which do not convey meaning as the speaker intends. For example, an expression could be ambiguous, possibly leading to misinterpretations by the listener. Depending on the speaker's intent, ambiguity may be desirable (as in jokes and other humor).  A linguistic description is considered descriptively adequate if it achieves one or more of the following goals of descriptive linguistics:

In the study of language, description or descriptive linguistics is the work of objectively analyzing and describing how language is actually used (or how it was used in the past) by a speech community.

Deskriptivní lingvistika je obor jazykovědy zabývající se popisem konkrétních jazyků a jejich strukturou v jasně daném časovém rámci. Lingvisté pracují jak s tzv. synchronním pohledem (např. výzkum jazyka období středověku), tak také tzv. diachronním pohledem na jazyk, či nějaký jeho jev v perspektivě celého období jeho jazykového vývoje.


Plot.

In 1996, at the 45th-year reunion of the class of '51 at Weequahic High School in Newark, New Jersey, writer Nathan Zuckerman meets one of his old friends, Jerry Levov. They talk about Jerry's older brother, former all-state star athlete Seymour ("Swede"), class of '44, who recently died after a long illness.  The story moves back to a young Swede persuading his father, glovemaking magnate Lou Levov, to let him marry his high school sweetheart, New Jersey's 1947 Miss America contestant Dawn Dwyer. Lou is skeptical because Swede is Jewish and Dawn is a devout Roman Catholic, but her strength and honesty sways him. They have a daughter, Meredith ("Merry"), and settle in the town of Old Rimrock, where they acquire a large farm, with Swede commuting the 30 miles to the Newark glove factory.  Merry struggles with a stuttering problem, which her parents are unable to get a handle on—though Grandpa Lou says it is simply because her mind works so fast. Merry is smart and quirky, and is deeply affected as a 12-year-old by the self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức in 1963. By the time Merry reaches high school, she has become increasingly radicalized as the Vietnam War rages, and frequently goes to New York City to take part in antiwar protests. When Merry lashes out during the 1967 Newark riots, Swede urges her to channel her energy into protesting against the war from closer to home. A few days later, the town's little post office and store is destroyed by a bomb, killing the owner.  Merry disappears, and is the FBI's prime suspect, though Swede and Dawn believe she is innocent or, if involved, being forced to act by older radicals she met in New York. Swede searches for her, hounding the FBI for information, but she is not heard from. Some time later, 22-year-old university student Rita Cohen presents herself at the glovemaking factory, ostensibly working on a report for business class. Rita tips off Swede with credible information about Merry, hints that she knows Merry's whereabouts, then asks him to meet her at a hotel with $10,000 cash. Swede meets Rita in the hotel room, but spurns her mean-spirited attempts to seduce him. Rita runs off with the money and leaves no further information regarding Merry. Swede calls in the FBI, pointing to the Rita connection and the recent bombing in the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion, but the agency has no more use for Swede's inept interference.  The strain of Merry's disappearance eventually causes Dawn to have a nervous breakdown. After treatment, Dawn starts an affair with a neighbour, tells Swede that Merry has destroyed their former life, and tries to get Swede to forget about Merry so that they can start a new life. He refuses to stop looking.  In 1970, Swede spots Rita on a New York City street. Rita takes him to a skid-row area of Newark where Merry now lives. During two brief visits, Merry confesses to Swede that she made and planted a total of 3 bombs, killing 4 people. She tells of how she later slid into the underground, where she was robbed and raped repeatedly. As a penance for her crimes, she has withdrawn from society, and is practicing extreme asceticism within the Indian religion Jainism (though the quietness of her physically dirty and simple life style has ended her stutter). She has no desire to return home, and says that if he loves her, he'll let her be. We see the years pass in a series of shots of Swede growing older as he keeps returning to stand outside the abandoned house where he last found Merry. Swede never sees Merry again.  In the present, at Swede's funeral, Nathan muses that we know we are alive when we realize that "all the time... we are wrong" about our assumptions "about everyone". As the mourners are leaving, a cleaned up middle-aged Merry arrives, silently passing her uncle and mother as she walks to Swede's grave.

Production.

In 2003, Lakeshore Entertainment started the development of the film, with Phillip Noyce attached to direct, and the film title shortened to "Pastoral". Later, Paramount Pictures acquired the rights, and in May 2012, Fisher Stevens was hired to direct John Romano's adapted script, with Sidney Kimmel Entertainment attached as financier and producer along with Lakeshore. Jennifer Connelly and Paul Bettany were attached for the lead roles, along with Evan Rachel Wood as their characters' daughter. Tom Rosenberg and Gary Lucchesi were set as producers. Mandy Patinkin was attached to play one of the film's roles, and filming was set to take place in Pittsburgh.  On June 23, 2014, Ewan McGregor signed on to play the lead role of Seymour "Swede" Levov, a former high school star athlete and successful Jewish American businessman, replacing Bettany in the role. Phillip Noyce was again set to direct the film. On August 4, Connelly was confirmed to be playing Dawn Dwyer Levov, the former beauty queen and wife of Levov. On August 6, Dakota Fanning was added to the cast of the film to play the daughter, Merry Levov, the role once set for Wood.  On February 18, 2015, it was announced that McGregor would also direct the film, making his debut after Noyce left the project. On July 9, 2015, Valorie Curry joined the cast of the film to play Rita Cohen, a mysterious young woman from the group of radicals whom Merry has joined in protest against the government in general and the Vietnam War in particular, preceding her committing a bombing. On September 2, 2015, David Strathairn, Uzo Aduba, and Peter Riegert were added to the cast to play Swede's former classmate Nathan Zuckerman, Vicky, and Swede's father Lou Levov, respectively. Corey Stoll also joined the film for an unspecified role, though he did not appear in the finished film. On October 15, Rupert Evans signed on to play Seymour's younger brother, Jerry Levov. Molly Parker also joined the film.

Filming.

Principal photography on the film commenced on September 21, 2015, in Harmony, Pennsylvania. Filming continued on location around Pittsburgh through November, including at the North Side, Downtown, Liberty Avenue, Wilkinsburg, Lawrenceville, and the grounds of the Pittsburgh Theological Seminary.

Release.

On April 28, 2016, it was announced that "American Pastoral" would be given a limited theatrical release on October 21, 2016, from Lionsgate, followed by a wider release on October 28.

Reception.

Box office.

"American Pastoral" has grossed $544,098 in the U.S. and Canada and $1,171,630 in other countries for a worldwide total of $1,715,728.

Critical response.

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 22%, based on 101 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""American Pastoral" finds debuting director Ewan McGregor's reach exceeding its grasp with a well-intentioned Philip Roth adaptation that retains the form, but little of the function, of its source material." On Metacritic, the film has a score 43 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".  "Toronto Star" said the film "fails to illuminate the audience".

American Pastoral is a 2016 American crime-drama film directed by Ewan McGregor and written by John Romano, based on the 1997 novel of the same name by Philip Roth. The film stars McGregor, Jennifer Connelly, Dakota Fanning, Peter Riegert, Rupert Evans, Uzo Aduba, Molly Parker and David Strathairn. Principal photography began on September 21, 2015, in Pittsburgh.

Americká idyla (v anglickém originále American Pastoral) je americký dramatický film z roku 2016. Snímek se stal režisérským debutem Ewana McGregora, který se ve snímku také zahrál hlavní roli. Dále ve filmu hrají Jennifer Connelly, Dakota Fanningová, Peter Riegert, Rupert Evans, Uzo Aduba, Molly Parker a David Strathairn. Námětem byl Pulitzerem oceněný stejnojmenný román od Phillipa Rotha. Scénáře se ujal John Romano. Natáčení začalo 21. září 2015 v Pittsburghu.


Plot.

Late one night, Donald Strachey is meeting a new client in a dark alley—one Paul Hale. Hale is very nervous, and before Strachey can calm what seems like paranoia, an incoming van approaches. Hale hands the private eye a $5,000 check for a retainer just before the speeding van separates the two. The next night, however, Paul Hale turns up dead. Both the coroner and Detective Bailey rule his death a suicide due to apparent evidence of alcohol and drugs nearby his body and in his bloodstream, but neither Donald nor Paul's mother are convinced of this. Phyllis Hale believes Paul was murdered. Strachey is determined to find out the truth about Paul's death. On the way to work the next morning, Strachey accosts someone who he believes is breaking into his office, but it turns out to be Kenny Kwon, who was fired during a confrontation between Strachey and his boss Nathan Zenck during a prior case. Kenny convinces Donald to hire him as Strachey Investigations' new office manager.  Strachey's lover Timmy Callahan is able to provide the firm a lead on Paul Hale—before he died, he was the spokesman for the Phoenix Foundation, which practices ex-gay conversion therapy. Strachey goes undercover into the Foundation as "Kyle". In his undercover persona, the detective introduces himself to Dr. Trevor Cornell, the Foundation's director. "Kyle" tells Cornell a story about a former soldier who was discharged for being gay—a story Strachey draws upon from his own past in his bid to be believable as an aspiring ex-gay.  Cornell isn't the only one who believes that being gay is a choice determined only by how much willpower a person exerts to "change". Phyllis, in her quest to blame homosexuals for Paul's death, deflects responsibility towards an openly gay friend of his from college, Larry Phelps, whom she suggests might have killed him for his attempts to become straight. Donald attempts to talk to Larry, but he assumes Strachey is dangerous. The P.I. gives chase, but Phelps manages to elude him. Then called to the police station, he is given a copy of the autopsy report by Bailey. It turns out the drugs found in Paul Hale's system were phenelzine, even though the bottles of pills found around his body contained Xanax. Hale didn't have a prescription for either drug, but Bailey won't investigate where Paul got the drugs, as he refuses to believe it was anything other than suicide.  Later, "Kyle" goes to a conversion therapy group, meeting the other participants in the ex-gay program. Among them are Grey, an attractive athletic type that is in a heterosexual marriage with a child, and Katie, who says she's working on being less tomboyish and was even engaged to Paul Hale. The longer "Kyle" spends time with Trevor and the recipients of his therapy, the more details he gets about the estrangement between them and Paul that occurred shortly before his death, but the undercover assignment takes its toll on Strachey's confidence in his openly gay identity, particularly during "Kyle"'s individual sessions with Cornell. Finally, in one session Strachey explodes into a confrontational tone, blowing his cover. Before Donald cuts ties with the ex-gays for good, Grey gives him two things—a DVD that will shed light on Paul's murder and an offer of extramarital sex. Strachey accepts the former, but declines the latter with great difficulty and mixed emotions.  At the office, Donald watches the DVD, which features a recording of Paul describing in vague terms what his experiences with the Phoenix Foundation did to change him—but not in the way he expected. Strachey is able to determine that Larry Phelps was the one who recorded Paul's appearance on the DVD, and knows whatever Paul did. Strachey tracks Larry down and convinces him that he means him no harm, and is not associated with the Phoenix Foundation. Larry informs Strachey that he and Paul secretly taped many of Cornell's individual sessions with his patients, but before he is able to tell Strachey everything he knows, an unknown assailant murders Phelps.  At home, Donald's conversations with Timmy become strained. Even broken away from Cornell's harmful messages, his influences as "Kyle" still weigh heavy in his heart, making him doubtful of what kind of future and possibilities an openly gay person can have in mainstream society, even implying to Timmy that he feels "trapped" in their relationship. Finally, one evening, Donald breaks down and tells Timmy about his past in the army and how he and his fellow soldier and lover of 4 months—Kyle Griffin—were discovered during a moment of intimacy. In the course of the investigation, Strachey caved to the pressure his military superiors were putting on him and told them the truth, something that devastated Kyle and their relationship. Donald confesses that the day they were both discharged, Kyle committed suicide.  The next morning, Cornell is taken into custody and charged with Larry Phelps' murder—because of evidence so convenient for an arrest warrant and open and shut prosecution, that Tim and Don are convinced that Cornell is being framed. With Trevor's reluctant blessing, Strachey convinces his wife Lynn to let him help her clear her husband of the serious charges he's facing. Strachey discovers a hidden camera in Cornell's office that transmitted movie files to a nearby computer in another room, which they uncover and then find out the truth. Katie is not a lesbian and has been sexually involved with Cornell, especially during their individual sessions, and it was she that put a lethal mix of phenelzine in Paul Hale's bourbon the night of his death, murdering both him and Larry Phelps. Katie turns up at the Foundation, holding both Strachey and Lynn Cornell at gunpoint, but he manages to disarm her. Cornell is freed, at the expense of his relationship with not only the now clearly insane Katie, but also his wife, and his program as well. Having nothing else to lose, Cornell tells Strachey why he was hired by Paul. He was hoping that the P.I. could track down Paul's father, who like his son, was gay, having been discovered by Paul's mother with another man, and facing Phyllis' intense disapproval. Strachey makes Phyllis realize how much damage her homophobia has caused her entire family, and he can now declare this case closed.

Cast.

Continuity.

The film continues the subplot that explores Strachey's past in the armed services, started in "Third Man Out".

Shock to the System is a 2006 gay-themed mystery film. It is the second film adaptation of a Richard Stevenson novel featuring fictional detective Donald Strachey. The film premiered at the 2006 Outfest film festival before going into rotation on the here! television network.

Otřes systému ("Shock to the System") je kanadsko-americký hraný film z roku 2006, který režíroval Ron Oliver. Film byl natočen podle románu Richarda Stevensona o soukromém detektivovi Donaldu Stracheym.


Life.

Frank Parater was born on October 10, 1897 to a Catholic family in Richmond, Virginia, the son of Captain Francis J. Parater, Sr. and his second wife, Mary Richmond. While growing up, he served as an altar boy, and attended the Xaverian Brothers' School (subsequently called Saint Patrick's School) and Benedictine High School (subsequently called Benedictine College Preparatory) in Richmond. In 1917, he graduated as the valedictorian of his class. Parater was active in scouting, and achieved the rank of Eagle Scout.  Parater decided to pursue a vocation to the priesthood after high school, and began college at Belmont Abbey Seminary in 1917. As a seminarian, he was noted for his dedication to prayer and his intellectual and physical abilities. In 1919, his bishop, Denis J. O'Connell, sent him to study theology at the Pontifical North American College in Rome. He officially began his studies there on November 25, 1919.  In January 1920, Parater became very ill with rheumatic fever. He received last rites and died on February 7. After his death, his "Act of Oblation," a sort of prayer and spiritual testament he had written, was discovered. Two popes have asked for copies of it, and it has been published in English and in the "L'Osservatore Romano" in Italian. His body is interred in the mausoleum of the North American College in Rome's Campo Verano cemetery.

Cause for canonization.

The "nihil obstat" of the Holy See to begin the cause for Frank Parater's canonization was granted on May 8, 2001. The bishop of Richmond at the time, Walter F. Sullivan, established the tribunal on March 24, 2002. The postulator of the cause is Rev. J. Scott Duarte, J.C.D.

Francis Joseph Parater (October 10, 1897 – February 7, 1920) was a Roman Catholic seminarian from the Diocese of Richmond who died of rheumatic fever at the age of 22 during his theological studies in Rome. He was nominated for canonization, the process by which one is declared a saint, in 2001.

Francis Joseph Parater (10. října 1897, Richmond – 7. února 1920, Řím) byl římskokatolický seminarista diecéze Richmond. Dnes u něj probíhá proces svatořečení, tím mu náleží titul Služebník Boží.


Geography.

Châtellerault lies on the river Vienne, a few km downstream from its confluence with the Clain in Cenon-sur-Vienne.

History.

Châtellerault was an important stronghold on the northern march of Poitou, established by the Count of Poitiers to secure his borders in the early 10th century. The count's local representative, the Vicomte de Châtellerault was established as a hereditary appointment by the time of Airaud who was probably a kinsman of the counts of Auvergne and dukes of Aquitaine; his heirs were "vicomtes" (viscounts) until the mid-11th century.  The daughter of Aymeric I, Ænor of Châtellerault ("ca" 1103 - "ca" 1130), whose mother had been the "mistress" in the new courtly love poetry of the troubadour lord William, sixth Count of Poitiers and ninth Duke of Aquitaine, who lodged in his tower the "Dangereuse de Châtellerault", married his son, William X of Aquitaine, and was mother of Eleanor of Aquitaine.  The title, "Vicomte de Châtellerault," passed in turn to each of three great French noble families: La Rochefoucauld, Lusignan and, from the thirteenth century until the French Revolution, to the family of Harcourt.  However, in return for services offered to the Crowns of Scotland and France, the title of Duc de Châtellerault (1548) was presented to James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, Chief of the Name, and regent of Scotland during the infancy of Mary, Queen of Scots, and of France. This title, though now without any benefices, remains in contention between the heir male and the heir general of Arran, respectively the Duke of Abercorn and the Duke of Hamilton. (See Chatelherault Country Park, Lanarkshire.)

Economy.

From medieval times, Châtellerault was known for its cutlery and swordmaking industry, and in 1816 the commune became a center for arms manufacture for the French government. The Manufacture d'armes de Châtellerault was one of France's four principal state-owned arms manufacturers, providing most of the infantry small arms used by the French Army and Navy. "MAC" was created in 1819, and operated continually until it was closed as a weapon manufacturing facility in 1968. It saw the creation in 1886, and later the mass production, of the Lebel rifle which was the main French infantry weapon used during the First World War (1914–18). It also was the source of the first 500,000 production Model 1891 Mosin–Nagant rifles, as the Russian armament industry could not tool up quickly enough to produce them for the rearmament of the Imperial Russian Army.  The facility has now been transformed into the central repository (Centre des Archives de l'Armement et du Personnel) of all the French military archives related to armament matters. Archived and declassified MAC records are open to bona fide scholars and researchers upon written request.

Personalities.

Births.

Châtellerault was the birthplace of:

Twin towns - sister cities.

Châtellerault is twinned with:

Châtellerault () is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in France. It is located in the northeast of the former province Poitou, and the residents are called "Châtelleraudais".

Châtellerault je francouzské město v departementu Vienne v regionu Nová Akvitánie. V roce 2013 zde žilo 31 262 obyvatel. Je správním centrem arrondissementu Châtellerault.


History.

After years of exploration in the region, Ignaz Bing discovered a beautiful stalactite cave in 1905 near the town of Streitberg (Wiesenttal). Using his own wealth, he purchased the land from the local forester who owned it. The earliest excavations at the mouth of the cave, designed to widen its access, uncovered prehistoric artifacts and fossils, which Bing and his workers carefully removed and catalogued.  In 1906, Bing installed electric lights and turned the cavern into a tourist attraction. He hired Konrad Arndt, who had worked on the initial excavations, as the site's overseer, and his niece, the enthusiastic amateur spelunker Olga Hirsch, worked as a guide. In 1909 a movie crew toured the cave and the resultant film was screened at the "cinematograph salon" of the Noris Theater in Nürnberg. The site soon became so popular that Bing personally conducted a private tour of the cave for Prince Ludwig of Bavaria.  When it was first opened to the public, the Binghöhle originally had a length of about 230 meters. In 1913, a passage was carefully excavated around one of the grottoes to make a further gallery accessible. In 1928, the lighting, which had been run from a private generator, was connected to the national electrical grid. In 1936 another 70 meter long path was discovered and connected to the main gallery. The Binghöhle reaches a depth of 60 meters below the surface. It follows the path of a now-dry underground river that once flowed into the then-higher Wiesent River.  As with most tourist caves, the various features have been named. Among these are the Stalactite Gallery, the Kellermann Cave with its Giant Pillar, the Hall of Candles, the Grotto of Venus, the Catacombs, the Shell Rock, Olga's Grotto, the Nixie Grotto, the Fantasy Cave, the Prince Ludwig Grotto, the Three Peaks, and the New Department.  From 1905 until the Nazis took power in Germany, the cave was owned and operated by Bing and his descendants. Because the Bing family was Jewish, the government seized possession of it and renamed it the "Streitberger Cave" after the nearest town. After the Nazi regime came to an end in 1945, the cave was renamed the Binghöhle. Eventually a financial settlement was made with the family in recompense for the illegal seizure. The site has been operated by the local municipality.  In 2005 the Bing Cave was renovated and offers beautiful guided walking tours underground featuring lighting technology, including fairytale and birthday tours for children's parties. Due to the unwanted growth of cave flora around the old incandescent lighting in the cave, modern LED lighting was installed during the renovation.  In 2015 the Bing Cave celebrated its 110th anniversary, and tour guides were outfitted in 1905 period costumes.

The Bing Cave or Binghöhle is a limestone show cave in Wiesenttal, Bavaria, Germany. It was discovered in 1905 by the Jewish industrialist, poet, memoirist, and amateur naturalist Ignaz Bing (1840–1918), co-founder with his brother Adolf Bing of the Gebruder Bing toy and household goods company in Nürnberg.

Bingova jeskyně, německy "Binghöhle", je zpřístupněná krasová jeskyně v údolí řeky Wiesent v Bavorsku. Byla objevena v roce 1905 židovským průmyslníkem, básníkem, spisovatelem a amatérským přírodovědcem Ignácem Bingem (1840–1918), spoluzakladatelem společnosti Gebrüder Bing (Bratři Bingové), která se v Norimberku věnovala výrobě hraček a domácích potřeb.


Winners and nominees.

The nominees for the 74th Golden Globe Awards were announced on December 12, 2016.

Films with multiple nominations.

The following 17 films received multiple nominations:

Films with multiple wins.

The following 2 films received multiple wins:

Series with multiple nominations.

The following 16 series received multiple nominations:

Series with multiple wins.

The following 4 series received multiple wins:

Ceremony.

Jimmy Fallon opened the ceremony with a long homage to "La La Land", with cameos from Nicole Kidman, Amy Adams, Ryan Reynolds, Tina Fey, Justin Timberlake, and others. His opening speech was marred by a brief delay after his teleprompter broke.  Meryl Streep, recipient of the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award, used her acceptance speech to criticize, without stating names, President-elect Donald Trump's alleged imitation of disabled "New York Times" journalist Serge F. Kovaleski, stating: "Disrespect invites disrespect. Violence incites violence. When powerful people use their position to bully we all lose." On the subject of diversity in Hollywood, Streep said, "Hollywood is crawling with outsiders and foreigners, and if we kick them all out, you'll have nothing to watch but football and mixed martial arts, which are not the arts."

Reception.

Press coverage of the event has largely focused on Meryl Streep's remarks and the responses to them, and this has also dominated popular responses, generating what the BBC has characterized as a "firestorm on Twitter". Donald Trump responded to Streep's comments on Twitter, describing Streep as "one of the most over-rated actresses in Hollywood" and a "Hillary flunky", and stating "For the 100th time, I never "mocked" a disabled reporter (would never do that) but simply showed him "groveling" when he totally changed a 16 year old story that he had written in order to make me look bad. Just more very dishonest media!"  Lorenzo Soria, president of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) which runs the annual Golden Globe Awards ceremony, wrote on Twitter on 10 January: "As an organisation of journalists, the HFPA stands by your defence of free expression and we reject any calls for censorship". Dana White, president of the Ultimate Fighting Championship, responded to Streep's reference to mixed martial arts (MMA), defending the sport as an art, and saying that "the last thing I expect is for an uppity 80-year-old lady to be in our demographic and love mixed martial arts". Scott Coker, president of Bellator MMA, also defended MMA as art, and highlighted the sport's diversity; he invited Streep to attend an event.  Tom Hiddleston received criticism in social media for mentioning that Sudanese medical workers had "binge-watched" "The Night Manager", while accepting the award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film. He apologized after the ceremony for his "inelegantly expressed" remarks.  Richard Lawson, reviewing the ceremony in "Vanity Fair", stated that Jimmy Fallon's opening homage to "La La Land" began as "a fun, starry sampling of this year's nominees", but had "worn out its welcome" before the end. Lawson described Fallon as an "oddly tone-deaf" host, and criticized his opening speech: "The jokes were stale and wheezy and Fallon’s lovable-cute shtick was more wearying than it was charming." He praised Kristen Wiig and Steve Carell's introduction to the Best Animated Feature Film award as "hilarious... weird, inspired, clever without smirking".  "The Guardian"s film critic Peter Bradshaw expressed disappointment that "La La Land"s success "shut out a lot of contenders that are now in danger of being forgotten and losing momentum", particularly highlighting "Nocturnal Animals" and "Moonlight". He praised Isabelle Huppert's win for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama, calling it "the most extraordinary award".

Ratings.

The ceremony averaged a Nielsen 5.6 ratings/18 share, and was watched by 20.02 million viewers. The ratings was an eight percent increase from previous ceremony's viewership of 18.5 million, becoming the third highest in a decade.

"In Memoriam".

No "In Memoriam" section was broadcast on television during the ceremony. The HFPA included a slideshow on their website including the following names:

The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film and American television of 2016, was broadcast live on January 8, 2017 from The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California beginning at 5:00 p.m. PST / 8:00 p.m. EST by NBC. The ceremony was produced by Dick Clark Productions in association with the Hollywood Foreign Press Association.

74. ročník udílení Zlatých glóbů se konal 8. ledna 2017 v hotelu Beverly Hilton v Beverly Hills, Los Angeles. Gala večer moderoval Jimmy Fallon. Hollywoodská asociace zahraničních novinářů vyhlásila nominace 12. prosince 2016. Cenu Cecila B. DeMilla za celoživotní přínos filmovému průmyslu získala Meryl Streepová.


Early life.

Franz Sieber was born in Prague on 30 March 1789. After 5 years of study at the Gymnasium, endowed with a considerable talent for the graphic arts, he studied architecture, switched to engineering and finally settled on natural history, in particular botany.

Expeditions.

He made several collecting trips to Italy, Crete, Greece, Egypt and Palestine followed by a two-year-long expedition to Australia, Mauritius and South Africa, collecting not only plants, but also animals, art and ethnographic objects. He spent seven months in Sydney (then more usually called Port Jackson) from 1 June 1823 until December 1823 where he collected 645 local plant specimens.  He never reached the Western hemisphere (in contradistinction to Friedrich Wilhelm Sieber, an employee of Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg), but sent several people to make collections for him, notably Franz Kohaut in the Antilles and Wenceslas Bojer on Mauritius.

Later life and death.

His behavior and publications became progressively more erratic. He was constantly involved in quarrels with the authorities and rapidly became more and more deranged. Having “discovered” a cure for rabies he appeared in front of the city elders of Prague and demanded financial support. Soon thereafter he landed in the Prague insane asylum, where he spent the fourteen final years of his life, dying there at the age of fifty-five.

Legacy.

He is commemorated in the genus "Siebera" J.Gay (Asteraceae), and many species, e.g. "Acacia sieberiana", DC, "Pleurothallis sieberi" Luer, or "Allium sieberianum" Schult.f., "Crocus sieberi", "Phyteuma sieberi", "Luzula sieberi", "Eucalyptus sieberi", "Cheilanthes sieberi", "Callistemon sieberi", "Badula sieberi", and "Hosta sieberiana", though some of these names may also have honored Friedrich Wilhelm Sieber.

Franz Wilhelm Sieber (30 March 1789 – 17 December 1844), was a botanist and collector who travelled to Europe, the Middle East, Southern Africa and Australia.

František Vilém Sieber, německy Franz Wilhelm Sieber (30. května 1789, Praha – 17. prosince 1844, Praha) byl česko-rakouský botanik a cestovatel. Druh rostlin Siebera je pojmenován po něm. Jeho botanická značka je Sieber.


History.

When completed, Site C will be the third of four major dams on the Peace River that were initially proposed in the mid-twentieth century. The first project was the flagship W. A. C. Bennett Dam 19 kilometres west of Hudson's Hope. The Bennett Dam began operation in 1968 and formed Williston Reservoir, which is 95% larger than the Site C reservoir will become. Construction of the Peace Canyon Dam was completed in 1980 at a point 23 km downstream of the W. A. C. Bennett dam. The third dam,"Site C," was also proposed at the time for a site 83 km downriver of the Peace Canyon dam, or approximately 7 km southwest of Fort St. John. Site C would flood an 83 km length of the Peace River valley, widening the river by up to three times, as well as a 10 km length of the Moberly River valley and 14 km of the Halfway River valley. The fourth proposed dam on the British Columbia segment of the Peace River, Site E, near the BC–Alberta border, was removed from the planning process during hearings in 1982.  After hearings between 1981 and 1983, the British Columbia Utilities Commission turned down the Site C project. The commission was critical of BC Hydro's forecasting methods, declaring that it neither explicitly took energy prices into account nor relied on statistically significant past patterns of behaviour. BC Hydro then chose to purchase electricity under long-term contracts from independent power producers, and it continues to do so today. As of 2017 these annual purchases are about four times the capacity of Site C. Once the initial contracts with BC Hydro expire, these independent producers may be free to export their electricity.  In April 2010, passage of the Clean Energy Act exempted the project from further BC Utilities Commission review. Site C was being reconsidered by BC Hydro for two years prior as the utility reconsidered expansion of its dam capacity on the Peace. Also in April 2010, the provincial government announced it would move forward on planning for the project, moving it to the regulatory review phase. The review was mandated under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012 (CEAA 2012) and the British Columbia Environmental Assessment Act (BCEAA). To avoid duplication, the governments of Canada and British Columbia set up a cooperative federal-provincial environmental assessment, including a joint review panel (JRP) process.  In October 2014, Site C received environmental assessment approvals from the federal and provincial governments after a three-year environmental review, including a federal/provincial Joint Review Panel process. In December 2014, the provincial government announced a final investment decision, approving the construction of the hydroelectric project at a cost of $8.335 billion, as well as a project reserve of $440 million. A notice of Site C construction commencing in 2015 was issued in July 2015. By March 2016, site clearing, attempts at bank stabilization and the search for bedrock took the majority of BC Hydro's focus - there were no "works" in the ground; the diversion tunnels had not yet been started. BC Premier Christy Clark's stated intention was to get dam construction "to the point of no return" by the time of a scheduled general election in May 2017. The provincial election resulted in the previous Liberal government being defeated and a New Democratic government taking office. The newly elected government requested the BC Utilities Commission 2017 review.  The project has sparked controversy for a number of reasons: First Nations treaty rights are at issue, the dam is thought by many to be economically unviable, and there are concerns about the loss of agriculturally productive land and the overall environmental impact. The federal/provincial Joint Review Panel found that the need for the electricity had not been clearly demonstrated, nor were alternatives to the project evaluated.

Cost.

A cost estimate produced during the 2007 feasibility study placed the financial cost at a maximum of C$6.6 billion based on the 1981 design, safety, and engineering standards. An updated cost projection was released in May 2011 placing the estimated cost at $7.9 billion, which was revised to $8.3 billion in 2014. This does not include the cost of a transmission line to major population centres, estimated to be in the range of $743 million additional, bringing the total estimated cost to approximately $9 billion. At the invitation of the British Columbia Utilities Commission, Deloitte published a report on the project, and noted that it's likely to miss a crucial river diversion deadline; this will bring the cost to just under $10 billion. Some experts have stated that the costs may reach as high as $11 to 12 billion.  Economic estimates in 2016 by Harry Swain, former chair of the Joint Review Panel and former BC deputy minister of Industry, projected that if all the power were sold to the US spot market, as little as $1.8 billion would be returned, and the rest ($7 billion) of the cost would be covered by taxpayers. Power consumption has not been increasing despite increasing population. Swain also stated that power roughly equivalent to that produced by Site C could be reclaimed from American producers under the Columbia River Treaty at no capital cost to the province; the power is currently sold to American utilities at about half the projected cost of Site C power. British Columbia Utilities Commission has stated that the Canadian entitlement under the treaty, however, is not a suitable source of dependable capacity.  Site C is planned to have 132.5MW of capacity per $billion. In BC Hydro's latest upgrades, the John Hart Dam is planned for 120.2MW of capacity per $billion and the Ruskin Dam is planned for 142.5MW of capacity per $billion.

Legal challenges.

Members of the Treaty 8 First Nations boycotted the official Site C announcement ceremony at the Bennett Dam in April 2010, and the West Moberly First Nation publicly stated that it was considering legal action to oppose the dam. In April, 2016, a group of landowners and farmers from BC's Peace River Valley launched a legal challenge to the project. The landowners' case states that the Provincial government ignored concerns about the project raised by the Joint Review Panel, including its cost, failure to demonstrate the need for the project, and lack of evaluation of alternatives. Also in April 2016, BC Treaty 8 First Nations filed a legal challenge in the Supreme Court of BC. The Peace Valley Landowners’ Association, BC Treaty 8 First Nations, Alberta Treaty 8 First Nations, and Blueberry River First Nation were pursuing actions in federal court.  As of December 2016, five judicial reviews of Site C's environmental approvals have been dismissed. These include two challenges from the Peace Valley Landowner Association in the B.C. Supreme Court and the Federal Court of Appeal, as well as a pair of challenges against the project's federal and provincial environmental approvals from the West Moberly and Prophet River First Nations. On January 23, 2017, the sixth legal challenge was dismissed, involving Treaty 8 First Nations, which was in the federal court.

Scholars' concerns.

In May, 2016 a group of over 200 Canadian scholars signed a letter raising serious concerns about the process used to approve the Site C dam. The Royal Society of Canada took the "unusual step" of writing a separate supporting letter to Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. The letter from those "concerned scholars" summarized their concerns: "Our assessment is that this process did not accord with the commitments of both the provincial and federal governments to reconciliation with and legal obligations to First Nations, protection of the environment, and evidence-based decision-making with scientific integrity." Scientists argue that the environment impacts of the dam and the lack of First Nations consent make the dam a "'bellwether' of the Trudeau government's commitment to develop resources in a more science-based, sustainable and socially responsible way." The federal government rejected the scholars' call to halt construction. Environment and Climate Change Minister Catherine McKenna's office indicated that the government had no intention to revisit the Site C environmental assessment.

Utilities Commission 2017 review.

BC's opposition New Democratic Party promised a review of the project by the BC Utilities Commission (BCUC) should they win the 2017 general election. Hydro critic Adrian Dix called the B.C. Liberal government "reckless" for not having already done the review, as was recommended by the federal-provincial Joint Review Panel led by Harry Swain. On August 2, 2017, following a Provincial election, the NDP government requested that the BCUC evaluate the cost to BC Hydro ratepayers of continuing, suspending or terminating construction of the Site C dam. In its Final Report published on November 1, 2019, the BCUC reached two overarching conclusions:  To assist the government in its decision-making, the BCUC included in the Final Report some sensitivity analyses to show how the cost estimates would change if different assumptions were applied.  Following the release of the Final Report the BCUC responded to additional questions from the BC government which clarified that:

Agricultural land impacts.

Annual flooding has deposited rich sediments along the low bank portions of the Peace River. The creation of the Williston Lake reservoir has improved agricultural use on the former floodplain. Since 1967, the annual spring flood measured at Hudson's Hope has been reduced by two-thirds, along with a reduction in ice jams and ice scouring above the riverbank. The Site C project will result in the largest exclusion of land in the 40-year history of BC's Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR). Of the land to be flooded, there are of Class 2 ALR land within the project activity zone. Permanent losses are estimated at of currently cultivated land and of land under grazing licence or lease areas. In all, of land will be removed from the ALR for the project. The Joint Review Panel accepted BC Hydro's assessment that "production from the Peace River bottom lands is small and is certainly not important in the context of B.C." The Panel's assessment of earning potential in the next several decades led them to conclude: "The highest and best use of the Peace River valley would appear to be as a reservoir."  Professional agrologist Wendy Holm, past president of the B.C. Institute of Agrologists, noted that flooding agricultural land in the Peace River valley is a bad idea, because it is "the only large tract of land for future horticultural expansion in the province." She notes that much of B.C.'s produce is imported from California, and growing food locally would increase food security for the province.  According to David Suzuki, flooding valuable farmland to build the dam will undermine Canada's international commitments under the Paris Agreement. Suzuki considers the farmland essential to reduce B.C.'s dependence on imported foods and minimize the carbon fuels needed to transport those foods: "It seems to me crazy to put farmland in the north underwater," Suzuki said. "We live in a food chain now in which food grows on average 3,000 kilometres from where it's consumed. The transport of all that food is dependent on fossil fuels. Food has got to be grown much closer to where it's going to be consumed."

Advantages.

In April 2015, the federal and provincial governments named a Joint Review Panel to hold a public hearing on Site C.  In addition to a long list of recommended changes, their assessment stated: "Despite high initial costs, and some uncertainty about when the power would be needed, the Project would provide a large and long-term increment of firm energy and capacity at a price that would benefit future generations. It would do this in a way that would produce a vastly smaller burden of greenhouse gases than any alternative save nuclear power, which B.C. has prohibited." At the time the report was released, the panel added, "Site C would be the least expensive of the alternatives, and its cost advantages would increase with the passing decades as inflation makes alternatives more costly."  In reference to the Paris climate accord, Site C is predicted to prevent approximately 30 to 70 million tonnes of carbon dioxide from being generated in the atmosphere.  Ottawa has discussed a new electricity inter-tie to move Site C power between BC and Alberta. Justin Trudeau commented "I think anything we can work together inter-provincially or nationally [to get] emissions down, emphasizing hydroelectricity, creating opportunities to get off coal, to get off natural gas, where possible, is good for the country. It’s good for our emissions profile; it’s good for the economy we need to build,"

Costs to Indigenous Peoples.

Northeastern BC Indigenous peoples have already had their rights undermined by other resource development projects, like the WAC Bennett Dam which is on the same river as Site C. BC Hydro, the public utility which built and operates the Bennett dam, opened a public display at the dam itself that acknowledged the harm done to the Tsay Keh Dene and Kwadacha First Nations. Speaking at the opening of the exhibit, a BC Hydro spokesperson said that the utility "deeply regrets those impacts and we commit that we will not repeat the mistakes of the past". The government failed to give proper consideration to Canada's legal obligation to protect Indigenous rights. It also failed to examine the impact of an influx of temporary workers on the safety of women, especially Indigenous women. The risk of serious harm to the rights of Indigenous peoples requires that large-scale resource development proceed only with their free, prior and informed consent.  First Nations have identified hundreds of sacred sites or areas with cultural or historic significance in the planned Site C flood zone. The Indigenous peoples of the area use the valley to hunt, fish trap, and gather berries as well as conduct ceremonies and harvest wild foods. The valley is prime habitat for moose, which is a food source they rely on, and other animals like the bear and eagle. The dam could also harm an already threatened fish species, the bull trout. The flooding of the valley may poison the fish with methylmercury for 20–30 years.  Resource extraction has led to rapid population growth in the region. As a result of road construction and logging, non-Indigenous fisherman and hunters now have access to dwindling harvests. Just over 110 square km is recognized as reserve lands and this is not enough to sustain First Nations cultures and traditions. Indigenous peoples have ongoing rights to harvest foods and practice their customs throughout their broader territory but because of intensive resource development there are fewer and fewer places left where this is possible. The Peace River Valley falls within the bounds of Treaty 8, which recognizes First Nations rights to hunt, trap, and fish throughout the region. Activist Helen Knott has said that if the valley is flooded then the promise of that treaty will be violated.  Indigenous women and girls will face extra harm from this infrastructure project due to the influx of highly paid, temporary workers. Indigenous women and girls are at least 3 times more likely to experience violence than all other women and are 6 times more likely to be murdered. It is likely these stats are lower than reality because of the underreporting by Indigenous communities and failing to accurately record crimes by police when victims are Indigenous. Short-term and temporary workers in resource industry jobs in Peace River Valley generally get paid well above the national average, which attracts workers from all over the country. Most of the high paying jobs go to men and on average, women are actually paid below the national average for women. The large number of high paid workers has driven up local prices including necessities such as housing, childcare and medical services. People who are not part of the resource sector (with high wages) are negatively affected and may not be able to afford suitable accommodations. A combination of low wages for women and a high cost of living create a dangerous dependency on a male partner make it hard for women to escape situations where their safety is at risk. The tens of thousands of men who pass through the region for work include some who are a threat to women and this is increased by the high-stress jobs, potential binge drinking and drug abuse. In 2014 Fort St. John had the highest per capita crime rate and the highest caseload per police officer among 31 BC municipalities.

Alternatives.

Electricity conservation is the least-cost alternative. BC Hydro achieved savings at $20/MWh, while the estimated savings were at $30/MWh. Columbia Treaty and non-treaty power now sold to the US, is available at approximately $30/MWh, equivalent to Site C quantities. BC Hydro determined in the 2013 Integrated Resource Plan, DSM 5, that more than double the amount of power from Site C could be obtained from conservation at up to $45/MWh.  In 2017, Alberta received quotations for 600 MW of wind power at $37/MWh.  When BC Hydro buys power from independent power producers they set a price as low as $76.20 per megawatt hour for intermittent power from wind farms, and as high as $133.80 for firm hydro power. The average price paid, as of 2010, was $100 per megawatt hour. Site C is expected to cost $83 per megawatt hour for firm hydro power.  British Columbia has committed to reducing greenhouse gases to 33 per cent below 2007 levels by 2020; however, the province is far short of that goal, only achieving a 6.5% reduction as of 2015. Although the Site C dam is expected to have a large initial electricity surplus, the province has proposed to sell this power rather than choosing to reduce fossil fuel consumption in the province.

The Site C Dam is an under construction run-of-the-river hydroelectric dam on the Peace River near Fort St. John in northeastern British Columbia, Canada. It is located approximately 80 kilometres downstream from the W. A. C. Bennett Dam. When completed in 2024, the Site C Dam will become the 4th largest producer of hydroelectricity in British Columbia with an installed capacity of 900 MW and an expected annual output of 5,100 GWh of electricity.

Přehrada Site C je projekt Vodního a energetického úřadu Britské Kolumbie (BC Hydro) na výstavbu rozsáhlé přehradní nádrže se sypanou hrází a vodní elektrárnou na řece Peace v severovýchodní části Britské Kolumbie. Lokalita se nachází po proudu od stávající přehrady W. A. C. Bennetta a přehrady v kaňonu Peace. Plány počítají s maximálním výkonem přibližně 1 100 MW, průměrným výkonem 680 MW a roční produkcí 5 100 GWh elektrické energie. Jednalo by se tak o první velkou přehradu postavenou v Britské Kolumbii od roku 1984 a čtvrtý největší zdroj elektřiny v této kanadské provincii.


Biography.

Compagnoni was born in Santa Caterina di Valfurva, in the province of Sondrio (Lombardy).  On the successful K2 expedition, Compagnoni's decision to place the final camp (IX) at a higher location than formerly agreed was a source of controversy. Compagnoni alleged that Walter Bonatti had used some of the oxygen supply intended for the summit, causing it to run out on summit day. Walter Bonatti disputed this, and was cleared in the Italian courts in 1964.  Bonatti and Hunza climber, Amir Mehdi, climbed up to deliver oxygen to Compagnoni and Lacedeilli for their summit attempt. It was an epic climb with the weight of the oxygen bottles at that altitude and both men were exhausted. Bonatti and Mehdi arrived in failing light at a point on the "shoulder" at where the team had agreed to place camp IX. To their surprise the camp was not there. Alarmed, Bonatti and Mehdi called out to Compagnoni and Lacedelli who eventually answered from a site further up and left on the mountain, instructing Bonatti to leave the bottles and descend down the mountain. Bonatti could see the headlamp shining from the site over a difficult traverse in the dark, 600 ft away. Bonatti pleaded with Compagnoni and Lacedelli to join them in the camp. The headlamp abruptly switched off and despite continue pleas from Bonatti and Mehdi, Compagnoni and Lacedelli remain silent, sentencing Bonatti and Mehdi to an unplanned bivouac at in the open.  Bonatti assessed that Mehdi was not in a fit state to downclimb safely at night. He stayed on the "shoulder" with Mehdi battling snow drifts and the cold all night. It cost Mehdi his toes. Compagnoni explains his decision to move the tent was to avoid an overhanging serac. However his motive actually was to prevent Walter Bonatti from reaching the camp and hence join the summit team in an attempt. Bonatti was easily in the best physical condition of all the climbers and the logical choice to make the summit attempt. If he had joined the summit team, he would likely have done so without the use of supplemental oxygen. If he had succeeded, any summit by Compagnoni would have been eclipsed. Compagnoni intended to discourage Bonatti from reaching the tent.  At 6:10 pm the next evening, Compagnoni and Lino Lacedelli reached the summit of K2, using the supplemental oxygen Bonatti and Mehdi had brought them. Expedition leader Ardito Desio, in his final report, mentioned the forced bivouac only in passing. Mehdi's frostbite was an embarrassment to the expedition. The Italian government provided Mehdi with a small pension for his contribution and sacrifice on the first ascent of K2. This is disputed by Mehdi's son.  In 2004, Lino Lacedelli confirmed Bonatti's version of events in his book, "K2. Il prezzo della conquista" (see also his interview in National Geographical Magazine in an article on Bonatti ). In 2006 an English translation appeared, "K2: The Price of Conquest". In 2008, the Club Alpino Italiano officially recognized Bonatti's version of these events. Walter Bonatti never reconciled with Compagnoni.  Achille Compagnoni died aged 94 in Aosta on 13 May 2009.

Skiing.

During his service with the Alpini corps of the Italian army, he participated together with Lieutenant Giuseppe Lamberti and Sergeant Ettore Schranz in the fourth edition of the legendary Trofeo Mezzalama, when their team placed second.  Further notable results were:

Italian orders of merit.

1st Class / Knight Grand Cross: Cavaliere di Gran Croce Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana (8,362)

Achille Compagnoni (26 September 1914 – 13 May 2009) was an Italian mountaineer and skier. Together with Lino Lacedelli on 31 July 1954 he was in the first party to reach the summit of K2. He is also noted for betraying his teammates Pakistani Amir Mehdi and fellow Italian Walter Bonatti and leaving them in a life-threatening situation in order to ensure that he reached the summit first.

Achille Compagnoni (26. září 1914 Santa Caterina di Valfurva – 13. května 2009 Aosta) byl italský horolezec. Na přelomu třicátých a čtyřicátých let byl úspěšným lyžařem. Dne 31. července 1954 vystoupil spolu s Linem Lacedellim na vrchol druhé nejvyšší hory světa K2, a to jako vůbec první lidé. Výstup se stal kontroverzním, neboť Walter Bonatti, který se rovněž expedice účastnil, byl z výškového tábora seslán dolů, aby přinesl kyslíkové lahve. Když se však vrátil na místo, kde tábor měl být, horolezci tam nebyli. Bonatti dvojici později nařknul, že jej přesunuli, aby se na vrchol dostali jen oni dva, což oba odmítali. Lacadelli však až v roce 2004 přiznal, že tomu tak skutečně bylo.