Airplane history.

"Bockscar", B-29-36-MO 44-27297, Victor number 77, was one of 15 Silverplate B-29s used by the 393d Bombardment Squadron of the 509th Composite Group. "Bockscar" was built at the Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Plant at Bellevue, Nebraska, at what is now Offutt Air Force Base, as a Block 35 aircraft. It was one of 10 modified as a Silverplate and re-designated "Block 36".  Silverplate involved extensive modifications to the B-29 to carry nuclear weapons. The bomb bay doors and the fuselage section between the bomb bays were removed to create a single bomb bay. British suspensions and bracing were attached for both shape types, with the gun-type suspension anchored in the aft bomb bay and the implosion type mounted in the forward bay. Weight reduction was also accomplished by removal of gun turrets and armor plating. These B-29s also had an improved engine, the R-3350-41. The Silverplate aircraft represented a significant increase in performance over the standard variants.  Delivered to the United States Army Air Forces on 19 March 1945, "Bockscar" was assigned to Captain Frederick C. Bock and crew C-13, and flown to Wendover Army Air Field, Utah in April. The name chosen for the aircraft, and painted on it after the mission, was a pun on the name of the aircraft commander. It left Wendover on 11 June 1945 for Tinian, where it arrived 16 June. It was originally given the Victor (unit-assigned identification) number 7 but on 1 August was given the triangle N tail markings of the 444th Bombardment Group as a security measure, and had its Victor changed to 77 to avoid misidentification with an actual 444th aircraft.  "Bockscar" was used in 13 training and practice missions from Tinian, and three combat missions in which it dropped pumpkin bombs on industrial targets in Japan, in which Bock's crew bombed Niihama and Musashino, and First Lieutenant Charles Donald Albury and crew C-15 bombed Koromo.

Atomic bomb mission.

Mission and crew.

"Bockscar" was flown on 9 August 1945, by the crew of another B-29, "The Great Artiste", and piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney, commander of the 393d Bombardment Squadron. The plane was co-piloted by First Lieutenant Charles Donald Albury, the normal aircraft commander of Crew C-15. "The Great Artiste" was designated as the observation, instrumentation support plane for the second mission, and another B-29, "The Big Stink", flown by Group Operations Officer Major James I. Hopkins, Jr., as the photographic aircraft. The mission had as its primary target the city of Kokura, where the Kokura Arsenal was located. Its secondary target was Nagasaki, where two large Mitsubishi armament plants were located.  "Bockscar" had been flown by Sweeney and crew C-15 in three test drop rehearsals of inert Fat Man assemblies in the eight days leading up to the second mission, including the final rehearsal the day before. "The Great Artiste", which was the assigned aircraft of the crew with whom Sweeney most often flew, had been designated in preliminary planning to drop the second bomb, but the aircraft had been fitted with observation instruments for the Hiroshima mission. Moving the instrumentation from "The Great Artiste" to "Bockscar" would have been a complex and time-consuming process, and when the second atomic bomb mission was moved up from 11 to 9 August because of adverse weather forecasts, the crews of "The Great Artiste" and "Bockscar" instead exchanged aircraft. The result was that the bomb was carried by "Bockscar" but flown by the crew C-15 of "The Great Artiste".

Kokura and Nagasaki.

During pre-flight inspection of "Bockscar", the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use of fuel carried in a reserve tank. This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back, consuming still more fuel. Replacing the pump would take hours; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well, as the bomb was live. Group Commander Colonel Paul Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have "Bockscar" continue the mission. "Bockscar" took off from Tinian's North Field at 03:49. The mission profile directed the B-29s to fly individually to the rendezvous point, changed because of bad weather from Iwo Jima to Yakushima Island, and at cruising altitude instead of the customary, increasing fuel consumption. "Bockscar" began its climb to the bombing altitude a half-hour before rendezvous. Before the mission, Tibbets had warned Sweeney to take no more than fifteen minutes at the rendezvous before proceeding to the target. Bockscar reached the rendezvous point and assembled with "The Great Artiste", but after circling for some time, "The Big Stink" failed to appear. As they orbited Yakushima, the weather planes "Enola Gay" and "Laggin' Dragon" reported both Kokura and Nagasaki within the accepted parameters for the required visual attack.  Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes, Sweeney continued to wait for "The Big Stink", at the urging of Commander Frederick Ashworth, the plane's weaponeer, who was in command of the mission. After exceeding the original departure time limit by a half-hour, "Bockscar", accompanied by "The Great Artiste", proceeded to Kokura, thirty minutes away. The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B-29s on nearby Yahata the previous day covering 70% of the area over Kokura, obscuring the aiming point. Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes, burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses of Yahata, but the bombardier was unable to drop visually. By the time of the third bomb run, Japanese anti-aircraft fire was getting close, and Second Lieutenant Jacob Beser, who was monitoring Japanese communications, reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands.  The increasingly critical fuel shortage resulted in the decision by Sweeney and Ashworth to reduce power to conserve fuel and divert to the secondary target, Nagasaki. The approach to Nagasaki twenty minutes later indicated that the heart of the city's downtown was also covered by dense cloud. Ashworth decided to bomb Nagasaki using radar, but, according to "Bockscar's" bombardier, Captain Kermit Beahan, a small opening in the clouds at the end of the three-minute bomb run permitted him to identify target features. "Bockscar" visually dropped the Fat Man at 10:58 local time. It exploded 43 seconds later with a blast yield equivalent to 21 kilotons of TNT at an altitude of, approximately northwest of the planned aiming point, resulting in the destruction of 44% of the city.  The failure to drop the Fat Man at the precise bomb aim point caused the atomic blast to be confined to the Urakami Valley. As a consequence, a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills, but even so, the bomb was dropped over the city's industrial valley midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works in the north. An estimated 35,000 people were killed and 60,000 injured during the bombing at Nagasaki. Of those killed, 23,200–28,200 were Japanese munitions workers, 2,000 were Korean slave laborers, and 150 were Japanese soldiers.

Landing and debriefing.

Because of the delays in the mission and the inoperative fuel transfer pump, the B-29 did not have sufficient fuel to reach the emergency landing field at Iwo Jima, so Sweeney flew the aircraft to Okinawa. Arriving there, he circled for 20 minutes trying to contact the control tower for landing clearance, finally concluding that his radio was faulty. Critically low on fuel, "Bockscar" barely made it to the runway at Yontan Airfield on Okinawa. With only enough fuel for one landing attempt, Sweeney and Albury brought "Bockscar" in at instead of the normal, firing distress flares to alert the field of the uncleared landing. The number two engine died from fuel starvation as "Bockscar" began its final approach. Touching the runway hard, the heavy B-29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B-24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control. The B-29's reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately, and with both pilots standing on the brakes, "Bockscar" made a swerving 90-degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off the runway. A second engine died from fuel exhaustion by the time the plane came to a stop. The flight engineer later measured fuel in the tanks and concluded that less than five minutes total remained.  Following the mission, there was confusion over the identification of the plane. The first eyewitness account by war correspondent William L. Laurence of "The New York Times", who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock, reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in "The Great Artiste". However, he also noted its "Victor" number as 77, which was that of "Bockscar", writing that several personnel commented that 77 was also the jersey number of the football player Red Grange. Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew in depth and was aware that they referred to their airplane as "The Great Artiste". Except for "Enola Gay", none of the 393d's B-29s had yet had names painted on the noses, a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account, and unaware of the switch in aircraft, Laurence assumed Victor 77 was "The Great Artiste". In fact, "The Great Artiste" was Victor 89.

Current status.

After the war, "Bockscar" returned to the United States in November 1945 and served with the 509th at Roswell Army Air Field, New Mexico. It was nominally assigned to the Operation Crossroads task force, but there are no records indicating that it deployed for the tests. In August 1946, it was assigned to the 4105th Army Air Force Unit at Davis-Monthan Army Air Field, Arizona, for storage.  At Davis-Monthan it was placed on display as the aircraft that bombed Nagasaki, but in the markings of "The Great Artiste". In September 1946, title was passed to the Air Force Museum (now the National Museum of the United States Air Force) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. The aircraft was flown to the Museum on 26 September 1961, and its original markings were restored. "Bockscar" is now on permanent display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Dayton, Ohio. This display, a primary exhibit in the Museum's Air Power gallery, includes a replica of a Fat Man bomb and signage that states that it was "The aircraft that ended WWII".  In 2005, a short documentary was made about Charles Sweeney's recollections of the Nagasaki mission aboard "Bockscar", including details of the mission preparation, titled "Nagasaki: The Commander's Voice".

Crew members.

Regularly assigned crew.

Crew C-13 (manned "The Great Artiste" on the Nagasaki mission):

Nagasaki mission crew.

Crew C-15 (normally assigned to "The Great Artiste"):  Also on board were the following additional mission personnel:

Bockscar, sometimes called Bock's Car, is the name of the United States Army Air Forces B-29 bomber that dropped a Fat Man nuclear weapon over the Japanese city of Nagasaki during World War II in the second – and last – nuclear attack in history. One of 15 Silverplate B-29s used by the 509th, "Bockscar" was built at the Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Plant at Bellevue, Nebraska, at what is now Offutt Air Force Base, and delivered to the United States Army Air Forces on 19 March 1945. It was assigned to the 393d Bombardment Squadron, 509th Composite Group to Wendover Army Air Field, Utah in April.

Bockscar, někdy psáno Bock's Car, je přezdívka amerického bombardéru B-29, který za druhé světové války svrhl na japonské město Nagasaki atomovou pumu Fat Man během druhého – a zatím posledního – jaderného útoku v dějinách. Letoun "Bockscar" byl vyroben v továrně firmy Glenn L. Martin Company ve městě Bellevue v Nebrasce a letectvu byl předán 19. března 1945. V dubnu byl přidělen k 393d bombardovací letce na letiště "Wendover Field" v Utahu.


Mistrovství Evropy v basketbalu mužů 1979

Results.

First round.

In the preliminary round, the 12 teams were split up into three groups of four teams each. The top two teams in each group advanced to the Final Round (with the score between them counting in the final round as well) while the bottom two were sent to the classification round to play for 7th to 12th Places (with the score between them counting in the classification round as well)

Classification Round – Turin.

In the Classification Round played the teams that finish 3rd and 4th in their Preliminary round Groups. Those teams played for the 7th to 12th Places.

Final Round – Turin.

The Teams that finish their Preliminary round Groups in the 1st and 2nd places advanced to the Final Round. The first and second in this group will go to the final while the third and fourth places will go to a 3rd place match.

Finals.

3rd Place Match.

99 <br>

Final.

19 June 1979

Team rosters.

1. Soviet Union: Sergei Belov (c), Anatoly Myshkin, Vladimir Tkachenko, Ivan Edeshko, Aleksander Belostenny, Stanislav Eremin, Valdemaras Chomičius, Alzhan Zharmukhamedov, Sergei Tarakanov, Vladimir Zhigili, Aleksander Salnikov, Andrei Lopatov (Coach: Alexander Gomelsky)  2. Israel: Mickey Berkowitz, Lou Silver, Motti Aroesti, Yehoshua "Shuki" Schwartz, Eric Menkin, Steve Kaplan, Boaz Yanai, Avigdor Moskowitz, Barry Leibowitz (c), Pinhas Hozez, Uri Ben-Ari, Shai Sharf (Coach: Ralph Klein)  3. Yugoslavia: Krešimir Ćosić, Mirza Delibašić, Dražen Dalipagić, Dragan Kićanović, Zoran Slavnić, Žarko Varajić, Željko Jerkov, Rajko Žižić, Peter Vilfan, Mihovil Nakić, Ratko Radovanović, Duje Krstulović (Coach: Petar Skansi)  4. Czechoslovakia: Kamil Brabenec, Zdenek Kos, Stanislav Kropilak, Jiri Pospisil, Vojtech Petr, Vlastimil Klimes, Vlastimil Havlik, Jaroslav Skala, Zdenek Dousa, Peter Rajniak, Gustav Hraska, Zdenek Bohm (Coach: Pavel Petera)

The 1979 FIBA European Championship, commonly called FIBA EuroBasket 1979, was the 21st FIBA EuroBasket regional basketball championship, held by FIBA Europe. Twelve national teams affiliated with the International Basketball Federation entered the competition. The competition was hosted by Italy. Mestre, Siena, Gorizia and Turin were the venues of the event.

21. mistrovství Evropy v basketbale proběhlo v dnech 9. – 19. června v Itálii. Turnaje se zúčastnilo 12 týmů, rozdělených do tří čtyřčlenných skupin z nichž první dva týmy postoupily do finálové skupiny. Dva nejlepší týmy postoupily do finále, třetí a čtvrtý tým hrál o třetí místo. Družstva, která se umístila v základních skupinách na třetím až čtvrtém místě hrála ve skupině o 7. - 12. místo. Mistrem Evropy se stalo družstvo Sovětského svazu.


Origin.

Rule 34 may have originated from a 2003 webcomic, captioned "Rule #34 There is porn of it. No exceptions.", which was drawn by Peter Morley-Souter to depict his shock at seeing "Calvin and Hobbes" parody porn.

Popularization.

Internet users have made Rule 34 into a prevalent meme, owing to the ubiquity of Internet pornography, especially among genres such as fan fiction, slash fiction and hentai.  In May 2007, a Rule 34 database was launched on Paheal.net with a searchable archive of Rule 34 images, and similar sites began appearing soon after. On August 20th that year, the webcomic xkcd published a comic titled "Rule 34", which involved hypothetical sexual scenarios including homoerotic spelling bees.  In 2008, users of the imageboard 4chan posted numerous sexually explicit parodies and cartoons illustrating Rule 34. In the special argot of 4chan request forums, "porn" is called "rule 34", "Pr0nz". One dictionary of neologisms claims that Rule 34 "began appearing on Internet postings in 2008."  As Rule 34 continued spreading on the Internet, traditional media began reporting on it. A 2009 "Daily Telegraph" article listed Rule 34 as third of the "Top 10" Internet rules and laws. A 2013 CNN story said Rule 34 was "likely the most famous" Internet rule that has become part of mainstream culture. On November 14th, 2018, a twitch streamer celebrated turning eighteen by posting a video to Twitter in which he looked up Rule 34 pictures. The popular video and its responses were covered by The Daily Dot.  According to researchers Ogi Ogas and Sai Gaddam, "Today, Rule 34 thrives as sacred lore on blogs, YouTube videos, Twitter feeds and social networking sites. It's frequently used as a verb, as in 'I Rule 34'ed Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell on the judging table'." They propose the reason why the maxim resonated with so many people is because it "certainly seems true" for "anybody who has spent time surfing the Web."  Cory Doctorow concludes, "Rule 34 can be thought of as a kind of indictment of the Web as a cesspit of freaks, geeks, and weirdos, but seen through the lens of cosmopolitanism," which "bespeaks a certain sophistication—a gourmet approach to life."

Variations.

The original rule was rephrased and reiterated as it went viral on the Web. Some common permutations omit the original "No exceptions."

Corollaries.

The conundrum of finding an Internet pornographic exception to Rule 34's "No exceptions" led to the Rule 35 corollary. On 12 October 2006, an early "Rules of the Internet" list, posted to the cyberculture wiki Encyclopedia Dramatica, included:  Another expression of these rules is: Thus, "The rules suggest that if you can think of a pornographic scenario, theme, or style—no matter how esoteric or unlikely it may seem—then such porn will already have been made, and it will be available online. If this is not the case, then it is only a matter of time before such porn is made."

Rule 34 is an Internet meme and slang that states that, as a rule, Internet pornography exists concerning every conceivable topic. The concept is commonly depicted as fan art of normally non-erotic subjects engaging in sexual behavior. This art can also include anthropomorphized non-human subjects, such as the search engine Google.

Pravidlo 34 je žánr pornografie založený na internetovém pravidlu označeném číslem 34 které říká, že ""Pokud to existuje, pak je o tom i porno"". Jedná se o jedno z neoficiálních pravidel internetu, které je založeno především na rozšířenosti a variabilitě internetové pornografie, která má schopnost zpracovat téměř jakoukoliv oblast či téma. Příkladem mohou být porno verze animovaných postav, fotomontáže známých osobností, fotografie neživých objektů připomínající sexuální aktivitu atp. Tradiční forma pravidla 34 šířená pro zábavu na portálech jako je 4chan či Encyclopedia Dramatica je obrázek či fotografie s podobnou tematikou doplněná jednoduchým nápisem "Rule 34 (Pravidlo 34)" či Rule 34 – No exceptions (Pravidlo 34 – bez výjimek).


Club career.

Boškov was born in the village of Begeč, from Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia. He comes from a Serbian family who lived in Novi Sad (he was officially born in Petrovaradin) before moving to Begeč during the Second War where his grandfather lived. His elder brother was also a football player but died early. Vujadin had two sisters Vera and Dada, the latter still living. He remained loyal to his local team and played with FK Vojvodina for most of his career (1946–1960), as well as continuously supporting it. In gratitude the FK Vojvodina training facility in Veternik is named after him. He joined the Yugoslav team that won against the Soviet Union at the Helsinki Olympics in 1952. He is still remembered in a photo with the Dinamo Zagreb team in "Charlie's" café in Zagreb, as a great Yugoslav football player. In 1961 he moved to Italy to play for Serie A club Sampdoria for one season (1961–62), before accepting a stint as a player-coach at Swiss side Young Fellows Zürich (1962–1964). Boškov then returned to the club that made him as a player – FK Vojvodina – and spent seven seasons (1964–1971) as a technical director, leading the club to winning one Yugoslav league championship in 1965–66. Vujadin Boškov was well known in Italy as a gentleman and a cosmopolitan all his life. Corriere dello sport published his quotations e.g. "Quando l'arbitro fischia... it is a penalty". There is a book of his quotations published in Italy. He spoke several languages and lived all over Europe.

International career.

He also became a playing member of the Yugoslavia national team, and was part of the team that won the silver medal at the 1952 Olympic football tournament. Also he played at the 1954 and 1958 FIFA World Cups.

Managerial career.

Boškov soon developed a successful international coaching career with stints in Dutch Eredivisie (ADO Den Haag (1974–1976), and Feyenoord (1976–1978)), Spanish La Liga (Real Zaragoza (1978–79), Real Madrid (1979–1982), and Sporting de Gijon (1983–84)), Italian Serie A (Ascoli Calcio 1898 (1984–1986), U.C. Sampdoria (1986–1992, 1997–98), A.S. Roma (1992–93), S.S.C. Napoli (1994–1996), and A.C. Perugia (1999)), and Swiss league (Servette FC (1996–97)).  Arguably his greatest achievement as a coach came in 1991, when he steered Sampdoria to the Serie A scudetto. The following season, he led the club to the European Cup final, where they lost 1–0 to Barcelona at Wembley. His Sampdoria side often used a man-marking defensive system.  He also coached Yugoslavia at Euro 2000, where they famously lost 4–3 to Spain in Brugge and later went out to hosts the Netherlands in the quarter-finals, after losing 6–1 to the Dutch.

Honours.

Manager.

ADO Den Haag  Real Madrid  Ascoli  Sampdoria

Death.

Boškov died after long illness in Novi Sad, on 27 April 2014, aged 82.

Vujadin Boškov (, ; 16 May 1931 – 27 April 2014) was a Serbian footballer and manager. Throughout his career as a football manager, he stood out both for his many successes, as well as due to his unique sense of humour and memorable ironic comments, which were used to dissolve tension during post-match interviews; these led him to become a popular figure with football fans during his time in Italy.

Vujadin Boškov (srbsky "Вујадин Бошков"; 16. května 1931, Begeč – 27. dubna 2014, Novi Sad) byl srbský fotbalista a fotbalový trenér.


Early life.

Dulbecco was born in Catanzaro (Southern Italy), but spent his childhood and grew up in Liguria, in the coastal city Imperia. He graduated from high school at 16, then moved to the University of Turin. Despite a strong interest in mathematics and physics, he decided to study medicine. At only 22, he graduated in morbid anatomy and pathology under the supervision of professor Giuseppe Levi. During these years he met Salvador Luria and Rita Levi-Montalcini, whose friendship and encouragement would later bring him to the United States. In 1936 he was called up for military service as a medical officer, and later (1938) discharged. In 1940 Italy entered World War II and Dulbecco was recalled and sent to the front in France and Russia, where he was wounded. After hospitalization and the collapse of Fascism, he joined the resistance against the German occupation.

Career and research.

After the war he resumed his work at Levi's laboratory, but soon he moved, together with Levi-Montalcini, to the U.S., where, at Indiana University, he worked with Salvador Luria on bacteriophages. In the summer of 1949 he moved to Caltech, joining Max Delbrück's group (see Phage group). There he started his studies about animal oncoviruses, especially of polyoma family. In the late 1950s, he took Howard Temin as a student, with whom, and together with David Baltimore, he would later share the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell." Temin and Baltimore arrived at the discovery of reverse transcriptase simultaneously and independently from each other; although Dulbecco did not take direct part in either of their experiments, he had taught the two methods they used to make the discovery.  Throughout this time he also worked with Marguerite Vogt. In 1962, he moved to the Salk Institute and then in 1972 to The Imperial Cancer Research Fund (now named the Cancer Research UK London Research Institute) where he was first appointed associate professor and then full professor. As many Italian scientists Dulbecco did not have any PhD because it was not existent in the Italian higher education system (until when it was introduced with the Bologna process). In 1986 he was among the scientists who launched the Human Genome Project. From 1993 to 1997 he moved back to Italy, where he was president of the Institute of Biomedical Technologies at C.N.R. (National Council of Research) in Milan. He also retained his position on the faculty of Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Dulbecco was actively involved in research into identification and characterization of mammary gland cancer stem cells until December 2011. His research using a stem cell model system suggested that a single malignant cell with stem cell properties may be sufficient to induce cancer in mice and can generate distinct populations of tumor-initiating cells also with cancer stem cell properties. Dulbecco's examinations into the origin of mammary gland cancer stem cells in solid tumors was a continuation of his early investigations of cancer being a disease of acquired mutations. His interest in cancer stem cells was strongly influenced by evidence that in addition to genomic mutations, epigenetic modification of a cell may contribute to the development or progression of cancer.

Nobel Prize.

Dulbecco and his group demonstrated that the infection of normal cells with certain types of viruses (oncoviruses) led to the incorporation of virus-derived genes into the host-cell genome, and that this event lead to the transformation (the acquisition of a tumor phenotype) of those cells. As demonstrated by Temin and Baltimore, who shared the Nobel Prize with Dulbecco, the transfer of viral genes to the cell is mediated by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase (or, more precisely, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase), which replicates the viral genome (in this case made of RNA) into DNA, which is later incorporated in the host genome.  Oncoviruses are the cause of some forms of human cancers. Dulbecco's study gave a basis for a precise understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which they propagate, thus allowing humans to better fight them. Furthermore, the mechanisms of carcinogenesis mediated by oncoviruses closely resemble the process by which normal cells degenerate into cancer cells. Dulbecco's discoveries allowed humans to better understand and fight cancer. In addition, it is well known that in the 1980s and 1990s, an understanding of reverse transcriptase and of the origins, nature, and properties of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, of which there are two well-understood serotypes, HIV-1, and the less-common and less virulent HIV-2), the virus which, if unchecked, ultimately causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), led to the development of the first group of drugs that could be considered successful against the virus, the reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, of which zidovudine is a well-known example. These drugs are still used today as one part of the highly-active antiretroviral therapy drug cocktail that is in contemporary use.

Other awards.

In 1965 he received the Marjory Stephenson Prize from the Society for General Microbiology. In 1973 he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Theodore Puck and Harry Eagle. Dulbecco was the recipient of the Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology from the National Academy of Sciences in 1974. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1974.  He died three days before his 98th birthday.

Renato Dulbecco (, ; February 22, 1914 – February 19, 2012) was an Italian–American virologist who won the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on oncoviruses, which are viruses that can cause cancer when they infect animal cells. He studied at the University of Turin under Giuseppe Levi, along with fellow students Salvador Luria and Rita Levi-Montalcini, who also moved to the U.S. with him and won Nobel prizes. He was drafted into the Italian army in World War II, but later joined the resistance.

Renato Dulbecco (22. únor 1914, Catanzaro – 19. únor 2012, La Jolla, Kalifornie) byl italsko-americký biolog a virolog. Roku 1975 získal Nobelovu cenu za fyziologii nebo lékařství za objevy týkající se interakce mezi nádorovými viry a genetickým materiálem buňky.


Early and personal life.

Identical twin brothers John Paul Henry Daniel Richard Grimes and Edward Peter Anthony Kevin Patrick Grimes were born in Dublin. John and Edward's first school was Scoil Bhríde National School in Rathangan. They then attended King's Hospital School for four years before being moved to the Dublin Institute of Education.  The twins competed in school talent shows during their school years and were inspired by Justin Timberlake, Britney Spears and the Backstreet Boys. They were also members of the Lucan Harriers Athletic Club and Dundrum South Dublin athletics club and have competed in several Irish athletic tournaments.  In addition, they briefly worked as games testers for Xbox 360 format holder Microsoft and support football clubs Newcastle United and Celtic.

Career.

2009–2012: "The X Factor" and "Planet Jedward".

In 2008 John and Edward formed a duo and the following year they auditioned in Glasgow as a group for the sixth series of "The X Factor", under the name John & Edward. Despite being described by judge Simon Cowell as "not very good and incredibly annoying", John & Edward were put through to bootcamp, then made it to judges' houses, where Louis Walsh selected them for the live shows. John & Edward became known for their unpolished but enthusiastic performances, famously including a version of Britney Spears' "Oops!... I Did It Again", during which they reenacted the "Titanic" monologue. After their departure from "The X Factor", Jedward were signed to Modest! Management, however it was later announced that Louis Walsh had reached "an amicable agreement", which allowed him to take the twins on.  From February until April 2010, they performed on the "X Factor" Live tour, where they were credited with the boost in demand for tickets, that led to an extension in the tour run. Their debut single "Under Pressure (Ice Ice Baby)" was a mashup of "Under Pressure" and "Ice Ice Baby", with Vanilla Ice contributing guest vocals. In March Jedward's Sony contract ended, but the following day Universal Music Ireland signed them on a three-album contract. In April 2010, Jedward began their first solo tour, a 27-date tour of Ireland called the Planet Jedward Tour. Due to popular demand, it was extended with a second 43-date leg in the UK and Ireland. The "Irish Independent" rated the tour positively, saying that "Jedwardmania is right up there with Beatlemania." Jedward's second single, a cover of the Blink-182 song "All the Small Things", was released in July 2010 and peaked at number 21 on the Irish charts and number 6 on the UK Indie Chart. The same week, Jedward released their debut album "Planet Jedward", consisting of cover versions. It which went straight to number one on the Irish Albums Chart and number 17 on the UK Albums Chart. In August 2010, Jedward appeared in their own ITV2 documentary, entitled "", a three-part series in which they moved out of their home for ten days.

2011–2012: "Victory".

On 12 February 2011, Jedward released their third single and Eurovision Song Contest entry "Lipstick", which peaked at number one in Ireland. Jedward successfully qualified from the second Eurovision Song Contest semi-final, eventually finishing in eighth place. After the Eurovision Song Contest, "Lipstick" was released digitally across Europe, where it charted in many countries such as Belgium, Sweden, Germany and most notably Austria where it peaked at number three. The song also peaked at number 8 in the South Korea's international artists' chart. "Lipstick" had featured in a Hyundai advertising campaign in South East Asia. Shortly after the Eurovision Song Contest, on 23 May, Jedward performed in front of an audience of 60,000 people at College Green in Dublin City ahead of a speech by visiting U.S. President Barack Obama. In April 2011, Jedward began their second tour, the Bad Behaviour Tour, with a series of dates across Ireland.  Jedward's next single "Bad Behaviour" was released in July and reached number one in the Irish charts. This was followed two weeks later by their second album "Victory", consisting entirely of original tracks. A new version of "Planet Jedward" was released by the German branch of Universal Music in July, featuring a mix of tracks from "Planet Jedward" and new songs from "Victory". On 31 July, the twins began the first leg of their third tour, The Carnival Tour, with 12 shows across Ireland and Northern Ireland. In September Jedward played their first European tour, with dates in Sweden and Germany, followed by a UK tour. Three days after the first leg finished, Jedward entered the "Celebrity Big Brother 8" house. They made it to the final, eventually finishing in third place. The third single from "Victory", "Wow Oh Wow" was released in August 2011, with a music video featuring their "Celebrity Big Brother" housemate Tara Reid. In December, Jedward starred in the pantomime "Jedward and the Beanstalk", a musical comedy version of the fairytale "Jack and the Beanstalk".

2012–2013: "Young Love".

In 2012 saw Jedward again win the Irish national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest, this time with their song "Waterline". In May, Jedward performed "Waterline" at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan. After qualifying from their semi-final, they eventually came in 19th place in the grand final. "Waterline" was also the lead single on the twins' third album "Young Love", released in June. The tracks "Young Love" and "Luminous" were also released as singles. Jedward released the charity single and "unofficial" Irish UEFA Euro 2012 song "Put the Green Cape On", a reworking of "Lipstick". The duo embarked on the European leg of their Victory Tour in January, playing in Austria, Germany, Sweden, Finland and Estonia. This was followed by the "Young Love Tour" in Ireland in August. They also visited Singapore, where the new album had enjoyed popular success.  In June they ran as part of the 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay in Dublin on day 19 of the relay. The twins starred in their own TV series "Jedward's Weird Wild World" on UK TV channel 5*, with John and Edward humorously presenting a selection of popular internet videos. Over the Christmas and New Year period RTÉ broadcast the second series of their show "OMG! Jedward's Dream Factory", and the second season of their BBC series "Jedward's Big Adventure" screened in early 2013. Over the festive season, Jedward starred in their third annual pantomime, "Jedward & the Magic Lamp". In January 2013, the twins made a promotional visit to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, appearing twice on MuchMusic's "New Music Live" show and also made an appearance on Canada AM. While in Toronto, Jedward also filmed a promotional video for the "Young Love" album track "Happens in the Dark" and previewed a clip from the video on "New Music Live". Later in the month, it was announced that Jedward's three-album contract with Universal Music Ireland would not be renewed.  The music video for "Happens in the Dark" was premiered on Much Music in March, with the video having been shot in Toronto earlier in the year. In April the twins filmed a video for the song "What's Your Number?" in New York City. Later in the month they made a promotional visit to Australia, including radio and television appearances. In June, Jedward joined the line-up of A Night for Christy, a gala concert in aid of Aslan frontman Christy Dignam. The twins performed Aslan's song "She's So Beautiful" with the band. In July the twins performed live shows in Cork and Limerick, with a UK live tour scheduled for September. In November the twins toured Australia, with performances in Perth, Melbourne and Sydney. While in Australia they also released the music video for "Young Love" album track "Can't Forget You". The video for ‘Can’t Forget You’ was shot at and around El Mirage Lake, in San Bernardino County, Los Angeles.

2014–present: Fourth studio album.

In January 2014, the third series of their CBBC television programme "Jedward's Big Adventure" was broadcast. Due to its popularity, the series run was doubled to 10 episodes. They also provided weekly style commentary of the contestants in Sweden's Melodifestivalen competition and made a guest performance at the Melodifestivalen Second Chance show in early March. In April 2014, Jedward debuted their new single "Free Spirit" on Australian radio station KIIS 106.5. This was followed by news of the duo's fourth studio album to be released later in the year. The album will contain songs written and produced by Jedward. The duo's follow-up single "Ferocious" was released in November 2014, charting at No.15 on the Irish singles chart. In November 2014 it was announced that John and Edward would be joining the cast of ITV's new circus reality show "Get Your Act Together" in 2015.  Between 2014 and 2018, they released several new self-penned singles and directed the accompanying music videos. The twins appeared on "The Ray D'arcy Show" in February 2017 and confirmed that they were working on their fourth studio album. They signed to Universal Music Singapore in April 2019, and released their fourth studio album, and first with UMSG, "Voice of a Rebel" on 20 June 2019 across Asia, followed by the rest of the world on 27 June. The album is currently available both digitally and on CD (the latter via their official website).

Philanthropy.

Jedward are involved with many charity projects, and were one of the highest rated charity ambassadors in Ireland for 2011. Jedward are ambassadors for the Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (ISPCC) and have fronted an ISPCC poster campaign. The proceeds of their Euro 2012 charity single "Put The Green Cape On" also went to the ISPCC. From 2010 to 2013 Jedward performed annually at the ChildLine Concert, which benefits the ISPCC's ChildLine service. Also in Ireland, Jedward have been involved with the ISPCA's My Dog Ate It campaign, and promote the Concern Worldwide Fast fundraiser. Jedward have also been involved with Comic Relief, Sport Relief and Children in Need, in the UK, as well as giving their time to visit children in hospitals.

Other ventures.

Advertising.

Jedward have been involved with many advertising campaigns in the UK and Ireland. In 2009, agreed to be the subject of a Tourism Ireland radio campaign, which made a tongue-in-cheek apology to the UK for Jedward's antics on "The X Factor". In 2010, Jedward fronted an advertising campaign for Irish fast food chain Abrakebabra. Jedward have also fronted advertising campaigns for East Midlands Trains, Rowntree's Randoms, Disney Universe and a Travel Supermarket commercial with comedian Omid Djalili. The latter was later banned after the UK Advertising Standards Authority ruled that the advert was misleading. In 2011, they fronted an advertising campaign for mobile network 3 Ireland, including their own Jedward-branded mobile phone.

Stage.

Between 2010 and 2013, Jedward performed in an annual pantomime over the Christmas and New Year period. Based at the Olympia Theatre, Dublin, the pantomimes also starred Linda Martin. John and Edward played themselves and the shows featured Jedward songs. The twins' first show was "Cinderella" in 2010, where they played the fairy godbrothers. They returned in 2011 with a sell-out season of "Jedward and the Beanstalk", and again in 2012 with "Jedward and the Magic Lamp". In 2013 their fourth and last pantomime was "Jedward in Beauty and the Beast".

Fashion career.

Jedward have also been signed to Next Models and appeared in fashion magazines such as "i-D", "Esquire" and "Grazia".

Impact.

Whilst on "The X Factor", Jedward's fans included Pixie Lott and Robbie Williams. Taoiseach Brian Cowen also backed the singers, while Leona Lewis said that she worried about them. Two leading British political parties, Labour and the Conservatives, each released campaign posters parodying the twins. Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown came under fire in November 2009 for describing Jedward as "not very good" and later apologised for doing so. Following this, Walsh stated "So Gordon Brown and Simon Cowell both have something in common: neither of them know what the public want." Brown's successor, David Cameron, admitted that he enjoyed watching "The X Factor" and that Jedward were his favourite act. Cameron also bought a T-shirt with their faces on it.<ref name="rte2009/1105"></ref> "The Irish Independent" called Jedward "tone-deaf twins", even though the pair were voted more popular than The Beatles in a teenage poll. Comedian Oliver Callan has parodied them on his RTÉ 2 show "Nob Nation". Their 2017 court case was later the subject of a stage musical starring comedians Kevin McGahern and Tony Cantwell.

Discography.

Studio albums

John and Edward Grimes, collectively known as Jedward, are an Irish singing and television presenting duo. They are identical twins and first appeared as John & Edward in the sixth series of "The X Factor" in 2009, generating a phenomenon of ironic popularity described as "the Jedward paradox". They finished sixth and were managed by Louis Walsh, who was their mentor during "The X Factor".

Jedward je irské pěvecké duo. Tvoří jej bratři Grimesovi, John a Edward (dvojčata). V roce 2009 se představili pod jménem John & Edward v britském pořadu "The X Factor". Později začali vystupovat pod názvem Jedward a své první album nazvané "Planet Jedward" vydali v roce 2010. Téhož roku o skupině vznikl třídílný dokumentární film "". Rovněž vystupovali v soutěži Eurovision Song Contest.


Early life: 1954–76.

Masanori Takahashi was born in Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan, and is a graduate of Sahid University. Kitarō, which is his boyhood name meaning "man of love and joy", a practicing Buddhist himself, was born in a family of Shinto-Buddhist farmers. After graduating his parents were first opposed to the idea of their son having a musical career. In an effort to maneuver him towards their vision, they made arrangements for him to take a job at a local company. In return, he did not show for the job without telling them, and managed to convince them to work on something he loved.  In high school Kitarō played electric guitar in a band that played American rhythm and blues of Otis Redding and covers by The Beatles. After graduating, and learning to play drums and bass, Kitaro moved to Tokyo to experience and become a part of the music scene, and it was there that he discovered the synthesizer. His first synthesizer was analog, and he recalls having "just loved the analog sound that it made compared to today's digital sound".  In the early 1970s he changed completely to keyboard and joined the Japanese progressive rock band Far East Family Band and recorded four albums with them. While in Japan and Europe in 1975, he met the German electronica and former Tangerine Dream member Klaus Schulze. Schulze produced two albums for the band and gave Kitaro some tips for controlling synthesizers. In 1976, Kitaro left "Far East Family Band" and travelled through Asia (China, Laos, Thailand, India).

Solo career: 1977–present.

Back in Japan, Kitaro started his solo career in 1977. The first two albums "Ten Kai" and "Daichi" were released in 1978 and 1979. He performed his first symphonic concert at the "Small Hall" of the Kosei Nenkin Kaikan in Shinjuku, Tokyo.

Silk Road.

"The Silk Road: The Rise And Fall Of Civilizations" is an NHK Tokushu documentary series that first aired on 7 April 1980, with sequels being broadcast over a 10-year period. It took a total of 17 years from conception to complete what many consider a landmark in Japan's broadcasting television history. The intention of the program was to reveal how ancient Japan was influenced by the Silk Road trade route. The documentary was narrated by Ishizaka Koji with music composed by Kitaro, who insisted that the show be broadcast in stereo. The music was composed mainly using a Minimoog, Minikorg 700, and Maxikorg DV800. The score received a Galaxy Award, and the series of soundtracks sold millions of copies. The success created from the program brought Kitaro international attention.

1984–1993.

In 1984, Kitaro embarked on a "Live in Asia" tour. Notably, he was forced to cancel a leg in Singapore because he had long hair and at that time the country had a policy banning it.  He entered into a worldwide distribution arrangement with Geffen Records in 1985–1986. This included a re-releasing of six prior albums titled "Ten Kai" (aka "Astral Voyage"), "Daichi" (aka "Full Moon Story"), "Millennia", "India", "Silver Cloud" and "Live in Asia" (aka "Asia") (each packaged with Japanesque obi strips) as well as a new album, aptly titled "Towards the West". Due to his combination of electronic and acoustic sounds, mellow music and repeating chords which resembled the umbrella New-age music category in the United States and Europe, his music was labeled as "New-age". However, he's not comfortable with the term, but it doesn't mean much for him., "whether people say my music is new age or not, it's OK with me, I'm just going to keep calling it Kitaro's music". On his music he noted that his outlook on life, study of philosophy, and responsibility to create music which has a good influence on society, influence his musical creation.  In 1987, he collaborated with Mickey Hart of the Grateful Dead for the album "The Light of the Spirit" (which sold two million copies) and in 1992 with Jon Anderson (Yes) for the album "Dream". In 1988, his record sales soared to 10 million worldwide following a successful US tour. He was nominated three times for Grammy Award for Best New Age Album during his tenure at Geffen Records. In 1990 was released studio album "Kojiki", which was inspired by the Japense 8th century chronicle "Kojiki", and it reached #159 on Billboard 200, and #1 on "Billboard" New Age albums chart. His soundtrack for the movie "Heaven & Earth" (1993) won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. Kitaro also produced an album "Scenes" (1992) released by Shrapnel Records with former Megadeth guitarist Marty Friedman.

1994–present.

Domo Records.

Since his 1994 debut for Domo Records, and the Grammy-nominated "Mandala", Kitaro has released 24 studio albums. Among them, the live "An Enchanted Evening" (1995), "Gaia-Onbashira" (1998), and "Ancient" (2001) were all Grammy nominated. In 1999, "Thinking of You" won the Grammy for Best New Age Album. Kitaro’s and soundtrack album "The Soong Sisters" (2000) received, Best Original Music Award from the Hong Kong Film Award (1998) as well as the Taiwan Golden Horse Film Festival and Award (1997).

Sacred Journey of Ku-Kai series.

Kitaro’s music has long been recognized for its messages of peace and spirituality. In the wake of 9/11, during which time the conceptual endeavor, which he envisioned as an artistic means to help unify people globally, the artist began recording "Sacred Journey of Ku-Kai" (2003), a series of peace-themed albums inspired by the Shikoku Henro Pilgrimage, the travel of Kūkai more than 1100 years ago. The four volumes in the album series were released in 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2011, respectively. Every track on the 4 volumes of "Sacred Journey Of Ku-Kai" contains samples from ancient Japanese temple bells (Peace Bells) from 88 sacred temples on the island of Shikoku, Japan.

Impressions of the West Lake.

In 2007, Kitaro composed the music for "Impression West Lake", a large-scale opera, directed by the renowned Chinese film director Zhang Yimou. The opera reflects Hangzhou city’s history and culture through music and dance. Using modern technology, the stage is 75 centimeters below the lake’s surface during the day so as not to affect the landscape and boating activities. In the evening, the stage is a few centimeters below the lake’s surface so actors can walk and perform freely over a surprising water mirror that compose with the lights and colors. The one-hour event had its opening night in March 2007. In 2009, Domo Records released the original soundtrack album "Impressions of the West Lake" which was nominated for the Grammy in Best New Age Album category.

Recent projects.

Kitaro's latest studio album is "Final Call", which is a homage to Kitaro's lifetime reverence for nature and was released in September 2013. A year later, in September 2014, his latest live album "Symphony Live in Istanbul" was released. It was recorded live at the Halic Congress Center in Istanbul, Turkey during Kitaro's Symphonic World Tour, balancing the artist's trademark signature sound and expanding it to new heights with the addition of a 38-piece chamber symphony orchestra. Both "Final Call" and "Symphony Live in Istanbul" were nominated for Best New Age Album, becoming Kitaro's 15th and 16th career Grammy Award nominations. More recently he has reissued his critically acclaimed studio albums "Kojiki" in 2015 and "Tenku" in 2016.

Touring and other activities.

In 2007 to 2009, he launched the "Love and Peace World Tour," an international tour with which Kitaro hoped to inspire his message of world peace with his music. Kitaro toured Southeast Asia in 2007, Greece in 2008 and Hong Kong, Japan, Southeast Asia in 2009. During his visit to Greece, Kitaro met Greek composer Vangelis, and exchanged musical experience and creative ideas.  In 2010, Kitaro performed in Singapore in March, in Mexico for the Zacatecas Cultural Festival in April, in Xi'an, China for the opening event of Daming Palace National Heritage Park in September, in Aichi, Japan, for the Thousand Drums Event at COP10 for the Convention on Biological Diversity in October. From March to April, 2011, Kitaro was on tour titled The Silk Road – East & West, visiting Thailand, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia. He donated part of the CD sales and concert profits to Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Relief. For the same purpose he participated in the 2011 edition of Musicians United for Safe Energy. In 2012 he released "Let Mother Earth Speak", a collaboration album with Native American activist Dennis Banks.

Personal life.

From around 1983 to 1990, Kitarō was married to Yuki Taoka, daughter of Kazuo Taoka. They have a son. In the early 1990s, he moved from Japan to the United States. In the mid-1990s, he married Keiko Matsubara, a musician who played on several of his albums. Along with Keiko's son, the couple lived in Ward, Colorado, on a 180-acre (72.85 hectare) spread and composed in his 2500-square-foot (230 m2) home studio "Mochi House" (it is large enough to hold a 70-piece orchestra). Around 2005, they relocated to Sebastopol, California.

Awards.

Grammy Awards  Golden Globes Golden Horse Award (Hong Kong) Kitaro and Randy Miller won a Golden Horse Award for Best Original Score for the film "Soong Sisters" in 1997.  Hong Kong Film Award Kitaro was nominated at the Hong Kong Film Awards for Best Original Film Score for "Homecoming" in 1985. Kitaro and Randy Miller won a Hong Kong Film Award for Best Original Score for "Soong Sisters" in 1998.  Japan Gold Disc Kitaro won a Gold Disc Award in the category of Fusion Instrumental for his album "Kojiki" in 1991.

, born (February 4, 1953), is a Japanese recording artist, composer, record producer, and arranger noted for his electronic-instrumental music, and is often associated with and regarded as one of the most prominent musical acts of new-age music. He is the winner of a Grammy Award for Best New Age Album ("Thinking of You" (1999); with a record 16 nominations in the same category) and a Golden Globe Award for the "Heaven & Earth" (1993) original score.

Kitaró (japonsky 喜多郎, vlastním jménem Masanori Takahaši - 高橋 正則, * 4. února 1953 v Tojohaši (prefektura Aiči)) je japonský hudebník (multiinstrumentalista), hudební producent a skladatel. Během své kariéry vydal řadu alb, z nichž velké množství bylo nominováno na cenu Grammy (získal ji jen jednou). Jeho desku'z roku 1987 koprodukoval americký perkusionista Mickey Hart. Na jeho albu'z roku 1992 zpíval v několika písních Jon Anderson. Rovněž složil hudbu k několika filmům, mezi něž patří například "Nebe a země" (1993).


Description and context.

The 84 cm tall sculpture is made of lime wood, with traces of the original polychromy. The strikingly S-shaped figure of the Madonna holds the Infant Jesus in her right arm. Putting his finger to his lips, Jesus symbolises the nuns’ vow of silence. The Virgin Mary’s garments fit closely around her body, accentuating its natural movement and, on the right-hand side, compositionally balancing the figure of the child. The drapery is elaborated into an intricate system of folds and combines transverse deep hollows and the complex pleating of the merging bottom edges of her clothes. The use of perspectival shortening and the downward views of both Mary and the Infant Jesus indicate that the sculpture was originally located on a high console or in the uppermost part of an altar.  The Madonna of Zahražany is related to several wooden "Enthroned Madonnas" of the 1370s (such as those from Hrádek and Konopiště) and also to the stone sculpture of the "Madonna of the Old Town Hall" in Prague (1380) and the triforium bust of Blanche of Valois that were made by the St. Vitus Cathedral workshop. A figural type that corresponds with the Madonna of Zahražany appears in book painting ("The Gospel Book of Jan of Opava", 1368). The compositional scheme has a forerunner in the "Liber viaticus" (1354–64) and is repeated in a number of murals (Karlštejn, the Emmaus monastery) as well as in the figure of St Catherine in a panel painting from the Cistercian monastery in Vyšší Brod ("Madonna between St Catherine and St Margaret", c. 1360).  The Madonna of Zahražany is exceptional high-quality and stylistically well-defined carving that, in the context of Central European sculpture of the third quarter of the 14th century, has no parallel in other workshop pieces. It represents an important stage of development and a stylistic shift in Bohemian Gothic sculpture from the Madonna of Michle towards the Madonnas of the International Gothic style.

The Madonna of Zahražany is a sculpture of Mary and the Infant Jesus which comes from the former convent of the Sisters of the Magdalene Order in Most-Zahražany (1281-1442). It was created before 1380 and is on permanent display at the National Gallery in Prague

Socha Panny Marie s Ježíškem, zvaná Madona ze Zahražan, pochází z bývalého kláštera magdalenitek v Mostě-Zahražanech (1281–1442). Vznikla v 70. letech 14. století. Nyní je umístěna v Národní galerii v Praze.


Description and context.

The sculpture of the Michle Madonna is 120 cm tall and is carved from pear wood. It bears traces of polychromy. It is the most important example of the linear-rhythmic style of carving, dating from the second quarter of the 14th century in the Czech lands. This style is characterised by drapery that clings to a cylindrical torso in low, sagging pleats that have a decorative and finely drawn character, as does the linen cloth and locks of hair. The legs of the figure of the Madonna in contrapose are clearly distinguished between the standing and loose one. The child is resting on the Madonna's jutting right side, towards which both the vertical and horizontal folds of the clothes converge, thus emphasising the bond between the mother and child. The lower position of the child enables the mother's head to bow more, thereby making the sculptural composition more enclosed. The Infant Jesus’s hands have not survived but it is clear that he is making a blessing, and is thus not turned towards his mother but towards the faithful. The Michle Madonna’s formal conception has much in common with the linear style of French stone sculpture of the first third of the 14th century (such as the sculpture of five apostles from the Church of St Jacques-aux-Pèlerins and the tomb sculptures of French kings at St Denis) that could have been mediated to the Czech context through the Rhineland. Sculptures of this style are typified by stylisation of shapes and a dense schematic linear pleating of the drapery in both standing and reclining figures. The objective details and wealth of decoration, precisely observed and reproduced, are striking. The group of wooden sculptures related to the Michle Madonna were also originally covered with polychromy, gilding and embossing.  The distinct abstracting style of the workshop of the "Master of the Michle Madonna" gradually absorbed the impulses of contemporary panel painting that was oriented more towards Italian models – the head of the Michle Madonna bears a striking resemblance to the "Madonna of Veveří". It was characterised by a greater emphasis on the physical volume of the figures and the realistic depiction of details. The workshop also produced other Moravian Madonnas (such as the "Madonna of Velké Meziříčí", the small "Apostle of Veverská Bitýška", the "Znojmo Madonna" and the "Prostějov Madonna"). Late works ascribed to the workshop of the "Master of the Michle Madonna" prefigured the abandoning of linear formalism that was accompanied by the effort to achieve specific form and greater naturalism.

The Michle Madonna is the work of an unknown sculptor called the "Master of the Michle Madonna" who probably worked in Brno or Prague during the second third of the 14th century. The name of the sculpture, brought from Brno in 1856, relates to its non-original location in the parish church in Michle from where it was purchased by the National Gallery in Prague.

Michelská madona je práce neznámého řezbáře, zvaného Mistr Michelské madony, který působil pravděpodobně v Brně či v Praze ve 2. třetině 14 století. Název sochy, dovezené z Brna (1856), se vztahuje k nepůvodnímu umístění ve farním kostele v Michli, odkud ji zakoupila Národní galerie v Praze.


Background.

Jack Jones was born in 1884 at Tai-Harri-Blawdd in Merthyr Tydfil, the eldest son of David Jones, a coal miner, and his wife Sarah Ann. He was educated at St David’s Elementary School, Merthyr Tydfil, Glamorgan. He married Laura Grimes Evans in 1908. They had four sons (two died young) and one daughter.

Career.

In 1896 he joined his father to work in the mines aged 12. In 1901 at the age of 17 he joined the army and was posted to South Africa with his regiment the Militia Battalion of the Welch. However he was very unhappy there and ended up deserting. Once recaptured, he was transferred to India. When he eventually returned to Wales he went back to working in the coal mines. In 1914 Jones was summoned back to his regiment and sent to the front lines in France and later on Belgium. After suffering shrapnel wounds he was invalided home and appointed as recruiting officer for Merthyr Tydfil. He became honorary secretary of his local miners lodge. In 1923 he was appointed as the full-time secretary-representative of the miners at Blaengarw. In 1926 during the General Strike as part of his job as a miners agent, he travelled around South Wales urging miners to continue supporting the strike. In 1927 he resigned from his full-time post with the miners union. In early 1928 he was employed by Liberal Party headquarters as a speaker. He continued in this job until 1930. By 1934 he had started to earn a living as a writer. He went on two lecture tours in America and the European battlefronts during the War of 1939–45.

Politics.

In 1920 Jones became a member of the Communist Party. He attended a convention in Manchester on behalf of his local miners lodge with the purpose of establishing the party; at this meeting he was chosen to be Corresponding Secretary for the South Wales Region. He later founded a branch at Merthyr Tydfil. In 1923 he left the Communist Party and joined the Labour Party. He undertook a number of speaking engagements for the party including speaking in support of Labour leader Ramsay MacDonald at Aberavon. In 1927 he produced his first article for the press entitled "The Need for a Lib-Lab Coalition". He was becoming disenchanted with the Labour party and its support for nationalisation. He was drawn to support the Liberal Party through its new policies on coal and power. and had joined by the beginning of 1928. Liberal leader David Lloyd George who had been impressed by his rhetoric, recruited him to the Liberal headquarters speaking staff. He travelled around Britain speaking in support of the Liberal party's new industrial policies. In May 1928 he was selected by Neath Liberal Association to be their prospective parliamentary candidate. Neath was a safe Labour seat that the Liberals last won in 1918; at the last election in 1924 the Liberals had not run a candidate. He stood as Liberal candidate for Neath at the 1929 General Election and polled nearly 30%;  He did not stand for parliament again. He was retained by Liberal headquarters as a speaker for another 12 months after the election. During the 1930s he made another political change and was a speaker for Oswald Mosley's New Party. In the 1945 election he supported 'National' candidate Sir James Grigg.

Writing career.

During his 20s Jack Jones began to educate himself and develop his love of the theatre and writing, often taking part in local dramatic productions. In 1926 he successfully entered a short play he had written entitled "Dad's Double" into a competition in Manchester. He began writing seriously during a period of unemployment. His first novel, "Saran", was never published, but a reduced version of it appeared as "Black Parade" (1935). By 1939, he had written the novels "Rhondda Roundabout" (1934), and "Bidden to the Feast" (1938), a play, "Land of my Fathers" (1937), and his first autobiography, "Unfinished Journey" (1937). The London stage version of Rhondda Roundabout was acclaimed. He wrote the dialogue for the film "The Proud Valley", in which he also had a minor acting role. During the Second World War he was a speaker for the Ministry of Information and the National Savings Movement. He wrote "The Man David" (1944), a life of David Lloyd George.  After the war he wrote two volumes of autobiography, "Me and Mine" (1946) and "Give Me Back My Heart" (1950), three novels, "Off to Philadelphia in the Morning" (1947), "Some Trust in Chariots" (1948), and "River Out of Eden" (1951), and a play "Transatlantic Episode" (1947). His later works, "Lily of the Valley" and "Lucky Year" (1952), "Time and the Business" (1953), "Choral Symphony" (1955) and "Come, Night; End, Day" (1956) were less well received. In 1954, he married his second wife, Gladys Morgan. He was elected first President of the English section of Yr Academi Gymreig. Until his death in May 1970 he continued writing; these works remained unpublished, including a biographical novel, "A Burnt Offering", based on the life of Dr William Price (1800–1893), Llantrisant, pioneer of cremation.

Honours.

In 1948 he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the community and to literature. In February 1970 he won an award from the Arts Council of Wales for `his distinguished contribution to the literature of Wales'. Jack Jones died on 7 May 1970.

Jack Jones (24 November 1884 – 7 May 1970) was a Welsh miner, Trade Union official, politician, novelist and playwright.

Jack Jones (24. listopadu 1884 – 7. května 1970) byl velšský romanopisec a dramatik. Narodil se v Merthyr Tydfil do rodiny horníka. On sám v dolech začal pracovat ve dvanácti letech a v sedmnácti odešel do armády. V roce 1920 se stal členem komunistické strany, ale již o tři roky později přešel do Labouristické strany. V roce 1948 mu byl udělen Řád britského impéria. V roce 1944 napsal životopis politika Davida Lloyda George. Je autorem dialogů k filmu "" (1940) a napsal řadu románů a několik divadelních her. Rovněž je autorem tří autobiografických knih.


Biography.

1975–1999: Early life and musical interest.

Jemma Griffiths was born in Penarth, Wales, a small town near the Welsh capital, Cardiff on 18 May 1975. Jem originally found her passion for singing and songwriting whilst attending Stanwell School. During her early school years she explored her musical interests with the family piano, penning her first song at the age of thirteen. Jem has three siblings, older sister Chloe, (whose photograph appeared on Jem's first EP "It All Starts Here..."), younger sister Georgia, who provided vocals for the Welsh indie/punk band Weapons of Mass Belief alongside brother Justin, who also goes by the name Yestyn, of Glass Pear.  In 1993, Jem moved to Brighton to study Law at the University of Sussex. This decision was due in part, because her father was a lawyer, and also because her older sister had attended university before her. Jem assumed it was the best route for her to take at the time, however, she had no intentions of becoming a lawyer, and continued to maintain her passion for music throughout the course of her education. Both during her studies and after graduating in 1996, Jem spent time as a club and festival promoter and also began working as a DJ in Brighton's lively club scene.  In early 1998, alongside Adam Freeland, she co-founded and helped run the specialist breakbeat/hip hop record label Marine Parade. However, after spending two years acting as agent and promoter for other aspiring musicians, she soon felt that she had neglected her own musical career for too long. Therefore, in November 1999 she surprised her colleagues by leaving Brighton and returning to Wales, where she assembled a mobile recording studio and focused on developing her own individual songwriting and music production skills, completing a collection of four demos that acted as the basis of her break into the music industry.

1999–2003: Breakthrough and "It All Starts Here...".

In 2000, Jem moved to London where she met Sugababes manager Sarah Stennett, with whom she began a professional relationship. Stennett introduced her to other writers and producers. Two days into her first writing session with acclaimed electronic producer Guy Sigsworth (Björk, Frou Frou), the song "Nothing Fails" was born, with the lyrics eventually being picked up by Madonna for her 2003 studio album, "American Life". In 2001, Jem travelled to Brooklyn, New York City, teaming up with hip hop producer Ge-Ology (Mos Def, Talib Kweli) and co-producer Yoad Nevo, where they succeeded in fusing her many musical influences to create a fresh and distinctive new sound.  In March 2002, during a trip to Los Angeles to visit friends, Jem stopped by independent radio station KCRW to leave a demo of her song "Finally Woken" in Nic Harcourt's mailbox. Credited with being the first American DJ to play Coldplay, Norah Jones and Dido, Harcourt immediately began playing it on his show "Morning Becomes Eclectic", whose popular listeners included big names in the music business. The track quickly became one of the most listener-requested songs at the station, landing Jem in their top 5 played artists of 2003, all prior to any record label being attached to her name.  One of those 'big names' listening was Bruce Flohr, a top-level A&R rep for RCA Records and newly established ATO Records (known for introducing David Gray to American audiences). Upon meeting Jem, and listening to more of her demos, Flohr recalled thinking 'How do I not let this girl out the door without signing her?'. ATO Records quickly made the unanimous decision to offer her a recording contract. At that time there was no other label interest in her, because her status as a studio-only artist meant that she flew under the radar of most A&R. She was subsequently signed to the label. On 13 October 2003, in preparation for the release of the full-length album, ATO released an EP entitled "It All Starts Here...", consisting of five adapted demos that Jem had initially recorded. In anticipation of the album release, Jem also relocated to Los Angeles, where she felt there was more opportunity for her to promote her work and explore her musical potential.

2004–2006: "Finally Woken".

After the success of Moby's album "Play" (1999), Jem licensed every song on her album to be broadcast on American television programs, films and advertisements as a method of promotion. Television program "The O.C." was the first to use Jem's music in several of their episodes, eventually inviting her to guest-star on the show, performing a cover version of Paul McCartney's 1970 song "Maybe I'm Amazed" in the first season finale. Since then, every song from the album has appeared in various television programs, such as "Six Feet Under", "Desperate Housewives", "Without a Trace" and "Grey's Anatomy".  Six additional tracks were added to the original EP, and the full-length studio album "Finally Woken" was released in the United States on 24 March 2004. 6,000 copies were sold in the first week, and a further 5,000 in the second. Unknown artists with little airplay or commercial MTV promotion rarely garnered this much immediate attention.  To promote the album in the United Kingdom, Jem followed the traditional route of releasing CD singles and accompanying music videos across 2005. "They" became the UK lead single, released on 13 March 2005. Followed by "Just a Ride" in June and finally "Wish I" in September, which at that time was being used as the theme tune to popular UK reality television programme "Celebrity Love Island". Jem quickly gained popularity in her native country, with her album spending 32 weeks on the UK Album Chart in March, peaking at number 6.  To further promote the album after its release, Jem toured and performed extensively, returning to her breakthrough radio station KCRW to perform live on air for Nic Harcourt in 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2008. Furthermore, Jem performed at the 2005 Sasquatch! Music Festival on Saturday 28 May as well as performing on the John Peel Stage at Glastonbury Festival in Somerset on Sunday 5 June 2005. She performed "They" for "Top of the Pops" which was broadcast on Sunday 10 July 2005 and a week later she performed at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California on Sunday 16 July 2005. On Sunday 21 August 2005 Jem performed on the JJB Puma Arena at the 10th V Festival in Chelmsford.

2007–2009: "Down to Earth".

In 2006, Jem decided to cease touring and to spend a year focusing on writing new material and developing her second studio album. She parted from Yoad Nevo and met with four different producers across the United States. Over the next few years she worked with Jeff Bass (credited with discovering Eminem) in Detroit as well as meeting with Lester Mendez (Nelly Furtado, Santana, Shakira) in Los Angeles. Producers Mike Bradford (Kid Rock, Deep Purple) and Greg Kurstin (Kylie Minogue, Beck, The Bird and the Bee) also collaborated with Jem to produce a record which encompassed a wider range of different musical genres, beats and styles. Her lack of specific genre classification actually made it difficult for ATO records to effectively market Jem due to her varying sounds and undefinable genre.  During the production of her album, Jem wrote and lent her vocals to the song "Once in Every Lifetime" which appeared on the "Eragon" movie soundtrack.  Jem's second studio album, "Down to Earth" was released in the United States, Canada and Japan on 18 September 2008 with the European release of her album varying by each country between January and March 2009. The album peaked at 48 on the "Billboard" 200 and 64 on the UK Albums Chart The title of the album was decided by Jem whilst she was writing the first album and is a pun on the idiom 'down to Earth' in reference to her personality and approach to fame, as well as describing a fresh perspective of the world, similar to that of an extraterrestrial landing on Earth. The lead single of the album "It's Amazing" originally appeared on the "" for the 2008 movie "Sex and the City". Released 3 June 2008, the song failed to chart in the United States or the United Kingdom. Her following single releases off the album included: "Crazy" in August 2008, "And So I Pray" in May 2009, and "I Want You To..." in October 2009, however, they did not grant as much commercial success as her debut album.  In September 2009, Jem married American musician and songwriter Joseph George in Montecito, California. They had originally met in 2005, on the set of filming the music video for "Wish I", where George acted the role of Jem's love interest. They both currently reside in Los Angeles.

2010–2013: Other projects and "Beachwood Canyon".

Since late 2009, Jem has been writing new material for her third studio album which was originally planned for release in 2010, however, since her record label ATO severed ties with Sony and RCA in 2007, her ability to effectively produce a new album has been stunted.  Jem and her brother Yestyn, of Glass Pear, collaborated in late 2009 to write and produce a Christmas inspired single "Until The Morning Comes" which was released on iTunes on 4 December 2009.  Between March and September 2011, Jem worked towards releasing an album to commemorate the 10th Anniversary of the 11 September terrorist attacks. She produced and contributed to a record entitled "". Other contributions to the album include songs by Pink Floyd, John Lennon, Alanis Morissette, and John Legend. The album is on a limited edition release for two years, ceasing production in September 2013.  In 2012, Jem returned to producing her upcoming third album "Beachwood Canyon". In November, she recorded tracks at the Grand Master Studios, in Hollywood, and originally anticipated a release in early 2013. This date was further extended to the fall, until Jem confirmed in February 2014 that whilst essentially being complete with a confirmed track list, unforeseen delays regarding sample clearances had pushed the release into 2014, with earlier announcements being "wishful thinking on [her] part".  Jem has also mentioned that she has since been exploring other creative avenues outside of her music, with a strong desire to move into the film industry, she has spent several years writing a screenplay which she describes as being like her ""Finally Woken" in movie form". As of February 2014, Jem confirmed that work on her debut film was "finally happening", and that further information would be due as the year progresses.  In January 2015, it was announced that the album would be released within the year; it was not. In January 2016, Jem published on her Facebook page the first photoshoots of the "Beachwood Canyon" era and announced the official release of the album for spring 2016.  The first single "Beachwood Canyon" was released on 1 July. On 5 August 2016, the album was released digitally worldwide while vinyl, CD and limited edition bundles were released on August 30.

Jemma Griffiths (born 18 May 1975), known by her stage name Jem, is a Welsh singer, songwriter, and record producer. Born and raised in Penarth, Wales, she began songwriting at an early age. After graduating from university in 1996, she worked as a DJ as well as co-founder of record label Marine Parade in Brighton. By 2002 she was focused heavily on writing and singing her own songs, collaborating with various producers in the United States such as Guy Sigsworth, Yoad Nevo, and Ge-Ology to help create what would become her debut studio album: "Finally Woken", released on 24 March 2004 through ATO Records. Popularised by singles "They", "Just a Ride" and "Wish I", the album garnered generous sales and chart performance in the United States, Canada, Japan and Europe. Jem followed up her successful debut with her second album, "Down to Earth", released on 18 September 2008. Jem's musical style is varied and encompasses genres such as trip hop, electronica, pop rock and new wave, with critics often associating her with other female British musicians Dido and Beth Orton.

Jem, vlastním jménem Jemma Griffiths, (* 18. května 1975) je velšská zpěvačka. Narodila se v jihovelšském městě Penarth. Měla tři sourozence (dvě sestry, přičemž mladší Georgia byla zpěvačkou skupiny Weapons of Mass Belief, a jednoho bratra, který jako zpěvák vystupuje pod jménem Glass Pear). Od roku 1993 studovala právo na University of Sussex. Svou první nahrávku, EP ', vydala v říjnu roku 2003. První řadové album'následovalo v březnu 2004 a druhé "" o čtyři a půl roku později.


Early life.

Marks was the son of Benjamin Marks, the joint owner of Marks & Co, an antiquarian bookseller in Charing Cross Road, London. He was introduced at an early age to cryptography when his father showed him Edgar Allan Poe's story, "The Gold-Bug".  From this early interest, he demonstrated his skill at codebreaking by deciphering the secret price codes which his father wrote inside the covers of books. The bookshop subsequently became famous as a result of the book "84, Charing Cross Road", which was based on correspondence between American writer Helene Hanff and the shop's chief buyer, Frank Doel.

Work in cryptography.

Marks was conscripted in January 1942, and trained as a cryptographer; apparently he demonstrated the ability to complete one week's work in decipherment exercise in a few hours. Unlike the rest of his intake, who were sent to the main British codebreaking centre at Bletchley Park, Marks was regarded as a misfit and he was assigned to the newly formed Special Operations Executive (SOE) in Baker Street, which was set up to train agents to operate behind enemy lines in occupied Europe and to assist local resistance groups. SOE has been described as "a mixture of brilliant brains and bungling amateurs". Marks wrote that he had an inauspicious arrival at SOE when it took him all day to decipher a code he had been expected to finish in 20 minutes, because, not atypically, SOE had forgotten to supply the cipher key, and he had to break the code which SOE had regarded as secure.  Marks briefed many Allied agents sent into occupied Europe, including Noor Inayat Khan, the Grouse/Swallow team of four Norwegian Telemark saboteurs and his own close friend 'Tommy' Yeo-Thomas, nicknamed "the White Rabbit". In an interview which accompanied the DVD of the film "Peeping Tom", Marks quoted General Eisenhower as saying that his group's work shortened the war by three months, saving countless lives.  Marks was portrayed by Anton Lesser in David Morley's BBC Radio drama "A Cold Supper Behind Harrods". The fiction play was inspired by conversations between Marks and David Morley and real events in SOE. It featured David Jason, and Stephanie Cole as Vera Atkins.

Developments of cryptographic practice.

One of Marks's first challenges was to phase out double transposition ciphers using keys based on poems. These poem ciphers had the limited advantage of being easy to memorise, but significant disadvantages, including limited cryptographic security, substantial minimum message sizes (short ones were easy to crack), and the fact that the method's complexity caused encoding errors. Cryptographic security was enhanced by Marks's innovations, especially "worked-out keys". He was credited with inventing the letter one-time pad, but while he did independently discover the method, he later found it already in use at Bletchley.

Preference for original code poems.

While attempting to relegate poem codes to emergency use, he enhanced their security by promoting the use of original poems in preference to widely known ones, forcing a cryptanalyst to work it out the hard way for each message instead of guessing an agent's entire set of keys after breaking the key to a single message (or possibly just part of the key.) Marks wrote many poems later used by agents, the most famous being one he gave to the agent Violette Szabo, "The Life That I Have", which gained popularity when it was used in the 1958 film about her, "Carve Her Name With Pride". According to his book, Marks wrote the poem in Christmas 1943 about a girlfriend, Ruth, who had recently died in an air crash in Canada; supposedly the god-daughter of the head of SOE, Sir Charles Jocelyn Hambro. The life that I have Is all that I have And the life that I have Is yours.  The love that I have Of the life that I have Is yours and yours and yours.  A sleep I shall have A rest I shall have Yet death will be but a pause.  For the peace of my years In the long green grass Will be yours and yours and yours.

Gestapo activities and "Indecipherables".

Gestapo signal tracers endangered clandestine radio operators, and their life expectancy averaged about six weeks. Therefore, short and less frequent transmissions from the codemaster were of value. The pressure could cause agents to make mistakes encoding messages, and the practice was for the home station to tell them to recode it (usually a safe activity) and retransmit it (dangerous, and increasingly so the longer it took). In response to this problem, Marks established, staffed and trained a group based at Grendon Underwood, Buckinghamshire to cryptanalyse garbled messages ("indecipherables") so they could be dealt with in England without forcing the agent to risk retransmitting from the field. Other innovations of his simplified encoding in the field, which reduced errors and made shorter messages possible, both of which reduced transmission time.

"Das Englandspiel" in the Netherlands.

The Germans generally did not execute captured radio operators out of hand. The goal was to turn and use them, or to extract enough information to imitate them. For the safety of entire underground "circuits", it was important to determine if an operator was genuine and still free, but means of independently checking were primitive. Marks claims that he became convinced (but was unable to prove) that their agents in the Netherlands had been compromised by the German counter-intelligence Abwehr. The Germans referred to their operation as "a game"—Das Englandspiel. Marks's warnings fell on deaf ears and perhaps as many as 50 further agents were sent to meet their deaths in Holland. The other side of this story was published in 1953 by Marks's German opposite number in the Netherlands, Hermann Giskes, in his book "London Calling North Pole".

Reporting to Brigadier Gubbins.

In his book (pp. 222–3), Marks describes the memorandum he wrote detailing his conviction that messages from the Netherlands were being sent either by Germans or by agents who had been turned. He argued that, despite harrowing circumstances, "not a single Dutch agent has been so overwrought that he's made a mistake in his coding..." Marks had to face Brigadier (later Sir) Colin Gubbins:  Gubbins grills Marks. In particular he wants to know who has seen this report, who typed it (Marks did):

Later life.

After the war, Marks went on to write plays and films, including "The Girl Who Couldn't Quite!" (1947), "Cloudburst" (1951), "The Best Damn Lie" (1957), "Guns at Batasi" (co-writer) (1964), "Sebastian" (1968) and "Twisted Nerve" (1968).  Marks wrote the script for Michael Powell's film "Peeping Tom" (1960), the story of a serial killer who films his victims while stabbing them. The film provoked critical revulsion, at the time, and was described as "evil and pornographic". The film was critically rehabilitated when younger directors, including Martin Scorsese, expressed admiration for Marks's script. Scorsese subsequently asked Marks to supply the voice of Satan in his 1988 film "The Last Temptation of Christ".  In 1998, Marks published his account of his work in SOE – "". The book was written in the early 1980s, but didn't receive UK Government approval for publication until 1998. Three of the poems published in the book were scrambled into the song "Dead Agents" by John Cale performed at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, in April 1999.  Marks describes himself as an agnostic in "Between Silk and Cyanide", but frequently refers to his Jewish heritage.

Marriage and death.

He married the portrait painter Elena Gaussen in 1966. The marriage lasted until shortly before his death at home from cancer in January 2001.

Leopold Samuel Marks, (24 September 1920 – 15 January 2001) was an English writer, screenwriter, and cryptographer. During the Second World War he headed the codes office supporting resistance agents in occupied Europe for the secret Special Operations Executive organisation. After the war, Marks became a playwright and screenwriter, writing scripts that frequently utilised his war-time cryptographic experiences. He wrote the script for "Peeping Tom", the controversial film directed by Michael Powell which had a disastrous effect on Powell's career, but was later described by Martin Scorsese as a masterpiece. In 1998, towards the end of his life, Marks published a personal history of his experiences during the war, "Between Silk and Cyanide", which was critical of the leadership of SOE.

Leo Marks, celým jménem Leopold Samuel Marks (24. září 1920 Londýn – 15. ledna 2001 tamtéž), byl anglický kryptograf. Během druhé světové války byl členem jednotky Special Operations Executive. Po válce se věnoval psaní divadelních her, přičemž některé jeho příběhy byly i zfilmovány. Je například autorem scénáře k filmu "Šmírák" (""; 1960) režiséra Michaela Powella. Počátkem osmdesátých let napsal knihu "Between Silk and Cyanide", jejíž vydání však bylo britskou vládou zamítnuto a vyšla až v roce 1998. Velšský hudebník a skladatel John Cale se knihou inspiroval ve své písni „“, kterou představil v roce 1999. Jeho manželkou byla malířka Elena Gaussen. Rozvedli se krátce před Marksovou smrtí.


Mission.

SDEWES Centre is dedicated to the improvement and dissemination of knowledge on methods, policies and technologies for increasing the sustainability of development by de-coupling growth from natural resources and replacing them with knowledge-based economy, taking into account its economic, environmental and social pillars. One of the main issues of the coming decades is to improve efficiencies by integrating various life supporting systems, using waste from one, as resource in other, and in exact moment when it is beneficial to all, integrating electricity, heating, cooling, transport, water, buildings, industry, forestry and agriculture systems.  The Centre organizes courses, summer schools, public lectures, seminars and workshops in order to promote sustainable development of energy, water and environment systems and provides professional opinion on issues of sustainability and sustainability metrics. The Centre also organizes a series of international SDEWES conferences for scientists to discuss issues of sustainability of energy, water and environment system. Through these actions, SDEWES Centre aims to provide a research platform that will provide comprehensive R&D activities, assessment and consultation on the research subjects of sustainable development.

History.

SDEWES started as a project co-funded by CORDIS under the FP5 – INCO 2 programme in 2002, when first Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems was organized. Partners in this project were University of Zagreb and Instituto Superior Técnico (Lisbon). After the organisation of three more conferences in 2003, 2005 and 2007, SDEWES Centre was established in 2009. Since then, eight more conferences were organized in 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016. As a separate regional event, the SEE SDEWES Conferences are held every two years, starting with 2014 in Ohrid. The 2nd SEE SDEWES Conference was held in Piran.

SDEWES-Skopje.

New section of SDEWES Centre is established in Skopje, Macedonia, with the goal to gather professionals and scientists from broad range of disciplines, particularly located in the Southeast Europe, in order to provide scientific support for wise policy-making. SDEWES-Skopje aims to extend the activities at regional level including the other EU candidate and potential candidate countries, as well as EU neighbourhood countries to foster regional coordination in providing feasible solutions for the common challenges and gaining synergy effects.

Membership.

According to the Statute of SDEWES Centre, every person can under the same circumstances apply for membership.

Conferences.

Up to 2011, SDEWES Conference was organized as biennial conference in Dubrovnik, Croatia. From the year 2012, it is an annual event but with a geographic regime. Every two years the conference is held in Dubrovnik, and in the years between on different locations.  The SDEWES 2012 Conference was held in Ohrid, and in 2014 on a cruise ship travelling between Venice and Istanbul.  In 2014, the first regional SEE SDEWES conference was held in Ohrid, Macedonia focused on South East Europe.  In 2015, the 10th Conference on SDEWES was held in Dubrovnik. 540 scientists from over 65 countries participated.  In 2016, the second regional SEE SDEWES conference was held in Piran, Slovenia.  Also in 2016, the 11th SDEWES Conference was held in Lisbon, Portugal.  In 2017, the 12th SDEWES Conference will be held in Dubrovnik.  In 2018, the 1st LATIN AMERICAN SDEWES Conference will be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.  Work presented at the conferences are published in scientific journals and among them, in the Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems

Journal.

SDEWES Centre is publishing research open access Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems since 2013.

Research.

SDEWES Centre forms research teams from the pool of members to participate in research projects. SDEWES Centre is involved in two FP7 projects, one Horizon 2020 project and one project under the European Strategy for Danube Region (EUSDR) fund START.

SDEWES Index.

In line with the aims of the SDEWES Center, an index is also developed to benchmark the performance of cities across aspects that are related to energy, water and environment systems. With the namesake of the Center, the SDEWES Index consists of 7 dimensions, 35 indicators, and close to 20 sub-indicators. It is currently applied to 58 cities.

SDEWES Centre (The International Centre for Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems), is a non-governmental scientific organization based at the University of Zagreb, Croatia.

Centrum SDEWES (, The International Centre for Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems - Mezinárodní centrum pro trvale udržitelný rozvoj energie, vody a životního prostředí) je nevládní vědecká organizace založená na, Chorvatsko.


Display adapters.

The original IBM PC contained this font as a 9×14 pixels-per-character font stored in the ROM of the IBM Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA) and an 8×8 pixels-per-character font of the Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) cards. The IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) contained an 8×14 pixels-per-character version, and the VGA contained a 9×16 version.  All these display adapters have text modes in which each character cell contains an 8-bit character code point (see details), giving 256 possible values for graphic characters. All 256 codes were assigned a graphical character in ROM, including the codes from 0 to 31 that were reserved in ASCII for non-graphical control characters.  Various Eastern European PCs used different character sets, sometimes user-selectable via jumpers or CMOS setup. These sets were designed to match 437 as much as possible, for instance sharing the code points for many of the line-drawing characters, while still allowing text in a local language to be displayed.

Alt codes.

A legacy of code page 437 is the number combinations used in Windows Alt keycodes. The user could enter a character by holding down the Alt key and entering the three-digit decimal Alt keycode on the numpad and many users memorized the numbers needed for CP437 (or for the similar code page 850). When Microsoft switched to their proprietary character sets (such as CP1252) and later Unicode in Windows, the original codes were retained; Microsoft added the ability to type a code in the new character set by typing the numpad 0 before the digits.

Character set.

The following tables show code page 437. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point and its decimal Alt code. See also the notes below, as there are multiple equivalent Unicode characters for some code points.  Although the ROM provides a graphic for all 256 different possible 8-bit codes, some APIs will not print some code points, in particular the range 0-31 and the code at 127. Instead, they will interpret them as control characters. For instance, many methods of outputting text on the original IBM PC would interpret the codes for BEL, BS, CR and LF. Many printers were also unable to print these characters.  When translating to Unicode some codes do not have a unique, single Unicode equivalent; the correct choice may depend upon context.

History.

The repertoire of code page 437 was taken from the character set of Wang word-processing machines, according to Bill Gates in an interview with Gates and Paul Allen that appeared in the 2 October 1995 edition of "Fortune Magazine:"  According to an interview with David J. Bradley (developer of the PC's ROM-BIOS) the characters were decided upon during a four-hour meeting on a plane trip from Seattle to Atlanta by Andy Saenz (responsible for the video card), Lew Eggebrecht (chief engineer for the PC) and himself.  The selection of graphic characters has some internal logic:  Most fonts for Microsoft Windows include the special graphic characters at the Unicode indexes shown, as they are part of the WGL4 set that Microsoft encourages font designers to support. (The monospaced raster font family Terminal was an early font that replicated all code page 437 characters, at least at some resolutions.) To draw these characters directly from these code points, a Microsoft Windows font called MS Linedraw replicates all of the code page 437 characters, thus providing one way to display DOS text on a modern Windows machine as it was shown in DOS, with limitations.

Internationalization.

Code page 437 has a series of international characters, mainly values 128 to 175 (80 to AF). However, it only covers a few major Western European languages in full, including English, German and Swedish, and so lacks several characters (mostly capital letters) important to many major Western European languages:  Along with the cent (¢), pound sterling (£) and yen/yuan (¥) currency symbols, it has a couple of former European currency symbols: the florin (ƒ, Netherlands) and the peseta (₧, Spain). The presence of the last is unusual, since the Spanish peseta was never an internationally relevant currency, and also never had a symbol of its own; it was simply abbreviated as "Pt", "Pta", "Pts", or "Ptas". Spanish models of the IBM electric typewriter, however, also had a single position devoted to it.  Later DOS character sets, such as code page 850 (DOS Latin-1), code page 852 (DOS Central-European) and code page 737 (DOS Greek), filled the gaps for international use with some compatibility with code page 437 by retaining the single and double box-drawing characters, while discarding the mixed ones ("e.g." horizontal double/vertical single). All code page 437 characters have similar glyphs in Unicode and in Microsoft's WGL4 character set, and therefore are available in most fonts in Microsoft Windows, and also in the default VGA font of the Linux kernel, and the ISO 10646 fonts for X11.

Code page 437 (CCSID 437) is the character set of the original IBM PC (personal computer). It is also known as CP437, OEM-US, OEM 437, PC-8, or DOS Latin US. The set includes all printable ASCII characters, extended codes for accented letters (diacritics), some Greek letters, icons, and line-drawing symbols. It is sometimes referred to as the "OEM font" or "high ASCII", or as "extended ASCII" (one of many mutually incompatible ASCII extensions).

CP437, kódová stránka 437 je znaková sada původních osobních počítačů IBM PC. Znaky s kódy 32–126 jsou shodné s ASCII a jsou doplněny o smajlíky, různé symboly včetně matematických, písmena s diakritikou, některá řecká písmena a symboly pro kreslení rámečků. Bývá nazývána hardwarová kódová stránka, „OEM font“, OEM 437, PC-8, MS-DOS Latin US nebo prostě „rozšířené ASCII“, protože je jedním z mnoha vzájemně nekompatibilních rozšíření kódu ASCII.