Early life.

George Monbiot grew up in Henley-on-Thames in South Oxfordshire, England, in a house next to Peppard Common. Politics was at the heart of family life – his father, Sir Raymond Geoffrey Monbiot, CBE, is a businessman who headed the Conservative Party's trade and industry forum, while his mother, Rosalie – the elder daughter of Conservative MP Roger Gresham Cooke – was a Conservative councillor who led South Oxfordshire District Council for a decade. His uncle, Canon Hereward Cooke, was the Liberal Democrat deputy leader of Norwich City Council between 2002 and 2006.  Monbiot was educated at a preparatory boarding school between 1971 and 1976. He did not enjoy his time there, later believing that boarding school destroys one's imagination. He was then educated at Stowe School, a public school in Stowe, Buckinghamshire. He won an open scholarship to Brasenose College, Oxford. He stated that his "political awakening" was prompted by reading Bettina Ehrlich's book, "Paolo and Panetto", while at his prep school, and that he regretted attending Oxford, stating that his time there was unhappy and he did not fit in with Brasenose's culture.

Career.

After graduating with a degree in zoology, Monbiot joined the BBC Natural History Unit as a radio producer, making natural history and environmental programmes. He transferred to the BBC's World Service, where he worked briefly as a current affairs producer and presenter, before leaving to research and write his first book.  Working as an investigative journalist, he travelled in Indonesia, Brazil, and East Africa. His activities led to his being made "persona non grata" in seven countries and being sentenced to life imprisonment "in absentia" in Indonesia. In these places, he was also shot at, beaten up by military police, shipwrecked and stung into a poisoned coma by hornets. He came back to work in Britain after being pronounced clinically dead in Lodwar General Hospital in north-western Kenya, having contracted cerebral malaria.  He joined the British roads protest movement and was often called to give press interviews; as a result he was denounced as a "media tart" by groups such as Green Anarchist and Class War. He was attacked by security guards, who allegedly drove a metal spike through his foot, smashing the middle metatarsal bone. His injuries left him in hospital. Sir Crispin Tickell, a former United Nations diplomat, who was then Warden at Green College, Oxford, made the young protester a Visiting Fellow.  In November 2012, he apologised to Lord McAlpine for his "stupidity and thoughtlessness" in implying, in a tweet, that the Tory peer was a paedophile.  In 2014, Monbiot wrote an article on the theme of loneliness. This led to a collaboration with musician Ewan McLennan. Together they released an album "Breaking the Spell of Loneliness" in October 2016 followed by a tour of the UK. Folk Radio described it as "an enthralling album" where "Each song is a short, eloquent and thought provoking essay on the destruction of our humanity and how it can be regained".  Monbiot narrated the video "How Wolves Change Rivers" which was based on his TED talk of 2013 on the restoration of ecosystems and landscape (rewilding) when wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone Park.

Activism.

Climate change.

Monbiot believes that drastic action coupled with strong political will is needed to combat global warming.

Attempted arrest of John Bolton.

Monbiot made an unsuccessful attempt to carry out a citizen's arrest of John Bolton, a former US ambassador to the United Nations, when the latter attended the Hay Festival to give a talk on international relations in May 2008. Monbiot argued that Bolton was one of the instigators of the Iraq War, of which Monbiot was an opponent.

Political parties.

In January 2004, Monbiot and Salma Yaqoob co-founded the Respect – The Unity Coalition (later formally the Respect Party) which grew out of the Stop the War Coalition. He resigned from the group the following February when Respect failed to reach agreement with the Green Party not to stand candidates in the same constituencies in the forthcoming 2004 European Parliamentary election.  In an interview with the British political blog "Third Estate" in September 2009, Monbiot expressed his support for the policies of Plaid Cymru, saying "I have finally found the party that I feel very comfortable with. That's not to say I feel uncomfortable with the Green Party, on the whole I support it, but I feel even more comfortable with Plaid."  In April 2010, he was a signatory to an open letter of support for the Liberal Democrats, published in "The Guardian". Prior to the 2015 UK general election, he was one of several public figures who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas. In August 2015, Monbiot endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. In April 2017, he announced his intention to vote for the Labour Party in the 2017 general election.

Published works.

Monbiot's first book was "" (1989), which is about what he called the "devastating effects" of the partially World Bank-funded transmigration program on the peoples and tribes of West Papua, a nation annexed by Indonesia. It was followed by "Amazon Watershed" (1991), which documented expulsions of Brazilian peasant farmers from their land and followed them thousands of miles across the forest to the territory of the Yanomami Indians, and showed how timber sold in Britain was being stolen from indigenous and biological reserves in Brazil. His third book, "" (1994), documented the seizure of land and cattle from nomadic people in Kenya and the Tanzania, by—among other forces—game parks and safari tourism.  In 2000, he published "Captive State: The Corporate Takeover of Britain". The book examines the role of corporate power in the United Kingdom, on both local and national levels, and argues that corporate involvement in politics is a serious threat to democracy. Subjects discussed in the book include the building of the Skye Bridge, corporate involvement in the National Health Service, the role of business in university research, and the conditions which influence the granting of planning permission.  His fifth book, "The Age of Consent: A Manifesto for a New World Order", was published in 2003. The book is an attempt to set out a positive manifesto for change for the global justice movement. Monbiot criticises anarchism and Marxism, arguing that any possible solution to the world's inequalities must be rooted in a democratic parliamentary system.  Monbiot's next book, "Heat: How to Stop the Planet Burning", published in 2006, focused on the issue of climate change.  "" was published in 2013, and focuses on the concept of rewilding the planet. In the book, Monbiot attacks sheep farming as "a slow-burning ecological disaster, which has done more damage to the living systems of this country than either climate change or industrial pollution. Yet scarcely anyone seems to have noticed." He particularly looks at sheep farming in Wales. The book received favourable reviews in "The Spectator" and "The Daily Telegraph". It won the Society of Biology Book Award for general biology in 2014.  Monbiot's weekly column for "The Guardian" has covered a variety of issues, concentrating on political philosophy in relation to ecological and social problems, particularly in the United Kingdom.

Personal life.

Monbiot has lived in Oxford for many years, but for a few years from 2007, lived in a low emissions house in the mid-Wales market town of Machynlleth, originally with his then-wife, writer and campaigner Angharad Penrhyn Jones, and their daughter. Because his new partner lives in Oxford, Monbiot returned by 2012. The couple's daughter, Monbiot's second, was born in early 2012. In December 2017, Monbiot was diagnosed with prostate cancer; he had surgery in March 2018.

Honours.

In 1995, Nelson Mandela presented him with a United Nations Global 500 Award for outstanding environmental achievement. He was a finalist in the Lloyds National Screenwriting Prize with his screenplay "The Norwegian", and won a Sony Award for radio production, the Sir Peter Kent Award and the OneWorld National Press Award. In November 2007, his book "Heat" was awarded the Premio Mazotti, an Italian book prize, but he was denied the money given with the prize because he chose not to travel to Venice to collect it in person, arguing that it was not a good enough reason to justify flying. In 2017, he was a recipient of the SEAL Environmental Journalism Award for his work at "The Guardian".

George Joshua Richard Monbiot ( ; born 27 January 1963) is a British writer known for his environmental and political activism. He writes a weekly column for "The Guardian", and is the author of a number of books, including "Captive State: The Corporate Takeover of Britain" (2000), "Feral: Searching for Enchantment on the Frontiers of Rewilding" (2013) and "Out of the Wreckage: A New Politics in the Age of Crisis" (2017). He is the founder of The Land is Ours, a campaign for the right of access to the countryside and its resources in the United Kingdom.

George Joshua Richard Monbiot (* 27. ledna 1963 Londýn) je britský ekolog a politolog. Vystudoval zoologii na Oxfordské univerzitě, pracoval v BBC a jako investigativní novinář se zabýval drancováním přírodních zdrojů ve Třetím světě. Za své texty o situaci původních obyvatel Západního Irianu byl v Indonésii odsouzen v nepřítomnosti k doživotnímu vězení. Píše pravidelně komentáře pro deník "The Guardian". V roce 1995 založil organizaci The Land is Ours, usilující o volný vstup na soukromé pozemky. V roce 2010 vznesl požadavek, aby byl Tony Blair souzen jako válečný zločinec. Byl zakladatelem radikálně levicové strany RESPECT Party – zastává názor, že globální oteplování může být zastaveno pouze v případě, že bude odstraněn kapitalismus. Je držitelem ceny Global 500 Roll of Honour.


History.

Early planning.

In late 1983, Party Secretary of Shenzhen Mayor Liang Xiang led a team to Singapore to study its mass transit system. Upon returning it was decided that 30 meters on each side of Shennan Avenue should be protected as a green belt, and to set aside a 16-meter wide median reserved for a light rail or light metro line. In 1984, the "Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Master Plan (1985–2000)" pointed out that, with the growing population and traffic in Shenzhen, a light metro system would not have sufficient capacity to meet future demand. Instead the report proposed a heavy rail subway line to be built along Shennan Avenue. The project was finally approved by the Central Planning Department in 1992.  In August 1992, during and re-feasibility and rail network planning, The Shenzhen Municipal Government decided to move from building a light metro line to a heavy rail subway line. The rapid growth of Shenzhen City made a lower capacity light metro line impractical. In 1994, Shenzhen organized the preparation of the "Shenzhen urban rail network master plan" to be incorporated into the "Shenzhen City Master Plan (1996–2010)". The city's vision for an urban rail network would consists of nine lines. Of the nine transit lines, three of them would be commuter rail lines upgraded from existing national mainline railways. The total length of the proposed network would be about 270 km. The three upgraded commuter rail lines would overlap the Guangzhou–Shenzhen railway, Pinghu–Nanshan railway and Pingyan railway. This plan established the basic framework for the Shenzhen Metro network.

Construction suspended and restarted.

In December 1995, the State Council issued the "moratorium on approval of urban rapid transit projects" to suspend approval of rail transit projects in all Chinese cities except Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. The Shenzhen Metro project was postponed. In 1996, prior to the handover of Hong Kong, authorities attempted to restart construction by renaming the project "The Luohu, Huanggang / Lok Ma Chau border crossing passenger rail connection project", stressing that the project is designed to meet the potential growing demand for cross-border passenger traffic after the handover.  In 1997, Shenzhen reapplied its Subway plans to the State Planning Commission, and received approval in May 1998. The project was renamed the "Shenzhen Metro first phase". In July 1998, SZMC (Shenzhen Metro Group). was formally established. By April 1999, the subway project feasibility study report has been approved by the state.

Phase I (1998-2004).

Construction of the first sections of Line 1 and Line 4 began in 1999. The grand opening of the Shenzhen Metro system occurred at 5:00pm on Tuesday, December 28, 2004. This made Shenzhen the seventh city in mainland China to have a subway after Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Dalian and Wuhan.  Initially the trains operated at 15-minute frequencies and consisted of Line 1 services between Luohu and Shijie Zhi Chuang (now Window of the World) and the Line 4 services between Fumin and Shaonian Gong (now Children's Palace). Initially the English names of the stations were rendered in Hanyu Pinyin, but some of the names were changed to English translation with American spelling in mid-2011.  The Futian Checkpoint station opened on 28 June 2007 using the name Huanggang.

Name changes.

On April 23, 2008, Shenzhen Municipal Planning Bureau announced that it would change the nomenclature of Shenzhen's subway lines according to the "2007 Urban Rail Transit Plan Scheme". Instead of using numbers as the lines official designation, as typically used in other mainland Chinese metro systems, lines would be given Chinese names more akin to the Hong Kong MTR. In 2010, the Scheme was reviewed and adjusted with new routes and names in addition to newly proposed lines. On 23 October 2013, the SZMC (Shenzhen Metro Group) decided that current operational lines will have their number and names combined, while future lines will only be numbered. Due to the change in the construction order of several lines, some numerical names have been reviewed in order to prevent big jump between numbers. By 2016, only numerical names are used.  Lines currently in operation: Lines under construction:

Phase II (2007-2011).

From 2004 to 2007, there was a lack of official government interest and attention to expanding the subway after completion of Phase 1 with little or no active projects. Subway construction speed was ridiculed as "earthworm speed". On 17 January 2007 Shenzhen won the right to host the 2011 Universiade. In the bid Shenzhen committed to complete 155 km of subway lines before the games. The mayor of Shenzhen at the time, Xu Zongheng, sharply criticized the speed and efficiency of Shenzhen's subway construction procedures and calls for reform. Subsequently, the Shenzhen municipal government and various departments signed a liability form, requiring Phase II subway expansion to be completed in time for the Universiade. Shenzhen Metro increased to over a hundred operating metro stations in June 2011, just before the Shenzhen Universiade games. In the span of two weeks, the network expanded from 64 km to 177 km. This expansion increased rail transit's share of total public transit trips from 6% to 29% in 2014.

Phase III (2012-2020).

In 2010, the Shenzhen Urban Planning and Land Resources Committee proposed a building program (Phase III) between 2011 and 2020. In 2011 this plan was approved by the NDRC. Phase III formally commenced in May 2011 with an expected cost of 125.6 billion yuan. It will cover Lines 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11 and will extend the length of the Shenzhen Metro to 348 kilometres and 10 lines. In June 2011, the Shenzhen Urban Planning and Land Resources Commission started gather public input on Phase III station names. On June 30, 2016 Line 11 opened being the first subway line in Shenzhen with 8 car trains and 120 km/h maximum service speed and the first in China with a First Class service. Lines 7 and 9 followed on October 28, 2016 bringing the length of the Shenzhen Metro to 285 km and the third longest in China.

Current system.

The extension opened on 8 December 2019 put the network at of trackage operating on 8 lines with 215 stations. That made the Shenzhen Metro 7th longest in China and 12th longest in the world's List of metro systems on that date. Shenzhen metro provides a relatively quick and economical way of travelling in Shenzhen compared to buses and taxis. Line 1 and Line 4 run to the border crossings between the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region at Luohu/Lo Wu and Futian Checkpoint/Lok Ma Chau, where riders can transfer to Hong Kong's MTR East Rail line for travel onward to Hong Kong.

Line 1.

Line 1 formerly known as the Luobao line runs westward from Luohu to Airport East. Trains operate every 2 minutes during peak hours and every 4 minutes at other times. The line is operated by SZMC (Shenzhen Metro Group).

Line 2.

Line 2 formerly known as the Shekou line runs from Chiwan to Xinxiu. It connects with Line 1 at Window of the World, with Line 4 at Civic Center, with Line 3 at Futian and with Line 1 again at Grand Theater. The line is operated by SZMC (Shenzhen Metro Group).

Line 3.

Line 3 formerly known as the Longgang line runs from Yitian to Shuanlong in Longgang, in the north-east part of the city. Construction began on 26 December 2005. The line is operated by Shenzhen Metro Line 3 Operations, which has been a subsidiary of SZMC (Shenzhen Metro Group) since 11 April 2011 when an 80% stake was transferred to SZMC.

Line 4.

Line 4 formerly known as the Longhua line runs northward from Futian Checkpoint to Qinghu. Trains operate every 2.5 minutes at peak hours and every 6 minutes during off-peak hours. Stations from Futian Checkpoint to Shangmeilin Station are underground. The line has been operated by MTR Corporation (Shenzhen), a subsidiary of MTR Corporation, since 1 July 2010.

Line 5.

Line 5 formerly known as the Huanzhong line runs from Chiwan in the west to Huangbeiling in the east. Construction began in May 2009 and the line opened on 22 June 2011. Line 5 required a total investment of 20.6 billion RMB. The line is operated by SZMC (Shenzhen Metro Group).

Line 7.

Line 7 formerly known as the Xili line of the Shenzhen Metro opened on 28 October 2016, with a length of 30.173 km and a total of 27 stations. It connects the Xili Lake to Tai'an. The line travels East–West across Shenzhen in a "V" shape. The line is operated by SZMC (Shenzhen Metro Group).

Line 9.

Line 9 formerly known as the Meilin line or Neihuan line of the Shenzhen Metro opened on 28 October 2016. The line runs eastward from to. It has 10 transfer stations. The line is 36.18 km long, running through the districts of Nanshan, Futian and Luohu. The line is operated by SZMC (Shenzhen Metro Group).

Line 11.

Line 11, also known as the Airport Express, runs from Bitou in the north-east to Futian in the city centre via Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport. Construction began in April 2012 and the line opened on 28 June 2016. Line 11 runs at a higher speed of 120 km/h. The line is operated by SZMC (Shenzhen Metro Group).

Future expansion.

Phase III revised expansion.

Anticipated development and growth in Longgang has prompted officials to fast-track the planning and construction of Line 10 (formerly Line 16), from Futian Free Trade Zone to Pinghu via Meilin, to start in 2015 instead of after 2020. Although Line 10 is not part of the original three projects (Lines 7, 9 and 11) approved by the National Development and Reform Commission, the project was fast tracked in order to ease the pressure on Line 4 and accommodate further growth of the Longgang area. According to the original plan, the northern section of Line 10 runs through Fenggang town of the neighboring Dongguan City. Due to legal and government coordination problems, Line 10 will temporarily terminate in Pinghu, with capability to extend further north into Dongguan. In addition, extension projects of Line 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9, a total of 83.9 km of new subway, were added to the revised plan.

Phase IV & Phase IV revised expansion.

With the shortening of the Phase III implementation period, a number of lines (Lines 16 and 12) planned in 2007's Phase III moved into the next phase which could possibly be completed by 2020. By 2016, it was determined that Phase 4 will have an implementation period between 2017 and 2022 and consist of 274 km of new subway. Lines 13 and 14 which originally had a long term 2030 completion deadline were moved to Phase IV expansion. In addition, a branch line of Line 6 will connect with the neighboring Dongguan Rail Transit system. Lines 12, 13, 14, and 16 and branch of Line 6 started construction in January 2018. The first phase of Line 20 was fast tracked from Phase IV to provide a shuttle between Line 11 and a new International Convention Center. The construction started in September 2016, but as for early 2019, the construction is paused because the Development and Reform Commission did not approve the project. <br>

Phase IV expansion.

Line 12, 13, 14, 16, and the branch of Line 6 was approved by the NDRC in July 2017.

Phase IV revised expansion.

The Phase IV revised plan approved by the NDRC on March 26, 2020.

Long-term plan.

In the Shenzhen Metro 2007 masterplan proposed four more lines (Lines 13, 14, 15 and 16) which have a planned completion target of 2030. In 2016, all aforementioned lines but Line 15 were designated as part of the Phase IV expansion, moving the completion date forward from 2030 to 2022. In 2012, four further lines Qiannan (Line 17), Pinghu (Line 18), Pingshan (Line 19) and Fuyong (Line 20) where unveiled, making the total planned length of the Shenzhen Metro to 720 km spread out over 20 lines. The first phase of Line 20 was fast-tracked and included in the Phase III revised expansion with a completion date of 2018. This leaves Line 15, 17-19 and the rest of Line 20 available for the next phase (Phase V) of subway expansion. Aside from the set masterplan, at the 12th Guangdong Provincial People's Congress in January 2014, it was proposed to extend Line 4 beyond the planned Phase III terminus at the Songyuan Bus Terminal in Guanlan. The proposal wanted to further extend this line to reach the future planned Dongguan Metro Line 4 at Tangxia station. This proposal aims to shorten the distance between the two cities in residents' minds, boost tourism industries in both cities and expand housing options. It would also allow for direct connection between Hong Kong and Dongguan. As the area in the proposed area is less developed, the cost in building the line is expected to be lower, with a feasibility study yet to be conducted. In addition to metro lines, 5 Pearl River Delta Rapid Transit lines connecting neighboring urban centers in the Pearl River Delta such as Dongguan, Huizhou, Foshan and Guangzhou, totaling 146 km, have also been revealed. In 2016, an even more ambitious masterplan, expanding the previously planned 20 lines to 32, was unveiled. The new plan envisions a 1142 km subway network to be completed by 2030. This will allow for travel between the central and suburban districts to be shortened to 45 minutes and for public transit to make up more than 70% of all motorized trips in Shenzhen.

Ridership.

Since the opening of the first phase in 2004, there has been a steady growth in passenger traffic. In 2009 and 2010, passenger traffic soared with major openings of new phase 2 lines, with a three-fold increase in passenger traffic in 2010. On 12 July 2019 it set a new record for its peak ridership at 6.63 million.  July is the busiest month of the year for the Shenzhen Metro, accounting for 9.3% of annual passenger traffic, while January is the least busy month, accounting for only 6.7%. This is caused by Shenzhen's large migrant worker population.

Fares and tickets.

Metro rides are priced according to distance travelled, and fares vary from 2 RMB to 14 RMB. Since December 2010 fares are based on a usage fee (2 RMB) + a distance fee. The distance fee is 1 RMB for each 4 km from 4 km to 12 km; after that 1 RMB for each 6 km from 12 km to 24 km and finally 1 RMB for every 8 km over 24 km distance. For passengers who wish to ride on business coach in line 11, they have to pay 3 times the amount of price that calculated by the regulations above.  Children under the height of 120 cm or aged below 6 may ride for free when accompanied by an adult. The metro also offers free rides to senior citizens over the age of 65, the physically disabled and military personnel. Tickets for children between 120 cm and 150 cm, or aged between 6 and 14 years, or middle school students, are half priced.  Metro fares can be paid for with single-ride tokens, multiple-ride Shenzhen Tong cards or 1- day passes.

Tokens.

When using cash, a RFID token (NXP Mifare Classic) is purchased and used for a single, non-returnable journey. There are two different types of tokens, with green tokens for Standard Class, and yellow tokens used for Business Class which is only available on Line 11. All ticket vending machines offer both English and Chinese interface. The purchaser touches a station name to calculate the fare. After payment, a green token is dispensed, which must be scanned at the entrance station and deposited at the exit station. A penalty applies should a token be lost. Purchasers of green tokens cannot ride Business Class on Line 11 directly. Instead, they must get off at any transfer stations with Line 11 and purchase a separate yellow token.  Note that as of 2015, many machines accept only 5 or 10 RMB notes. The token(s) are only valid at the station where issued. Passengers are unable to buy an extra token for return journey prior to departure. Baggage X-Ray machines are located at each station, and may be manned during peak hours.

Shenzhen Tong cards.

Shenzhen Tong is a pre-paid currency card similar to Oyster Card system in London and the Octopus card system used in Hong Kong. The multiple fare card stores credit purchased at stations. The card can be used by waving it in front of the card reader located at all entrances and exits to the subway system. Riders who pay for metro fare with a card receive a 5% discount. Since March 1, 2008, riders who pay for a bus fare with a card and then a subway fare within 90 minutes receive an additional 0.4 RMB discount on the subway fare. Card users pay a distance based fare.  Since June 30, 2011, cards containing both a Shenzhen Tong and Hong Kong Octopus chip have been available in both Shenzhen and Hong Kong. There are plans to further integrate the two systems, and for a new card which will be accepted all over Guangdong province and China's two SARs.  Unlike Hong Kong Octopus Cards, Shenzhen Tong cards cannot be sold back to the stations or have faults dealt with by SZMC. Instead, the customer must go to the offices of Shenzhen Tong. Students studying in Shenzhen can use the Shenzhen Tong to receive a 50% discount.  Note that all sorts of discounts will not applicable for people who wish to ride business coach in line 11.  Metro cards can also be used on Shenzhen's public bus system.

Metro 1-day passes.

Metro 1-day pass is a smart card that allowed the card holder have unlimited access of the metro system in 24 continuous hours. Passengers can purchase a 1-day pass for RMB 25 in the service center in any metro station. The pass will be activated and the passenger will have 24 continuous hour for unlimited access after the first entrance. When the pass expired, the pass is no longer available for entering a station but able to exiting a station and finish a journey in 27.5 hours. The 1-day passes are not applicable for business coach in line 11.

Station facilities, amenities and services.

Some stations have toilets (free of charge), and public telephones. SZMC also operates luggage storage facilities in the concourse above Luohu Station. Mobile phone service is available throughout the system provided by China Mobile, China Telecom, and China Unicom.  Like the Hong Kong MTR, Guangzhou, and Foshan metros, station announcements are in Mandarin, Cantonese and English. Some announcements, such as train arrival, are in Mandarin and English only. Cantonese, an important local language, is chosen for the local Cantonese population as well as Cantonese speakers in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macau.

Equipment.

Signalling system.

On Line 1 and Line 4, Siemens Transportation Systems supplied 7 (Phase 1) and 6 (Phase 2) LZB 700 M continuous automatic control systems; 7 (Phase 1) and 6 (Phase 2) electronic Sicas ESTT interlockings; the Vicos OC 501 operations control system with 2 operations control centers, fall-back level with Vicos OC 101 and RTU (FEP), 230 (Phase 1) and 240 (Phase 2) FTG S track vacancy detection units.  Line 2 and Line 5 use Casco CBTC system with 2.4 GHz frequencies, and so the system has suffered frequent problems with interference from consumer Wi-Fi equipment. By the end of November 2012, CASCO solved the problem on Lines 2 and 5 by switching to their standard solution with frequency diversity on 2 different channels.

The Shenzhen Metro () is the rapid transit system for the city of Shenzhen in Guangdong province, China. The system opened on 28 December 2004. The network underwent major expansion prior to the 2011 Summer Universiade and with three new lines in 2016. The extension opened on 8 December 2019 put the network at of trackage operating on 8 lines with 215 stations. That made the Shenzhen Metro 7th longest in China and 12th longest in the world's List of metro systems on that date. By 2030 the network is planned to be 8 express and 24 non-express lines totalling 1142 kilometres of trackage.

Metro v Šen-čenu () je systém metra v Šen-čenu, subprovinčním městě v provincii Kuang-tung v Čínské lidové republice. Bylo uvedeno do provozu 28. prosince 2004 jako šestý systém metra v pevninské Číně po metrech v Pekingu, v Tchien-ťinu, v Šanghaji, v Kantonu a ve Wu-chanu.


Overview.

Experimental physics regroups all the disciplines of physics that are concerned with data acquisition, data-acquisition methods, and the detailed conceptualization (beyond simple thought experiments) and realization of laboratory experiments. It is often put in contrast with theoretical physics, which is more concerned with predicting and explaining the physical behaviour of nature than the acquisition of knowledge about it.  Although experimental and theoretical physics are concerned with different aspects of nature, they both share the same goal of understanding it and have a symbiotic relation. The former provides data about the universe, which can then be analyzed in order to be understood, while the latter provides explanations for the data and thus offers insight on how to better acquire data and on how to set up experiments. Theoretical physics can also offer insight on what data is needed in order to gain a better understanding of the universe, and on what experiments to devise in order to obtain it.

History.

As a distinct field, experimental physics was established in early modern Europe, during what is known as the Scientific Revolution, by physicists such as Galileo Galilei, Christiaan Huygens, Johannes Kepler, Blaise Pascal and Sir Isaac Newton. In the early 17th century, Galileo made extensive use of experimentation to validate physical theories, which is the key idea in the modern scientific method. Galileo formulated and successfully tested several results in dynamics, in particular the law of inertia, which later became the first law in Newton's laws of motion. In Galileo's "Two New Sciences", a dialogue between the characters Simplicio and Salviati discuss the motion of a ship (as a moving frame) and how that ship's cargo is indifferent to its motion. Huygens used the motion of a boat along a Dutch canal to illustrate an early form of the conservation of momentum.  Experimental physics is considered to have reached a high point with the publication of the "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" in 1687 by Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727). In 1687, Newton published the "Principia", detailing two comprehensive and successful physical laws: Newton's laws of motion, from which arise classical mechanics; and Newton's law of universal gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. Both laws agreed well with experiment. The "Principia" also included several theories in fluid dynamics.  From the late 17th century onward, thermodynamics was developed by physicist and chemist Boyle, Young, and many others. In 1733, Bernoulli used statistical arguments with classical mechanics to derive thermodynamic results, initiating the field of statistical mechanics. In 1798, Thompson demonstrated the conversion of mechanical work into heat, and in 1847 Joule stated the law of conservation of energy, in the form of heat as well as mechanical energy. Ludwig Boltzmann, in the nineteenth century, is responsible for the modern form of statistical mechanics.  Besides classical mechanics and thermodynamics, another great field of experimental inquiry within physics was the nature of electricity. Observations in the 17th and eighteenth century by scientists such as Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray, and Benjamin Franklin created a foundation for later work. These observations also established our basic understanding of electrical charge and current. By 1808 John Dalton had discovered that atoms of different elements have different weights and proposed the modern theory of the atom.  It was Hans Christian Ørsted who first proposed the connection between electricity and magnetism after observing the deflection of a compass needle by a nearby electric current. By the early 1830s Michael Faraday had demonstrated that magnetic fields and electricity could generate each other. In 1864 James Clerk Maxwell presented to the Royal Society a set of equations that described this relationship between electricity and magnetism. Maxwell's equations also predicted correctly that light is an electromagnetic wave. Starting with astronomy, the principles of natural philosophy crystallized into fundamental laws of physics which were enunciated and improved in the succeeding centuries. By the 19th century, the sciences had segmented into multiple fields with specialized researchers and the field of physics, although logically pre-eminent, no longer could claim sole ownership of the entire field of scientific research.

Current experiments.

Some examples of prominent experimental physics projects are:

Method.

Experimental physics uses two main methods of experimental research, controlled experiments, and natural experiments. Controlled experiments are often used in laboratories as laboratories can offer a controlled environment. Natural experiments are used, for example, in astrophysics when observing celestial objects where control of the variables in effect is impossible.

Famous experiments.

Famous experiments include:

Experimental techniques.

Some well-known experimental techniques include:

Prominent experimental physicists.

Famous experimental physicists include:

Timelines.

See the timelines below for listings of physics experiments.

Experimental physics is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in the field of physics that are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments. Methods vary from discipline to discipline, from simple experiments and observations, such as the Cavendish experiment, to more complicated ones, such as the Large Hadron Collider.

Experimentální fyzika je spolu s teoretickou fyzikou jednou ze dvou hlavních metod zkoumání fyziky. Induktivní cestou vyvozuje nové empirické poznatky na základě pozorování a experimentu. Zabývá se i jevy a procesy, které probíhají v přírodě samovolně (např. pohyby planet, radioaktivní záření) a nejsou tedy vyvolány při plánovaném pokusu. K měření slouží různé stroje a zářízení. Řadí se k ní i numerická simulace, někdy považovaná za nezávislou metodu zkoumání.


Early life.

Born to a Jewish family in Chicago, he attended schools in New York and later graduated from Jesus College, Cambridge in England. For a short time he studied at Beaux Arts in Paris, but left at age 20 and later went to Los Angeles.

Career.

Siegel found work in the Warner Bros. film library after meeting producer Hal Wallis, and later rose to head of the Montage Department, where he directed thousands of montages, including the opening montage for "Casablanca". In 1945 two shorts he directed, "Star in the Night" and "Hitler Lives", won Academy Awards, which launched his career as a feature director.  He directed whatever material came his way, often transcending the limitations of budget and script to produce interesting and adept works. He made the original "Invasion of the Body Snatchers" (1956). For television, he directed two episodes of "The Twilight Zone", "Uncle Simon" (1963) and "The Self-Improvement of Salvadore Ross" (1964), and was the producer of "The Legend of Jesse James" (1965). He worked with Eli Wallach in "The Lineup", Elvis Presley and Dolores del Río in "Flaming Star" (1960), with Steve McQueen in "Hell Is for Heroes" and Lee Marvin in the influential "The Killers" (1964) before directing a series of five films with Clint Eastwood that were commercially successful in addition to being well received by critics. These included the "policiers" "Coogan's Bluff" and "Dirty Harry", the Albert Maltz-scripted Western "Two Mules for Sister Sara", the cynical American Civil War melodrama "The Beguiled" and the prison-break picture "Escape from Alcatraz". He was a considerable influence on Eastwood's own career as a director, and Eastwood's film "Unforgiven" is dedicated "for Don and Sergio".  He had a long collaboration with composer Lalo Schifrin, who scored five of his films: "Coogan's Bluff", "The Beguiled", "Dirty Harry", "Charley Varrick" and "Telefon".  Schifrin composed and recorded what would have been his sixth score for Siegel on "Jinxed!" (1982), but it was rejected by the studio despite Siegel's objections. This was one of several fights Siegel had on this, his last film.  Siegel was also important to the career of director Sam Peckinpah. In 1954, Peckinpah was hired as a dialogue coach for "Riot in Cell Block 11". His job entailed acting as an assistant to the director, Siegel. The film was shot on location at Folsom Prison. Siegel's location work and his use of actual prisoners as extras in the film made a lasting impression on Peckinpah. He worked as a dialogue coach on four additional Siegel films: "Private Hell 36" (1954), "An Annapolis Story" (1955), "Invasion of the Body Snatchers" (1956) and "Crime in the Streets" (1956). 25 years later, Peckinpah was all but banished from the industry due to his troubled film productions. Siegel gave the director a chance to return to filmmaking. He asked Peckinpah if he would be interested in directing 12 days of second unit work on "Jinxed!". Peckinpah immediately accepted, and his earnest collaboration with his longtime friend was noted within the industry. While Peckinpah's work was uncredited, it would lead to his hiring as the director of his final film "The Osterman Weekend" (1983).

Cameos.

He has a cameo role (as a bartender) in Eastwood's "Play Misty for Me" as well as in "Dirty Harry". In Philip Kaufman's 1978 "Invasion of the Body Snatchers", a remake of Siegel's own 1956 film, he appears as a "pod" taxi driver. In "Charley Varrick" starring Walter Matthau (a film slated for Eastwood but ultimately turned down by the actor), he has a cameo as a ping-pong player. He appears in the 1985 John Landis ‘Into the Night.’

Personal life.

Born 1912 in Chicago Don was the son of mandolin virtuoso Samuel Siegel. From 1948 to 1953 he was married to actress Viveca Lindfors, with whom he had a son, Kristoffer Tabori. He married Doe Avedon (a former model and actress and ex-wife of photographer Richard Avedon) in 1957. They adopted four children, Nowell Siegel, Anney Siegel-Wamsat, Katherine Saldiveri, and Jack Siegel. They divorced in 1975. He married Carol Rydall, former secretary to Clint Eastwood. They remained together until he died at the age of 78 from cancer in Nipomo, California. He is buried near Highway 1 in the coastal Cayucos-Morro Bay District Cemetery. Siegel was an atheist.

Donald Siegel (; October 26, 1912 – April 20, 1991) was an American film and television director and producer. His name variously appeared in the credits of his films as both Don Siegel and Donald Siegel. He directed the science fiction horror film "Invasion of the Body Snatchers" (1956), as well as five films with Clint Eastwood, including the police thriller "Dirty Harry" (1971) and the prison drama "Escape from Alcatraz" (1979), and John Wayne's final film, the Western "The Shootist" (1976).

Donald Siegel (26. října 1912 Chicago – 20. dubna 1991 San Luis Obispo County) byl americký filmový režisér, herec a producent.


Explanation.

Pyroelectricity can be visualized as one side of a triangle, where each corner represents energy states in the crystal: kinetic, electrical and thermal energies. The side between electrical and thermal corners represents the pyroelectric effect and produces no kinetic energy. The side between kinetic and electrical corners represents the piezoelectric effect and produces no heat.  Pyroelectric charge in minerals develops on the opposite faces of asymmetric crystals. The direction in which the propagation of the charge tends is usually constant throughout a pyroelectric material, but, in some materials, this direction can be changed by a nearby electric field. These materials are said to exhibit ferroelectricity. All known pyroelectric materials are also piezoelectric. Despite being pyroelectric, novel materials such as boron aluminum nitride (BAlN) and boron gallium nitride (BGaN) have zero piezoelectric response for strain along the c-axis at certain compositions, the two properties being closely related. However, note that some piezoelectric materials have a crystal symmetry that does not allow pyroelectricity.  Pyroelectric materials are mostly hard and crystals, however, soft pyroelectricity can be achieved by using electrets.  Pyroelectricity is measured as the change in net polarization (a vector) proportional to a change in temperature. The total pyroelectric coefficient measured at constant stress is the sum of the pyroelectric coefficients at constant strain (primary pyroelectric effect) and the piezoelectric contribution from thermal expansion (secondary pyroelectric effect). Under normal circumstances, even polar materials do not display a net dipole moment. As a consequence there are no electric dipole equivalents of bar magnets because the intrinsic dipole moment is neutralized by "free" electric charge that builds up on the surface by internal conduction or from the ambient atmosphere. Polar crystals only reveal their nature when perturbed in some fashion that momentarily upsets the balance with the compensating surface charge.  Spontaneous polarization is temperature dependent, so a good perturbation probe is a change in temperature which induces a flow of charge to and from the surfaces. This is the pyroelectric effect. All polar crystals are pyroelectric, so the 10 polar crystal classes are sometimes referred to as the pyroelectric classes. Pyroelectric materials can be used as infrared and millimeter wavelength radiation detectors.  An electret is the electrical equivalent of a permanent magnet.

Mathematical description.

The pyroelectric coefficient may be described as the change in the spontaneous polarization vector with temperature: where "p" (CmK) is the vector for the pyroelectric coefficient.

History.

The first reference to the pyroelectric effect is found in writings by Theophrastus (c. 314 BC), who noted that "lyngourion", tourmaline, could attract sawdust or bits of straw when heated. Tourmaline's properties were rediscovered in 1707 by Johann Georg Schmidt, who noted that the stone attracted only hot ashes, not cold ones. In 1717 Louis Lemery noticed, as Schmidt had, that small scraps of non-conducting material were first attracted to tourmaline, but then repelled by it once they contacted the stone. In 1747 Linnaeus first related the phenomenon to electricity (he called tourmaline "Lapidem Electricum", "the electric stone"), although this was not proven until 1756 by Franz Ulrich Theodor Aepinus.  Research into pyroelectricity became more sophisticated in the 19th century. In 1824 Sir David Brewster gave the effect the name it has today. Both William Thomson in 1878 and Woldemar Voigt in 1897 helped develop a theory for the processes behind pyroelectricity. Pierre Curie and his brother, Jacques Curie, studied pyroelectricity in the 1880s, leading to their discovery of some of the mechanisms behind piezoelectricity.

Crystal classes.

All crystal structures belong to one of thirty-two crystal classes based on the number of rotational axes and reflection planes they possess that leave the crystal structure unchanged (point groups). Of the thirty-two crystal classes, twenty-one are non-centrosymmetric (not having a centre of symmetry). Of these twenty-one, twenty exhibit direct piezoelectricity, the remaining one being the cubic class 432. Ten of these twenty piezoelectric classes are polar, i.e., they possess a spontaneous polarization, having a dipole in their unit cell, and exhibit pyroelectricity. If this dipole can be reversed by the application of an electric field, the material is said to be ferroelectric. Any dielectric material develops a dielectric polarization (electrostatics) when an electric field is applied, but a substance which has such a natural charge separation even in the absence of a field is called a polar material. Whether or not a material is polar is determined solely by its crystal structure. Only 10 of the 32 point groups are polar. All polar crystals are pyroelectric, so the ten polar crystal classes are sometimes referred to as the pyroelectric classes.  Piezoelectric crystal classes: 1, 2, m, 222, mm2, 4, -4, 422, 4mm, -42m, 3, 32, 3m, 6, -6, 622, 6mm, -62m, 23, -43m  Pyroelectric: 1, 2, m, mm2, 3, 3m, 4, 4mm, 6, 6mm

Related effects.

Two effects which are closely related to pyroelectricity are ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity. Normally materials are very nearly electrically neutral on the macroscopic level. However, the positive and negative charges which make up the material are not necessarily distributed in a symmetric manner. If the sum of charge times distance for all elements of the basic cell does not equal zero the cell will have an electric dipole moment (a vector quantity). The dipole moment per unit volume is defined as the dielectric polarization. If this dipole moment changes with the effect of applied temperature changes, applied electric field, or applied pressure, the material is pyroelectric, ferroelectric, or piezoelectric, respectively.  The ferroelectric effect is exhibited by materials which possess an electric polarization in the absence of an externally applied electric field such that the polarization can be reversed if the electric field is reversed. Since all ferroelectric materials exhibit a spontaneous polarization, all ferroelectric materials are also pyroelectric (but not all pyroelectric materials are ferroelectric).  The piezoelectric effect is exhibited by crystals (such as quartz or ceramic) for which an electric voltage across the material appears when pressure is applied. Similar to pyroelectric effect, the phenomenon is due to the asymmetric structure of the crystals that allows ions to move more easily along one axis than the others. As pressure is applied, each side of the crystal takes on an opposite charge, resulting in a voltage drop across the crystal.  Pyroelectricity should not be confused with thermoelectricity: In a typical demonstration of pyroelectricity, the whole crystal is changed from one temperature to another, and the result is a temporary voltage across the crystal. In a typical demonstration of thermoelectricity, one part of the device is kept at one temperature and the other part at a different temperature, and the result is a "permanent" voltage across the device as long as there is a temperature difference. Both effects convert temperature change to electrical potential, but the pyroelectric effect converts temperature change over "time" into electrical potential, while the thermoelectric effect converts temperature change with "position" into electrical potential.

Pyroelectric materials.

Although artificial pyroelectric materials have been engineered, the effect was first discovered in minerals such as tourmaline. The pyroelectric effect is also present in bone and tendon.  The most important example is gallium nitride, a semiconductor. The large electric fields in this material are detrimental in light emitting diodes (LEDs), but useful for the production of power transistors.  Progress has been made in creating artificial pyroelectric materials, usually in the form of a thin film, using gallium nitride (GaN), caesium nitrate (CsNO), polyvinyl fluorides, derivatives of phenylpyridine, and cobalt phthalocyanine. Lithium tantalate (LiTaO) is a crystal exhibiting both piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties, which has been used to create small-scale nuclear fusion ("pyroelectric fusion"). Recently, pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties have been discovered in doped hafnium oxide (HfO), which is a standard material in CMOS manufacturing.

Applications.

Heat sensors.

Very small changes in temperature can produce a pyroelectric potential. Passive infrared sensors are often designed around pyroelectric materials, as the heat of a human or animal from several feet away is enough to generate a voltage.

Power generation.

A pyroelectric can be repeatedly heated and cooled (analogously to a heat engine) to generate usable electrical power. One group calculated that a pyroelectric in an Ericsson cycle could reach 50% of Carnot efficiency, while a different study found a material that could, in theory, reach 84-92% of Carnot efficiency (these efficiency values are for the pyroelectric itself, ignoring losses from heating and cooling the substrate, other heat-transfer losses, and all other losses elsewhere in the system). Possible advantages of pyroelectric generators for generating electricity (as compared to the conventional heat engine plus electrical generator) include: potentially lower operating temperatures, less bulky equipment, and fewer moving parts. Although a few patents have been filed for such a device, such generators do not appear to be anywhere close to commercialization.

Nuclear fusion.

Pyroelectric materials have been used to generate large electric fields necessary to steer deuterium ions in a nuclear fusion process. This is known as pyroelectric fusion.

Pyroelectricity (from the two Greek words "pyr" meaning fire, and electricity) is a property of certain crystals which are naturally electrically polarized and as a result contain large electric fields. Pyroelectricity can be described as the ability of certain materials to generate a temporary voltage when they are heated or cooled. The change in temperature modifies the positions of the atoms slightly within the crystal structure, such that the polarization of the material changes. This polarization change gives rise to a voltage across the crystal. If the temperature stays constant at its new value, the pyroelectric voltage gradually disappears due to leakage current. (The leakage can be due to electrons moving through the crystal, ions moving through the air, or current leaking through a voltmeter attached across the crystal.)

Pyroelektrický jev je schopnost některých krystalů generovat elektrický náboj při změně teploty. Je obdobou piezoelektrického jevu, při němž vzniká elektrický náboj na povrchu krystalu při mechanickém stlačení.


Plot.

Jack Malik is a struggling singer-songwriter from Lowestoft who plays gigs to tiny crowds. His manager and childhood friend Ellie Appleton encourages him not to give up on his dreams. During a global blackout, Jack is hit by a bus. After recovering, he sings the Beatles song "Yesterday" for his friends, and discovers they have never heard of the Beatles. After realising no one in the world remembers them, Jack begins performing Beatles songs, passing them off as his own.  Ellie has Jack record a demo with Gavin, a local music producer. Following a performance on local television, Jack is invited by pop star Ed Sheeran to play as his opening act in Moscow. Ellie declines to join him, saying she must work at her day job as a schoolteacher, so Jack's roadie friend Rocky travels with him instead. After the gig, Sheeran challenges Jack to a songwriting duel, which he loses to Jack's "The Long and Winding Road". In Los Angeles, Sheeran's ruthless manager Debra Hammer signs Jack to her label and engineers his rise to global fame.  At Jack's going-away party before his permanent move to L.A., Ellie confesses that she has always been in love with him. Jack starts recording an album at EastWest Studios, but cannot remember the lyrics for "Eleanor Rigby." Hoping to trigger memories, Jack goes to the Beatles' hometown of Liverpool, visiting landmarks such as Strawberry Field, Penny Lane, and the grave of Eleanor Rigby. Ellie joins him in Liverpool, and they spend a drunken evening and kiss, but Ellie tells Jack she is not interested in a one-night stand. The next morning, Jack and Rocky pursue Ellie to the train station, where she congratulates Jack but tells him she cannot be a part of his celebrity life. Jack returns to Los Angeles heartbroken and desperate to have a normal life again, while Ellie begins dating Gavin.  The record label prepares to launch Jack's debut album, "One Man Only". Jack persuades them to launch the album with a rooftop concert in Gorleston-on-Sea. Two fans approach him backstage and tell him they know he didn't write the songs, but thank him, having feared the Beatles' music was gone forever. They give him the address of John Lennon, who has survived into old age out of the public spotlight. John, who has lived a happy life with his wife, advises Jack to pursue the one he loves and always tell the truth.  Jack calls in a favour with Sheeran, who arranges for him to perform at Wembley Stadium. Jack confesses to the crowd that he plagiarised the music and that he loves Ellie, and has Rocky upload the songs free to the internet, sabotaging the record release and enraging Debra. Jack and Ellie marry and start a family, and Jack gives up stardom to become a music teacher.

Cast.

In addition, James Corden and Michael Kiwanuka appear as themselves, and Robert Carlyle makes an uncredited appearance as John Lennon.

Production.

Writing.

"Yesterday" began as a 2012 screenplay, "Cover Version," by Jack Barth. Barth had been struggling to sell screenplays for decades, and conceived the story when it occurred to him that "if "Star Wars" hadn't been made and I just came up with the idea for "Star Wars", I bet I wouldn't be able to sell it". In Barth's script, a "meditation on professional disappointment", Jack did not find success with the Beatles songs.  An early version of the screenplay was worked on by Mackenzie Crook, who intended to direct; Crook left to work on his television series "Detectorists." The script was passed to the production company Working Title. Years later, while working on clearance rights for the Beatles songs, a Working Title producer mentioned the screenplay to filmmaker Richard Curtis, who decided to buy it and rewrite it as a romantic comedy.  According to several interviews, Curtis did not read Barth's script, preferring to use the premise to write his own version; he told "Den of Geek": "I had the one-sentence then said I don't want any more information because I sometimes found when I worked with original material that it doesn't come from the heart. So I tried to write a whole film that meant something to me, rather than having too much extra information." However, according to Barth, the final film includes many elements of his screenplay, including John Lennon as a wizened fisherman and the final "Harry Potter" joke. Curtis credited the joke to a suggestion from Sarah Silverman, who is thanked in the credits.  Barth complained that Curtis had taken sole credit for the screenplay and damaged him financially. He felt that Curtis had changed the story to make Jack a successful songwriter as a reflection of his own career: "He met Rowan Atkinson at Oxford, he came out of Oxford and immediately rode Rowan Atkinson to huge success in his early twenties, he's never been knocked out, as far as I know. Why "wouldn't" this guy become the most successful songwriter in the world?”

Casting.

In March 2018, it was announced that Curtis and director Danny Boyle were working on a musical comedy set in the 1960s or 1970s following "a struggling musician who thinks he's the only person who can remember the Beatles", with Himesh Patel cast in the lead role. Boyle convinced Patel was the right choice after listening to him perform the Beatles songs "Yesterday" and "Back in the U.S.S.R." during auditions. Boyle felt that Patel's voice had soul. Patel sang and performed guitar and piano himself. Ed Sheeran's supporting role was originally intended for Coldplay singer Chris Martin, who turned it down.  Later in March 2018, Lily James and Kate McKinnon joined the cast. Boyle informed the surviving members and widows of the Beatles about the film and received a reply he described as "lovely" from Beatles drummer Ringo Starr. In April 2018, it was revealed that Ed Sheeran had joined the cast and would potentially also write new music for the film, which would also include Beatles songs. Later that month, Ana de Armas and Lamorne Morris had also joined the cast. In May 2018, Sophia Di Martino, Joel Fry and Harry Michell joined.

Filming.

Filming began on 21 April 2018, with production in the United Kingdom starting on 26 April 2018, with scenes filmed all around Suffolk in Cantley, Halesworth, Dunwich, Shingle Street, Latitude Festival and Clacton-on-Sea, Essex. A casting call was issued for extras in overnight scenes shot immediately after Sheeran's four consecutive concerts at the Principality Stadium in Cardiff, Wales in May 2018. A further 5,000 extras appeared in scenes at Gorleston-on-Sea Beach in Norfolk in June 2018. Wembley Stadium was also used to film a concert scene. Filming also took place in Liverpool, making use of Penny Lane, Liverpool John Lennon Airport, Lime Street Station and the Queensway Tunnel.  In February 2019, it was announced that the title of the film was "Yesterday". It is estimated to have cost around $10 million to get the rights for the Beatles' songs to be featured in the film, with the rights to their music being held by Apple Records and Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Scenes with de Armas, who played another love interest for Jack, were cut as test audiences felt it made Jack less sympathetic.

Release.

"Yesterday" was initially set for a September 2019 release, but was moved up to 28 June 2019, largely as a result of a copyright suit filed by Paul McCartney. The rights to some of the earlier Beatles songs used in the film would revert to McCartney in the autumn of 2019, and Sony Music wanted to get ahead of it.  The first official trailer of the film was released on 12 February 2019. The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on 4 May 2019. A local screening of the film took place at the Gorleston Palace cinema on 21 June 2019. Universal spent $75.4 million promoting the film worldwide.

Reception.

Box office.

"Yesterday" grossed $73.3million in the United States and Canada, and $80.4million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $153.7million, against a production budget of $26million. "Deadline Hollywood" calculated the net profit of the film to be $45million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues. However, Universal officially took an $87.8 million loss on the film, which "Deadline" deduced would eventually result in a $26.5 million profit after TV and video sales were taken into account.  In the United States and Canada, the film was projected to gross $10–15 million from 2,603 theatres in its opening weekend. The film made $6.1 million on its first day, including $1.25 million from Thursday night previews. The opening day audiences were mostly aged over 25 (75%), female (56%), and Caucasian (65%). It ended up slightly exceeding projections and debuting to $17 million, finishing third behind "Toy Story 4" and "Annabelle Comes Home". In its second weekend the film made $10.7 million, again finishing in third (behind "" and "Toy Story 4"), then grossed $6.8 million in its third weekend, falling to fifth.  In other territories, the film opened to, including $2.8 million in the United Kingdom (where it finished second behind "Toy Story 4") and $2.5 million in Australia.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 63% based on 338 reviews, with an average rating of 6.32/10. The site's critical consensus reads: ""Yesterday" may fall short of fab, but the end result is still a sweetly charming fantasy with an intriguing—albeit somewhat under-explored—premise." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an 87% overall positive score and a 63% "definite recommend".  Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gave the film four out of five stars, writing "although this film can be a bit hokey and uncertain on narrative development, the puppyish zest and fun summoned up by Curtis and Boyle carry it along." Robbie Collin also responded positively in his review for "The Daily Telegraph", saying the film "rallies in style for a beautifully judged and surprisingly moving finale, which owes a lot to Patel and James's chemistry." Owen Gleiberman of "Variety", meanwhile, was less enthusiastic, claiming the film had little soul and calling it a "rom-com wallpapered with the Beatles' greatness." Laura Snapes of "The Guardian" called "Yesterday" "the latest jukebox movie to put its women on mute."  Paul McCartney and his wife Nancy Shevell snuck into a theater in The Hamptons to see the film and "loved it".

Home media.

, it has been estimated that the film will have generated in global television revenue, in addition to in net revenue for home video and streaming. This adds up to a total estimated home media revenue of.

Similarities.

The film drew comparisons to several other works dealing with a similar premise or theme. Similarities can be found in the 2011 French graphic novel "Yesterday" by David Blot and Jérémie Royer, the 2011 Japanese manga by Tetsuo Fujii and Kaiji Kawaguchi, the 1990s British sitcom "Goodnight Sweetheart", the 2006 French film "Jean-Philippe", and the 2013 novel "Enormity" by Nick Milligan. In July 2019, Danny Boyle said he was not aware of any earlier works that had a similar premise when he read the script, but that he had only recently became aware of a French film and British sitcom with a similar premise.

Yesterday is a 2019 romantic comedy film directed by Danny Boyle and screenplay by Richard Curtis, based on a story by Jack Barth and Curtis. Himesh Patel stars as struggling musician Jack Malik, who, after an accident, finds himself the only person who remembers the Beatles and becomes famous after taking credit for their songs. The film also stars Lily James as the protagonist's childhood friend and love interest, Kate McKinnon as his manager, and Ed Sheeran as himself.

Yesterday (česky Včera) je britský film z roku 2019. Scénář napsal Richard Curtis, režie se ujal Danny Boyle. V českých kinech měl premiéru 27. června 2019, v amerických o den později, 28. června 2019.


History.

Taylor played the guitars in the original demo, but they were later rerecorded by May on his Red Special and Taylor also doubled on electric guitar in addition to drums. The lead vocals were performed by Taylor on the studio version and all released live versions. The revving sounds at the conclusion of the song were a recording of Taylor's then current car, an Alfa Romeo. The lyrics were inspired by one of the band's roadies, Johnathan Harris, whose Triumph TR4 was evidently the "love of his life". The song is dedicated to him, with the liner notes mentioning, "Dedicated to Johnathan Harris, boy racer to the end".  When it came down to releasing the album's first single, Taylor was so fond of his song that he urged Freddie Mercury (author of the first single, "Bohemian Rhapsody") to allow it to be the B-side and locked himself in a cupboard until Mercury agreed. This decision would later become the cause of much internal friction in the band, in that while it was only the B-side, it generated an equal amount of publishing royalties for Taylor as the main single did for Mercury simply because it was the B-side to "Bohemian Rhapsody".  The song was often played live during the 1977–81 period. Taylor sang it from the drums while Mercury played piano and provided backing vocals. During the News of the World Tour, Mercury would often sing the chorus lines with Taylor.  The song was used in a 2004 advertisement for Jaguar.  The song's title is used as a running joke in the 2018 Queen biopic "Bohemian Rhapsody", starting with an argument between Taylor (Ben Hardy) and May (Gwilym Lee) over the song's lyrical content. Later in the film, EMI executive Ray Foster (Mike Myers) suggests to have it or "You're My Best Friend" released as the first single to "A Night at the Opera" instead of "Bohemian Rhapsody". Shortly afterwards, on Kenny Everett's radio show, Freddie Mercury hands the single to the eponymous host, who then reads out "I'm In Love With My Car" rather than Bohemian Rhapsody, which is then correctly played on air.  The song was also featured in Amazon Prime's 2019 series, "Good Omens".

Reception.

Music writer Tom Reynolds described the song as "seriously, one of the greatest and most passionate love songs I've heard during the last thirty-plus years". AllMusic appreciated it as a "solid, hard hitting rocker" from Taylor. They observed, "The music lives up to the macho tone of the lyrics by matching up verses that swagger in a midtempo hard rock style", regarding it as an "album highlight".

"I'm in Love with My Car" is a song by the British rock band Queen, released on their fourth album "A Night at the Opera" in 1975. It is the album's only song written entirely by drummer Roger Taylor

I'm in Love with My Car je píseň britské rockové skupiny Queen. Skladbu napsal roku 1975 bubeník kapely Roger Taylor. Vyšla na čtvrtém albu skupiny "A Night at the Opera" a následně i jako B strana singlu „Bohemian Rhapsody“.


Plot.

Demonologists Ed and Lorraine Warren confiscate the Annabelle doll from nurses Debbie and Camilla, who claim that the doll often performed violent activities in their apartment. During the drive back home, the doll summons spirits to attack Ed, but he narrowly survives. Annabelle is locked in a sacred glass case in the couple's artifacts room that is blessed by Father Gordon to ensure the evil is contained.  Sometime later, the Warrens welcome Mary Ellen, who will be in charge of babysitting their daughter, Judy, at the house while they travel overnight to investigate another case. At school, Judy notices the spirit of a priest that begins following her. Mary Ellen's friend Daniela arrives uninvited to the Warrens' home, who is secretly curious about speaking to the dead. She sneaks into the artifacts room and starts examining them, ultimately trying to contact her late father. She abruptly leaves Annabelle's glass case unlocked, and the terror begins shortly afterward with the spirit of Annabelle "Bee" Mullins unleashed. That night, Annabelle begins releasing other spirits, such as the Ferryman, the Bride, a Feeley Meeley board game, and the Black Shuck.  Mary Ellen's crush Bob Palmeri arrives outside and serenades her, but is later attacked by the Black Shuck and hides in the Warrens' backyard. Mary Ellen is tormented by the Ferryman, while Judy is confronted by Annabelle in her bedroom. Daniela had left earlier but sneaks back to return the artifacts room's keys. She gets locked inside the room and tormented by various objects, such as a piano and an old television that can predict the near future. She finds the Mourner's Bracelet and sees her father twisted into a malevolent spirit. A bloody and screaming Daniela appears on the television screen after having answered a cursed telephone. The real Daniela later unwittingly reaches to answer the telephone but is interrupted by Judy and Mary Ellen.  Judy explains that they must lock Annabelle in her case again so the other spirits will rest. Bob protects Judy from the Black Shuck as she retrieves Mary Ellen's asthma inhaler, while Daniela is attacked and possessed by the Bride. Eventually, Mary Ellen and Judy find the doll when the priest's spirit, acting as Judy's guardian, guides them to the Ferryman. They manage to retrieve the glass case's key after they are attacked by demonic hands from the Feeley Meeley board game, and a possessed Daniela, but struggle to secure the case as the demon of the doll physically attacks them. Daniela recovers when Judy plays Ed's recorded footage of the Bride's exorcism, and helps put the doll back in the case. After the case is locked, the disturbances cease as the spirits return to their slumber, and Bob reunites with the trio.  Ed and Lorraine return the next morning, and the girls approach them to recount the eventful night. Daniela apologizes to Lorraine, who gives her a comforting message from her father. Later, many friends gather to celebrate Judy's birthday party.

Production.

In early April 2018, Warner Bros. announced that a then-untitled film in the Conjuring Universe franchise would be released on July 3, 2019. Later that month, it was announced that the film would be another installment in the "Annabelle" series, with Gary Dauberman signed on to write and direct the film in his directorial debut, based on a story treatment written by Dauberman and James Wan. Wan and Peter Safran co-produced the project. During the 2018 San Diego Comic-Con, Wan and Safran revealed the film's events would take place after "Annabelle" and would focus on the doll after she had been placed in a glass case in the Warrens' museum. Dauberman later confirmed this, stating that the film would take place shortly after the beginning of "The Conjuring" where the titular character is introduced, but also before many of the events of the first installment. On September 5, 2018, Michael Burgess was hired as the film's cinematographer.  In late September 2018, Mckenna Grace was cast in the film as Judy Warren, the Warrens' 10-year-old daughter, and Madison Iseman as one of Judy's teenage babysitters. By October, Katie Sarife had joined the cast. That same month, it was announced Patrick Wilson and Vera Farmiga would reprise their roles as Ed and Lorraine Warren. Principal photography commenced by mid-October in Los Angeles. On December 7, Wilson announced that he had finished filming his scenes. A week later, filming officially wrapped. In February 2019, Joseph Bishara—who composed the scores for "The Conjuring", "Annabelle", "The Conjuring 2", and "The Curse of La Llorona"—was revealed to be returning to score "Annabelle Comes Home". On March 30, 2019, Kirk M. Morri was announced as the film's editor.

Release.

"Annabelle Comes Home" was theatrically released in the United States on June 26, 2019, by Warner Bros. Pictures and New Line Cinema. It was originally scheduled for release on July 3, 2019, but was later moved up to June 28, and then to June 26.  On March 15, 2019, New Line Cinema released a teaser revealing the official title of the film. The first trailer was released on March 30, 2019. A second trailer was released on May 28, 2019. The studio spent a total of $77 million promoting the film.  The film is dedicated to Lorraine Warren, who died on April 18, 2019.  "Annabelle Comes Home" was released on Digital HD on September 17, 2019, and on Blu-ray and DVD on October 8, 2019.

Reception.

Box office.

"Annabelle Comes Home" grossed $74.2million in the United States and Canada, and $157.1million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $231.3million. "Deadline Hollywood" calculated the net profit of the film to be $64million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues.  In the United States and Canada, the film was projected to gross $30–35million from 3,587 theaters over its first five days. It made $7.2million on its first day, a Wednesday, including $3.5million from Tuesday night previews, the third-best total of any "Conjuring" installment. It then made $3.6million on its second day of release for a two-day total of $10.8million. It went on to debut to $20.3million (a five-day total of $31.2million), finishing second at the box office, behind holdover "Toy Story 4", and marking the lowest start of any "Conjuring" film. In its second weekend, the film dropped 52% and grossed $9.8million, finishing in fifth.

Critical response.

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 65% based on 200 reviews, with an average rating of 5.83/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Fun for fans even if it isn't as frightening as some of its predecessors, "Annabelle Comes Home" suggests there's still some life left in the "Conjuring" franchise." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 53 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an average 2.5 out of 5 stars, and a 42% "definite recommend".

Future.

Prior to the release of "Annabelle Comes Home" in June 2019, Gary Dauberman commented on the possibility of another film in the "Annabelle" series: "I didn't look at this process... going, 'What other stuff can we absolutely spin-off into other movies?' [It's about] what works for this movie, and then if people seem to dig it, then we'll go from there." Producer Peter Safran also commented on the possibility, stating that they will continue to develop and create films "as long as [they] keep having original stories to tell. The moment that you start repeating yourself and really diluting the good will that exists out there, then it's the beginning of the end."

Annabelle Comes Home is a 2019 American supernatural horror film directed by Gary Dauberman, in his directorial debut, from a script by Dauberman and a story by Dauberman and James Wan, who also acted as producer with Peter Safran. It serves as a sequel to 2014's "Annabelle" and 2017's "", and as the seventh installment in the Conjuring Universe franchise. The film stars Mckenna Grace, Madison Iseman, and Katie Sarife, along with Patrick Wilson and Vera Farmiga, who reprise their roles as Ed and Lorraine Warren.

Annabelle 3 (v anglickém originále "Annabelle Comes Home") je nadpřirozený hororový film z roku 2019 založený na legendě panenky Annabelle. Premiéru v Česku měl 27. června 2019, ve Spojených státech měl premiéru 26. června 2019. Film přijal smíšené recenze od kritiků. Je pokračováním Annabelle (2014) a (2017). Film napsal a režíroval Gary Dauberman.


Early life.

She was born Yvette Hornère, in Tarbes. Her father Louis Hornère was a property developer. Yvette began musical training at age four by learning to play the piano, studying at the conservatoire in Tarbes and then Toulouse. She picked up the accordion at her mother's behest, after a vacation to Argelès-sur-Mer. Yvette later adopted the surname Horner, also at her mother's suggestion. Horner was raised in Tarbes, where her grandparents operated the Italianate Théatre Impérial.

Career.

Horner won the "Coupe mondiale" (world cup) of the Confédération internationale des accordéonistes in 1948. She returned from Switzerland and played several gigs in cinemas and casinos. Four years after the competition, the company Calor invited her to perform in the publicity caravan associated with the Tour de France. Horner's husband, the footballer René Dresch, convinced her to accept the offer, and later ended his athletic career to support Horner's performances. Horner played her last Tour de France in 1965, and Dresch died in 1986.  Over the course of her career, Horner released over a hundred albums in a number of musical genres. She continued to make music throughout her later life. Performances included recording with Charlie McCoy, a 1994 appearance on "Taratata" alongside Boy George, and Maurice Béjart's version of "The Nutcracker", first staged in 2000. Horner's memoirs were published in 2005.  A public square in Tarbes was named for her. She was a Commander of the Legion of Honour, and a Commander of the National Order of Merit. She died at the age of 95 on 11 June 2018.

Yvette Horner (22 September 1922 – 11 June 2018) was a French accordionist known for performing with the Tour de France during the 1950s and 1960s.

Yvette Hornerová (22. září 1922 Tarbes – 11. června 2018 Courbevoie) byla francouzská akordeonistka. Od čtyř let se učila hrát na klavír. V roce 1948 se stala mistryní světa ve hře na akordeon, za svoje debutové album získala v roce 1950 Grand Prix du disque (Charles Cros). V padesátých a šedesátých letech odjela jedenáct ročníků Tour de France, kdy během etap stála na střeše vozu Citroën Traction Avant v reklamní koloně a hrála na akordeon. Její hudební produkce i s typickým slaměným kloboukem se stala jedním ze symbolů závodu.


Function.

The CCG is known to perform mostly coastal and oceanic search and rescue or patrols, including anti-smuggling operations. During wartime it may be placed under the operational control of the People's Liberation Army Navy.

Roles.

Roles of the CCG are diverse but include: In June 2018, the China Coast Guard was granted maritime rights and law enforcement akin civilian law enforcement agencies in order to carry out contrast of illegal activities, keep peace and order, as well as safeguarding security at sea, when performing duties related to the use of marine resources, protection of marine environment, regulation of fishery, and anti-smuggling.

Command.

After the reform in 2018, CCG consists commands (subbureaus) and divisions (local bureaus). The name in the parentheses is for general use.

Training.

The Chinese Coast Guard conducts periodic joint-training sessions with other navies, including the US Coast Guard service. The Chinese Coast Guard also participates in the annual North Pacific Coast Guard Agencies Forum in Alaska, along with US, Canadian, Japanese, South Korean, and Russian Coast Guards. As part of an exchange program, members of the Chinese Coast Guard service have been assigned to serve on U.S. Coast Guard cutters.

Equipment.

Vessels.

Chinese Coast Guard ships are painted white with blue stripe and wording China Coast Guard in English and Chinese.  Typical Coast Guard ships include the 130 ton Type 218 patrol boat (100 boats), armed with twin 14.5mm machine guns, assorted speedboats, and few larger patrol ships. Up until very recently, the largest ship in Chinese Coast Guard service was the 1,500 ton Type 718 cutter (31101 Pudong).  In March 2007, it was reported that the PLAN had transferred 2 Type 728 cutter (44102, ex-509 Changde; 46103, ex-510 Shaoxing) to the Coast Guard and re-numbered them as 1002 & 1003. At the time these ships were the largest vessels in the China Coast Guard inventory.  In May 2017, it was reported that China had deployed the 12,000 ton China Coast Guard (CCG) 3901 cutter No. 1123 to patrol its claimed islands in the disputed South China Sea. The CCG 3901 cutter is the world's biggest coast guard cutter, and is much larger than the U.S. Navy's 9,800 ton "Ticonderoga"-class guided-missile cruisers and its 8,300-9,300 ton "Arleigh Burke"-class guided missile destroyers. The CCG 3901 cutter is armed with 76mm H/PJ-26 rapid fire naval guns, two auxiliary guns, and two anti-aircraft guns.

The Chinese People's Armed Police Force Coast Guard Corps (), also called China Coast Guard Bureau () and abbreviated as China Coast Guard () or Haijing () serves as a coordinating agency for maritime search and rescue and law enforcement in the territorial waters of the People's Republic of China. It is currently the world's largest coast guard.

Čínská pobřežní stráž (čínsky: 中国海警, pchin-jinem: "Zhōngguó Hǎijĭng") je ozbrojeným sborem Čínské lidové republiky. Původně byla podřízena Ministerstvu státní bezpečnosti. Roku 2013 vznikla sjednocená Čínská pobřežní stráž, která byla součástí civilní agentury podřízené Ministerstvu půdy a přírodních zdrojů, ale v roce 2018 prošla militarizací. K 1. červenci 2018 byla převedena pod Čínskou lidovou ozbrojenou polici, která je podřízena Ústřední vojenské komisi ČLR.


Design and development.

The design that eventually became the NK-12 turboprop was developed after World War II by a team of Russian scientists and deported German engineers under Ferdinand Brandner, who had worked for Junkers previously; the design bureau was headed by chief engineer Nikolai D. Kuznetsov. Thus, the NK-12 design evolved from late-war German turboprop studies. This started with the postwar development of the wartime Jumo 022 turboprop design that was designed to develop, weighing. The effort continued with a, weighing, completed by 1947. Evolution to the TV-12 engine required extensive use of new Soviet-developed alloys and was completed in 1951.  The NK-12 remains the most powerful turboprop engine to enter service, although the Europrop TP400 (in 2005) has come close to this. Another engine of similar size, the Pratt & Whitney T57 with and jet thrust, ran 3,100 hours before being cancelled in 1957. The NK-12 powers the Tupolev Tu-95 bomber and its derivatives such as the Tu-142 maritime patrol aircraft and the Tupolev Tu-114 airliner (with NK-12MV), which still holds the title of the world's fastest propeller-driven aircraft despite being retired from service in 1991. It also powered the Antonov An-22 Antei (with NK-12MA), the world's largest aircraft at the time, and several types of amphibious assault craft, such as the A-90 Orlyonok "Ekranoplan".  The engine has a 14-stage axial-flow compressor, producing pressure ratios between 9:1 and 13:1 depending on altitude, with variable inlet guide vanes and blow-off valves for engine operability. The combustion system used is a cannular-type: each flame tube is centrally mounted on a downstream injector that ends in an annular secondary region. The contra-rotating propellers and compressor are driven by the five-stage axial turbine. Mass flow is 65 kg (143 lb) per second.

Variants.

Data from Alexandrov

The Kuznetsov NK-12 is a Soviet turboprop engine of the 1950s, designed by the Kuznetsov design bureau. The NK-12 drives two large four-bladed contra-rotating propellers, diameter (NK-12MA), and diameter (NK-12MV). It is the most powerful turboprop engine to enter service.

Kuzněcov NK-12 je sovětský turbovrtulový motor z padesátých let, který vznikl v konstrukční kanceláři Kuzněcov. Motor NK-12 má dvě velké čtyřilisté protiběžné vrtule o průměru 5,6 m (NK-12MA) a 6,2 m (20 ft) (NK-12MV). Jedná se o nejvýkonnější turbovrtulový motor, který se dostal do provozu.


Plot.

In 1943, the Axis powers plan an assault on the island of Kheros, where 2,000 British soldiers are marooned, to display their military strength and convince neutral Turkey to join them. Rescue by the Royal Navy is prevented by two massive radar-directed large-calibre guns on (fictional) nearby Navarone Island. When aerial bombing efforts fail, Allied Intelligence gathers a commando unit to infiltrate Navarone and destroy the guns. Led by Major Roy Franklin (Anthony Quayle), the team is composed of Captain Keith Mallory (Gregory Peck), a renowned spy and an officer with the Long Range Desert Group (LRDG); Colonel Andrea Stavrou (Anthony Quinn) from the defeated Greek Army; Franklin's best friend Corporal Miller (David Niven), an explosives expert and former chemistry teacher; Greco-American Spyros Pappadimos (James Darren), a native of Navarone; and "Butcher" Brown (Stanley Baker), an engineer and expert knife fighter.  Disguised as Greek fishermen on a decrepit fishing vessel, they sail across the Aegean Sea, where they successfully overwhelm the crew of a German patrol boat intercepting them. Later in the voyage, Mallory confides to Franklin that Stavrou had sworn to kill him after the war, because Mallory was inadvertently responsible for the deaths of Stavrou's wife and children. After shipwrecking on Navarone's coast during a storm, the experienced mountaineer Mallory leads the team in a climb up the cliff, during which Franklin badly injures his leg. While taking shelter in the mountains, Mallory stops Franklin from committing suicide and lies to him that their mission is only a diversion, and that a major naval attack will be mounted on the coast instead. They rendezvous with two local resistance fighters, Spyros' sister Maria (Irene Papas) and her friend Anna (Gia Scala), who was once captured and tortured by the Germans before escaping.  The mission is continually dogged by German soldiers and the group is eventually captured in the town of Mandrakos by Oberleutnant Muesel (Walter Gotell) while trying to find a doctor for Franklin (whose leg is infected with gangrene). While being interrogated by SS Hauptsturmführer Sessler (George Mikell), Stavrou distracts the Germans and the team overpower their captors. They escape in German uniforms, leaving Franklin behind to receive medical attention. In due course, Franklin is injected with scopolamine and gives up Mallory's misinformation. As Mallory had hoped, most forces leave the fortress to counter the expected coastal attack. Upon infiltrating the village of Navarone, however, Miller discovers most of his explosives have been sabotaged and deduces that Anna is the culprit. She confesses that she did not escape but that the Germans recruited her as an informer in exchange for her release. Mallory reluctantly prepares to execute Anna as a precaution against detection, but Maria shoots her instead.  The team splits up: Mallory and Miller go for the guns, Stavrou and Spyros create distractions in town (assisted by local residents), and Maria and Brown steal a boat for their escape. Spyros dies in a stand-off with a German officer, and Brown from being stabbed during the boat theft. Meanwhile, Mallory and Miller infiltrate the gun emplacement, but set off an alarm when they seal the doors behind them. Miller plants explosives on the guns and prepares a large booby trap below an ammunition hoist, with a trigger device set into the hoist's track. The Germans eventually gain entry into the gun emplacement and defuse the explosives planted directly on the guns; meanwhile, Mallory and Miller make their escape over the cliff, reaching the stolen boat. A wounded Stavrou is also able to reach the sea and is helped aboard by Mallory, thus resolving the blood feud between them.  As the Allied destroyers trying to rescue the trapped British troops appear, the Germans open fire at them. When the hoist reaches Miller's trigger, the hidden explosives set off the surrounding shells in a huge explosion that destroys the guns and the entire fortress. Mallory's team safely reaches the British convoy, but Stavrou shakes Mallory's hand and decides to return to Navarone with Maria, with whom he has fallen in love. Mallory and Miller, returning home, observe the aftermath of their success from a destroyer.  Peter Grant, who had a brief (three films) career as an uncredited extra before becoming music manager of such popular English bands as the Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin and Bad Company, played an uncredited British commando.

Production.

The film was part of a cycle of big-budget World War II adventures that included "The Bridge on the River Kwai" (1957), "The Longest Day" (1962) and "The Great Escape" (1963). The novel had been a best seller and was read by Mike Frankovich head of Columbia Pictures, who became excited as to its cinematic possibilities. He showed it to Carl Foreman, who had written "Bridge on the River Kwai" and had a producing deal with Columbia, who was not as enthusiastic at first, in part because he knew how difficult making a movie version would be. Foreman eventually changed his mind and agreed to make the movie.  The screenplay, adapted by producer Carl Foreman, made significant changes from the novel "The Guns of Navarone" by Alistair MacLean. Foreman wanted to direct as well but Columbia refused, insisting on a British director. The job went to Alexander Mackendrick who said he "wanted to take what was essentially a typical, action-packed wartime melodrama and give it some pretentious overtones."  Mackendrick was fired by Carl Foreman a week before shooting started due to "creative differences". He was replaced by J. Lee Thompson, in part because star Gregory Peck was impressed by "North West Frontier".  The role played by Niven was originally intended for Kenneth More. Foreman had written the part for More, but the head of Rank, John Davis, refused to loan More out for the film.

Shooting.

The Greek island of Rhodes provided locations - the unit was based on there from April to July 1960. Quinn was so taken with the area that he bought land there in an area still called Anthony Quinn Bay. Some further scenes were shot on the islands of Gozo, near Malta, and Tino, in the Ligurian Sea. One of the warships in the film, the, then a training ship in the Hellenic Navy known as "Aetos" (D-01), is preserved as a museum ship in Albany, New York.  As described by director Thompson in the DVD commentary track, David Niven became severely ill after shooting in the pool of water underneath the cave elevator and almost died, remaining in hospital for some weeks as other portions of the cave sequence were completed by the crew. However, since key scenes with Niven remained incomplete at that time, and it was doubtful whether he would be able to return to finish the film, the entire production was in jeopardy. Reshooting key scenes throughout the film with another actor, and abandoning the project to collect the insurance were contemplated. However, Niven was able to complete his scenes some weeks later.  A complication arose when it was found that Gregory Peck, whose character was supposed to be fluent in German, could not speak the language convincingly. Voice actor Robert Rietty dubbed all of Peck's German dialogue for the film.  The film's maps were created by Halas and Batchelor, a British team best known for their animated films.  Although the island of Navarone is fictional, a map depicted in the film purporting to show the island of Navarone shows it as the real island of Antikythera.  Several members of the Greek royal family visited the set the day the Mandrakos cafe scene was filmed and appear in the background as extras.

Soundtrack.

The film's score was composed by Dimitri Tiomkin and featured arrangements of several traditional songs.  Tiomkin's theme song featured on the soundtrack album with lyrics recounting the plot of the film. His theme became a popular instrumental with several cover versions including a 1965 version by "The Skatalites". Other cover versions were performed by Johnny Griffin, Al Caiola and the Hollyridge Strings.

Release and reception.

"The Guns of Navarone" had its Royal World Premiere in aid of the Edwina Mountbatten Trust and in the presence of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and His Royal Highness Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh on 27 April 1961, at the Odeon Leicester Square in London's West End. The film grossed $28,900,000 at the box office and was the second top-grossing film of 1961, earning a net profit of $18,500,000.  Reviews were mostly positive. Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" called the film "one of those muscle-loaded pictures in the thundering tradition of DeMille, which means more emphasis is placed on melodrama than on character or credibility." He added that while the film was predictable, "for anyone given to letting himself be entertained by scenes of explosive action and individual heroic displays, there should be entertainment in this picture, for there is plenty of all that in it." "Variety" wrote that the film was "the sort of spectacular drama that can ignore any TV competition and, even with its flaws, should have patrons firmly riveted throughout its lengthy narrative. With a bunch of weighty stars, terrific special effects, several socko situations plus good camerawork and other technical okays, Foreman and director J. Lee Thompson have sired a winner." "Harrison's Reports" gave a grade of "Excellent," raving, "The script, direction, acting (by a brilliant cast) and photography are all prizeworthy." Richard L. Coe of "The Washington Post" called the film "a magnificently detailed cliff-hanger of spectacular settings and deeds of impossible derring-do... What makes this one of the good ones is superlative photography of the storied Grecian isles, a crackerjack cast and a yarn about WWII in which unlikely incident succeeds unlikely incident with rare largesse." John L. Scott of the "Los Angeles Times" called it "the best adventure movie to hit the screen this year," adding, "Some viewers will deplore a lack of character motivation—the origins of the six heroes are passed by rather quickly at the beginning—and women may yearn for more romantic passages in the film—but most of us, I am sure, will be satisfied with the epic suspense and sweep of this highly pictorial adventure." Brendan Gill of "The New Yorker" called it one of those movies "that are no less thrilling because they are so preposterous... Let me also confess that I was held more or less spellbound all the way through this many-colored rubbish." "The Monthly Film Bulletin" thought the film fell well short of its ambitions, finding that Foreman's script had "too much diffusion, too much talk, and too many themes raised and dropped, so that the adventure story is not lifted to another plane but overstretched, robbed of the tight narrative concentration needed for a mounting tension." The review also criticized director Thompson for lacking "the ability of the Hollywood veterans to hold a long picture together" and instead moving the action forward "in a series of jerks." , the film held an approval rating of 91% on the review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes based on 23 reviews, with an average score of 7.93 out of 10.

Awards and honours.

Won  Nominated  The film is recognized by the American Film Institute in the following list:

Sequel.

In 1968, author Alistair MacLean reunited Mallory, Miller, and Stavros in the best-selling novel "Force 10 From Navarone", the only sequel of his long writing career. That was in turn filmed as the significantly different "Force 10 from Navarone" in 1978 by British director Guy Hamilton, a veteran of several James Bond films. The cast included Robert Shaw, Harrison Ford and Edward Fox. Though the sequel was a modest success, it did not match the original critically or commercially.

The Guns of Navarone is a 1961 British-American epic adventure war film directed by J. Lee Thompson. The screenplay by producer Carl Foreman was based on Alistair MacLean's 1957 novel "The Guns of Navarone", which was inspired by the Battle of Leros during the Dodecanese Campaign of World War II. The film stars Gregory Peck, David Niven and Anthony Quinn, along with Stanley Baker, Anthony Quayle, Irene Papas, Gia Scala, and James Darren. The book and the film share the same basic plot: the efforts of an Allied commando unit to destroy a seemingly impregnable German fortress that threatens Allied naval ships in the Aegean Sea.

Děla z Navarone ("The Guns of Navarone") je britsko-americký akční film z roku 1961. Hlavní role tohoto filmu ztvárnil Gregory Peck, David Niven a Anthony Quinn. Natáčelo se v Řecku, kde v roce 1943 na ostrově Kheros bylo vysazeno 2000 britských vojáků.