History.

After the last Ice-age had ended at about 8000 BC, settlers of the Stone Age first populated the region. Around 100 AD the region of the later town was inhabited by the East Germanic tribe of the Rugii. According to Ptolemy at the site of the later city was a settlement called Rugium.

Middle Ages.

By the eleventh century a fortress named Dirlow, (or Dirlovo) existed where the River Wieprza entered the Baltic. From this fortress, the district of Dirlow was administered, which belonged to the castelany of Sławno. A town was later founded in the district of Dirlow, but not at the location of the fortress itself.  The town was probably founded in 1270 by Wizlaw II of the Danish Principality of Rügen, at that time also ruler of the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp. The first mention of the town is in a document of 5 February 1271. The settlement decayed.  The town was destroyed in 1283 during a conflict between Wizlaw II and Mestwin II (Polish: Mszczuj or Mściwój). In a chronicle of 1652, Matthäus Merian stated that the town had been destroyed by Bogislaw of Pomerania, when after Mestwin's II death in December 1294 the Duke Przemysł II (future king) of Poland acquired the town, as a consequence of Treaty of Kępno.  The town was rebuilt and on 21 May 1312, the town was granted Lübeck law under the administration of the noble brothers John, Peter, and Lawrence of the Swienca family, vassals of the Brandenburg margraves since 1307. The Brandenburg margraves undertook in 1308 a campaign against Gdańsk.  The town passed to the Duchy of Pomerania in 1347, at that time ruled by the brothers Bogislaw V, Wartislaw V, and Barnim IV of the House of Pomerania dynasty. Bogislaw, son-in-law of king Casimir III of Poland, would become ruler of the area after the partition of Pomerania-Wolgast in 1368. This part duchy was known as Pomerania-Stolp ("Duchy of Słupsk"). Duke Bogislaw VIII, a Polish vassal, tried to direct Polish Baltic trade to the port of Darłowo, but without success.

Transition to modern times.

In 1352 the construction of the castle began, and co-operation with the Hanseatic League ("Hanse") was initiated, with the town becoming a full member of the Hanse in 1412. In 1382 Eric of Pomerania, later the king of Norway, Denmark and Sweden, was born in the town. After losing his thrones, he returned to his birthplace and began to expand his duchy. After his death in 1459, he was buried in St. Mary's Church. After Eric's death, the town was ruled by Duke Eric II of Pomerania-Wolgast.  Another significant ruler was Bogislaw X (1454–1523) under whose administration trade, domestic and international, grew increasing the prosperity of the area.  The town suffered a series of natural disasters. In 1497 and 1552 the harbour of the town, known in German as Rügenwaldermünde, and parts of the town were hit by great storms. Ships which broke from their moorings were seen drifting in the vicinity of the town and of the neighbouring village of Suckow. In 1589, 1624, 1648, 1679 and 1722 fires damaged the town.  After the death of the last Pomeranian Duke Bogislaw XIV in 1637, the end of the contemporary Thirty Years' War in 1648 and the subsequent partition of the Duchy of Pomerania between the Swedish Empire and Brandenburg-Prussia in the Peace of Westphalia and the Treaty of Stettin (1653), Brandenburg included Farther Pomerania with Rügenwalde in her Pomeranian province. The harbour of Rügenwaldermünde was destroyed during the Thirty Years' War by imperial troops, and was reconstructed by order of King Frederick II of Prussia not before 1772. The first lighthouse was built around the year 1715.

19th and 20th centuries.

During the Napoleonic Wars some of Rügenwalde's inhabitants, in particular ship owners and businessmen, profited from smuggling British goods to the continent. In 1871 the town, along with Prussia, became a part of the German Empire. A railway reached the town in 1878. The Royal Swedish Vice Consulate was located in the town in 1859–1901 (Vice Consul Bertold August Riensberg, b. 1823) and in 1914–1936 (Vice Consul Albert Rubensohn, b. 1879).  In 1935 the German Army "", designed for testing heavy guns, including long-range railway guns such as Krupp K5, was built between Rügenwalde's harbour Rügenwaldermünde and the village of Suckow. Some of the largest guns in military history were tested here: Schwerer Gustav and Mörser Karl. Gun barrels with a length of up to were tested. For long-distance tests, target areas within the Baltic Sea North of Großmöllendorf and Henkenhagen (about away from Rügenwaldermünde) and North of Dievenow and Swinemünde ( away) were used. The test site was visited by high-ranking officers of the German Army, Air Force and Navy, including Admiral of the Fleet Erich Raeder and field marshals von Rundstedt, Wilhelm Keitel and Hermann Göring.

After the end of World War II.

During World War II Rügenwalde was used to house families made homeless after the Allied bombing of Hagen and Bochum in the Ruhr district. Shortly before the end of World War II, numerous German refugees from East Prussia and West Prussia arrived in the region. In early 1945, about 5,600 people escaped by ships of Operation Hannibal before Soviet Troops reached the town on 7 March 1945. About 3,500 citizens remained in the town or returned again after failing to escape.  Following the defeat of Nazi Germany, border changes promulgated at the Potsdam Conference assigned the town to Poland, and its German population was expelled. The first expulsion of the surviving German inhabitants took place on 17 October 1945, followed by a series of further expulsions beginning on 17 August 1946. In 1949 only about 70 Germans were left in the town. In 1946–47, the town was repopulated with Poles and Lemkos, who partly came from what had been eastern Poland but was annexed by the Soviet Union. The town was given the Polish name Dyrłów, and later Darłów, before changing to the current name.  The German name "Rügenwalde" was best known in Germany for the production of the Rügenwalder Teewurst in the town; after World War II the production was restarted in West Germany under the old name.  Today the Polish Darłowo is a summer resort. A coast aquapark with desalinated seawater is available there, the only one in Poland.

Main sights.

The entire Old Town area in Darłowo has been entirely preserved. Darłowo has maintained the unique medieval urban planning with the main square in the middle of the town. During medieval times the town was surrounded by walls and had four gates; only one gate has survived in a fairly original shape.

Castle of Pomeranian Dukes.

Although documents directly relating to the construction of the castle in Darłowo have not been found yet, the results of archaeological and architectural and historical premises allow us to date back the creation of the castle to the second half of the fourteenth century. It was during the reign of the prince of the House of Griffins, Boguslaw V and Elizabeth, the daughter of King Casimir the Great. The prince purchased the island with a mill in 1352 from a rich burgher of Darłowo – Elizabeth von Behr – in order to build a fortress on it. Over the decades, a castle had grown on the island, which in its main outlines has survived to this day. The work of Boguslaw V was at that time so representative that so that as early as in 1372 a congress of the Pomeranian princes – brothers and cousins Boguslaw took place within its walls. The first sovereign, who modernised the defence system and extended the castle was Prince Eric the Pomeranian. It took place in the years 1449 to 1459, when after the loss of the throne of Scandinavia, the dethroned king returned to his legacy.  An old king was accompanied by a beautiful and young servant-maid Cecilia, who was the love of his life. Historians still argue about who this mysterious woman really was. Some of them maintain that in the last years of his life, reaching his seventies – she became his wife. One of the contemporary chronicles mention her as "the queen Cecilia". Shrouded in mystery, the history of the great love of King Eric and Cecilia became an inspiration for artists. The poem "The Return of the Prince Eric" was created by a poet and writer of Koszalin – Czeslaw Zea, and an American journalist and writer Lucie Lehmann – Barclay has been penetrating the archives of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Germany and the UK for several years in search of traces of Cecilia and Eric. The aim of the writer is to create a love novel of this unique pair based on historical facts. The initial appearance of a medieval fortress of Darłowo was an inspiration to build a similar but larger Kronborg Castle by King Erik in Denmark, where after years, William Shakespeare placed the action of "Hamlet".  The castle of Darłowo is also associated with the figure of Eric Pomerania's granddaughter – Princess Sophia. Legend attributes to her, apparently contrary to the historical facts, cruelty, for which she lingers as the White Lady after her death, circling the castle. The character of Princess Sophia is also related to a romantic love story. The lady of the Darłowo castle was to bestow John of Maszewo with great reciprocating feeling. His Gothic tenement still stands today on the corner of the streets of Powstańców Warszawskich and Morska. Supposedly, the ducal castle was connected with the house of the knight with a secret underground passage, which the knight used at night to sneak into his Lady's... The historical novel based on the life of Princess Sophia, entitled "Beautiful Princess", was written by a writer Zbysław Gorecki living in Darłowo for many years. In the Prussian times, the castle served partly as a warehouse and fell into ruin. Only at the end of the thirties of the twentieth century, a regional museum was created there and it is operating. Its founder and first curator was Karl Rosenow.  Today the castle serves as a Polish Museum. The castle is built in gothic style on a base plan resembling a square; its tower is high. This is the only castle of such characteristic on the Polish seacoast.  The peculiarity of Darłowo museum is a two-headed calf, which was probably born in the village Janiewice, district of Sławno in 1919. Another interesting feature of the castle is a cat mummy and a golden sculpture of a dove – a talisman of luck for King Eric and Cecilia. Since the autumn of 2010, a statue of King Eric, showing the "king of exile" has been standing in the courtyard, funded by the Baltic Cooperative Bank in Darłowo.

St. Mary's Church.

West Pomeranian Necropolis of the Dukes from the family of Griffins.  In 1321, Bishop Konrad Kamien gave the patronage to the church in Darłowo to the brothers Święce: Peter and Jasiek and Peter's son – Wawrzyniec. This year is considered to be the beginning of the construction of the Blessed Virgin Mary, known as St. Mary's Church.  The church was plagued fires in the years: 1589, 1624, 1679 and 1722. The fire in 1679, resulting from a lightning strike, burned down the entire interior of the church with a tower. From 1535 till the end of the hostilities in 1945, the church belonged to Protestants, most of whom lived in the area of Pomerania. At that time, there were many changes in church architecture. After the Second World War, along with Polish settlers, Catholic priests came to the city. On 14 August 1945, the Franciscans of the Province of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception took over the church and on 1 September of that same year, its consecration was made. Father Damian Tyniecki was the first parish priest. Since 1974, the church has been reconstructed to regain its Gothic roots. The balconies were removed, the plasters were knocked off from the rib vaulting in the nave and aisles; a bay and two gothic and medieval portals, well-preserved wall paintings in the chancel were exposed.  What deserves particular attention in St. Mary's Church in Darłowo is Pomeranian Mausoleum with the sarcophaguses of King Eric, Elizabeth, wife of the last Duke of Pomerania and Hedwig – Princess of Pomerania which is located in the chapel of the church tower.  It also possesses a richly decorated Baroque pulpit, probably from around 1700. Its body is embellished with reliefs of scenes from the life of Christ and biblical scenes. The pulpit is supported by the figure of an angel. The canopy is a scene of the Last Judgment. The church has a Baroque mural painting of "Adoration of the Magi" (seventeenth-eighteenth century) and a window painting of St. Christopher located in the walled bay. In addition, there are six portraits of the Apostles from the late seventeenth century, the Renaissance baptismal bowl from the sixteenth century, made in Nuremberg. Baptismal font carved in the plate is the work of an artist from Pomeranian Land – William Gross. It is located in the nave of the church, just below the balcony. Also worth mentioning: Baroque crucifix and the tabernacle from the seventeenth century, Baroque stalls from the seventeenth century, brass chandelier with an angel from the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and organ prospect from 1853. The neo-Gothic main altar comes from 1853. The images in the upper part show a figure of the Archangel. On the sides, there are figures of saints: Peter and Paul, carved in wood. In the aisles and chancel, note the carefully crafted stained glass windows.  The glass in the chancel shows Christ surrounded by the Evangelists. Moving south along the nave, we see among others a figure of St. Adalbert. Stained glass was funded by the Czech municipality Old Hrozenkov, with which the city of Darłowo cooperates under the partnership agreement. Right next to it, there is a crest of the city Darłowo which adorns another window of the temple.  In the hosts of the church, there is a quite specific lapidary. Collected remains come from the cemeteries of as many as four denominations: Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, and Jewish. The first post-war pastor of the years 1945 – 1950 was Father Damian Tyniecki, who came to Darłowo from Radziejów on Kujawy, along with a large group of settlers from this region. To his honour, one the street has been called with his name.

Saint Gertrude Church.

The elevation of the church is attributed to King Eric. He had to do it to commemorate his pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The church was built in the fifteenth century on a plan of a hexagon with the twelve-sided bypass in Scandinavian-style Gothic. This is an exception in the whole Pomerania. Some scholars date back its construction to the years 1450 – 1460, i.e. the period of King Eric's stay in Darłowo (1449–1459). The Church of Saint Gertrude is shown on the map of a Pomeranian cartographer Lubinus, completed in 1618. The earliest mention of the Chapel of St. Gertrude comes from 1497, when Darłowo was hit by the largest-ever flood caused most likely by the tsunami waves called by his contemporaries the Bear Sea. Then, under the hill where the chapel stands, the waves threw ships. The tragic flooding caused the then parish priest, along with the mayor vow that from now on, every year a penance- pleading procession through the streets of Darłowo would take place. The tradition of the procession was revived in 1991. Currently, it takes place in September.  Gertrude's Church is almost a rotunda. In front of the altar, there are five balconies which balustrades are decorated with paintings funded by the shoemakers of Darłowo in the 17th and 18th centuries. There is a starry vault inside the church, neo-baroque organ prospect from 1912, the organs from 1860, which to this day not only serve the worshipers but also the Polish and international virtuosos during the annual summer organ festivals organised by Koszalin Philharmonic. The patroness of the church is Saint Gertrude of Nivelles, the guardian of sailors and travellers.

Saint George Chapel.

The smallest of the surviving medieval churches in Darłowo is brick, plastered, one-nave church of St. George from the 15th century. This type of hospital churches were built outside the city walls because of the spread of epidemics such as smallpox and leprosy. Two hospitals belonged to this church: the Holy Spirit, where there were the poor and the sick, and the Holy Jurgen, primarily serving the lepers. In 1680 and beyond, the church was surrounded by 30 clay huts, covered with reeds, where the sick and the senility lived. Around the huts, there were small vegetable gardens. People who lived in the huts, often cleaned Darłowo market, or worked as gravediggers and pallbearer. In the late nineteenth century, red-brick hospital in neo-Gothic style was built next to the church. Today it is a residential building.

The Town Hall.

The old City Hall ("Ratusz"), which stood in the centre of the market, burned down during the great fire in 1722. Then, the municipal government moved to "Cloth Hall" of Darłowo – completely rebuilt halls, located near St. Mary's Church, which since 1725 years has been officially the town hall venue. The interior is non-historical. It is worth to notice the Renaissance portal remaining after the previous town hall, which is located above the door. Coat of arms of the city – a griffin with a tail of a fish – and an inscription in Latin, which in translation reads: "The city was founded in the 12th (the last two digits of the date has not been included because they were then known), the AD, was enlarged in 1312. Three times burned: 1589, 1624, 1648. as many times risen from the ashes. Kind to God and the prince, be always fortunate. Grow and flourish. May God make you happy and may Prince protect you for a long time. But the despair, the fire destroyed it again in 1675 and 1722 and the town hall was rebuilt in 1725 and let it be for the last time". Dreams of the citizens came true. To this day, the Town Hall is home to the municipal government and the city – untouched – survived the march of the Red Army that won the Western Pomerania in winter of 1945.

The Fountain – Fisherman Memorial.

It has been located on Darłowo market since 1919. It was made by the sculptor Wilhelm Groß (1883–1974) from Sławno as a monument to honour the people of the sea. The founder of the fountain was the richest Darłowo shipowner – the one from the family of Hemptenmacher, whose house is located at the intersection of ul. Powstańców Warszawskich and ul. Rynkowa. What deserves the attention are four bronze plaques depicting the scenes from the life of the former inhabitants of Darłowo. The board from the side of the Town Hall presents a knight pointing an area where the city was founded. Beside him, there is a scribe and workers digging a ditch, having to circle the fortified castle. From the north, the artist presented the longshoremen working on the loading ship. On the eastern plate, there is koga floating on the waves of the Hanseatic. On the final relief, facing the south, it is shown how a shepherd is guarding a flock of sheep and a woman herding geese. Goose meat, especially liver were the best export product of the former Darłowo.

High Gate.

The High Gate ("Brama Wysoka") is one of the three city gates and the only one that survived until today. The residue of the old city fortifications that surrounded the city with a 1500-meter long wall. It was rebuilt in 1732. It is placed on a square, four-pointed arch crossing, covered with a hipped roof, decorated with pointed-arch blinds. Inside, there are still preserved bullet holes.

Lighthouse.

Easternmost lighthouse that belongs to the West Coast is the lighthouse in Darłówek, built at the base of the eastern breakwater at the mouth Wieprza flowing into the Baltic Sea. The first mention of Darłowo lighthouse comes from 1715, when the city authorities ordered to set lights on both sides of the mouth of Wieprza.  It is known that it was only in 1885 when a small pilot ship station was built at the base of the eastern breakwater ground floor. It was a relatively tall red brick building, which adjoins a tower built in the square. At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century, the lighthouse underwent several upgrades. The lamp lenses were replaced and the power and colour of the light source were increased. In 1927, the tower was raised by one floor. The building is crowned with a white steel dome, where the light source was moved. Since then, the appearance of the whole building to the present day has undergone only cosmetic changes.  Today, the height of the tower is, and the range of light pointing the way to the port is nearly. The lighthouse is open for tourists in summer.  The lighthouse of Darłowo is the only lighthouse in Poland built on a rectangular plan.

Demographics.

Since the Reformation had taken place in Pomerania, the vast majority of the city's population was composed of Protestants.

International relations.

Twin towns – sister cities.

Darłowo is twinned with:

Darłowo () (in full "The Royal City of Darłowo";, ; ), is a seaside town in the West Pomeranian Region, at the south coast of the Baltic Sea, north-western Poland, with 14,931 inhabitants (). Located in Sławno County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999, it was previously in the Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1998).

Darłowo (, ) je přímořské město v severozápadním Polsku v Západopomořanském vojvodství. Město leží při ústí řeky Wieprzy do Baltského moře. Dobře zachované historické jádro s významnými památkami a nedaleké moře přitahují mnoho turistů. Město má obyvatel. Nejbližšími významnými městy jsou Košalín a Słupsk.


Plot.

The story revolves around Milagros and Ivo, two people who fall in love with each other in spite of the odds against them. It is a romantic comedy novela that also touches on issues of family, wealth, greed, deception, and most of all—love. Milagros was brought up in an orphanage when her mother died giving birth to her. She had no idea who her father was and spent all her years despising him for abandoning them.  She ends up becoming a house servant at the Di Carlo mansion when she turns 18, since she can no longer stay in the orphanage. In the mansion, she meets new friends, and people who treat her as family. But she also gains new foes who hate her for her tactless and feisty character. Most of all, she meets the love of her life, Ivo Di Carlo, the heir of the Di Carlo fortune. Theirs is a love-hate relationship, decorated with comedic antics they play on each other, and passion of their true love.  Ivo Di Carlo is a playboy, immature, and boastful. He has had everything handed to him on a silver platter. But he lacks the love of a father, as Federico Di Carlo makes him feel unwanted. Milagros, on the other hand, is religious, playful, and has a strong character. Their relationship survives many challenges, including issues that root from their parents' deceptive acts, secret love affairs, greediness, and ambition. As a playboy, Ivo also has several girls that go between him and Milagros, the most significant are Andrea, Florencia, and Pilar. Milagros also has flings of her own, she forges relationships with Pablo and Sergio.  At some points, the two even think they are siblings, as Federico Di Carlo is revealed to be Milagros' real father. However, it is also later revealed that Ivo is the son of Luisa Di Carlo's lover, Nestor Miranda. In the end, Ivo and Milagros survive the tests of their relationship and wed in front of the people they love.

Muñeca Brava (Wild Angel; lit. "Angry Doll") is an Argentine telenovela, produced by Telefe in 1998–1999. The television series was broadcast in more than 80 countries over the world, enjoying high ratings.

Divoký anděl (ve španělském originále Muñeca brava) je argentinský televizní seriál, romantická telenovela s komediálními prvky. Premiérově byl vysílán v letech 1998–1999 na stanici Telefe, v původní podobě čítal 285 dílů, mezinárodní verze obsahuje 270 epizod. Ústřední dvojici ztvárnili Natalia Oreiro a Facundo Arana, pro něž to byl díky celosvětovému úspěchu této telenovely počátek mezinárodní kariéry. Většina seriálu byla natočena v Buenos Aires a okolí, některé díly ale byly filmovány také v Itálii a ve Španělsku.


Early life.

Jeon Jung-kook () was born on September 1, 1997 in Busan, South Korea. His family consists of his parents and an elder brother. He attended Baekyang Elementary and Middle School in Busan. When he became a trainee, he transferred to Singu Middle School in Seoul. Jungkook initially had dreams of becoming a badminton player when he was young, but after seeing G-Dragon perform "Heartbreaker" on television, it influenced him to want to become a singer.  In 2011, Jungkook auditioned for the South Korean talent show "Superstar K" during its auditions in Daegu. Though he was not selected, he received casting offers from seven entertainment companies. He eventually chose to become a trainee under Big Hit Entertainment after seeing RM, now his fellow band member and leader in BTS, perform. To work on his dance skills in preparation for debut, he went to Los Angeles during the summer of 2012 to receive dance training from Movement Lifestyle. In June 2012, he appeared in Jo Kwon's "I'm Da One" music video and also worked as a backup dancer for Glam before his debut. He graduated from Seoul's School of Performing Arts, an arts high school, in 2017. In November 2016, he decided to forgo taking the CSATs, Korea's nationwide university entrance exam, and is currently enrolled at Global Cyber University along with BTS members RM, J-Hope, Suga, V and Jimin. Jungkook has cited Justin Bieber, Justin Timberlake and Usher among his musical inspirations.

Career.

2013–present: BTS.

On June 12, 2013, Jungkook made his debut as a member of BTS with the release of the single "2 Cool 4 Skool". Under BTS, he has sung two solo tracks; the first, pop track "Begin" from the 2016 album "Wings", told his story of moving to Seoul at a young age to become an idol and expresses his gratitude towards his fellow members for taking care of him during that time. The second track, a future bass song titled "Euphoria", was released with an accompanying nine-minute short film on April 5, 2018 as the introduction to the third part of BTS' "Love Yourself" series. The full studio track was included on their album "" on August 24, 2018. "Euphoria" was produced by DJ Swivel and charted at number five on the "Billboard" Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. It charted for 13 weeks on the World Digital Song Sales.  Jungkook has been credited as the main producer for two of BTS' songs: "Love is Not Over" and "Magic Shop". On October 25, 2018, Jungkook (together with the rest of the BTS members) was ordained with the fifth-class Hwagwan Order of Cultural Merit by the President of South Korea.

2015–present: Solo activities.

In September 2015, Jungkook participated in the "One Dream, One Korea" campaign, taking part in a song collaboration alongside numerous Korean artists in memory of the Korean War. The song was released September 24 and presented at the One K Concert in Seoul on October 15.  In 2016, Jungkook was cast in the pilot episode of "Flower Crew." He also appeared on "Celebrity Bromance," and competed in "King of Mask Singer" under the name "Fencing Man," appearing in episode 72.  On November 6, 2018, Jungkook performed "We Don't Talk Anymore" with original singer Charlie Puth in a special collaboration stage during the MBC Plus X Genie Music Awards. The song was one he had previously covered twice, solo and with fellow BTS member Jimin.  On June 4, 2020, Jungkook released the song "Still With You", for free on platforms such as SoundCloud as a part of BTS' yearly debut celebrations. "Billboard" described the song as having "tinkling synths and gently strummed guitars and brushed drums". Jungkook produced the piece himself.

Impact and influence.

In a 2019 survey conducted by Gallup Korea, Jungkook ranked as the 3rd most loved celebrity of the year in South Korea. He first debuted on the list in 2016 at 20th, then ranked 17th in 2017, and then 8th in 2018.  In 2018, Jungkook placed first for 10 weeks in a row for magazine "Hi China", under the most beloved celebrities list in China. In October 2018, Jungkook broke the record of most real-time viewers with his solo live broadcast in V Live history with more than 3.7 million viewers worldwide. In December 2018, a video of Jungkook singing in his studio was the most retweeted tweet in South Korea that year. Various artists have cited him as an influence and role model, such as Kim Dong-han and Hyeongseop X Euiwoong.  In January 2019 Jungkook revealed that he used the fabric softener brand Downy for his laundry. The reveal led to an unexpected spike in the brand's sales and two month's worth of the Downy product sold out. The company's stock value rose by more than 11% in a day.  A wine that Jungkook had been drinking while filming a live stream on V Live, Merlot March wine, sold out shortly after the broadcast.  After Jungkook was found to be reading author Kim Soo-hyun's "I Decided to Live as Me", the book became a best-seller in both Korea and Japan. It also became the most sold Korean publication in Japan in that short a period of time (150,000 copies sold in three months). Jungkook was analyzed to be the reason why this occurred. The book was also scheduled to be published in other countries as well, such as Thailand, China, and Indonesia.  In July 2019, Jungkook wore a 'Modern Hanbok' outfit to the airport. The company, "Zijangsa," reported that their server went down and their deliveries had to be delayed for three weeks due to high demand. In September 2019, Korean media reported that Jungkook had created a 'Modern Hanbok' trend in the Korean entertainment industry, as many celebrities such as Jun Hyun-moo, Jang Do-yeon, Gong Hyo-jin, MC Oh Seung-hwan and "The Return of Superman"'s Park Joo-ho all started wearing it because of Jungkook.  In 2019, Jungkook was ranked first in the "Top 50 Google Worldwide Most Searched Kpop Male Idol 2019 Mid-Year Chart", released by Google.

Discography.

Writing and production credits.

All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted.

Jeon Jung-kook (; born September 1, 1997), better known mononymously as Jungkook (stylized as Jung Kook), is a South Korean singer and songwriter. He is a member of and vocalist in the South Korean boy band BTS.

Čon Čong-kuk (, anglický přepis: "Jeon Jung-kook"; * 1. září 1997, Pusan), uměleckým jménem Jungkook, je zpěvák, tanečník a nejmladší člen skupiny Bangtan Boys, v pozici hlavního vokalisty. Umí mluvit korejsky, japonsky a trochu anglicky. Má staršího bratra jménem Jeon Jung-hyun. Chodil na školu Baekyang Middle School, ze které přestoupil na Soulskou konzervatoř. V únoru 2017 odmaturoval.


Architecture.

Unlike many other projects porting conventional Linux distributions to Android phones, PostmarketOS does not use the Android build system or userspace. Each phone has only one unique package, and flashable installation images are generated using the codice_1 tool. The project intends to support the mainline Linux kernel on all phones in the future, instead of the often outdated Android-specific fork, to reduce the potential for security exploits. A few devices can boot into the mainline kernel already. The project aims to support Android apps through the use of Anbox.  Alpine Linux was chosen as the base distribution due to its low storage requirements, making it more suitable for older devices. Excluding the kernel, a base installation takes up approximately 6 MB.

State of development.

Features.

the project was under development; and no devices were yet able to make phone calls with PostmarketOS, although significant efforts were being made in this regard. Different tools have been published by the project, including:

Device support.

As of May 2020, over two hundred devices are able to boot the operating system, including 92 with WiFi support. This includes many smartphones and tablets that originally ran Android, wearable devices such as Google Glass, smartwatches including the LG G Watch and some Linux-based Nokia smartphones, such as the N900 and N9. After Corellium ported Linux to the iPhone, pmOS also gained support.

Porting to a new device.

The development process to make a new device compatible with the operating system consists of creating a phone-specific package using the codice_1 tool. For that, the use of the Linux kernel from the device's original manufacturer is often necessary. The source code of the original kernel is often made available by compliance with the requirements of the GPLv2 license, but some drivers necessary for the operation of the device may not be available, and must, therefore, be recreated. Examples include GPU drivers such as Lima, which has a proprietary equivalent in userspace on Android that is not subject to the GPLv2 requirements.

PostmarketOS (stylized as postmarketOS and abbreviated as pmOS) is a free and open-source operating system under development primarily for smartphones, based on the Alpine Linux distribution.

PostmarketOS je vyvíjená linuxová distribuce odvozená od distribuce Alpine Linux a zaměřená především na chytré telefony. Má jít o otevřený a svobodný software.


Description.

The holotype of "Panguraptor," LFGT-0103, is the partial articulated skeleton of a subadult individual, including the skull, lower jaws, presacral vertebrae, first sacral vertebra, parts of the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle, a left femur and most of the right limb. This specimen is likely a sub-adult due to its small size (approximately 2 meters long in life), large orbit, and unfused scapulocoracoids and astragalocalcaneum. However, it may have been close to adulthood due to having other bones which have fused.  The rather short skull is almost complete, although the premaxilla and rostral edge of the maxilla are missing and the nasals are partially obscured. The orbit is quite large but the antorbital fenestra is quite small. The exposed portions of the nasal are wide and smooth and do not show any sign of a sagittal crest present in some other basal theropods. The jugal is positioned similarly to that of "C. rhodesiensis", although the quadratojugal is positioned more akin to that of "Coelophysis ("Megapnosaurus") kayentakatae." The rostral end of the lower jaw is missing. Teeth are preserved in the dentary and maxilla, and are slightly recurved yet unserrated.  The centra of the cervical vertebrae gradually increase in length from the third to seventh cervical, then decrease once more to the tenth (last) cervical. The dorsal vertebrae are more compressed than those of "Coelophysis bauri" and "C. rhodesiensis", and their neural spines are longer than they are high and so close to each other that they form a continuous wall along the dorsal vertebral column.  The scapula is long, with a scapular blade with a straight caudal edge and concave cranial edge. The hand has four digits, with metacarpals I and II being the widest and metatarsals II and III being the longest. The first digit also has a flattened and recurved claw, the largest found in the holotype.  The right illium, though incomplete, has a stout pubic peduncle a prominent supracetabular crest. Distal portions of both ischia are preserved, and are straight with broad ends.  The femur has a large and offset head and a longitudinal bulge on the caudolateral surface of the shaft. The tibia and fibula are straight while the astragalus and calcaneum are unfused. Only one tarsal is exposed (likely tarsal IV) along with right metatarsals III, IV, and V and a few pedal digits. Metatarsal III is very long while IV and V taper distally.  Panguraptor can be distinguished from other coelophysids by the following traits:

Classification.

You "et. al." performed a phylogenetic analysis and found "Panguraptor" to be a coelophysid coelophysoid, in a clade with "Coelophysis bauri, Coelophysis rhodesiensis," and "Camposaurus" but not ""Megapnosaurus"" "kayentakatae". Panguraptor was placed in this clade due to having a very acute angle between the horizontal and ascending processes of the maxilla, a blind pocket within the antorbital fossa, a short lateral lamina of the lacrimal, and the ascending process of the jugal making an angle less than 75 degrees with its longitudinal axis. Per this analysis, "Panguraptor" would be the first coelophysoid known from Asia. It is also the second definite theropod genus known from the Lufeng Formation, after "Sinosaurus". Other small coelophysoid specimens such as FMNH CUP 2089 (some forelimb bones) and FMNH CUP 2090 (some hindlimb bones) recovered from the Lufeng formation may belong to this species, although they have been provisionally referred to ""Megapnosaurus" kayetakatae" until further analysis.

Panguraptor ("Pangu [a Chinese god] plunderer") is a genus of coelophysid theropod dinosaur known from fossils discovered in Lower Jurassic rocks of southern China. The type and only known species is "Panguraptor lufengensis". The generic name refers to the deity Pangu but also to the supercontinent Pangaea for which in a geological context the same characters are used: 盘古. "Raptor" means "seizer", "robber" in Latin. The specific name is a reference to the Lufeng Formation.The holotype specimen was recovered on 12 October 2007 from the Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, which is noted for sauropodomorph fossils. It was described in 2014 by You Hai-Lu and colleagues.

"Panguraptor" ("plenitel boha Pangu") byl menší teropodní dinosaurus, spadající zřejmě do nadčeledi Coelophysoidea a čeledi Compsognathidae. Jedná se o vůbec prvního známého zástupce této čeledi, objeveného v Asii. Zároveň se jedná o jednoho z vývojově nejprimitivnějších známých asijských teropodů. Holotyp s kat. ozn. LFGT-0103 byl objeven v říjnu roku 2007 na území čínské provincie Jün-nan (souvrství Lufeng). Jde o fragmentárně zachovanou kostru subadultního (ještě plně nedospělého) jedince s délkou kolem 2 metrů. Jednalo se zřejmě o aktivního dravce, schopného lovit menší až střeně velké býložravé dinosaury (zejména dlouhokrké sauropodomorfy).


Making the album.

On November 8, 2017, Joan Baez announced that, in conjunction with her final tour of Europe in 2018, she would release a new studio album entitled "Whistle Down the Wind".  It was produced by Joe Henry. It was recorded at United Recording in Hollywood, California over 10 days. The album was made over a period of three weeks. The album features songs written by such composers as Tom Waits, Josh Ritter and Mary Chapin Carpenter. It was released on March 2, 2018, and was her first studio album in almost a decade.  The album was released on vinyl as well as digital. Her final international September 2018 tour to promote "Whistle Down the Wind" included a digital copy of the record with each purchased ticket in the United States.

Single.

On January 8, 2018, Joan Baez made available on her website "Whistle Down the Wind", the first (and eponymous) track from the album.

Reactions.

The album features Baez singing covers of various contemporary songwriters, with NPR saying her choices "amplifies Baez ever-present gift for interpretation." "PopMatters" said the album was "a beguilingly modest, humble work that wears with disarming lightness Baez's legendary status, instead placing the focus squarely on the songs."  The "Herald Standard" says that album included a focus on "topical issues that are emotional and thought-provoking." The "San Francisco Chronicle" said that the "music is reassuringly spare, highlighting Baez’s rich, world-weary voice and the slowly unfolding melodies of politically minded tunes like 'Another World' and 'I Wish the Wars Were All Over' over a blanket of acoustic guitars, stately pianos and prudent rhythms." The "Financial Times" said it featured "pointedly chosen songs and starkly contemporary lyrics." "Marin Independent Journal" said it was a "a tasteful and carefully curated collection of new songs by some of her favorite writers".  It received a score of 77/100 on Metacritic.

Whistle Down the Wind is the 25th and final studio album by American folk singer and musician Joan Baez, released on March 2, 2018, her first studio album in almost a decade. The album features songs written by such composers as Tom Waits, Josh Ritter and Mary Chapin Carpenter. Joe Henry produced the album.

Whistle Down the Wind je studiové album americké písničkářky Joan Baez. Vydáno bylo 2. března roku 2018 společností Proper Records. Jde o její první desku po téměř deseti letech – své poslední album nazvané "Day After Tomorrow" vydala v září 2008. Je složené z coververzí písní například od Toma Waitse či skupiny Antony and the Johnsons. Stejně jako zpěvaččino předchozí album "Day After Tomorrow" je i toto pojmenováno podle písně Toma Waitse. Producentem alba byl Joe Henry a nahráno bylo během deseti dnů v Los Angeles.


Early life.

Valli was born Francesco Stephen Castelluccio, on May 3, 1934, to an Italian family in the First Ward of Newark, New Jersey; he was the eldest of three sons. His father, Anthony Castelluccio, was a barber and display designer for Lionel model trains; his mother, Mary Rinaldi, was a homemaker and beer company employee. He was inspired to take up a singing career at the age of seven after his mother took him to see the young Frank Sinatra at the Paramount Theater in Manhattan, New York City. One of his early favorite singers was "Texas" Jean Valli, from whom he adopted his stage name. Until he could support himself with music, he worked as a barber.  Valli's birth year has been called into question. Valli never addressed the issue himself, until the 2007 posting at the Official Frankie Valli Site, sponsored by his current record label, Universal Records. Much of the previous official publicity surrounding his career used 1937 as the birth year. Other sources, such as the Bear Family Records release, titled "The Four Lovers" (BCD 15424), as well as a 1965 mug shot, available through The Smoking Gun, all identify his year of birth as 1934.

Music career.

1950s–1960s.

Valli began his singing career in the early 1950s with the Variety Trio (Nickie DeVito, Tommy DeVito, and Nick Macioci). Valli's desire to sing in public was initially granted when, having heard Valli sing, the group offered him a guest spot when the group performed. In late 1952, the Variety Trio disbanded and Valli, along with Tommy DeVito, became part of the house band at The Strand in New Brunswick, New Jersey. For his part, Valli played bass and sang.  He cut his first single, "My Mother's Eyes" (a cover of the 1929 George Jessel song from "Lucky Boy"), in 1953 as "Frankie Valley", a variation on a name he adopted from "Texas" Jean Valli, a female hillbilly singer. As discussed in a 2014 article, "Frankie said in 2010 that Jean took him to meet music publishers Paul and Dave Kapp, telling them he was her brother. As a result, his first single was listed under 'Frankie Valley', and the name stuck—though he eventually changed it to the same spelling... [as Texas Jean was using]."  Around this time, Valli and Tommy DeVito left the house band at The Strand and formed The Variatones with Hank Majewski, Frank Cattone, and Billy Thompson. In 1956, as part of an audition backing a female singer, the group impressed New York record man Peter Paul, who had them auditioning at RCA Victor a week later.  Renamed The Four Lovers, the group recorded several singles and one album's worth of tracks. They had a minor hit with "You're the Apple of My Eye" in 1956. Nickie DeVito and Hank Majewski left in 1958 to be replaced by Nick Macioci (now Nick Massi) and Hugh Garrity. Massi was in and out of the group, and, occasionally Charles Calello joined on accordion. The group continued to perform until 1959, when Bob Gaudio became a member. After a few more changes, the group was renamed "The 4 Seasons" after a cocktail lounge the group was at after auditioning in a big suburban bowling alley in 1960.  As the lead singer of The Four Seasons, Valli had a string of hits beginning with the number-one hit "Sherry" in 1962. As a footnote to this period of his career with The Four Seasons, the group's bassist and vocal arranger Nick Massi was replaced in 1965 by Charlie Calello, the group's instrumental arranger, and, then shortly thereafter, Calello was replaced by Joseph LaBracio, who went by the pseudonym Joe Long.  During the 1960s, Gaudio and his then-songwriting partner, producer Bob Crewe, worked with Valli to craft solo recordings with varying degrees of success. This concept of a major recording artist performing solo in opposition to his or her own group performances was rare in the rock/pop world (Buddy Holly and The Crickets were an exception) and may have given tacit approval to other groups and members of other groups to pursue such a path. The potential to dominate the charts with group and solo recordings was great, and Valli, Gaudio and Crewe occasionally rose to the occasion with both great performances and commercial hits. Valli was the original artist to record the Gaudio-Crewe composition "The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)", a performance that was copied nearly note for note when recorded by The Walker Brothers, an American group based in England. The Walker Brothers version was a huge success. Valli continued to record solo performances and finally reached major success with the release of "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", which reached number two in the charts and was widely recorded by many other artists.  Valli's debut solo album was a gathering together of various single releases and a few new recordings. Before the release of Valli's second solo album, a single was released in July 1967 with the A-side "I Make a Fool of Myself", a record that reached number 18. "Timeless", Valli's second solo album release was more coherent and Valli took more time in recording it. "Timeless" contains one Top 40 hit, "To Give (The Reason I Live)".  Valli ended the 1960s with a string of recordings that were included in the Valli/Four Seasons album "Half & Half" or released as various singles. The only hit to emerge at this time was the recording of "The Girl I'll Never Know (Angels Never Fly This Low)", reaching number 52.

1970s–1990s.

"You're Ready Now", a Valli solo recording from 1966, became part of the Northern soul scene and reached number eleven on the UK Singles Chart in December 1970.  In 1975, his single "My Eyes Adored You" hit number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and reached number 5 in the UK chart. In the same year, he also had a number six "Billboard" hit with the disco-laden "Swearin' to God" reaching number 31 in the UK chart, while further UK chart success came with "Fallen Angel", written by Guy Fletcher and Doug Flett. Valli was in the UK charts, reaching number 11, with this at the same time as The Four Seasons enjoyed a UK hit with "Silver Star" on which Valli did not appear as lead.  In 1976, Valli covered The Beatles song "A Day in the Life" for the ephemeral musical documentary "All This and World War II".  In 1978, he sang the theme song for the film version of the stage play "Grease", a song written by Barry Gibb of the Bee Gees, which became a number one hit. He had two further chart successes the following year, "Save Me, Save Me" in November 1978, which entered the "Billboard" Easy Listening chart; and "Fancy Dancer" in January 1979, which entered the pop charts.  Valli began suffering from otosclerosis in 1967, forcing him to "sing from memory" in the latter part of the 1970s. Surgery performed by Los Angeles ear specialist Victor Goodhill restored most of his hearing by 1980.  In 1992, a new Four Seasons album was released entitled "Hope and Glory".

Since 2000.

In 2005, the musical "Jersey Boys" opened on Broadway. Besides performances of many of Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons hit recordings, it features a biographical narrative, told as four separate points of view by each of the members of The Four Seasons (Tommy DeVito, Frankie Valli, Nick Massi and Bob Gaudio), with Valli himself portrayed by John Lloyd Young in the original production. The musical dramatizes several real-life incidents from Valli's life, including his estrangement from daughter Francine, who died in 1980. The show has been widely acclaimed, financially successful, and won six Tony Awards. The musical has touring companies around the world, as well as a version at Paris Las Vegas. This musical was adapted into a 2014 film of the same name directed by Clint Eastwood, with Young again appearing as Valli.  In October 2007, Valli released "Romancing the '60s", an album containing covers of his favorite songs from the 1960s, two of which—"Sunny" and "Any Day Now"—he had previously recorded.  In October 2012, Valli made his Broadway debut with a week-long concert engagement at the Broadway Theatre in New York starting October 19.  From March 2016 to January 2017, "Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons" were touring the US, scheduled to play small-to-mid-size venues such as the Silver Legacy Casino in Reno, Nevada, the Celebrity Theatre in Phoenix, Arizona and the County Fair in Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania.

Acting career.

Valli made an appearance in 1985 on "Miami Vice" season 2 episode 5 titled "Buddies". He played Frank Doss, a Mafia Boss.  Valli made a special guest appearance (as himself) during Season 8 of "Full House", on the episode "DJ's Choice".  In 1998, he played the role of Frank LoCascio the former consigliere of the Gambino crime family under John Gotti's regime in the TV movie "Witness to the Mob".  He also made several appearances in Seasons 5 and 6 of the HBO series "The Sopranos" as mobster Rusty Millio (once referred to as "The Mayor of Munchkin Land"). Also, his and the Four Seasons' music is heard in other "Sopranos" episodes, especially in "Big Girls Don't Cry".  He appeared in the 2014 film "And So It Goes".  On the November 21, 2014, episode of "Hawaii Five-0" entitled "Ka Hana malu (Inside Job)", Valli played mysterious lawyer Leonard Cassano who was engaged to Carol Burnett's character, Aunt Deb.  In 2015, he did interviews as himself on the AMC television series "".

Personal life.

Valli has been married three times. He married his first wife Mary, who already had a two-year-old daughter, when he was in his early twenties. They raised two daughters together and divorced 13 years later in 1971. He married MaryAnn Hannagan in 1974, and that marriage lasted eight years. He then married Randy Clohessy in 1984; the couple had three sons and separated in 2004. In 1980, his stepdaughter Celia was killed when she fell off a fire escape, and six months later his youngest daughter Francine reportedly died from a drug overdose.  One issue in Valli's third divorce went up on appeal to the Supreme Court of California: whether a life-insurance policy purchased in 2003 was community property. On May 15, 2014, the state supreme court unanimously affirmed the trial court's ruling that the policy was community property (and not Randy's separate property), in an opinion signed by Associate Justice Joyce Kennard.  Valli has been a supporter of heritage-related causes, particularly the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF). In 2006, he received the NIAF Lifetime Achievement Award at the foundation's Anniversary Gala. In 2008, NIAF presented a scholarship in his name to an Italian-American music student during the foundation's East Coast Gala.  In May 2012, Valli received the Ellis Island Medal of Honor for his commitment to many humanitarian causes.

Discography.

Singles

Studio albums.

Many of Valli's solo recordings recorded before 1975 included the participation of one or more members of The Four Seasons.  Compilations and miscellaneous Four Seasons albums with Frankie Valli "solo" recordings

Frankie Valli (born Francesco Stephen Castelluccio; May 3, 1934) is an American singer, known as the frontman of The Four Seasons beginning in 1960. He is known for his unusually powerful lead tenor voice.

Frankie Valli, rodným jménem Francesco Stephen Castelluccio, (* 3. května 1934) je americký zpěvák. Pocházel z rodiny italského původu, v níž byl nejstarším ze tří synů. Zpěvu se věnoval od útlého věku. Předtím, než si hudbou začal vydělávat, byl stejně jako jeho otec holičem. Ve druhé polovině padesátých let působil v kapele Four Lovers a počínaje rokem 1960 působí v kapele The Four Seasons. Spolu s dalšími členy této skupiny byl roku 1990 uveden do Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. O skupině vznikl muzikál "Jersey Boys", podle něhož byl natočen stejnojmenný film. Valli rovněž hrál v několika seriálech či filmech, včetně seriálů "Miami Vice" a "Rodina Sopránů" a filmu "Lepší teď než nikdy".


Club career.

Born in Santillana del Mar, Cantabria, Santillana (nickname taken from birthplace) started playing professionally with local Racing de Santander, moving to Real Madrid and La Liga in 1971 alongside teammate Francisco Aguilar, aged just 19, and proceeding to score ten goals in 34 games in his debut season as the team were crowned league champions.  In total, Santillana won nine league trophies, adding four Copa del Rey trophies and back-to-back UEFA Cups and scoring in both of the latter competition's finals. He played 778 first-team matches – a record which stood until Manolo Sanchís surpassed him during the 1997–98 campaign – in which he netted 352 goals; the eighth-highest top scorer of all-time in the Spanish first division, with 186 goals in 461 appearances, he never won the Pichichi Trophy, however.  After just 12 league appearances in 1987–88, in which he scored four times, Santillana retired from football aged almost 36, finding the net in a 2–1 home win against Real Valladolid. Madrid conquered three titles in a row in his final three seasons.

International career.

Santillana played 56 times and scored 15 goals for the Spanish national team, his debut being on 17 April 1975 in a 1–1 draw to Romania for the UEFA Euro 1976 qualifiers held in Madrid. He represented his country in the 1978 and 1982 FIFA World Cups, as well as three European Championships: 1976, reaching the quarter-finals, 1980, failing to advance to the second round, and 1984 which ended with a runner-up finish to hosts France, with the player coming close to scoring the opener on a header saved just off the line by Luis Fernández, of Spanish origin.  On 21 December 1983, during a European Championship qualifying match against Malta that had to be won by 11 goals in order to qualify, Santillana scored a hat-trick in the first half and added a fourth in the second period, as the national side qualified at the expense of the Netherlands – incidentally, his former understudy at Real Madrid, Hipólito Rincón (now at Real Betis), also netted four times in a 12–1 victory.

Honours.

Club.

Real Madrid

International.

Spain

Carlos Alonso González (born 23 August 1952), known as Santillana, is a Spanish former footballer who played as a striker.

Carlos Alonso González (* 23. srpna 1952 Santillana del Mar) je bývalý španělský fotbalový útočník, známý pod pseudonymem Santillana, který si dal podle svého rodného města.


History.

The title was first granted to Charles Stuart (1660–1661), the first son of the Duke of York (later King James II), though he was never formally created Duke of Cambridge because he had died at the age of six months. The first officially recognised creation of the dukedom was in the Peerage of England in 1664, when James Stuart, second son of the Duke of York, was granted the title, but he died early in 1667 at the age of three, and the title again became extinct. The title was then granted later that year to the third son of the Duke of York, Edgar Stuart, but he then died in 1671 at the age of three, and the title again became extinct. The Duke of York's eldest son by his second wife, Charles, was also styled Duke of Cambridge in 1677, but died when about a month old, not having lived long enough to be formally created duke.  The title was recreated in 1706 and granted to George Augustus, son of the Elector of Hanover (later King George I). When George Augustus ascended to the throne as King George II in 1727, the dukedom merged with the crown.  The title was again recreated and given, in the peerage of the United Kingdom, to Prince Adolphus, the seventh son of King George III. The title was inherited in 1850 by his only son, Prince George. George had three sons, but they were barred from inheriting the title as his marriage was in violation of the Royal Marriages Act 1772, so that upon his death in 1904, the title again became extinct.  During the period leading up to the 1999 wedding of Prince Edward, the youngest son of Queen Elizabeth II, experts speculated that the dukedom of Cambridge or Sussex were the most likely to be granted to him, and "The Sunday Telegraph" later reported that Prince Edward was at one point set to be titled Duke of Cambridge. Instead, Prince Edward was created Earl of Wessex, and it was announced that he would eventually be created the next Duke of Edinburgh after his father.  On 29 April 2011, the day of his wedding, it was announced that Prince William was to be created Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn and Baron Carrickfergus. The letters patent granting these titles received the great seal on 26 May 2011. They were illuminated by Andrew Stewart Jamieson.

Future dukes.

If Prince William dies before becoming king, then his sons are eligible to inherit the dukedom: If Prince William becomes king, his titles, including the dukedom, will merge with the crown.

Duke of Cambridge, one of the six current royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom, is a hereditary title of specific rank of nobility in the British royal family. The title (named after the city of Cambridge in England) is hereditary among male agnatic descendants of the titleholder by primogeniture, and has been conferred upon members of the British royal family several times. The wife of the titleholder is usually called the Duchess of Cambridge.

Vévoda z Cambridge ("Duke of Cambridge") je jedním z několika královských vévodských titulů ve Spojeném království. Titul (pojmenovaný podle města Cambridge v Anglii) je dědičný mezi členy královské rodiny mužského pohlaví a byl již udělen několikrát. Jeho vznik sahá do 17. století a je následníkem dřívějšího titulu "Earl of Cambridge". Několikrát zanikl a byl po více než stoleté přestávce obnoven v roce 2011, kdy byl udělen 29. dubna princi Williamovi v den jeho sňatku s Catherine Elizabeth Middletonovou.


Personnel.

The record features vocals of Horace Andy, as well as guest vocalists: Tunde Adebimpe of TV on the Radio, Damon Albarn of Blur and Gorillaz, Hope Sandoval of Hope Sandoval and the Warm Inventions and Mazzy Star, Guy Garvey of Elbow and Martina Topley-Bird, as well as guitar playing by Adrian Utley of Portishead (on "Saturday Come Slow"), keys from Portishead collaborator John Baggott (most notably on "Atlas Air"), keys and synth bass from Damon Albarn ("Splitting the Atom" and "Flat of the Blade" respectively), guitar (various tracks) and bass ("Girl I Love You") by Neil Davidge and bass by Billy Fuller of Beak on various tracks.  The record features drumming from the late Jerry Fuchs and regular session and touring drummer Damon Reece. Dan Brown and Stew Jackson (Robot Club) co-wrote "Paradise Circus", played guitar on and co-wrote "Saturday Come Slow", and part-programmed and engineered those tracks. Tim Goldsworthy contributed additional production (specific tracks unstated). Most tracks were mixed with Mark "Spike" Stent and then all were mastered with Tim Young at Metropolis Studios, as with previous records. Unlike previous records, there are no personal acknowledgements on the inlay. Neil Davidge co-produced all tracks with Robert Del Naja only (except tracks 3, 7 and 9 where Grant Marshall was also involved), though Marshall has a co-write credit on every track. The album is dedicated to the memory of "Blue Lines" co-producer, Jonny Dollar.

Background.

The album release was preceded on 4 October 2009 by an EP, "Splitting the Atom". During its gestation, the album was often referred to in the media as ""LP5"" (a reference to this being their fifth studio album – excluding "Danny the Dog") or ""Weather Underground"" (Robert Del Naja's early working title and underdog metaphor for the record).  The artwork, as with every Massive Attack album since "Protection", is a collaboration between Tom Hingston and Del Naja, this time based on Del Naja's paintings. Transport for London, in line with their policy to not encourage graffiti, insisted the cover image featured on advertising posters displayed on the Tube be altered so as to not resemble "street art", obliging the artists to remove drips and fuzz from the original image.  Many other guest vocalists recorded sessions during the duo's post-"100th Window" era but are not featured on the album, including: Stephanie Dosen, Yolanda Quartey of Phantom Limb – effectively Robot Club's band) and Jhelisa (Anderson, who had previously recorded in 2002 in the studio for material that was not included on "100th Window"); and, mostly during the pre-"Collected" time – Mike Patton, Aku and Akwetey Orraca-Tetteh and Devang Shah of Dragons of Zynth, Elizabeth Fraser, Terry Callier, Fredo Viola, Debbie Clare, Beth Orton and Dot Allison. Mos Def and Leslie Feist were named as artists scheduled for recording sessions back in 2004. Backing tracks from Grant Marshall's side of Massive Attack's writing (mainly facilitated by and done with Robot Club) are known to have been sent to Alice Russell, and prepared for Sharon Jones, Patti Smith and David Bowie during the era but collaboration did not come to fruition, nor did talks with Tom Waits or Tricky, in terms of featuring as guest vocalists on the record. Post-punks Mark Stewart and Keith Levene were pictured inside Del Naja's 100 Suns studio in 2009, but played no part on the album.  "I think it's got definitely a more organic feel", Del Naja said of "Heligoland". ""100th Window" was very much about this amalgamation of everything joining, and eventually the process was so extreme that you couldn't tell if there was a string part if it was electronic or natural. [There were] lots of organic parts that ended up sounding very electronic. It became a whole world of different processes, and we wanted to do something a bit different because we've had that experience so we wanted to do something else."  The track "Girl I Love You", one of multiple tracks featuring Horace Andy, is a drastically reworked version of a song originally written by Andy during his solo career.

Promotion.

Eight low-budget films were officially released online in promotion of "Heligoland":  Furthermore, a "United Snakes" video by UnitedVisualArtists, along with a previous alternate promo for "Psyche" directed by Dougal Wilson were also released.  "Paradise Circus" was licensed to be the theme tune for the BBC TV drama series "Luther". "Paradise Circus" can also be heard in "Gossip Girl", "Misfits" (S2, Ep4), "Revenge" (S2, Ep6) and "9 Crimes", the fourth episode of the third season of "True Blood", as well as in the 2011 advert "Dominoes" for Citroën C5. A remixed version of "Paradise Circus" by Gui Boratto, can also be heard on the Lincoln MKX commercials featuring Mad Men's John Slattery.

Release.

The deluxe edition of "Heligoland" available digitally features bonus tracks (remixes and "False Flags" B-side, "United Snakes"). There is also a deluxe vinyl edition release. "Heligoland Remixed" (amounting to the same as the Deluxe Edition's bonus tracks, except for "United Snakes" being replaced by a second Gui Boratto dub remix) has been uploaded for listening on the duo's Facebook page. The standard edition is available in a number of different coloured covers.

Burial remix album.

In late 2009, Marshall appeared to suggest in an interview with "Clash Music" that there would be an equivalent remix album of "Heligoland" by Burial, yet various comments made afterwards cast major doubt on the prospect ever being more than an idle whim in reality.  In May 2010 Del Naja told Q magazine that, "It's happening, but we can't talk about it. (Burial)'s very private and paranoid about it." "Four Walls"/"Paradise Circus", a single containing Burial's "Paradise Circus" remix, along with a remix of a previously unreleased track, "Four Walls" was released in 2011.

Atlas Air EP.

Massive Attack had stated in interviews their intention to release a post-"Heligoland" EP in May or June 2010. The record was expected to feature unreleased leftover tracks, such as "Invade Me" and "Red Light", both featuring Martina Topley-Bird.  Subsequently, Massive Attack announced plans for the limited vinyl release of 1,000 units and digital release of an Atlas Air EP on 1 November 2010, in aid of Warchild. The EP would feature an edit of the titular song; a Tim Goldsworthy remix; a Guy Garvey-penned and previously unfinished "Heligoland" leftover track, "Redlight", featuring Guy Garvey on vocals; and its respective remix by Warp artist, Clark.  These plans were later changed so that the release date became 22 November 2010. Also, the original version of "Redlight" was later removed from the track listing and replaced on the EP by the Jneiro Jarel remix of Atlas Air, meaning that the EP would represent no new Massive Attack production. Plus, the remix of "Redlight" would end up featuring female vocals and not those of its songs writer, Guy Garvey, as first suggested.

Personnel.

Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Heligoland".

Heligoland is the fifth studio album by English electronic music duo Massive Attack, released on 8 February 2010 by Virgin Records. Named after a German archipelago, it was their first studio album in seven years, following "100th Window" (2003). It has been certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).

Heligoland je páté studiové album anglické skupiny Massive Attack. Vydáno bylo v únoru 2010 společností Virgin Records. Umístilo se na šesté příčce Britské albové hitparády. V domovské zemi se rovněž stalo zlatým. Coby hosté se na albu podíleli například Tunde Adebimpe, Guy Garvey a Damon Albarn.


Plot.

The plot provides the setup for a string of sight gags, puns, jokes based on Asian stereotypes, and general farce. The central plot involves the misadventures of secret agent Phil Moskowitz, hired by the Grand Exalted High Macha of Rashpur ("a nonexistent but real-sounding country") to recover a secret egg salad recipe that was stolen from him. The recipe, in the possession of gangster Shepherd Wong, is also being sought by rival gangster Wing Fat, and Moskowitz, assisted by two female Rashpur agents, temporarily teams up with Wing Fat to steal the recipe from Wong.  The movie has an ending credits scene unrelated to the plot, in which China Lee, a "Playboy" Playmate and then-wife of Allen's comic idol Mort Sahl who does not appear elsewhere in the film, does a striptease while Allen (who is also on-screen) explains that he promised he would put her in the film somewhere.

Soundtrack album.

The soundtrack album to "What's Up Tiger Lily?" was released in 1966. It contains music by The Lovin' Spoonful. The audio engineer at National Recording Studios was Fred Weinberg, who went on to produce and engineer many other films and albums. It was re-released on CD along with "You're a Big Boy Now", the Spoonful's soundtrack for the 1966 film by Francis Ford Coppola. It reached No. 126 on the Billboard Pop Albums charts.

Reception.

The reviews were mixed upon the film's release. Expressing disappointment in the movie, "The New York Times" stated that "the peppery English sound track wears thin as the action churns around in absolute chaos." "Variety" wrote, "The production has one premise — deliberately mismatched dialog — which is sustained reasonably well through its brief running time."  Aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports 81% approval of the film from 26 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10.

What's Up, Tiger Lily? is a 1966 American comedy film directed by Woody Allen in his feature-length directorial debut. Allen took a Japanese spy film, "", and overdubbed it with completely original dialogue that had nothing to do with the plot of the original film. By putting in new scenes and rearranging the order of existing scenes, he completely changed the tone of the film from a James Bond clone into a comedy about the search for the world's best egg salad recipe.

What's Up, Tiger Lily? je film Woodyho Allena z roku 1966. Jde o předabovanou verzi japonského filmu "" (1965) do angličtiny, a to se zcela jinými dialogy, než byly v původním filmu. Allen původně vytvořil hodinový dabing, později však bylo bez jeho svolení přidáno dalších devatenáct minut. Během nově přidaného času ve filmu vystupovala mj. skupina The Lovin' Spoonful. Mezi anglickojazyčnými dabéry byli například Woody Allen, Louise Lasser a Frank Buxton.


Early life.

Graham was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, at St. Michaels Hospital, the older of two children. Her family is of "three-quarters Irish" descent, with her father's side from County Cork. Her younger sister, Aimee Graham, is also an actress, and writer. Her mother, Joan (née Bransfield), is a teacher and author of children's books and her father, James Graham, is a retired FBI agent. She was raised Catholic, but is non-practicing. Her family relocated repeatedly before moving to Agoura Hills, California, when she was 9 years old. She was introduced to acting during a school production of "The Wizard of Oz".  After high school, Graham enrolled in extension classes at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) where she studied English for two years. Against her parents' wishes, Graham withdrew from UCLA to pursue acting full-time.

Career.

Early work (1984–1988).

Graham's first film appearance was an uncredited cameo in "Mrs. Soffel" (1984). Her first credited film appearance was in the television film "Student Exchange". In 1986, she appeared on a special "Teen Week" episode of the NBC game show "Scrabble". Then she appeared in numerous television commercials, and an episode of the sitcom "Growing Pains" in 1987. Her first high-profile starring role came in the Corey Haim/Corey Feldman vehicle "License to Drive" (1988), as a popular girl named Mercedes Lane, who serves as the love interest of Haim's character. Her efforts won her a Young Artist Award nomination in the "Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture Comedy or Fantasy" category. Her strict parents forbade her to accept a role in the black comedy "Heathers" (1988), which had an expletive-rich script. The same year, she had an uncredited appearance as Danny DeVito and Arnold Schwarzenegger's mother in "Twins" (during the laboratory conception flashback).

From "Drugstore Cowboy" to "Swingers" (1989–1996).

In 1989, Graham was featured in Gus Van Sant's "Drugstore Cowboy" as Nadine, a young drug-addicted accomplice of the two main characters (played by Matt Dillon and Kelly Lynch). Her performance gave her career an initial boost and earned her a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actress. She rejected a steady role in a soap opera and a three-picture deal with a major studio because she thought it would be too restrictive. After "Drugstore Cowboy" she appeared in Lawrence Kasdan's dark comedy "I Love You to Death" (1990), alongside William Hurt and Keanu Reeves and the rock-and-roll coming-of-age film "Shout" (1991), for which she received a nomination for the Young Artist Award for Best Actress Starring in a Motion Picture.  After co-starring with Benicio del Toro in a Calvin Klein commercial directed by David Lynch, the director cast her as Annie Blackburn in "Twin Peaks", where she appeared in the final six episodes. Following the show's cancellation, Graham reprised the role of Blackburn in the 1992 prequel film "".  She featured in "Diggstown" (1992), alongside James Woods; the well-received "Six Degrees of Separation" (1993), alongside Will Smith; and "The Ballad of Little Jo" (1993), alongside Ian McKellen before re-teaming with Gus Van Sant for the critically panned film adaptation of "Even Cowgirls Get the Blues", alongside Uma Thurman. The same year she co-starred as Mary Kennedy Taylor in "Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle". In 1995 she starred as Jackie in the poorly received "Desert Winds" and guest-starred in an episode of the television series "Fallen Angels". She had a small but important role in "Swingers" (1996), where she played Lorraine, Jon Favreau's love interest. She also played a small role as Maggie Bowen in "" (1996).

Wider industry and public recognition (1997–2003).

Graham's popularity significantly increased, after playing a young porn star in the 1997 critically acclaimed film "Boogie Nights" (1997). The cast received a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. The same year, she also starred in the Gregg Araki film "Nowhere", and had a cameo in the horror hit "Scream 2". She was subsequently cast in "Two Girls and a Guy" (1998), a film mainly based upon dialogue between the characters which was shot in 11 days, which co-starred Robert Downey Jr. and Natasha Gregson; and the sci-fi film "Lost in Space", which was met with mostly negative reviews, and grossed $69,117,629 domestically on a production budget of $80 million. The cast was signed on for sequels that remain unmade.  She starred as Felicity Shagwell in the sequel "" (1999), which was a box-office hit. Shagwell is one of her best-known roles and became a fan favorite. Her turn as Shagwell also earned her a nomination for the Saturn Award for Best Actress. She appeared in the music video for Lenny Kravitz's cover of "American Woman". Also in 1999, Graham co-starred as Daisy in the movie "Bowfinger", opposite Steve Martin and Eddie Murphy.  The 2000 film "Committed" was her first starring vehicle. She played Joline, a devoted-beyond-reason young wife looking for the husband who left her. While the film itself received mixed-to-negative reviews, critics felt that "Graham shows she can play a central character" but noted "she's not enough to make "Committed" successful". The following year she co-starred as Annie Matthews, an unhappily married woman, in Edward Burns' "Sidewalks of New York". In 2003, she starred with Joseph Fiennes in Chen Kaige's English-language debut film "Killing Me Softly", which received overwhelmingly negative response from critics and a 0% at Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus being: "Respected director Chen Kaige's first English-language film is a spectacularly misguided erotic thriller, with ludicrous plot twists and cringe-worthy dialogue". In 2009, the site also rated it No. 12 on the countdown of the worst films over the last ten years.  Graham's other appearances in mainstream fare include playing a fictionalized version of the Jack the Ripper murder victim Mary Kelly in the film "From Hell" (2001), starring Johnny Depp; "Anger Management" (2003), starring Adam Sandler and Jack Nicholson; the Farrelly Brothers comedy "Say It Isn't So" (2001), opposite Sally Field; "The Guru", co-starring Jimi Mistry and "Hope Springs" (2003), co-starring Colin Firth.

Focus on independent films and television (2004–2008).

During this period, Graham starred in the independent films "Gray Matters", "Broken", "Adrift in Manhattan" (all 2007) and "Miss Conception" (2008), which received negative-to-mixed reviews and most of them went largely unnoticed at the box-office. Her 2005 film "Mary" holds a 63% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes, her first "Fresh" film since "Bowfinger". The film premiered at the 2005 Venice Film Festival where it won the "Special Jury Prize" as well as three smaller awards. The film also played at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival, Deauville Film Festival and San Sebastián International Film Festival and co-starred Juliette Binoche, Forest Whitaker, Marion Cotillard and Matthew Modine. In 2006, she co-starred in "Bobby" as Angela; the film's cast was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.  During this period Graham also spoke about developing a comedy film titled "The Accidental Virgin" which would have focused on "female sexual confusion", telling the story of a woman who hasn't had sex in a year. The film has not been made. She also stated she would be interested in directing in the future if there is "something that, its burning in my mind that I need to do".  On television, Graham played herself in an episode of the TV series "Sex and the City". She was given special guest-star status on nine episodes of NBC-TV's "Scrubs" during its fourth season (2004–2005), and also appeared as George Michael Bluth's ethics teacher in an episode of Fox's television series, "Arrested Development" in 2004. She played Emily Sanders in "Emily's Reasons Why Not", however, the sitcom was canceled after airing only one episode.

"The Hangover" and after (2009–present).

In 2009, Graham played the stripper with a heart of gold, Jade, in "The Hangover", which was released to critical and box office success. She won the role after Lindsay Lohan turned it down. Though she did not return for the sequel "The Hangover Part II", she reprised her role in the final installment of the trilogy, "The Hangover Part III". In 2010, she starred in "Boogie Woogie", followed by roles in the unsuccessful films "Father of Invention", "5 Days of War", "Judy Moody and the Not Bummer Summer" (all 2011) and "About Cherry" (2012).  Graham voiced the character of Antonia Bayle in the online role-playing game "EverQuest 2".  She played Meredith Crown in "At Any Price", which stars Dennis Quaid and Zac Efron and was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival, and later screened as an official selection at the Telluride and Toronto Film Festivals. Upcoming roles include mob lawyer Annette Stratton-Osborne in "Behaving Badly" and short story writer Mary Bellanova in "My Dead Boyfriend" (both 2014). She wrote a comedy screenplay called "Half Magic", which she stated she wants to direct. She said the story focuses on "these female friends and sexuality and about people having a sense of shame about sexuality and learning how to have a healthier attitude about it [...] It also deals with male/female relationships and sexism".  In 2012, she was a member of the jury of the 15th Shanghai International Film Festival.  In 2014, she starred in the second adaptation of the V. C. Andrews novel "Flowers in the Attic" on the Lifetime network. She played the character of Corrine Dollanganger; an evil mother who locks her four children in an attic in order to receive an inheritance from her dying father. Graham also appeared in two TV-movie sequels based on the V.C. Andrews' series: "Petals on the Wind" and "If There Be Thorns"; continuing to play the role of Corrine Dollanganger. She appeared in the final season of "Californication" as the mother of David Duchovny's long-lost son.  In 2018 she co-starred in the David Cross dark comedy series "Bliss", which was released by the BritBox streaming service. It stars Stephen Mangan as Andrew, a fraudulent travel writer, who is struggling to maintain long-term relationships with two partners, Kim (Graham) and Denise (Jo Hartley), who are not aware of one another.

Activism.

Besides her acting work, Graham is also an activist who serves as a public advocate for the NGO Children International. She stated that what she likes about Children International is that "you are helping a child have a better life. It's great for that child to know that someone who lives in another country cares about them". Graham works with the Cambodian Children's Fund, also an NGO, which provides supplies and education, and campaigns to stop slavery. "There's a lot of human trafficking in Cambodia," Graham has said. "Women are dying because they don't have $15 to give birth in a hospital. The [Children's Fund] provides free education, clean water and healthcare for communities... We're creating future leaders who will be able to help themselves." In 2007 she supported the climate change campaign Global Cool and appeared in Shekhar Kapur's short film "Global Cool" alongside Sienna Miller.

In the media.

Graham is considered a sex symbol. She was ranked at number 40 in "FHM"'s "100 Sexiest Women in the World" list in 2000, number 95 in 2001 list, number 97 in the 2002 list, number #74 in the 2005 list and at number #98 in 2006 list. In 2001 she was named one of the "50 Most Beautiful People" by "People". In 2003 she posed for a photoshoot by photographer Sam Jones during which she was levitated several feet into the air by a magician who later also sawed her in half. Also in 2003, Graham appeared on the cover of "Time" magazine for an article titled "The Science of Meditation". To promote "Emily's Reasons Why Not", she had posed for a "Life Magazine" cover story, printed weeks in advance of the assumed series schedule, referring to her as "TV's sexiest star" which appeared in the January 27, 2006 issue.  Graham is often cast in sexual roles, including those of Felicity Shagwell ("Austin Powers: The Spy who Shagged Me"), porn stars Rollergirl ("Boogie Nights") and Sharonna ("The Guru"), prostitute Mary Kelly ("From Hell"), porn director Margaret ("About Cherry") and stripper Jade ("The Hangover" and "The Hangover, Part III"). She stated she finds these types of roles and the issue of sexuality fascinating, and believes that "our culture sends out mixed messages to women about sex. Are women supposed to be sexually alive people, or are we supposed to be 'good' mothers who would never do those things?" and that she likes "the fact some of my roles maybe help people open their minds about the way they think about sex".  In 2005, Graham became the spokeswoman and TV model for the Garnier brand of hair care products.

Personal life.

Graham has been estranged from her parents in the past, supposedly due to their strict Irish Catholic beliefs and her rebellion as a teenager. Regarding the media's perception of her relationship with her parents, she stated: "I don't really like to talk about my parents. Because I just feel that it gets misinterpreted in the press..."  She has been practicing transcendental meditation since 1991 after being introduced to it by David Lynch. She has also expressed her dislike of reality television, stating in a 2007 interview: "I think some of it, it seems strange – why do we all want to watch people be so miserable? Other people's pain and misery – it seems kind of sad."  Between 2011 to 2018, she was in a relationship with Israeli screenwriter Yaniv Raz.

Heather Joan Graham (born January 29, 1970) is an American actress, director, and writer. After appearing in television commercials, her first starring role in a feature film came with the teen comedy "License to Drive" (1988), followed by the critically acclaimed film "Drugstore Cowboy" (1989), which gained her initial industry notice. She then played supporting roles in films such as "Shout" (1991), "Diggstown "(1992), "Six Degrees of Separation" (1993), "Swingers" (1996) and on the television series "Twin Peaks" (1991) and its prequel film "" (1992), before gaining critical praise for the film "Boogie Nights" (1997). In 1999, she co-starred in "Bowfinger" and "".

Heather Graham (* 29. ledna 1970 Milwaukee) je americká herečka. Jejím otcem byl agent FBI. Dva roky studovala angličtinu na Kalifornské univerzitě v Los Angeles. Jejím filmovým debutem byl snímek "Paní Soffelová" (1984), kde měla malou roli (neuvedenou v titulcích). Později hrála v řadě dalších filmů, včetně snímků "Ulice New Yorku" (2001), "Pařba ve Vegas" (2009) a "Začít nanovo" (2014). V roce 2014 hrála roli Julie v devíti epizodách seriálu "Californication". V roce 2011 vystupovala ve videoklipu k písni „The Day“ od Mobyho.


Discovery.

In a screen for genes involved in apoptosis, Yasumasa Ishida, Tasuku Honjo and colleagues at Kyoto University in 1992 discovered and named PD-1. In 1999, the same group demonstrated that mice where PD-1 was knocked down were prone to autoimmune disease and hence concluded that PD-1 was a negative regulator of immune responses.

Structure.

PD-1 is a type I membrane protein of 288 amino acids. PD-1 is a member of the extended CD28/CTLA-4 family of T cell regulators. The protein's structure includes an extracellular IgV domain followed by a transmembrane region and an intracellular tail. The intracellular tail contains two phosphorylation sites located in an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif, which suggests that PD-1 negatively regulates T-cell receptor TCR signals. This is consistent with binding of SHP-1 and SHP-2 phosphatases to the cytoplasmic tail of PD-1 upon ligand binding. In addition, PD-1 ligation up-regulates E3-ubiquitin ligases CBL-b and c-CBL that trigger T cell receptor down-modulation. PD-1 is expressed on the surface of activated T cells, B cells, and macrophages, suggesting that compared to CTLA-4, PD-1 more broadly negatively regulates immune responses.

Ligands.

PD-1 has two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, which are members of the B7 family. PD-L1 protein is upregulated on macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) in response to LPS and GM-CSF treatment, and on T cells and B cells upon TCR and B cell receptor signaling, whereas in resting mice, PD-L1 mRNA can be detected in the heart, lung, thymus, spleen, and kidney. PD-L1 is expressed on almost all murine tumor cell lines, including PA1 myeloma, P815 mastocytoma, and B16 melanoma upon treatment with IFN-γ. PD-L2 expression is more restricted and is expressed mainly by DCs and a few tumor lines.

Function.

Several lines of evidence suggest that PD-1 and its ligands negatively regulate immune responses. PD-1 knockout mice have been shown to develop lupus-like glomerulonephritis and dilated cardiomyopathy on the C57BL/6 and BALB/c backgrounds, respectively. In vitro, treatment of anti-CD3 stimulated T cells with PD-L1-Ig results in reduced T cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. IFN-γ is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine that promotes T cell inflammatory activity. Reduced T cell proliferation was also correlated with attenuated IL-2 secretion and together, these data suggest that PD-1 negatively regulates T cell responses.  Experiments using PD-L1 transfected DCs and PD-1 expressing transgenic (Tg) CD4 and CD8 T cells suggest that CD8 T cells are more susceptible to inhibition by PD-L1, although this could be dependent on the strength of TCR signaling. Consistent with a role in negatively regulating CD8 T cell responses, using an LCMV viral vector model of chronic infection, Rafi Ahmed's group showed that the PD-1-PD-L1 interaction inhibits activation, expansion and acquisition of effector functions of virus specific CD8 T cells, which can be reversed by blocking the PD-1-PD-L1 interaction.  Expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells inhibits anti-tumor activity through engagement of PD-1 on effector T cells. Expression of PD-L1 on tumors is correlated with reduced survival in esophageal, pancreatic and other types of cancers, highlighting this pathway as a target for immunotherapy. Triggering PD-1, expressed on monocytes and up-regulated upon monocytes activation, by its ligand PD-L1 induces IL-10 production which inhibits CD4 T-cell function.  In mice, expression of this gene is induced in the thymus when anti-CD3 antibodies are injected and large numbers of thymocytes undergo apoptosis. Mice deficient for this gene bred on a BALB/c background developed dilated cardiomyopathy and died from congestive heart failure. These studies suggest that this gene product may also be important in T cell function and contribute to the prevention of autoimmune diseases.  Overexpression of PD1 on CD8+ T cells is one of the indicators of T-cell exhaustion (e.g. in chronic infection or cancer).

Clinical significance.

Cancer.

PD-L1, the ligand for PD1, is highly expressed in several cancers and hence the role of PD1 in cancer immune evasion is well established. Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 that boost the immune system are being developed for the treatment of cancer. Many tumor cells express PD-L1, an immunosuppressive PD-1 ligand; inhibition of the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 can enhance T-cell responses "in vitro" and mediate preclinical antitumor activity. This is known as immune checkpoint blockade.  Combination therapy using both anti-PD1 along with anti-CTLA4 therapeutics have emerged as important tumor treatments within the field of checkpoint inhibition.  A combination of PD1 and CTLA4 antibodies has been shown to be more effective than either antibody alone in the treatment of a variety of cancers. The effects of the two antibodies do not appear to be redundant. Anti-CTLA4 treatment leads to an enhanced antigen specific T cell dependent immune reaction while anti-PD-1 appears to reactivate CD8+ T cells ability to lyse cancer cells.  In clinical trials, combination therapy has been shown to be effective in reducing tumor size in patients that are unresponsive to single co-inhibitory blockade, despite increasing levels of toxicity due to anti-CTLA4 treatment. A combination of PD1 and CTLA4 induced up to a ten-fold higher number of CD8+ T cells that are actively infiltrating the tumor tissue. The authors hypothesized that the higher levels of CD8+ T cell infiltration was due to anti-CTLA-4 inhibited the conversion of CD4 T cells to T regulator cells and further reduced T regulatory suppression with anti-PD-1. This combination promoted a more robust inflammatory response to the tumor that reduced the size of the cancer. Most recently, the FDA has approved a combination therapy with both anti-CTLA4 (ipilimumab) and anti-PD1 (nivolumab) in October 2015.  The molecular factors and receptors necessary making a tumor receptive to anti-PD1 treatment remains unknown. PDL1 expression on the surface on cancer cells plays a significant role. PDL1 positive tumors were twice as likely to respond to combination treatment. However patients with PDL1 negative tumors also have limited response to anti-PD1, demonstrating that PDL1 expression is not an absolute determinant of the effectiveness of therapy.  Higher mutational burden in the tumor is correlated with a greater effect of the anti-PD-1 treatment. In clinical trials, patients who benefited from anti-PD1 treatment had cancers, such as melanoma, bladder cancer, and gastric cancer, that had a median higher average number of mutations than the patients who did not respond to the therapy. However, the correlation between higher tumor burden and the clinical effectiveness of PD-1 immune blockade is still uncertain.  The 2018 Nobel prize for medicine was awarded to James P Allison and Tasuku Honjo "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation".

Anti-PD-1 therapeutics.

A number of cancer immunotherapy agents that target the PD-1 receptor have been developed.  One such anti-PD-1 antibody drug, nivolumab, (Opdivo - Bristol-Myers Squibb), produced complete or partial responses in non-small-cell lung cancer, melanoma, and renal-cell cancer, in a clinical trial with a total of 296 patients. Colon and pancreatic cancer did not have a response. Nivolumab (Opdivo, Bristol-Myers Squibb) was approved in Japan in July 2014 and by the US FDA in December 2014 to treat metastatic melanoma.  Pembrolizumab (Keytruda, MK-3475, Merck), which also targets PD-1 receptors, was approved by the FDA in Sept 2014 to treat metastatic melanoma. Pembrolizumab has been made accessible to advanced melanoma patients in the UK via UK Early Access to Medicines Scheme (EAMS) in March 2015. It is being used in clinical trials in the US for lung cancer, lymphoma, and mesothelioma. It has had measured success, with little side effects. It is up to the manufacturer of the drug to submit application to the FDA for approval for use in these diseases. On October 2, 2015 Pembrolizumab was approved by FDA for advanced (metastatic) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients whose disease has progressed after other treatments.  Other drugs in early stage development targeting PD-1 receptors (checkpoint inhibitors) are Pidilizumab (CT-011, Cure Tech), BMS-936559 (Bristol Myers Squibb) and Toripalimab (JS-001, TopAlliance), a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody against PD-1. Both Atezolizumab (MPDL3280A, Roche) and Avelumab (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany & Pfizer) target the similar PD-L1 receptor.

Animal studies.

HIV.

Drugs targeting PD-1 in combination with other negative immune checkpoint receptors, such as (TIGIT), may augment immune responses and/or facilitate HIV eradication. T lymphocytes exhibit elevated expression of PD-1 in cases of chronic HIV infection. Heightened presence of the PD-1 receptors corresponds to exhaustion of the HIV specific CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T cell populations that are vital in combating the virus. Immune blockade of PD-1 resulted in restoration of T cell inflammatory phenotype necessary to combat the progression of disease.

Alzheimer's disease.

Blocking of PD-1 leads to a reduction in cerebral amyloid-β plaques and improves cognitive performance in mice. Immune blockade of PD-1 evoked an IFN-γ dependent immune response that recruited monocyte-derived macrophages to the brain that were then capable of clearing the amyloid-β plaques from the tissue. Repeated administrations with anti-PD-1 were found to be necessary to maintain the therapeutic effects of the treatment. Amyloid fibrils are immunosuppressive and this finding has been separately confirmed by examining the effects of the fibrils in neuroinflammatory diseases. PD-1 counteracts the effects of the fibrils by boosting immune activity and triggering an immune pathway that allows for brain repair.

Programmed cell death protein 1, also known as PD-1 and CD279 (cluster of differentiation 279), is a protein on the surface of cells that has a role in regulating the immune system's response to the cells of the human body by down-regulating the immune system and promoting self-tolerance by suppressing T cell inflammatory activity. This prevents autoimmune diseases, but it can also prevent the immune system from killing cancer cells.

PD-1 (programed cell death 1, CD279) je receptor na povrchu buněk, který řadí se mezi tzv. kontrolní body (checkpoints) imunitního systému.