Names.

Much confusion has been caused by different renditions of the composer's names. In official Polish documents (i.e. prior to his move to the USSR), his name was spelled as "Mojsze Wajnberg", and in the world of Yiddish theater of antebellum Warsaw he was likewise known as ("Moishe Weinberg"). In the Russian language (i.e. after his move to the Soviet Union), he was and still is known as ("Moisey Samuilovich Vaynberg"), which is the Russian-language analogue of the Polish original "Mojsze, son of Samuel". Among close friends in Russia, he would also go by his Polish diminutive "Mietek" (i.e. Mieczysław).  Re-transliteration of his surname from Cyrillic ("Вайнберг") back into the Latin alphabet produced a variety of spellings, including 'Weinberg', 'Vainberg', and 'Vaynberg'. The form 'Weinberg' is now being increasingly used as the most frequent English-language rendition of this common Jewish surname, notably in the latest edition of Grove and by Weinberg's first biographer, Per Skans.

Life.

Early life in Poland, Belarus and Uzbekistan.

Weinberg was born on 8 December 1919 to a Jewish family in Warsaw. His father, Shmil (Szmuel or Samuil Moiseyevich) Weinberg (1882–1943, ), a well-known conductor and composer of the Yiddish theater, moved to Warsaw from Kishinev (at that time a part of the Russian Empire) in 1916 and worked as a violinist and conductor for the Yiddish theatre "Scala" in Warsaw, where the future composer joined him as pianist at the age of 10 and later as a musical director of several performances. His mother, Sonia Wajnberg (née Sura-Dwojra Sztern, 1888–1943), born in Odessa (at that time a part of the Russian Empire), was an actress in several Yiddish theater companies in Warsaw and Lodz. The family had already been the victim of anti-semitic violence in Bessarabia – some members of his family were killed during the Kishinev pogrom. One of the composer's cousins (a son of his father's sister Khaya Vaynberg) – Isay Abramovich Mishne – was the secretary of the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Baku Soviet commune and was executed in 1918 along with the other 26 Baku Commissars.  Weinberg entered the Warsaw Conservatory at the age of twelve, studying piano, and graduated in 1939. Two works (his first string quartet and a berceuse for piano) were composed before he fled to the Soviet Union at the outbreak of World War II. His parents and younger sister Esther, who remained behind, were interned at the Lodz ghetto and subsequently perished in the Trawniki concentration camp. Weinberg first settled in Minsk, where he studied composition for the first time at the Conservatory there. At the outbreak of World War II on Soviet territory, Weinberg was evacuated to Tashkent (Central Asia), where he wrote works for the opera, as well as met and married Solomon Mikhoels' daughter Natalia Vovsi. There he also met Dmitri Shostakovich who was impressed by his talent and became his close friend. Meeting Shostakovich had a profound effect on the younger man, who said later that, "It was as if I had been born anew". In 1943, he moved to Moscow at Shostakovich's urging.

Later life in Russia.

Once in Moscow, Weinberg began to settle down and to work energetically, as evidenced by his increasing opus numbers: approximately 30 works from 1943 until 1948. Several of Weinberg's works were banned during the Zhdanovshchina of 1948, and, as a result, he was almost entirely ignored by the Soviet musical establishment; for a time he could make a living only by composing for the theatre and circus. On 13 January 1948 Weinberg's father-in-law Mikhoels was assassinated in Minsk on Stalin's orders; shortly after Mikhoels's murder, Soviet agents began following Weinberg. In February 1953, he was arrested on charges of "Jewish bourgeois nationalism" in relation to the murder of his father-in-law as a part of the so-called "Doctors' plot": Shostakovich allegedly wrote to Lavrenti Beria to intercede on Weinberg's behalf, as well as agreeing to look after Weinberg's daughter if his wife were also arrested. In the event, he was saved by Stalin's death the following month, and he was officially rehabilitated shortly afterwards.  Thereafter Weinberg continued to live in Moscow, composing and occasionally performing as a pianist. He and Shostakovich lived near to one another, sharing ideas on a daily basis. Besides the admiration which Shostakovich frequently expressed for Weinberg's works, they were taken up by some of Russia's foremost performers and conductors, including Emil Gilels, Leonid Kogan, Kirill Kondrashin, Mstislav Rostropovich, Kurt Sanderling, and Thomas Sanderling.

Final years and posthumous reception.

Towards the end of his life, Weinberg suffered from Crohn's disease and remained housebound for the last three years, although he continued to compose. He converted to Orthodox Christianity on 3 January 1996, less than two months before his death in Moscow. His funeral was held in the Church of the Resurrection of the Word.  A 2004 reviewer has considered him as "the third great Soviet composer, along with Prokofiev and Shostakovich". Ten years after his death, a concert premiere of his opera "The Passenger" in Moscow sparked a posthumous revival. The British director David Pountney staged the opera at the 2010 Bregenz Festival and restaged it at English National Opera in 2011. Thomas Sanderling has called Weinberg "a great discovery. Tragically, a discovery, because he didn’t gain much recognition within his lifetime besides from a circle of insiders in Russia."

Conversion to Christianity.

Posthumously, Weinberg's conversion to Christianity has been the subject of some controversy. In particular, Weinberg's first and older daughter, Victoria, questioned in an interview from 2016 whether his baptism was undertaken voluntarily in light of his long-standing illness, and in his book on the composer, David Fanning alludes to rumors that Weinberg was baptised under pressure from his second wife, Olga Rakhalskaya.. However, Olga Rakhalskaya has subsequently replied to these allegations by stating that involuntary baptism (under pressure or when mentally incapacitated) is sinful and of no value, and that Weinberg had been considering his conversion for about a year before he asked to be baptised in late November 1995. The composer's younger daughter, Anna Weinberg, has written that "father was baptized in sound mind and firm memory, without the slightest pressure from any side; this was his deliberate and conscious decision, and why he did it is not for us to judge.". It is quite possible that the composer's interest in Christianity began when working on the film score for Boris Yermolaev's "Отче Наш" ("Otche Nash", "Our Father in Heaven") in the late 1980s. A setting of the Lord's Prayer appears in the manuscript version of Weinberg's last completed symphony (No. 21, 1991), subtitled "Kaddish".

Works.

Weinberg's output includes twenty-two symphonies, other works for orchestra (including four chamber symphonies and two sinfoniettas), seventeen string quartets, eight violin sonatas (three solo and five with piano), twenty-four preludes for cello and six cello sonatas (two with piano and four solo), four solo viola sonatas, six piano sonatas, numerous other instrumental works, as well as more than 40 film and animation scores (including "The Cranes are Flying", Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, 1958). He wrote seven operas, and considered one of them, "The Passenger (Passazhirka)" (written in 1967-68, premiered in 2006), to be his most important work. The British record label Olympia was among the first to raise general awareness of Weinberg in the late 1990s and early 2000s through a series of seventeen compact disc recordings of his music (plus one sampler disc), consisting of both original recordings and re-masterings of earlier Melodiya LPs. Since then, numerous other labels have recorded Weinberg's music, including Naxos, Chandos, ECM and Deutsche Grammophon.  Weinberg's works sometimes have a strong element of commemoration, with reference to his formative years in Warsaw and to the war which ended that earlier life. Typically, however, this darkness serves as a background to the finding of peace through catharsis. This desire for harmony is also evident in his musical style; Lyudmilla Nikitina emphasizes the "neo-classical, rationalist clarity and proportion" of his works.  More generally, Weinberg's style can be described as modern yet accessible. His harmonic language is usually based on an expanded/free tonality mixed with occasional polytonality (e.g. as in the Twentieth Symphony) and atonality (e.g. as in the Twelfth String Quartet or the 24 Preludes for Solo Cello). His earlier works exhibit neo-Romantic tendencies and draw significantly on folk-music, whereas his later works, which came with improved social circumstances and greater compositional maturity, are more complex and austere. However, even in these later, more experimental works from the late 1960s, 70s and 80s (e.g. the Third Violin Sonata or the Tenth Symphony), which make liberal use of tone clusters and other devices, Weinberg retains a keen sense of tradition that variously manifests itself in the use of classical forms, more restrained tonality, or lyrical melodic lines. Always masterfully crafted, many of his instrumental works contain highly virtosic writing and make significant technical demands on performers.

Shostakovich and stylistic influences.

Although he never formally studied with Shostakovich, the older composer had an obvious influence on Weinberg's music. This is particularly noticeable in his Twelfth Symphony (1975–1976, Op. 114), which is dedicated to the memory of Shostakovich and quotes from a number of the latter's works. Other explicit connections include the pianissimo passage with celesta which ends the Fifth Symphony (1962, Op. 76), reminiscent of Shostakovich's Fourth; the quote from one of Shostakovich's Preludes and Fugues in Weinberg's Sixth Piano Sonata (1960, Op. 73); and numerous, strung-together quotes from Shostakovich's First Cello Concerto and Cello Sonata (4th movement) in Weinberg's 21st Prelude for Solo Cello. These explicit connections should not be interpreted, however, to mean that musical influences went in only one direction (from Shostakovich to Weinberg). Indeed, Shostakovich drew significant inspiration from Weinberg's Seventh Symphony for his Tenth String Quartet; Shostakovich also drew on some of the ideas in Weinberg's Ninth String Quartet for the slow movement of his Tenth Quartet (opening bars of Weinberg's Ninth), for his Eleventh Quartet (first movement of Weinberg's Ninth) and for his Twelfth Quartet (F-sharp major ending); and in his First Cello Concerto of 1959, Shostakovich re-used Weinberg's idea of a solo cello motif in the first movement that recurs at the end of the work to impart unity, from Weinberg's Cello Concerto (1948, Op. 43).  It is also important to note that Weinberg does not restrict himself to quoting Shostakovich. For example, Weinberg's Trumpet Concerto quotes Mendelssohn's well-known Wedding March; his Second Piano Sonata (written in 1942, before moving to Moscow) quotes Haydn; and his Twenty First Symphony quotes a Chopin ballade. Such cryptic quotations are stylistic features shared by both Weinberg and Shostakovich.  The discussion above highlights that mutual influences and stylistic affinities can be found in many works by the two composers, no doubt as a result of their close friendship and similar compositional views (see also ).  More general similarities in musical language between Shostakovich and Weinberg include the use of extended melodies, repetitive themes, and methods of developing the musical material. However, as Nikitina states, "already in the 60s it was obvious that Weinberg's style was individual and essentially different from the style of Shostakovich.".  Along with Shostakovich, Nikitina identifies Prokofiev, Myaskovsky, Bartók and Mahler as formative influences. Ethnic influences include not only Jewish music, but also Moldavian, Polish, Uzbek, and Armenian elements. Weinberg has been identified by a number of critics as the source of Shostakovich's own increased interest in Jewish themes.

Selected recordings.

Complete editions  Video

Further reading.

In English  In German  In Polish  In Russian

Mieczysław Weinberg (also Moisey or Moishe Vainberg, Moisey Samuilovich Vaynberg; ; ; 8 December 1919 – 26 February 1996) was a Polish-born Soviet composer. Ever since a revival concert series in the 2010 Bregenz Festival in Austria, his music has been increasingly described as "some of the most individual and compelling music of the twentieth century". Weinberg's output was extensive, encompassing 26 symphonies, 17 string quartets, nearly 30 sonatas for various instruments, 7 operas, and numerous film scores.

Moisej Samuilovič Vajnberg (též Mieczysław Weinberg, Моисей Самуилович Вайнберг, Mojsze [Mieczysław] Wajnberg; 8. prosince 1919 Varšava – 26. února 1996 Moskva) byl sovětský skladatel polského původu. Od série koncertů na festivalu Bregenzu v Rakousku v roce 2010 je jeho hudba stále více označována za „"jednu z nejoriginálnějších a nejpůsobivějších hudebních počinů dvacátého století"“. Vajnbergova tvorba byla rozsáhlá, zahrnovala 26 symfonií, 17 smyčcových kvartet, téměř 30 sonát pro různé nástroje, 7 oper a řadu filmových partitur.


History.

Upon the revolt instigated by the Wettin margrave Dedi I in 1069, Emperor Henry IV appointed the loyal House of Mansfeld counts ("Grafen") in the Saxon Hassegau at Eisleben. The family progenitor, Count Hoyer I of Mansfeld, also known as Hoyer the Great, was a field marshal in the service of Emperor Henry V. He was killed at the Battle of Welfesholz on 11 February 1115, fighting the rebellious Saxon forces under Count Lothair of Supplinburg.  The Mansfelds held extended fiefs both in the Archbishopric of Magdeburg and the Bishopric of Halberstadt. The male line became extinct for the first time upon the death of Count Burchard of Mansfeld in 1229; his daughter Sophia married a scion of the Lords of Querfurt, who assumed the comital title. In the 15th century, the primary house divided into cadet branches: Hinterort, Mittelort, and Vorderort, while their County of Mansfeld in 1512 joined the Upper Saxon Circle as an immediate Imperial estate.  Things worsened with the Protestant Reformation: While Count Hoyer VI of Mansfeld-Vorderort (1477-1540) remained a loyal supporter of the Catholic faith, the Mittelort and Hinterort branches sided with Martin Luther. When the county was devastated during the German Peasants' War, Count Albert VII of Mansfeld-Hinterort (1480-1560) not only fought with the Imperial troops in the 1525 Battle of Frankenhausen, but also signed the Protestant Augsburg Confession in 1530 and joined the Schmalkaldic League, wherefore he was banned by Emperor Charles V after the 1547 Battle of Mühlberg.  To settle the enormous debts of the Counts of Mansfeld, their mighty neighbour Elector Augustus of Saxony urged Emperor Maximilian II to appoint a committee. On 15 March 1574, and again on 5 July 1574, in Leipzig and Halle, respectively, the surviving counts Hans Hoyer, Hans Georg, Hans Albrecht and Bruno concluded an agreement for the repayment of debts incurred by Counts Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort, Hans Ernst and Bruno von Mansfeld. The family's assets were confiscated in 1579, whereafter Imperial immediacy was lost and mediatized between the Electorate of Saxony and the Archbishopric of Magdeburg.  The Mittelort and Hinterort branches died out in 1602 and 1666. The male Mansfeld-Vorderort line finally became extinct in 1780 with the death of Josef Wenzel Nepomuk, Prince of Fondi in Italy, and their fiefs fell back to the Electorate of Saxony and the Prussian Duchy of Magdeburg. Josef Wenzel's half-sister and heiress Maria Isabella was only able to retain the Bohemian possessions. In 1771 she had married Prince Franz de Paula Gundaker von Colloredo (1731–1807), last Vice Chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1789, thereby establishing the House of Colloredo-Mansfeld, which claimed headship over the family after the German mediatization.

The House of Mansfeld was a princely German house, which took its name from the town of Mansfeld in the present-day state of Saxony-Anhalt. Mansfelds were archbishops, generals, supporters as well as opponents of Martin Luther, and Habsburg administrators.

Mansfeldové byli původem německý hraběcí rod, později usedlý i v Čechách. Poprvé doloženi jsou v roce 1050, kdy vlastnili panství Mansfeld. Roku 1069 je král Jindřich IV. povýšil na hrabata a získali Eisleben. Roku 1229 vymřel původní rod Mansfeldů po meči a jejich majetek i titul hrabat z Mansfeldu získali páni z Querfurtu.


Name.

Mount Stuart was given its name by George B. McClellan in September 1853 in honor of his oldest and best friend, "the late Capt. Jas. [Jimmie] Stuart of the Rifles—a gallant soldier & accomplished gentleman." Stuart had died of an arrow wound on June 18, 1851, following a skirmish with Native Americans at the base of the Siskiyou Mountains in southwest Oregon.

Topography.

Mount Stuart is more notable for its local relief than for its absolute elevation. For example, the south face rises in just 2 horizontal miles (3.2 km). The northeast and northwest sides of the mountain exhibit similar steep relief. Due to its location away from higher peaks, Mount Stuart has a topographic prominence of, making it the sixth most prominent in the state. The rock of Mount Stuart is rugged due to the extensive jointing of the granite. The north slopes of the mountain shelter three glaciers - Stuart, Ice Cliff and Sherpa Glaciers from west to east.

Climbing history.

It is not known for sure who made the first ascent of Mount Stuart. According to Fred Beckey: "Claude Rusk... was told by Frank Bryant of Yakima about finding a stick at the summit bearing the name `Angus McPherson—1873.' A. H. Sylvester, who climbed to the summit in 1897 and 1899 for triangulation, believed the first ascent was made by Frank Tweedy and Richard Goode during the Northern Pacific land survey." Tweedy (after whom Tweedy's pussypaws is named) climbed Mount Stuart on August 5, 1883, and two days later again with Goode (after whom Goode Mountain is named). They did not report finding evidence of an earlier ascent. Since the easiest route is not too technical, an earlier Native American ascent is also a possibility.  The standard route is the Cascadian Couloir up the southeast flank of the mountain, which ascends to a false summit just southeast of the main summit, and finishes along a short ridge. The route involves scrambling, and often, steep snow. Far more technical climbs are available on the complex north face and other aspects of the mountain.

Mount Stuart is a mountain in the Cascade Range, in the U.S. state of Washington. It is the second highest non-volcanic peak in the state, after Bonanza Peak and tenth-highest overall. Mount Stuart is the highest peak in the Stuart Range, and it is located in the central part of the Washington Cascades, south of Stevens Pass and east of Snoqualmie Pass in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness.

Mount Stuart je hora na jihozápadě Chelan County, ve střední části státu Washington. Mount Stuart je nejvyšší horou pohoří Wenatchee Mountains, které tvoří severní část Kaskádového pohoří. Náleží k nejvyšším horám ve Washingtonu.


Under Tang rule.

It is not known when An Renzhi was born, although he was said to be not yet 20 when Emperor Xuanzong gave him the mostly honorary title of minister of vassal affairs, likely in 751. He was An Lushan's second son, and his mother was An Lushan's first wife Lady Kang. At some point, Emperor Xuanzong gave him the name of Qingxu. The first definitive historical references to him were in 752, when, in a defeat that An Lushan suffered against the Xi, An Lushan was said to have fallen into a hole and was only saved through the effort of An Qingxu and others. Also that year, when An Lushan's close associate Ji Wen (吉溫) went to meet An Lushan before departing for the Tang capital Chang'an, it was An Qingxu that An Lushan sent to accompany Ji to the borders of his territory.

Under An Lushan's rule.

In 755, when An Lushan rebelled at his post at Fanyang Circuit (范陽, headquartered in modern Beijing), An Qingxu was apparently with his father and accompanied his father south. In response to An Lushan's rebellion, An Qingxu's mother Lady Kang and older brother An Qingzong (安慶宗), then at Chang'an, were executed, and after An Lushan captured Chenliu Commandery (陳留, roughly modern Kaifeng, Henan), it was An Qingxu who realized that An Qingzong had been executed and who tearfully informed his father, sending his father into a rage in which he executed the Tang soldiers who surrendered to him at Chenliu. In 756, after An Lushan declared himself emperor of a new state of Yan at Luoyang, he created An Qingxu the Prince of Jin. He subsequently sent An Qingxu to make a preliminary attack against Tong Pass, then defended by the Tang general Geshu Han, and Geshu repelled An Qingxu's attack.  By early 757, when Yan forces had captured Chang'an and forced both Emperor Xuanzong and his crown prince Li Heng to flee, it was said that An Lushan was having eye problems and had become blind, and was also suffering from ulcers on his body. As a result, his temper became terrible, and his servants, if they had caused him any ill will, would often be whipped or caned, and sometimes even executed. Once he declared imperial title, he spent most of his time inside the Luoyang palace, and his generals rarely saw him, with most important matters going through his official Yan Zhuang (嚴莊), -- but even Yan and a favorite eunuch of An's, Li Zhu'er (李豬兒), were being frequently battered. Meanwhile, An Lushan favored another son An Qing'en (安慶恩), the son of his second wife Lady Duan (who might have carried the title of empress by this point). An considered letting An Qing'en be his crown prince, instead of An Qingxu, who was otherwise considered in order to receive that honor. An Qingxu often feared that An Lushan would put him to death. He, Yan, and Li Zhu'er therefore plotted. On the night of 29 January 757, with Yan and An Qingxu watching outside, Li Zhu'er took a sword into the palace and attacked An Lushan; An Lushan tried to fight back, but could not locate a sword that he put under his bed, and Li Zhu'er killed him. The next morning, Yan first announced to the Yan officials that An Lushan was seriously ill and was creating An Qingxu crown prince, and then An Qingxu took the throne, before announcing An Lushan's death.

As emperor.

It was said that An Qingxu was weak in personality and did not speak well. As a result, Yan Zhuang advised him not to meet officials frequently, and he entrusted most of affairs of state to Yan and created Yan the Prince of Fengyi. He tried to ingratiate his generals by promoting their positions. Meanwhile, with the major general Shi Siming sieging the Tang general Li Guangbi at Taiyuan, An Qingxu ordered Shi to return to his base of Fanyang and leave the general Cai Xide (蔡希德) at Taiyuan to watch Li Guangbi's actions. He also sent the general Yin Ziqi (尹子奇) to attack the city of Suiyang, then under the defense by the Tang generals Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan (許遠), intending to first capture Suiyang and then send Yin south to capture Tang territory south of the Huai River. (Yin, however, was locked into a siege of Suiyang that would last until winter 757, stopping any possibility of Yan advance south.) To show favor to Shi, he created Shi the Prince of Guichuan and made him the military governor ("jiedushi") of Fanyang Circuit; instead, Shi, hoarding the supplies that An Lushan had previously shipped to Fanyang, began to disobey An Qingxu's orders, and An Qingxu could not keep him in check. When the Tang general Guo Ziyi attacked Tong Pass, intending to recapture Chang'an, however, An was able to send forces to repel Guo's attack.  However, the Tang prince Li Chu the Prince of Guangping (the son of Li Heng, who by this point had taken imperial title as Emperor Suzong), with aid from Huige, was able to recapture Chang'an in summer 757. Tang forces under Li Chu and Huige forces then advanced east, toward Luoyang. In winter 757, An put together his forces and sent them, under Yan Zhuang's command, to defend Shan Commandery (陝郡, roughly modern Sanmenxia, Henan). When Yan forces engaged Tang forces, however, they saw that Huige forces were on Tang's side, and, in fear, they collapsed. Yan Zhuang and Zhang Tongru (張通儒) fled back to Luoyang to inform An, and An, after executing some 30 Tang generals who had been captured, abandoned Luoyang and fled north, to Yecheng, which he converted to Ancheng Municipality.  At the time that An arrived at Yecheng, he had only 1,000 infantry soldiers and 300 cavalry soldiers. Soon, however, Yan generals Ashina Chengqing (阿史那承慶), Cai Xide, Tian Chengsi, and Wu Lingxun (武令<unk>), who had been attacking other Tang cities, headed to Yecheng and coalesced there, allowing An to have over 60,000 soldiers under his disposal and thus regaining some measure of strength. Meanwhile, apprehensive of Shi, he sent Ashina and An Shouzhong (安守忠) to Fanyang to order Shi to contribute troops, but was intending to have Ashina and An Shouzhong to take over Shi's command if possible. Instead, Shi arrested Ashina and An Shouzhong and submitted to Tang. Many other cities previously under Yan control also submitted to Tang, and An Qingxu's territory shrank to just Yecheng and the surrounding area. It was said that An Qingxu became cruel and paranoid in light of the military losses, and that if generals submitted to Tang, he would slaughter their families if they were Han and their tribes if they were non-Han. Meanwhile, believing accusations that Zhang made against Cai, he killed Cai, which further led to dissension among his soldiers, particularly since he then put Cui Qianyou (崔乾祐) in command of his army, and the soldiers resented Cui for his harshness.  By winter 758, the Tang generals Guo Ziyi, Lu Jiong (魯炅), Li Huan (李<unk>), Xu Shuji (許叔冀), Li Siye, Ji Guangchen (季廣琛), Cui Guangyuan (崔光遠), Dong Qin (董秦), Li Guangbi, and Wang Sili (王思禮), were gathering at Yecheng and putting it under siege. An Qingxu tried to fight out of the siege, but was defeated by Tang forces, and his brother An Qinghe (安慶和) was killed. Meanwhile, with Shi recently having again rebelled against Tang, An sent the general Xue Song to Fanyang to seek aid from Shi, offering the throne to him. Shi thus advanced south toward Yecheng. Meanwhile, Tang forces, under the command of nine generals (with Li Siye having died during the siege), were uncoordinated. On 7 April 759, Shi engaged Tang forces—and, when a storm suddenly arrived, both armies panicked; Shi's forces fled north, and Tang forces fled south, lifting the siege on Yecheng. An Qingxu's forces gathered the food and supplies abandoned by Tang forces, and An thereafter considered, with Sun Xiaozhe (孫孝哲) and Cui, the possibility of refusing Shi, who gathered his troops and again approached Yecheng, admittance. Shi himself was not communicating with An, but was feasting his soldiers and watching Yecheng. Zhang and Gao Shang (高尚) requested permission to meet Shi, and An agreed; Shi gave them gifts and let them return to Yecheng. An, unsure what to do, again offered the throne to Shi, which Shi declined. Shi, instead, suggested to him that perhaps they could both be emperors of independent, allied states. An, pleased, exited Yecheng and met with Shi to swear to the alliance.  When An met Shi, he knelt down to thank Shi for his help, stating:  Shi suddenly changed his expression and rebuked An:  Shi then executed An Qingxu, his four brothers, Gao, Sun, and Cui. He took over An's territory and troops and soon claimed for himself the title of emperor of Yan.

An Qingxu (安慶緒) (died 10 April 759), né An Renzhi (安仁執), was a son of An Lushan, a general of the Chinese Tang Dynasty who rebelled and took imperial title of his own state of Yan. An Qingxu served as the Prince of Jin in 756–757, and later killed his father and took the imperial title for himself. He was eventually defeated by Tang forces and cornered at Yecheng. After An Lushan's general Shi Siming lifted the siege, An Qingxu met Shi to thank him, and Shi arrested and executed him.

An Čching-sü (, † 10. dubna 759) byl syn An Lu-šana, tchangského generála sogdsko-turkického původu. Sloužil v otcově armádě, od roku 755, kdy se An Lu-šan vzbouřil proti tchangskému státu v povstání An Lu-šana, působil jako generál povstaleckých vojsk. Roku 757 se z obavy o své postavení spojil s An Lu-šanovými důvěrníky proti němu, účastnil se otcovy vraždy a převzal vládu nad povstaleckým státem Jen. Nebyl úpěšným vojevůdcem jako jeho otec a po dvou letech vlády byl zabit Š’ S’-mingem, jedním ze svých generálů. Š’ S’-ming se poté stal novým jenským císařem.


Origins.

The first count of Leiningen about whom anything definite is known was a certain Emich II (d. before 1138). He (and perhaps his father Emich I) built Leiningen Castle, which is now known as "Old Leiningen Castle" (German: "Burg Altleiningen"), around 1100 to 1110. Nearby Höningen Abbey was then built around 1120 as the family's burial place.  This family became extinct in the male line when Count Frederick I died about 1220. Frederick I's sister, Liutgarde, married Simon II, Count of Saarbrücken. One of Liutgarde's sons, also named Frederick, inherited the lands of the counts of Leiningen, and he took their arms and their name as Frederick II (d. 1237). He became known as a "Minnesinger", and one of his songs was included in the Codex Manesse. Before 1212, he built himself a new castle called Hardenburg, about 10 kilometers south of Altleiningen. This was outside the county of Leiningen on the territory of Limburg Abbey, of which his uncle was the overlord ("Vogt"), which caused some trouble.  His eldest son, Simon (c. 1204–1234), married Gertrude, heiress of the County of Dagsburg, bringing that property into the family. They had no children and Simon's two brothers inherited the county of Leiningen together: Frederick III (d. 1287) also inherited Dagsburg and Emich IV (d. c. 1276) Landeck Castle; he founded the town of Landau, but the Landeck branch extinguished with his grandson in 1290. Frederick III, who disliked sharing Leiningen castle with his brother, had a new castle built in 1238–41 about 5 kilometres northeast of Leiningen, called Neuleiningen Castle ("New Leiningen"). Frederick III's son, Frederick IV (d. 1316), had two sons, who divided the county into Leiningen-Dagsburg and Leiningen-Hardenburg.

History.

Having increased its possessions, the Leiningen family was divided around 1317 into two branches.

Leiningen-Westerburg.

The elder of these, whose head was a landgrave, died out in 1467. Upon this event, its lands fell to a female, the last landgrave's sister Margaret, wife of Reinhard, Lord of Westerburg, and their descendants were known as the family of Leiningen-Westerburg. Later this family was divided into two branches, those of Leiningen-Westerburg-Alt-Leiningen and Leiningen-Westerburg-Neu-Leiningen, both of which are extinct today.  After the French Revolution, the Left Bank of the Rhine was conquered during the War of the First Coalition and annexed by France in 1793. The two counts of Alt- and Neu- Leiningen were arrested and jailed in Paris. They lost their territories. In 1803 they were compensated with secularized Ilbenstadt Abbey (at Niddatal) and Engelthal Abbey. The German mediatization brought an end to these short-lived counties in 1806, when their territories were divided between the Grand Duchy of Berg, the Grand Duchy of Hesse, Nassau-Weilburg and Nassau-Usingen. Ilbenstadt Abbey was sold by the House of Leiningen-Westerburg-Altleiningen in 1921, Engelthal Abbey by the heirs of the House of Leiningen-Westerburg-Neuleiningen in 1952.

Leiningen-Hardenburg.

Meanwhile, the younger branch of the Leiningens, known as the family of Leiningen-Hardenburg, was flourishing. On 27 June 1560, this branch was divided into the lines of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hardenburg, founded by Count Johann Philip (d. 1562), and Leiningen-Dagsburg-Heidesheim or Falkenburg, founded by Count Emicho (d. 1593).  In 1658 Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg divided into  The county of Leiningen-Dagsburg was inherited by Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hardenburg in 1774.  Leiningen-Guntersblum was divided between two further side branches: In 1779, the head of the Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hardenburg line was raised to the rank of a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire with the title of Prince of Leiningen. In 1801, this line was deprived of its lands on the left bank of the Rhine by France, but in 1803 it received Amorbach Abbey as an ample compensation for these losses. A few years later, the Principality of Leiningen at Amorbach was mediatized, and its territory is now included mainly in Baden, but partly in Bavaria and in Hesse. Amorbach Abbey is still today the family seat of the Prince of Leiningen.  The second prince of the Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hardenburg line, Prince Emich Charles, married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After his death in 1814, the princess married Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, a younger son of George III of the United Kingdom, by whom she became the mother of the reigning British Queen Victoria.  Since 1991, the head of the princely line has been Prince Andreas (b. 1955). His eldest brother, Prince Karl Emich was excluded from succession after he married morganatically.

Line of Descent.

Note that different sources use different sequence numbers for some of the Counts. For consistency across sources, dates of birth and death are useful.  This County was then absorbed into Leiningen-Schaumburg.  This branch ended in 1705, and this County was also absorbed into Leiningen-Schaumburg.

References.

Attribution

Leiningen is the name of an old German noble family whose lands lay principally in Alsace, Lorraine and the Palatinate. Various branches of this family developed over the centuries and ruled counties with Imperial immediacy.

Leiningenové jsou rozvětvený německý hraběcí a knížecí rod. Poprvé je písemně doložen Emichem (Emerichem), hrabětem z Leiningenu, k roku 1128. Rod pochází z hradu původně zvaného Leiningen na severovýchodě Falckého lesa, vybudovaného ve 12. století; po výstavbě sesterského hradu o pět kilometrů dále se původní sídlo nazývá Altleiningen (Starý Leiningen), zatímco mladší hrad, dnes již zřícenina, nese jméno Neuleiningen (Nový Leiningen). Původní Leiningenové vymřeli kolem roku 1212 po meči a jméno i majetek zdědil synovec posledního hraběte Friedrich II. z Leiningenu, pocházející z rodu hrabat ze Saarbrückenu. Roku 1317 se rod dále rozdělil na linie starší Leiningen-Dagsburg a mladší Leiningen-Hardenburg. První uvedená vymřela roku 1467 po meči a většinu majetku zdědili spříznění Westerburgové, jejichž rod se od té doby nazývá Leiningen-Westerburg. Původní linie Leiningen-Hardenburgů ovšem zdědila rodový hrad Dagsburg a nazývá se nadále Leiningen-Dagsburg, i když na původní linii Dagsburgů nenavazuje. Od té doby se rod dále dělil na řadu dalších linií, z nichž ovšem většina již vymřela. Císařský komorník a generál Carl Friedrich Wilhelm von Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hardenburg získal roku 1779 titul knížete.


History.

The Advanced Business School of Rouen was created in 1873. It took the name Rouen Business School at the beginning of the new millennium.  The Advanced Business School of Reims was created in 1928. It took the name Reims Management School at the beginning of the new millennium.  NEOMA Business School was created at the start of the 2013 school year following the merger of the two founding schools. This merger was carried out by the Reims and Rouen Chambers of Commerce and Industry.

Educational programmes.

A large portfolio of programmes, from Bachelor’s degrees to Executive Education :  Innovative experiential pedagogy has a central focus in the school’s courses, with role-playing, peer learning and “Learning how to learn” orientation. The school is a forerunner in the use of immersive virtual reality (IVR) in its management courses.

International.

The school teaches its students to apply solid managerial skills in a globalised and multicultural professional environment. In addition to providing multicultural exposure on its campuses, the curriculums include periods of cultural immersion through student exchanges at its 335 partner schools and in companies abroad.

Academic and economic links with China.

NEOMA Business School, after being specifically selected by the Hanban, launched in 2014 the first Confucius Institute for Business of France, and the seventh in the world. Other Confucius Institutes for Business are notably present in the London School of Economics and the New York State University. NEOMA Business School, which welcomes each year 300 Chinese students, has many Chinese academic partners, among which Renmin University, the Beijing University of International Business and Economics, Nankai University and Wuhan University. NEOMA BS stated that the institute will act as a platform dedicated to the optimisation of economic relations between China and France by providing solutions and helping local companies develop their business activities in China. Laurent Fabius, a former French Foreign Minister, inaugurated the event. That same year, NEOMA Business School opened a Doctorate of Business Administration programme in Shanghai.

Faculty and Research.

170 professors, 60% of whom come from international backgrounds, possess the expertise to cover all fields of business management. Their research is used in the courses and is the springboard for scientific debates at the school.  The school is ranked in two categories of the prestigious 2018 and 2019 Shanghai Ranking.  Seven areas of expertise respond to the challenges and concerns of businesses in a transformational context: Fintech & Cryptofinance, Mobility, Entrepreneurship, Europe-Asia, Auditing & Consulting, Leadership and the Luxury Industry.

Entrepreneurship.

With an incubator on each campus and two specialised accelerators (Mobility in Rouen and EdTech in Reims), the school has 100 start-ups launched since 2011 to its credit, 50 more projects in incubation and more than 200 projects in pre-incubation per year.  A very active student association life (88 student associations), an annual event for meeting start-ups, real-life exercise in start-up creation on the campuses and specific programmes in France and abroad go on to complete the school’s commitment to its entrepreneurial spirit.

Rankings.

In 2018-19, the school rose four places on average in the national rankings in France. In 2019, it was 7th in the general ranking for French business schools (L’Etudiant and Challenges, 2019).  Internationally, it was ranked 43rd in the 2019 Masters in Management ranking in the Financial Times and 19th in The Economist.

Alumni.

The NEOMA Alumni network brings together and connects nearly 72,000 graduates and future graduates. The merger of the two former schools has helped to develop the fourth most active alumni network among French business schools.  Several NEOMA alumni:  Wilfried Guerrand, MiM 1993, managing director, Hermès Femmes, and managing director of digital projects, Hermès International  Shi Weillang, CESEM 2005, CEO, Huawei France  Edouard Dinichert, TEMA 2003, Director, Global Programmatic Partnership, Amazon (New-York)  Frank Fangueiro, EMBA 2013, HR Director, ECONOCOM

NEOMA Business School is a French business and management school founded in 2013 following the merger of Reims Management School (founded in 1928) and Rouen Business School (founded in 1871).

NEOMA Business School je evropská obchodní škola s kampusy (pobočkami) v Paříži, Rouen a Remeš. Škola, založena v roce 2013.


Biography.

Henriette d'Angeville was a descendant of a French aristocratic family. After the French Revolution, her father was imprisoned and her grandfather executed, and the family moved to Bugey in the Rhône-Alpes region. After her father's death, in 1827, she settled in Geneva. An avid walker, for a long time she longed to climb Mont Blanc and finally did so in 1838, becoming the first woman since Maria Paradis in 1808 to climb Europe's highest mountain.  D'Angeville continued to climb for twenty-five years, scaling twenty-one more peaks, as well as again summiting Mont Blanc. Her last Alpine ascent was on Oldenhorn, at age 65. In her later years she also became interested in speleology and founded a museum of mineralogy in Lausanne, where she died.

Mont Blanc expedition.

D'Angeville set off for Mont Blanc in 1838, in the company of Joseph-Marie Couttet, five other guides, and six porters. A suggestion had been made by the guides to join with two all-male groups, but d'Angeville declined. Her arrival in Chamonix created quite a stir; crowds cheered her on her way to the mountain. She received a social call at the Grand Mulets, at 10,000 feet, from a Polish nobleman (who sent his card to her tent), and an English group joined them as well.  D'Angeville's party left for the summit on 4 September 1838 at 2 AM. Along the way d'Angeville proved herself strong and agile enough; particularly on rock she climbed as well as the men, though she did suffer from heart palpitations and drowsiness. The party reached the top of the mountain at 1:15 PM. Toasts were made with champagne, doves were released from the summit to announce their success, and d'Angeville was hoisted on the men's shoulders and cheered. A cannon salute welcomed them on their return to Chamonix. The celebrations the next day also included a special guest, at d'Angeville's request, the now sixty-year-old Maria Paradis. Also present in Chamonix during that time, though he left the day before d'Angeville's successful climb, was a young, poor, and hopeful author and mountaineer Albert Richard Smith. Smith had tried to attach himself to an expedition but would not climb the mountain until 1851, after which he turned his experience into a theatrical show; he notes d'Angeville's expedition (and the "Polish gentleman [sic]") in his "Ascent of Mont Blanc."

Recognition.

Since Paradis, according to her own account, was partly carried up by her guides, d'Angeville is often referred to as the first woman to reach Mont Blanc's summit with her own strength. A street is named for Henriette d'Angeville in Hauteville-Lompnès, near the Angeville castle, acquired by the Angeville family in 1657 and inhabited by Henriette's brother. She is mentioned by Harriet Beecher Stowe in her travel memoir "Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands"; Stowe had toured extensively through the Alps and had met both Maria Paradis (whom she calls "Marie de Mont Blanc") and d'Angeville, in Geneva.

Henriette d'Angeville (10 March 1794 in Semur-en-Brionnais – 13 January 1871 in Lausanne) was the second woman to climb Mont Blanc.

Henriette d'Angeville (10. března 1794 Semur-en-Brionnais – 13. ledna 1871 Lausanne) byla francouzská průkopnice horolezectví, v pořadí druhá žena v historii, které se podařilo vystoupit na vrchol Mont Blancu.


Life and family.

Auezov was born in a nomadic family from an area known today as Abay District, in East Kazakhstan Province. His grandfather taught him how to read and write. Auezov was educated at the Semipalatinsk Teacher's Seminary and Leningrad State University.  Auezov is best known for his plays. The first play he authored was "Enlik-Kebek", a story of two young lovers that resembles the story of Romeo and Juliet. He authored more than twenty plays that dealt with the issues relevant to Socialism in Kazakhstan.  After writing plays, Auezov changed his focus to writing novels. Two novels – "Abay" and "The Path of Abay" – dealing with the life of Kazakh poet Abay Qunanbayuli were the product of the last twenty years of his life.  Auezov's other projects included drawing and translating literature into the Kazakh language. Some translations made by him include Nikolai Gogol's "The Government Inspector" and Shakespeare's "The Taming of the Shrew".  Mukhtar first studied in Kaskabulak, then later a Muslim madrasa in Semipalatinsk. At age of eleven, he moved to a nearby, five-year grammar school. His father Omarkhan died in 1900, and his mother Nurzhamal in 1912. The young Mukhtar was raised by his uncle Kasymbek and his grandfather Auez and grandmother Dinas. In 1907, after a year of study in the madrasa, he was sent to the large Russian school in Semipalatinsk.  Mukhtar Auezov attended the Semipalatinsk Pedagogical Seminary after graduating from the City College. In the 1912–1913 academic year, Mukhtar finished the first seminary class with an award and went on to complete his studies at the Semipalatinsk Seminary in 1919. Around this time he began his acquaintance with Russian and other foreign classics of literature. At the same time, Auezov wrote short stories, poems and articles that began to be published.  "The young Auezov, according to the testimonies of the pedagogues, was marked for his impeccable attention, extraordinary gifts, slim build and aristocratic self-belief. He was an extraordinary sportsman and represented “Yarysh F C”, which at the time was the best football team in the city."  Mukhtar Auezov joined the faculty of a large state school, and he also worked holding various positions in the local government in Semipalatinsk with the Kazakh Central Executive Committee and in Orenburg.  In the summer of 1917, Auezov married a 15-year-old girl named Raihan. They had a daughter together in 1918 who they named Mugamilya (she lived until 2009), and a year later, in 1919, a son (who died in infancy). They got divorced in 1920.  In 1928 Mukhtar Auezov graduated from the Philological Faculty of Leningrad State University and completed his PhD at the University of Tashkent. During the 1930s, his endeavors as a professional writer began to take off. Mukhtar Auezov died during an operation in Moscow on 27 June 1961. He was buried in the Central Cemetery, Almaty. On his grave there stands a bust created by Yevgeny Vuchetich.  After his death in 1961, the Government of the Republic Kazakhstan decided to perpetuate the name of the writer. The Institute of Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences was renamed as the Auezov Institute of Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences. Kazakh State Academic Drama Theatre, a literary memorial museum, a school, a street and an urban area in Almaty also bear his name.

Writings.

Auezov wrote numerous essays, short stories, and plays (many translated into other languages) in different genres.  In 1917, while he was studying at the seminary, he wrote “Enilik-Kebek" (a play based on folk legends). The "Enilik-Kebek" play and the story "Korgansyzdyn Kuni", which was written in 1921 demonstrated to the world his great talent as a writer. From 1923 he began to devote all his energy to the literary arts and to work productively. In the period 1923–1926 he authored stories such as "Okygan azamat", "Kyr suretteri", "Uilenu", "Eskilik kolenkesinde", "Kinamshil boizhetken", "Karaly sulu".  During the period 1923–1928 years he studied and then graduated from Leningrad University in the Faculty of Language and Literature. During the last two years of his studies In Leningrad (St. Petersburg), he wrote two highly acclaimed novels: "Karash-karash" and "Kokserek".  Auezov began working in depth with themes of Kazakh history. His fixation with history is demonstrated in his works "Enilik-Kebek", "Khan Kene", "Kily zmaan", "Aiman – Sholpan", and "Karakypshak Kobylandy." For 20 years he devoted himself to prose and plays, which have become classics of Kazakh literature. In the thirties, he wrote a series of stories, such as: "Kasennin kubylystary", "Izder", "Shatkalan", "Kum men Askar", "Burtkiwi", and plays like" Aiman-Sholpan", "Tas tilek", "Shekarada", "Tungi saryn".  In 1936 he published a piece of prose called "Tatiananyn kyrdagy ani" in the Kazakh press "Kazak adebieti", that was a section from the future novel of the same name. Some years after that(around 1940), with the cooperation of Leonid Sobolev, he wrote the "Abai" tragedy. The great scientist and teacher, Auezov, worked on the history of Kazakhs literature, and the training of personnel. He was the founder of the Abai studies and the principal author and editor of the multivolume "Kazak adebiet Tarihy". He also wrote a monograph on the Kyrgyz epic Manas.  After the Abai Joly epic, he began writing a new, large-scale epic that described a new era in the future. His first book of that period is called "Osken orken" and was first published posthumously in 1962. A period of blooming of Kazakh drama is associated with the works of Auezov. He wrote over twenty plays and translated such classic works of world and Russian drama as "The Inspector" by Gogol, Othello and The Taming of the Shrew 'by Shakespeare, Aristocrats by Nikolai Pogodin, Spring Love by Konstantin Trenyov, and Officer of the Navy by A. Kron.  In 1960, together with a group of Soviet writers, he visited the United States. In the summer of 1960, he started work on the series of essays named “The American Impressions”. From mid-summer 1960, he began work on the novel named “The Young Tribe”. In March 1961, Auezov embarked on a visit to India that included participation in the work of the III International Congress for Peace in Delhi together with a delegation headed by Nikolai Tikhonov. In June of that same year, he planned to visit England, the land of Shakespeare, but his untimely death meant that his wish to travel to England did not occur. On June 3, 1961, he travelled to Moscow for medical tests. On June 27, 1961 – his heart failed during a surgical operation.

"Abai Zholy" (The path of Abai).

In his formative years, Mukhtar listened to the memories of his grandfather that told of Abai and Kunanbay. The destiny of Mukhtar Auezov was linked by many threads to the life of Abai the hero great inspiration of his life. Abai himself graced family celebrations, arranged for Auez to mark the birth of his grandson. Nurganym, one of the wives of Kunanbai father of Abai, was the sister of Auez.  Mukhtar later became friends with the son of Abai Turagulom and married Camille, granddaughter of the great poet, that is the daughter of Magauov. Auezov met Dilda, the first wife of Abai with whom he received a great deal of information. More information about Abai was forthcoming from Eigerim another of Abai’s life partners who survived her husband for more than a decade.  Mukhtar Omarhanuly for 15 years wrote his famous four-volume epic historical novel called "Abai Joly". It was translated into Russian. In 1949 two books of the novel "Abai" received the first level award of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This epic, which ended with four books, was awarded the Lenin prize. was translated into 30 languages, and received rave reviews from readers all over the world.  "Abai Zholy" is one of the most popular and valuable novels written by Mukhtar Auezov. The first book of the series was published in 1942 and after five years in 1947 “Abai”, the second of the series was published, then came the third book in 1952 called “Abai aga” (Brother Abai). Finally, the fourth book was released in 1956. Later all of the books were repackaged and renamed as “Abai zholy” (The Path of Abai). The first book and second books each have 7 chapters and one epilogue. The third book has 6 chapters as has the Fourth and one epilogue entire epic is divided into 20 short chapters each of which includes uniquely interesting situations.  Each chapter’s name precisely demonstrates the psychological state of the events within the story. If we compare there is much more drama, tragedy, sadness and sorrow than positive and happy moments. In the first book we can clearly see how the young and inexperienced boy grows up and at the end of the fourth book we see how he became an adult and changed and who ultimately fails.  Mukhtar Auezov wrote the libretto of the opera "Abai".

Mukhtar Omarkhanuli Auezov (, Мұхтар Омарханұлы Әуезов, مۇحتار ومارحانۇلى اۋەزوۆ, ;, "Muchtar Omarchanovič Auezov") (September 28, 1897 — June 27, 1961) was a Kazakh writer, a social activist, a Doctor of Philology, and an honored academic of the Soviet Union (1946). He was born on September 28, 1897 and raised in Semey (Kaskabulak).

Muchtar Omarchanovič Auezov (kazašsky Muhtar Omarhanuly Áýezov, Мұхтар Омарханұлы Әуезов; 28. září 1897 — 27. června 1961 Moskva) byl kazachstánský a sovětský spisovatel.


Early career.

Crawford made an early debut on the international stage. At the age of sixteen, she competed at the 1998 World Junior Championships, finishing ninth. She had set a season's best throw of 57.03 metres in the qualifying round. The next year she won the silver medal at the inaugural World Youth Championships, for athletes aged seventeen and less. She threw 57.56 metres to win that medal, but had managed a personal best of 62.71 metres in Havana in March. One year after that, in March 2000, she improved to 65.88 metres in Las Tunas. The 2000 World Junior Championships were staged in Santiago de Chile, with Crawford winning the bronze medal. It was the second championships that included the women's hammer throw.  In her last season as a junior, Crawford won the Pan American Junior Championships. She did so in a new championship record of 63.20 metres, and her season's best was 65.67 m, from Santiago de Cuba in July. She also won the 2001 Central American and Caribbean Championships, again in a championship record, this time 58.68 metres.

Senior career.

In 2002 Crawford broke the 70-metre barrier for the first time, with 70.62 metres achieved during a meet in Madrid in July. She improved slightly the next year, with 70.69 from Havana in May. She won the silver medal at the 2003 Pan American Games, behind countryfellow Yipsi Moreno. She also competed at the 2003 World Championships, but with a 64.59 throw in the qualifying round, she did not reach the top twelve, who progressed to the final.  In 2004, Crawford beat her 2003 best result several times. Having started the season with a couple of competitions in the 60-metre range, she launched a 71.62 metre throw in Havana in March. She then dropped below 70 metres in the next competition, before returning with a 70.44 m throw in Seville, 71.75 in Guadalajara, 71.40 in Padova and 70.33 in Kazan. Entering the Olympic Games, she threw 71.74 metres in the qualifying round and progressed safely to the final. Here, she reached new levels to throw a career best of 73.16 metres. This was enough to win the Olympic bronze medal. Ahead of her on the poodium were Russian Olga Kuzenkova, who had started with a 73.18 metre throw and been leading throughout the competition, and pre-event favourite Yipsi Moreno who had to settle for silver.  In 2005, she only managed a season's best of 69.30 metres, from Havana in March. She competed at the 2005 World Championships, but fell through in the qualification round. With only 63.79 metres she was far from securing a place in the final round. She did however win the silver medal at the 2005 Central American and Caribbean Championships, this time behind Trinidadian Candice Scott. The next year her season's best throw was 71.92 metres. However, no major events were staged this year, except for the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games, where she won another silver medal behind Yipsi Moreno.  In 2007, she managed to reach an international final again, at the 2007 World Championships, but in the final round she finished twelfth and last following two throws in the 67-metre range. She then competed at the 2008 Olympic Games, but did not reach the final round and finishing with a 31st place.

Yunaika Crawford Rogert (; born November 2, 1982 in Marianao, Ciudad de la Habana) is a Cuban hammer thrower who won the Olympic bronze medal in 2004 with a personal best throw of 73.16 metres.

Yunaika Crawfordová Rogertová (* 2. listopadu 1982 Marianao, Havana) je kubánská atletka která se specializuje na hod kladivem, která získala olympijskou bronzovou medaili v roce 2004 v Athénach s osobním nejlepším hodem 73,16 metrů.


Tennis career.

Živojinović represented SFR Yugoslavia as the number 15 seed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, where he was defeated in the second round by France's Guy Forget.  The right-hander won two career singles titles (Houston, 1986 and Sydney, 1988), as well as eight doubles titles. He reached his highest singles ATP ranking on October 26, 1987, when he became world No. 19.  Živojinović's most notable Grand Slam results were two semifinals. As an unseeded player at the 1985 Australian Open, he memorably beat John McEnroe in a grueling five-set quarterfinal to reach the semifinals (where he lost in straight sets to Mats Wilander). The next year, at the 1986 Wimbledon semifinal, again as an unseeded player, he lost to Ivan Lendl in a hard-fought five-set match.  Over the course of his career, Živojinović amassed an overall singles record of 150 wins and 138 defeats. He was much more successful in doubles competition, winning the US Open in 1986 with Andrés Gómez. That same year, he won three more tournaments. He was ranked as the world No. 1 doubles player on September 8, 1986.

Personal life.

Živojinović was engaged to Zorica Desnica with whom he has a son Filip. The couple broke up before getting to the altar.  In 1991, Živojinović married popular Yugoslav folk singer Fahreta Jahić known as Lepa Brena.  Though undeniably well known for his tennis, Živojinović's media prominence, especially in the years since his retirement, also owes a lot to his marriage to Lepa Brena, Yugoslavia's biggest commercial folk singing star ever. Their wedding on December 7, 1991 was a supreme media event throughout the then still existing Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The lavish ceremony took place at Belgrade's InterContinental Hotel with Ion Ţiriac as the groom's best man. The level of interest in the event was such that Brena's manager Raka Đokić even released a VHS tape of the wedding for commercial exploitation. Their very public relationship has been providing steady fodder for various yellow media publications ever since.  The couple have two sons — Stefan (born in New York City in May 1992) and Viktor. In the afternoon hours of Thursday, November 23, 2000, 8-year-old Stefan was kidnapped by members of Zemun mafia clan and returned on Tuesday five days later on the side of Belgrade–Niš highway for the ransom sum reported to be more than DM 2 million.  Throughout 2005 and 2006 there were numerous tabloid reports about Živojinović's supposed infidelity and bad state of his marriage. Finally, in April 2006 he reportedly even moved out of the family home following yet another argument with Brena. Though the reports of a separation were frequent and detailed, the couple are still together.

Slobodan "Boba" Živojinović (, ; born 23 July 1963) is a Serbian former professional tennis player who competed for SFR Yugoslavia.

Slobodan „Boba“ Živojinović (srbskou cyrilicí: Слободан Живојиновић; * 23. července 1963 Bělehrad) je bývalý srbský tenista. Byl pravák, hrával jednoruční bekhend. Byl specialistou na čtyřhru, v níž se v roce 1986 stal světovou jedničkou, jakožto první Srb v historii (až v roce 2008 ho napodobil Nenad Zimonjić). V roce 1986 rovněž vyhrál US Open (ve dvojici s Ekvádorcem Andrés Gómezem), což byl jeho největší grandslamový úspěch. Krom toho ve čtyřhře vyhrál sedm turnajů ATP (v letech 1985–1990), třikrát ve dvojici s Borisem Beckerem, jednou s Gomézem, Liborem Pimkem, Stefanem Edbergem a Emilio Sánchezem. Ve dvouhře vystoupal v žebříčku ATP nejvýše na 19. příčku, dostal se do semifinále Wimbledonu (1986) a Australian Open (1985) a vyhrál dva turnaje ATP (v Houstonu roku 1986 a v Sydney roku 1988). V letech 2006–2011 byl prezidentem Srbské tenisové federace. V roce 1991 si vzal za ženu populární jugoslávskou zpěvačku Lepu Brenu. Jejich manželství bylo ostře sledováno balkánskými bulvárními médii. Navzdory mnoha krizím, o nichž tato média v čase informovala, manželství trvá dosud. Živojinović a Lepa Brena mají dva syny. Únos toho prvního, tehdy osmiletého Stefana v roce 2000, vzbudil velkou pozornost. Stála za ním srbská mafie přesněji tzv. Zemunův klan. Živojinović podle médií za osvobození syna zaplatil 2 miliony německých marek.


History.

Bhiwandi is a commercial city in Thane district of Western Maharashtra. Bhiwandi Nizampur lies in the Konkan coastal lowland with hills and water streams. Apart from its natural ethnicity Bhiwandi is well known as a major trade Centre. This city is the major link between Mumbai and the rest of India through Mumbai- Agra highway. Bhiwandi is duly been named as the Manchester of India.  In the early Twentieth century, Bhiwandi was a small town, inhabited mainly by Maharashtrians. Main occupation of people during that time was agriculture, fishing and handloom. With the introduction of electricity, the hand looms were replaced by power looms. It became a hub of the textile industry in the 1930s.  In the early 16 century, Bhiwandi used to have a port on the Kamwadi River and it was known as Bunder Mohalla. Waswoods & Spices were traded the most from the port. The city has witnessed frequent travelling by the merchants ever since. At that time a merchant was called as ‘Saudagar’, and the area used to be referred as Saudagar Mohalla. The home of labourers working for the shipping industry is known as Sutar Wada and Hamal Wada. During the reign of the Moghul Empire the city of Bhiwandi was known by the name of ‘Islamabad’. There is a mosque by the name of Islamabad Masjid & Eidgah at Eidgah road. It is the textile industry which changed the face of Bhiwandi in many ways and people from all over India started settling down there either for the purpose of business or jobs.  With the decline of textile industry in Mumbai, Bhiwandi became an industrial attraction due to the convenience for transport and 24 hr power service. The demand of power loom was so huge that workers from UP and Bihar began settling there. The power loom of Bhiwandi is the second largest Power loom after the one located in Surat. Bhiwandi produces and transports most of the Power loom for textile industry all over India. Bhiwandi has got export quality powerlooms and exports power too.  The stooping increase in population in Bhiwandi is directly or indirectly related to the Power loom industry. Bhiwandi is the most highly paid octroi in the entire Asia. The place is also known for its large godowns which are considered as Asia's biggest godowns. All the major multinational companies in India have got their godowns in Bhiwandi.  Bhiwandi has got many stories to tell about its existence and power. Right from the age of Mughals this place has been a prominent place for trade. The only difference between yesterday and today is that the items for trade are different. Bhiwandi is the major link to Mumbai with the other parts of Maharashtra. This unique factor has lured the industrialists to set their units in Bhiwandi. History of Bhiwandi stands atall in the India’s industrial growth.  Bhiwandi was initially inhabited by the Kolis and Konkanis who were fishermen and used to live near the Konkan sea coast. Bhiwandi was once a trading town as it had its own port (Bandargah) in Bunder Mohalla. The Mughals built their Eidgah in Bhiwandi which is today located at Eidgah Road.  The city of Kolis was known by the name Kolwan. The tribal people of the region of Konkan were called Kolis and they are traditional fishermen. Some of the traditional wooden fishing boats can be seen even today in the Bhiwandi area. The Kolis have their own customs and speak a different dialect of Marathi.  Bhiwandi city's total population was about half a million in 2001. The bulk of the population forms the workforce for a number of textile and other industries. The first textile loom was set up by Khan Saheb Samad Seth in 1927. He told the local people to sell gold and purchase iron. His slogan was "sona becho aur lokhand kharido", which means invest your money in power looms by selling the golds you have. Today the city of Bhiwandi has about half a million power looms, though handlooms are few in number. For this reason, Bhiwandi is known as 'Manchester of India'.

Business.

The city of Bhiwandi, known for its textile industry, has the largest number of power looms and handlooms in the country. A major portion of the population is employed by the power loom sector.  Bhiwandi has been developing as an industrial hub for the textile industry in the past, and all industries and logistics sectors in recent times. Bhiwandi is growing as a transport and logistics hub. It has now become a warehouses city, With many warehouses in nearby villages. Many e-commerce companies are established here like Amazon, Flipkart, Reliance, Snapdeal and FedEx. it's becoming one of the biggest transportation hub in Maharashtra. Bhiwandi is the next development region for MMRDA, which has developed other regions such as Bandra - Kurla Complex, Mumbai Metro, Monorail Project and Eastern Freeway.

Transportation.

Road.

NH3 highway passes through the city of Bhiwandi which makes seamless connectivity to each corner of India. Only Auto rickshaws are available in the city. Bhiwandi is connected through the neighbouring cities Mumbai, Thane, Kalyan, Navi Mumbai, Vasai-Virar, Wada and other parts of Maharashtra. TMT provide service from Bhiwandi (Narpoli) to Thane Cidco bus no 89 and Mulund Railway Station bus No. 85, also started TMT bus service from Bhiwandi (Shivaji Chowk) to Mulund Railway Station bus no 88, NMMT, it's provide services from Purna Village to Airoli bus no. 2 which is every 30 min from morning 6 AM to 11 PM, KDMT have service from Kalyan Railway Station to GopalNagar & Shivaji Chowk Bhiwandi, Vasai Virar Municipal Transport have bus services from Vasai Road Railway Station to Bhiwandi bus stand and MSRTC buses are provide services to all over Maharashtra support the city.

Railways.

Bhiwandi has two railway stations, Bhiwandi Road railway station and Kharbao railway station. These come under Central Railway administration. Currently here running Memo Shuttle Service from Panvel- Diva- Dombivali to Vasai - Dahanu connecting Bhiwandi.. Locals commute through passenger trains which have fixed timing. The trains connect to central line railways at Kopar railway station and western line railways at Vasai Road Railway Station,Harbor Line at Panvel railway station. Metro line 5 work has been started in Bhiwandi, which will connect to kalyan and thane City at Kapurbavdi. Kalyan Junction railway station is nearest railway station. Thane railway station is 23 kilometers from Bhiwandi.

Airways.

The nearest airport is Navi Mumbai International Airport the distance is 45.2 Kilometers from Bhiwandi. And other nearest airport is Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport Mumbai the distance is 45.3 Kilometers from Bhiwandi. The upcoming airport is at Navi Mumbai.

Festivals.

All Indian Festivals are celebrated. There are some festivals grantly celebrated such as Eid, Bakri Eid, Eid-e-Milad, Ganesh Chaturthi, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Jayanti, Mahavir Jayanti, Dahihandi, Ambedkar Jayanti, Navratri, Dussehra, Diwali, Bhiwandi Agri Mahostav, Aaja Nachle Dance Competition Kombadpada, Telugu Padmashali Samaj Sevak Utsavam, Hanuman Jayanti, Varaladevi Jatra, Markandeya Jayanti, Gudi Padwa, New Year, Navratri, Ramadan, Maharashtra Day, Ganesh Jayanti, etc.  Varaladevi temple in Bhiwandi is located near Kamthghar. Dindighar Lord Shiva oldest temple in Bhiwandi. Saibaba Mandir is also the oldest temple in Bhiwandi, it is located at near Bhiwandi-Kalyan bypass road. Balaji temple and Ram Mandir in Padmanagar, Bhiwandi. Latest and famous temple Mankoli Saibaba constructed by Lodha Group, Rani Sati Mandir Gokul Nagar, Lord Shiva temple beside challenge ground, kombadpada, Ganapati Mandir, Mandai, Markandeya Mandir, Kasaar Alli, Vitthal mandir, Wani ali.  Nearest temples from Bhiwandi is Vajreshwari temple, Durgadi Temple Kalyan, Manas mandir, Ashapur Mandir, Mata Di temple, Birla Temple Kalyan, Trungareshwar mandir near Vasai, Jeevadani Mandir Virar, Nitayananda Swami Temple Ganesh Puri, Siddhivinayak Mandir Titwala, Ayyapa Swami temple near Varaladevi, Balaji temple near padmanagar etc.  In Bhiwandi Dhabas are most famous for food. The Dhabas are located at Nashik highway. This Dhabas serves vegetarian and non vegetarian food.  Places to visit in Bhiwandi are Sangrila Water Park, Nana Nani park near Adharsh Park, Great escape water park near Vajreshwari, orphanage near Vasai.

Sports.

There are so many sports are playing like Cricket, Kabaddi, etc. But mostly plays cricket. MAYOR Cup was most famous trophy till 2015 among Bhiwandi people. It was organised by Ex- Mayor Vilas R Patil & Challenge Sports Club. Bali Trophy has organised by Altaf Imamuddin Shaikh(Bali) and Pioneer Sports Club at Parshuram Taware Stadium normally known as Dhobi Talav Stadium which is most famous among Bhiwandi people and also Tennis cricket fans. It is started in 2016 where Maratha Punjab won final, thereafter B. Indian & Dhanesh XI Kukse also won final of it. Nowadays Bali Trophy is the Mini IPL for Bhiwandi people. Player dream to play good cricket here, they practice very hard to give their best while playing here. Amadhar Chaska ( MLA Trophy) it was organised by ex-MLA of east Bhiwandi & Mahindra Sports at R.K Stadium at Bhadwad. like Bali Trophy and Aamdar Trophy, Mahapoli Trophy it is to Organised every year by Wakki Sports Mahapoli at Mahapoli ground in Mahapoli. Approximately their are hundreds of teams including city & gramin, and more than 30 to 40 tournaments has been organize each year at City level. Challenge Stadium is playing ground for outdoor games and it is located at Kombadpada, Gokul Nagar, Bhiwandi. Dhobi Talao Stadium is also playing ground for outdoor games and it is located at Parshuram Taware Sports Complex, Narpoli, Bhiwandi. R.K. Stadium is a small ground located at Bhadwad, pipeline, near Octroi Naka, Kalyan Road, Bhiwandi.

Demographics.

According to the 2011 census, the total population of the Bhiwandi-Nizampur Municipal Corporation area is around 1 million.

References.

10. https://www.facebook.com/bhiwandinewsonline24x7/

Bhiwandi () is a city in the Thane district of the Maharashtra state in the Konkan division, located 20 km to the north-east of Mumbai and 15 km to the north-east of Thane city. The exact location of Bhiwandi is.

Bhivandí () je město v Maháráštře, jednom z indických svazových států. K roku 2011 v něm žilo přes 711 tisíc obyvatel.


Background.

These "divine functionaries" (German "Sondergötter") whose names express their sphere of influence are considered characteristic of Indo-European religions. The name "Vaticanus" in connection to "vagitus" is discussed by Aulus Gellius and Augustine of Hippo. Gellius quotes Varro, who is generally acknowledged also as Augustine's main source on ancient Roman theology: We have been told that the word "Vatican" is applied to the hill, and the deity who presides over it, from the "vaticinia", or prophecies, which took place there by the power and inspiration of the god; but Marcus Varro, in his book on "Divine Things", gives another reason for this name. "As Aius," says he, "was called a deity, and an altar was built to his honour in the lowest part of the new road, because in that place a voice from heaven was heard, so this deity was called "Vaticanus", because he presided over the principles of the human voice; for infants, as soon as they are born, make the sound which forms the first syllable in "Vaticanus", and are therefore said "vagire" (to cry) which word expresses the noise which an infant first makes. Despite the insistence on an etymological connection between the god's name and "vagitus", Gronovius thought the correct form should be "Vaticanus", and that "Vagitanus" was Vulgar Latin rather than classical. Augustine mentions Vagitanus/Vaticanus three times in Book 4 "On the City of God" in deriding the "mob" of Roman gods ("turba deorum"). In demonstrating that the names of gods reveal their function, he points to Vaticanus, "who presides over the cries ("vagitibus") of infants," noting elsewhere that among the many deities associated with childbirth, Vaticanus is the one who opens the mouth of the newborn in crying ("in vagitu").

References.

In ancient Roman religion, Vagitanus or Vaticanus was one of a number of childbirth deities who influenced or guided some aspect of parturition, in this instance the newborn's crying. The name is related to the Latin noun "vagitus", "crying, squalling, wailing," particularly by a baby or an animal, and the verb "vagio, vagire". Vagitanus has thus been described as the god "who presided over the beginning of human speech," but a distinction should be made between the first cry and the first instance of articulate speech, in regard to which Fabulinus ("fari", "to speak"; cf. "fabula") was the deity to invoke. Vagitanus has been connected to a remark by Pliny that only a human being is thrown naked onto the naked earth on his day of birth for immediate wails ("vagitus") and weeping.

Vagitanus nebo Vaticanus byl ve starověkém římském náboženství jedním z řady božstev při porodu, které ovlivňovaly nebo vedly některé aspekty porodu, v tomto případě pláč novorozence. Název je spojen s latinským substantivem "vagitus", „pláč, kvílení, kvílení“, zejména u dítěte nebo zvířete, a sloveso "vagio, vagire". Vagitanus byl tedy popsán jako bůh „, který předsedal začátku lidské řeči“.


Early life and education.

Majuri graduated from the Turku Art Academy in 2004 and held an M.A. in photography from the University of Art and Design Helsinki (2007).

Career.

In her photographs, Majuri captured short narrative scenes as though they were film stills of a story yet to be told. Her main characters, young women mostly, their faces hidden, give a distinct impression of being lost.  Majuri's personal artist statement read: "My photographs can be seen as different places of emotions. I want to narrate feelings like in novels. I photograph strangers, they invoke my desire, and I ask them to come with me. I conceal my dreams and desires in images. Water paints with me; it merges the people and the landscapes together. Feelings can be revealed, but remain hidden. You can recognize these photographed places in your imagination. Mysteries will become your secrets, and I want to take you into your dreams. Here, in the images, my protagonists sing with tunes of joy and yearning. I borrow the words of the poet Tua Forsström: I said it was a dream, because I wanted to stay."Majuri is known for taking ethereal and magical photographs, often with water as a key element of the composition. The north is another theme of her photographs both in a physical environment and a mental state. She was in the process of completing her doctoral studies on photographic fiction at the Finnish Academy of Fine Arts in Helsinki.  She had exhibitions in New York, Tokyo, and various places in Europe. She won the Gras Savoye Award at the Rencontres d'Arles festival in France in 2005, and a Finnish State Award for Photography in 2018. She was part of the photographic movement The Helsinki School.  The 2007 Helsinki School book cover photograph is by Majuri. The featured photograph is called "Elskar Fyr High Tide" (2006) and is part of her series "You Nordic." The photo is of a woman in a red coat walking through the water towards a lighthouse in the distance. The "You Nordic" series consists of women in strange or absurd situations with a repeating color scheme—red against grayish-blue water, pools, or cottages. Each photo is a strange human situation juxtaposed against a bleak natural or environmental backdrop.  Majuri died on 5 March 2020.

Susanna Majuri (24 November 1978 – 5 March 2020) was a Finnish fine art photographer based in Helsinki. A part of the photographic movement The Helsinki School, she was best known for her underwater images.

Susanna Majuri (24. listopadu 1978 – 5. března 2020) byla finská výtvarná fotografka se sídlem v Helsinkách. Byla známá díky svým podvodním fotografiím.


Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic

International evacuations.

Military and organization evacuations.

The Peace Corps evacuated all volunteers, estimated at over 7,000 and suspended all volunteer programmes.

Major civilian evacuations.

From March 15 to April 15, the Polish flag carrier LOT flew over 54,000 people, including Poles and other nationals, under the "LOTDoDomu" (LOT Flight Home) programme.  The government of India plans to evacuate citizens from around the world through the "Vande Bharat Mission" in May. The first phase, with over 15,000 Indian citizens planned to be evacuated from May 7 to May 13, focuses mostly on the Gulf states and other areas with high concentrations of Indians such as the US and UK, while the second phase, starting May 15, will shift efforts to other European and Central Asian countries. It has been predicted that this evacuation will surpass the 1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait to be the biggest in the country's history, with estimates ranging as high as 192k-250k nationals to be brought home. As India closed its airspace to international flights in March, these flights are crucial for both citizens wanting to return to India as well as anyone who wants to leave the country via outbound flights.

Large-scale domestic evacuations.

France.

The French government has strategically moved coronavirus patients from harder-hit areas to those with less cases to spread out the strain on the hospital system. Evacuations done for this purpose include one from Corsica using a naval ship and a series of high-speed TGV trains from Grand-Est to other regions.

Philippines.

The national and local governments of Philippines have established and facilitated a program to evacuate its citizens and local migrant workers from COVID-19 hit regions to their home provinces.

Controversies and issues.

Quarantine locations.

Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced plans in late January 2020 to quarantine Australian citizens evacuated from Wuhan, including children and the elderly, for a period of 14 days on Christmas Island. The decision to repatriate those citizens using controversial detention facilities formerly used to detain asylum seekers before they were shut down in 2018 has received criticism. Controversially, the government plan also necessitates those evacuees to pay a fee of A$1,000, and would take them to Perth after the quarantine period, where they would need to arrange their own transportation back to their home cities. The Australian Medical Association, in a statement on the same day, stated that the decision to hold Australian citizens in "a place where has been previously the focus of populations under enormous mental and physical trauma and anguish, is not a really appropriate solution."  In some places, local residents rallied against the decision to quarantine evacuees in their region. Residents of Nautana protested against the Indonesian government in early February 2020 for letting the evacuees stay there. Hundreds staged demonstrations and burned tires. As a result, Brimob and Indonesian National Armed Forces troops were deployed to ensure stable security conditions. To protect and give health assurance to local people, Jokowi ordered Health Minister Terawan Agus Putranto to have a temporary office in Natuna.  In the Philippines, the usage of the New Clark City development as a quarantine site was met with opposition from the municipal council of Capas. The local legislative said that they were not consulted by the national Department of Health and the Bases Conversion and Development Authority regarding the plan and suggested the national government to consider a more isolated area as a quarantine site.  After healthy Ukrainian evacuees returned from Wuhan to Ukraine on 20 February 2020, misinformation caused riots as protestors railed against the decision to quarantine the passengers nearby the day after they flew back, and the evacuees' bus was attacked.

Fees and payment responsibility.

Due to the nature of evacuation flights, being flown empty one-way and being arranged by charter airlines in many cases at short notice, many passengers have had to pay substantial fees for a seat. In the United States, a bill was introduced in Congress to propose waiving waiving travel expenses for US citizens evacuated and in Nigeria, fights have been subsidized by the government. Indian migrant workers also suffered with high prices, which were compounded by their lack of income due to the lockdown and economic downturn. In response, the Jharkhand government and Congress Party branch said it would pay train fares for migrants leaving the state as well as organize special trains for residents to get to their hometowns.

Improper procedures.

In the United States, a Department of Health and Human Services employee claimed that the workers who received Americans from the first evacuation from Wuhan were inadequately trained and equipped.

This article lists major evacuations conducted by several countries as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 virus was first identified in the city of Wuhan, Hubei, China in mid-December 2019, when a group of people developed a pneumonia without clear causes, and existing treatments were found to be ineffective. The novel coronavirus has similar characteristics to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Within a number of weeks, several thousand people in Hubei's provincial capital of Wuhan were infected, and the Chinese central government imposed strict containment measures, including a lockdown of Hubei itself.

Tento článek obsahuje seznam států, které se rozhodly pro evakuaci svých občanů kvůli pandemii virové choroby covid-19. Kvůli karanténě a pozastavení veřejné dopravy ve Wu-chanu a v Chu-peji se několik zemí rozhodlo evakuovat své občany anebo diplomaty ze zasažených oblastí a to především prostřednictvím charterových letů, kterým čínské úřady poskytly povolení. Japonsko, Indie, Spojené státy, Francie, Austrálie, Srí Lanka, Německo a Thajsko jsou prvními zeměmi, které se rozhodly k evakuaci svých občanů. Pákistán uvedl, že nebude své občany kvůli nízkým počtům zdravotnických zařízení, které by mohly léčit Pákistánce, evakuovat z Číny.


Discovery and naming.

"Asteriornis" is based on specimen NHMM 2013 008, held in the Maastricht Natural History Museum (Dutch: "Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht"), which consists of an almost complete skull and fragments of leg bones and a radius. It was retrieved from four blocks of sediment found at the CBR-Romontbos quarry near Eben-Emael in the Maastricht Formation of Belgium, and was first unearthed in 2000, by amateur paleontologist Maarten van Dinther, who donated it to the museum. This geological formation is the namesake of the Maastrichtian stage, which was the last stage of the Cretaceous period and the Mesozoic era. It is dated to around 66.8 to 66.7 million years old, less than a million years before the arrival of the asteroid that caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, killed off all non-avian dinosaurs (and many other animals), and began the Cenozoic era.  The genus name, "Asteriornis", was constructed from "ornis", the Greek word for bird, and from Asteria, a titan from Greek mythology, who was associated with falling stars, and about whom there is a famous myth in which she transforms herself into a quail. The "Asteri" part of genus name thus alludes to the Chicxulub impactor (a "falling star"), and also alludes to quails which are members of the galloanserans. The species name "A. maastrichtensis" is named after the Maastricht Formation. The researchers who discovered and described the fossil gave "Asteriornis" the nickname "Wonderchicken", which was picked up by various news outlets.

Description.

The beak was slightly downcurved and lightweight. Unlike galloanserans, the beak did not have any specialized connections to the rest of the skull, nor a hooked tip. Instead its front tip was slightly rounded. The skull was narrowest over the orbits (eye sockets), where the frontal bones were incised by a V-shaped part of the nasal bones. The bones forming the jaw joint were very galloanseran-like. The quadrate bone (the cranium's contribution to the jaw joint) connected to the skull roof via two pronounced knobs, which were adjacent to a third smaller knob, the tuberculum subcapitulare. The mandible (lower jaw) connected to the quadrate with a pair of sockets, and the rear end of the lower jaw had a large hooked rearward-facing retroarticular process as well as a smaller inward-facing medial process. All of these characteristics are considered unique to (or at least most common in) galloanserans.  In some respects the skull seems more similar to galliform birds such as chickens and pheasants. These include unfused snout bones and nasal bones which fork in front of the eyes. In other respects it resembles anseriform birds such as ducks and geese. Such features include the hooked retroarticular process of the jaw and a postorbital process (the portion of bone forming the rear edge of the eye socket) which curves forward at its lower extent. These demonstrate a principle of evolution that animals close to the common ancestor of two groups share some similarities with each group.  The radius fragment flattens and widens towards the wrist, where it possesses a large hooked bump. Leg bones are elongated and slender, similar in proportions and structure to modern ground-living birds. The femur has well-developed muscle ridges and a large, angular medial condyle. The tibiotarsus is widest towards the knee, while the tarsometatarsus is thinner and covered with ridges.

Classification.

A phylogenetic analysis placed "Asteriornis" near the base of Galloanserae, an expansive superorder containing birds such as chickens, ducks, pheasants, and other types of fowl and gamebirds. The precise placement varied based on whether the analysis used parsimony or Bayesian protocol. Parsimony placed it as the sister taxon to Galloanserae, meaning that it was a distant relative of the last common ancestor of chickens and ducks. Bayesian protocol instead placed it within Galloanserae, specifically as the sister taxon to Galliformes. This means that it was more closely related to chickens than to ducks, but also that was not a direct ancestor of modern chicken-like birds.  Classifying "Asteriornis" as a relative of chickens and ducks means that it is unequivocally a neornithean. This is important because Neornithes originated at the last common ancestor of all living birds, and corresponds to the term "bird" as it refers to modern-day animals. Pre-neornithean birds such as "Ichthyornis", enantiornitheans, or "Archaeopteryx" generally resemble modern birds but retain primitive features such as teeth or wing claws. Neornithean fossils are extremely rare from the Mesozoic age, and are generally fragmentary or poorly described. "Vegavis" from the Late Cretaceous (~66.5 Ma) of Antarctica was originally described as a relative of ducks and geese, but this classification is controversial and some paleontologists do not consider it a proper neornithean. "Asteriornis" is based on diagnostic and well-preserved skull material and its status is less unstable, so it can be considered the oldest undisputed fossil of a modern-style neornithean bird.

Asteriornis ("Asteria's bird") is an extinct genus of bird from the Late Cretaceous of Belgium which is known from a single species, Asteriornis maastrichtensis. It was closely related to birds of the extant superorder Galloanserae such as chickens and ducks. Members of the genus were small, long-legged birds (~394 g) that lived near the coastline and co-existed with more "primitive" types of birds such as "Ichthyornis. Asteriornis" is one of the oldest-known birds belonging to the group Neornithes, which encompasses all modern birds. It possesses characteristics of both galliformes (chicken-like birds) and anseriformes (duck-like birds), indicating its position as a close relative of the last common ancestor for both groups.

Asteriornis byl rod malého pravěkého ptáka z kladu Neornithes, žijícího na úplném konci křídové periody (asi před 66,8 až 66,7 miliony let) na území dnešní Belgie. Formálně byl typový druh "A. maastrichtensis" popsán v březnu roku 2020 v periodiku "Nature". Jedná se o jednoho z nejstarších známých zástupců "moderních" ptáků, žijícího na konci křídové éry, tedy ještě v době nadvlády dinosaurů nad pevninami planety.


Early years.

Born near Bennett Lake, she lived with her parents, and seven sisters and brothers, near Carcross, Yukon. Her father, Kaachgaawáa, was the head of the Tlingit crow clan, while her mother, Gus’dutéen, was a member of the Tagish wolf clan. Her name in Tlingit means "gumboot mother". As a young woman, she married her first cousin, Kult’ús. In the early 1880s, her husband and their infant daughter died of influenza in Alaska, at which time Shaaw Tláa returned to her village. It was here, in 1887, that Shaaw Tláa's brother, Keish (Skookum Jim Mason), and nephew, Dawson Charlie (K̲áa Goox̱) started a packing, hunting, and prospecting partnership with George Washington Carmack, an American. She became Carmack's common-law wife within the year. She took the name Kate Carmack.  Beginning in 1889, and for the next six years, the couple lived in the Forty Mile region. Carmack prospected, trapped, and traded, while Shaaw Tláa made winter clothing that she sold to miners. They had one daughter, Graphie Grace Carmack (born 1893, Fort Selkirk).

Gold discovery.

Kate and her husband were fishing for salmon at the mouth of the Klondike River in August 1896, when a party led by her brother, including two nephews, came looking for her. The party then discovered gold in Rabbit Creek (later renamed Bonanza Creek), setting in motion the Klondike Gold Rush. Some accounts claim that Kate made the actual discovery.  After becoming wealthy, the Carmacks moved to Hollister, California, to live with Carmack's sister, Rose Watson (later known as Rose Curtis). Subsequently, Carmack left California, Kate, Graphie, and his former partners. Kate and Graphie stayed with Rose. George Carmack married Marguerite Laimee in 1900 in Olympia, Washington. Kate, unable to prove she was George's lawful wife and deemed ineligible for alimony, returned to Carcross in July.

Later years.

Keish built her a cabin near his, and daughter, Graphie attended mission and residential schools in Carcross and Whitehorse that were run by Bishop William Carpenter Bompas, before Graphie moved to Seattle, Washington.  Kate Carmack died of influenza during the worldwide influenza epidemic of 1918-1920 in Carcross.

Shaaw Tláa, also known as Kate Carmack ( – 29 March 1920), was a Tagish First Nation woman who was one of the party that first found gold in the Klondike River in 1896, and is sometimes credited with being the person who made the actual discovery.

Kate Carmacková (původním jménem Shaaw Tláa, "c." 1862 – 29. března 1920), byla příslušnicí indiánského kmene Tagišů, která se narodila poblíž jezera Bennett v Yukonu u hranice s Aljaškou. Bydlila se svými rodiči a sedmi sestrami a bratry poblíž Carcrossu v Yukonu. Její otec, Kaachgaawáa, byl náčelníkem kmene Tlingitů, zatímco její matka, Gus'dutéen, byl Tagiškou. Jméno Shaaw Tláa v tlingitšině znamená „chroustnatková matka“.