Early life.

Zhang was from Northern Shanxi. She was the daughter of Zhang Qi. She became the first spouse of the future Hongxi Emperor in 1396. On her marriage, her father was posthumously enfeoffed as Count of Peng. In 1404, her spouse was made heir apparent and Zhang was elevated to crown princess (). She gave birth to 3 sons and a daughter.

Empress.

On 7 September 1424, her spouse ascended the throne as the Hongxi Emperor, and 29 October, she was made empress. She was described as wise, good and capable, with a great knowledge of all events both inside and outside of the palace, and was held in good confidence of the emperor, who allowed her to participate in state affairs.  In 1425, her son succeeded to the throne as the Xuande Emperor. He granted his mother the title of Empress Dowager. She was a dominant presence during the reign of her son, and accompanied him on his trips around the empire.

Regency.

In 1435, Zhang's son was succeeded by her eight-year-old grandson, Emperor Yingzong of Ming, and she was granted the title Grand Empress Dowager. A regency was formed consisting of Zhang Fu (Duke of Yingguo), as well as three grand secretaries: Yang Shiqi, Yang Rong and Yang Pu, with Empress Zhang as the head of the regency council and regent. She was never formally given the title of regent: when she was asked to, she responded that there was no ancestral precedence for such a thing in the dynasty. Though she refused the title, however, she still acted as regent, and held council with her ministers, listened to their views, and reserved the final say to her.  She kept her position as regent of China until her death in 1442.

Empress Zhang (1379–20 November 1442), was a Chinese Empress consort of the Ming Dynasty, married to the Hongxi Emperor. She first served as the Empress Dowager after the accession of the Xuande Emperor. She later served as the Regent of China during the minority of the reign of her grandson, Emperor Yingzong of Ming, from 1435 until 1442.

Císařovna Čang (, 1379 – 20. listopadu 1442), zkráceným posmrtným jménem císařovna Čcheng-siao-čao (), příjmením Čang () byla mingská císařovna, manželka Chung-siho, císaře čínské říše Ming.


Book of Aneirin.

Manuscript.

Only one early manuscript of "Y Gododdin" is known, the Book of Aneirin, thought to date from the second half of the 13th century. The currently accepted view is that this manuscript contains the work of two scribes, usually known as A and B. Scribe A wrote down 88 stanzas of the poem, then left a blank page before writing down four related poems known as "Gorchanau". This scribe wrote the material down in Middle Welsh orthography. Scribe B added material later, and apparently had access to an earlier manuscript since the material added by this scribe is in Old Welsh orthography. Scribe B wrote 35 stanzas, some of which are variants of stanzas also given by Scribe A, while others are not given by A. The last stanza is incomplete and three folios are missing from the end of the manuscript, so some material may have been lost.  Differences exist within the material added by Scribe B. The first 23 stanzas of the B material show signs of partial modernisation of the orthography, while the remainder shows much more retention of Old Welsh features. Jarman explains this by suggesting that Scribe B started by partially modernising the orthography as he copied the stanzas, but after a while tired of this and copied the remaining stanzas as they were in the older manuscript. Isaac suggested that Scribe B was using two sources, called B1 and B2. If this is correct, the material in the Books of Aneirin is from three sources.

Poem.

The stanzas that make up the poem are a series of elegies for warriors who fell in battle against vastly superior numbers. Some of the verses refer to the entire host, and others eulogize individual heroes. They tell how the ruler of the Gododdin, Mynyddog Mwynfawr, gathered warriors from several Brythonic kingdoms and provided them with a year's feasting and drinking mead in his halls at Din Eidyn, before launching a campaign in which almost all of them were killed fighting against overwhelming odds. The poetry is based on a fixed number of syllables, though some irregularity occurs, which may be due to modernisation of the language during oral transmission. It uses rhyme, both end-rhyme and internal, and some parts use alliteration. A number of stanzas may open with the same words, for example ""Gwyr a aeth gatraeth gan wawr"" ("Men went to Catraeth at dawn").  The collection appears to have been compiled from two different versions: according to some verses, there were 300 men of the Gododdin, and only one, Cynon ap Clydno, survived; others have 363 warriors and three survivors, in addition to the poet, who as a bard, almost certainly would not have been counted as one of the warriors. The names of about 80 warriors are given in the poem.  The Book of Aneirin begins with the introduction "Hwn yw e gododin. Aneirin ae cant" ("This is the Gododdin; Aneirin sang it"). The first stanza appears to be a reciter's prologue, composed after the death of Aneirin: The second stanza praises an individual hero: Other stanzas praise the entire host, for example number 13: Mead is mentioned in many stanzas, sometimes with the suggestion that it is linked to their deaths. This led some 19th-century editors to assume that the warriors went into battle drunk, however Williams explained that "mead" here stood for everything the warriors received from their lord. In return, they were expected to "pay their mead" by being loyal to their lord unto death. A similar concept is found in Anglo-Saxon poetry. The heroes commemorated in the poem are mounted warriors; there are many references to horses in the poem. There are references to spears, swords and shields, and to the use of armour ("llurug", from the Latin "lorica"). There are several references which indicate that they were Christians, for example "penance" and "altar", while the enemy are described as "heathens". Several of these features can be seen in stanza 33: However, D. Simon Evans has suggested that most, if not all, of the references which point to Christianity may be later additions.  Many personal names are given, but only two are recorded in other sources. One of the warriors was Cynon ap Clydno, whom Williams identifies with the Cynon ap Clydno Eiddin who is mentioned in old pedigrees. The other personal name recorded in other sources is Arthur. If the mention of Arthur formed part of the original poem this could be the earliest reference to Arthur, as a paragon of bravery. In stanza 99, the poet praises one of the warriors, Gwawrddur:  Many of the warriors were not from the lands of the Gododdin. Among the places mentioned are Aeron, thought to be the area around the River Ayr and "Elfed", the area around Leeds still called Elmet. Others came from further afield, for example one came from "beyond Bannog", a reference to the mountains between Stirling (thought to have been "Manaw Gododdin" territory) and Dumbarton (chief fort of the Brythonic Kingdom of Strathclyde) – this warrior must have come from Pictland. Others came from Gwynedd in north Wales.

Interpolations.

Three of the stanzas included in the manuscript have no connection with the subject matter of the remainder except that they are also associated with southern Scotland or northern England rather than Wales. One of these is a stanza which celebrates the victory of the Britons of the Kingdom of Strathclyde under Eugein I, here described as "the grandson of Neithon", over Domnall Brecc ("Dyfnwal Frych" in Welsh), king of Dál Riata, at the Battle of Strathcarron in 642: Another stanza appears to be part of the separate cycle of poems associated with Llywarch Hen. The third interpolation is a poem entitled "Dinogad's Smock", a cradle-song addressed to a baby named Dinogad, describing how his father goes hunting and fishing. The interpolations are thought to have been added to the poem after it had been written down, these stanzas first being written down where there was a space in the manuscript, then being incorporated in the poem by a later copier who failed to realise that they did not belong. The Strathcarron stanza, for example, is the first stanza in the B text of the Book of Aneirin, and Jackson suggested that it had probably been inserted on a blank space at the top of the first page of the original manuscript. According to Koch's reconstruction, this stanza was deliberately added to the text in Strathclyde.

Analysis and interpretation.

Date.

The date of "Y Gododdin" has been the subject of debate among scholars since the early 19th century. If the poem was composed soon after the battle, it must predate 638, when the fall of Din Eidyn was recorded in the reign of Oswy king of Bernicia, an event which is thought to have meant the collapse of the kingdom of the Gododdin. If it is a later composition, the latest date which could be ascribed to it is determined by the orthography of the second part of Scribe B's text. This is usually considered to be that of the 9th or 10th centuries, although some scholars consider that it could be from the 11th century.  Most of the debate about the date of the poem has employed linguistic arguments, mostly concerning rhyme (since more is known about early Welsh phonology than other aspects of the language, like syntax). It is believed that around the time of the battle, the British language was transitioning into its daughter languages: the primitive form of Welsh in Wales, of Cornish and Breton in southwestern Britain and Brittany, and Cumbric in northern Britain. Kenneth Jackson concludes that the majority of the changes that transformed British into Primitive Welsh belong to the period from the middle of the 5th to the end of the 6th century. This involved syncope and the loss of final syllables. If the poem dates to this time, it would have been written in an early form of Cumbric, the usual name for the Brythonic speech of the Hen Ogledd. Jackson suggested the name "Primitive Cumbric" for the dialect spoken at the time.  Sweetser gives the example of the name "Cynfelyn" found in the Gododdin; in British this would have been "Cunobelinos". The middle unstressed "o" and the final unstressed "os" have been lost. Ifor Williams, whose 1938 text laid the foundations for modern scholarly study of the poetry, considered that part of it could be regarded as being of likely late 6th-century origin. This would have been orally transmitted for a period before being written down. Dillon cast doubt on the date of composition, arguing that it is unlikely that by the end of the 6th century Primitive Welsh would have developed into a language "not notably earlier than that of the ninth century". He suggests that the poetry may have been composed in the 9th century on traditional themes and attributed to Aneirin. Jackson however considers that there is "no real substance" in these arguments, and points out that the poetry would have been transmitted orally for a long period before being written down, and would have been modernised by reciters, and that there is in any case nothing in the language used which would rule out a date around 600. Koch suggests a rather earlier date, about 570, and also suggests that the poem may have existed in written form by the 7th century, much earlier than usually thought. Koch, reviewing the arguments about the date of the poetry in 1997, states: Koch himself believes that a considerable part of the poem can be dated to the 6th century. Greene in 1971 considered that the language of the poem was 9th-century rather than 6th-century, and Isaac, writing in 1999, stated that the linguistic evidence did not necessitate dating the poem as a whole before the 9th or 10th century.  The other approach to dating the poetry has been to look at it from a historical point of view. Charles-Edwards writing in 1978 concluded that: Dumville, commenting on these attempts to establish the historicity of the poem in 1988, said, "The case for authenticity, whatever exactly we mean by that, is not proven; but that does not mean that it cannot be." Likewise, Patrick Sims-Williams concluded in 2016 that, 'evaluating the supposed proofs that poems in the Books of Aneirin and Taliesin cannot go back to the sixth century, we have found them either to be incorrect or to apply to only a very few lines or stanzas that may be explained as additions. It seems impossible to prove, however, that any poem must go back to the sixth century linguistically and cannot be a century or more later'. The fact that the great majority of the warriors mentioned in the poem are not known from other sources has been put forward by several authors as an argument against the idea that the poem could be a later composition. The poems which are known to be later "forgeries" have clearly been written for a purpose, for example to strengthen the claims of a particular dynasty. The men commemorated in "Y Gododdin" do not appear in the pedigrees of any Welsh dynasty. Breeze comments, "it is difficult to see why a later poet should take the trouble to commemorate men who, but for the poem, would be forgotten".

Background.

The poem is set in the area which is now southern Scotland and north-east England. Around the year 600 this area included a number of Brythonic kingdoms. Apart from the Gododdin, the kingdom of Alt Clut occupied the Strathclyde area and Rheged covered parts of Galloway, Lancashire and Cumbria. Further south lay the kingdom of Elmet in the Leeds area. These areas made up what was later known in Welsh as "Yr Hen Ogledd" (The Old North). The Gododdin, known as the Votadini in the Romano-British period, occupied a territory from the area around the head of the Firth of Forth as far south as the River Wear. In modern terms their lands included much of Clackmannanshire and the Lothian and Borders regions. Their capital at this period may have been called "Din Eidyn", now known as Edinburgh. By this time the area that later became Northumbria had been invaded and increasingly occupied by the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia.  In the "Historia Brittonum", attributed to Nennius, there is a reference to several poets in this area during the 6th century. Having mentioned Ida of Bernicia, the founder of the Northumbrian royal line who ruled between 547 and 559, the Historia goes on to say: Nothing has been preserved of the work of Talhaearn, Blwchfardd and Cian, but poems attributed to Taliesin were published by Ifor Williams in "Canu Taliesin" and were considered by him to be comparable in antiquity to the Gododdin. This poetry praises Urien of Rheged and his son Owain, and refers to Urien as lord of Catraeth.

Interpretation.

"Y Gododdin" is not a narrative poem but a series of elegies for heroes who died in a battle whose history would have been familiar to the original listeners. The context of the poem has to be worked out from the text itself. There have been various interpretations of the events recorded in the poem. The 19th-century Welsh scholar Thomas Stephens identified the "Gododdin" with the Votadini and "Catraeth" as Catterick in North Yorkshire. He linked the poem to the Battle of Degsastan in c. 603 between King Æthelfrith of Bernicia and the Gaels under Áedán mac Gabráin, king of Dál Riada. Gwenogvryn Evans in his 1922 edition and translation of the Book of Aneirin claimed that the poem referred to a battle around the Menai Strait in 1098, emending the text to fit the theory. The generally accepted interpretation for the Battle of Catraeth is that put forward by Ifor Williams in his "Canu Aneirin" first published in 1938. Williams interpreted "mynydawc mwynvawr" in the text to refer to a person, Mynyddog Mwynfawr in modern Welsh. Mynyddog, in his version, was the king of the Gododdin, with his chief seat at Din Eidyn (modern Edinburgh). Around the year 600 Mynyddog gathered about 300 selected warriors, some from as far afield as Gwynedd. He feasted them at Din Eidyn for a year, then launched an attack on "Catraeth", which Williams agrees with Stephens in identifying as Catterick, which was in Anglo-Saxon hands. They were opposed by a larger army from the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia.  The battle at Catraeth has been seen as an attempt to resist the advance of the Angles, who had probably by then occupied the former Votadini lands of Bryneich in modern north-eastern England and made it their kingdom of Bernicia. At some time after the battle, the Angles absorbed the Gododdin kingdom, possibly after the fall of their capital Din Eidyn in 638, and incorporated it into the kingdom of Northumbria.  This interpretation has been accepted by most modern scholars. Jackson accepts the interpretation but suggests that a force of 300 men would be much too small to undertake the task demanded of them. He considers that the 300 mounted warriors would have been accompanied by a larger number of foot soldiers, not considered worthy of mention in the poem. Jarman also follows Williams' interpretation. Jackson suggested that after the fall of the kingdom of Gododdin, in or about 638, the poem was preserved in Strathclyde, which maintained its independence for several centuries. He considers that it was first written down in Strathclyde after a period of oral transmission, and may have reached Wales in manuscript form between the end of the 8th and the end of the 9th century. There would be particular interest in matters relating to the Gododdin in Gwynedd, since the founding myth of the kingdom involved the coming of Cunedda Wledig from Manaw Gododdin.

Alternative interpretation.

In 1997, John Koch published a new study of "Y Gododdin" which involved an attempt to reconstruct the original poetry written in what Koch terms "Archaic Neo-Brittonic". This work also included a new and very different interpretation of the background of the poetry. He draws attention to a poem in "Canu Taliesin" entitled "Gweith Gwen Ystrat" (The Battle of Gwen Ystrat): There is also a reference to "Catraeth" in the slightly later poem "Moliant Cadwallon", a panegyric addressed to Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd, thought to have been composed in about 633. Two lines in this poem are translated by Koch as "fierce Gwallawc wrought the great and renowned mortality at Catraeth". He identifies Gwallawc as the "Guallauc" who was one of the kings who fought against Bernicia in alliance with Urien. Koch draws attention to the mention of "meibion Godebawc" (the sons of Godebog) as an enemy in stanza 15 of the Gododdin and points out that according to old Welsh genealogies Urien and other Brittonic kings were descendants of "Coïl Hen Guotepauc". He considers that, in view of the references in the three poems, there is a case for identifying the attack on Catraeth recorded in "Y Gododdin" with the Battle of Gwen Ystrat. This would date the poem to about 570 rather than the c. 600 favoured by Williams and others. He interprets the Gododdin as having fought the Brythons of Rheged and Alt Clut over a power struggle in Elmet, with Anglian allies on both sides, Rheged being in an alliance with Deira. He points out that according to the "Historia Britonnum" it was Rhun, son of Urien Rheged who baptized the princess Eanflæd of Deira, her father Edwin and 12,000 of his subjects in 626/7. Urien Rheged was thus the real victor of the battle. Mynyddog Mwynfawr was not a person's name but a personal description meaning'mountain feast' or'mountain chief'. Some aspects of Koch's view of the historical context have been criticised by both Oliver Padel and Tim Clarkson. Clarkson, for example, makes the point that the reference in "Gweith Gwen Ystrat" is to "the men of Catraeth"; it does not state that the battle was fought at Catraeth, and also that according to Bede it was Paulinus, not Rhun, who baptized the Deirans.

Editions and translations.

The first known translation of "Y Gododdin" was by Evan Evans ("Ieuan Fardd") who printed ten stanzas with a Latin translation in his book "Some Specimens of the Poetry of the Antient Welsh Bards" published in 1764. The full text was printed for the first time by Owen Jones in the "Myvyrian Archaiology" in 1801. English translations of the poem were published by William Probert in 1820 and by John Williams (Ab Ithel) in 1852, followed by translations by William Forbes Skene in his "Four Ancient Books of Wales" (1866) and by Thomas Stephens for the Cymmrodorion Society in 1888. Gwenogvryn Evans produced a facsimile copy of the Book of Aneirin in 1908 and an edition with a translation in 1922.  The first reliable edition was "Canu Aneirin" by Ifor Williams with notes in Welsh, published in 1938. New translations based on this work were published by Kenneth H. Jackson in 1969 and, with modernized Welsh text and glossary, by A.O.H. Jarman in 1988. A colour facsimile edition of the manuscript with an introduction by Daniel Huws was published by South Glamorgan County Council and the National Library of Wales in 1989. John Koch's new edition, which aimed to recreate the original text, appeared in 1997.  There have also been a number of translations which aim to present the Gododdin as literature rather than as a subject of scholarly study. Examples are the translation by Joseph P. Clancy in "The earliest Welsh poetry" (1970) and Steve Short's 1994 translation.

Cultural influence.

There are a number of references to "Y Gododdin" in later Medieval Welsh poetry. The well-known 12th-century poem "Hirlas Owain" by Owain Cyfeiliog, in which Owain praises his own war-band, likens them to the heroes of the Gododdin and uses "Y Gododdin" as a model. A slightly later poet, Dafydd Benfras, in a eulogy addressed to Llywelyn the Great, wishes to be inspired "to sing as Aneirin sang / The day he sang the Gododdin". After this period this poetry seems to have been forgotten in Wales for centuries until Evan Evans (Ieuan Fardd) discovered the manuscript in the late 18th century. From the early 19th century onwards there are many allusions in Welsh poetry.  In English, "Y Gododdin" was a major influence on the long poem "In Parenthesis" (1937) by David Jones, in which he reflects on the carnage he witnessed in the First World War. Jones put a quotation from the Gododdin at the beginning of each of the seven sections of "In Parenthesis". Another poet writing in English, Richard Caddel, used "Y Gododdin" as the basis of his difficult but much-admired poem "For the Fallen" (1997), written in memory of his son Tom. Tony Conran's poem "Elegy for the Welsh Dead, in the Falklands Islands, 1982" opens with the line 'Men went to Catraeth', using the original poem to comment on a contemporary conflict. The theme and rhythm of Y Gododdin are also the undercurrent for Owen Sheers’s Pink Mist (2012), an epic elegy to dead and wounded soldiers who served in Afghanistan; the poem, which drew on 30 interviews with returned servicemen, was originally commissioned for radio and then produced by the Old Vic theatre company as a stage play.  The poem has also inspired a number of historical novels, including "Men Went to Cattraeth" (1969) by John James, "The Shining Company" (1990) by Rosemary Sutcliff and "The Amber Treasure" (2009) by Richard J Denning. In 1989 the British industrial band Test Dept brought out an album entitled "Gododdin", in which the words of the poem were set to music, part in the original and part in English translation. This was a collaboration with the Welsh avant-garde theatre company Brith Gof and was performed in Wales, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Scotland.  in Welsh and English translation by John Williams

Y Gododdin () is a medieval Welsh poem consisting of a series of elegies to the men of the Brittonic kingdom of Gododdin and its allies who, according to the conventional interpretation, died fighting the Angles of Deira and Bernicia at a place named "Catraeth" in about AD 600. It is traditionally ascribed to the bard Aneirin and survives only in one manuscript, the Book of Aneirin.

Y Gododdin (vyslovováno ə ɡɔˈdɔðɪn) je středověká velšská báseň, skládající se ze série žalozpěvů na muže britonského království Gododdin a jejich spojence, kteří měli podle konvenčních výkladů básně zemřít v bitvě proti Anglům z království Deira a Bernicia, jež se uskutečnila kolem roku 600 n.l. u Catraethu. Autorství anonymní básně bývá připisováno bardu Aneirinovi; dílo se dochovalo pouze v jednom rukopise, známém jako Kniha Aneirinova.


First generation (NB-7; 1993–2005).

The first-generation Kia Sportage was developed with a Mazda Bongo engineering base platform. It shares many mechanical components such as the engine, transmissions (early versions), and differentials with the Mazda line of vehicles. This was during Kia's alliance with Ford and Mazda, which involved Ford/Mazda providing technology and Kia providing inexpensive manufacturing facilities for Ford.  Early in 1994, an experimental project was attempted between Kia Motors and Daimler-Benz AG. A small number of converted three-door convertibles into two-door pickups, designated GLL200, were produced. Actual production numbers have never been verified, but were rumored to be no more than 25 units assembled. All were test marketed through franchise dealerships in Seoul, South Korea, and Taipei, Taiwan. The collaboration was soon abandoned as Daimler unexpectedly withdrew before a formal agreement was achieved.  From 1995 to 1998, the Sportage was built by Karmann in Germany; European buyers received German-built versions in that period, while the rest of the world received South Korean-built versions. It was launched in Asia in July 1993 and European sales started two years later.  The Sportage was sold in either a five-door SUV or a three-door soft-top convertible. Kia initially developed the wagon in standard length form, but in circa 1996, the company released an extended length version. This stretched model—mainly sold in Asian markets under the name "Sportage Grand", but also as the "Grand Wagon"—featured a longer body utilizing the same wheelbase, an increase in luggage capacity from, and the relocation of the spare wheel from the tailgate to underneath the floor.  Kia offered three Mazda-sourced engines in the Sportage, beginning with the 2.0-liter "FE DOHC" inline-four gasoline unit producing and the 2.0-liter "RF" inline-four diesel rated at. Diesel-engined models were mostly restricted to European markets, as was the more basic single overhead camshaft (SOHC) version of the 2.0-liter "FE" gasoline inline-four. Delivering, this gasoline engine was available from 2000 onwards. In North America, the 2.0-liter "FE DOHC" engine produced and had optional four-wheel drive. The 1997 model year Kia Sportage was the world's first production vehicle to be equipped with a knee airbag.  This first-generation model (1993–2002) sold in low numbers, even domestically in South Korea, and models after Hyundai's 1998 partial takeover of Kia (1997–2002) were recalled twice for rear wheels dismounting while driving. The first-generation Sportage was discontinued in South Korea in 2002, and in North America after the 2002 model year. By 2003, most international markets had discontinued the Sportage range, although it remained on sale in some developing countries until its second-generation replacement arrived in 2005.  The Kia Sportage scored the lowest possible result in the Australian ANCAP crash tests – one star out of five. As well as a failure of the seat belts, the vehicle structure collapsed.

Second generation (JE/KM; 2005–2010).

After a two-year hiatus, the Sportage returned in model-year 2005, sharing an Hyundai Elantra-based platform with the 2005 Hyundai Tucson. A 2.0 L straight-4 diesel engine was available in the United Kingdom. Pricing started at just over US$16,000. Fans of the original pre-Hyundai Sportage and critics complained that it was considerably larger than the original Sportage and had none of its off-road capability, the two keys to its success. However, buyers of the second-generation model were likely to favor the available V6, with 178 lb·ft of torque (241 N·m). Overall fit/finish and quality was noticeably improved over the first-generation model.  A facelift model of the second generation was introduced in May 2008. From 2007, it was manufactured at the Žilina Plant in Slovakia. A second facelift was introduced in the UK in early 2009, only a few months after its first facelift.  The Sportage was named as one of the most reliable vehicles from the 2009 Consumer Reports reliability survey. The Kia Sportage ranked second in the "20 least expensive 2009 vehicles to insure" list by Insure.com. According to research, the Sportage is one of the least expensive vehicles to insure. Low rates tend to reflect a vehicle's safety.

Safety.

The second-generation Sportage earned a top rating of five stars in crash tests by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. However, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) judged it merely acceptable for frontal and side-impact crash, performance, and poor strength of its roof in a rollover.

Third generation (SL; 2010–2015).

The SL series Sportage was released to Asian and European markets in April 2010, the North and Central American markets in August 2010, and the Australian market in October 2010, for the 2011 model year. Two engines were available, a 2.0-liter Hyundai R diesel engine with, and a 2.0-liter "Theta T-GDI" gasoline engine. In China, it was released by Dongfeng Yueda Kia in October 2010 and called the Sportage R, and was to be built and marketed alongside the previous generation rather than as a replacement for it.  The Sportage won the 2011 "Car of the Year" (originally "Auto roku 2011 na Slovensku") in Slovakia and "Truck of the Year" nomination of International Car of the Year. It was top of the JD Power Survey for 2012, the only car in the survey to score five stars across all categories, from mechanical reliability to ownership costs and the dealer experience. In South Africa, it took the 2013 Standard Bank People's Wheels Award for "SUVs and Crossovers – City & Suburban".  The third generation received a facelift for the 2014 model year that included new headlamps and fog lamps.

Safety.

The third-generation Sportage received a "Top Safety Pick" rating from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety in the United States. Earning the award became tougher in 2010 when IIHS added the rollover crash test, which measures roof strength and is twice as stringent as the federal requirement. To pass this test, a vehicle's roof must be able to withstand the force of three times the vehicle's weight (acceptable rating). The federal standard requires a roof to hold 1.5 times the vehicle's weight.

Fourth generation (QL; 2015–present).

Kia unveiled its newly redesigned Sportage at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2015, and brought it to market in 2016 (as a 2017 model in North America). The company said the contrasting sharp edges and smooth surfaces were inspired by modern fighter jets.  There are three gasoline engines, as well as one diesel engine in the line-up. The gasoline options are a 1.6-liter, 2.0-liter or 2.4-liter, offering around 97 kW/161 N⋅m, 120 kW/200 N⋅m and 138 kW/241 N⋅m respectively, while the diesel is a 2.0-liter turbo that will produce around 135 kW/400 N⋅m. A 130 kW/265 N⋅m 1.6 T-GDi turbo-gasoline with an optional seven-speed dual-clutch automatic, and a 136 kW/400Nm 2.0 R-Series diesel. Front- (FWD) and all-wheel drive (AWD) configurations are available.  In North America, the new Sportage is offered with three trim levels (LX, EX, and SX). Much like the previous model, it is available with two inline-four engine choices, a naturally aspirated 2.4-liter and a turbocharged 2.0-liter. The 2.4-liter produces and, while the turbocharged engine makes and, with small differences in performance dependent on whether FWD or AWD is configured. Both engines are mated to a six-speed automatic transmission.

Kia KX5 (Chinese version).

In China, the fourth generation Sportage was sold as the Kia KX5, the third generation model was sold alongside as the Sportage R, while the Kia Sportage name was used on a separate model developed from the second generation Hyundai ix35 chassis and also sold alongside.  The Kia KX5 received a facelift in 2019 conducted by Dongfeng Yueda Kia that would exclusively be sold in China only.  Available from March 2019, the front fascia was completely restyled with headlamps integrated with the grille and the rear end of the KX5 was also slightly redesigned for the Chinese market. Despite the exclusively restyled exterior, the wheels of the Chinese version are the same as the ones on the international Kia Sportage facelift.

Safety.

The 2017 Sportage received a "Top Safety Pick" rating from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

Awards.

The Sportage won the 2016 Red Dot Award for Car Design.

Sales.

The Sportage was Kia's best selling model worldwide in 2016, overtaking the Rio.

The Kia Sportage is a compact crossover SUV (compact SUV until 2004) built by the South Korean manufacturer Kia Motors since 1993.

Kia Sportage je model vozu typu SUV vyráběný od roku 1993 jihokorejskou automobilkou Kia. Na český trh byl uveden roku 2005. Třetí generace vozu se prodávala od roku 2010 a poslední čtvrtá od roku 2016..


History.

Origins.

It is difficult to pinpoint the conception of the Montagnard group because the lines which defined it were themselves quite nebulous early on. Originally, members of The Mountain were the men who sat in the highest rows of the Jacobin Clubs, loosely organized political debate clubs open to the public. Though members of the Montagnards were known for their commitment to radical political resolutions prior to 1793, the contours of political groups presented an ever-evolving reality that shifted in response to events. Would-be prominent Montagnard leaders like Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet and Jean Bon Saint-André were tempted by early Girondin proposals and soon many moderates—even anti-radicals—felt the need to push for radical endeavors in light of threats both within and without the country. It was only after the trial of Louis XVI in December 1792, which united the Montagnards on a position of regicide, that the ideals and power of the group fully consolidated.

Rise and terror.

The rise of Montagnards corresponds to the fall of the Girondins. The Girondins hesitated on the correct course of action to take with Louis XVI after his attempt to flee France on 20 June 1791. Some of the Girondins believed they could use the king as figurehead. While the Girondins hesitated, the Montagnards took a united stand during the trial in December 1792–January 1793 and favored the king's execution.  Riding on this victory, the Montagnards then sought to discredit the Girondins. They used tactics previously employed by the Girondins to denounce them as liars and enemies of the Revolution. They also formed a legislative committee in which Nicolas Hentz proposed a limitation of inheritances, gaining more support for the Montagnards. Girondin members were subsequently banned from the Jacobin club and excluded from the National Convention on 31 May – 2 June 1793. Any attempted resistance was crushed. Maximilien Robespierre then continued to consolidate his power over the Montagnards with the use of the Committee of Public Safety.

Policies of the Mountain.

Through attempted land redistribution policies, the Mountain showed some support for the rural poor. In August 1793, Montagnard member Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès drafted a piece of legislation which dealt with agricultural reform; in particular, he urged "relief from rent following harvest loss, compensation for improvements and fixity of tenure". This was in part to combat restlessness of share-croppers in the southwest. This draft never made it into law, but the drastic reforms suggest the Mountain's awareness of the need to please their base of support, both the rural and urban poor. Other policies aimed at supporting the poor included price controls enacted by the Mountain in 1793. This law, called the General Maximum, was supported by a group of agitators within the Mountain known as the Enragés. It fixed prices and wages throughout France. At the same time, bread prices were rising as the commodity became scarce, and in an initiative spearheaded by Collot d’Herbois and Billaud-Varenne, a law was enacted in July 1793 that forbade the hoarding of "daily necessities". The hoarding of grain became a crime punishable by death.  Other economic policies enacted by the Mountain included an embargo on the export of French goods. As a result of this embargo, France was essentially unable to trade with foreign markets and the import of goods effectively ended. In theory, this protected French markets from foreign goods and required French people to support French goods. In addition to the embargo against foreign goods, Act 1651, passed by the Mountain in October 1793, further isolated France from the rest of Europe by forbidding any foreign vessels from trading along the French coast.

Decline and fall.

The fall and exclusion of the Montagnards from the National Convention began with the collapse of the Revolution's radical phase and the death of Robespierre on 10 Thermidor (28 July 1794). While the Montagnards celebrated unity, there was growing heterogeneity within the group as Robespierre and his Committee of Public Safety overextended themselves with their tight control over the military and their extreme opposition to corruption in the government. Their overextension drew the ire of other revolutionary leaders and a number of plots coalesced on 9 Thermidor (Thermidorian Reaction) when collaborators with the more moderate group the Dantonists acted in response to fears that Robespierre planned to execute them.  The purge of Robespierre was strongly similar to previous measures employed by the Montagnards to expel factions, such as the Girondins. However, as Robespierre was widely considered the heart of the Montagnards, his death symbolized their collapse. Few desired to take on the name of Montagnards afterwards, leaving around only about 100 men. Finally, at the end of 1794 the Mountain largely devolved into a group called The Crest (), which lacked any real power.

Factions and prominent members.

The Mountain was born in 1792, with the merger of two prominent left-wing clubs: the Jacobins and Cordeliers. The Jacobins were initially moderate republicans and the Cordeliers were radical populist. In late 1792, Danton and his supporters wanted a reconciliation with the Girondins, which caused a break with Robespierre. After the trial of Girondins in 1793, Danton became strongly moderate while Robespierre continued his authoritarian policies.  The moderates of Danton were also rival to the followers of Jacques Hébert who wanted the persecution of all non-Montagnards and the dechristianisation of France. When Robespierre eliminated first the Hébertists (March 1794) and then the Dantonistes (April 1794), his group ruled The Mountain. This was until the Thermidorian Reaction, when several conspirators supported by The Plain instituted a coup d'état. They executed Robespierre and his supporters and split from The Mountain to form the Thermidorian Left. The Montagnards that survived were arrested, executed or deported. By 1795 the Mountain had effectively been obliterated.

The Mountain () was a political group during the French Revolution. Its members, called the Montagnards (), sat on the highest benches in the National Assembly.

Hora (francouzsky "La Montagne") bylo označení pro jedno z politických uskupení v době Velké francouzské revoluce. Jednalo se o levicové křídlo revolucionářů v Národním konventu. Jeho členové se nazývali "montagnardé". Patřili k nim především jakobíni a názorově blízcí kordeliéři.


History.

The earliest known residents of the western Salt Lake Valley were Native American bands of the Ute and Shoshoni tribes.  The first European people to live in the area were the Latter-day Saints. The Euro-Americans arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847. The area was first staked out by settler Joseph Harker and his family in the area they named as "over Jordan" (referring to the land west of the Jordan River, which runs through the valley).  The Granger area was settled by Welsh pioneers who had come to Utah with Dan Jones in 1849. Irrigation systems and agriculture were developed in the area, and it was Elias Smith who proposed the area's name on account of its successful farming. Granger and vicinity had about 1,000 people in 1930.  Hunter was not settled until 1876. This settlement was started by Rasmus Nielsen, Edward Rushton, August Larsen and about seven others along with their families. Irrigation began in 1881 and the main crop was fruit trees.  The city began to experience rapid growth in the 1970s, when the area that is now West Valley City consisted of the four separate communities of Hunter, Granger, Chesterfield, and Redwood. These four unincorporated areas merged in 1980 to form the present-day city. During the 2002 Olympic Winter Games, West Valley City was the official venue for men's and women's ice hockey.  On May 19, 2011, the city unveiled an official plan to create a downtown area for the city over the course of 10 years, building on plans and development that already existed. It will be known as Fairbourne Station (named after Joseph Fairbourne, an early settler who operated a weigh station in the area in the late 19th century) and will consist of approximately, costing $500 million to build. The center will include a civic center (consisting of city hall, a courthouse, police headquarters, and a library), an eight-story Embassy Suites hotel, a plaza, and residential development, as well as the end of the TRAX Green Line, and a stop on the 3500 South MAX bus rapid transit line. Valley Fair Mall and the Maverik Center are located nearby, as is I-215. of the development is incomplete, with the TRAX line having opened in 2011 and the hotel in 2012, but the City Hall and government center are under construction.  Serial killer Ted Bundy was arrested in Granger on August 16, 1975, on a routine traffic stop.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 35.5 square miles (91.8 km2), of which 35.4 square miles (91.7 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km2) (0.17%) is water.  West Valley is located on the northwest side of the Salt Lake Valley between Salt Lake City on the north, South Salt Lake on the east, Magna Township on the west, and Taylorsville and Kearns Township on the south. The Oquirrh Mountains loom over the city to the west, while the Jordan River marks the eastern boundary.

Government.

West Valley City has a nonpartisan, strong city manager form of government, which means that the city manager is analogous to a corporation's CEO, while the mayor fills a role similar to chairman of the board, with the City Council acting as the "board". The mayor is a voting member of the City Council. The West Valley City Council meets each Tuesday night at 6:30 PM, except fifth Tuesdays. City Hall is located at 3600 South Constitution Boulevard.  The mayor and six councilors are elected to four-year terms. Mayoral elections are held the same year as three of the councilors. The other three councilors are staggered two years from the mayoral. Two council seats are at-large, or citywide, and the remaining four seats represent districts of approximately 28,000 residents. Officials are not subject to term limits., the most recent election was held in November, 2013.  In the Utah State Legislature, West Valley City is in Senate Districts 1, 3, 5, and 12 represented by Democrat Luz Robles, Democrat Gene Davis, Democrat Karen Mayne, and Republican Daniel Thatcher and House Districts 30, 31, and 33, represented by Republican Fred Cox, Republican Sophia DiCaro, and Republican Craig Hall. Federally, West Valley City lies in the 2nd and 4th congressional districts, represented by Republican Chris Stewart and Democrat Ben McAdams.  The West Valley City Police Department is administered by Chief Lee W. Russo with support from four Deputy Chiefs. With "194.5 sworn officers" and 45 civilian employees, the West Valley City Police Department responds to more than 110,000 calls for service annually,. In 2013, the city police's narcotics unit was disbanded due to rampant corruption among its officers. These officers were found stealing small items from seized vehicles, taking evidence, and placing tracking devices on potential suspects' vehicles without warrants.

West Valley City Fire Department.

The fire department responds to more than 10,000 calls for service each year. The department has five strategically located fire stations to respond to medical emergencies, fire emergencies, and various other calls for assistance. WVFD is dispatched by Salt Lake Valley Emergency Communications Center.

Demographics.

According to estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2018, there were 136,401 people in West Valley City. The racial makeup of the county was 46.5% non-Hispanic White, 2.3% Black, 1.1% Native American, 6.0% Asian, 3.9% Pacific Islander, and 4.2% from two or more races. 38.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  As of the census of 2010, there were 129,480 people, 38,535 households, and 34,900 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,647.32 people per square mile (2,266.35/km2). There were 38,978 housing units at an average density of 1,097.97 per square mile (682.25/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 65.37% White, 1.96% African American, 1.26% Native American, 4.97% Asian, 3.64% Pacific Islander, 18.96% from other races, and 3.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 33.13% of the population.  There were 38,535 households out of which 47.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.3% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.6% were non-families. 14.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.36 and the average family size was 3.71.  In the city, the population was spread out with 33.7% under the age of 18, 12.9% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 17.4% from 45 to 64, and 5.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.5 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $45,773, and the median income for a family was $48,593. Males had a median income of $32,116 versus $22,693 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,031. About 6.7% of families and 8.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.0% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

Companies based in West Valley City include Backcountry.com, CR England, FranklinCovey, and USANA Health Sciences.

Top employers.

According to the City's 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, these are the top employers in the city:

Education.

The city lies in the Granite School District. It has 21 elementary schools, four junior high schools, and two high schools - Granger, which opened in 1958, and Hunter, which opened in 1990. The city is also the location of East Hollywood High School, a charter school specializing in film education and American Preparatory Academy.

Transportation.

West Valley City is on the same address grid system as Salt Lake City, and therefore also follows the same street numbering system. I-215 runs through eastern portions of the city parallel to I-15, which lies farther east of the city. The SR-201 freeway lies along the northern border with Salt Lake City and continues west into Magna as an expressway. Bangerter Highway, which runs south from Salt Lake City International Airport, traverses the approximate center of the city as well on its way to serving the rapidly growing western and southern ends of the valley. The Mountain View Corridor will also run through the western portion of the city. The city also is served by several bus routes operated by the Utah Transit Authority, and an intermodal transportation hub located in the city center near Valley Fair Mall and the Maverik Center. In addition to local bus routes, the West Valley Intermodal Hub is serviced by TRAX light rail and MAX bus rapid transit (BRT) lines. The 3500 South MAX BRT line began service in 2008 and the TRAX Green Line to the intermodal hub was completed and began service in 2011.

Sports and entertainment.

West Valley City is home to the Maverik Center and the Utah Grizzlies of the ECHL. It is also home to the Utah Cultural Celebration Center, Stonebridge Golf Course, The Ridge Golf Course, Rocky Mountain Raceways, USANA Amphitheatre, and the Valley Fair Mall. WVC is also home to The Drive-in.

Neighborhoods.

Chesterfield, Redwood, East Granger (84119).

The Eastern side of West Valley City consists of the Redwood, Chesterfield and East Granger neighborhoods. The neighborhood population in 2013 was 54,832. This area of West Valley City has a median household income of $42,512, which is lower when compared to the rest of the city and region. The neighborhood's racial makeup was 51.17% White, 35.08% Hispanic or Latino, 4.73% Asian, 3.24% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander and 2.51% African-American.  Much of Eastern West Valley's residential architecture is based on common brick ranch styles from the 1960s and 1970s. To the north of Parkway Boulevard exists a significant number of light industrial development. South of Parkway is mostly residential and commercial, including Valley Fair Mall and the Maverik Center. West Valley City planners are currently developing a planned mass-transit anchored Downtown area near the Valley Fair Mall with the emergence of the Fairbourne Station as a gathering place and revitalization of the mall.

West Granger, Hunter, Lakepark (84120).

The Central portion of West Valley City consists of the West Granger and Hunter, south of 3100 South, with the Lakepark and Westlake Business Park commercial and office developments taking up the majority of the space north of 3100 South. The neighborhood population in 2013 was 49,107. This area of West Valley City has a median household income of $55,087, which is typical for the state of Utah and Northern Salt Lake County. The neighborhood's racial makeup was 53.82% White, 32.11% Hispanic or Latino, 5.04% Asian, 4.54% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander and 1.57% African-American.  Much of Central West Valley's residential architecture is based on common brick ranch styles from the 1960s and 1970s. The Highbury planned development is currently being established in the northwestern portion of this area. This is a large planned mixed residential and commercial area with a large pond and many casual restaurants in a walk-able district near 5600 West.

West Hunter, Woodhaven, Oquirrh (84128).

The western portion of West Valley City consists of the West Hunter, Woodhaven, and Oquirrh neighborhoods. The neighborhood population in 2013 was 28,475. This area of West Valley City has a median household income of $64,356, which is slightly higher than the median for both the state of Utah and Salt Lake County. The neighborhood's racial makeup was 60.65% White, 29.62% Hispanic or Latino, 3.15% Asian, 2.37% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander and 1.39% African-American.  Much of western West Valley's residential architecture is based on 1990s and 2000s planned developments. The majority of the neighborhood is residential, with the exception of many strip-mall style commercial developments along its eastern border of 5600 West. The city's master plan calls for a Hunter Town Center development near the intersection of 5600 West and 3500 South, but no structures have yet been developed specifically for this. This side of West Valley City is also home to USANA Amphitheater, though it technically shares the 84118 zip code with Kearns and Taylorsville, rather than West Valley City.

Key to the City.

West Valley City has presented the Key to the city to several visiting dignitaries. Past recipients have included Mayor Yeah Samake of Ouelessebougou, Mali; Governor of Chiapas Juan Sabines Guerrero; and United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. The key was awarded to Tongan Queen Mother Halaevalu Mataʻaho ʻAhomeʻe on July 28, 2011, when she visited the city for the rededication of the Tongan United Methodist Church. It was also presented by Mayor Mike Winder on December 14, 2011 to Axl Rose of Guns N' Roses when they performed in the Maverik Center the day after it was announced that the band was to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Sister cities.

West Valley City has sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:

West Valley City is a city in Salt Lake County and a suburb of Salt Lake City in the U.S. state of Utah. The population was 129,480 at the 2010 census, making it the second-largest city in Utah. The city incorporated in 1980 from a large, quickly growing unincorporated area, which was variously known as Granger, Hunter, Chesterfield, and Redwood. It is home to the Maverik Center and USANA Amphitheatre.

West Valley City je město v okresu Salt Lake County ve státě Utah ve Spojených státech amerických. K roku 2010 zde žilo 129 480 obyvatel. S celkovou rozlohou 91,8 km2 byla hustota zalidnění 1 187,7 obyvatel na km2. Po Salt Lake City je druhým největším městem Utahu.


History.

Settlement and incorporation.

On July 19, 1850, William H. Adams, John Mercer and Philo T. Farnsworth, Mormon pioneers sent by Brigham Young, arrived at the area now known as Pleasant Grove and staked out farms in what is now the southwest corner of the city. A small community was established September 13, 1850, consisting of George S. Clark and his wife, Susannah Dalley Clark, Richard and Ann Elizabeth Sheffer Clark, John Greenleaf Holman and Nancy Clark Holman, Lewis Harvey and his wife Lucinda Clark Harvey, Johnathan Harvey and Sarah Herbert Harvey, Charles Price and wife and child, Widow Harriet Marler and children, John Wilson, Ezekiel Holman, and possibly one or two others, relatives of those mentioned. Of note, Bro and Sis Reynolds in 1852 brought Ellis Reynolds Shipp to live, which Shipp became the legendary MD, Obstetrician, and Pediatrician, through the young women's midwife training program of Dr. Richards and Eliza Snow, beginning her training in young women's MIA in Pleasant Grove. Pleasant Grove was officially incorporated as a town January 18, 1855, by which time the settlement had grown to 623 people.

Early relations with Native Americans.

The original name of the city was Battle Creek. It was named for a battle which took place there in 1849 between Mormon settlers and a small band of Ute Indians, wherein all the male Utes were massacred because Brigham Young believed they had stolen some of his horses (which were found before the attack on the Utes occurred). The settlers later decided they needed a more uplifting name and began calling their town Pleasant Grove after a grove of cottonwood trees located between Battle Creek and Grove Creek, near the current-day intersection of Locust Avenue and Battle Creek Drive. A monument with a plaque describing this battle is located at Kiwanis Park, at the mouth of Battle Creek Canyon.  During the Walker Indian War in the 1850s, citizens built a fort with walls two or three feet thick and six feet tall that occupied an area the size of sixteen city blocks. The settlers in the area at the time built homes inside the fort. While the fort no longer stands, memorial cornerstones were erected by local historians. The northeast monument was erected near the intersection of 100 North and 300 East streets. The northwest monument was erected four blocks west of that point at 100 West Street and the southeast monument erected four blocks south at 300 South Street. The southwest monument would have been located near 300 South 100 West, the area is now occupied by a large parking lot and retail store.

Recent events.

This city was one of the filming locations for Universal's 1995 film "". Also some filming of Stephen King's "The Stand".

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all land. Sloping off the Mt. Timpanogos bench, Pleasant Grove is represented by a large, white "G" just above the city.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 33,509 people, 6,109 households, and 5,388 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,691.5 per square mile (1,039.1/km2). There were 6,334 housing units at an average density of 726.4 per square mile (280.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.15% White, 0.29% African American, 0.38% Native American, 0.54% Asian, 0.39% Pacific Islander, 1.75% from other races, and 1.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.56% of the population.  There were 6,109 households out of which 58.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 77.0% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.8% were non-families. 9.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.83 and the average family size was 4.11.  In the city, the population was spread out with 41.0% under the age of 18, 11.3% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 13.8% from 45 to 64, and 5.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $52,036, and the median income for a family was $54,182. Males had a median income of $42,042 versus $23,296 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,268. About 5.4% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.

Government.

The city's government consists of a mayor and a city council. As of January 2018, the city's mayor is Guy L. Fugal. The city council is made up of five members: Lynn Walker, Eric Jensen, Todd N. Williams, Cyd LeMone and Dianna Andersen. Effective January 7, 2020 Brent Bullock will be sworn in and will occupy the seat vacated by Lynn Walker. Council members serve staggered terms that end in either 2020 or 2022.

Strawberry Days.

Pleasant Grove is home to the summer festival known as Strawberry Days. The first annual “Strawberry Day” (initially a single-day event) was held on June 21, 1922, with 10,000-15,000 people in attendance. The festival was organized by the Wasatch Club, a forerunner of today’s Chamber of Commerce. This first celebration included strawberries and cream and a parade; both remain staples of modern-day Strawberry Days.  The festival’s name originated when strawberry farming was a major economic activity in the city. (Approximately 250 acres of strawberries were being grown in the area when the first festival was held in 1922.) The festival retains the traditional name, even though large-scale commercial growing of the fruit no longer occurs in the city. The festival is Utah’s second oldest community harvest festival, younger only than Brigham City's Peach Days–a festival Strawberry Days’ founders hoped to rival.  Today, a rodeo held in conjunction with this festival brings competitors and spectators from throughout the West. The festival includes parades, a carnival, pageants and other activities. The festival is usually held the third week of June, a period chosen in 1922, which would generally correspond with the end of the strawberry harvest for the area.

First amendment case.

In November 2008, the United States Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the case of "Pleasant Grove City v. Summum". The case regarded whether Pleasant Grove, which allowed the display of a privately-donated Ten Commandments on public property, must also allow the religion of Summum to display a monument to its "Seven Aphorisms" alongside. Pleasant Grove had declined the Summum offer in 2003. The city lost in the Tenth Circuit. However, the city appealed to the Supreme Court which overturned the Court of Appeals decision, citing the permanence of monuments as opposed to forms of constitutionally-protected free speech as well as the fact that governments take ownership of monuments on their properties and thus must "take some care in accepting donated monuments."

Education.

Public schools in Pleasant Grove are part of the Alpine School District. Charter schools include John Hancock Charter School and Lincoln Academy. Liahona Preparatory Academy is an accredited K-12 private school serving the area.

Pleasant Grove, originally named Battle Creek, is a city in Utah County, Utah, United States known as "Utah's City of Trees". It is part of the Provo–Orem Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 33,509 at the 2010 Census.

Pleasant Grove je město v okresu Utah County ve státě Utah ve Spojených státech amerických. K roku 2010 zde žilo 33 509 obyvatel. S celkovou rozlohou 23,7 km2 byla hustota zalidnění 1 400 obyvatel na km2.


History.

The area is home to a number of natural landmarks, including a site along the original Pony Express trail and 1,800-year-old rock art petroglyphs carved by ancient Fremont Indians. In 2011 Eagle Mountain extended further west with the annexation of the White Hills neighborhood, which had about 400 residents, as well as an area that is part of the Pole Canyon development plan. The land outside of White Hills was almost 2,900 acres.

Geography.

Eagle Mountain is located at the western and northern bases of the Lake Mountains in the flat Cedar Valley east, and northeast of the town of Cedar Fort. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of.

Climate.

Eagle Mountain's climate varies drastically between the northeastern Ranches area and southwestern City Center area. Despite being further south than Salt Lake City, both areas have cooler temperatures due to sitting at a higher elevation. The Ranches section of the city has slightly milder temperatures since it is closer to the moderating impact of the Salt Lake Valley and Great Salt Lake which gives it a climate closer to Salt Lake City. The City Center area near Fairfield lies in the Cedar Valley which cuts that area off from the moderating influence of the Salt Lake Valley and Great Salt lake. This causes nights to get significantly colder than in the Ranches but also puts it in a rain shadow causing less precipitation and more sunshine than the Ranches part of the city.

Eagle Mountain is a city in Utah County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Provo–Orem, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city is located to the west as well as north of the Lake Mountains, which are west of Utah Lake. It was incorporated December 3, 1996 and has been rapidly growing ever since. The population was 21,415 at the 2010 census. Although Eagle Mountain was a town in 2000, it has since been classified as a fourth-class city by state law. In its short history, the city has quickly become known for its rapid growth.

Eagle Mountain je město v okresu Utah County ve státě Utah ve Spojených státech amerických. K roku 2010 zde žilo 21 415 obyvatel. S celkovou rozlohou 108 km2 byla hustota zalidnění 200 obyvatel na km2.


Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 32.5 square miles (85.2 km2), of which 32.5 square miles (85.1 km2) is land and 0.07 square mile (0.1 km2) (0.10%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,186 people, 2,614 households, and 2,117 families residing in the city. The population density was 259.7 people per square mile (100.2/km2). There were 3,199 housing units at an average density of 101.5 per square mile (39.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.31% White, 0.37% African American, 1.71% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 2.15% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.69% of the population.  There were 2,614 households out of which 36.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.4% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.0% were non-families. 16.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.37.  In the city, the population was spread out with 30.1% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 22.6% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 18.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.2 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $35,341, and the median income for a family was $39,003. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $20,434 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,032. About 7.5% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under age 18 and 1.1% of those age 65 or over.

Government.

The City of Washington has five city council members: Councilman Troy Belliston, Councilman Dan Cluff, Councilwoman Kolene Granger, Councilman Jeff Turek, and Councilman Douglas Ward. Mayor Kenneth Neilson has been mayor from 2010 to present. Washington uses a city manager to run the day-to-day activities. As of 2016, the city manager is Roger Carter, who was appointed in 2004.

Washington is a city in south central Washington County, Utah, United States and is a part of the St. George Metropolitan Area. The area is also known as Utah's Dixie because the Mormon pioneers who settled the St. George area came to the area to raise cotton, which was milled at the cotton mill in Washington. The population was 8,186 at the 2000 census, and 18,761 as of 2010. Washington is a fast-growing suburb of St. George, and is the second largest city in Washington County.

Washington je město v okresu Washington County ve státě Utah ve Spojených státech amerických. K roku 2010 zde žilo 18 761 obyvatel. S celkovou rozlohou 85,2 km2 byla hustota zalidnění 220,5 obyvatel na km2.


Provisions.

The provisions of the resolution include:

Adoption.

Adopting the resolution unanimously, the Council condemned the nuclear test which was in "violation and flagrant disregard" of previous Council resolutions 1695 and 1718. The resolution is now binding under international law.

North Korean reaction.

An official newspaper said that the country would consider any new sanctions imposed as a "declaration of war". In response, a statement from the Foreign Ministry, carried by the official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), said that the country would "weaponize all plutonium" and had reprocessed more than "one-third of our spent nuclear fuel rods". It also announced it would start uranium enrichment. The statement considered any attempt at a blockade as an "act of war that will be met with a decisive military response", and would "counter'sanctions' with retaliation and 'confrontation' with all-out confrontation", accusing the resolution of being a product of a U.S.-led offensive against the country. The North Korean Foreign Ministry statement on KCNA continues:  A commentary in the "Rodong Sinmun" newspaper alleged the United States had 1,000 nuclear weapons in South Korea ready to strike North Korea, with the "Tongbil Sinmun" warning that nuclear war could break out on the Korean peninsula. A U.S. military spokesman described the allegations as "baseless", adding that the weapons were removed under a 1991 treaty.  On June 15, the North Korean government organized a "mammoth" 100,000-strong protest in Pyongyang's Kim Il-sung Square against Resolution 1874. Secretary of the Central Committee Workers' Party of Korea Kim Ki Nam blamed the United States for pushing through the sanctions, adding that they would not weaken the DPRK.

Enforcement.

Economic and commercial sanctions.

The South Korean-based Hyundai Economic Research Institute estimated that if the sanctions are enforced by all UN member states, North Korea could lose between US$1.5–3.7 billion, whereas other estimates suggest US$4 billion. However, a Congressional Research Service report for the United States Congress notes that this is only possible if the sanctions are applied forcefully. The United States is targeting access by North Korea to foreign banks used by its trading companies. On 16 July 2009, a UN sanctions committee designated for sanctions three North Korean trading companies, an Iran-based company and North Korea's General Bureau of Atomic Energy.  Luxury consumer goods, such as alcohol, computers, motorcycles, yachts, and luxury foods, for the North Korean elite, were primarily sourced from Europe and China, the latter of which reported a high demand by top North Korean officials. The exports of luxury goods by China in particular is around US$100–160 million, which has caused concern for the United States as to how China is implementing the sanctions.

Sea cargo.

A number of North Korean ships have been seized or searched under the terms of Resolution 1874.

Air cargo.

The resolution is vague on how to implement sanctions on North Korean air cargo, in contrast to the provisions for sea cargo. However, it is alleged that North Korea uses air traffic more than sea traffic to transport or exchange weapons technology. The Congressional Research Service report identifies the Pyongyang–Tehran air route as a matter of concern, as most of the US$1.5 billion North Korea earns in weapons sales comes from Iran. In addition to this, the report claims the air route is also used for the exchange and collaboration of WMD technology, as well as a route for visits by scientists, technicians and nuclear and ballistics officials. Most of the route passes over China, and a U.S. delegation held talks with Chinese officials over how to implement the resolution regarding the aircraft which regularly refuel at Chinese airports, but did not report on the response.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874 was adopted unanimously by the United Nations Security Council on 12 June 2009. The resolution, passed under Chapter VII, Article 41, of the UN Charter, imposes further economic and commercial sanctions on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (the DPRK, or North Korea) and encourages UN member states to search North Korean cargo, in the aftermath of an underground nuclear test conducted on 25 May 2009.

Washington Terrace je město v okresu Weber County ve státě Utah ve Spojených státech amerických. K roku 2010 zde žilo 8 551 obyvatel. S celkovou rozlohou 4,9 km2 byla hustota zalidnění 1 728,7 obyvatel na km2.


Athletics.

Nineteen athletes represented the Netherlands in 1924. It was the nation's fourth appearance in the sport. The 4x100 metre relay team won the nation's first Olympic athletics medal, a bronze. That team had also matched the world record in the event in the quarterfinal heats, though teams in later quarterfinals and the semifinals bettered the record.

Boxing.

Nine boxers represented the Netherlands at the 1924 Games. It was the nation's second appearance in the sport. De Best's bye in the round of 16 and quarterfinal win made him the first Dutch boxer to reach the semifinals; he lost his semifinal and bronze medal bouts to take fourth place.

Cycling.

Ten cyclists represented the Netherlands in 1924. It was the nation's third appearance in the sport. The Dutch cyclists won three medals, one of each color and one in each of three different events.  Willems won the 50 kilometre title, aided by a well-planned and well-executed early attack by Maas. Peeters, the defending sprint champion, was unable to advance to the semifinals; Meijer was nearly able to take the title himself, finishing second in the final to win silver. Peeters did win a medal, however, taking the tandem bronze along with Bosch.

Diving.

Four divers, two men and two women, represented the Netherlands in 1924. It was the nation's debut in the sport.

Equestrian.

Five equestrians represented the Netherlands in 1924. It was the nation's second appearance in the sport. The Dutch riders won both the individual and team eventing gold medals, with Adolf van der Voort van Zijp taking the individual honor. They were the first Olympic equestrian medals won by the Netherlands.

Fencing.

17 fencers, 14 men and 3 women, represented the Netherlands in 1924. It was the nation's fifth appearance in the sport as well as the Games; the Netherlands was one of nine nations to send women to the first Olympic women's fencing competition. For the third straight Games, the Dutch sabre team took bronze.

Football.

The Netherlands competed in the Olympic football tournament for the fourth time in 1924. The three-time defending bronze medalists once again reached the bronze medal game; this time, however, they lost.

Modern pentathlon.

Four pentathletes represented the Netherlands in 1924. It was the nation's second appearance in the sport.

Rowing.

17 rowers represented the Netherlands in 1924. It was the nation's fourth appearance in the sport. Dutch rowers won their first Olympic championship since 1900.

Sailing.

Four sailors represented the Netherlands in 1924. It was the nation's third appearance in the sport.

Shooting.

Eleven shooters represented the Netherlands in 1924. It was the nation's fifth appearance in the sport.

Water polo.

The Netherlands made its third Olympic water polo appearance.

Athletes from the Netherlands competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. 177 competitors, 168 men and 9 women, took part in 81 events in 17 sports.

Nizozemsko na Letních olympijských hrách 1924 reprezentovala výprava 177 sportovců, z toho 168 mužů a 9 žen v 17 sportech.


History.

The area of Grantsville was originally populated by the Goshute tribe.  Grantsville was originally called "Willow Creek", and has also been called Twenty Wells, due to the natural wells that give fresh water to the area. Grantsville was settled by Mormon pioneers in 1850. The present name after Col. George D. Grant, a Mormon leader, was adopted ca. 1853. A post office called Grantsville has been in operation since 1864.

Geography.

Grantsville is bordered on the south by South Mountain, which separates Rush Valley from Tooele Valley. To the north is Stansbury Island, and on the east are the Oquirrh Mountains and the Great Salt Lake and on the west side the Stansbury Mountains. SR-138 passes through the city, heading northwest to intersect with I-80 and east to Stansbury Park.  The climate is hot during the summer and cold and snowy during the winter. Although Grantsville can be affected by lake-effect snow off of the Great Salt Lake, most of the time it is too far southwest.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.34 square miles (46.2 km2), of which, 19.2 square miles (46.1 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2) of it (0.22%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2011, there were 9,063 people, and 2,916 households in the city. The population density was 459.8 people per square mile (180.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.7% White, 0.1% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, and 2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.1% of the population.  Recorded in the 2000 census: There were 1,856 households out of which 49.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.4% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.7% were non-families. 15.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.24 and the average family size was 3.62.  In the city, the population was spread out with 36.7% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 17.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $45,614, and the median income for a family was $50,433. Males had a median income of $38,715 versus $24,548 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,681. About 4.3% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Grantsville is in the Tooele County School District and has two elementary schools (Grantsville and Willow), Grantsville Junior High School, and Grantsville High School. There are also a few preschools.  Due to a fire on July 13, 2009, Grantsville Elementary School was forced to close until a new elementary school was built. The new school opened for the 2011–2012 school year.

Events.

The Old Folks Sociable is the traditional social event of the year. The Old Folks Sociable idea started in 1875 when professional photographer Charles Savage and LDS Church Presiding Bishop Edward Hunter inaugurated "Old Folks Day" to honor fathers and mothers. The first Old Folks Sociable held in Grantsville was on January 6, 1884. This annual event is believed to have been canceled only twice in its 125-year history.  The Old Folks Sociable honors all residents and former residents who are 75 years and older. Grantsville High School, home to the Old Folks Sociable, becomes a gathering place for high school class reunions and family reunions. The Sociable is also a celebration of Grantsville's heritage. For residents and former residents it is a walk down memory lane. Events include a 5K run, a car show, a program, a reception for honored guests, a dinner, and a dance. All residents and former residents (eighteen years and older) are invited to attend. The Old Folks Sociable is held each year during the month of March.

Grantsville is the second most populous city in Tooele County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Salt Lake City, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 8,893 at the 2010 census. The city has grown slowly and steadily throughout most of its existence, but rapid increases in growth occurred during the 1970s and 1990s. Recent rapid growth has been attributed to the nearby Deseret Peak recreational center, the Utah Motorsports Campus raceway and to the newly built Wal-Mart Distribution Center located just outside the city. It is quickly becoming a bedroom community for commuters into the Salt Lake valley.

Grantsville je město v okresu Tooele County ve státě Utah ve Spojených státech amerických. K roku 2000 zde žilo 6 015 obyvatel. S celkovou rozlohou 46,2 km2 byla hustota zalidnění 130,4 obyvatel na km2.


Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.9 square miles (4.9 km2), all of it land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,551 people, 3,019 households, and 2,267 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,477.4 people per square mile (1,728.6/km2). There were 3,162 housing units at an average density of 1,655.7 per square mile (639.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 89.43% White, 2.25% African American, 0.57% Native American, 1.19% Asian, 0.35% Pacific Islander, 3.93% from other races, and 2.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.88% of the population.  There were 3,019 households out of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.9% were non-families. 20.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.21.  In the city, the population was spread out with 27.9% under the age of 18, 13.7% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.0 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $42,243, and the median income for a family was $47,332. Males had a median income of $35,938 versus $26,406 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,240. About 5.5% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.5% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over.

Historical events.

The second to the last person in America to be executed by firing squad, John Albert Taylor, raped and murdered Charla King in Washington Terrace in 1988.  Former mayor, Mark Allen, was elected by the roll of the dice when the last election ended in a tie.  At approximately 3:30 PM MDT on September 22, 2016, an EF1 tornado struck the city, part of a line of storms that caused moderate damage throughout the Salt Lake City metropolitan area. Only one injury was reported, and he/she recovered from the injuries.

Education.

Washington Terrace is home to four public schools: Bonneville High School, T.H. Bell Jr. High School, Roosevelt Elementary, and Washington Terrace Elementary.

Washington Terrace, is a city in Weber County, Utah, United States. The population was 9,067 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Santaquin je město v okresu Utah County ve státě Utah ve Spojených státech amerických. K roku 2010 zde žilo 9 128 obyvatel. S celkovou rozlohou 6,8 km2 byla hustota zalidnění 713,8 obyvatel na km2.


History.

Providence lies south of Logan on former State Route 238. Its 1990 census population was 3,344. Situated immediately east of the confluence of Spring Creek with the Logan River, the town lies astride a delta at the mouth of Providence Canyon and beneath Big Baldy Mountain. The settlement was located on Spring Creek to take advantage of water, arable land, timber resources, and existing trails.  As directed by LDS President Brigham Young, on July 24, 1855 Captain Briant Stringham, Simon Baker, Andrew Moffat, and Brigham Young, Jr., located headquarters for the Elkhorn Cattle Ranch on a spring of water near the west bank of the Blacksmith Fork River, immediately southwest of the present site of Providence. Subsequently, in the early spring of 1857, Samuel, Joseph, Aboile, and Nephi Campbell, and John Dunn, crossed the mountains from North Ogden into Cache Valley, seeking a new place to settle. To them, the town they called "Ogden's Hole" was becoming too crowded. They pitched camp at the present site of Providence, at a spring and pond where a creek from a canyon in the Bear River Range entered the alluvial lowland. To assess the fertility of the soil, the explorers broke sod and plowed a long furrow.  Plans were made for the immediate resettlement from North Ogden to Cache Valley of the Campbell and other families, but the move was interrupted by the approach of the U.S. Army with orders to force a military occupation of Utah Territory. The Weber County settlers evacuated their homes and moved south for temporary sanctuary on the "Provo bottoms", and the Weber County brigade of the Nauvoo Legion passed through Cache Valley to conduct a defensive reconnoiter of the Bear River region. A number of these men subsequently returned to settle in Providence.  Settlers finally came to Spring Creek on April 20, 1859. Arriving first were Ira Rice, a 65-year-old War of 1812 veteran from Massachusetts, and a 35-year-old Welsh coal miner, Hopkin Mathews, accompanied by his teenage daughter Elizabeth. They were joined by the English-speaking Bowen, Busenbark, Campbell, Clark, Clifford, Dees, Dunn, Durfey, Gates, Hall, Lane, Maddison, Rammell, Thompson, Williams, and Wright families, plus the Gassman, Lau, and Theurer families, whose native tongue was German.  Douglas fir logs were cut and dragged from Spring Creek Canyon to build cabins. The houses faced one another across a narrow road, which could be closed with wagons at each end to make a fort. On April 25, 1859, Peter Maughan visited Spring Creek to establish a religious organization. He chose Samuel Campbell as presiding elder. The first indoor meetings were held in a log meeting-and-schoolhouse erected by John Maddison and William Fife. By August there were 16 families living at the fort; the following month, a child (Hannah Priscilla Thompson) was born at Spring Creek.  On November 14, 1859 LDS apostles Orson Hyde and Ezra Benson organized the Providence Ward. Elder Hyde chose the name: "Spring Creek settlement being situated in an elbow of the mountains and appearing to us somewhat of a providential place, we named Providence." Robert Williams was ordained as bishop. Two years later, when a U.S. post office was established in Providence, Williams was also named postmaster.  In 1860 John Theurer persuaded a number of fellow Swiss LDS converts (whose last names were Alder, Fuhriman, Kresie, Loosli, Naef, Stucki, and Trauber) to come to Spring Creek with its alpine setting. The Swiss tradition of community sauerkraut dinners continues to the present day in Providence. The village became a mix of Yankees, English, and Swiss, united by a common religious persuasion. As Providence was situated astride a Shoshoni trail from a winter camp on the Bear River to Bear Lake via Blacksmith Fork Canyon, church authorities advised that a more substantial fort be erected. A six-foot-high, two-and-one-half-foot-thick rock wall was built to enclose both the log houses and an open commons area.  On November 23, 1862, in the foothills just outside Providence, a two-hour skirmish was fought by 60 soldiers under the command of Major Edward McGarry of the U.S. Second Cavalry against 30 or 40 Shoshonis under Chief Bear Hunter. The objective was to recover livestock and a ten-year-old white boy taken during the massacre of a wagon train on the Oregon Trail in August 1860. Three braves were killed and five others, including the chief, were captured. An exchange of the captives was made for the boy, Reuben Van Orman, who had been held for two years.  In 1864 the town was laid out into square blocks, each divided into six lots of approximately one and one-third acres. East of Main Street the lots face north-south; they face east-west on the western side of town. The log structures, including the meeting/school building, were relocated from the fort onto the lots under the supervision of Bishop William Budge. On September 4, 1871 James Martineau completed his detailed official survey of Providence City. The cemetery was moved from the south end of town to a hill north of town. Construction was completed in 1871 on a rock meetinghouse and on a rock schoolhouse in 1877. The schoolhouse was replaced by a new building with a bell tower in 1904.  For more than a hundred years, the major activity of most of the people of Providence was farming. Irrigation canals were dug from the Spring Creek and from the Blacksmith Fork and Logan rivers. The livestock industry included the raising of beef cattle (1859), honey bees (1866), horses (1870), dairy cattle (1874), poultry (1918), and foxes (1928). The horticulture industry included growing grain and alfalfa; apple, cherry, pear, and prune orchards; and peas, beans, and sugar beets. Beginning in 1886 Joseph Alastor Smith established Edgewood Hall as a nursery and dairy operation on the bench overlooking Providence. After its 28-room manor burned to the ground on Labor Day of 1935, the estate was acquired by Wall Street financier and Logan native L. Boyd Hatch. An elegant formal estate was created by Hatch, but he sold out in 1953 to cattleman Theron Bringhurst.  The commercial activities of Providence included private mercantile shops of Rice, Hargraves, and Theurer plus a ZCMI Co-op store (1869–1912). Many years after the Co-op structure burned, Watkins and Sons Printing established a business in a remodeled and expanded facility. Other enterprises included molasses mills, a sawmill, lime kilns, brickyards, blacksmith shops, and an early automobile service station. The sugar factory of David Eccles and Charles Nibley began refining sugar beets in Providence in 1901 and operated for 25 years. Millions of tons of limestone for this and other refineries in the Pacific Northwest were quarried from Providence Canyon. The Utah Idaho Central Railroad Company extended its electric interurban line from Logan and established a depot in Providence in 1912. The railroad hauled limestone, farm produce, and passengers throughout Cache Valley as well as to Corinne, Ogden, and beyond via a connection with the Oregon Short Line Railroad company. Accompanying the UIC were electric lights, the telegraph, and the telephone. The last railroad train ran through town in 1947.  With the coming of statehood to Utah and with the population exceeding 1,000 in the 1890s, Providence was organized as a town corporation. In 1897 Hopkin Mathews became town board president. Providence became a third-class city on 19 July 1929, with James Hansen elected mayor.  Commencing with its first subdivision in 1962, Providence changed at an accelerating pace from a farming community into a "bedroom" suburb of Logan. Fields began to give way to developer tracts of individually owned, single-family houses on small lots. Although there is a spattering of home enterprises, most commercial activities have disappeared from Providence. A major employer of Providence citizens is Utah State University, which at its founding in 1888 seriously considered the Providence bench for its location. Other residents commute to Thiokol Corporation facilities or Hill Air Force Base as well as to smaller business firms and institutions in and around Logan.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Climate.

This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Providence has a warm summer continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,377 people, 1,240 households, and 1,082 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,549.0 people per square mile (597.2/km2). There were 1,290 housing units at an average density of 456.5 per square mile (176.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.73% White, 0.14% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.53% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 1.67% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.06% of the population.  There were 1,240 households out of which 50.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 79.0% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.7% were non-families. 11.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.51 and the average family size was 3.84.  In the city, the population was spread out with 36.6% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $56,129, and the median income for a family was $58,856. Males had a median income of $39,306 versus $27,074 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,201. About 2.5% of families and 3.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.0% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.

Providence is a city in Cache County, Utah, United States. The population was 7,075 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Logan, Utah-Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Providence je město v okresu Cache County ve státě Utah ve Spojených státech amerických. K roku 2010 zde žilo 7 075 obyvatel. S celkovou rozlohou 7,3 km2 byla hustota zalidnění 598,1 obyvatel na km2.


Athletics.

A single athlete represented the Netherlands. It was the nation's second appearance in athletics. Grijseels did not advance to the final in either of his two events.  Ranks given are within that athlete's heat for running events.

Fencing.

Twelve fencers represented the Netherlands. It was the third appearance of the nation in fencing, which had competed in the sport each time the nation had appeared at the Olympics. No Dutch fencer advanced to the final in an individual event, but both the épée and sabre teams advanced and won bronze medals. These two medals were the first fencing medals for the Netherlands.

Football.

Roster  Piet Bouman
Joop Boutmy
Nico Bouvy
Huug de Groot
Bok de Korver
Nico de Wolf
Constant Feith
Ge Fortgens
Just Göbel
Dirk Lotsy
Caesar ten Cate
Jan van Breda Kolff
Jan van der Sluis
Jan Vos
David Wijnveldt  Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Bronze medal match

Modern pentathlon.

The Netherlands had one competitor in the first Olympic pentathlon competition. Doorman did not begin the second phase of the pentathlon.

Shooting.

A single shooter for the Netherlands competed. It was the nation's third appearance in shooting, which the Netherlands had competed each team the nation appeared at the Olympics.

Tennis.

A single tennis player represented the Netherlands at the 1912 Games. It was the nation's second appearance in tennis. Blom competed only in the outdoor singles, losing his first match.

Wrestling.

Greco-Roman.

The Netherlands was represented by three wrestlers in its second Olympic wrestling appearance. Sint had the best performance, going to the sixth round before being beaten twice. The team's combined record was 5-6.

Athletes from the Netherlands competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. 33 competitors, all men, took part in 14 events in 7 sports.

Nizozemsko na Letních olympijských hrách 1912 reprezentovala výprava 33 sportovců, z toho 33 mužů a 0 žen v 7 sportech.


Geography.

Wellsville is on the Eastern side of the Wellsville Mountains. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which, or 0.21%, is water.

Climate.

This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Wellsville has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Demographics.

At the 2000 census there were 2,729 people in 778 households, including 686 families, in the city. The population density was 429.3 people per square mile (165.9/km2). There were 815 housing units at an average density of 128.2 per square mile (49.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.29% White, 0.40% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.15% Pacific Islander, 1.73% from other races, and 0.29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.79%.  Of the 778 households 55.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 79.8% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.8% were non-families. 9.8% of households were one person and 5.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.51 and the average family size was 3.79.  The age distribution was 38.3% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 16.9% from 45 to 64, and 7.7% 65 or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.4 males.  The median household income was $49,115 and the median family income was $51,023. Males had a median income of $37,244 versus $21,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,171. About 5.8% of families and 6.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.

Wellsville is a city in Cache County, Utah, United States. The population was 3,432 at the 2010 census, with an estimated population of 3,849 in 2018. It is included in the Logan, Utah-Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Wellsville je město v okresu Cache County ve státě Utah ve Spojených státech amerických. K roku 2010 zde žilo 3 432 obyvatel. S celkovou rozlohou 16,5 km2 byla hustota zalidnění 165,7 obyvatel na km2.