Location.

The station is located on Place de la Bastille, the platform being established:

History.

The Line 1 station opened as part of the first stage of the line between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot on 19 July 1900.  It derives its name from the Place de la Bastille, symbolic place of the French Revolution, where the old fortress of the Bastille was destroyed between 14 July 1789 and 14 July 1790.  On 17 December 1906, the station of Line 5 was opened when the line was extended from Gare de Lyon to Lancry (now known as "Jacques Bonsergent"). The Line 8 platforms were opened on 5 May 1931 when the line was extended from Richelieu – Drouot to Porte de Charenton.  During the 1960s, the platform of Line 5 were renovated in the "Mouton-Duvernet" style with two-tone orange-tinted ceramic tiles, a white painted vault and characteristic lighting strips. Subsequently, they were equipped with seats "Motte" orange.  The platforms of Line 1 have been upgraded as part of its full automation. They are the last to be equipped with landing doors, in April 2011, because of the technical difficulty that constituted the curve pronounced at their western end.  It saw 13,172,392 passengers enter in 2018, which places its attendance at the 10th position of all metro stations.

Services for passengers.

Access.

The station has nine accesses from Place de la Bastille:  The access leading to the Rue de Lyon was decorated with a Hector Guimard designed entrance registered as a historic monument on 29 May 1978. However, it was later moved to a metro station Boulevard Beaumarchais.

Platforms.

The stations of the lines meeting at Bastille all have side platforms.  The station belonging to Line 1 are very particular for several reasons; the station of this line is established on a very tight curve and counter curve, partly underground and part above ground. The western end of the line 1 platforms have the sharpest curve used by passenger trains on the Métro, with a radius of only. The line 1 platforms, at long, are significantly longer than the average Métro platform length. The latter part overlooks the Canal Saint-Martin that, at this point, passes from being underground to open air. The Line 1 station is also particular in that the remnants of a former narrow island platform are visible. The station is also noted for being the only station in the system for being partially underground and elevated. Finally, the tracks and platforms are partly sloped. The ceiling of the east end, which is underground, consists of a metal deck, the silver beams are supported by vertical walls. The decoration of these walls and spandrels is "cultural" evoking the French Revolution thanks to a unique ceramics created by Liliane Belembert and Odile Jacquot in May 1989. Part of this fresco was replaced by a plastic display on automation of the line on the occasion of this operation (in the platforms towards La Défense). The open-air part of the platform towards Château de Vincennes has floor-to-ceiling windows offering a view of the Saint-Martin canal opening onto the port of Arsenal. Bevelled white ceramic tiles cover only the outlets of the corridors. The name of the station is written in Parisine typeface on enamelled plates. The platforms, equipped with glass edge doors, are devoid of advertisements and seats.  The platforms of Line 5 are underground and have an elliptical vault. The decoration is the style used for the majority of metro stations. The lighting strips are white and rounded in the "Gaudin" style of "l'Operation Espace Métro 2000", and the white ceramic tiles are covered the walls, the vault, the spandrels and the outlets of the corridors. The advertising frames are of white ceramics and the name of the station is written in Parisine typeface on enamelled plates. The seats, style "Akiko", are burgundy. Foundations of one of the counterscarp walls of the old Bastille prison, discovered during the construction of the line in 1905, are visible on the platform in the direction of Bobigny-Pablo Picasso. Metal lines drawn on the ground mark the contours of the building on the two platforms. The station also exhibits various views of the ancient fortress.  The platforms of Line 8 are also underground under an elliptical vault. They are furnished in the "Andreu-Motte" style with two orange luminous ramps, benches and outlets in the corridors treated with flat brown tiles and "Motte" orange seats. These arrangements are married with the flat white ceramic tiles that cover the walls, vault and spandrels, making this station one of the few to have the "Andreu-Motte" preserved style. Advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is Parisine typeface on enamelled plates. The station is distinguished however by the lower part of its walls which are vertical and not elliptical.

Bus connections.

The station is served by lines 29, 69, 76, 86, 87 and 91 of the RATP Bus Network as well as the OpenTour tourist line. At night, it is served by lines N01, N02, N11, N16 and N144 of the Noctilien bus network.

Bastille () is a station on Line 1, Line 5 and Line 8 of the Paris Métro. Located under the Place de la Bastille and near the former location of the Bastille, it is situated on the border of the 4th, 11th and 12th arrondissement.

Bastille je přestupní stanice pařížského metra mezi linkami 1, 5 a 8. Nachází se na hranicích 4., 11. a 12. obvodu v Paříži pod náměstím "Place de la Bastille". V roce 2004 byla devátou nejvytíženější stanicí metra s 13,04 milióny cestujících.


Background.

Ilmor was founded by Mario Illien and Paul Morgan in 1983, as an independent British Formula One engine manufacturer. The company name was taken from the surnames of the founders. It originally started building engines for IndyCars with the money of IndyCar team owner and chassis manufacturer Roger Penske.  Daimler-Benz acquired General Motors' 25% share of Ilmor in 1993. In 2002, Daimler AG increased its share to 55% and renamed the company Mercedes-Ilmor. In 2005, Daimler became the sole owner of Ilmor and renamed the company first to Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines, then to Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines. In December 2011, the company was renamed to Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains along with the renaming of Mercedes GP to incorporate the Mercedes-AMG brand.  At the same time, the small Special Projects part of the company, which between 2003 and 2005 had been contracted to co-develop, arrangement, preparation and tune up Honda's IndyCar Series engines until 2011, split away to become a separate company, owned by Mario Illien and Roger Penske. This new company, which is totally independent of Mercedes, is once again known as Ilmor Engineering Ltd.

History.

In 1991, Ilmor entered Formula One as the engine supplier to the Leyton House team (formerly March). In 1992, Leyton House changed its name back to March and continued using Ilmor engines. Ilmor also delivered engines to Tyrrell Racing in that year. Powered by an Ilmor V10, Tyrrell scored 8 points, and March 3 points.  Ilmor already had a good name in F1, and so the Sauber sportscar-team and Mercedes-Benz that were planning their Formula One entrance together signed a deal with Ilmor to produce racing engines for them. However, Mercedes stepped back from the project with the engines only carrying the slogan "Concept by Mercedes-Benz" and the engines were officially called "Saubers".  However, after an unexpectedly fast performance in 1993, Sauber convinced Mercedes to enter officially in 1994. In 1994, Ilmor also supplied the new Pacific GP team of Keith Wiggins with the old 1993 spec engines. Pacific only managed to qualify seven times in thirty-two attempts, although the engine was not implicated in this poor display.  Ilmor became the engine partner to McLaren in 1995. The partnership took its first win at the 1997 Australian Grand Prix. Mika Häkkinen picked up Drivers' Championships in and, and the team won the Constructors' Championship in 1998. After a winless season, McLaren bounced back and won the Drivers' Championship in with Lewis Hamilton.  In 2001, Paul Morgan was killed whilst landing his vintage aeroplane at Sywell Aerodrome, Northamptonshire. This led to Mercedes-Benz increasing their financial involvement in Ilmor, with the company being renamed Mercedes-Ilmor Ltd.  The new Formula One regulations in 2014 saw Mercedes produce a hybrid 1.6-litre turbocharged V6 engine, which features both a kinetic energy recovery system and a heat energy recovery system. The Mercedes engine started the season with a clear advantage, with Mercedes-engined cars scoring the majority of the points. Since the introduction of the new engine formula, there have only been 26 occasions where a car with a non-Mercedes power unit achieved pole position. Similarly, as of the 2019 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, Mercedes-powered cars have won 89 out of 121 races during this period.  In March 2020, in light of the delayed seasons due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and working with UCL Mechanical Engineering and Institute of Healthcare Engineering, Mercedes HPP announced that they would be making breathing aids to help keep patients out of intensive care. Mercedes HPP created this device within a week. On the first day of production, Mercedes HPP manufactured 600 Continuous Positive Airway Pressure devices, with plans to increase this to 1,000 devices per day. These devices are being produced on machines that typically manufacture pistons and turbochargers for Formula 1 engines.

Formula One engine results.

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Table does not include results of the Mercedes engines which competed in 1954–1955 as these were not made by.<br> Bold indicates a team that currently uses Mercedes' engines.

Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains (previously known as Ilmor Engineering and Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines) is a British Formula One engine manufacturer, owned by Mercedes-Benz. The company supplied Sauber during the season, McLaren from to, Force India from to, Brawn in, the Mercedes factory team since, Williams since, Lotus in, Manor Racing in, Racing Point Force India in and Racing Point since. Their engines have won eight Formula One Constructors' Championships and ten Drivers' Championships.

Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains (předtím známý pod jménem Mercedes-Ilmor či Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines Ltd) je výrobce motorů pro monoposty Formule 1, který má sídlo v Anglii. Od roku 1995 jejich motory pohánějí monoposty Formule 1 stáje McLaren. V sezóně 2011 dodává společnost motory F1 týmům Mercedes GP, McLaren a Force India.


Location.

The station is located under Avenue de Villiers, between Avenue de Wagram and Rue Jouffroy-d'Abbans. Oriented approximately along an east-west axis, it lies between Pereire and Malesherbes stations.

History.

"Wagram" was opened on 23 May 1910 when the line was extended from Villiers to Pereire. The station is named after the Avenue de Wagram, which was named after the Battle of Wagram, where Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Archduke Charles of Austria in 1809 in the Austrian town of Deutsch-Wagram near Vienna.  From the 1960s, the platforms walls were modernized with the installation of a metallic bodywork with blue painted surrounds. This technique is then widely used in the network stopping points as an inexpensive way to modernize them quickly.  As part of the RATP's "Renouveau du métro" program, the station's corridors were renovated in the course of the 2000s.  In 2018, 2,565,333 travelers entered this station.

Passenger services.

Access.

The station has two entrances:

Platforms.

Wagram is a standard configuration station. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the arch is elliptical. Since the 1950s, the walls have been clad in metal bodywork with blue horizontal uprights and golden, illuminated advertising frames, complemented by blue "Motte" style seats. The bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the side walls, the tympans and the outlets of the corridors. The vault is painted white and lighting is provided by independent fluorescent tubes. The name of the station is written in Parisine font on enameled plates incorporated into the bodywork.

Bus connections.

The station is served by lines 31 and 93 of the RATP Bus Network, and, at night, by lines N16 and N52 of the Noctilien network.

Wagram () is a station on Paris Métro Line 3, located in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. Alphabetically, the station is the last on the Paris Métro system.

Wagram je nepřestupní stanice pařížského metra na lince 3 v 17. obvodu v Paříži. Nachází se pod "Avenue de Villiers".


Terminology.

In British terminology, "hood" refers to a fabric cover over the passenger compartment of the car (known as the 'roof' or 'top' in the US). In many motor vehicles built in the 1930s and 1940s, the resemblance to an actual hood or bonnet is clear when open and viewed head-on; in modern vehicles it continues to serve the same purpose but no longer resembles a head covering.

Styles and materials.

On front-engined cars, the hood may be hinged at either the front or the rear edge, or in earlier models (e.g. the Ford Model T) it may be split into two sections, one each side, each hinged along the centre line. A further variant combines the bonnet and wheelarches into one section and allows the entire front bodywork to tilt forwards around a pivot near the front of the vehicle (e.g. that of the Triumph Herald).  Hoods are typically made out of the same material as the rest of the body work. This may include steel, aluminum, fiberglass or carbon fiber. However, some aftermarket companies produce replacements for steel hoods in fiberglass or carbon fiber to make the vehicle lighter.

Release/ safety and security mechanisms.

The hood release system is common on most vehicles and usually consists of an interior hood latch handle, hood release cable and hood latch assembly. The hood latch handle is usually located below the steering wheel, beside the driver's seat or set into the door frame. On race cars or cars with aftermarket hoods (that do not use the factory latch system) the hood may be held down by hood pins. Some aftermarket hoods that have a latch system are still equipped with hood pins to hold the hood buttoned down if the latch fails.

Features.

A hood may contain a hood ornament, hood scoop, power bulge, and/or wiper jets.

Pedestrian safety.

In Japan and Europe, regulations have come into effect that place a limit on the severity of pedestrian head injury when struck by a motor vehicle. This is leading to more advanced hood designs, as evidenced by multicone hood inner panel designs as found on the Mazda RX-8 and other vehicles. Other changes are being made to use the hood as an active structure and push its surface several centimeters away from the hard motor components during a pedestrian crash. This may be achieved by mechanical (spring force) or pyrotechnic devices.

The hood (North American English) or bonnet (Commonwealth English excluding Canada) is the hinged cover over the engine of motor vehicles that allows access to the engine compartment, or trunk (boot in Commonwealth English) on rear-engine and some mid-engine vehicles) for maintenance and repair.

Kapota je část karoserie automobilu, která je umístěna na přední části vozu mezi předním sklem a předním nárazníkem. Nejčastěji bývá pod kapotou umístěn motor, občas také zavazadlový prostor. U některých vozů byla otevírána proti směru jízdy (např. Renault 12), případně v bočním směru (např. Škoda 105/120), aby se neotevřela během jízdy vlivem proudícího vzduchu, u většiny vozů však je otevírána zepředu kvůli snadnější manipulaci a lepšímu přístupu k motoru nebo k zavazadlovému prostoru. Kapota je součástí přední deformační zóny.


Konstal 105N.

105N is a single module, unidirectional tramcar with four doors on the right side.  The design came about as a result of modernisation of Konstal's earlier 13N model. All the electrical systems from the 13N remained unchanged, but the 105N abandoned the streamlined appearance of its predecessor for a more angular look. The side windows were enlarged, and smaller windows were added on the front and sides, leading to its being nicknamed "aquarium". These changes made the 105N significantly (approximately 1200 kg) lighter than the 13N and decreased the amount of raw materials used in production. The first models lacked the ability to be connected to one another, and the placement of the electrical system caused problems with humidity. The tram was equipped with electromagnetic, drum and rail brakes. Its chief engineers were Zygmunt Giziński and Wojciech Kozik.  The 105N trams were used in all Polish cities with tram systems. During their years of service, most of them were modernized and upgraded to the 105Na variant, so today there are only a few of them remaining. In Gdańsk, Poznań, Szczecin, and Warsaw there are cabs rebuilt to the earliest version. The narrow-gauge version, 105NW, was used in Bydgoszcz and Łódź, but the cabs were upgraded. The 805N cabs in Łódź were also upgraded to 805Na.

Other variants.

In 1977 4 105NW cabs for Bydgoszcz and Łódź, were made for metre-gauge tracks.  25 units of a new version for Łódź, the 805N were built in 1978. All of these were later upgraded to 805Na standard.  In 1995, on the basis of two 105N cabs, HCP in Poznań built a prototype of a three-module, partially low-floor tram, the Konstal/HCP 105N/2 but issues with reliability, coupled with availability of cheap second-hand rolling stock, caused the project to be abandoned.

Konstal 105N is a family of electric trams designed by Konstal, a Polish company based in Chorzów, produced between 1973 and 1979.

Konstal 105N je typ tramvaje vyráběné polským podnikem Konstal ve městě Chorzów v letech 1973–1979. Úzkorozchodná verze je značena jako 805N.


Statement.

The Schur decomposition reads as follows: if "A" is a "n" × "n" square matrix with complex entries, then "A" can be expressed as  where "Q" is a unitary matrix (so that its inverse "Q" is also the conjugate transpose "Q"* of "Q"), and "U" is an upper triangular matrix, which is called a Schur form of "A". Since "U" is similar to "A", it has the same spectrum, and since it is triangular, its eigenvalues are the diagonal entries of "U".  The Schur decomposition implies that there exists a nested sequence of "A"-invariant subspaces {0} = "V" ⊂ "V" ⊂... ⊂ "V" = C, and that there exists an ordered orthonormal basis (for the standard Hermitian form of C) such that the first "i" basis vectors span "V" for each "i" occurring in the nested sequence. Phrased somewhat differently, the first part says that a linear operator "J" on a complex finite-dimensional vector space stabilizes a complete flag ("V"...,"V").

Proof.

A constructive proof for the Schur decomposition is as follows: every operator "A" on a complex finite-dimensional vector space has an eigenvalue "λ", corresponding to some eigenspace "V". Let "V" be its orthogonal complement. It is clear that, with respect to this orthogonal decomposition, "A" has matrix representation (one can pick here any orthonormal bases "Z" and "Z" spanning "V" and "V" respectively)  where "I" is the identity operator on "V". The above matrix would be upper-triangular except for the "A" block. But exactly the same procedure can be applied to the sub-matrix "A", viewed as an operator on "V", and its submatrices. Continue this way n times. Thus the space C will be exhausted and the procedure has yielded the desired result.  The above argument can be slightly restated as follows: let "λ" be an eigenvalue of "A", corresponding to some eigenspace "V". "A" induces an operator "T" on the quotient space C/"V". This operator is precisely the "A" submatrix from above. As before, "T" would have an eigenspace, say "W" ⊂ C modulo "V". Notice the preimage of "W" under the quotient map is an invariant subspace of "A" that contains "V". Continue this way until the resulting quotient space has dimension 0. Then the successive preimages of the eigenspaces found at each step form a flag that "A" stabilizes.

Notes.

Although every square matrix has a Schur decomposition, in general this decomposition is not unique. For example, the eigenspace "V" can have dimension > 1, in which case any orthonormal basis for "V" would lead to the desired result.  Write the triangular matrix "U" as "U" = "D" + "N", where "D" is diagonal and "N" is strictly upper triangular (and thus a nilpotent matrix). The diagonal matrix "D" contains the eigenvalues of "A" in arbitrary order (hence its Frobenius norm, squared, is the sum of the squared moduli of the eigenvalues of "A", while the Frobenius norm of "A", squared, is the sum of the squared singular values of "A"). The nilpotent part "N" is generally not unique either, but its Frobenius norm is uniquely determined by "A" (just because the Frobenius norm of A is equal to the Frobenius norm of "U" = "D" + "N").  It is clear that if "A" is a normal matrix, then "U" from its Schur decomposition must be a diagonal matrix and the column vectors of "Q" are the eigenvectors of "A". Therefore, the Schur decomposition extends the spectral decomposition. In particular, if "A" is positive definite, the Schur decomposition of "A", its spectral decomposition, and its singular value decomposition coincide.  A commuting family {"A"} of matrices can be simultaneously triangularized, i.e. there exists a unitary matrix "Q" such that, for every "A" in the given family, "Q A Q*" is upper triangular. This can be readily deduced from the above proof. Take element "A" from {"A"} and again consider an eigenspace "V". Then "V" is invariant under all matrices in {"A"}. Therefore, all matrices in {"A"} must share one common eigenvector in "V". Induction then proves the claim. As a corollary, we have that every commuting family of normal matrices can be simultaneously diagonalized.  In the infinite dimensional setting, not every bounded operator on a Banach space has an invariant subspace. However, the upper-triangularization of an arbitrary square matrix does generalize to compact operators. Every compact operator on a complex Banach space has a nest of closed invariant subspaces.

Computation.

The Schur decomposition of a given matrix is numerically computed by the QR algorithm or its variants. In other words, the roots of the characteristic polynomial corresponding to the matrix are not necessarily computed ahead in order to obtain its Schur decomposition. Conversely, the QR algorithm can be used to compute the roots of any given characteristic polynomial by finding the Schur decomposition of its companion matrix. Similarly, the QR algorithm is used to compute the eigenvalues of any given matrix, which are the diagonal entries of the upper triangular matrix of the Schur decomposition. See the Nonsymmetric Eigenproblems section in LAPACK Users' Guide.

Applications.

Lie theory applications include:

Generalized Schur decomposition.

Given square matrices "A" and "B", the generalized Schur decomposition factorizes both matrices as formula_3 and formula_4, where "Q" and "Z" are unitary, and "S" and "T" are upper triangular. The generalized Schur decomposition is also sometimes called the QZ decomposition.  The generalized eigenvalues formula_5 that solve the generalized eigenvalue problem formula_6 (where "x" is an unknown nonzero vector) can be calculated as the ratio of the diagonal elements of "S" to those of "T". That is, using subscripts to denote matrix elements, the "i"th generalized eigenvalue formula_7 satisfies formula_8.

In the mathematical discipline of linear algebra, the Schur decomposition or Schur triangulation, named after Issai Schur, is a matrix decomposition. It allows one to write an arbitrary complex matrix as unitarily equivalent to an upper triangular matrix whose diagonal elements are the eigenvalues of the original matrix.

Schurův rozklad je rozklad čtvercové matice formula_1 ve tvaru formula_2, kde formula_3 je unitární matice a formula_4 je horní trojúhelníková matice, která má na diagonále vlastní čísla matice formula_5. V numerické lineární algebře se tento rozklad velmi často využívá, a to především k výpočtu vlastních čísel matice.


Crew.

Crew notes.

Noguchi is the first JAXA astronaut and the second Japanese astronaut to fly on a Soyuz, after Toyohiro Akiyama.

Launch and docking.

Soyuz TMA-17 was launched on December 20, 2009 and transported three members of the ISS Expedition 22 crew to the station. TMA-17 is the 104th flight of a Soyuz spacecraft. The Soyuz will most likely remain on board the space station for the remainder of the Expedition 22 increment to serve as an emergency escape vehicle.  This mission marked the first Soyuz launch in the month of December for almost 19 years. The prior Soyuz launch in the month of December was Soyuz TM-11 on December 2, 1990.  This mission also included the last planned docking of a Soyuz at the nadir, or Earth-facing, port of the Zarya module. The "Rassvet" module was attached to Zarya's nadir port during the STS-132 mission.

Relocation.

On May 12, 2010, the Soyuz TMA-17 spacecraft was relocated to the aft port of the Zvezda module. At 9:23 a.m EDT, Kotov, Creamer and Noguchi temporarily undocked the spacecraft from the nadir port of Zarya and flew it to the aft port of the Zvezda service module. The docking occurred at 9:53 a.m EDT. After hooks and latches were engaged, the crew conducted leak checks, opened hatches around 12:40 p.m EDT and then re-entered the station through the service module.

Undocking and landing.

Expedition 23 commander Oleg Kotov was at the controls of the Soyuz TMA-17 spacecraft as it undocked at 0:04 UTC on June 2, 2010 from the space station's Zvezda module.  The Soyuz TMA-17 crew capsule landed on the steppes of Kazakhstan at 3:25 UTC on 2 June 2010 wrapping up their stay aboard the space station.  Prior to the landing on May 26, 2010, the orbital altitude of the ISS was lowered by 1.5 kilometers to 345 kilometers to ensure perfect conditions for the re-entry of the Soyuz TMA-17 into the Earth's atmosphere. The orbit of the ISS was adjusted using the four engines on board the Progress M-05M spacecraft.

Soyuz TMA-17 was a human spaceflight mission to the International Space Station (ISS). TMA-17 crew members participated in ISS Expedition 22 and Expedition 23. The mission ended when the Soyuz TMA-17 capsule landed on June 2, 2010.

Sojuz TMA-17 (rusky Союз ТМА-17) byla ruská kosmická loď typu Sojuz. K Mezinárodní vesmírné stanici (ISS) dopravila tři členy posádky Expedice 22 – Olega Kotova, Sóiči Nogučiho a Timothyho Creamera. K ISS odstartovala 20. prosince 2009. Loď zůstala připojená k vesmírné stanici až do 2. června 2010.


Early life.

Mulroney was born in Alexandria, Virginia. His father Michael Mulroney, originally from Elkader, Iowa, was a law professor at Villanova University School of Law beginning in the 1990s, prior to which he had a private practice in tax law for thirty years in Washington, D.C. His mother, Ellen, originally from Manchester, Iowa, was a regional theater actress. Dermot is the middle child among five siblings. He has two older brothers, Conor and Sean; a younger brother, Kieran Mulroney, who is an actor and screenwriter; and a younger sister, Moira. Mulroney attended Matthew Maury Elementary School and played cello in school and city youth orchestras, as well as acted in children's community theater. He finished 9th and 10th grades at George Washington High School, before attending T. C. Williams High School (class of 1981) in Alexandria, Virginia. During his sophomore year in high school, he attended the Interlochen Arts Camp as a cellist. Beginning at age 18, Mulroney studied communications at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where he was a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, and graduated in 1985.  Mulroney has a scar on his upper lip from a childhood accident, about which he explained, "I was 31⁄2 and I was carrying a dish for our pet rabbits. And I tripped and it broke, and I fell on it."

Career.

1986–1996.

In his senior year in college, Mulroney responded to a sign-up sheet and auditioned in front of WMA agent Barbara Gale, who offered him a contract and asked him to relocate to Hollywood. There, Mulroney auditioned for three months before landing the role of the male lead in his debut in "Sin of Innocence". In his first decade acting, Mulroney appeared in a slew of drama films often dealing with heavy subject matter: "Sin of Innocence" (1986), in which he played a stepbrother romantically involved with his stepsister after their parents marry; "Daddy" (1987), in which he played the boyfriend in a couple struggling with teenage parenthood; the Lee Grant sibling family drama "Staying Together" (1989); "Unconquered" (1989), in which he portrayed the son of Richmond Flowers Sr., an opponent of Alabama Governor George Wallace's segregationist policies; "Longtime Companion" (1989), in which he portrayed the first HIV/AIDS patient to die of the disease in a widely released film; "Where the Day Takes You" (1992), in which he plays the leader of a group of teenage runaways trying to survive in the streets of Los Angeles; and supporting roles in the Emmy Award-nominated "Family Pictures" (1993), which dealt with the struggles of raising a child with autism, and "Bastard out of Carolina" (1996), which dealt with abuse and molestation. In 1988, Mulroney appeared in the baseball flick "Long Gone", for which he was nominated for Best Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie at the CableACE Awards. In 1989, he appeared in "Survival Quest", during which he met Catherine Keener. While filming, in 1986, Keener was caught in a river current and floated precariously close to whitewater rapids when Mulroney jumped in and the pair were picked up half a mile downstream. The two eventually married in 1990. The couple would go on to appear together in four other films: "Living In Oblivion" (1995), "Heroine of Hell" (1996), "Box of Moonlight" (1996) and "Lovely & Amazing" (2001). Mulroney's roles in "Samantha" (1991) and "Where The Day Takes You" (1992) awarded him Best Actor at the Seattle International Film Festival.  Mulroney appeared in a number of western films throughout this period, namely "Young Guns" in 1988, "Silent Tongue" and "The Last Outlaw" in 1993, and "Bad Girls" in 1994. The Sam Shepard-directed "Silent Tongue" would mark the second in a series of four collaborations, with the two previously appearing together on screen in "Bright Angel" (1990), for which Mulroney won the Jury Special Prize at the Torino International Festival of Young Cinema. Mulroney co-starred in the comedy-drama films: "Staying Together" (1989); "The Thing Called Love" (1993), the second of two collaborations with River Phoenix before his death; and "There Goes My Baby" (1994), originally filmed in 1990. Mulroney appeared in the thriller films "Point of No Return" in 1993; "Copycat" in 1995; the Palme d'Or-nominated "Kansas City", and "The Trigger Effect" in 1996. He was nominated for Best Kiss, with Winona Ryder, for "How to Make an American Quilt" (1996) at the MTV Movie Awards.

1997–present.

Several of his lead performances have been in romantic comedy films. Mulroney has appeared in many movies, including as the male lead in "My Best Friend's Wedding" alongside Julia Roberts and Cameron Diaz. In 1993 Mulroney played "J.P", the boyfriend of star "Maggie" (played by Bridget Fonda) in "Point of No Return". Mulroney also played the love interest of Madeleine Stowe in the western "Bad Girls". In 2005, he played a male escort alongside Debra Messing in "The Wedding Date", and co-starred in the ensemble film "The Family Stone", with Sarah Jessica Parker. He was also in the movie "Abduction" (2011) as Martin Price.  In 2003, Mulroney played Gavin Mitchell on the TV series "Friends". He appeared in three episodes of the ninth season, his character briefly dating Rachel. This would mark Mulroney's last on-screen appearance on television for a number of years, later revealing in a May 2007 interview that he had turned down TV series roles in favor of film. In 2007, Mulroney appeared in the fifth season of "The Batman" animated series in a voiced role playing the Green Lanthern/Hal Jordan in three episodes.  In 1993, he wrote the song "Someone Else's Used Guitar" for Peter Bogdanovich's "The Thing Called Love", in which he also starred. Mulroney also had a cameo in the Joaquin Phoenix–directed video "Tired of Being Sorry" for Balthazar Getty's band Ringside. Mulroney also is credited as a song performer on the movie and for four other tunes, as well as acting in the movie. He occasionally reads stories on the WBEZ Chicago Public Radio. In 2012, Mulroney played the love interest of Zooey Deschanel, Russell, in the Fox series "New Girl". In 2013, he played the title starring role in the psychotronic horror film "The Rambler", which premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival. He also starred alongside Lin Shaye, Angus Sampson, and Stefanie Scott in the 2015 horror sequel "". He is the narrator of "Legends & Lies" (2015-2016) executive produced by Bill O'Reilly for Fox News Channel. He also played in the hit Showtime series Shameless as Sean, a recovering drug addict who runs a restaurant.

Personal life.

Mulroney married actress Catherine Keener in 1990 after they met in 1986 when filming "Survival Quest". They have a son named Clyde Keener Mulroney (born June 21, 1999) who is a singer. The couple separated in May 2005 and Mulroney filed for divorce on June 11, 2007, citing irreconcilable differences. Their divorce became final on December 19, 2007. He later married Italian Tharita Catulle in 2008. They have two daughters; Mabel, born in 2008, and Sally June, born in 2009. The family lives in Los Angeles.  Mulroney is an accomplished cellist. In 1996, he was part of a band called the Low and Sweet Orchestra that released an album in 1996, "Goodbye to All That". In 2005 he appeared alongside Boyd Tinsley for Alanis Morissette's show at the House of Blues in Hollywood. He played the cello in the films: "Daddy &" "Samantha;" where he portrayed a college student studying music alongside Martha Plimpton. He played cello in the song "Place Your Hand" from Melissa Etheridge's 1992 album "Never Enough", on the EP for Rain Phoenix's band Papercranes, and on the score to "" (2006), "" (2011), and "Star Trek Into Darkness" (2013). Most recently, he portrayed a cello soloist in the second and third seasons of "Mozart in the Jungle".  Mulroney was included in "People"'s Sexiest Men of the Year issue in 2005 as its "Sexiest Jack of Arts".

Dermot Mulroney (born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, musician, and voice actor. He is best known for his roles in romantic comedy, western, and drama films. Appearing on screen since the mid-1980s, he is known for his work in films such as "Young Guns" (1988), "Staying Together" (1989), "Where the Day Takes You" (1992), "Point of No Return" (1993), "Angels in the Outfield" (1994), "My Best Friend's Wedding" (1997), "About Schmidt" (2002), "The Wedding Date" (2005), "" (2013), "" (2015), and the HBO films "The Last Outlaw" (1993) and "Long Gone" (1987). Mulroney played the main antagonist Francis Gibson in NBC's "Crisis", Dr. Walter Wallace in "Pure Genius", Sean Pierce in Showtime's "Shameless" and Bobby Sheridan in USA's "The Purge".

Dermot Mulroney (* 31. října 1963 Alexandria, Virginie, USA) je americký herec a hudebník, exmanžel herečky Catherine Keenerové a bratr herce Kierana Mulroneye.


Early life.

Henry was possibly born in Leuven (Louvain), the son of Count Godfrey III of Louvain and his wife Margaret, daughter of Duke Henry II of Limburg. His father also held the title of a landgrave of Brabant, duke of Lower Lorraine and margrave of Antwerp. Henry early appeared as a co-ruler of his father. In 1179 he married Matilda of Boulogne, daughter of Marie of Boulogne and Matthew of Alsace and on this occasion received the County of Brussels from his father. He acted as a regent while Count Godfrey III went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem from 1182 to 1184.

Career.

In 1183 Henry took the title of duke of Brabant. Upon the death of his father in 1190, King Henry VI confirmed the elevation of Brabant, while he "de facto" abolished the Duchy of Lower Lorraine by creating the empty title of a Duke of Lothier. Duke Henry sought to expand his power and soon picked several quarrels with the Count Baldwin V of Hainaut. He also was in opposition to the German king (emperor from 1191) when his brother Albert of Louvain was elected bishop of Liège and murdered shortly afterwards.  Further conflicts with Duke Henry III of Limburg and Count Otto I of Guelders followed, before in mid-1197 Henry of Brabant joined the Crusade of Henry VI as one of the leaders. In October of the same year he took part in the recapture of Beirut and, then moved to Jaffa with the crusaders: however, before reaching the city he got news of the death of the King of Jerusalem, Henry II, Count of Champagne, and he returned to Acre. Here he acted as regent until the arrival of the new king, Amalric II.  Back in Germany after the emperor's death in September 1197, Duke Henry supported the election of the Welf candidate Otto IV, the fiancé of his daughter Maria, who rivalled with the Hohenstaufen scion Philip of Swabia. He fought against Philip's seconders Count Dirk VII of Holland and Count Otto of Guelders, however, he switched sides in 1204, when he and King Philip II of France backed Philip against Otto. In 1208, after the assassination of Philip, Henry was proposed as successor by King Philip II. In the war which followed, he finally reached a reconciliation with Emperor Otto IV. Together they fought against King Philip in the 1214 Battle of Bouvines, but the two were defeated.  In 1213, Duke Henry also suffered a heavy defeat against the Bishopric of Liège in the Battle of Steppes. From 1217 to 1218 he joined the Fifth Crusade to Egypt.  Under Henry I, there was town policy and town planning. His attention went out to those regions that lent themselves to the extension of his sovereignty and in some locations he used the creation of a new town as an instrument in the political organisation of the area. Among the towns to which the duke gave city rights and trade privileges was's-Hertogenbosch.  In 1234, he participated in the Stedinger Crusade.  In 1235 Emperor Frederick II appointed Henry to travel to England to bring him his fiancée Isabella, daughter of King John of England. Henry fell ill on his way back and died at Cologne. He was buried in St. Peter's Church at Leuven where his Late Romanesque effigy can still be seen.

Marriages.

Henry had six children by his first marriage with Mathilde of Boulogne:  His second marriage was at April 22, 1213 in Soissons to Marie, princess of France, daughter of King Philip II of France. They had two children:

See also.

<br

Henry I (, ; 1165 – 5 September 1235), named "The Courageous", was a member of the House of Reginar and first duke of Brabant from 1183/84 until his death.

Jindřich I. Brabantský ( "Henri le Courageux" nebo "le Guerroyeur", 1165 – 5. září 1235 Kolín nad Rýnem) byl brabantský a dolnolotrinský vévoda, hrabě z Lovaně. Během svého života se snažil rozšířit svou vládu a podařilo se mu zaujmout dominantní postavení v zápase mezi guelfy a ghibelliny. Několikrát změnil své spojence podle svých momentálních mocenských zájmů.


Family background.

Born in El Progreso, Yoro Department, Micheletti was the eighth of nine siblings (6 boys, 3 girls). Micheletti's father was Umberto Micheletti, who immigrated from the Bergamo province of Lombardy, Italy. His mother was Donatella Bain Moya, also born in El Progreso.  He is married to Siomara Girón and they have 3 children.

Political career.

In 1963, Micheletti was a member of the honor guard of President Ramón Villeda, who was toppled by the military; Micheletti was arrested and jailed on 3 October and jailed for 27 days. In 1973 he moved to the United States, living in Tampa, Florida, then in New Orleans, Louisiana, for two years before returning to Honduras in 1976. While living in the USA he finished high school and started his own business.

Deputy.

Micheletti won a Congressional seat in 1982 which he has held till June 2009, except for a brief period when he ran Hondutel, Honduras' state-owned national telephone company.  In 1985 Micheletti was part of a group of deputies who signed a motion calling for the National Congress to reseat itself as a National Constituent Assembly. A Venezuelan government webpage claims that the proposal was aimed at enabling then-President Roberto Suazo to run for re-election in the. Ultimately the proposal was dropped when most congressmen refused to support the motion.  He has twice sought his party's nomination to run for president, both times failing to win the internal election for the nomination of his party, the latter occasion in 2008 to former Vice President Elvin Santos, who won the Liberal nomination for the November 2009 presidential election.

President of the National Congress.

Micheletti presided over the National Congress of Honduras from 25 January 2006 until 28 June 2009. Although he was a member of the same party as Manuel Zelaya, there had been conflict between the two politicians before the constitutional crisis.

Presidency (2009-2010).

The Ministerio Publico's office charged Manuel Zelaya with violations of the constitution, laws and court orders. The Supreme Court issued an arrest warrant. On the morning of June 28, 2009, the military arrested President Zelaya and deported him to Costa Rica.  After a resignation letter from President Manuel Zelaya was read to the National Congress of Honduras, which Zelaya later denied writing, Zelaya was dismissed as president, by a show of hands in the National Congress, on 28 June. Congress, under Articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 205, 220, subsections 20, 218, 242, 321, 322 and 323 of the Constitution of the Republic, unanimously agreed to: The Honduran constitution mandated that the head of Congress, Roberto Micheletti, act as the provisional head of state since Vice President Elvin Ernesto Santos had resigned in December 2008 to run for president.  Micheletti's term in office saw demonstrations for and against him, although the demonstrations for him encountered none of the violent repression from the police.  Domestically his government was supported by organizations such as Unión Cívica Democrática and opposed by the "Resistance".  International support for the Micheletti government was scant. Official reactions from many international leaders condemned the ousting of President Zelaya, many of them calling for his reinstatement. The Organization of American States (OAS) said it would not recognize any government other than that of Manuel Zelaya.  The United States rejected the overthrow of Zelaya in statements by President Barack Obama, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Ambassador to Honduras Hugo Llorens. The European Union also condemned the ousting of Zelaya. Cuban president Raúl Castro asked for the return of democracy in Honduras. Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez stated that he had put his nation's armed forces on alert, and vowed to take military action if Venezuela's embassy or envoy to Honduras were harmed.  Micheletti's 25-year-old nephew Enzo Micheletti was abducted and found murdered in late October 2009 though no evidence linking this crime to the political events going on was discovered.  Deaths that have been allegedly linked to the violence in the aftermath of the coup include 19-year-old Isis Obed Murillo Mencías, shot in the head on 5 July when Zelaya's plane was trying to land at Toncontin Airport; 40-year-old campesino leader and Democratic Unification Party member Ramón García on 12 July, after he was forced by unknown people to get off a bus; 23-year-old Pedro Magdiel Muñoz Salvador, allegedly detained by police during anti-coup protests and taken to an El Paraíso police station on 24 July, allegedly found at 6:30 am the following morning with 42 stab wounds and 38-year-old high school teacher Roger Abraham Vallejo Soriano, shot in the head allegedly by security forces during protests on 31 July, dying on 1 August.  Costa Rican President Óscar Arias acted as a mediator in the talks between the Honduran government and Manuel Zelaya to try to find a political solution. He presented a seven-point agreement, which called for a unity government. Zelaya wanted to become president again and the Supreme Court warned that only Congress could grant amnesty to Zelaya. Zelaya's representatives accepted the Arias proposal "in principle" but Micheletti's representatives balked at the key point of Zelaya returning to power in Honduras.  In an open letter to the "Wall Street Journal" published on 27 July 2009, Roberto Micheletti listed the Honduran government's reasons and justification for ousting Zelaya. In it, Micheletti claimed Zelaya's removal from office was supported by the Supreme Court (15-0), an overwhelming majority of Congress, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, the Administrative Law Tribunal, the independent Human Rights Ombudsman, the two major presidential candidates of the Liberal and National Parties and Honduras’ Catholic Cardinal. Micheletti also stated that it was not a "military coup" since the military was following orders given by a "civilian" Supreme Court and Zelaya was replaced with a "civilian" from the line of succession prescribed in the Constitution.  On 21 August 2009, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights dispatched a six-member delegation which reported accusations it received. The delegation was told of alleged violent confrontations and arbitrary arrests. Someone even accused the police of rape. Some alleged that judges were threatened "at gunpoint". Based on the statements it received, the delegation concluded that there was "an atmosphere of intimidation that inhibits the free exercise of freedom of expression".  On March 11, 2010, the US Department of State released their annual report on Human Rights, in which they stated ""On June 28, the military forcibly removed and sent into exile President Jose Manuel Zelaya, and Congress President Roberto Micheletti Bain became the leader of a de facto regime. Until the June 28 coup d'état (June coup), the country was a constitutional, multiparty democracy with a population of approximately eight million..."" and ""Although the coup was bloodless, subsequent related events resulted in the loss of life as well as limitations by the de facto regime on freedom of movement, association, expression, and assembly"". In an official press release published in their website, the US Embassy in Tegucigalpa stated that ""Before the June 28, 2009 coup d'état, Honduras faced substantial challenges in the protection of human rights, had one of the Western Hemisphere's highest homicide rates, and some killings appearing to be politically motivated. The human rights climate deteriorated significantly following the coup, especially with regard to respect for the rights of women, members of ethnic communities and sexual minorities and other vulnerable groups. While the de facto regime was in power, there were incidents resulting in loss of life, disproportionate use of force, including beatings by security forces of protestors, sexual assaults, as well as other serious human rights abuses. The de facto regime engaged in substantial interference with freedom of movement, association, expression, and assembly."" According to the US Embassy's website, they ""expressed to the Honduran Attorney General, members of the security forces, and the Human Rights Ombudsman, among others, their serious concerns about reported human rights abuses"".  According to the latest Greenberg Quinlar Rosler Research opinion poll during October 9–13, 48% of Hondurans regarded Micheletti's performance as good or excellent. 50% regarded his performance as bad or poor.  The 2009 General Election took place, as planned, on 29 November. The National Party candidate, Porfirio Lobo Sosa, was victorious over Liberal Party candidate Elvin Santos, winning the election with 56.56% of the vote. Lobo Sosa was inaugurated as president on January 27, 2010.

Legislator for life.

In January 2010 the Honduran Congress granted Micheletti the status of "legislator for life". This appointment does not make him immune from prosecution, as some international media sources stated.

Attack on his daughter.

On November 5, 2013 a daughter of Micheletti was shot at, but not seriously injured, while driving with her chauffeur and armed guards.

Roberto Micheletti Baín (born 13 August 1943) is a Honduran politician who served as the interim "de facto" president of Honduras from June 28, 2009 to January 27, 2010 as a result of the 2009 Honduran coup d'état. The Honduran military ousted the President, and the National Congress read a letter of resignation, which was refuted two minutes later by Zelaya in conversation with CNN en Español; days later, the coup-plotters claimed that the Supreme Court had ordered to forcefully detain President Manuel Zelaya because "he was violating the Honduran constitution"; Zelaya was exiled rather than arrested. Micheletti, constitutionally next in line for the presidency, was sworn in as president by the National Congress a few hours after Zelaya was sent into exile by the Honduran military. He was not acknowledged as de jure president by any government or international organization. The 2009 General Election took place as planned in November and elected Porfirio Lobo Sosa to succeed Micheletti.

Roberto Micheletti Bain (* 13. srpna 1943, El Progreso, Honduras) je honduraský politik, bývalý prezident Hondurasu a "Honduraského národního kongresu". Je členem "Liberální strany Hondurasu".


In Sir Walter Scott's "Waverley".

The name Mirkwood was used by Sir Walter Scott in his 1814 novel "Waverley", which had

In William Morris's fantasies.

William Morris used Mirkwood in his fantasy novels. His 1889 "The Roots of the Mountains" is set in such a forest, while the forest setting in his "The House of the Wolfings", also first published in 1889, is actually named "Mirkwood". The book begins by describing the wood:

In Tolkien's writings.

A Mirkwood appears in several places in J. R. R. Tolkien's writings, among several forests that play important roles in his storytelling. Projected into Old English, it appears as "Myrcwudu" in his "The Lost Road", as a poem sung by Ælfwine. He used the name Mirkwood in another unfinished work, "The Fall of Arthur". But the name is best known and most prominent in his Middle-earth legendarium, where it appears as two distinct forests, one in the First Age in Beleriand, as described in "The Silmarillion", the other in the Third Age in Rhovanion, as described in both "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings".

The First Age forest in Beleriand.

In "The Silmarillion", the forested highlands of Dorthonion in the north of Beleriand (in the northwest of Middle-earth) eventually fell under Morgoth's control and was subjugated by creatures of Sauron, then Lord of Werewolves. Accordingly, the forest was renamed "Taur-nu-Fuin" in Sindarin, "Forest of Darkness", or "Forest of Nightshade"; Tolkien chose to use the English form "Mirkwood". Beren becomes the sole survivor of the men who once lived there as subjects of the Noldor King Finrod of Nargothrond. Beren ultimately escapes the terrible forest that even the Orcs fear to spend time in. Beleg pursues the captors of Túrin through this forest in the several accounts of Túrin's tale. Along with the rest of Beleriand, this forest was lost in the cataclysm of the War of Wrath at the end of the First Age.

The forest in Rhovanion.

Mirkwood is a vast temperate broadleaf and mixed forest in the Middle-earth region of Rhovanion (Wilderland), east of the great river Anduin. In "The Hobbit", the wizard Gandalf calls it "the greatest forest of the Northern world."  After the publication of the maps in "The Lord of the Rings", Tolkien wrote a correction stating "Mirkwood is too small on map it must be 300 miles across" from east to west, but the maps were never altered to reflect this. On the published maps Mirkwood was up to 200 miles (320 km) across; from north to south it stretched about 420 miles (675 km). The "J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia" states that it is 400-500 miles (640-800 km) long and 200 miles (320 km) wide.  The trees were large and densely packed. In the north they were mainly oaks, although beeches predominated in the areas favoured by Elves. Higher elevations in southern Mirkwood were "clad in a forest of dark fir". Pockets of the forest were dominated by dangerous giant spiders.Animals within the forest were described as inedible. The elves of the forest, too, are "black" and hostile, drawing a comparison with "Svartalfheim" ("Black elf home") in Snorri Sturluson's Old Norse "Edda", quite unlike the friendly elves of Rivendell.  Near the end of the Third Age – the period in which "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" are set – the expansive forest of "Greenwood the Great" was renamed "Mirkwood", supposedly a translation of an unknown Westron name. The forest plays little part in "The Lord of the Rings", but is important in "The Hobbit" for both atmosphere and plot. It was renamed when "the shadow of Dol Guldur", namely the power of Sauron, fell upon the forest, and people began to call it "Taur-nu-Fuin" (Sindarin: "forest under deadly nightshade" or "forest under night", i.e. "mirk wood") and "Taur-e-Ndaedelos" (Sindarin: "forest of great fear").  In "The Hobbit", Bilbo Baggins, with Thorin Oakenshield and his band of Dwarves, attempt to cross Mirkwood during their quest to regain their mountain Erebor and its treasure from Smaug the dragon. One of the Dwarves, the fat Bombur, falls into the Enchanted River and has to be carried, unconscious, for the following days. Losing the Elf-path, the party becomes lost in the forest and is captured by giant spiders. They escape, only to be taken prisoner by King Thranduil's Wood-Elves. The White Council flushes Sauron out of his forest tower at Dol Guldur, and as he flees to Mordor his influence in Mirkwood diminishes.  Years later, Gollum, after his release from Mordor, is captured by Aragorn and brought as a prisoner to Thranduil's realm. Out of pity, they allow him to roam the forest under close guard, but he escapes during an Orc raid. After the downfall of Sauron, Mirkwood is cleansed by the elf-queen Galadriel and renamed "Eryn Lasgalen", Sindarin for "Wood of Greenleaves". Thranduil's son, Legolas, leaves Mirkwood for Ithilien. The wizard Radagast lived at Rhosgobel on the western eaves of Mirkwood, as depicted in the film "".

Literary philology.

The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey noted that the motivation that drove 19th-century philologists to meticulous scrutiny of linguistic theorems of "language-change, sound-shifts and ablaut-gradations" was the excitement of speculating about the wild, primitive Northern forest, the "Myrkviðr inn ókunni" ("the pathless Mirkwood") and the secret roads across it. Shippey described how "romantically inspired philological interpretations of "Myrkviðr"" had been made not just by Tolkien but before him by the folklorist Jacob Grimm and the artist and fantasy writer William Morris. These, Shippey argued, helped them to build their own reconstructions of supposed or wholly imaginary cultures. Grimm proposed that the name derived from Old Norse "mark" (boundary) and "mǫrk" (forest), both, he supposed, from an older word for wood, perhaps at the dangerous and disputed boundary of the kingdoms of the Huns and the Goths. Morris's Mirkwood is named in his 1899 fantasy novel "House of the Wolfings", and a similar large dark forest is the setting in "The Roots of the Mountains", again marking a dark and dangerous forest. Tolkien had access to more modern philology than Grimm, with proto-Indo-European "mer-" (to flicker [dimly]) and "*merg-" (mark, boundary), and places the early origins of both the Men of Rohan and the hobbits there. The "Tolkien Encyclopedia" remarks also that the Old English "Beowulf" mentions that the path between the worlds of men and monsters, from Hrothgar's hall to Grendel's lair, runs "ofer myrcan mor" (across a gloomy moor) and "wynleasne wudu" (a joyless wood).

Influence.

Tolkien's estate disputed the right of novelist Steve Hillard "to use the name and personality of JRR Tolkien in the novel" "Mirkwood: A Novel About JRR Tolkien". The dispute was settled in May 2011, requiring the printing of a disclaimer.  A rock music group named Mirkwood was formed in 1971; their first album in 1973 had the same name. A band in California used the same name in 2005.  Tolkien's forests were the subject of a programme on BBC Radio 3, with Eleanor Rosamund Barraclough and the folk singer Mark Atherton.  Literary holidays in the Forest of Dean have been sold on the basis that the area inspired Tolkien, who often went there, to create Mirkwood and other forests in his books.

Mirkwood is a name used for a great dark fictional forest in novels by Sir Walter Scott and William Morris in the 19th century, and by J. R. R. Tolkien in the 20th century. The critic Tom Shippey explains that the name evoked the excitement of the wildness of Europe's ancient North.

Temný hvozd je obrovská zalesněná plocha nacházející se ve fiktivním světě J.R.R. Tolkiena. Ve třetím věku se jeho nedozírné lesy rozprostíraly po velké části Rhovanionu na východ od řeky Anduiny. Hvozd je nejvíce popsán v Tolkienově knize Hobit aneb cesta tam a zase zpátky.


Early life.

Sutherland was born in Dublin to Linda from Finglas and Anthony Sutherland from Saint Vincent in the West Indies. The family lived in London till Darren was 7 and then in Saint Vincent for four years, before returning to Dublin and latterly Navan, County Meath.

Amateur career.

Sutherland represented the St Saviour's ABC in Dublin and won the Leinster senior title in 2005, 2006 and 2007. He faced Edward Healy in the 2006 and 2007 Final and Darren O'Neill in 2008 winning all three. Sutherland's international career featured a great rivalry with Britain's James Degale, who later paid tribute to Sutherland upon winning his first professional world title in 2015.

2007 | EU Amateur Championships.

At the 2007 EU Amateur Championships in Dublin, Sutherland won gold at middleweight. Results were:

2008 | EU Amateur Championships.

At the 2008 EU Amateur Championships in Cetniewo, Sutherland won gold at middleweight. Results were:

2008 | Olympic Games.

At the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, Sutherland won bronze at middleweight. Results were:

Professional career.

Following the exposure gained at the Olympics, Sutherland was offered a number of contracts as a professional boxer. In October 2008 he signed terms with London-based promoter Frank Maloney. On 18 December 2008, Sutherland made a winning start to his professional career with a first round knockout of Georgi Iliev in Dublin. After the bout, Sutherland's promoter Frank Maloney said "I think we've found a real superstar here tonight and this is just the start of a long journey". His next fight, against Siarhei Navarka on 6 March at Robin Park Arena in Wigan, ended with Sutherland winning by a third round stoppage.  Sutherland won his third fight at the Fenton Manor Sports Complex in Stoke-on-Trent on 29 May against Vepkhia Tchilaia. Sutherland won his next fight against Gennadiy Rasalev in York Hall, London.

Death.

On 14 September 2009, Sutherland was found dead with his wrists bound at his apartment in Bromley by his promoter, Frank Maloney. It was alleged he died by hanging himself. He suffered from depression. Olympic gold medalist, James DeGale commented on the death stating: "It is very, very sad news - I just can't believe it, It is a tragedy. First and foremost, my heart goes out to his family. I just could not believe it; my heart went to the floor when I heard. He was a big part of my Olympic medal journey and it is just terrible. I just do not know what to say except that he was a brilliant fighter, in fact an excellent fighter, and he was a gentleman outside the ring as well. He had an Olympic bronze medal and his whole life to look forward to. He had a great future, and my heart goes out to everyone who knew him." At the time, he was dating Irish model Hazel O'Sullivan.  His corpse was exhumed in September 2010 for a further private postmortem at the request of his family. An open verdict was delivered at the inquest in March 2012.  Following Sutherland's death, James DeGale kept the initials 'DS' on his shorts in professional bouts. When he won the IBF super middleweight world title against Andre Dirrell in 2015, he spoke post-fight of his relationship with Sutherland and dedicated the victory to him. "It's for Darren Sutherland as well, of course. My late rival" he said. "When he took his life back in 2009 it was horrendous. From when he passed, I've always had 'DS' on my shorts. And this world title is for him as well. A great guy. A great fighter. Unbelievable fighter. We've had some great, great scraps. It's for him."

Darren John Sutherland (18 April 1982 – 14 September 2009) was an Irish professional boxer from Mulhuddart, Dublin. His amateur career was crowned by a 2008 Olympic bronze medal.

Darren John Sutherland (18. dubna 1982, Dublin, Irsko – 14. září 2009, Bromley, Londýn, Spojené království) byl irský profesionální boxer.


Symptoms.

Cervicitis may have no symptoms. If symptoms do manifest, they may include:

Causes.

Cervicitis can be caused by any of a number of infections, of which the most common are chlamydia and gonorrhea, with chlamydia accounting for approximately 40% of cases. Other causes include "Trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus", and "Mycoplasma genitalium".  While sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are the most common cause of cervicitis, there are other potential causes as well. This includes vaginitis caused by bacterial vaginosis or "Trichomonas vaginalis". This also includes a device inserted into the pelvic area (i.e. a cervical cap, IUD, pessary, etc.); an allergy to spermicides or latex in condoms; or, exposure to a chemical, for example while douching. Inflammation can also be idiopathic, where no specific cause is found. While IUDs do not cause cervicitis, active cervicitis is a contraindication to placing an IUD. If a person with an IUD develops cervicitis, it usually does not need to be removed, if the person wants to continue using it.  There are also certain behaviors that can place individuals at a higher risk for contracting cervicitis. High-risk sexual behavior, a history of STIs, many sexual partners, sex at an early age, and sexual partners who engage in high-risk sexual behavior or have had an STI can increase the likelihood of contracting cervicitis.

Diagnosis.

To diagnose cervicitis, a clinician will perform a pelvic exam. This exam includes a speculum exam with visual inspection of the cervix for abnormal discharge, which is usually purulent or bleeding from the cervix with little provocation. Swabs can be used to collect a sample of this discharge for inspection under a microscope and/or lab testing for gonorrhea, chlamydia, and "Trichomonas vaginalis". A bimanual exam in which the clinician palpates the cervix to see if there is any associated pain should be done to assess for pelvic inflammatory disease.

Prevention.

The risk of contracting cervicitis from STIs can be reduced by using condoms during every sexual encounter. Condoms are effective against the spread of STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhea that cause cervicitis. Also, being in a long-term monogamous relationship with an uninfected partner can lower the risk of an STI.  Ensuring that foreign objects like tampons are properly placed in the vagina and following instructions how long to leave it inside, how often to change it, and/or how often to clean it can reduce the risk of cervicitis.. In addition, avoiding potential irritants like douches and deodorant tampons can prevent cervicitis.

Treatment.

Non-infectious causes of cervicitis are primarily treated by eliminating or limiting exposure to the irritant. Antibiotics, usually azithromycin or doxycycline, or antiviral medications are used to treat infectious causes. Women at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (i.e., less than 25 years of age and a new sexual partner, a sexual partner with other partners, or a sexual partner with a known sexually transmitted infection), should be treated presumptively for chlamydia and possibly gonorrhea, particularly if follow-up care cannot be ensured or diagnostic testing is not possible. For lower risk women, deferring treatment until test results are available is an option.  To reduce the risk of reinfection, women should abstain from sexual intercourse for seven days after treatment is started. Also, sexual partners (within the last sixty days) of anyone with infectious cervicitis should be referred for evaluation or treated through expedited partner therapy (EPT). EPT is the process by which a clinician treats the sexual partner of a patient diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection without first meeting or examining the partner. Sexual partners should also avoid sexual intercourse until they and their partners are adequately treated.  Untreated cervicitis is also associated with an increased susceptibility to HIV infection. Women with infectious cervicitis should be tested for other sexually transmitted infections, including HIV and syphilis.  Cervicitis should be followed up. Women with a specific diagnosis of chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomonas should see a clinician in three months after treatment for repeat testing because they are at higher risk of getting reinfected, regardless of whether their sex partners were treated.  Treatment in pregnant women is the same as those who are not pregnant.

Cervicitis is inflammation of the uterine cervix. Cervicitis in women has many features in common with urethritis in men and many cases are caused by sexually transmitted infections. Non-infectious causes of cervicitis can include intrauterine devices, contraceptive diaphragms, and allergic reactions to spermicides or latex condoms. Cervicitis affects over half of all women during their adult life.

Cervicitida, jinak též zánět děložního hrdla, je častá zánětlivé a infekční onemocnění této části dělohy. Může mít bakteriální, mykotický nebo virový původ. Původci jsou prakticky totožní s těmi, kteří způsobují kolpitidu (tj. zánět pochvy), se kterou se cervicitida běžně současně vyskytuje.


"Citizen Hughes".

Michael Drosnin's first book, "Citizen Hughes: In His Own Words — How Howard Hughes Tried to Buy America", a biography of the American businessman Howard Hughes based on documents which had been stolen in 1974 and subsequently tracked down by Drosnin, was published in 1985.

"The Bible Code" Series.

Drosnin began researching the Bible Code in 1992 after meeting the mathematician Eliyahu Rips in Israel. His work was deeply inspired by the publication of the academic article entitled "Equidistant Letter Sequences in the Book of Genesis" by Doron Witztum, Eliyahu Rips, and Yoav Rosenberg in the journal "Statistical Science", published by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, in August 1994.  In 1997, Simon & Schuster published Drosnin's "The Bible Code", the culmination of his research, which asserts that the Bible Code predicts the future and that events can be affected by our actions. The book also states that many famous assassinations — both past and future — were foretold in the Bible, and that the code can be interpreted with the help of a computer program. The book further claims that the code contains predictions of disasters and an apocalypse to occur between 1998 and 2006.  Drosnin later wrote a second book about the Bible Code entitled "", published by Penguin Random House in 2003.  His most recent book "", published by Worldmedia, Inc. in October 2010, completes a trilogy.

Criticisms.

Drosnin has been criticized by some who believe that the Bible Code is real but that it cannot predict the future.Some accuse him of factual errors, incorrectly claiming that he has much support in the scientific community, mistranslating Hebrew words to make his point more convincing, and using the Bible without proving that other books do not have similar codes. In an interview with CNN Interactive, among others, Drosnin challenged his critics to find a code similar to the Bible Code in the notable novel "Moby Dick". An article published in the "Teaching Aids" section of the Dartmouth College Mathematics Department's "Chance" program, claims that Brendan McKay has found equidistant letter sequences (ELS's) in "Moby Dick" which approximate the alleged prediction of the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin. Drosnin has responded to these claims, saying that the "Moby Dick" code results are simply "nonsense"; he said codes found in the Bible Code were "truth" and contained real predictions.

Acquisition of "The Bible Code" by Warner Bros. Pictures and "Code" Screenplay.

In May 1997, Warner Bros. Pictures acquired the film rights to "The Bible Code". At the time of acquisition, "[t]he studio’s production presidents, Lorenzo di Bonaventura and Bill Gerber, said that the work 'addresses the age-old questions of our purpose on Earth, the meaning of the Bible, and our uniqueness in the universe — all issues that have stimulated the imagination for thousands of years'.”  Drosnin, collaborating with filmmaker and writer Ruth Rachel Anderson-Avraham (née Yvonne Michele Anderson), an English Language and Literature and Religious Studies major from the University of Virginia who had then taken time off from her interdisciplinary graduate studies, including quantitative work and the pursuit of graduate degrees at HEC Paris and Harvard Law School, completed a screenplay entitled "Code" for Warner Bros. Pictures in 1998."Written after the terrorist bombing of the World Trade Center on February 26, 1993, but prior to September 11, 2001, the screenplay includes a plot line recalling the 1993 Al Qaeda attack on the Twin Towers, at a time when the tragic events of 9/11 were 'unimagineable'."The action of the story was set in New York City and Jerusalem.  Notwithstanding, this screenplay was never greenlit by Warner Bros. Pictures, and the rights eventually reverted to the author.  In 2010, Relativity Media purchased the film rights to The Bible Code series, then a trilogy including "The Bible Code", "Bible Code II: The Countdown", and "Bible Code III: Saving the World". Relativity Media had hoped to produce a Bible Code film for release in 2012, but this project never came to fruition.

Michael Alan Drosnin (January 31, 1946 - June 8, 2020) was an American journalist and author, best known for his writings on the Bible Code, which is a purported set of secret messages encoded within the Hebrew text of the Torah.

Michael Drosnin (31. ledna 1946, New York – 9. června 2020) byl americký investigativní novinář a spisovatel, autor řady bestsellerů. Pracoval zejména pro listy Washington Post a Wall Street Journal. Známým se stal zejména svou knihou Bible code.


Biography.

With his father Roman being an athletics coach, Jacek Wszoła was close to the sport since a very young age. He, eventually, also gave it a try – initially training for the hurdles before switching to high jump.  Wszoła started competing in 1971 and by 1974, aged just 17, made his first national senior team for the 1974 European Championships in Rome finishing fifth. His first international title came a year later in Athens where he became the European Junior Champion.  Wszoła, then 19 years old, was a big surprise at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal where, competing in heavy rain, he managed to win over the favourites. Incidentally, shortly before the Games his father-coach made him train on wet tartan to prepare him for such circumstances.  Following his success in the Olympic year, Wszoła won gold medals at the 1977 European Indoor Championships in San Sebastián and the 1977 Summer Universiade in Sofia. The following season was much less successful as he only managed seventh place at the 1978 European Indoor Championships in Milan and fourth at the 1978 European Championships in Prague.  In 1980, soon before the Olympics, Wszoła was back in form breaking the world record with 2.35 metres. At the Moscow Olympics, however, he only finished second behind the East German Gerd Wessig who also beat his world record by one centimetre. One month after the Olympics he got seriously injured at a domestic meet in Poznań tearing ligaments in his ankle which ruled him out of the sport for 18 months. Wszoła was never able to regain his old form.  After missing out the entire 1981 season, Wszoła made a comeback in 1982 competing at the 1982 European Championships in Athens where he got into a dispute with his own national federation. After the qualification round, it was noticed that he competed in shoes of a different manufacturer than was then the official sponsor of the Polish team. As Wszoła refused to compete in the shoes provided by his federation, he was not allowed to start in the final and was sent back home. For this dubious infringement Wszoła was disqualified for six months.  The following year was also not very successful with Wszoła finishing only 11th in his last Universiade in Edmonton and 13th in the inaugural World Championships in Helsinki. In 1984 Poland, under pressure from the Soviet Union, boycotted the Los Angeles Olympic Games instead sending its athletes to the alternative competition, the Friendship Games in Moscow. The competition took place in a pouring rain, and Wszoła, having witnessed one of the athletes breaking an arm, decided to fake an injury to avoid a real one.  His last major international outing was the 1987 European Indoor Championships where he only managed eleventh place. The following year, he failed to make the Polish team for the 1988 Summer Olympics. Wszoła finished his professional career in 1989 although he later competed in masters competitions, among others winning the M40 category at the 1997 European Masters Championships.

Personal life.

His wife Krystyna was also an athlete. They have two children, Jacek and Anna.

International competitions.

Representing Europe<br> Did not start in the final

Jacek Roman Wszoła (born 30 December 1956 in Warsaw, Poland) is a retired Polish high jumper best known for winning gold and silver medals at the 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics respectively. Wszoła is also a one-time world record holder with the result of 2.35 metres.

Jacek Roman Wszoła (* 30. prosince 1956, Varšava) je bývalý polský sportovec, atlet, jehož specializace byl skok do výšky. Je olympijským vítězem letních her v Montrealu 1976 a stříbrným medailistou olympiády v Moskvě 1980.


History.

The Domesday Survey of 1086 refers to Upton, and a wood for 200 pigs, worth £15. Upton took its name from its situation at the top of the slope from the river terrace — the various levels in the area having been formed in the Ice-Age.  The ancient parish, and the civil parish until 1894, included Chalvey and Slough, originally hamlets, and was formally known as Upton-cum-Chalvey. In 1894 the new civil parish of Slough was formed from the parish. In 1895 a detached part of the parish was transferred to Gerrards Cross, and in 1900 and 1901 the rump of the parish was divided between the neighbouring parishes of Eton, Langley Marish, Slough and Wexham. The ecclesiastical parish is still known as Upton-cum-Chalvey.

Church.

Upton's Norman Church, St Laurence's Church, is around 900 years old. It was the marriage place (7 May 1788) and burial place (1822) of Sir William Herschel (in whose memory there stands a newly erected stained-glass window depicting Uranus, which he discovered, and other planets), and the burial place of Charles Hatchett who discovered niobium.

Other buildings.

Upton Court is the name of the original manorial buildings for the parish of Upton. Parts of Upton Court were built in 1325. In the 19th century, it was a seat of the Burton family and was, up until March 2010, home to the "Slough Observer" newspaper. The nearby Slough Grammar School, having previously been named Upton Grammar School from 1982 to 1993, changed its name in 2013 to Upton Court Grammar School.  The Mere is a 19th-century half-timbered building, built in 1887 by the grandson of Richard Bentley, is now the head office of the National Foundation for Educational Research. Long Close School was established in the area in 1940.

Upton Park.

Upton Park forms one of Slough's earliest planned estates. Laid out in 1842, the grounds (a public park as Herschel Park since 1949) are believed to have been designed by Joseph Paxton.  In 2011, the Grade II listed park and nature reserve underwent a restoration project to re-establish the area to its former Victorian glory with a lottery grant of £2.7m from the Heritage Lottery Fund. Friends of Herschel Park, a local conservation group, was created to manage the restoration, as well as to oversee the design and maintenance of the area. The park regularly holds events for adults and children throughout the year.

Upton is a suburb of Slough in Berkshire, England. Until the local government reforms of 1974 it was in Buckinghamshire. It was one of the villages that developed into the town.

Upton poblíž Slough je předměstí vesnice Slough, která se rozvíjí do podoby města. Dříve to byla samostatná vesnice s normanským kostelem St. Laurence, o níž se nachází zmínka v knize Domesday Book z roku 1086.


Beginnings.

Marinković was born in Belgrade, then capital of the Principality of Serbia, in 1876. His parents were Dimitrije Marinković, lawyer and politician, and Velika (nee Klajn). He attended secondary school in the city, graduated at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law and later received doctorate in political science and economics in Paris.  From 1901, he worked in the Ministry of Finance and was director of the Business Bank. He was deputy of the Serbian Parliament from 1906. From 1914 to 1917, he served as Minister of Economy. Again minister at the end of 1918, he participated in the Paris Peace Conference, 1919.

Parliamentary period in Yugoslavia.

He served as Minister of the Interior briefly at the end of 1921 and beginning of 1922.  He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the governments of Ljubomir Davidović (for a few months of 1924), Velimir Vukićević and Anton Korošec, last in the parliamentary term.

Royal dictatorship.

With the proclamation of the 6 January Dictatorship in 1929, Marinković entered the cabinet chaired by the former commander of the Royal Guard, General Petar Živković. He replaced Živković as Prime Minister in April 1932, with the aim of changing the image of the dictatorship thanks to his experience as a veteran deputy and distinguished member of the Democratic Party.  During his short tenure as the head of the government, he softened political repression, allowing contacts between the old parties. His program, which was left unimplemented by his early dismissal, included the liberalization of the electoral law passed in 1931 and the revision of the 1931 Constitution, approved during the dictatorship. He publicly mentioned the possibility of calling a referendum on the federalization of the country, which upset both some of his ministers and the King, who relieved him in July 1932. He was succeeded as Prime Minister by his former Minister of the Interior, Milan Srškić, opposed to the rapid liberalization advocated by Marinković.

Personal life.

He was married to Ana (1881–1973), painter and daughter of chemist Sima Lozanić. They had no children.

Vojislav Marinković (; 13 May 1876 – 18 September 1935) was a Serbian and Yugoslav diplomat and politician, serving two times as Minister of Foreign Affairs and briefly as Prime Minister during the dictatorship of King Alexander I.

Dr. Vojislav Marinković cyrilicí Војислав Маринковић (13. května 1876 Bělehrad, Srbsko – 18. září 1935 Bělehrad, Srbsko) byl srbský politik, diplomat a druhý jugoslávský premiér.