Youth and early career.

Born in Boise, Idaho and raised in Katy, Texas, he attended Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah. He graduated summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1993.  After graduation, Dehlin worked for five years in software and as a consultant for Bain & Company, Arthur Andersen, Citicorp, Heidrick & Struggles, and the LDS Church. He then worked at Microsoft for seven years in programs for developers, marketing, speech technologies, and product demos. Dehlin's brother, Joel Dehlin, also worked at Microsoft, and became the chief information officer of the LDS Church in 2004.  In 2004, Dehlin moved to Logan, Utah, to begin work under David A. Wiley at Utah State University (USU) on OpenCourseWare-related projects. Dehlin would serve two years as USU's OpenCourseWare Consortium Coordinator and Director of Outreach for the Center for Open and Sustainable Learning, promoting OpenCourseWare to other universities, and a few years as director of the OpenCourseWare Consortium for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2007, while at USU, Dehlin also completed a Master of Science degree in Instructional Technology. In January 2007, MIT hired Dehlin as the Director of the OpenCourseWare Consortium. In 2015 Dehlin received his doctorate in clinical and counseling psychology at USU.

New media.

Sunstone.

During Dehlin's early career developing massive open online courses (MOOCs) he had branched into Latter-day Saint themed new media. Dehlin approached the Sunstone Education Foundation and presented to its Board of Directors about the importance of participating in developing internet communities through blogging and podcasting, in order to address the then limited internet presence for constructive Mormon intellectual sources. The Board accepted his offer to initiate these programs and, in September 2005, Dehlin joined the Board of Directors and began a Sunstone podcast as well as "SunstoneBlog". In July 2007, he also became executive director of the Sunstone Education Foundation, in which he was to focus on strategic initiatives to strengthen Sunstone's position as an open forum for Mormon issues. In that role, he increased organizational focus on its longstanding motto, "faith seeking understanding", and worked to attract new and younger membership. Dehlin resigned from Sunstone in January 2008.

"Mormon Stories".

In September 2005, after experiencing doubts in his faith and subsequently finding reasons to remain a member of the LDS Church, Dehlin created the Mormon Stories podcast as an open discussion of Mormon issues, intending to give listeners reasons to remain in the church. Through interviews, Mormon Stories focused on varying Mormon experiences and perspectives. Mormon Stories has been featured in many venues, including being broadcast on KVNU in Logan, Utah.  Intermittently conflicted about continuing "Mormon Stories", Dehlin stopped and restarted the project a few times. In January 2010 Dehlin resumed the blog and podcast, focusing on faith crises and mental illness. The podcast has featured many notable guests, beginning with interviews of Joanna Brooks and John C. Hamer. Two other regular hosts joined Dehlin in conducting interviews for the podcast: Dan Wotherspoon, former editor of "Sunstone" magazine; and Natasha Helfer Parker, a licensed clinical marriage and family therapist.

Other blogs.

In June 2007, Dehlin started "Mormon Matters" as a blog and weekly podcast. The format was a discussion panel on events, culture, politics and spirituality within Mormonism. Panelists were to represent different sides of each issue, although the show later struggled to retain regular conservative LDS panelists. In early 2008, Dehlin converted "Mormon Matters" into a group blog and lessened emphasis on new podcast episodes. Dehlin resumed the "Mormon Matters" podcast on March 5, 2011 with Dan Wotherspoon as the host, and Joanna Brooks as a frequent co-host.  Dehlin is also the co-founder of the pro-LGBT "Mormons for Marriage" website. He co-founded "Stay LDS", a community that was dedicated to helping unorthodox Mormons stay in the LDS Church.  Dehlin briefly blogged at a non-partisan religion website Patheos.com in a current-issues/events dialogue format with Mormon studies scholar Patrick Q. Mason.

LDS Church membership.

From 1988 to 1990, Dehlin served as an LDS Church missionary in Guatemala. According to Dehlin, his mission began baptizing up to 700 converts per month using practices he believed to be deceptive. After reporting this to an apostle, Dallin H. Oaks, Dehlin was transferred and finished his two-year missionary term in Tempe, Arizona. Dehlin remained an active, faithful member of the LDS Church for the next 20 years.  In the Spring of 2011, Dehlin stated he had become inactive in the LDS Church (i.e., not attending weekly services), citing an inability to believe some of the church's claims. In 2014, Dehlin was investigated by his local church leaders regarding his online activity, culminating in a request by Dehlin for greater privacy.  Prior to 2014, Dehlin had faced church disciplinary hearings without any resulting disciplinary action. In January 2015, Dehlin's stake president initiated another disciplinary council, which determined Dehlin's online activity constituted apostasy. He was excommunicated for "conduct contrary to the laws and order of the church." Dehlin appealed to the First Presidency on March 10, 2015, stating his actions had not met the church's definition of apostasy. In July and August 2015, the First Presidency notified Dehlin via his stake president of the denial of his appeal.

John Parkinson Dehlin is a podcast host and excommunicated member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Dehlin founded the Mormon Stories Podcast, as well as several other Mormon-themed podcasts, blogs, and web sites, and was an influential early participant in the Mormon blogosphere, and blogs at Patheos.com. He has advocated for the rights of skeptics in Mormonism, LGBT rights, equality for women, and other individual views outside mainstream Mormonism.

John Dehlin je americký aktivista, Mormon (nyní bývalý) a zakladatel stránky Mormon Stories Podcast. V roce 2015 byl za své aktivity vyloučen Církví Ježíše Krista Svatých Posledních dnů.


History.

In Kosovo, the construction of railways lines first took place in 1874 where the first railway line was built for the destination from Hani Elezit to Fushe Kosove and to Mitrovice. This was the beginning of launching the railway network around Kosovo and it became very significant for the transportation of travellers and goods. Also, it was equally important for the economic development of the country. Likewise, it enabled connectivity with other regions. With the construction of this railway line, railway transportation became amongst the busiest ones which led to opportunities for finding jobs for new railway lines. During 1934 the construction of this line proceeded in relation to a different direction such as that of Mitrovice – Leshak, in 1934 for Fushe Kosove – Prishtine, in 1936 Fushe Kosove – Peje, in 1949 Prishtina – Podujeve – Livadhi, and in 1963 Kline – Prizren.  On 27 September 1999, the Kosovo Train for Life charter train arrived in Pristina, bringing aid and rolling stock in connection with the Kosovo Force peace-keeping efforts. , Kosovo railways stretch almost throughout the entire territory of Kosovo, with the exception of two cities – Gjilan and Gjakova.

Trains.

Railway transports, most importantly, are one of the safest transports in Kosovo. Infrastructures and motor vehicles are technically safer compared to other transports. Nevertheless, they are immune to tough weather conditions such as snow, rain, fog, and so forth. Additionally, railway transports are ecological as well since they are provided with fuel oil from "diesel-electric" locomotives as their primary fuel source.  In Kosovo's railways there are eight diesel locomotives and four thermo-motoric ones. They have the capability to carry 17 wagons, 16 from which are for passengers and the remaining one is for luggage. The railways of Kosovo have a significant role for the transportation of travelers and goods. In 2005, there has been an estimation of 870 travelers per day who chose trains as a transportation tool. In 2006, there has been an increase by 26.56% more than in 2005, which means that there was a growth by 1,100 travelers daily. In 2007, the number of passengers that have traveled with train in a day was 1,143 or 3.91% more than in 2006. In 2008, there was a decrease in the number of travelers by 18.77% compared to 2007. The average number of travelers per day during 2009 was 1,026 or 10.51% more than in 2008. Also, there has been an increase of travelers per day in 2010 by 1,032 or 0.61% compared to 2009.

Domestic transport.

Kosovo's railway transportations have the following daily schedules: Serbian national railway company for passenger transport "Srbija voz" operates lines Kosovska Mitrovica Sever – Kraljevo and Leposavić – Kraljevo by RA2 Multiple Unit.

International transport.

For international transport, Kosovo Railways have a regular daily train, that is called "The fast train". This train travels once a day from Prishtine to Skopje and vice versa.

International connections and services.

Kosovo railways connects Pristina with Skopje (Macedonia) in the south, while Serbian railways connects Mitrovica with Kraljevo (Serbia) in the north. The track between Mitrovica and Fushe Kosove (west of Pristina) is currently not served by any trains.

The Railways of Kosovo in station territories take place from up to, whereas the industrial lines involve. The Railways of Kosovo are a property of the public sector where the state has access to ruling all administrative actions in the Ministry of Economic Development.

Železniční dopravu na území Kosova zajišťuje společnost Trainkos sh.a (albánsky: "Operimet me Trena të Hekurudhave të Kosovës sh.a)." Před vznikem společnosti Trainkos byla doprava zajištěna misí UNMIK Kosovo Railways J.S.C UNMIK Railways, která převzala kontrolu a řízení železniční dopravy Jugoslávským železnicím (JŽ). V roce 2011 vznikly dvě společnosti - Trainkos a Infrakos, odpovědná za železniční infrastrukturu.


Flight.

Flight 173 was piloted by an experienced cockpit crew, consisting of Captain Malburn "Buddy" McBroom (age 52), First Officer Roderick "Rod" Beebe (45), and Flight Engineer Forrest "Frosty" Mendenhall (41). McBroom had been with United Airlines for 27 years; he was one of the airline's most senior pilots with more than 27,600 hours of flight time, of which about 5,500 hours had been as a DC-8 captain. Beebe had been with the airline for 13 years and had logged more than 5,200 flight hours. Mendenhall had close to 3,900 flight hours and had been with the airline for 11 years. The first officer and flight engineer had over 2,500 hours of flying experience between them in the DC-8.  Flight 173 departed from Denver's Stapleton International Airport at 15:47 MST with 189 people on board, 8 crew and 181 passengers. The estimated time en route was 2 hours and 26 minutes, and the planned arrival time in Portland was 17:13 PST, about forty minutes after sunset. According to the automatic flight plan and monitoring system, the total amount of fuel required for the flight to Portland was. There were of fuel on board the aircraft when it departed the gate in Denver.  As the landing gear was being lowered on approach to Portland International Airport (PDX), the crew felt an abnormal vibration and yaw of the aircraft as well as a lack of an indicator light showing the gear was lowered successfully. The crew requested a holding pattern to diagnose the problem, and for approximately the next hour the crew flew over southeast Portland and worked to identify the status of the landing gear and prepare for a potential emergency landing. During this time, none of the three cockpit flight crew effectively monitored the fuel levels, which was exacerbated by the fact that the gear was down with the flaps at 15 degrees during the entire hour-long holding maneuver, significantly increasing fuel burn rate.  As the crew prepared for a final approach for an emergency landing on runway 28L, they lost the number one and number two engines to flameout, at which point a Mayday was declared. This was the last radio transmission from Flight 173 to Air Traffic Control; it crashed into a wooded section of a populated area of suburban Portland, about southeast of the airport.  Of the crew members, two were killed, flight engineer Mendenhall and flight attendant Joan Wheeler; two sustained injuries classified by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) as "serious," and four sustained injuries classified as "minor/none." Eight passengers died, and 21 had serious injuries.  The 304th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron of the Air Force Reserve, based at Portland International Airport, was conducting routine training flights in the area that evening. Airborne aircraft from this unit (HH-1H Huey helicopters) were immediately diverted to the crash scene and proceeded to transport many of the survivors to local hospitals.

Crash investigation and report.

The NTSB investigation revealed that when the landing gear was lowered, a loud thump was heard. That unusual sound was accompanied by abnormal vibration and yaw of the aircraft. The right main landing gear retract cylinder assembly had failed due to corrosion, and that allowed the right gear to free fall. Although it was down and locked, the rapid and abnormal free fall of the gear damaged a microswitch so severely that it failed to complete the circuit to the cockpit green light that tells the pilots that gear is down and locked. Those unusual indications (loud noise, vibration, yaw, and no green light) led the captain to abort the landing, so that they would have time to diagnose the problem and prepare the passengers for an emergency landing. While the decision to abort the landing was prudent, the accident occurred because the flight crew became so absorbed with diagnosing the problem that they failed to monitor their fuel state and calculate a time when they needed to return to land or risk fuel exhaustion.  "The Safety Board believes that this accident exemplifies a recurring problem—a breakdown in cockpit management and teamwork during a situation involving malfunctions of aircraft systems in flight... Therefore, the Safety Board can only conclude that the flightcrew failed to relate the fuel remaining and the rate of fuel flow to the time and distance from the airport, because their attention was directed almost entirely toward diagnosing the landing gear problem."  The NTSB determined the following probable cause: The failure of the captain to monitor properly the aircraft's fuel state and to properly respond to the low fuel state and the crewmember's advisories regarding fuel state. This resulted in fuel exhaustion to all engines. His inattention resulted from preoccupation with a landing gear malfunction and preparations for a possible landing emergency.  The NTSB also determined the following contributing factor: The failure of the other two flight crewmembers either to fully comprehend the criticality of the fuel state or to successfully communicate their concern to the captain.  The fuel situation was known to be on the minds of the pilot and crew to some degree. Transcripts of cockpit recordings confirm this. Media reports at the time suggested that there was a not widely known problem with fuel state gauges on that model aircraft.. The problem was not widely known in part because commercial aircraft are expected to fly with no less than a 45-minute reserve of fuel at all times. The gauge problem is addressed, though obliquely, in one of the safety board's recommendations: Issue an Operations Alert Bulletin to have FAA inspectors assure that crew training stresses differences in fuel-quantity measuring instruments and that crews flying with the new system are made aware of the possibility of misinterpretation of gauge readings. (Class II--Priority Action) (A-79-32)  While the totalizer fuel gauge issue might have contributed to the crew's confusion toward the end of the flight, the NTSB report emphasized that the captain should never have allowed such a situation to develop in the first place. The NTSB made the following recommendation to specifically address that concern: Issue an operations bulletin to all air carrier operations inspectors directing them to urge their assigned operators to ensure that their flightcrews are indoctrinated in principles of flightdeck resource management, with particular emphasis on the merits of participative management for captains and assertiveness training for other cockpit crewmembers. (Class II, Priority Action) (X-79-17)

Aftermath.

This last NTSB recommendation following the incident, addressing flightdeck resource management problems, was the genesis for major changes in the way airline crewmembers were trained. This new type of training addressed behavioral management challenges such as poor crew coordination, loss of situational awareness, and judgment errors frequently observed in aviation accidents. It is credited with launching the crew resource management (CRM) revolution in airline training. Within weeks of the NTSB recommendation, NASA held a conference to bring government and industry experts together to examine the potential merits of this training.  United Airlines instituted the industry's first crew resource management (CRM) for pilots in 1981. The CRM program is now used throughout the world, prompting some to call the United 173 accident one of the most important in aviation history. The NTSB Air Safety Investigator who wrote the CRM recommendation was aviation psychologist Alan Diehl.  Assigned to investigate this accident, Diehl realized it was similar to several other major airline accidents including United Airlines Flight 2860, which occurred a little over a year before Flight 173 and under near identical circumstances; Eastern Air Lines Flight 401; and the Tenerife airport disaster. Diehl was familiar with the research being conducted at NASA’s Ames Research Center and believed these training concepts could reduce the likelihood of human error.  Held responsible for the accident, Captain McBroom lost his pilot's license and retired from United Airlines shortly afterwards. He spent his remaining years battling health problems related to injuries sustained in the crash as well as lung and prostate cancer. Family members and passengers who spoke to McBroom at a 1998 reunion of crash survivors reported he was "a broken man" plagued by guilt over his role in the accident. He died on October 9, 2004 at age 77.  One of the surviving passengers, an eight-year-old in 1978, was awarded $900,000 in damages from the airline by a Portland jury in 1984. In the crash, Elizabeth Andor was injured and both of her parents were killed.  Published in February 2018, "Crash Course" by Julie Whipple focuses on the events of the night of the crash, the investigation and aftermath of the crash.

Similar accidents.

Other aircraft accidents involving faulty landing gear indicator lights include:  In addition, Avianca Flight 52 crashed into New York City on January 25, 1990, from fuel exhaustion after being put in three holding patterns over the course of the flight. Air traffic control had not been made aware of the aircraft's state.

United Airlines Flight 173 was a scheduled flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City to Portland International Airport in Portland, Oregon, with a scheduled stop in Denver, Colorado. On December 28, 1978, the aircraft flying this route ran out of fuel while troubleshooting a landing gear problem and crashed in a suburban Portland neighborhood near NE 157th Avenue and East Burnside Street, killing ten on board.

Let United Airlines 173 byl pravidelný let z New Yorku do Portlandu s mezipřistáním v Denveru. 28.12.1978 havarovalo letadlo tohoto letu na předměstí Portlandu. Typ letadla byl čtyřmotorový proudový DC-8. Posádku tvořilo 5 stewardů/stewardek a velice zkušený kapitán Malburn McBroom, první důstojník Roderick Beebe a palubní inženýr Forrest Mendenhall.


Background and history.

The first assemblies of the Council of Europe used to take place in the stately, 1880s main building of Strasbourg University, the former "Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität". Between 1950 and 1977, they took place in a provisory concrete building of purely functional architecture, the House of Europe ("Maison de l'Europe"), that stood where there now is the lawn leading up to the Palace of Europe. The architect of this building was Bertrand Monnet.  The first stone of the Palace of Europe was laid on 15 May 1972 by the Swiss politician Pierre Graber. The building, designed by architect Henry Bernard, was inaugurated on 28 January 1977. It was built on the site of a tennis court that had been inaugurated in the 1930s and also used to serve as an ice rink in winter.

Design.

The Palace of Europe is square in shape, 106 metres on each side, with a height of 38 metres (nine stories). Its total working area is 64,000 square metres. It has 17 meeting rooms and a thousand offices for staff of the Council of Europe secretariat. The exterior of the building is red, silver, and brown. The Palace of Europe is located in the "European District" of Strasbourg, about two kilometres northeast of the Grande Île.  From the outside, the Palace of Europe resembles a fortress, since the rows of windows are arranged like arrow slits. The Parliament chamber is covered by a giant dome and resembles an enormous shell.

Occupants.

The Committee of Ministers, normally represented by the Ministers Deputies, meets in a circular room projecting from a corner of the eastern wing of the building. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe uses the large debating chamber in the centre of the building, called "the Hemicycle", famous for its unusual architecture. The Congress of the Council of Europe also holds its plenary sessions in the Hemicycle. The Palace of Europe also accommodates the part of the Council of Europe Secretariat, including the Private Office of the Secretary General of the Council of Europe.  Until 1999, the building also hosted plenary sessions of the European Parliament (an institution of the European Union, which is separate from the Council of Europe). The European Parliament now has its own building, Immeuble Louise Weiss, across the Ill River.

The Palace of Europe () is a building located in Strasbourg, France, that has served as the seat of the Council of Europe since 1977 when it replaced the 'House of Europe'. Between 1977 and 1999 it was also the Strasbourg seat of the European Parliament.

Palác Evropy ("Palais de l'Europe") je budova na severozápadním předměstí Štrasburku, v níž sídlí Rada Evropy. Základní kámen byl položen v květnu 1972 a budova byla otevřena 28. ledna 1977. Byla postavena na místě bývalých tenisových kurtů nedaleko původní provizorní stavby, která byla po otevření Paláce Evropy zbořena. Kromě Rady Evropy palác využíval také Evropský parlament až do roku 1999, kdy přesídlil do nové budovy Bâtiment Louise-Weiss.


Attacks.

Krudttønden attack.

Swedish cartoonist Lars Vilks had been the subject of death threats from Islamic extremists in the wake of the controversy over his drawings of Muhammad in 2007. On 14 February 2015 at 15:00 CET, an event titled "Art, Blasphemy and Freedom of Expression" () took place at Krudttønden cultural centre at Østerfælled Torv in the Østerbro district of Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark.<ref name="http://www.krudttonden.dk/26085.1131.8/Fatwa%20eller%20ytringsfrihed"></ref> The debate, organized by the Lars Vilks Committee, was scheduled to include discussion on the attack in January against the French satirical weekly "Charlie Hebdo".  An armed man attempted to make his way into the cultural centre while avoiding the main entrance. After failing to do so, at 15:33 he encountered 55-year-old film director Finn Nørgaard, who tried to stop him, but he was shot and killed with a single round from a stolen M/95 rifle. Nørgaard was attending the event but was on his way to the backyard just for a moment when he faced the gunman. The attacker then fired 27 more rounds from the same weapon through the window of the cultural centre, wounding three police officers. Two of the injured officers were bodyguards belonging to the Danish Security and Intelligence Service. The three Danish police officers, along with two Swedish officers assigned to protect Vilks, returned fire and the attacker fled. At least 30 bullet holes were visible in the window of the centre.<ref name="http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/new-shooting-copenhagen-after-attack-freedom-event-cafe">  </ref> French Ambassador to Denmark François Zimeray, who was a keyspeaker at the event and close to the attacker, stated, "Intuitively I would say there were at least 50 gunshots, and the police here are saying 200." During the attack, the Ambassador threw himself on the ground and after a few moments succeeded to escape through a backdoor. He mentions these moments of terror in his book : "J'ai vu partout le même visage" (published in French and Danish), "I only needed a very short glimpse to know that I had to throw myself on the ground and also that what had just happenned in Paris was happening now in Copenhagen, all of us, in the middle of this chaotic room, would be killed immediately, exactly as the editors of "Charlie" a month earlier.  Other participants included FEMEN activist Inna Shevchenko, who was addressing the audience when the shooting took place; editor at "Dagbladet Information" Niels Ivar Larsen, who spoke at the meeting and later wrote a detailed account of the shooting; and organizer Helle Merete Brix, the latter describing the attack as targeted at Vilks. According to François Zimeray, "Lars Vilks was the pretext, but we were all the target."  After the attack, the suspect hijacked and fled in a dark-coloured Volkswagen Polo. Police warned eyewitnesses to contact them directly, without approaching the vehicle. The car was later found abandoned a few kilometres away.  The Swedish police officers had the impression that they hit the attacker, and speculated that he may have worn a bulletproof vest, according to unnamed police sources speaking to Sydsvenskan.

Great Synagogue shooting.

At 00:50 on 15 February 2015, a second shooting took place at the Great Synagogue on Krystalgade in central Copenhagen. A bat mitzvah ceremony attended by 80 people was taking place there.  The gunman, who pretended to be a drunk to approach his target without causing initial suspicion, fired two 7.65 mm rounds and seven 9 mm rounds, hitting Dan Uzan, a 37-year-old Jewish community member on security duty, who later died from the gunshot wound to his head. The gunman also shot and wounded two officers of the Danish Security and Intelligence Service in the arms and legs.  The gunman escaped without managing to enter the building and was not injured by shots fired by the officers. Police evacuated nearby Nørreport Station, the country's busiest rail hub, and did not allow any trains to stop there.

Suspect killed.

Security forces observed the shooter on CCTV coverage. In the early morning of 15 February, the man approached an apartment building the police had under surveillance, which the shooter had visited between the two attacks. When they called out to him, he began firing at them.  In an exchange of gunfire in which the shooter fired one 7.65 mm round and two 9 mm rounds, the police shot and killed him at around 04:50. He died at the corner of Svanevej and Frederikssundsvej, one block west of Nørrebro station in north Copenhagen. The chief police inspector confirmed that the deceased was the culprit behind the shootings.  According to the legal counsel of the two police officers who shot the shooter, they fired at least 30 shots before he collapsed, causing the lawyer to believe the shooter was wearing a bulletproof vest.

Perpetrator.

Omar Abdel Hamid El-Hussein (; 11 September 1992 – 15 February 2015), a 22-year-old man, was identified as the suspected shooter. He was born in Vordingborg, Denmark, to Jordanian-Palestinian parents, and grew up in Copenhagen and in Jordan. Danish police previously stated that the subject was 22 years old and well known to the Danish intelligence services.  El-Hussein spent most of his childhood in Mjølnerparken in Nørrebro. When he was in primary school, his parents divorced and he lived with his mother. When he was twelve years old, his mother sent him to Jordan where he spent three years. Upon returning to Denmark he had problems in school. He for a time attended a Higher Preparatory Examination at a Danish Voksenuddannelsescenter (VUC) in Hvidovre. He became a member of the Brothas gang in Mjølnerparken, and was sentenced twice for violence, possession of an illegal weapon, and hashish possession before 2013.  He was a visitor to the al-Faruq mosque in Nørrebro, a mosque whose imam in 2017 posted a video of his sermon on YouTube which encouraged the murder of Jews.  In November 2013, the police wanted El-Hussein for an indiscriminate knife attack on a man riding a suburban train in Copenhagen. He was arrested in January 2014, and remanded in custody. The prison had concerns about his bizarre and fanatical behaviour in prison and filed report to the Danish Intelligence Service in September 2014, as they found that he had changed behaviour and become "extremely religious". In December 2014, he was sentenced to two years in prison. He was, however, released on 30 January 2015, after having been imprisoned for one year (11 months in custody before sentencing and 11⁄2 month after).  CNN reported that he "swore fidelity to ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in a posting made on what's apparently his Facebook page just before the weekend shooting spree."

Alleged helpers.

Shortly after the two attacks, four migrants residing in Denmark were arrested at various addresses in Copenhagen and charged under the anti-terrorism legislation: Two for helping to dispose of the M/95 assault rifle used in the Krudttønden attack, one for being in possession of ammunition identical to that used in the Great Synagogue attack (some of which is believed to have been handed over to the perpetrator), and all four for providing clothes, a backpack and internet access to the perpetrator in the period in between the Krudttønden and Great Synagogue attack.  Amid heavy security a major court case against the four defendants began in Copenhagen Municipal Court in March 2016. On the first day of the court case, the court ban against naming the four was lifted by the judge. Some Danish and international media chose to name the four defendants, some chose not to. All four are affiliated with or members of immigrant criminal gangs in Copenhagen and have extensive criminal records covering minor crimes such as theft to more serious convictions for armed robbery, assault, attempted murder and possession of illegal and dangerous weapons and explosives. The four were named as; 26-year-old Bhostan Hussain, 31-year-old Mahmoud Rabea, 23-year-old Ibrahim Abbas, and 20-year-old Liban Salesian Elmi. The court case has been marred by interruptions and outbursts from Rabea, who amongst other things called the female judge 'a pig', 'a nazi-whore' and asked her to perform fellatio on him. These insults uttered in a public court house are punishable by Danish law with up to six months in jail and according to Danish media Rabea has been charged for the offences.

Victims.

Film director Finn Nørgaard, aged 55, was killed with a single shot from an M/95 in the Krudttønden attack. Nørgaard directed and produced documentaries for Danish television.  Dan Uzan, a 37-year-old volunteer security guard, was killed in the Great Synagogue attack. At the time, a bat mitzvah ceremony was taking place in the synagogue, with about 80 people in attendance. Uzan, the son of a Danish mother and Israeli father, was Jewish, and his family are active members of the Copenhagen Jewish community. Uzan was buried at Copenhagen's Jewish Western Cemetery on 18 February 2015, with Prime Minister Thorning-Schmidt among those attending. Police snipers guarded the funeral.  Five police officers were wounded in the attacks, but none of their injuries were life-threatening and all had been discharged from hospital within three days of the Great Synagogue attack.

Investigation.

Danish police stated that they investigated the case as an act of terror, and possibly an assassination attempt on Vilks, though they did not know the motive of the perpetrator.  On 16 February 2015, the police reported that one of the injured officers had received a shot to the chest but his bulletproof vest prevented it from seriously injuring him.  Later the same day, the police reported that at "Krudttønden" the attacker used a variant of the Colt Canada C7 rifle issued as M/95 to the armed forces in Denmark, while he used a pistol at the synagogue. The police further reported that two men aged 19 and 22 have been charged with helping the attacker dispose of the assault rifle.  On 17 February, police confirmed the shooter's identity, that the two pistols fired during the synagogue attack were recovered from the shooter at Svanevej, and that the M/95 recovered near Mjølnerparken was indeed used during the attack at Krudttønden. The following day, the police reported that the M/95 had been issued to the Danish Home Guard but had been burgled from a private home.

Aftermath.

Dagbladet Information published a photo of flowers laid where the killer died. Politiken reported "the perpetrator also gets flowers". The "Jyllands-Posten" reported that at 16:30 local time the same day, a group of 30 young masked men removed the flowers. "The New York Times" reported that the group "shouted 'Allahu akbar', or 'God is great', as they removed flowers laid in memorial". "The Local" of Sweden reported, "One of the men told reporters that they removed the flowers because it is not a Muslim tradition to lay flowers for dead people." A wire from Agence France Presse published by "La Dernière Heure" of Belgium read, "An elderly woman, who brought flowers but did not wish to be identified, said 'the boy didn't know what he was doing'". The "National Post" of Canada reported, "'We've put flowers here because we must remember him,' said a young Arab man, who gave his name as Mohammed. 'He was a good guy. We don't believe he did anything wrong.'"  TV2 Denmark reported, "The many flowers at the perpetrator's death place has led to many reactions both in Danish and international media." "Dagbladet" of Norway contrasted the flowers left in memorial for the killer to the poem "To A Dead Terrorist" by Atle Thorberg.  On 20 February around 600–700 people, the majority of whom were young Muslim men, attended the burial of the killer who was interred at the Muslim burial site in Brøndby. The Friday prayer at the mosque, which had been followed by a brief ceremony for the gunman, drew an estimated 3,000 people, reported by mosque guards to be double the usual number, leading many to have to stand outside the mosque during the sermon.

Reactions.

National.

Queen Margrethe II of Denmark wrote in response, "It is with sadness that I learn the extent of the past days' events. My thoughts are with the slain filmmaker and the young guard from the Jewish community, who became the target of the perpetrator's actions. It is important that we in such a serious situation stand together and cherish the values that Denmark is based on." Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt condemned the "cynical act of terror" and stated, "We don't know the motive for the attacks but we know that there are forces that want to harm Denmark, that want to crush our freedom of expression, our belief in liberty. We are not facing a fight between Islam and the West, it is not a fight between Muslims and non-Muslims." Danish ambassador to Israel Jesper Vahr urged Danish Jews not to leave Denmark and said, "We will do everything in our power so that the Jewish community in Denmark feels safe."  The synagogue's Rabbi Jair Melchior stated, "Terror is not a reason to move to Israel... Hopefully the [police] should do what they do, but our lives have to continue naturally. Terror's goal is to change our lives and we won't let it... We lost a dear member of the community and now we have to continue doing what he did, which was helping to continue regular Jewish lives in Denmark. This is the real answer to [this] vicious, cruel and cowardly act of terror." The Danish Islamic Council condemned the attack, saying, "The Danish Islamic Council invites everyone in Danish society to unite in the fight against extremism and terrorism."

Security.

Jens Madsen of the Danish Security and Intelligence Service resigned in May just a few hours before the release of a report detailing the police response to the two shooting. It revealed that it took four hours from the first shooting for police protection to be present at the synagogue, which Justice Minister Mette Frederiksen deemed "not satisfactory." Despite prison authorities warning that El-Hussein was at risk of radicalisation, the Danish Intelligence Service stated that it had "no reason" to believe he was planning the attacks.

International.

The attacks were condemned by foreign leaders, including Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott, French President François Hollande, Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte, Norwegian Prime Minister Erna Solberg, Romanian President Klaus Iohannis, Sahrawi President Mohamed Abdelaziz and British Prime Minister David Cameron.  Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (campaigning for reelection at the time) stated, "We send our condolences to the Danish people, and also to the Jewish community in Denmark. Once again Jews are murdered on the soil of Europe just for being Jews. This wave of terror attacks is expected to continue, including these murderous anti-Semitic attacks. Obviously Jews deserve protection in every country, but... Israel is the home of every Jew... Israel awaits you with open arms." In response to Netanyahu's statement, Danish Chief Rabbi Melchior declared himself "disappointed", and said that, "Terror is not a reason to move to Israel".

International organizations.

The European Commission released a statement condemning the attack, saying, "The European Commission and the High Representative deplore the attacks in Copenhagen costing the life of at least two citizens and injuring several others. Even one life is one too many. Our thoughts are with the victims and their families. Europe stands united with Denmark in upholding freedom of speech and freedom of expression. We stand against anti-Semitism and all forms of discrimination. Europe will not be intimidated." European Council President Donald Tusk called the attack "another brutal terrorist attack targeted at our fundamental values and freedoms, including the freedom of expression."  Jodie Ginsberg, CEO of Index on Censorship, said, "The ability to express ourselves freely, to attend meetings and debates without fear of violence, is fundamental to a free society. Free speech must be protected."  The Norwegian Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, running Scandinavia's largest mosque, condemned the attacks. Haroon Chaudhry, a spokesman of the mosque, spoke of the importance of mosques to publicly denounce acts of terrorism and extremism. Claiming that these acts of terror were in contradiction to Quranic teachings, he said, "The Quran states explicitly that blasphemy is not punishable."  In a press release, the Scandinavian branch of Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir did not condemn the attacks but said Danish politicians, among others, were to blame. They specifically said, "Danish politicians and opinion-formers hold no moral authority to designate neither Muslims nor Islam as violent, when you consider how much blood they have on their hands.... We, as a Muslim community, should under no circumstances succumb to pressure and accept the premise that Islam is on trial."

}}On 14–15 February 2015, three separate shootings occurred in Copenhagen, Denmark. In total, two victims and the perpetrator were killed, while five police officers were wounded.

Útoky v Kodani 2015 se odehrály 14. a 15. února 2015 na různých místech dánské metropole Kodaň. Dva lidé a pachatel při nich byli zabiti a pět policistů bylo zraněno.


Family and Education.

His father Adolf Rasch was German and a tailor by profession. The mother Kateřina Raschová, née Petříková was Czech. They had eight children, František was the fourth. When he was six years old, the family moved to Opava (Troppau), also in Moravia, where the father got a job as a postal worker.  The head of the Municipal Archives in Přerov / Prerau, Jiří Lapáček assumes that František most probably attended five classes of the German municipal school and later three classes of the citizen school until 1903. After that he attended the commercial school and was trained as a trading assistant in a hardware shop in Opava / Troppau. As soon as he finished his apprenticeship in 1905, he went to Šibenik and enrolled in the local school for ship's boys. The military school lasted two years. After that he did his military service. Rasch spent the years 1905 to 1913 at sea or various naval bases.

Cattaro mutiny.

When war broke out in 1914, Rasch was drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Navy as a reservist. At the beginning of 1918 he was stationed as "Titularbootsmann" (senior NCO) at the lighting department in Kumbor (located at the middle bay of Cattaro).  It is not quite clear how intensively Rasch was involved in the preparations for the Cattaro mutiny. Bruno Frei and Jindřich Veselý describe various loose groups organising to protest against what they perceived as a catastrophic situation. To this end they wanted to join the vast January strike wave in Austria-Hungary and give it further impetus. Rasch too apparently belonged to these groups. He is described by Veselý as genius/brilliant and a conscious social democrat. However, he did not appear in public until the second day of the uprising, when he became the most important spokesman for the central sailors' committee on the flagship (Austrian: Flaggenschiff) SMS Sankt Georg, the centre of the uprising. Plaschka sees in Rasch the determining element of the revolt, who also clearly addressed the social-revolutionary perspective: "that the system in the state must be overthrown."

Sentence and execution.

The uprising had to be abandoned already on the third day, because the wave of strikes in Austria-Hungary had come to a standstill shortly before, because there was no major support from the population and the forces stationed on land, and because the military leadership had succeeded in bringing forward loyal forces. As a result, 678 naval personnel were arrested, including Rasch. Of these, 40 were brought before a summary court, four of whom, including Rasch, were sentenced to execution by firing squad on 10 February 1918. A plea for clemency of the civil lawyer Dr. Mitrović to the emperor, which he justified among other things by an unfair trial, remained unanswered. The execution took place early in the morning on 11 February 1918, below the cemetery walls of the nearby village Škaljari. They were buried in a common grave.  About the last hours of the condemned there is a report of the Croatian "Feldkurat" (field curate, Austrian for military chaplain) Don Niko Luković, written down by the writer and historian Niko Simov Martinovic. Plaschka summarized this report. The sentence was announced to the prisoners at 5:00 a.m. While Grabar, Sisgorić and Berničevič winced, Rasch remained calm and answered: "Gentlemen, in my opinion this is a judicial murder." Thereupon the priest spoke with the condemned. Rasch explained that as a socialist he had fought for freedom, for workers' rights and for a better social order. And he had fought in the military against this unjust war of conquest, encouraged by the events in Russia. There would be a new sun, which would shine not only on the Slavs, but on all peoples of the world, bringing them peace and justice. Don Luković began to comfort the condemned sailors by admitting that they went innocently into another world as victims of a just cause. Then they were led to the place of execution. No one was allowed to show up on the street or even at the windows. The sentence was read out again. A Hungarian captain was in command of the firing squad. Rasch did not want a blindfold, Grabar asked for pity, as he had a wife and a child. Rasch shouted, "This is a judicial murder!" and "Long live freedom!" The captain drew his saber and gave the command. He had to give it three times. Twice the squad had disobeyed. One had collapsed unconscious. Then a volley cracked. All but Grabar were killed instantly. The captain sent two soldiers ahead, who had to shoot him down.

Commemoration.

In Škaljari there is a memorial stone and in Kotor there are two plaques on the former court building and on the prison, on which the names of those shot are included. In Rasch's home town of Přerov, a street and a square with a park were named after him. There, near the Faculty of Education, his bust was also erected together with an information board.

František Rasch also Franz Rasch or František Raš (born 9 December 1889 in Přerov (Moravia, Czech Republic) and executed 11 February 1918 in Škaljari near Kotor) was an important leader of the Cattaro mutiny in February 1918.

František Rasch (9. prosince 1889 Přerov – 11. února 1918 Boka Kotorská - Černá Hora), námořník, revolucionář a účastník vzpoury námořníků rakouského válečného loďstva v Boce Kotorské (1. února 1918). Byl popraven 11. února 1918 v Boce Kotorské. Jeho jméno nese jedno z přerovských náměstí, na němž je umístěn i jeho památník.


Early life.

Born in St. Louis, Missouri, and raised in the suburb of Ballwin, Evan Peters is the son of Julie and Phil Peters. His father is a vice president of administration for the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation.  Peters was raised in a Roman Catholic family and attended a Catholic grade school. He has a brother, Andrew, and a paternal half-sister, Michelle. In 2001, Peters moved with his family to Grand Blanc, Michigan, where he pursued modeling and took local acting classes. He attended Grand Blanc Community High School, before moving to Los Angeles at age 15 with his mother to pursue his acting career. He attended Burbank High School as a sophomore, but later began homeschooling classes.

Career.

2004–2011: Early career.

On his second audition, Peters was chosen by producer Michael Picchiottino for the role of Adam Sheppard in the film "Clipping Adam". The role earned him the award for Best Breakthrough Performance at the Phoenix Film Festival. He performed in numerous television commercials for Sony PlayStation, Progressive Insurance, Moviefone, Sour Patch Kids, Papa John's Pizza, and Kellogg.  In 2004, he starred in the MGM film "Sleepover" as Russell "SpongeBob" Hayes, and appeared in the ABC series "The Days" as Cooper Day. From 2004 to 2005, he had a recurring role as Seth Wosmer in the first season of the Disney Channel series "Phil of the Future". From 2005 to 2006, he portrayed Jesse Varon in the ABC sci-fi thriller series "Invasion".  Peters then had supporting roles in the films "An American Crime" (2007), "Gardens of the Night" (2008), "Never Back Down" (2008), and its sequel "" (2011). He has also starred in several theater plays, including playing Fagin in a production of "Oliver Twist" at the Met Theater. In 2008, he had a recurring role as Jack Daniels on The CW teen-drama series "One Tree Hill". In addition, he landed many one episode guest spots in television series such as "The Mentalist", "House", "Monk", "The Office", "In Plain Sight", and "Parenthood".  In 2010, he appeared in the supporting role of Todd Haynes, the main character's best friend, in the superhero film "Kick-Ass". Peters was unable to reprise his role in the 2013 sequel due to scheduling conflicts with his role in the second season of "American Horror Story".

2011–present: Breakthrough with "American Horror Story".

Peters' breakthrough role was playing the teenager Tate Langdon in the of the FX anthology series "American Horror Story". In the second season, subtitled "", he starred as Kit Walker, a man wrongly accused of killing his wife; this role earned him a nomination for the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film.  In the third season, subtitled "", he portrayed Kyle Spencer, a frat boy who is killed and brought back to life as a Frankenstein's monster type of creature. In the fourth season of the series, subtitled "", he played Jimmy Darling, a circus performer with deformed hands.  In 2014, Peters starred in the independent comedy film "Adult World", opposite John Cusack and Emma Roberts. Peters played the mutant Quicksilver in the 2014 film "" and its 2016 sequel, "X-Men: Apocalypse". In 2015, Peters starred in the horror film "The Lazarus Effect" and the drama film "Safelight", alongside Juno Temple, and in 2016 he had a role in the comedy-drama "Elvis & Nixon".  In 2019, he reprised the role of Quicksilver in the sequel film "Dark Phoenix".

Personal life.

Peters began dating actress Emma Roberts in 2012 after they worked together on the film "Adult World". In July 2013, while they were staying at a hotel in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, someone overheard a dispute coming from their room and called the police. After a "heated argument," they had begun hitting each other. When the police arrived, they arrested Roberts. Peters was not arrested because Roberts did not have any immediately visible injuries. Peters declined to press charges and Roberts was released several hours later. In a joint statement, the couple called it "an unfortunate incident and misunderstanding," and stated that they were "working together to move past it." Peters confirmed in March 2014 that he and Roberts were engaged. Their relationship ended in early 2019.  From late 2019 to mid 2020, Peters was in a relationship with the singer Halsey. In June 2020, Halsey confirmed the two broke up by liking a fan's tweet mentioning the breakup.

Evan Peters (born January 20, 1987) is an American actor, best known for his multiple roles on the FX anthology series "American Horror Story", Stan Bowes in the first season of the FX drama "Pose", and his role as the mutant Quicksilver in the superhero films "" (2014), "" (2016), and "Dark Phoenix" (2019).

Evan Peters (* 20. ledna 1987, St. Louis) je americký herec. Nejznámější je ze seriálu "American Horror Story", kde hrál v každé řadě. Jeho další slavná role je superhrdina Quicksilver z filmu "" a "".


Legal status.

As a legal entity, a co-op can contract with other companies or hire individuals to provide it with services, such as a maintenance contractor or a building manager. It can also hire employees, such as a manager or a caretaker, to deal with specific things that volunteers may prefer not to do or may not be good at doing, such as electrical maintenance. However, as many

Ownership.

Each resident or resident household has membership in the co-operative association. In non-equity cooperatives, members have occupancy rights to a specific suite within the housing co-operative as outlined in their "occupancy agreement", or "proprietary lease", which is essentially a lease. In ownership cooperatives, occupancy rights are transferred to the purchaser by way of the title transfer.  Since the housing cooperative holds title to all the property and housing structures, it bears the cost of maintaining, repairing and replacing them. This relieves the member from the cost and burden of such work. In that sense, the housing cooperative is like the landlord in a rental

Management.

In larger co-ops, members of a co-op typically elect a board of directors from amongst the shareholders at a general meeting, usually the annual general meeting. In smaller co-ops, all members sit on the

Finance.

A housing cooperative is normally "de facto" non-profit, since usually most of its income comes from the rents paid by its residents (if in a formal corporation, then shareholders), who are invariably its members. There is no point in creating a deliberate surplus—except for operational requirements such as setting aside funds for replacement of assets—since that simply means that the rents paid by members are set higher than the expenses. (It is possible for a housing co-op to own other revenue-generating assets, such as a subsidiary business which could produce surplus income to offset the cost of the housing, but in those cases the housing rents are usually reduced to compensate for the additional revenue.)  In the lifecycle of buildings, the replacement of assets (capital repairs) requires significant funds which can be obtained through a variety of ways: assessments on current owners; sales of Treasury Stock (former rental units) to new shareholders; draw downs of reserves; unsecured loans; operating surpluses; fees on the sales of units between shareholders and new and increases to existing mortgages.  There are housing co-ops of the rich and famous: John Lennon, for instance, lived in The Dakota, a housing co-operative, and most apartments in New York City that are owned rather than rented are held through a co-operative rather than via a condominium arrangement.

Market-rate and limited-equity co-ops.

There are two main types of housing co-operative share pricing: market rate and limited equity. With market rate, the share price is allowed to rise on the open market and shareholders may sell at whatever price the market will bear when they want to move out. In many ways market rate is thus similar financially to owning a condominium, with the difference being that often the co-op may carry a mortgage,

Research on housing cooperatives.

Research from Toronto, Canada found that housing cooperatives had residents rate themselves as having the highest quality of life and housing satisfaction of any housing organisation in the city. Other research among older residents from rural USA found that those living in housing cooperatives felt much safer, independent, satisfied with life, had more friends, had more

By country.

Canada.

Housing co-ops in Canada have many different organizational forms. In Ontario, there are co-ownership, equity and occupant-run co-ops. In Alberta, housing co-ops are either non-equity (also referred to as "continuing co-ops") and ownership (also referred to as "strata-title co-ops"). Given that each Province has different legislation under which co-operative housing communities are incorporated and organized, descriptions of the different ownership housing co-op forms pertain often only to the Province in which they exist.  Non-equity continuing housing co-operatives exist in all provinces and territories and share common features. They can be any housing form: single-detached, duplex, town-home and apartment. Their main common denominator is that once built and occupied, the co-op continues to own 100% of the units and each member/shareholder is entitled to occupy a home on the basis of some form of contract or housing agreement. Members pay a monthly fee which covers all of the co-op's costs including mortgage payments, taxes, operating costs and building replacement reserve fund allocations.  In Alberta, ownership co-ops were introduced in 1987 with the building of a twin high-rise tower development in Edmonton (Riverwind Strata Title Housing Co-operative). Subsequently, ownership co-ops have been developed and built in other urban centres such as Calgary, Fort Saskatchewan, Canmore and Banff. The individual units within these co-op developments are sub-divided by using the strata title provision of the Land Titles Act, thus creating individual three-dimensional strata lots. This strata sub-division is registered at Land Titles, thus creating "air" lots which have the same properties as more commonly known two-dimensional land lots. In this fashion, co-op members can purchase their individual units and can register a mortgage on title. Like the continuing co-op's, ownership co-op's can be any housing form. Strata lots in Alberta are not to be confused with strata lots in British Columbia.  Co-ownership co-ops are generally older apartment buildings, incorporated before the Ontario Condominium Act, 1973 came into existence, where shareholders each own one voting share in the corporation that owns the building and have a registered right to occupy individual units as described on their share certificate. Most of these types of co-ops date from the thirties, forties and fifties and are located in the City of Toronto. They are similar to condominiums, in that units may be bought and sold by private sale or on the open market. Until relatively recently, these units tended to be bought by older people with home equity who could buy the unit outright, as it was difficult to get a mortgage against these units. However, a number of Ontario credit unions are now offering limited financing, provided that that individual co-op corporations meet their fiscal standards, making these units affordable housing options for younger buyers. Incoming owners must be approved by the building's Board of Directors, and agree to abide by building by-laws and Occupancy Agreements.  Equity co-ops are buildings in which individuals purchase a percentage share of the building and the land on which it is built tied to the square footage of their unit; all owners own the building collectively, with exclusive rights to occupy their own unit. More credit unions will offer financing against them than against co-ownerships. They are a relatively new form of construction, designed to encourage owner occupancy by having the building's corporation hold back a percentage of the unit's share equity to ensure owner occupancy. This legal structure is used as an alternative to condominium registration, either when the government will not allow conversion of an existing apartment building to a condominium, or to avoid the expense and difficulty of doing so.  Then there are co-ops that provide all the privileges of ownership except for the right to make (or lose) money on a primary residence and are run by the people who live there.  The federal and provincial governments in Canada developed legislation in the 1970s that assisted new housing co-ops by providing start-up funding and financing through mortgages insured by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), a federal government agency. The government simultaneously began to encourage the development of co-operative development resource groups to contract with fledgling boards of directors of housing co-ops to develop co-operatives in existing multi-residential properties, in turnkey buildings or buildings designed and constructed by architects and builders with which the board contracted to deliver the service.

France.

In 2013, the opening of "La Maison des Babayagas", an innovative housing co-op in Paris, gained worldwide attention. It was formed as a self-help community and built with financial assistance from the municipal government, specifically for female senior citizens. Located in the Paris suburb of Montreuil after many years of planning, it looks like any other apartment building. The senior citizens stay out of nursing homes, by staying active, alert, and assisting one another.  The purpose of the Baba Yaga Association is to create and develop an innovative lay residence for aging women that is: (1) self-managed, without hierarchy and without supervision; (2) united collective, with regard to finances as well as daily life; (3) citizen civic-minded, through openness to the community /city and through mutual

Germany.

In the Industrialisation in the 19th century there were many housing cooperatives founded in Germany. Presently, there are over 2,000 housing cooperatives with over

India.

In India, most 'flats' are owned outright. i.e. the title to each individual flat is separate. There is usually a governing body/society/association to administer maintenance and other building needs. These are comparable to the Condominium Buildings in the USA. The laws governing the

Netherlands.

In the Netherlands there are two very different types of organization that could be considered a housing cooperative:

Housing corporation.

A "housing corporation" ("woningcorporatie") is a nonprofit organization dedicated to building and maintaining housing for rent for people with lower income. The first housing corporations started in the second half of the 19th century

Owner association.

A "(house) owners' association" ("Vereniging van Eigenaren", VvE) is by Dutch law established wherever there are separately owned apartments in one building. The members are legally owners of their own apartment but have to cooperate in the association for the maintenance of the building as a whole.

New Zealand.

"Company-share" apartments operate in

Philippines.

In the Philippines, a "tenant-owner's association" often forms as a means to buy new flats. When the cooperative is set up, it takes the major part of

Scandinavia.

A "tenant-owner's association" (Swedish: "bostadsrättsförening", Norwegian: "borettslag", Danish: "andelsboligforening") is a legal term used in the Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Denmark, and Norway) for a type of joint ownership of property in which the whole property is owned by a co-operative association, which in its turn is owned by its members. Each member holds a share in the association that is proportional to the area of his apartment. Members are required to have a tenant-ownership, which represents the apartment, and in most cases live permanently at the address. There are some legal differences between the countries, mainly concerning the conditions of ownership.  Tenant-owner's associations were established during the 19th century and were originally a United Kingdom-based concept (building societies). The market price of existing tenant-ownership shares is often very high, normally much higher than the original stake price.

Sweden.

In Sweden, 16% of the population lives in apartments in housing cooperatives, while 25% live in rented apartments (more common among young adults and immigrants) and 50% live in private one-family houses (more common among families with children), the remainder living in other forms such as student dormitories or elderly homes.

Switzerland.

In Switzerland 5.1% of all housing units are in cooperatives. The Schweizerischer

United Kingdom.

Housing co-operatives are uncommon in the UK, making up about 0.1% of housing stock.  Most are based in urban areas and consist of affordable shared accommodation where the members look after the property themselves. Waiting lists can be very long due to the rarity of housing co-operatives. In some areas the application procedure is integrated into the council housing application system. The laws differ between England and Scotland. The Confederation of Co-operative Housing provides information on housing cooperatives in the United Kingdom and has published a guide on setting them up. The Shelter website provides information on housing and has information specific to England and Scotland.  The Catalyst Collective provides information about starting co-operatives in the UK and explains the legal structure of a housing coop. Radical Routes offers a guide on how to set up a housing co-operative.

Student housing cooperatives.

Factors of raising cost of living for students and quality of accommodation have led to a drive for Student Housing Co-operatives within the UK inspired by the existing North American Student Housing Cooperatives and their work through North American Students of Cooperation. Edinburgh Student Housing Co-operative and Birmingham Student Housing Co-operative opened in 2014 and Sheffield Student Housing Co-operative in 2015. All existing Student Housing Co-operatives are members of Students for Cooperation.

United States.

In the United States, housing co-ops are usually categorized as corporations or LLCs and are found in abundance from Madison, Wisconsin to the Greater New York metropolitan area. There are also a number of cooperative and mutual housing projects still in operation across the US that were the result of the purchase of federal defense housing developments by their tenants or groups of returning war veterans and their families. These developments include seven of the eight middle-class housing projects built by the US Government between 1940-42 under the auspices of the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division of the Federal Works Agency. There are many regional housing cooperative associations, such as the Midwest Association of Housing Cooperatives, which is based in Michigan and serves the Midwest region, covering Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and more.  The National Association of Housing Cooperatives (NAHC) represents all cooperatives within the United States who are members of the organization. This organization is a nonprofit, national federation of housing cooperatives, mutual housing associations, other resident-owned or controlled housing, professionals, organizations, and individuals interested in promoting the interests of cooperative housing communities. NAHC is the only national cooperative housing organization, and aims to support and educate existing and new cooperative housing communities as the best and most economical form of homeownership.  NASCO, or North American Students of Cooperation, is an organization founded in 1968 that has helped organized cooperative living for students. With a presence in over 100 towns and cities across North America, NASCO has provided tens of thousands of students with sustainable housing.

New York metropolitan area.

Cooperatives have a long history in Metropolitan New York – in November 1882, "Harper's Magazine" describes several cooperative apartment buildings already in existence, with plans to build more – and can be found throughout New York City, Westchester County, which borders the city to the north, and towns in New Jersey that are immediately across the Hudson River from Manhattan, such as Fort Lee, Edgewater, or Weehawken.  Apartment buildings and multiple-family housing make up a more significant share of the housing stock in the New York City area than in most other U.S. cities, and the cooperative form of ownership has dominated over the condominium form. Reasons suggested to explain why cooperatives are relatively more common than

Student housing cooperatives.

Student cooperatives provide housing and dining services to those who attend specific educational institutions. Some notable groups include Berkeley Student Cooperative, Santa Barbara Housing Cooperative and the Oberlin Student Cooperative Association.

A housing cooperative or a housing co-op, is a legal entity, usually a cooperative or a corporation, which owns real estate, consisting of one or more residential buildings; it is one type of housing tenure. Housing cooperatives are a distinctive form of home ownership that has many characteristics that differ from other residential arrangements such as single family home ownership, condominiums and renting.

Bytové družstvo je typem družstva, které úzce souvisí s bydlením. Obecně je družstvo definováno jako právnická osoba věnující se podnikání a zajišťující potřeby svých členů (například sociální), s možností věnovat se kterékoli hospodářské činnosti.


Selection of target proteins.

In order to ensure that no predictor can have prior information about a protein's structure that would put him/her at an advantage, it is important that the experiment be conducted in a double-blind fashion: Neither predictors nor the organizers and assessors know the structures of the target proteins at the time when predictions are made. Targets for structure prediction are either structures soon-to-be solved by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy, or structures that have just been solved (mainly by one of the structural genomics centers) and are kept on hold by the Protein Data Bank. If the given sequence is found to be related by common descent to a protein sequence of known structure (called a template), comparative protein modeling may be used to predict the tertiary structure. Templates can be found using sequence alignment methods (e.g. BLAST or HHsearch) or protein threading methods, which are better in finding distantly related templates. Otherwise, "de novo" protein structure prediction must be applied (e.g. Rosetta), which is much less reliable but can sometimes yield models with the correct fold (usually, for proteins less than 100-150 amino acids). Truly new folds are becoming quite rare among the targets, making that category smaller than desirable.

Evaluation.

The primary method of evaluation is a comparison of the predicted model α-carbon positions with those in the target structure. The comparison is shown visually by cumulative plots of distances between pairs of equivalents α-carbon in the alignment of the model and the structure, such as shown in the figure (a perfect model would stay at zero all the way across), and is assigned a numerical score GDT-TS (Global Distance Test — Total Score) describing percentage of well-modeled residues in the model with respect to the target. Free modeling (template-free, or "de novo") is also evaluated visually by the assessors, since the numerical scores do not work as well for finding loose resemblances in the most difficult cases. High-accuracy template-based predictions were evaluated in CASP7 by whether they worked for molecular-replacement phasing of the target crystal structure with successes followed up later, and by full-model (not just α-carbon) model quality and full-model match to the target in CASP8.  Evaluation of the results is carried out in the following prediction categories:  Tertiary structure prediction category was further subdivided into  Starting with CASP7, categories have been redefined to reflect developments in methods. The 'Template based modeling' category includes all former comparative modeling, homologous fold based models and some analogous fold based models. The 'template free modeling (FM)' category includes models of proteins with previously unseen folds and hard analogous fold based models. Due to limited numbers of template free targets (they are quite rare), in 2011 so called CASP ROLL was introduced. This continuous (rolling) CASP experiment aims at more rigorous evaluation of template free prediction methods through assessment of a larger number of targets outside of the regular CASP prediction season. Unlike LiveBench and EVA, this experiment is in the blind-prediction spirit of CASP, i.e. all the predictions are made on yet unknown structures.  The CASP results are published in special supplement issues of the scientific journal "Proteins", all of which are accessible through the CASP website. A lead article in each of these supplements describes specifics of the experiment while a closing article evaluates progress in the field.

CASP13.

In December 2018, CASP13 made headlines when it was won by AlphaFold, an artificial intelligence program created by DeepMind.

External links.

Result ranking.

Automated assessments for CASP13 (2018)  Automated assessments for CASP12 (2016)  Automated assessments for CASP11 (2014)  Automated assessments for CASP10 (2012)  Automated assessments for CASP9 (2010)  Automated assessments for CASP8 (2008)  Automated assessments for CASP7 (2006)

Critical Assessment of protein Structure Prediction, or CASP, is a community-wide, worldwide experiment for protein structure prediction taking place every two years since 1994. CASP provides research groups with an opportunity to objectively test their structure prediction methods and delivers an independent assessment of the state of the art in protein structure modeling to the research community and software users. Even though the primary goal of CASP is to help advance the methods of identifying protein three-dimensional structure from its amino acid sequence, many view the experiment more as a “world championship” in this field of science. More than 100 research groups from all over the world participate in CASP on a regular basis and it is not uncommon for entire groups to suspend their other research for months while they focus on getting their servers ready for the experiment and on performing the detailed predictions.

CASP (ang. "Critical Assessment of protein Structure Prediction", kritické vyhodnocení předpovědi proteinových struktur) je celosvětový experiment pro předpověď struktury bílkovin, který se koná každé dva roky od roku 1994.


Production.

For the first time in the band’s history, guitar player Andrew Craighan was the sole composer of a My Dying Bride record, which was considered “strange” to the guitarist. Many song ideas for "The Angel and the Dark River" were completed during the recording of the album at Academy Studios. Craighan cites "The Cry of Mankind" as an example: "we had the vocals, we had that guitar line [Calvin Robertshaw's repetitive arpeggio background guitar], we had the drums and the bass. The other guitar line, the heavier guitar line, was non-existent."

Musical style.

"The Angel and the Dark River" was arguably the release that saw the band travel furthest from their death metal origins. Aaron Stainthorpe dispensed with his death grunt entirely, and Martin Powell's violin and keyboard playing now seemed to be the basis around which the rest of the arrangement was built. Apart from the final track of the original release ("Your Shameful Heaven"), the tempo was unremittingly slow.

Themes.

This water-charged inspiration comes from their home, the north of England. Andrew Craighan said that they "subscribe very much to the ideas of the mist and the fog and the castles. All of that typical English stuff. Constantly fucking raining. And it's just always bleak here. It's always cold. It's always miserable. We actually kind of enjoy that in a sick way, so to write about it and to sing about it is nothing new."

Touring and Promotion.

My Dying Bride were invited by Steve Harris to be the opening band of Iron Maiden's European tour. Harris himself made the invitation, phoning Andrew Craighan to tell him that he thought "The Angel and the Dark River" was "a killer album". Peaceville later on reissued the record in a limited double-CD edition, featuring an alternate cover scheme and an extra disc with their 1995 "Dynamo Open Air" live performance. About the concert, MDB guitarist Andrew Craighan revealed:

Reception.

In October 2011, "The Angel and the Dark River" was awarded IMPALA's gold record for sales of at least 75,000 copies throughout Europe.

The Angel and the Dark River is the third album by the British doom/death metal band My Dying Bride. The 1996 re-release contains one bonus track "The Sexuality of Bereavement" and a bonus CD titled Live at the Dynamo. The Live CD was recorded during their appearance at the Dynamo Festival in 1995.

The Angel and the Dark River (v překladu "Anděl a temná řeka") je třetí studiové album britské death/doomové hudební skupiny My Dying Bride z roku 1995, které vyšlo u britského vydavatelství Peaceville Records.


Career.

Marvel and DC.

Mignola was born in Berkeley, California. He began his career in 1980 by illustrating spots in "The Comic Reader". His first published piece was in "The Comic Reader" #183, a spot illustration of Red Sonja (pg. 9). His first published front cover was "The Comic Reader" #196 in November 1981. In 1982 he graduated from the California College of the Arts with a BFA in Illustration.  In 1983 he worked as an inker at Marvel Comics on "Daredevil" and "Power Man and Iron Fist" and later on titles such as "The Incredible Hulk", "Alpha Flight", and the "Rocket Raccoon" limited series.  In 1987, he began working for DC Comics as well. He drew the "Phantom Stranger" and "World of Krypton" limited series. With writer Jim Starlin, Mignola produced the "Cosmic Odyssey" miniseries in 1988. Mignola drew covers for several Batman stories, including "" and "Dark Knight, Dark City". Writer Brian Augustyn and Mignola crafted the "Gotham by Gaslight" one-shot in 1989. Through the early 1990s Mignola worked on covers and backup features for various DC and Marvel Comics. He collaborated twice with writer Howard Chaykin. In 1990-1991, they produced the "Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser" limited series for Epic Comics, with inker Al Williamson. This was followed with the "Ironwolf: Fires of the Revolution" graphic novel in 1992.

"Hellboy" and related spin-offs.

"Hellboy".

Prior to 1994 Mignola had done work-for-hire illustration. That year, Dark Horse Comics released "", Mignola's creator-owned project. Though he wrote the story himself, it was scripted by John Byrne. The next "Hellboy" story, "", was completely written and drawn by Mignola. Since then all "Hellboy" stories have been written solely by Mignola with the exception of "", which was co-written by Joshua Dysart.  "" (2006) was the first "Hellboy" story not drawn by Mignola, featuring the art of Richard Corben. Corben would return to draw many flashback stories for the series. Other artists have also had a hand in drawing flashback stories including Jason Shawn Alexander, Kevin Nowlan and Scott Hampton. In 2007, following after 2005's "", British artist Duncan Fegredo took over art duties on the ongoing story arc of "Hellboy" from "" onwards.  Mike Mignola returned as the full-time artist for "Hellboy" in 2012 for the ongoing series, "Hellboy in Hell". The series is currently published sporadically, but multiple-issue stories are monthly.

"Abe Sapien".

In 1998 the first "Hellboy" spin-off, "Abe Sapien", was launched. It was not written by Mike Mignola, but it did feature his "Hellboy" short story "" as a back-up. "Abe Sapien" did not take off properly until a decade later in 2008's "The Drowning". Since then it has had several short stories and beginning in 2013 it became an ongoing series with Scott Allie as the lead writer with Mignola.

"Lobster Johnson".

"Lobster Johnson" was the next spin-off, debuting as a back-up feature in 1999's "". The series got its own title later in 2007's "Lobster Johnson: The Iron Prometheus". It returned again with the miniseries "The Burning Hand" in 2012, followed by various short stories.

"B.P.R.D.".

"B.P.R.D." was the third spin-off, but it was the first one which was conceived to be more than just a one-off side story, but rather a series of stories. It began with 2002's "", which continued on from "". Beyond that followed a series of short stories designed to explore what the B.P.R.D. series could be. 2004's "" was the story that solidified what the series was, and would set the direction for future books to come, so much so that the first major story cycle is collected in omnibus editions titled "B.P.R.D.: Plague of Frogs". A vast majority of the stories in this era were co-written with John Arcudi and drawn by Guy Davis.  "B.P.R.D.: Hell on Earth" is the main series continuing after the catastrophic events at the conclusion of the "Plague of Frogs" cycle. Guy Davis left the series in 2011 with the conclusion of "Hell on Earth: Gods". Tyler Crook became the new ongoing artist beginning with "Hell on Earth: Monsters", but he is joined by several regular artists, most notably James Harren and Laurence Campbell.  Continuing where "Hell on Earth" left off, "The Devil You Know" is written by Mike Mignola and Scott Allie with Laurence Campbell serving as the regular artist.

"Sir Edward Grey, Witchfinder".

"Sir Edward Grey, Witchfinder" (more commonly known simply as ""Witchfinder"") began with a teaser story in 2008's, followed by a full miniseries in 2009. It follows the stories of the occult investigator, Sir Edward, agent of Queen Victoria.

Spin-off miniseries.

The Hellboy Universe also includes numerous spin-offs that only span a single book:

"Baltimore" and "Joe Golem".

"Baltimore" began with a 2007 illustrated novel, and continued as a comic book series. It was created by Mike Mignola and Christopher Golden.  Like "Baltimore", "Joe Golem: Occult Detective" began as an illustrated prose novel (2012's "Joe Golem and the Drowning City") and later continued as a comic book series. It was created by Mike Mignola and Christopher Golden and exists in a shared universe with "Baltimore".

Style.

Alan Moore has described Mignola's style as "German expressionism meets Jack Kirby". His style has also been likened to an amalgamation of Jack Kirby and Alex Toth.

Film and television.

Mignola worked as an illustrator for Francis Ford Coppola's 1992 movie "Bram Stoker's Dracula". He was also the production designer for the Disney feature film, "" in 2001, and was a concept artist for 2002's "Blade II", also directed by del Toro, and a concept artist for Pixar's "Brave".  Mignola was hired by Bruce Timm to provide character designs for "" in 1991. His redesign of Mr. Freeze was used for the series.  Mignola's design of the 1880s Batman costume from the comic "" appeared in "".  "Hellboy" was made into a feature film in 2004 by director Guillermo del Toro. Mignola was closely involved with the movie's production, and a was released in 2008. "Hellboy" has been made into two direct-to-video animated films, "" in 2006 and "" in 2007.  Mignola's "The Amazing Screw-On Head" debuted in 2006 on the Sci-Fi Channel, starring the voices of Paul Giamatti and David Hyde Pierce.  Mignola worked on the script for the R-rated "Hellboy" reboot film (2019), that was directed by Neil Marshall, and starred David Harbour as Hellboy. He ended up receiving only a "based on" credit in the film.

Michael Joseph Mignola (; born September 16, 1960) is an American comics artist and writer best known for creating "Hellboy" for Dark Horse Comics, part of a shared universe of titles including "B.P.R.D.", "Abe Sapien", "Lobster Johnson", "Witchfinder" and various spinoffs. He has also created other supernatural and paranormal themed titles for Dark Horse including "Baltimore", "Joe Golem" and "The Amazing Screw-On Head".

Mike Mignola (* 16. září 1960, Berkeley, Kalifornie) je americký komiksový scenárista a kreslíř. Proslul svou prací pro Dark Horse Comics, zejména autorskými sériemi "Hellboy" a "Ú.P.V.O.". Spolupracoval také na animovaném filmu "" (2001) a krákometrážním pilotním filmu k nezrealizovanému seriálu "The Amazing Screw-On Head" (2006).


Early life.

Mazouz was born in Los Angeles, California. He was born into a Sephardic Jewish family, his father Michel Mazouz is a medical doctor from Tunisia and France, and his mother Rachel Cohen is a psychotherapist whose parents are from Greece. He has a sister, Rebecca. He was a student at Shalhevet High School, a Modern Orthodox Jewish school, from 2015 to 2019 and appeared in a music video promoting the school. His Bar Mitzvah service was held at the Orthodox synagogue Young Israel. Starting in Fall 2019, he attends Stanford University, Class of 2023.

Career.

Mazouz started his career in commercials with Kiefer Sutherland at age 8. In 2012, he again co-starred with Sutherland when he landed the role of mute Jacob "Jake" Bohm in the TV series "Touch". Mazouz has appeared in several television series including: "Mike & Molly", "Gotham", "The Office" (playing the son of James Spader's character, Robert California), and "Criminal Minds". He has also appeared in the ABC show "Private Practice" as the adopted brother of Betsy.  From 2014 to 2019, Mazouz portrayed a younger version of Bruce Wayne, and eventually the superhero Batman, in Fox's action-crime TV series "Gotham." The show explored the young-to-teenage days and the transition to Batman of the famous DC Comics character, as well as the origins of its villains including Penguin, The Riddler, Poison Ivy, and The Joker.  In 2016, he had leading roles in the horror films "The Darkness", as Michael Taylor, and "Incarnate", as Cameron.

David Albert Mazouz (; born ) is an American actor. He is best known for his leading role as Bruce Wayne in Fox's Batman-prequel TV drama "Gotham" (2014-2019). Mazouz started his acting career with several guest roles before joining the Fox TV series "Touch" (2012–2013), for which he was nominated for a Young Artist Award.

David Mazouz, (* 19. února 2001, Los Angeles, Kalifornie) je americký filmový a televizní herec. V seriálu "Doteky osudu" ztvárnil v letech 2012–2013 Jakea Bohma, mezi lety 2014 a 2019 hrál Bruce Waynea v seriálu "Gotham".