Plot.

In December 1929, Nick Carraway, a World War I veteran, is receiving treatment at a psychiatric hospital. He talks about Jay Gatsby, the most hopeful man he had ever met. Nick's doctor suggests that he write his thoughts down since writing is Nick's passion. Nick then begins to catalog the events to his doctor.  Seven years previously, in the summer of 1922, Nick moves from the Midwest to New York after abandoning writing. He rents a small groundskeeper's cottage in the North Shore village of West Egg, next to the mansion of Gatsby, a mysterious business magnate who often holds extravagant parties. Nick has dinner with his beautiful but oppressed cousin Daisy Buchanan and her athletic, dominant husband Tom. Daisy plays matchmaker between Nick and another guest, Jordan Baker, a famous golfer whom Nick finds attractive. When Nick returns home, he sees Gatsby standing on the harbor, reaching toward a green light coming from the Buchanan dock.  Jordan tells Nick that Tom has a mistress who lives in the "Valley of Ashes", an industrial dumping site between West Egg and the City. Tom takes Nick there, stopping at a garage owned by Tom's mistress, Myrtle Wilson, and her husband George.  Nick receives an invitation to one of Gatsby's parties. Upon arrival, Nick learns he is the only one to receive an invitation and none of the guests have ever met Gatsby. Nick encounters Jordan, and both meet Gatsby. Gatsby later takes Nick to Manhattan for lunch. On the way, Gatsby tells Nick he is an Oxford graduate and war hero from a wealthy Midwestern family. They go to a speakeasy, where Gatsby introduces Nick to his business partner, Meyer Wolfsheim.  Jordan tells Nick how US Army Captain Gatsby started a relationship with Daisy in 1917, just before the US entered the war, and is still in love with her; he throws parties hoping that Daisy might attend. Gatsby asks Nick to invite Daisy to tea. After an awkward reunion, Gatsby and Daisy begin an affair. Gatsby is dismayed when Daisy wants to run away with him, preferring that she get a proper divorce. He asks Nick and Jordan to accompany him to the Buchanan home, where he and Daisy plan to tell Tom that Daisy is leaving him. During the luncheon, Tom becomes suspicious of Gatsby and Daisy, but Daisy stops Gatsby from revealing anything to Tom and suggests they all go to the Plaza Hotel. Tom drives Nick and Jordan in Gatsby's car while Gatsby drives Daisy in Tom's car. Tom stops for gas at George's garage, where George tells him that he and Myrtle are moving and that he suspects Myrtle is unfaithful.  At the Plaza, Gatsby tells Tom of his affair with Daisy. Tom accuses Gatsby of having never attended Oxford and having made his fortune through bootlegging with mobsters. Daisy says she loves Gatsby but cannot bring herself to say she never loved Tom. Eventually, both Gatsby and Daisy leave. After fighting with George over her infidelity, Myrtle runs into the street and is fatally struck by Gatsby's car after mistaking it for Tom's. After learning about Myrtle's death, Tom tells George that the car belongs to Gatsby and that he suspects Gatsby was Myrtle's lover. Nick deduces Daisy was driving when the accident happened. Nick overhears Daisy accepting Tom's promise to take care of everything, but he does not tell Gatsby. Gatsby admits to Nick that he was born penniless; his real name is James Gatz, and he had asked Daisy to wait for him until he had made something of himself after the war; instead, she married Tom, “America's Wealthiest Bachelor”, just seven months after the war ended.  The next day, Gatsby hears the phone ringing and thinks it is Daisy. Before he can answer it, he is shot and killed by a vengeful George, who then commits suicide. Nick is the only person other than reporters, to attend Gatsby's funeral, as Daisy and Tom are leaving New York. The media paints Gatsby as Myrtle's lover and killer. This false, negative image of Gatsby's life and death infuriates Nick and from the top of the stairs at Gatsby's mansion he yells at the reporters and kicks them out of the house. Disgusted with both the city and its inhabitants, Nick leaves after taking a final walk through Gatsby's deserted mansion and reflecting on Gatsby's ability to hope. In the sanatorium, Nick finishes typing his memoir and titles it "The Great Gatsby".

Production.

Development.

Prior to this version, there had already been an opera and numerous other dramatic adaptations of F. Scott Fitzgerald's acclaimed 1925 novel of the same name. In December 2008, "Variety" reported that this film adaptation was to be made with Baz Luhrmann as director.  Luhrmann stated that he planned it to be more up-to-date due to its theme of criticizing the often irresponsible lifestyles of wealthy people. To commit to the project, in September 2010 Luhrmann moved with his family from Australia to Chelsea in Lower Manhattan, where he had intended to film "The Great Gatsby". While Luhrmann was at the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011, he told "The Hollywood Reporter" that he had been workshopping "The Great Gatsby" in 3D, though he had not yet decided whether to shoot in the format. In late January 2011, Luhrmann showed doubt about staying on board with the project, before deciding to stay.  In 2010, it was reported that the film was being set up by Sony Pictures Entertainment but by 2011, Warner Bros. was close to acquiring a deal to finance and take worldwide distribution of "The Great Gatsby".

Casting.

Luhrmann said the results from the movie's workshop process of auditioning actors for roles in "The Great Gatsby" had been "very encouraging" to him. Leonardo DiCaprio was cast first, in the title role of Jay Gatsby. It is the second time Luhrmann and DiCaprio worked together; DiCaprio costarred in Luhrmann's "Romeo + Juliet" (1996). Tobey Maguire was cast to play Nick Carraway. Reports linked Amanda Seyfried to the lead role of Daisy Buchanan, in October 2010. The next month "Deadline Hollywood" reported that Luhrmann had been auditioning numerous actresses, including Seyfried, Keira Knightley, Rebecca Hall, Blake Lively, Abbie Cornish, Michelle Williams and Scarlett Johansson, as well as considering Natalie Portman, for Daisy. Soon afterward, with her commitment to Cameron Crowe's "We Bought a Zoo" (2011), Johansson pulled out.  On November 15, Luhrmann announced that Carey Mulligan had been cast to play Daisy after reading for the part on 2 November in New York. She got the role shortly after Luhrmann showed her audition footage to Sony Pictures Entertainment executives Amy Pascal and Doug Belgrad, who were impressed by the actress' command of the character. Mulligan burst into tears after learning of her casting via a phone call from Luhrmann, who informed her of his decision while she was on the red carpet at an event in New York. Luhrmann said: "I was privileged to explore the character with some of the world's most talented actresses, each one bringing their own particular interpretation, all of which were legitimate and exciting. However, specific to this particular production of "The Great Gatsby", I was thrilled to pick up the phone an hour ago to the young Oscar-nominated British actress Carey Mulligan and say to her: 'Hello, Daisy Buchanan.'"  In April 2011, Ben Affleck was in talks about playing the role of Tom Buchanan but had to pass due to a scheduling conflict with "Argo" (2012). Bradley Cooper had previously lobbied for the part and Luke Evans was a major contender. In May, Joel Edgerton was confirmed in the part of Tom. Isla Fisher was cast to play Myrtle Wilson. Australian newcomer Elizabeth Debicki won the part of Jordan Baker.  While casting for the supporting role of Jordan, the filmmaker said the character must be "as thoroughly examined as Daisy, for this production, for this time", adding, "It's like Olivier's Hamlet was the right Hamlet for his time. Who would Hamlet be today? Same with a Jordan or a Daisy". In June 2011, Jason Clarke was cast as George B. Wilson. Indian actor Amitabh Bachchan makes a cameo appearance as Meyer Wolfshiem; this was his first Hollywood role.

Screenplay.

Breanne L. Healman noted five key changes made in the novel's plot: Nick Carraway is writing from a sanitarium, having checked himself in some time after the summer with Gatsby; he flirts with Jordan Baker but, unlike what happens in the novel, he's "too smitten with Gatsby to notice her"; Gatsby himself makes a grand entrance, whereas in the novel a few hours pass as they talk before Carraway realizes who he is; some of the racism or anti-Semitism has been toned down or removed; finally, Gatsby dies thinking his pursuit of Daisy was successful.

Filming.

"The Great Gatsby" was planned to be filmed in the New York City area where the novel is set, starting in June 2011. The director instead opted to shoot principal photography in Sydney. Filming began on September 5, 2011, at Fox Studios Australia and finished on December 22, 2011, with additional shots filmed in January 2012. The film was shot with Red Epic digital cameras and Zeiss Ultra Prime lenses. The "Valley of Ashes", the desolate land located between West Egg and New York was shot in Balmain, New South Wales and Manly Business School in Manly–known as Saint Patrick's Seminary–doubled as Gatsby's mansion. Nick's house was located in Centennial Park. Daisy's house was Gowan Brae, a historic mansion at The King's School, Parramatta.

Sets.

In creating the background scenery for the world depicted in the film, designer Catherine Martin stated that the team styled the interior sets of Jay Gatsby's mansion with gilded opulence, in a style that blended establishment taste with Art Deco. The long-destroyed Beacon Towers, thought by scholars to have partially inspired Fitzgerald's Jay Gatsby estate, was used as a main inspiration for Gatsby's home in the film. The filming for the exterior of Jay Gatsby's mansion was the college building of the International College of Management, Sydney, Some inspiration was also drawn from other Gold Coast, Long Island, mansions, including Oheka Castle and La Selva Mansion. Features evoking the Long Island mansions were added in post-production.  The inspiration for the film version of the Buchanan estate came from Old Westbury Gardens. The mansion exterior was built on a soundstage, with digital enhancements added. The interior sets for the Buchanan mansion were inspired by the style of Hollywood Regency.  The home of Nick Carraway was conceived as an intimate cottage, in contrast with the grandeur of the neighboring Gatsby mansion. Objects chosen adhered to a central theme of what the designers saw as classic Long Island. The architecture conjures American Arts and Crafts, with Gustav Stickley-type furnishings inside and an Adirondack-style swing out.  The opening scene was filmed from Rivendell Child, Adolescent and Family Unit in Concord, Sydney, only a few kilometres from Sydney 2000 Olympic Stadium.

Costumes.

Many apparel designers were approached in collaboration of the film's costumes. "The Great Gatsby" achieved the iconic 1920s look by altering pieces from the Prada and Miu Miu fashion archives. Martin also collaborated with Brooks Brothers for the costumes worn by the male cast members and extras. Tiffany & Co. provided the jewelry for the film. Catherine Martin and Miuccia Prada were behind the wardrobe and worked closely together to create pieces with "the European flair that was emerging amongst the aristocratic East Coast crowds in the 1920s".  Costume historians of the period, however, said that the costumes were not authentic, but instead modernized the 1920s-era fashions to look more like modern fashions. Most prominently, the women were clothed to emphasize their breasts, such as Daisy's push-up bra, in contrast to the flat-chested fashions of the era. While the book was set in 1922, the movie included fashions from the entire decade of the 1920s and even the 1930s. Many of the fashions from archives were concepts from runways and fashion magazines that were never worn by women in real life. Martin says that she took the styles of the 1920s and made them sexier and was trying to interpret 1920s styles for a modern audience. Alice Jurow, of the Art Deco Society of California, said that she loved the movie, but most of their members prefer more period-perfect films. The men's costumes were more authentic, except that the pants were too tight.

Release and marketing.

Originally scheduled for a December 25, 2012 release, on August 6, 2012, it was reported that the film was being moved to a summer 2013 release date. In September 2012, this date was confirmed to be May 10, 2013. The film opened the 66th Cannes Film Festival on May 15, 2013, shortly following its wide release in RealD 3D and 2D formats.  The first trailer for "The Great Gatsby" was released on, 2012, almost a year before the film's release. Songs featured in various trailers include: "No Church in the Wild" by Jay-Z and Kanye West; a cover of U2's "Love Is Blindness" performed by Jack White; a cover of The Turtles' "Happy Together" by the band Filter; a cover of Amy Winehouse's "Back to Black" performed by André 3000 and Beyoncé; "Young and Beautiful" performed by Lana Del Rey; and two songs, "Bedroom Hymns" and "Over the Love", performed by Florence and the Machine.  On April 15, 2013, Brooks Brothers premiered "The Gatsby Collection", a line of men's clothing, shoes and accessories "inspired by the costumes designed by Catherine Martin for Baz Luhrmann's "The Great Gatsby"". According to "Fashion Weekly", "The looks weren't simply based on 1920s style: the new duds were designed based on the brand's actual archives [...] Brooks Brothers was one of the initial arbiters of Gatsby-era look. The actual costumes, designed by Catherine Martin, will be on display in select Brooks Brothers boutiques."  On April 17, 2013, Tiffany & Co. unveiled windows at its Fifth Avenue flagship store "inspired by" Luhrmann's film and created in collaboration with Luhrmann and costumer Catherine Martin. The jewelry store also premiered "The Great Gatsby Collection" line of jewelry designed in anticipation of the film. The collection comprises 7 pieces: a brooch, a headpiece (both reportedly based on archival Tiffany designs), a necklace and four different rings, including one in platinum with a 5.25-carat diamond, priced at US$875,000.

Soundtrack.

Released on May 7, the film's soundtrack is also available in a deluxe edition; a Target exclusive release also features three extra tracks. The film score was executive-produced by Jay-Z and The Bullitts.  Penned by Lana Del Rey and the film's director, Baz Luhrmann, the song "Young and Beautiful" was released to contemporary hit radio as a single, and was used as the film's buzz single. A snippet of the track appeared in the official trailer for the film and played during the scene where the characters portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio and Carey Mulligan express their romantic feelings for one another. Hip hop magazine "Rap-Up" called the single "haunting", while MTV called it "somber-sounding". The track performed by Florence and the Machine, "Over the Love", references the "green light" symbol from the novel in its lyrics. Chris Payne of "Billboard" praised Beyoncé and André 3000's cover of "Back to Black", made unique with a downtempo EDM wobble. The xx recorded "Together" for the film, with Jamie Smith telling MTV that the band's contribution to the soundtrack sounds like "despair", and revealing that it utilizes a 60-piece orchestra.  Speaking of his goals for the movie's musical backdrop, Baz Luhrmann expressed his desire to blend the music of the Jazz Age, associated with the 1922 setting of the story, with a modern spin. Much like his modern twists applied in "Moulin Rouge!" and "Romeo + Juliet", Baz uses the movie's music not as a background, but instead prominently in the foreground, which takes on a character of its own.

Reception.

Box office.

"The Great Gatsby" grossed $144.8 million in North America, and $208.8 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $353.6 million. Calculating in all expenses, "Deadline Hollywood" estimated that the film made a profit of $58.6 million.  In North America, "The Great Gatsby" earned US$19.4 million on its opening Friday, including US$3.25 million from Thursday night and midnight shows. It went on to finish in second place, behind "Iron Man 3", during its opening weekend, with US$51.1 million. This was the sixth-largest opening weekend for a film that did not debut in first place, the second largest opening weekend for a film starring Leonardo DiCaprio behind "Inception", and Luhrmann's highest-grossing movie.

Critical response.

On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 48% based on 290 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "While certainly ambitious—and every bit as visually dazzling as one might expect—Baz Luhrmann's "The Great Gatsby" emphasizes visual splendor at the expense of its source material's vibrant heart." Metacritic gives the film a score of 55 out of 100, based on reviews from 45 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by the market research firm CinemaScore gave an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.  Joe Morgenstern of "The Wall Street Journal" felt the elaborate production designs were a misfire and likened the film to the Roaring Twenties themselves as Fitzgerald envisioned and criticized them, stating that what is "intractably wrong with the film is that there's no reality to heighten; it's a spectacle in search of a soul". The "Chicago Reader" review felt "Luhrmann is exactly the wrong person to adapt such a delicately rendered story, and his 3D feature plays like a ghastly Roaring 20s blowout at a sorority house". In "The Atlantic", Christopher Orr observed that "The problem is that when the movie is entertaining it's not "Gatsby", and when it's "Gatsby" it's not entertaining."  The positive reviews included A. O. Scott of "The New York Times", who felt the adaptation was "a lot of fun" and "less a conventional movie adaptation than a splashy, trashy opera, a wayward, lavishly theatrical celebration of the emotional and material extravagance that Fitzgerald surveyed with fascinated ambivalence"; Scott advised "the best way to enjoy the film is to put aside whatever literary agenda you are tempted to bring with you". Ty Burr of "The Boston Globe" reserved special praise for DiCaprio's performance, saying "magnificent is the only word to describe this performance – the best movie Gatsby by far, superhuman in his charm and connections, the host of revels beyond imagining, and at his heart an insecure fraud whose hopes are pinned to a woman".  "The Scene Magazine" gave the movie a "B-" rating, and praised the actors' performances, in particular saying that "the stand-out actor is Joel Edgerton as Tom Buchanan doing an excellent job of showing the character's gruffness, despite the one-dimensionality given to him". A granddaughter of Fitzgerald praised the style and music of the film.  Tobey Maguire's role as Nick was given mixed reviews from critics, with Philip French of "The Guardian" calling him "miscast or misdirected"; Ann Hornaday of "The Washington Post" saying "Tobey Maguire is his usual recessive presence, barely registering as either a dynamic part of the events he describes or their watchful witness"; and Elizabeth Weitzman of The "New York Daily News" saying despite "the wry-observational skills needed for Nick's Midwestern decency", the character is "directed toward a wide-eyed, one-note performance". Rick Groen of "The Globe and Mail" was more positive of Maguire's character, saying "our narrator, [is] prone to his occasionally purple rhetoric. But that imposed conceit, the image of a talented depressive writing from inside the bauble of his imagination, seems to validate his inflated prose and, better yet, lets us re-appreciate its inherent poetry".

See also.

Other film adaptations of "The Great Gatsby" include:

The Great Gatsby is a 2013 romantic drama film based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel of the same name. The film was co-written and directed by Baz Luhrmann and stars Leonardo DiCaprio as the eponymous Jay Gatsby, with Tobey Maguire, Carey Mulligan, Joel Edgerton, Isla Fisher, and Elizabeth Debicki. Jay-Z served as executive producer. Production began in 2011 and took place in Australia, with a $105 million net production budget. The film follows the life and times of millionaire Jay Gatsby (DiCaprio) and his neighbor Nick Carraway (Maguire), who recounts his encounter with Gatsby at the height of the Roaring Twenties on Long Island.

Velký Gatsby (v originálním názvu The Great Gatsby) je americký dramatický snímek režiséra Baze Luhrmanna, který je jedním z autorů scénáře. Film je adaptací stejnojmenného románu od Francise Scotta Fitzgeralda a v hlavních rolích hrají Leonardo DiCaprio, Tobey Maguire, Carey Mulligan, Joel Edgerton, Elizabeth Debicki, Isla Fisher, Jason Clarke a Amitabh Bachchan.


Name.

"Suva Reka" means "dry river" in Serbian. The Albanian spellings are "Suharekë" or "Suhareka" (derived from the Slavic form), while an alternative name was recently created by the Albanological Institute, "Therandë", adopted from an unlocated Roman site (possibly in Suva Reka or Ljubižda in the Miruša valley).

History.

Historical background.

The municipality includes several medieval Serbian sites and old settlements, such as the villages of Banja, Dulje, Mušutište, Popovljane, Rečane, and churches of Virgin Hodegetria, St. George, Holy Trinity, St. Nicholas, among others. The settlement of Suva Reka itself was first mentioned in 1465.

Yugoslav period.

From 1929 to 1941, Suva Reka was a village part of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.  Between 1918 and 1941 the demographic structure of the municipality of Suva Reka has been affected by settlements and colonization such as the Serbian colonization and population settlement, for the most part from the Toplica District.  On the night of 9–10 June 1984, ethnic Albanians desecrated 29 tombstones of the Church of the Holy Saviour.

Kosovo War and aftermath.

During the Kosovo War (1998–99), the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) operated in the region and it was reported that it had killed and wounded several Serbian policemen and civilians. Among KLA attacks against police officers recorded in 1998 in the municipality were: on 16 August in Blace (one badly wounded), on 23 August in Dulje (three badly, four lightly wounded) and in Reštane (one badly wounded), on 25 August in Dulje (one badly wounded), on 28 September in Budakovo (three badly wounded) and in Vranić (one lightly wounded). KLA shot at an OSCE vehicle driving behind a FR Yugoslav military convoy between Suva Reka and Štimlje on 5 November 1998. In 10–16 January 1999, FR Yugoslav forces conducted counter-insurgency operations in Suva Reka. UNHCR estimated on 18 March 1999 that the Suva Reka municipality had 6,100 displaced and 5,600 returns. On 25 March, the town was surrounded by the Yugoslav army and police, and U.S. documents claim reports of at least 30 Albanians killed. There were reports that Serb forces extorted Albanians in Belanica on 27 March. In April and May 1999, Serb paramilitary repeatedly attacked the villages in the municipality, forcing the population to leave and gather in KLA territory. On 11–12 June 1999, a Serb family of four was kidnapped in Dvorane and never located. On 12 June 1999, KLA attacked Mušutište and kidnapped eighteen Serb civilians.  After the war, Serbian heritage was destroyed all over Kosovo; the churches (including cemeteries) of Virgin Hodegetria, St. George, Holy Trinity, St. Nicholas and others were completely destroyed in 1999 after the arrival of KFOR (and end of war).  NATO set up a military base in the municipality, Camp Casablanca.

Demographics.

According to the 2011 census done by the Government of Kosovo, the municipality of Suhareka had 59,722 inhabitants of which 98.9% were Kosovo Albanians. According to OSCE, the whereabouts of the displaced Serb and Roma communities is unknown.

Twin towns – Sister cities.

Suva Reka is twinned with:

Suva Reka (), or Suhareka or Theranda ( or "Therandë"), is a town and municipality located in the Prizren district of central-southern Kosovo. According to the 2011 census, the town has 10,422 inhabitants, while the municipality has 59,722 inhabitants.

Suva Reka (albánsky Therandë, nebo také Suharekë, v srbské cyrilici Сува Река) je město na jihozápadě Kosova, na spojnici mezi Prištinou a Prizrenem. V roce 1991 měla podle informací z jugoslávského sčítání lidu 10 497 obyvatel. V roce 2011 žilo v Suvé Rece 59 722 lidí.


Overview.

The grammar of fenya is Russian; the vocabulary has changed over time.  The original "fenya" consisted of broken Russian words borrowed from Greek and other foreign languages. Vladimir Dahl in his "Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language" gives the following examples:  Also, "fenya" included usual Russian words in unusual meanings, like шаблон "shablon" (template) for military or police headwear, педаль "pedal"' for mobile phone (recent addition).  The vocabulary changed over time, with notable infusion of words of Yiddish origin. During the times of the Soviet Union "fenya" penetrated into common spoken Russian and can no longer be considered cryptic, although it is still commonly associated with those who have connections to the Russian criminal culture or who have spent a significant amount of time incarcerated.  A number of explanations for this phenomenon are suggested. For one, a significant part of the population, not necessarily criminals, went through labor camps, and massive indiscriminate amnesties after the death of Joseph Stalin resulted in a penetration of the subculture of convicts into everyday life in the form of a shock wave. Particularly, many writers, poets, and journalists who had been arrested began to use fenya in their work after release. Another reason comes from the fact that criminal life was romanticized in popular culture: for example, in the form of "blatnaya song". Few "common" Russians possess a complete or even complex understanding of fenya and fewer still - for various reasons - will admit to it.  "Fenya" influences Russian culture in different ways. In particular, a whole subgenre of Russian humour exists, in which a known tale, such as "Romeo and Juliet" or a popular Russian fairy tale is cast into "fenya".  The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the appearance of "New Russians" introduced new changes into "fenya", notably assigning new meanings and accents to common words.  In January 2016, the use of profanity and fenya by prisoners in pretrial detention centers was banned in the Russian prison system. This follows a 2013 ban on the use of fenya by prison guards.

Fenya () or fenka () is a Russian cant language used among criminals. Originally it was a cryptolanguage of "" or "ofenes", old Russian peddlers, and had a number of names, or it might come from the Russian word фен or fen which is the west wind. There are no convincing explanations about the origins of the words "ofenya" and "fenya". In modern Russian language it is also referred to as blatnoy language (Russian: блатной язык), where "blatnoy" is a slang expression for "criminal". It is also widely used in "thieves' songs".

Feňa (феня) či fenka (фенка) je ruský kriminální slang. Ruská feňa je užívána jako nadnárodní komunikační jazyk zločineckých struktur celého bývalého SSSR.


Determination of BV.

For accurate determination of BV: These conditions mean the tests are typically carried out over the course of over one week with strict diet control. Fasting prior to testing helps produce consistency between subjects (it removes recent diet as a variable).  There are two scales on which BV is measured; percentage utilization and relative utilization. By convention percentage BV has a percent sign (%) suffix and relative BV has no unit.

Percentage utilization.

Biological value is determined based on this formula.  Where:  However direct measurement of "N" is essentially impossible. It will typically be measured indirectly from nitrogen excretion in urine. Faecal excretion of nitrogen must also be taken into account - this part of the ingested protein is not absorbed by the body and so not included in the calculation of BV. An estimate is used of the amount of the urinary and faecal nitrogen excretion not coming from ingested nitrogen. This may be done by substituting a protein-free diet and observing nitrogen excretion in urine or faeces, but the accuracy of this method of estimation of the amount of nitrogen excretion not coming from ingested nitrogen on a protein-containing diet has been questioned. Where:  Note:  This can take any value from 0 to 100, though reported BV could be out of this range if the estimates of nitrogen excretion from non-ingested sources are inaccurate, such as could happen if the endogenous secretion changes with protein intake. A BV of 100% indicates complete utilization of a dietary protein, i.e. 100% of the protein ingested and absorbed is incorporated into proteins into the body. The value of 100% is an absolute maximum, no more than 100% of the protein ingested can be utilized (in the equation above "N" and "N" cannot go negative, setting 100% as the maximum BV).

Relative utilization.

Due to experimental limitations BV is often measured "relative" to an easily utilizable protein. Normally egg protein is assumed to be the most readily utilizable protein and given a BV of 100. For example:  Two tests of BV are carried out on the same person; one with the test protein source and one with a reference protein (egg protein). Where:  This is not restricted to values of less than 100. The percentage BV of egg protein is only 93.7% which allows other proteins with true percentage BV between 93.7% and 100% to take a relative BV of over 100. For example, whey protein takes a relative BV of 104, while its percentage BV is under 100%.  The principal advantage of measuring BV relative to another protein diet is accuracy; it helps account for some of the metabolic variability between individuals. In a simplistic sense the egg diet is testing the maximum efficiency the individual can take up protein, the BV is then provided as a percentage taking this as the maximum.

Conversion.

Providing it is known which protein measurements were made relative to it is simple to convert from relative BV to percentage BV: Where:  While this conversion is simple it is not strictly valid due to the differences between the experimental methods. It is, however, suitable for use as a guideline.

Factors that affect BV.

The determination of BV is carefully designed to accurately measure some aspects of protein usage whilst eliminating variation from other aspects. When using the test (or considering BV values) care must be taken to ensure the variable of interest is quantified by BV. Factors which affect BV can be grouped into properties of the protein source and properties of the species or individual consuming the protein.

Properties of the protein source.

Three major properties of a protein source affect its BV:  Amino acid composition is the principal effect. All proteins are made up of combinations of the 21 biological amino acids. Some of these can be synthesised or converted in the body, whereas others cannot and must be ingested in the diet. These are known as essential amino acids (EAAs), of which there are 9 in humans. The number of EAAs varies according to species (see below).  EAAs missing from the diet prevent the synthesis of proteins that require them. If a protein source is missing critical EAAs, then its biological value will be low as the missing EAAs form a bottleneck in protein synthesis. For example, if a hypothetical muscle protein requires phenylalanine (an essential amino acid), then this must be provided in the diet for the muscle protein to be produced. If the current protein source in the diet has no phenylalanine in it the muscle protein cannot be produced, giving a low usability and BV of the protein source.  In a related way if amino acids are missing from the protein source which are particularly slow or energy consuming to synthesise this can result in a low BV.  Methods of food preparation also affect the availability of amino acids in a food source. Some of food preparation may damage or destroy some EAAs, reducing the BV of the protein source.  Many vitamins and minerals are vital for the correct function of cells in the test organism. If critical minerals or vitamins are missing from the protein source this can result in a massively lowered BV. Many BV tests artificially add vitamins and minerals (for example in yeast extract) to prevent this.

Properties of the test species or individual.

Under test conditions.

Variations in BV under test conditions are dominated by the metabolism of the individuals or species being tested. In particular differences in the essential amino acids (EAAs) species to species has a significant effect, although even minor variations in amino acid metabolism individual to individual have a large effect.  The fine dependence on the individual's metabolism makes measurement of BV a vital tool in diagnosing some metabolic diseases.

In everyday life.

The principal effect on BV in everyday life is the organism's current diet, although many other factors such as age, health, weight, sex, etc. all have an effect. In short any condition which can affect the organism's metabolism will vary the BV of a protein source.  In particular, whilst on a high protein diet the BV of all foods consumed is reduced — the limiting rate at which the amino acids may be incorporated into the body is not the availability of amino acids but the rate of protein synthesis possible in cells. This is a major point of criticism of BV as a test; the test diet is artificially protein rich and may have unusual effects.

Factors with no effect.

BV is designed to ignore variation in digestibility of a food — which in turn largely depends on the food preparation. For example, compare raw soy beans and extracted soy bean protein. The raw soy beans, with tough cell walls protecting the protein, have a far lower digestibility than the purified, unprotected, soy bean protein extract. As a foodstuff far more protein can be absorbed from the extract than the raw beans, however the BV will be the same.  The exclusion of digestibility is a point of misunderstanding and leads to misrepresentation of the meaning of a high or low BV

Advantages and disadvantages.

BV provides a good measure of the usability of proteins in a diet and also plays a valuable role in detection of some metabolic diseases. BV is, however, a scientific variable determined under very strict and unnatural conditions. It is not a test designed to evaluate the usability of proteins whilst an organism is in everyday life — indeed the BV of a diet will vary greatly depending on age, weight, health, sex, recent diet, current metabolism, etc. of the organism. In addition BV of the same food varies significantly species to species. Given these limitations BV is still relevant to everyday diet to some extent. No matter the individual or their conditions a protein source with high BV, such as egg, will always be more easily used than a protein source with low BV.

In comparison to other methods known.

There are many other major methods of determining how readily used a protein is, including: These all hold specific advantages and disadvantages over BV, although in the past BV has been held in high regard.

In animals.

The Biological Value method is also used for analysis in animals such as cattle, poultry, and various laboratory animals such as rats. It was used by the poultry industry to determine which mixtures of feed were utilized most efficiently by developing chicken. Although the process remains the same, the biological values of particular proteins in humans differs from their biological values in animals due to physiological variations.

Typical values.

Common foodstuffs and their values: (Note: this scale uses 100 as 100% of the nitrogen incorporated.)  Common foodstuffs and their values: (Note: These values use "whole egg" as a value of 100, so foodstuffs that provide even more nitrogen than whole eggs, can have a value of more than 100. 100, does not mean that 100% of the nitrogen in the food is incorporated into the body, and not excreted, as in other charts.) By combining different foods it is possible to maximize the score, because the different components favor each other:

Criticism.

Since the method measures only the amount that is retained in the body critics have pointed out what they perceive as a weakness of the biological value methodology. Critics have pointed to research that indicates that because whey protein isolate is digested so quickly it may in fact enter the bloodstream and be converted into carbohydrates through a process called gluconeogenesis much more rapidly than was previously thought possible, so while amino acid concentrations increased with whey it was discovered that oxidation rates also increased and a steady-state metabolism, a process where there is no change in overall protein balance, is created. They claim that when the human body consumes whey protein it is absorbed so rapidly that most of it is sent to the liver for oxidation. Hence they believe the reason so much is retained is that it is used for energy production, not protein synthesis. This would bring into question whether the method defines which proteins are more biologically utilizable.  A further critique published in the "Journal of Sports Science and Medicine" states that the BV of a protein does not take into consideration several key factors that influence the digestion and interaction of protein with other foods before absorption, and that it only measures a protein's maximal potential quality and not its estimate at requirement levels. Also, the study by Poullain et al., which is often cited to demonstrate the superiority of whey protein hydrolysate by marketers, measured nitrogen balance in rats after three days of starvation, which corresponds to a longer period in humans. The study found that whey protein hydrolysate led to better nitrogen retention and growth than the other proteins studied. However the study's flaw is in the BV method used, as starvation affects how well the body will store incoming protein (as does a very high caloric intake), leading to falsely elevated BV measures.  So, the BV of a protein is related to the amount of protein given. BV is measured at levels below the maintenance level. This means that as protein intake goes up, the BV of that protein goes down. For example, milk protein shows a BV near 100 at intakes of 0.2 g/kg. As protein intake increases to roughly maintenance levels, 0.5 g/kg, BV drops to around 70. Pellet et al., concluded that "biological measures of protein quality conducted at suboptimal levels in either experimental animals or human subjects may overestimate protein value at maintenance levels." As a result, while BV may be important for rating proteins where intake is below requirements, it has little bearing on individuals with protein intakes far above requirements.  This flaw is supported by the FAO/WHO/UNU, who state that BV and NPU are measured when the protein content of the diet is clearly below that of requirement, deliberately done to maximize existing differences in quality as inadequate energy intake lowers the efficiency of protein utilization and in most N balance studies, calorie adequacy is ensured. And because no population derives all of its protein exclusively from a single food, the determination of BV of a single protein is of limited use for application to human protein requirements.  Another limitation of the use of Biological Value as a measure of protein quality is that proteins which are completely devoid of one essential amino acid (EAA) can still have a BV of up to 40. This is because of the ability of organisms to conserve and recycle EAAs as an adaptation of inadequate intake of the amino acid.  Lastly, the use of rats for the determination of protein quality is not ideal. Rats differ from humans in requirements of essential amino acids. This has led to a general criticism that experiments on rats lead to an over-estimation of the BV of high-quality proteins to man because human requirements of essential amino acids are much lower than those for rats (as rats grow at a much faster rate than humans). Also, because of their fur, rats are assumed to have relatively high requirements of sulphur-containing amino acids (methionine and cysteine).  As a result, the analytical method that is universally recognized by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), United Nations University (UNU) and the United States National Academy of Sciences when judging the quality of protein in the human is not PER or BV but the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS), as it is viewed as accurately measuring the correct relative nutritional value of animal and vegetable sources of protein in the diet.

Biological value (BV) is a measure of the proportion of absorbed protein from a food which becomes incorporated into the proteins of the organism's body. It captures how readily the digested protein can be used in protein synthesis in the cells of the organism. Proteins are the major source of nitrogen in food. BV assumes protein is the only source of nitrogen and measures the proportion of this nitrogen absorbed by the body which is then excreted. The remainder must have been incorporated into the proteins of the organisms body. A ratio of nitrogen incorporated into the body over nitrogen absorbed gives a measure of protein "usability" – the BV.

Biologická hodnota bílkovin (BH) stanovuje, kolik gramů tělesných bílkovin může být vytvořeno ze 100 gramů proteinu ve stravě. Měřítkem je kvalita vaječné bílkoviny. Komplexní proteiny mají vysokou BH, proteiny s nízkou BH jsou využity více jako zdroj energie než pro růst a regeneraci. Bílkoviny z různých potravin se mohou vzájemně doplňovat, tím je možné dosáhnout vyšší biologické hodnoty, než jak je tomu u samotné bílkoviny. Zatímco maso dosahuje biologické hodnoty pouze mezi 92 a 96, může se vhodnou kombinací s brambory dosáhnout hodnot až 137, což přesahuje dokonce i biologickou hodnotu vajec samotných (BH = 100). Je tedy výhodné upřednostňovat proteinové směsi, než konzumovat bílkoviny jen z jednoho zdroje potravin.


Background.

In October 1940, Fascist Italy had attacked the Kingdom of Greece only to be forced back into Albania. German dictator Adolf Hitler recognised the need to go to the aid of his ally, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. Hitler did this not only to restore diminished Axis prestige, but also to prevent Britain from bombing the Romanian Ploiești oilfields from which Nazi Germany obtained most of its oil.  In 1940 and

Preparation.

Upon hearing news of the coup in Yugoslavia, Hitler called his military advisers to Berlin on 27 March. On the same day as the coup he issued Führer Directive 25, which called for Yugoslavia to be treated as a hostile state. Hitler took the coup as a personal insult, and was so angered that he was determined, in his words, "to destroy Yugoslavia militarily and as a state" ("Jugoslawien militärisch und als Staatsgebilde zu zerschlagen"), and to do so "with pitiless harshness" and "without waiting for possible declarations of loyalty of the new government".  Hungary had joined the Tripartite Pact on 20 November 1940. On 12 December it also concluded a treaty with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia calling for "permanent peace and eternal friendship". The Hungarian leadership was split after Germany's War Directive 25 was delivered on 27 March 1941. Regent Miklós Horthy and the military favoured taking part in the invasion of

Opposing forces.

Axis order of battle.

The invasion was spearheaded by the German 2nd Army with elements of the 12th Army, First Panzer Group, and an independent panzer corps combined with overwhelming "Luftwaffe" support. The 19 German divisions included five panzer divisions, two motorised infantry divisions and two mountain divisions. The German force also included three well-equipped independent motorised infantry regiments and was supported by over 750 aircraft. The Italian 2nd Army and 9th Army committed a total of 22 divisions and 666 aircraft to the operation. The Hungarian 3rd Army also participated in the invasion, with support available from over 500 aircraft. During the April War, the "Führer" Headquarters (FHQ) was codenamed "" (Spring Storm) and consisted of the "Führersonderzug" (Special "Führer"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Train) codenamed "Amerika" stationed in Mönichkirchen alongside the special train "Atlas" of the Armed Forces Operations

Deployment in Romania.

King Carol II of Romania, starting from the cession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union, proposed in a letter to Adolf Hitler on 2 July 1940 that Germany send a military mission to Romania. The Romanian government asked that a mission be sent urgently on 7 September 1940, the day after Carol's abdication. The decision to aid Romania was taken on 19 September, and Hungary was asked to provide transit to German soldiers on 30 September. The first troops entered Romania on 10 October. They entered Bucharest two days later (12 October) to shouts of "Heil!" The official explanation for the presence of German troops was that they were there to train the Romanian army. Hitler's directive to the troops on 10 October had stated that "it is necessary to avoid even the slightest semblance of military occupation of Romania." In the second half of October, the Romanian leader, Ion Antonescu, asked that the military mission be expanded. The Germans happily obliged the request, since the oil fields and refineries at Ploiești were vital to their war effort. Romania was also an important launching point for an

Deployment in Bulgaria.

Two events in early November 1940 convinced Hitler of the need to station troops, especially the "Luftwaffe", in Bulgaria. The first was false reports that the British were constructing an airfield on Lemnos, from which they could bomb Ploiești. The second was the beginning of British air raids originating from Greek bases against Italian shipping on 6 November. Planning for the German invasion of Greece from Bulgaria began on 12 November.  Already on 13 November, the Soviets were (incorrectly) accusing the Germans of having troops in neutral Bulgaria. On 18 November, Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria met with Hitler and promised to participate in an attack on Greece, but only at the last moment. Shortly thereafter a secret German team under Colonel Kurt Zeitzler entered Bulgaria to establish fuel depots, arrange for troop billeting and scout the terrain. They were soon followed by hundreds of "Luftwaffe" personnel to establish air observation stations. By the end of December over a thousand German troops

Deployment in Hungary.

Deployment in Italy.

The Italian 2nd Army and 9th Army committed a total of 22 divisions to the operation, comprising around 300,000 troops.  The Italian 2nd Army () was commanded by "Generale designato d’Armata" (acting General) Vittorio Ambrosio, and consisted of one fast () corps ("Celere" Corps), one motorised corps (Motorised Corps) and three infantry corps (V Corps, VI Corps, and XI Corps), and was assembled in northeastern Italy, attacking from Istria and the Julian March along the border with Slovenia and Croatia. The 2nd Army was supported by a motorised engineer regiment including three bridging battalions, a chemical battalion, fifteen territorial battalions, and two garrison battalions.  V Corps support units included three motorised artillery regiments comprising thirteen battalions, four machine gun battalions (two motorised and two pack animal), three Blackshirt legions of battalion size, a motorised anti-aircraft battalion, a sapper assault battalion and a road construction battalion. VI Corps included four motorised artillery regiments with a total of sixteen battalions, two machine gun battalions (one motorised, one pack animal) and a motorised anti-aircraft regiment. XI Corps included one motorised artillery regiment comprising four battalions, three machine gun battalions (one motorised, one pack animal and one static), and six Blackshirt legions of battalion size. The Motorised Corps was supported by a motorised artillery

Royal Yugoslav armed forces.

The Yugoslav forces consisted of more than 33 divisions of the Royal Yugoslav Army (, VKJ), four air brigades of the Royal Yugoslav Air Force (, VVKJ) with more than 400 aircraft, and the small Royal Yugoslav Navy (, KJRM) centred around four destroyers and four submarines based on the Adriatic coast and some river monitors on the Danube. The VKJ was heavily reliant on animal-powered transport, was only partly mobilised at the time of the invasion, and had only 50 tanks that could engage German tanks on an equal basis. The VVKJ was equipped with a range of aircraft of Yugoslav, German, Italian, French and British design, including less than 120 modern fighter aircraft.

Equipment and organization.

Formed after World War I, the VKJ was still largely equipped with weapons and material from that era, although some modernization with Czech equipment and vehicles had begun. Of about 4,000 artillery pieces, many were aged and horse-drawn, but about 1,700 were relatively modern, including 812 Czech 37mm and 47mm anti-tank guns. There were also about 2,300 mortars, including 1600 modern 81mm pieces, as well as twenty-four 220 and 305mm pieces. Of 940 anti-aircraft guns, 360 were 15 mm and 20 mm Czech and Italian models. All of these arms were imported, from different sources, which meant that the various

Deployment.

The Yugoslav Army was organized into three army groups and the coastal defense troops. The 3rd Army Group was the strongest with the 3rd, 3rd Territorial, 5th and 6th Armies defending the borders with Romania, Bulgaria and Albania. The 2nd Army Group with the 1st and 2nd Armies, defended the region between the Iron Gates and the Drava River. The 1st Army Group with the 4th and 7th Armies, composed mainly of Croatian troops, was in Croatia and Slovenia defending the Italian, German (Austrian) and Hungarian frontiers.  The strength of each "Army" amounted to little more than a corps, with the Army Groups consisting of the units deployed as follows:  On the eve of invasion, clothing and footwear were available for only two-thirds or so of the potential front-line troops and only partially for other troops; some other essential supplies were available for only a third of the front-line troops; medical and sanitary supplies were available for only a few weeks, and

Operations.

Professor Jozo Tomasevich and others divide the invasion and resultant fighting into two phases. The first phase encompasses the "Luftwaffe"'s devastating air assault on Belgrade and airfields of the Royal Yugoslav Air Force of 6 April, and an initial thrust of the German XL Panzer Corps from Bulgaria towards Skopje that commenced the same day. This was followed by the assault of the German XIV Panzer Corps from Bulgaria towards Niš on 8 April. On 10 April, four more thrusts struck the Yugoslav Army; the XLI Panzer Corps from Romania towards Belgrade, the XLVI Panzer Corps from Hungary across the Drava, the LI Infantry Corps from Austria towards Zagreb, and the XLIX Mountain Corps from Austria towards Celje. By the end of that day, the Yugoslav Army was disintegrating, and was in retreat or surrendering right across the country, with the exception of the forces on the Albanian frontier. Italy and Hungary joined the ground offensive on 11 April. The Italian part in the ground offensive began when their 2nd Army attacked from northeastern Italy towards Ljubljana and down the Dalmatian coast, meeting virtually no resistance. On the same day, the Hungarian 3rd Army crossed the Yugoslav border and advanced toward Novi Sad, but like the Italians, they met no serious resistance. On 12 April, German troops captured Belgrade, and Ljubljana fell to the Italians. On 14 and 15 April, King Peter and the government flew out of the country, and the Yugoslav Supreme Command was captured by the Germans near Sarajevo. The surrender was signed on 17 April, and came into effect at noon on 18 April.

Air operations.

Following the Belgrade Coup on 27 March 1941, the Yugoslav armed forces were put on alert, although the army was not fully mobilised for fear of provoking Hitler. The VVKJ command decided to disperse its forces away from their main bases to a system of 50 auxiliary airfields that had previously been prepared. However, many of these airfields lacked facilities and had inadequate drainage which prevented the continued operation of all but the very lightest aircraft in the adverse weather conditions encountered in April 1941.  Despite having, on paper at any rate, a substantially stronger force of relatively modern aircraft than the combined British and Greek air forces to the south, the VVKJ could simply not match the overwhelming "Luftwaffe" and "Regia Aeronautica" superiority in terms of numbers, tactical deployment and combat experience.  The bomber and maritime force hit targets in Italy, Germany (Austria), Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania and Greece, as well as attacking German, Italian and Hungarian troops. Meanwhile, the fighter squadrons inflicted not insignificant losses on escorted Luftwaffe bomber raids on Belgrade and Serbia, as well as upon "Regia Aeronautica" raids on Dalmatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Montenegro. The VVKJ also provided direct air support to the hard pressed Yugoslav Army by strafing attacking troop and mechanized columns in Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia (sometimes taking off and strafing the troops attacking the very base being evacuated).  After a combination of air combat losses, losses on the ground to enemy air attack on bases and the overrunning of airfields by enemy troops, after 11 days the VVKJ almost ceased to exist. However, continued domestic aircraft production during the

Ground operations.

Three-pronged drive on Belgrade.

The British, Greek and Yugoslav high commands intended to use Niš as the lynch-pin in their attempts to wear down German forces in the Balkans and it is for this reason that the locality was important. When the Germans broke through in this sector – a sector which was essential if stability was to be maintained on the front – The Yugoslav Supreme Command committed numerous forces from its strategic reserves, including the 2nd Cavalry Division, but these were harassed by the "Luftwaffe" during transit to the front and did not get through in any real quantities.  Having reached Niš from its initial attacks from Bulgaria and broken the Yugoslav defences,

Italian offensive.

In the opening days of the invasion, Italian forces on the Slovene border carried out minor actions in the Sava valley and in the Kastav area, capturing some Yugoslav positions on Mount Peč on 7 April, Kranjska Gora, Zavratec and Godz on 8 April, Kastav, the source of the Rječina river, Kalce and Logatec on 9 April, and repelling on 8 April a Yugoslav attack in the Cerkno Hills. On 11 April, the 2nd Army launched its offensive, capturing Ljubljana, Sušak and Kraljevica on the

Hungarian offensive.

On 12 April the Hungarian Third Army crossed the border with one cavalry, two motorized and six infantry brigades. The Third Army faced the Yugoslavian First Army. By the time the Hungarians crossed the border, the Germans had been attacking Yugoslavia for over a week. As a result, the Yugoslavian

Yugoslav Albanian offensive.

In accordance with the Yugoslav Army's war plan, R-41, a strategy was formulated that, in the face of a massive Axis attack, a retreat on all fronts except in the south be performed. Here the 3rd Yugoslav Army, in cooperation with the Greek Army, was to launch an offensive against the Italian forces in Albania. This was in order to secure space to enable the withdrawal of the main Yugoslav Army to the south. This would be via Albanian territory in order to reach Greece and the Allied forces to be based there. The strategy was based on the premise that the Yugoslav Army would, together with the Greek and British

Local uprisings.

At the local level infighting by Yugoslav citizens started even prior to the arrival of Axis troops. Croats in the 108th Infantry Regiment of the 40th Infantry Division "Slavonska" rebelled on the evening of 7–8 April near Grubišno Polje, taking command of the regiment from its Serb officers. They were subsequently joined by the 40th Auxiliary Regiment and elements of the 42nd Infantry Regiment (also from the "Slavonska" Division). With the deteriorating situation in the area, the Yugoslav 4th Army's headquarters was moved from Bjelovar to Popovača. The rebelling regiments then entered Bjelovar, with the city's mayor

Naval operations.

When Germany and Italy attacked Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941, The Yugoslav Royal Navy had available three destroyers, two submarines and 10 MTBs as the most effective units of the fleet. One other destroyer, "Ljubljana" was in dry-dock at the time of the invasion and she and her anti-aircraft guns were used in defence of the fleet base at Kotor. The remainder of the fleet was useful only for coastal defence and local escort and patrol work.  Kotor was close to the Albanian border and the Italo-Greek front there, but Zara (Zadar), an Italian enclave, was to the

Romanian involvement.

While Romania did not take part in the actual invasion of Yugoslavia, it did provide artillery support for the German forces invading from its territory. Operating on orders from the 3rd Section of the Romanian General Staff, Romanian artillery opened fire against Yugoslav barges on the Danube on 6 April. Romanian and German units from the Romanian bank of the Danube repeatedly exchanged fire with Yugoslav forces between 6 and 11 April. The main Romanian

Losses.

The losses sustained by the German attack forces were unexpectedly light. During the twelve days of combat the total casualty figures came to 558 men: 151 were listed as killed, 392 as wounded, and 15 as missing in action. During the XLI Panzer Corps drive on Belgrade, for example, the only officer killed in action fell victim to a civilian sniper's bullet. The Luftwaffe lost approximately 60 aircraft shot down over Yugoslavia, costing the lives of at least 70 aircrew. The Italian Army took heavier casualties in northern Albania from the Yugoslav offensive there (Italian casualties on all fronts during the invasion amounted to some 800 killed and 2,500 wounded), whilst the Italian Air Force lost approximately 10 aircraft shot down, with a further 22 damaged. The Hungarian Army suffered some 350 casualties (120 killed, 223 wounded and 13 missing in action) from the shelling by Yugoslav riverine forces of its frontier installations and in its attacks upon the Yugoslav frontier forces in Vojvodina, with one quarter of a Hungarian parachute 'battalion' becoming casualties when a transport aircraft filled with 30 troops went down during an abortive drop on 12 April. The Hungarians also lost five Fiat fighters and one Weiss WM-21 Sólyom reconnaissance aircraft during the fighting.  The Germans took between 254,000 and 345,000 Yugoslav prisoners (excluding a considerable number of ethnic Germans and Hungarians who had been conscripted into

Armistice and surrender.

The Axis victory was swift. As early as 14 April the Yugoslav high command had decided to seek an armistice and authorised the army and army group commanders to negotiate local ceasefires. That day the commanders of the 2nd and 5th Armies asked the Germans for terms, but were rejected. Only unconditional surrender could form the basis for negotiations they were told. That evening, the high command sent an emissary to the headquarters of the 1st Panzer Group to ask for armistice, and in response General von Kleist sent the commander of the 2nd Army, von Weichs, to Belgrade to negotiate terms. He arrived on the afternoon of 15 April and drew up an armistice based on unconditional surrender.  On 16 April, a Yugoslav delegate arrived in Belgrade, but as he did not have authority to sign the document, he was given a draft of the agreement and an aircraft was placed at his disposal to bring in

Aftermath.

Beginning with the forming of the first partisan battalion near Sisak, Croatia on 22 June and uprising in Serbia in July 1941, there was continuous resistance to the occupying armies in Yugoslavia until the end of the war. While in the beginning both Partisans and the Chetniks engaged in resistance, the Partisans became the main resistance force after Chetniks started to collaborate with the Axis forces in 1942, especially in Operation Trio.

The invasion of Yugoslavia, also known as the April War or Operation 25, was a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II. The order for the invasion was put forward in "Führer Directive No. 25", which Adolf Hitler issued on 27 March 1941, following the Yugoslav coup d'état.

Dubnová válka (srbochorvatsky Апрлски рат/Travanjski rat, slovinsky Aprilska Vojna, pod německým kódovým názvem Direktiva 25) je název, kterým je v chorvatské, srbské a slovinské historiografii označována invaze vojsk Osy na území Jugoslávie v dubnu 1941. Jugoslávie tak vstoupila do druhé světové války.


History.

A post office called Burley has been in operation since 1905. The community was named after David Ellsworth Burley, a railroad official.

Geography.

Most of the city lies in Cassia County, with only a small portion extending into Minidoka County.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water.

Climate.

Burley experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen "BSk") with cold winters and hot, dry summers. Burley is also host to incredibly high wind speeds. In 2008 a group of local farmers sued the Idaho BLM. Because pesticides that the Burley BLM office sprayed on their lands were carried by a wind storm onto farmers lands, effectively destroying crops.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 10,345 people, 3,644 households, and 2,499 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 3,885 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 77.2% White, 0.4% African American, 1.0% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 17.4% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 33.4% of the population.  There were 3,644 households, of which 40.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.4% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.37.  The median age in the city was 30.8 years. 31.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.9% were from 25 to 44; 20% were from 45 to 64; and 13.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.6% male and 50.4% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 9,316 people, 3,288 households, and 2,373 families living in the city. The population density was 2,262.0 people per square mile (873.0/km). There were 3,633 housing units at an average density of 882.1 per square mile (340.5/km). The racial makeup of the city was 77.96% White, 0.21% African American, 1.30% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 17.15% from other races, and 2.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26.71% of the population.  There were 3,288 households, out of which 39.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.8% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.31. The average home price for real estate in Burley] is around $35,000.  In the city, the population was spread out, with 31.9% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 18.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.1 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $27,981, and the median income for a family was $33,376. Males had a median income of $26,865 versus $17,304 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,689. About 15.2% of families and 18.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.1% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture.

Burley is home to the famed "Spudman" Triathlon and the Idaho Regatta.

Education.

The Cassia County portion of Burley is a part of the Cassia County School District The Minidoka County portion of Burley is a part of the Minidoka County Schools.  Residents of Minidoka County Burley are zoned to:

Burley () is a city in Cassia and Minidoka counties in the southern Idaho, United States. The population was 10,345 at the 2010 census. The city is the county seat of Cassia County.

Burley je město na hranicích okresů Cassia County a Minidoka County ve státě Idaho ve Spojených státech amerických. Městem protéká řeka Snake.


Plot.

On Rapunzel's and Eugene's wedding day Pascal and Maximus are the ring bearers and are spreading the flowers. When the priest starts talking, one of the flowers falls and Maximus sniffs it and he sneezes causing the rings to be launched outside of the castle. While in shock, the priest asks them for the rings, only to find them gone. The Queen complains that it was her grandmother's wedding rings and one of the guards says that the kingdom is lost. This causes a lot of chaos around the kingdom and explosions start to happen, but it was revealed to be a dream. With more time, they go after the rings only to be launched in two directions.  One of them lands in a pot of soup and Pascal goes after it. When coming out, he causes chaos around the tables and finally retrieves the ring, only to find his tongue stuck in ice. Meanwhile, Maximus runs after the other ring, but he runs into shoes, make-up, hats and dresses and he is now dressed as a lady (a male horse falls in love with him, but he kicks him and goes after the ring). Pascal finally gets his tongue off the ice, but he lands on a waiter's foot, causing him to drop the lintels on the ice and it launches into the air. Maximus manages to retrieve the other ring, but the ice sculpture lands on a catapult he is sitting on and is launched into the air (he passes the windows where the ceremony is). He lands in a carriage and goes after the ring.  Meanwhile, Pascal goes after the ring and it lands on a girl's lantern. He chases after it, only for him to be shocked when he finds out it is in hundreds of lanterns. Maximus manages to retrieve the ring, but his face gets knocked by several frying pans before hitting a giant frying pan. This causes a few residents to think it was the tong and they release the doves and the lanterns. Pascal finally finds the ring, but realizes he is very high. Meanwhile, the carriage Maximus is in finally stops and is launched into the air (passing Pascal, but he doesn't know that and looks at the camera). He lands on a decoration and a flock of doves passes Pascal, causing him to lose the ring. It hits a wind vane, a fountain, a decoration and a hook and finally lands on a dove's foot.  Maximus hits the ground, but the hook that the ring landed on causes barrels of juice to chase Maximum and Pascal. When coming to a dead end, Maximus uses one of the decorations as a slingshot and launches them into the air for Pascal to grab the ring. Unfortunately, he misses, but he uses his tongue to grab it. Now with both rings secured, they land in a tar factory. Just as the priest finishes, he asks for the ring, only to find Pascal and Maximus covered in tar and they hand them the rings. The priest declares them husband and wife and they kiss. Just as everybody cheers, Maximus accidentally causes the cake trolley to roll out of the castle.

Home media.

"Tangled Ever After" was first released on "Cinderella": Diamond Edition on October 2, 2012. It was also later released on the "Walt Disney Animation Studios Short Films Collection" Blu-ray on August 18, 2015.

Tangled Ever After is a 2012 American computer animated 3D short film written and directed by Nathan Greno and Byron Howard. It is a sequel to the 2010 Walt Disney Animation Studios film "Tangled". It premiered in theaters on January 13, 2012, before the 3D theatrical re-release of "Beauty and the Beast" and on Disney Channel followed by the premiere of "The Princess and the Frog" on March 23, 2012. The short was later, in Fall 2012, included as a bonus feature on the Diamond Edition of "Cinderella", and was also released three years later, on the "Walt Disney Animation Studios Short Films Collection" Blu-ray on August 18, 2015. The short is also available as a stand-alone download on iTunes.

Na vlásku šťastně až navěky, (anglicky: "Tangled Ever After"), je americká krátkometrážní šestiminutová animovaná groteska z roku 2012, která bezprostředně navazuje na celovečerní pohádkový film "Na vlásku" z roku 2010.


Background.

Since 1991, FIFA have had awards for FIFA World Player of the Year and they decided to bring in the new millennium by conducting a public vote to decide the FIFA Player of the Century. This was to be decided by votes on their official website, their official magazine and a grand jury. Maradona won the Internet-based poll by wide margins, garnering 53.6% of the votes against 18.53% for Pelé. Despite the fact that Eusébio, who played football professionally during Pelé's era, placed third in the poll, many observers complained that the Internet nature of the poll would have meant a skewed demographic of younger fans who would have seen Maradona play, but not Pelé. As a result, FIFA decided to add a second poll and appointed a "Football Family" committee composed of football journalists, officials and coaches, who voted Pelé the best player of the century with 72.75% of the vote, thus both were joint winners of the award.

FIFA internet vote.

The results of FIFA's internet Poll were as follows:

FIFA Magazine and Grand Jury vote.

This part of the award was decided by the FIFA Magazine readers vote and the FIFA Grand Jury.

FIFA Centennial Award.

FIFA Centennial Player and Football Personality.

IFFHS.

IFFHS gave out an award decided by votes which was conducted with the participation of journalists and former players (no further details given).

Best World Cup Players.

A few years prior to the end of the century, in 1993, in a ceremony sponsored by the American Airlines in Las Vegas, FIFA voted the best players, goalkeepers and coaches in the World Cup history.

FIFA Player of the Century was a one-off award created by FIFA to decide the greatest football player of the 20th century, announced at the annual FIFA World gala, held in Rome on 11 December 2000. Diego Maradona and Pelé were joint winners of the award. Maradona won the award based on the Internet poll, while Pelé won the award based on votes from FIFA officials, journalists and coaches.

Na konci 20. století se objevila série anket a žebříčků, které se pokusily určit nejlepšího fotbalistu uplynulého století (a tím pádem, de facto, všech dob). Již roku 1999 sestavila žebříček Mezinárodní federace fotbalových historiků a statistiků (IFFHS). Svůj vlastní žebříček pak publikovaly i nejvýznamnější fotbalové časopisy, britský "World Soccer", francouzský "France Football" a "Planète Foot", italský "Guerin Sportivo", brazilský "Placar", nizozemský "Voetbal International". Nejlepšího fotbalistu 20. století se pokusila vyhlásit i mezinárodní fotbalová federace FIFA. Ta nejprve volbu nechala na uživatelích internetu, v té zvítězil Diego Maradona. Poté se FIFA nicméně rozhodla sestavit ještě alternativní žebříček, který sestavili fotbaloví odborníci, a v něm dominoval Pelé.


Description.

It is a relatively small pelican, although by no means is it a small bird. Its length is from, wingspan is and body mass is from. The bill is in length. The plumage is grey and white, with a pinkish hue on the back occasionally apparent (never in the deep pink of a flamingo). The top of the bill is yellow and the pouch is usually greyish. Breeding adults have long feather plumes on the head.  It shares its habitat with the great white pelican, which is generally larger and has white instead of greyish plumage.

Habitat and breeding.

The pink-backed pelican is found in a range of aquatic habitats, but prefers quiet backwaters with shallow water, avoiding steep, vegetated lake banks. It prefers for freshwater lakes, swamps, large slow-flowing rivers, and seasonal pools but also frequents reservoirs, seasonally flooded land and flood-plains near river mouths. It may occur on alkaline and saline lakes and lagoons, and can sometimes be found along the coast in bays and estuaries (although seldom on open seashore). The species tends to roost and breed in trees (e.g. mangroves), but will also roost on sandy islands, cliffs, coral reefs and sand-dunes.  Nesting trees have many nests built close together. These nests are re-used every year until the trees collapse, although the birds will normally remain in the area. The species nests colonially in trees, reeds or low bushes along waterfronts as well as (less often) on the ground on sandy islands and in mangroves.  Its nest is a large heap of sticks and may be 10–50 m above the ground. The female lays two to three large white eggs and later the chicks feed by plunging their heads deep into the adult's pouch and taking the partially digested regurgitated fish.

Diet.

Food is usually fish (of any size up to 450 g, usually in the 80-290 g range) and amphibians, and is usually obtained by fishing in groups. Among the fish preyed upon are cichlids like "Haplochromis" and "Tilapia".

The pink-backed pelican ("Pelecanus rufescens") is a bird of the pelican family. It is a resident breeder in the swamps and shallow lakes of Africa, southern Arabia, and southern India; it has also apparently extirpated in Madagascar.

Pelikán africký ("Pelecanus rufescens") je jedním z menších druhů pelikánů, který obývá tropickou a subtropickou severní Afriky od Senegalu na západě až po Etiopii na východě a dále přes rovník až po Jihoafrickou republiku na jihu kontinentu. Někdy zalétává na sever až na Kanárské ostrovy, do Maroka, Egypta, Izraele i na Arabský poloostrov. Žije tam v různých biotopech, od sladkovodních jezer a přehradních nádrží, rozlehlých břehů a ústí velkých řek až po mangrovy a mořské laguny. Preferuje klidné stojaté vody porostlé vodní vegetaci, na otevřeném mořském pobřeží se nevyskytuje. Je to společenský pták, žije celoročně ve skupinách. Na některých místech Afriky pravidelně migruje v reakci na měnící se výskyt potravy (období dešťů nebo sucha).


Early life.

Doumbia Moussa Fakoly was born on 23 June 1968 in Odienné, Kabadougou Region, north-western Côte d'Ivoire. He discovered reggae at an early age, assembling his first group, "Djelys", in 1987. He became well-known at a regional level, but would soon ascend to national recognition.

Career.

Concerned by the social and political evolution of his country, it was not long before Tiken Jah was writing incisive works on the political environment in Côte d'Ivoire. One such work was on the death of Félix Houphouët-Boigny in 1993, which resulted in a surge of popularity amongst the nation's youth. In 1998, Fakoly made his first international appearance in Paris.  Tiken Jah Fakoly plays music "to wake up the consciences". His music speaks about the many injustices done to the people of his country and Africans in general, as well as inciting calls for pan-Africanism and an African economic, political and cultural resurgence. As such, many African listeners feel a deep affinity with his lyrics as Fakoly speaks for oppressed people. This connection has helped make Tiken Jah Fakoly a much-listened artist throughout the world.  Since the rise in political instability and xenophobia in Côte d'Ivoire and after receiving death threats due to his lyrics, Fakoly has lived in exile in Bamako, Mali since 2003. In December 2007, Fakoly was declared "persona non grata" in Senegal after criticizing President Abdoulaye Wade.  In 2009 Tiken Jah launched a campaign entitled "Un concert une école", or One Concert, One School. Through the campaign, and in collaboration with institutions and associations, he was able to finance the construction of a school in the village of Touroni, and a college in Dianké, Mali. He held concerts in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea, accompanied by a vast communication campaign promoting education.  Tiken Jah Fakoly has recorded various tracks with other artists. He is featured on Steel Pulse: "African Holocaust", on Didier Awadi: "Stoppez les criminels", on Riké: "Airt Frais", on Bernard Lavilliers: "Carnets De Bord", on Amadou & Mariam: "Dimanche À Bamako", on Dub Incorporation "Diversité", and on Tata Pound: "Cikan". He also appears on the compilation "African Consciences with Mebgane N’Dour". He features in the movie "Les Oiseaux Du Ciel", directed by Eliane de Latour. 2009 ""Africa's Reggae Legend in the Making"", Directed by Mackie Fagan. Tiken Jah actively participated in the documentary "Sababou" by Samir Benchikh which aims to promote a positive image of Africa and especially Ivory Coast, by demonstrating how people like Tiken have been engaged in ameliorating the living conditions for people in West Africa through peace, democracy, fighting hunger, promoting education, etc. In 2014 he contributed to the track "Cocoa Na Chocolate" with other African artists, in support of the "Do Agric, It Pays" campaign by ONE.

Personal life.

Despite being a reggae singer and having a deep respect for Rastafari culture, Tiken Jah came from a Muslim family and is still a practicing Muslim today. His family was slow to support his reggae career. He occasionally smokes marijuana, but encourages others not to.

Discography.

NOTE: "Mangercratie" was released in France in 1999 and in Canada in 2000. "Cours d'histoire" was released in France in 2000 and in Canada in 2001. The first two albums were only released in Côte d'Ivoire. His first music video is "Plus jamais ça" ("Mangercratie" album), directed by J.G Biggs.

Doumbia Moussa Fakoly (born June 23, 1968 in Odienné), better known by his stage name Tiken Jah Fakoly (), is an Ivorian reggae singer and songwriter.

Tiken Jah Fakoly, vlastním jménem "Dumbia Mussa Fakoly" (* 23. června 1968 v Odienné) je zpěvák a autor písní ve stylu reggae z Pobřeží slonoviny. Ve svých písních i dalších aktivitách se výrazně a kriticky vyslovuje k politickým tématům, např. k postkoloniálním vztahům s Francií ("Françafrique"), ale rovněž k problémům vnitroafrickým. Jeho angažovanost se neomezuje jen na texty písní, od roku 2009 např. zahájil kampaň "Un concert une école" ("Co koncert, to škola") na podporu základní vzdělanosti v Západní Africe.


Biography.

Early life.

Nathalie Beatrice Giannitrapani was born in Rome to a Sicilian father of Italian origin from Tunisia and a Belgian mother. She began studying music at the age of 13 and writing her first songs at the age of 15, with lyrics in Italian, English and French (also speaking Spanish). Giannitrapani songs are composed in accompaniment of a guitar and piano.  In 1998, Giannitrapani was ranked third in the Spazio Aperto music competition. After winning the 2000 under-21 category in the Festival Fuoritempo, Giannitrapani returned in 2002 and received the best song award. In the same year Giannitrapani formed her first band, made up of artists; Marco Parente, La Crus and Max Gazzè. From 2003 to 2004, Giannitrapani joined the band "Damage Done", a nu metal band, with the single "Thorns" and an album of the same name. In October 2005 Giannitrapani participated in Biella Festival, placing second, in the following year she won the Premio SIAE per Demo. In 2006, the winner of the sixth edition of MArteLive. Giannitrapani has also worked in the staging of the musicals "Les Misérables" and "The Neverending Story".

2010: "X Factor" and "In punta di piedi".

In 2010, Giannitrapani auditioned for the fourth series of the Italian" X Factor", she passed to the live shows, and placed in the 25+ category, mentored by Elio. Reaching the final on 23 November 2010, Giannitrapani was proclaimed the winner of the show after a final public vote, securing a contract with record company Sony Music worth €300,000, thus becoming the first female winner in the series. Giannitrapani's debut single "In punta di piedi" was released as a digital download, on 24 November, and on CD on 30 November.  At a press conference presenting the fourth series of "X Factor", Rai 2 director Massimo Liofredi announced that the winner of the competition "might" advance to represent Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011, rather than participate in the Sanremo Music Festival, like in previous years. On 2 December 2010, it was confirmed that Italy would return to the Eurovision Song Contest having last participated in 1997, but it was later announced that the Italian representative would be chosen through an internal selection among contestants of the Sanremo Music Festival 2011.

2011–2012: Sanremo Music Festival and "Vivo sospesa".

In 2011, Giannitrapani competed in the "Big Artists" section of the 61st Sanremo Festival with her entry "Vivo sospesa". The song finished 7th in a field of 14 and was released as the lead single from Nathalie's debut studio album, titled "Vivo sospesa" and issued by Sony Music in February 2011.  In 2011, Nathalie also dubbed Gloria in the Italian version of "Happy Feet 2". In 2012, Giannitrapani appeared as an actress during an episode of the fifth season of Italian comedy television series "I Cesaroni".

2013: "Anima di vento".

In August 2013, Nathalie released the single "Sogno d'estate", featuring Italian singer Raf. The single preceded her second studio album, "Anima di vento", released on 17 September 2013 and also featuring duets with Franco Battiato and Toni Childs.

Nathalie Beatrice Giannitrapani (born 16 December 1979), simply known as Nathalie, is an Italian singer-songwriter and actress. She rose to fame after winning the fourth season of the Italian version of "The X Factor" in 2010. Her winning single, "In punta di piedi", was released immediately after the final of the show, and debuted atop the FIMI Top Digital Downloads chart.

Nathalie Beatrice Giannitrapani (* 16. prosince 1979 Řím, Lazio, Itálie) je italská zpěvačka a skladatelka. Slávu si získala díky výhře ve 4. sérii italské verze soutěže X Faktor (2010) se svým debutovým singlem „"In punta di piedi"“.


Life and death.

Salten was born 6 September 1869 as Siegmund Salzmann in Pesht, Austria-Hungary. He was the grandson of an Orthodox rabbi. When he was four weeks old, his family relocated to Vienna, Austria. Many Jews were immigrating into the city during the late 19th century because Vienna had granted full citizenship to Jews in 1867.  When his father became bankrupt, the sixteen-year-old Salten quit school and began working for an insurance agency. He also began submitting poems and book reviews to journals. He became part of the "Young Vienna" movement ("Jung Wien") and soon received work as a full-time art and theater critic for Vienna's press ("Wiener Allgemeine Zeitung", "Zeit"). In 1900 he published his first collection of short stories. In 1901 he initiated Vienna's first, short-lived literary cabaret "Jung-Wiener Theater Zum lieben Augustin".  He was soon publishing, on an average, one book a year, of plays, short stories, novels, travel books, and essay collections. He also wrote for nearly all the major newspapers of Vienna. In 1906 Salten went to Ullstein as an editor in chief of the "B.Z. am Mittag" and the "Berliner Morgenpost", but relocated to Vienna some months later. He wrote also film scripts and librettos for operettas. In 1927 he became president of the Austrian P.E.N. club as successor of Arthur Schnitzler.  The most famous work of Salten, who himself was an avid hunter, is "Bambi" (1923). It was translated into English in 1928 and became a Book-of-the-Month Club success. In 1933, he sold the film rights to the American director Sidney Franklin for only $1,000, and Franklin later transferred the rights to the Walt Disney studios, which formed the basis of the 1942 animated classic, "Bambi".  Life in Austria became perilous for a prominent Jew during the 1930s. In Germany, Adolf Hitler had Salten's books banned in 1936. Two years later, after Germany's annexation of Austria, Salten moved to Zurich, Switzerland, with his wife, and spent his final years there. Felix Salten died on 8 October 1945, at the age of 76. He is buried at Israelitischer Friedhof Unterer Friesenberg.  Salten married actress Ottilie Metzl (1868–1942) in 1902, and had two children: Paul (1903–1937) and Anna Katharina (1904–1977). He composed another book based on the character Bambi, titled "Bambi’s Children: The Story of a Forest Family" (1939). His stories "Perri" and "The Hound of Florence" inspired the Disney films "Perri" (1957) and "The Shaggy Dog" (1959), respectively.  Salten is now considered to be the anonymous author of a witty, celebrated erotic novel, "Josephine Mutzenbacher: The Life Story of a Viennese Whore, as Told by Herself" (1906), filled with social criticism.

Felix Salten (; 6 September 1869 – 8 October 1945) was an Austrian author and literary critic in Vienna. His most famous work is "Bambi, a Life in the Woods" (1923).

Felix Salten, rodným jménem Siegmund Salzmann (6. září 1869 Pešť, Uhersko – 8. října 1945 Curych, Švýcarsko) byl rakouský spisovatel, kritik, dramatik, esejista, libretista a scenárista židovského původu.