Indications.

There are many reasons for this procedure. Some common reasons are:

Options.

Placement of the stoma on the abdomen can occur at any location along the colon, but the most common placement is on the lower left side near the sigmoid where a majority of colon cancers occur. Other locations include the ascending, transverse, and descending sections of the colon.  Types of colostomy:  Colostomy surgery that is planned usually has a higher rate of long-term success than surgery performed in an emergency situation.  People with colostomies must wear an ostomy pouching system to collect intestinal waste. Ordinarily the pouch must be emptied or changed a couple of times a day depending on the frequency of activity; in general the further from the anus (i.e., the further 'up' the intestinal tract) the ostomy is located the greater the output and more frequent the need to empty or change the pouch.

Colostomy and irrigation.

People with colostomies who have ostomies of the sigmoid colon or descending colon may have the option of irrigation, which allows for the person to not wear a pouch, but rather just a gauze cap over the stoma, and to schedule irrigation for times that are convenient. To irrigate, a catheter is placed inside the stoma, and flushed with water, which allows the feces to come out of the body into an irrigation sleeve. Most colostomates irrigate once a day or every other day, though this depends on the person, their food intake, and their health.

Alternatives.

A man in the UK has been given a remote-controlled bowel. Colostomy or ileostomy is now rarely performed for rectal cancer, with surgeons usually preferring primary resection and internal anastomosis, e.g. an ileo-anal pouch. In place of an external appliance, an internal ileo-anal pouch is constructed using a portion of the patient's lower intestine, to act as a new rectum to replace the removed original.

Routine care.

Pouches and the stick-on appliances to which they attach must be changed regularly. Sometimes an odor neutralizer and lubricant is squirted into a new pouch before it is attached. Two types of pouches are available: one disposable and one drainable. Most pouches are opaque and filter out air through a charcoal filter. The recommended practice is to empty such pouches when one-third full. Appliances, in contrast with pouches, are usually replaced every three to seven days except in cases where their seals have broken contact with the skin, when they should be replaced immediately.  Even as long ago as the 1940s, surgeons conducting a review at the Cleveland Clinic (Jones and Kehm, 1946) could summarize the routine care of the permanent colostomy as usually quite satisfactory, stating that after patients recover from the initial worry prompted by the need for a colostomy, most of them learn to manage their colostomy quite well. "These patients come from all walks of life and carry on their daily work as usual. One patient stated that he could see no advantage of the normal anus over a colostomy. While this may be somewhat overstated, it is true that most people with a permanent colostomy can live a useful, happy life." They found that, just as in anyone else, dietary indiscretion was the usual factor in occasional bowel habit disruption. This historical experience has been borne out, as today the conclusion still stands that most patients can successfully manage a colostomy as part of their activities of daily living.  Jones and Kehm preferred tissue paper as a colostomy cover (held in place with a band or garment) rather than a colostomy bag. They found that irrigation of the colostomy varied with each patient's bowel habit but that most patients developed a routine of every-other-day irrigation, whereas a few needed no irrigation.

Complications.

Parastomal hernia (PH) is the most common late complication of stomata through the abdominal wall, occurring in about 48% of the patients. Prolapse of bowel wall through the stoma occasionally happens and can require reoperation to repair.  Other common complications of colostomy are high output, skin irritation, prolapse, retraction, and ischemia.

A colostomy is an opening (stoma) in the large intestine (colon), or the surgical procedure that creates one. The opening is formed by drawing the healthy end of the colon through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall and suturing it into place. This opening, often in conjunction with an attached stoma appliance, provides an alternative channel for feces to leave the body. Thus if the natural anus is not available for that job (for example, in cases where it has been removed in the fight against colorectal cancer or ulcerative colitis), an artificial anus takes over. It may be reversible or irreversible, depending on the circumstances.

Kolostomie je nejčastější druh stomie. Je to vývod tlustého střeva na povrch těla. Velikost stomie se pohybuje od 2 až po 5 cm. Vycházející stolice je zahuštěná na rozdíl od stolice vycházející z ileostomie a silně zapáchá. Pacienti používají stomické sáčky. Nachází se na vzestupném, příčném a sestupném tračníku či na esovité kličce.


Design and description.

The diesel-electric plant of "Diamond Princess" has four diesel generators and a gas turbine generator. The diesel generators are Wärtsilä 46 series common rail engines, two straight 9-cylinder configuration (9L46), and two straight 8-cylinder configuration (8L46). The 8- and 9-cylinder engines can produce approximately and, respectively. These engines are fueled with heavy fuel oil (HFO or bunker c) and marine gas oil (MGO) depending on the local regulations regarding emissions, as MGO produces much lower emissions, but is much more expensive.  The gas turbine generator is a General Electric LM2500, producing a peak of fueled by MGO. This generator is much more expensive to run than the diesel generators, and is used mostly in areas, such as Alaska, where the emissions regulations are strict. It is also used when high speed is required to make it to a port in a shorter time period.  There are two propulsion electric motors, driving fixed-pitch propellers and six thrusters used during maneuvering – three at the bow and three at the stern. The propulsion electric motors (PEMs), are conventional synchronous motors made by Alstom Motors. The two motors are each rated to 20 MW and have a maximum speed of 154 rpm. (Rated speed of 0-145 rpm.)  In June 2017 "Diamond Princess" was retrofitted with a hull air lubrication system to reduce fuel consumption and related CO emissions.

Construction and career.

The ship was originally intended to be christened "Sapphire Princess". However, construction of another ship – the one intended to be "Diamond Princess" (currently sailing as ) – was delayed when fire swept through her decks during construction. Because completion of the damaged ship would be delayed for some time, her sister ship, which was also under construction, was renamed "Diamond Princess". The name swap helped keep the delivery of "Diamond Princess" on time.  She was the first Princess Cruises ship to be built in a Japanese shipyard, and the first to forego the controversial "wing" or "shopping cart handle" structure overhanging the stern, which houses the Skywalkers Nightclub on, and, and which was originally also a feature of prior to her 2011 refit.  Prior to 2014, "Diamond Princess" alternated sailing north and southbound voyages of the glacier cruises during the northern summer months and in the southern summer, she sailed from Australia and New Zealand. Starting in 2014, she undertook cruises from Yokohama for Tokyo or Kobe in the northern summer season.  For the 2016–17 season, she sailed round-trip cruises in the northern winter months from Singapore. Kota Kinabalu was added as part of her destination along with Vietnamese port of Nha Trang in December 2016. She resumed voyaging from Sydney for the 2017–18 season.  After the 2018 Australia and New Zealand cruises, "Diamond Princess" was re-positioned into South-East Asia for most of 2018, varying between Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Vietnam, Taiwan and Malaysia. She is projected to remain in South-East Asia (predominantly in Japanese waters) to early 2021.

2016 gastroenteritis cases.

In February 2016, "Diamond Princess" experienced a gastroenteritis outbreak, caused by norovirus sickening 158 passengers and crew on board, as confirmed after arrival in Sydney by NSW Health.

Coronavirus disease 2019.

On 20 January 2020, an 80-year-old passenger from Hong Kong embarked in Yokohama, sailed one segment of the itinerary, and disembarked in Hong Kong on 25 January. He visited a local Hong Kong hospital, six days after leaving the ship, where he later tested positive for COVID-19 on 1 February. On its next voyage, 4 February, the ship was in Japanese waters when 10 passengers were diagnosed with COVID-19 during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.  The ship was quarantined on 4 February in the Port of Yokohama in Japan. The infected included at least 138 from India (including 132 crew and 6 passengers), 35 Filipinos, 32 Canadians, 24 Australians, 13 Americans, 4 Indonesians, 4 Malaysians, and 2 Britons. Home countries arranged to evacuate their citizens and quarantine them further in their own countries. As of 1 March, all on board including the crew and the captain had disembarked.  As of 16 March, at least 712 out of the 3,711 passengers and crew had tested positive for the virus. As of 14 April, fourteen of those who were on board have died from the disease. On 30 March, the ship was cleared to sail again after the ship was cleaned and disinfected.  On 16 May, "Diamond Princess" departed from the Port of Yokohama. The ship is said to be going to Malaysia.

Diamond Princess is a British-registered cruise ship owned and operated by Princess Cruises. She began operation in March 2004 and primarily cruises in Asia during the northern hemisphere summer and Australia during the southern hemisphere summer. She is a subclassed ship, which is also known as a Gem-class ship. "Diamond Princess" and her sister ship,, are the widest subclass of "Grand"-class ships, as they have a beam, while all other "Grand"-class ships have a beam of. "Diamond Princess" and "Sapphire Princess" were both built in Nagasaki, Japan, by Mitsubishi Industries.

Diamond Princess je výletní loď, která je zaregistrována ve Spojeném království a spravována linkami Princess Cruises. Loď byla uvedena do provozu v březnu 2004 primárně pro plavby v Asii (během léta v severní polokouli) a Austrálie (během léta v jižní polokouli). "Diamond Princess" a její tzv. „sesterská“ loď, "Sapphire Princess", jsou nejširší podtřídou lodí třídy grand. Jsou široké 37,5 metru, zatímco ostatní lodě třídy grand jsou široké pouze 36 metrů. "Diamond Princess" a "Sapphire Princess" byly sestrojeny v japonském městě Nagasaki společností Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.


Family and background.

Walter was a younger son of Richard de Clare, a Norman lord and landholder who also held Clare and Tonbridge in England. Walter's mother was Rohese, the daughter of Walter Giffard. Rohese and Richard had at least six sons and two daughters. Besides Walter, they were Roger, Gilbert, Richard, Robert and Godfrey. The daughters were Alice and Rohese. Walter's family of de Clare was a powerful one, with members of it having participated in rebellions and conspiracies against Henry's older brother King William II of England (d. 1100) in 1088 and 1095.

Life.

Little is known of Walter's life, most of it deriving from the "Gesta Normannorum Ducum" written by William of Jumieges. The first mention of Walter in the historical record is when he was granted the lordship of Netherwent, including Chepstow Castle beside the River Wye, by King Henry I of England. This occurred sometime before 1119. Walter's lordship of Netherwent or Chepstow was generally considered a feudal barony, and Walter is considered a baron by most historians. Walter's land grant was part of a larger series of grants by Henry in southern Wales, including some given to Walter's brother Gilbert de Clare. Henry also granted lands to another brother of Gilbert and Walter: Robert, who received Little Dunmow. These grants from the king to the Clare family helped bring them over to the royal side during the conflict between the king and his nephew William Clito over the control of Normandy in the late 1110s.  Walter was a witness on 12 of Henry's royal charters, all before 1131. He also was a witness for some royal charters issued by Henry's successor, King Stephen of England, early in Stephen's reign. One was a charter issued at Henry's funeral on 4 January 1136 and another at Stephen's court at Easter 1136. These two charter attestations show that he was an early supporter of Stephen in the king's seizure of the throne from Henry's daughter Matilda. These early charters from Stephen's reign are Walter's last appearances in documents during his lifetime. Also in 1136 Walter was in charge of the defense of Le Sap in Normandy against Geoffrey V of Anjou.  Walter established Tintern Abbey as a Cistercian monastery on 9 May 1131, the second Cistercian monastic house to be endowed in Britain. The monks for the establishment came from L'Aumône Abbey in France. Although the ruins of Tintern were the subject of a poem by William Wordsworth and a painting by J. M. W. Turner, these ruins are not Walter's original buildings, as little remains of them.

Death and legacy.

Historians differ over whether Walter ever married, but agree that he died childless. Michael Altschul lists no wife in his work on the Clares, and C. Warren Hollister, revising J. Horace Rounds entry in the "Dictionary of National Biography" for the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", states that it is unclear if Walter married. Jennifer Ward, however, states that Walter married Isabella, a daughter of Ralph de Tosny. Katharine Keats-Rohan states that Walter married Isabel, a daughter of Ralph de Tosny, and states that his widow gave an endowment to the cathedral chapter of Salisbury Cathedral for the sake of Walter's soul. Walter was alive at Easter in 1136, but died after that date. The obituary for Walter from Tintern gives his death date as 10 March, but does not state a year. A date of 1138 is usually given for his death; though this has not been proven, it is likely. His estates passed to his nephew Gilbert de Clare, son of his brother Gilbert, who had died around 1115.

Walter de Clare or Walter fitzRichard (died probably 1137 or 1138) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and founder of Tintern Abbey. A member of a powerful family, Walter was a younger son who was given lands around Chepstow Castle by King Henry I of England sometime before 1119. Walter continued to appear in Henry's charters for the rest of the reign, and was an early supporter of King Stephen of England, Henry's successor as king. Walter last appears in the historical record in 1136 and died without children. His lands went to his nephew.

Walter z Clare (anglicky "Gautier Fitz Richard" či také "Walter de Clare", † 1138) byl anglonormanský šlechtic, zakladatel kláštera Tintern.


History.

The municipality of Chexbres was already inhabited in Roman times, and a single wall remains and coins have been found. The first written mention of the place appeared in 1139 under the name "Chexbres". In the ensuing period many other names: Chibriacum (1100), Chabris (1134), Chabre (1142), Cabarissa (1145), Cerbre (1147), Chebra (1165), Chabrii (1179), Chabre (1221), Chaibri (1248), Chaibry (1368), Chebry (1453), Cheibri (1454) and even to 1562, both Chaybres and Cheybres appeared. The origin of the name is not clearly understood. It could be derived from the Roman personal names Cabrius, from the Gallic words Caebre (meaning city on a hill) or from Cabus (hemp).  The area around Chexbres was owned from the 6th century by the abbey of Saint Maurice and in 978 came under the Kingdom of Burgundy. In 1079 King Henry IV gave the village and lands to the bishop of Lausanne.  With the conquest of Vaud by Bern in 1536, Chexbres came under the administration of the Bailiwick of Lausanne. After the collapse of the ancien régime, the village belonged from 1798 to 1803 during the Helvetic Republic to the Canton of Léman, and later the Canton of Vaud. In 1798 the village was assigned to the district of Lavaux and until 1810 was part of the greater community of Saint-Saphorin within this district. It was only after 1810 that it became a politically independent municipality. Thanks to its scenic location, the village developed during the 19th century into a resort.

Geography.

Chexbres is located at above sea level, east-southeast of the capital of the canton of Lausanne (as the crow flies). The village covers an area east of the Forestay river, in Lavaux, a scenic location about above the lake level of Lake Geneva.  The community itself has no direct lake access, but extends to the east of the Château de Glérolles almost to the shores of Lake Geneva. Crêt Bérard at above sea level is the highest point of Chexbres. To the west, the area extends beyond the valleys of the Forestay on the hill of Le Signal at up to above sea level.  Chexbres includes the hamlet of Le Monte Iller at above sea level on the slope below the village, amid the vineyards and a number of farms. Chexbres is bordered by Rivaz, Puidoux and Saint-Saphorin (Lavaux).  Chexbres has an area,, of. Of this area, or 51.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 16.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 32.7% is settled (buildings or roads) and or 0.5% is unproductive land.  Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 15.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 15.4%. Out of the forested land, 10.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 5.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 9.8% is used for growing crops and 24.8% is pastures, while 16.8% is used for orchards or vine crops.  The municipality was part of the Lavaux District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Chexbres became part of the new district of Lavaux-Oron.

Coat of arms.

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is "Azure, on a cross Or five Roses Gules."

Demographics.

Chexbres has a population () of., 19.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 4.1%. It has changed at a rate of 12.8% due to migration and at a rate of -8.5% due to births and deaths.  Most of the population () speaks French (1,766 or 86.5%), with German being second most common (109 or 5.3%) and Portuguese being third (36 or 1.8%). There are 34 people who speak Italian.  Of the population in the municipality 424 or about 20.8% were born in Chexbres and lived there in 2000. There were 745 or 36.5% who were born in the same canton, while 383 or 18.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 400 or 19.6% were born outside of Switzerland.  In there were 16 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 30 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 14 while the foreign population remained the same. There was 1 Swiss man who immigrated back to Switzerland and 3 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 22 non-Swiss men and 25 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 46 and the non-Swiss population increased by 27 people. This represents a population growth rate of 3.7%.  The age distribution,, in Chexbres is; 199 children or 9.6% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 198 teenagers or 9.6% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 203 people or 9.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 261 people or 12.6% are between 30 and 39, 350 people or 16.9% are between 40 and 49, and 254 people or 12.3% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 244 people or 11.8% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 186 people or 9.0% are between 70 and 79, there are 133 people or 6.4% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 37 people or 1.8% who are 90 and older. , there were 774 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 947 married individuals, 184 widows or widowers and 136 individuals who are divorced. , there were 887 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.1 persons per household. There were 334 households that consist of only one person and 36 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 907 households that answered this question, 36.8% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 258 married couples without children, 236 married couples with children There were 47 single parents with a child or children. There were 12 households that were made up of unrelated people and 20 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.  The historical population is given in the following chart:

Economy.

Chexbres was until the early 20th century, a primarily agricultural village. Even today, the vineyards in the sunny slopes of the Lavaux cover about 25 hectares and arable and livestock farming in the uplands has a certain role in the employment structure of the population. More jobs however are available in the local small businesses and especially in the service sector. The trade of Chexbres is principally with daily consumer goods and to provide for tourists. There are also several wine shops. Chexbres also features a heated swimming pool. Through the construction of numerous single-family homes in the last decades, the village has developed into a residential community. Many workers though are commuters who work mainly in Lausanne and in the Vevey-Montreux region. , Chexbres had an unemployment rate of 3.8%., there were 38 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 12 businesses involved in this sector. 66 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 18 businesses in this sector. 534 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 67 businesses in this sector. There were 958 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 45.1% of the workforce. , there were 379 workers who commuted into the municipality and 712 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.9 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 12.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 64.3% used a private car.

Politics.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 20.43% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (18.1%), the SP (18.05%) and the Green Party (13.3%). In the federal election, a total of 704 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 52.6%.

Transport.

The community has well-developed transport links. It lies on the main road from Vevey to Moudon. The A9 motorway opened in 1974 and connects Lausanne to Sion. It crosses the municipal area, approximately 1 km from the town center.  On 2 May 1904 a railway station was established on the line from Vevey to Puidoux. Today, the route runs on the Train des vignes. Only a little outside the municipal area is the Puidoux-Chexbres station on the main line from Lausanne to Bern (inaugurated on September 4, 1862). A bus service also serves the route from Cully.

World heritage sites.

Part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces is located in Chexbres.

Landmarks.

The Church of Chexbres was built in 1888 on the site of a former chapel. It has a neo-Gothic tower, remarkable stained glass by Jean Prahins (1988) and an organ in the French Romanticism style, installed in 1905. The De Crousaz Castle was built in the 15th century. The present building, however, comes from a reconstruction following a fire shortly after 1600. From the 18th century is the townhall, the Maison Wyttenbach. In the old center and some characteristic farmer houses from the 17th to 19th century are preserved.

Religion.

From the, 550 or 26.9% were Roman Catholic, while 1,023 or 50.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 82 members of an Orthodox church (or about 4.02% of the population), and there were 70 individuals (or about 3.43% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 16 (or about 0.78% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 2 individuals who were Buddhist and 4 individuals who belonged to another church. 216 (or about 10.58% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 112 individuals (or about 5.49% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education.

In Chexbres about 730 or (35.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 336 or (16.5%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a "Fachhochschule"). Of the 336 who completed tertiary schooling, 53.3% were Swiss men, 30.4% were Swiss women, 9.8% were non-Swiss men and 6.5% were non-Swiss women.  In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 216 students in the Chexbres school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 665 children of which 232 children (34.9%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 114 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 101 students in those schools. There were also 1 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school. , there were 146 students in Chexbres who came from another municipality, while 177 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Chexbres is a municipality in the Swiss canton Vaud, located in the district of Lavaux-Oron. Chexbres is a wine-growing village and enjoys a good selection of local vintages. It also enjoys notable views of Lake Geneva, and therefore is nicknamed "Balcon du Léman" in French.

Chexbres je obec v západní (frankofonní) části Švýcarska, v kantonu Vaud, v okrese Lavaux-Oron. Žije zde obyvatel. Lavaux-Oron. Chexbres je vinařská obec s pozoruhodnými výhledy na Ženevské jezero, a proto je ve francouzštině označována jako „Balcon du Léman“.


Plot.

In a world where currently most of the human population possess superpowers, labeled as following the transitional period, Izuku Midoriya dreamt of becoming a Hero despite being bullied by his violent childhood friend Katsuki Bakugo for lacking a Quirk. Both youths idolize one of the world's greatest heroes All Might, who they both met with Izuku being one of few to know of an critical injury All Might has been concealing from the public eye to maintain morale. All Might also reveals the nature of his Quirk "One For All" and passes it down to Izuku to succeed him after seeing the youth's determination in the face of danger. As Izuku begins his path to becoming a hero in attending alongside Bakugo and the friends they make in Class 1-A, a nemesis to the "One For All" users named All For One conditions his apprentice Tomura Shigaraki to destroy the current society and its heroes.

Media.

Manga.

"My Hero Academia" is written and illustrated by Kōhei Horikoshi. It originated from the one-shot, which Horikoshi wanted to turn into a series following the end of "Barrage". It began its serialization in the manga magazine "Weekly Shōnen Jump" on July 7, 2014. As of March 2020, the series has been collected into twenty-six "tankōbon" volumes. The series is licensed for the English-language release in North America by Viz Media, who published the first volume on August 4, 2015. As the series is published in Japan, it is also released simultaneously in English digitally by Viz Media's "Weekly Shōnen Jump". As of August 7, 2018, 14 volumes have been released. Shueisha began to simulpublish the series in English on the website and app Manga Plus in January 2019.  A spin-off series entitled "My Hero Academia Smash!!" by Hirofumi Neda started in the "Jump+" digital app on November 9, 2015, and finished on November 6, 2017. Five "tankōbon" volumes were released as of November 2017. The series has been licensed by Viz Media. Another spin-off series, "My Hero Academia: Vigilantes", began being published by "Weekly Shōnen Jump" in 2017. The series is licensed for the English-language release in North America by Viz Media. The first volume was released in English on July 3, 2018. A third spin-off series, "My Hero Academia: Team Up Mission" by Yōkō Akiyama, began serialization in "Saikyō Jump" on August 2, 2019, with a prologue chapter debuting in "Shōnen Jump GIGA" on July 25, 2019.

Anime series.

On October 29, 2015, the series' official Twitter announced that "My Hero Academia" would receive an anime adaptation produced by Studio Bones. With the anime announced, Toho registered the domain name "heroaca.com" as the anime's website. The anime is directed by Kenji Nagasaki, written by Yōsuke Kuroda, and featured character designs by Yoshihiko Umakoshi and music composed by Yuki Hayashi. The anime stars Marina Inoue as Momo Yaoyorozu, Yoshimasa Hosoya as Fumikage Tokoyami, Daiki Yamashita as Izuku Midoriya, Kenta Miyake as All Might, Nobuhiko Okamoto as Katsuki Bakugō, Ayane Sakura as Ochako Uraraka, Kaito Ishikawa as Tenya Iida, Aoi Yuki as Tsuyu Asui, Ryou Hirohashi as Minoru Mineta. The anime premiered on MBS and other Japan News Network stations in the Nichigo time slot at 5 P.M. on Sundays in Japan. The opening theme is "The Day", performed by Porno Graffitti and the ending theme is "Heroes", performed by Brian the Sun.  In March 2016, Funimation announced they had licensed the international rights for streaming services, the home and broadcast release, and the merchandise rights. Universal Pictures UK distributed the first season in the United Kingdom and Ireland on behalf of Funimation, with Sony Pictures UK distributing the second season for Funimation, and Manga Entertainment distributing subsequent seasons for Funimation. In Australia and New Zealand, Universal Sony Pictures Home Entertainment distributed the first two seasons, on behalf of Funimation, with Madman Entertainment distributing season 3 onwards, in partnership with Funimation.  A second season was announced in the "Weekly Shōnen Jump" magazine's 30th issue of 2016. It premiered on April 1, 2017, on Nippon TV and Yomiuri TV, and ended on September 30, 2017, with the staff and cast from the first season returning to reprise their roles. The first opening theme is performed by Kenshi Yonezu and the first ending theme is, performed by Little Glee Monster. The second opening theme is performed by amazarashi and the ending theme is by LiSA.  A third season was announced in the 44th issue of "Weekly Shōnen Jump" magazine of 2017. The English dub premiered on April 7, 2018. The first opening theme is "Odd Future" by Uverworld, while the first ending theme is by Miwa. The second opening theme is "Make My Story" by Lenny Code Fiction and the second ending theme is by Masaki Suda.  On April 19, 2018, Funimation announced that the series would air on Adult Swim's Toonami block starting on May 5.  A fourth season was announced in the 44th issue of "Weekly Shōnen Jump" magazine of 2018. This was later confirmed with the airing of the final episode to season three on September 29, 2018. On December 19, 2018, the "My Hero Academia" website confirmed a release date of October 12, 2019, along with a key visual. Funimation had premiered the first episode of the fourth season at Anime Expo on July 6, 2019, with the English dub. Kenji Nagasaki is serving as chief director of the fourth season, with Masahiro Mukai as director. Funimation and Madman Entertainment will premiere the first episode of the English dub in Australia at Madman Anime Festival Melbourne and Perth on September 14 and October 4, 2019, respectively. The first opening theme is "Polaris" by Blue Encount, while the first ending theme is ""Kōkai no Uta" by Sayuri. The second opening theme is "Star Marker" by Kana-Boon, and the second ending theme is "Shout Baby" by Ryokuōshoku Shakai.  A fifth season was announced in the 18th issue of "Weekly Shōnen Jump" magazine in April 2020, and at the end of the final episode of season 4.

Theatrical films.

An anime film was announced in December 2017 and features an original story set after the manga's "Final Exam" arc. Titled, the film had its world premiere at Anime Expo on July 5, 2018, and the Japanese theatrical release began screening on August 3, 2018, with the staff and cast from the anime series returning to reprise their roles. Funimation announced that they would release the film theatrically in the United States and Canada from September 25, 2018, to October 2, 2018.  In October 2018, Legendary Entertainment acquired the rights to produce a live-action adaptation of "My Hero Academia".  On March 23, 2019, it was announced that a second animated film for "My Hero Academia" was in production. On July 7, 2019, the official Twitter account for "My Hero Academia" revealed the title as, and scheduled the film for release on December 20, 2019.

Video games.

A video game based on the anime, "My Hero Academia: Battle for All", was announced in November 2015. The game was developed by Dimps and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment for the Nintendo 3DS handheld game console, where it released in Japan on May 19, 2016. A second video game, titled "My Hero: One's Justice", was released for PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows on October 26, 2018. The game has sold over 500,000 units worldwide, as of January 2019. Izuku Midoriya, All Might and Katsuki Bakugo also appear as playable characters in the crossover game "Jump Force". A third installment of the video game series, "My Hero: One's Justice 2", was announced for release on Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, and PC. It was released in Japan on March 12, 2020, for Xbox One, PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch.

Musicals.

"My Hero Academia: The "Ultra" Stage", a stage musical adaptation, was first announced in 2018 and ran in Tokyo and Osaka from April 12 to April 29, 2019. The play was directed by Tsuneyasu Motoyoshi written by Hideyuki Nishimori, and choreographed by Umebō. Shunsuke Wada composed the music. A second stage play titled "My Hero Academia: The "Ultra" Stage: A True Hero", was scheduled to run from March 6 to April 25, 2020, with the cast and staff returning. A concert event titled "My Hero Academia: The "Ultra" Live" will be held in July 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, "My Hero Academia: The "Ultra" Stage: A True Hero"'s original run was cancelled and postponed to July 2020, where a complete version titled "My Hero Academia: The "Ultra" Stage: A True Hero Plus Stage Ver." will run instead while "My Hero Academia: The "Ultra" Live" is postponed to a later date.

Reception.

Popularity.

The story has been noted to take inspiration from elements in superhero comics, such as the aesthetics of its characters, and due to the popularity of the series, characters of "My Hero Academia" were used to promote the Marvel Studios film "". Before the anime adaptation's premiere, manga author Masashi Kishimoto praised Kōhei Horikoshi's work, believing it would be a success overseas; Horikoshi, meanwhile, has cited Kishimoto's "Naruto" series as a primary source of inspiration.

Sales.

Volume 1 reached 7th place on the weekly Oricon manga chart with 71,575 copies sold. It sold out almost immediately on its first printing. Volume 2 reached 6th place, with 167,531 copies and, by January 18, 2015, had sold 205,179 copies. As of March 2017, there were over 10 million copies of "My Hero Academia" in circulation. As of August 2018, the manga had over 16 million copies in print. As of December 2018, the manga had over 20 million copies in print. As of December 2019, the manga had over 26 million copies in print. "My Hero Academia" was the 6th best selling manga in 2019. In 2019, "My Hero Academia" ranked 37th on the 19th "Book of the Year" list by "Da Vinci" magazine.

Critical reception.

Nick Creamer of Anime News Network ranked the first volume as a B. Creamer considered that the series uses the classic formula of other "Weekly Shōnen Jump" series, but highlighted its artwork, depicting it as "detailed, angular, and tremendously consistent" and lauded the way the story applies "self-awareness" to classic superhero tropes. He called the story "absolutely professional" and concluded; "It won't surprise you, and so far the characters aren't exactly leaping off the page, but it's fast-paced and entertaining and very sharply drawn. It's a mature work from a professional who clearly knows his craft."  Alex Osborn of IGN gave the anime series positive marks, saying "The first season of "My Hero Academia" delivers thirteen episodes of fantastic action, elevated by a heartfelt story that's wrapped around a core cast of memorable and relatable characters." Osborn went on to state that the villains were underdeveloped.

Accolades.

The manga was nominated for the 8th Manga Taishō in 2015. It was nominated for the 40th Kodansha Manga Award for the "shōnen" category in 2016. The manga won the Sugoi Japan Award and the "Japan Expo Awards" in 2017. It was also nominated for the 44th Angoulême International Comics Festival for Best Youth Comic in the same year, and the 30th Harvey Awards for Best Manga. In 2019, the manga won the Harvey Award for Best Manga.  "Paste" ranked "My Hero Academia" among the top 40 anime of all time. In November 2019, "Polygon" named it as one of the best anime of the 2010s, and Crunchyroll listed it in their "Top 25 best anime of the 2010s". IGN also listed "My Hero Academia" among the best anime series of the 2010s.

Controversy.

In early 2020 the series caused a controversy in South Korea and China for allegedly referencing Unit 731, an infamous Imperial Japanese army unit known for vivisecting captured Chinese, Korean and Russian individuals, and has been removed from distribution there.

External links.

The manga was adapted into an anime television series by Bones. Its first season aired in Japan from April 3 to June 26, 2016, followed by a second season from April 1 to September 30, 2017, then a third season from April 7 to September 29, 2018, a fourth season from October 12, 2019 to April 4, 2020, and a fifth season has been announced. An animated film titled "" was released on August 3, 2018. A second animated film titled "" was released on December 20, 2019. There are plans for a live-action film by Legendary Entertainment.

My Hero Academia () je japonská šónen manga, kterou píše a kreslí Kóhei Horikoši. Příběh pojednává o chlapci jménem Izuku Midorija, jenž se narodil bez jakýchkoli superschopností ve světě, kde má superschopnosti téměř každý. Izuku se však nevzdává a navzdory nepřízni osudu se snaží stát se superhrdinou stůj co stůj.


Episodes.

"Renzo e Luciana".

Directed by Mario Monicelli. Written by Giovanni Arpino, Italo Calvino, Suso Cecchi d'Amico and Monicelli. Music by Piero Umiliani. With Marisa Solinas and Germano Giglioli.  In "Renzo e Luciana" (Renzo and Luciana) a young couple tries to hide their marriage and the wife’s supposed pregnancy from the draconian rules at their place of employment, which has banned female employees from getting married and having children. Their efforts – both at their shared home (having temporarily moved into her family's crowded apartment), and at work (where they go so far as to pretend not to know each other) – causes pressure to mount on the couple. Their hope is to make it through until they have managed to save some money to move out, and are dependent on Renzo going to night school to become an accountant.  This first episode was only included in the Italian distribution of the film. Out of solidarity toward Monicelli, the other three directors did not go to the Cannes Film Festival for the presentation of the film.

"Le Tentazioni del Dottor Antonio".

Directed by Federico Fellini. Written by Fellini, Ennio Flaiano and Tullio Pinelli. Music by Nino Rota. With Peppino De Filippo and Anita Ekberg.  In "Le Tentazioni del Dottor Antonio" (The Temptation of Dr Antonio) Dr Antonio Mazzuolo, a middle-aged man, has taken it upon himself to be the protector of Rome's morality from what he sees as vice and immorality throughout the city. The doctor (in his tiny Fiat equipped with a police spotlight) wages his one-man crusade – shining the spotlight at lovers in parked cars, or bounding on stage of a cabaret, ordering the stage crew (which includes a smiling police officer) to shut the lights, as he closes the curtain behind a line of bewildered chorus girls. He admonishes the audience to 'go home, and spend (their) money' in a 'better way instead of seeing this filth.' His anger knows no bounds when a provocative billboard of Anita Ekberg with the tag line "drink more milk" is put up in a park near his residence. Little does he know how the billboard will impact his life. Throughout the film, children are heard singing the jingle "Bevete più latte, bevete più latte!" ("Drink more milk!"). The image begins to haunt him with hallucinations in which Ekberg appears as a temptress. After his delirium culminates in throwing a spear at Ekberg's image, he is found collapsed on top of the billboard and transported away in an ambulance to the children's song.

"Il Lavoro".

Directed by Luchino Visconti. Written by Suso Cecchi d'Amico and Visconti. Music by Nino Rota. With Romy Schneider and Tomas Milian.  "Il Lavoro" (The Job) is about an aristocratic couple coming to terms with life and marriage after the domineering husband is caught visiting prostitutes by the press.

"La Riffa".

Directed by Vittorio De Sica. Written by Cesare Zavattini. Music by Armando Trovajoli. With Sophia Loren.  In "La Riffa" (The Raffle) a timid lottery winner is entitled to one night with the attractive Zoe (Sophia Loren). Zoe, however, has other plans.

Artistic legacy.

An orchestrated version of the song "Bevete più latte," from "Le Tentazioni del Dottor Antonio," was one of 13 tracks, recorded by Italian band Piccola Orchestra Avion Travel and arranged by Fabrizio France, for their 2009 album "Nino Rota, L'Amico Magico," released to mark the 30th anniversary of the 1979 death of composer Nino Rota.  "Bevete più latte" was also used in the song "Milk Sheik" by singer Lizzy Mercier Descloux on her album Mambo Nassau from 1981.

Boccaccio '70 is a 1962 Italian film produced by Carlo Ponti and directed by Mario Monicelli, Federico Fellini, Luchino Visconti and Vittorio De Sica from an idea by Cesare Zavattini. It is an anthology of four episodes, each by one of the directors, all about a different aspect of morality and love in modern times in the style of Giovanni Boccaccio.

Boccaccio '70 je italský povídkový film z roku 1962, který se skládá ze čtyř částí. Jednotlivé části režírovali Mario Monicelli, Federico Fellini, Luchino Visconti a Vittorio De Sica.


Early life.

Waters was born in Chester, Pennsylvania on October 31, 1896 (some sources state her birth year as 1900) as a result of the rape of her teenaged African-American mother, Louise Anderson (1881–1962) by John Waters, (1878–1901), a pianist and family acquaintance from a middle-class African-American background. Waters's family was very fair skinned, his mother in particular. Many sources, including Ethel herself, have reported for years that her mother was 12 or 13 years old at the time of the rape, 13 when Ethel was born. Stephen Bourne opens his 2007 biography, " Ethel Waters: StormyWeather", with the statement that genealogical research has shown that she may have been in her late teens.  Waters played no role in raising Ethel. Soon after she was born, her mother married Norman Howard, a railroad worker. Ethel used the surname Howard as a child and then reverted to her father's name. She was raised in poverty by Sally Anderson, her grandmother, who worked as a housemaid, and with two of her aunts and an uncle. Waters never lived in the same place for more than 15 months. Of her difficult childhood, she said "I never was a child. I never was cuddled, or liked, or understood by my family."  Waters grew tall, standing in her teens. According to jazz historian and archivist Rosetta Reitz, Waters's birth in the North and her peripatetic life exposed her to many cultures. Waters married at the age of 13, but her husband was abusive, and she soon left the marriage and became a maid in a Philadelphia hotel, working for $4.75 per week. On her 17th birthday, she attended a costume party at a nightclub on Juniper Street. She was persuaded to sing two songs and impressed the audience so much that she was offered professional work at the Lincoln Theatre in Baltimore. She recalled that she earned the rich sum of $10 per week, but her managers cheated her out of the tips her admirers threw on the stage.

Career.

Singing.

After her start in Baltimore, Waters toured on the black vaudeville circuit, in her words "from nine until unconscious." Despite her early success, she fell on hard times and joined a carnival traveling in freight cars headed for Chicago. She enjoyed her time with the carnival and recalled, "the roustabouts and the concessionaires were the kind of people I'd grown up with, rough, tough, full of larceny towards strangers, but sentimental and loyal to their friends and co-workers." But she did not last long with them and soon headed south to Atlanta, where she worked in the same club as Bessie Smith. Smith demanded that Waters not compete in singing blues opposite her. Waters conceded and sang ballads and popular songs. Around 1919, Waters moved to Harlem and became a performer in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s.  Her first Harlem job was at Edmond's Cellar, a club with a black patronage that specialized in popular ballads. She acted in a blackface comedy, "Hello 1919". Jazz historian Rosetta Reitz pointed out that by the time Waters returned to Harlem in 1921, women blues singers were among the most powerful entertainers in the country. In 1921, Waters became the fifth black woman to make a record, for tiny Cardinal Records. She later joined Black Swan, where Fletcher Henderson was her accompanist. Waters later commented that Henderson tended to perform in a more classical style than she preferred, often lacking "the damn-it-to-hell bass."  She recorded for Black Swan from 1921 through 1923. Her contract with Harry Pace made her the highest paid black recording artist at the time. In early 1924, Paramount bought Black Swan, and she stayed with Paramount through the year.  She first recorded for Columbia in 1925, achieving a hit with "Dinah". She started working with Pearl Wright, and they toured in the South. In 1924, Waters played at the Plantation Club on Broadway. She also toured with the Black Swan Dance Masters. With Earl Dancer, she joined what was called the "white time" Keith Vaudeville Circuit, a vaudeville circuit performing for white audiences and combined with screenings of silent movies. They received rave reviews in Chicago and earned the unheard-of salary of US$1,250 in 1928. In September 1926, Waters recorded "I'm Coming Virginia", composed by Donald Heywood with lyrics by Will Marion Cook. She is often wrongly attributed as the author. The following year, Waters sang it in a production of "Africana" at Broadway's Daly's Sixty-Third Street Theatre. In 1929, Waters and Wright arranged the unreleased Harry Akst song "Am I Blue?", which was used in the movie "On with the Show" and became a hit and her signature song.

Film, theater and television.

In 1933, Waters appeared in a satirical all-black film, "Rufus Jones for President", which featured the child performer Sammy Davis Jr. as Rufus Jones. She went on to star at the Cotton Club, where, according to her autobiography, she "sang 'Stormy Weather' from the depths of the private hell in which I was being crushed and suffocated." In 1933, she had a featured role in the successful Irving Berlin Broadway musical revue "As Thousands Cheer" with Clifton Webb, Marilyn Miller, and Helen Broderick.  She became the first black woman to integrate Broadway's theater district more than a decade after actor Charles Gilpin's critically acclaimed performances in the plays of Eugene O'Neill beginning with "The Emperor Jones" in 1920.  Waters held three jobs: in "As Thousands Cheer", as a singer for Jack Denny & His Orchestra on a national radio program, and in nightclubs. She became the highest-paid performer on Broadway. Despite this status, she had difficulty finding work. She moved to Los Angeles to appear in the 1942 film "Cairo". During the same year, she reprised her starring stage role as Petunia in the all-black film musical "Cabin in the Sky" directed by Vincente Minnelli, and starring Lena Horne as the ingenue. Conflicts arose when Minnelli swapped songs from the original script between Waters and Horne: Waters wanted to perform "Honey in the Honeycomb" as a ballad, but Horne wanted to dance to it. Horne broke her ankle and the songs were reversed. She got the ballad and Waters the dance. Waters did sing the Academy Award nominated "Happiness is Just a Thing Called Joe".  In 1939 Waters became the first African American to star in her own television show, before Nat King Cole appeared in 1956. "The Ethel Waters Show", a 15-minute variety special, appeared on NBC on June 14, 1939; it included a dramatic performance of the Broadway play "Mamba's Daughters" based in the Gullah community of South Carolina and produced with her in mind. The play was based the novel by DuBose Heyward.  She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the film "Pinky" (1949) under the direction of Elia Kazan after the first director, John Ford, quit over disagreements with Waters. According to producer Darryl F. Zanuck, Ford "hated that old...woman (Waters)." Ford, Kazan stated, "didn't know how to reach Ethel Waters." Kazan later referred to Waters's "truly odd combination of old-time religiosity and free-flowing hatred."  In 1950, she won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award for her performance opposite Julie Harris in the play "The Member of the Wedding". Waters and Harris repeated their roles in the 1952 film version.  In 1950, Waters was the first African American actress to star in a television series, "Beulah," which aired on ABC television from 1950 through 1952.  It was the first nationally broadcast weekly television series starring an African-American in the leading role. She starred as Beulah for the first year of the TV series before quitting in 1951, complaining that the portrayal of blacks was "degrading." She was replaced by Louise Beavers in the second and third season. She guest-starred in 1957 and 1959 on NBC's "The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford". In a 1957 segment, she sang "Cabin in the Sky".  When production moved to Hollywood, Hattie McDaniel, star of radio's "Beulah" from 1947 to 1952, was cast in the title role in Summer 1951, but she only filmed six shows before falling ill. She was quickly replaced by Louise Beavers in later 1951. The McDaniel episodes were shelved pending an improvement of her health, and so the second season began in April 1952 starting with the Beavers episodes. The six McDaniel episodes were tagged onto the end of the second season, starting in July 1952 and running until August 1952. It was around this time that McDaniel learned that she had advanced breast cancer. Beavers returned in the role of Beulah for the first part of the third "Beulah" season, which aired from September to December 1952.

Personal life.

Her first autobiography, "His Eye Is on the Sparrow", (1951), written with Charles Samuels, was adapted for the stage by Larry Parr and premiered on October 7, 2005.  In 1953, she appeared in a Broadway show, "At Home With Ethel Waters" that opened on September 22, 1953 and closed October 10 after 23 performances.  Waters married three times and had no children. When she was 13, she married Merritt "Buddy" Purnsley in 1909; they divorced in 1913. She married Clyde Edwards Matthews in 1929, and they divorced in 1933. She married Edward Mallory in 1938; they divorced in 1945. Waters was the great-aunt of the singer-songwriter Crystal Waters.  In 1938, Waters met artist Luigi Lucioni through their mutual friend, Carl Van Vechten. Lucioni asked Waters if he could paint her portrait, and a sitting was arranged at his studio at 64 Washington Square South. Waters bought the finished portrait from Lucioni in 1939 for $500. She was at the height of her career and the first African American to have a starring role on Broadway. In her portrait, she wore a tailored red dress with a mink coat draped over the back of her chair. Lucioni positioned Waters with her arms tightly wrapped around her waist, a gesture that conveyed vulnerability, as if she were trying to protect herself. The painting was considered lost because it had not been seen in public since 1942. Huntsville (Alabama) Museum of Art Executive Director Christopher J. Madkour and historian Stuart Embury traced it to a private residence. The owner considered Waters to be "an adopted grandmother" but she allowed the Huntsville Museum of Art to display "Portrait of Ethel Waters" in the 2016 exhibition "American Romantic: The Art of Luigi Lucioni" where it was viewed by the public for the first time in more than 70 years. The museum acquired "Portrait of Ethel Waters" in 2017, and it was shown in an exhibition in February 2018].  By 1955, Waters was deeply in debt for back taxes; the IRS seized royalties of her work. She lost tens of thousands in jewelry and cash in a robbery. Her health suffered, and she worked sporadically. Yet she had faced lean times before. A turning point came in 1957 when she attended the Billy Graham Crusade in Madison Square Garden. She entered the Garden that night a disillusioned, lonely, 61-year-old woman. She had become successful at giving out happiness, but her personal life lacked peace. She was in debt, ahd having physical problems, weighed too much to perform comfortably, and was worried about her career.  Years later, she gave this testimony of that night, "In 1957, I, Ethel Waters, a 380-pound decrepit old lady, rededicated my life to Jesus Christ, and boy, because He lives, just look at me now. I tell you because He lives; and because my precious child, Billy, gave me the opportunity to stand there, I can thank God for the chance to tell you His eye is on all of us sparrows." In her later years, Waters often toured with the preacher Billy Graham on his crusades.  Waters died on September 1, 1977, aged 80, from uterine cancer, kidney failure, and other ailments, in Chatsworth, California. She is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale).  "Ethel" was written and performed by Terry Burrell as a one-woman tribute to Waters. It ran as a limited engagement in February and March 2012.

Ethel Waters (October 31, 1896 – September 1, 1977) was an American singer and actress. Waters frequently performed jazz, swing, and pop music on the Broadway stage and in concerts, but she began her career in the 1920s singing blues. Waters notable recordings include "Dinah", "Stormy Weather", "Taking a Chance on Love", "Heat Wave", "Supper Time", "Am I Blue?", "Cabin in the Sky", "I'm Coming Virginia", and her version of "His Eye Is on the Sparrow". Waters was the second African American to be nominated for an Academy Award. She was the first African-American to star on her own television show and the first African-American woman to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award.

Ethel Watersová (31. října 1896 Chester – 1. září 1977 Chatsworth) byla americká bluesová a gospelová zpěvačka. Od roku 1921 nahrávala pro firmu "Black Swan Records." Byla součástí proudu Harlemská renesance, vystupovala na Broadwayi a v roce 1929 se objevila ve svém prvním filmu "On with the Show!"


Design and development.

In 1933, the command of the Yugoslav Royal Air Force (YRAF)decided to replace outdated planes with modern school aircraft, for transitional training from basic training to combat. Zmaj Factory designed a prototype biplane, Fizir FP-1, in 1993 for transitional pilot training, but it did not satisfy all the requirements set by the YRAF. As a result, aircraft designers and engineers, Rudolf Fizir and Dušan Stankov, made adjustments to the Fizir FP-1 and so the plane became the, Zmaj Fizir FP-2.  The designers opted for the concept aircraft biplane, although the YRAF preferred an aircraft with one low wing (due to the development of modern combat aircraft). In the end, the concept of a new transitional school aircraft was accepted. Prototype Zmaj Fizir FP-2 (Fizir Prelazni) with a Gnome-Rhône 7K engine was completed and test flown at the end of 1933. More test flights followed, and by 1934 the plane showed good results. Zmaj modified the FP-2 during 1934 using a Walter Pollux II engine, but the results were not satisfactory.  The Zmaj Fizir FP-2 was a two-seater single-engine biplane aircraft, with air-cooled, 7 cylinder radial engine (Gnome-Rhone K-7 308 kW), and a pair of struts on each side. It had flaps on the upper and lower wings. Landing gear is fixed to a shaft, and deployment uses a rubber rope. Fuselage and wings were wood covered with canvas. The plane represented a classical "Yugoslav manufacturers'school'" - a two-seater, two wings, solid wood construction and polished aerodynamic shape, easy to fly, stable and reliable aircraft that is largely insensitive to pilot errors.  On 22 May 1936, the Zmaj factory offered the Navy a seaplane Zmaj Fizir FP-2H with a Gnome-Rhone K-9 engine, but the project was not accepted.

Operational history.

A total of 66 aircraft of this type were produced and served in the Yugoslav Royal Air Force from 1936 to 1941. They were used for training military pilots. The first series of 20 of these aircraft were delivered to the YRAF in early 1936 and were immediately introduced into the first and second Pilot School. From 1938 to 1940 45 more aircraft were delivered. All three series aircraft were equipped the same, except the third series of five aircraft that were equipped to fly blind. These planes had a new pilot's panel and Zemun Teleoptik (similar to the Rogožarski PVT). The fifth series Zmaj Fizir FP-2 (15 copies ordered in 1940) was not completed by the start of the April war. At the beginning of 1943 the Germans allowed factory to complete the fifth series aircraft Zmaj Fizir FP-2 for the Croatian Air Force, but by 22 October 1944 (Liberation Day Zemun) only 8 aircraft were delivered. The last 7 aircraft were completed and handed over after the People's Liberation Army Air Force for use by the Yugoslav Army. Thus the total number of Zmaj Fizir FP-2 aircraft produced was 81.

Aircraft Zmaj Fizir FP-2 in World War II.

The Italians seized 13 Zmaj Fizir FP-2 aircraft and with the Rogožarski PVT aircraft they were used from May 1941 to June 1943 against the rebels in Montenegro and Albania. The Germans seized 7 Zmaj Fizir FP-2 at the Butmir airport and handed them over to their allies, the Croats (NDH), which used them throughout the war, starting in 1941. All planes of this type that survived the war were included in the Yugoslav Army Air Force (RV JA) and flew there until 1947. The postwar registry included were 12 Zmaj Fizir FP-2 planes. The remains of one of these planes are kept at the Museum of Yugoslav Aviation.

Aircraft Zmaj Fizir FP-2 (Serbian Cyrillic:Змај Физир ФП-2) was a Yugoslav single-engine, two-seater biplane. It was designed by R. Fizir and D. Stankov built at the Factory Zmaj in Zemun in 1936.

Zmaj Fizir FP-2 (cyrilicí: Змај Физир ФП-2, "Fizir Přechodný") byl jugoslávský jednomotorový dvoumístný dvouplošník. Navrhli jej Rudolf Fizir a Dušan Stankov v roce 1933. Výroba byla prováděna v jugoslávské letecké továrně Fabrika aeroplana i hidroplana Zmaj AD v Zemunu mezi lety 1936–1945.


Biography.

Grigore Moisil was born in 1906 in Tulcea into an intellectual family. His great-grandfather, Grigore Moisil (1814–1891), a clergyman, was one of the founders of the first Romanian high school in Năsăud. His father, Constantin Moisil (1876–1958), was a history professor, archaeologist and numismatist; as a member of the Romanian Academy, he filled the position of Director of the Numismatics Office of the Academy. His mother, Elena (1863–1949), was a teacher in Tulcea, later the director of "Maidanul Dulapului" school in Bucharest (now "Enăchiţă Văcărescu" school).  Grigore Moisil attended primary school in Bucharest, then high school in Vaslui and Bucharest (at "Spiru Haret" High School) between 1916 and 1922. In 1924 he was admitted to the Civil Engineering School of the Polytechnic University of Bucharest, and also the Mathematics School of the University of Bucharest. He showed a stronger interest in mathematics, so he quit the Polytechnic University in 1929, despite already having passed all the third-year exams. In 1929 he defended his Ph.D. thesis, "La mécanique analytique des systemes continus" (Analytical mechanics of continuous systems), before a commission led by Gheorghe Ţiţeica, with Dimitrie Pompeiu and Anton Davidoglu as members. The thesis was published the same year by the Gauthier-Villars publishing house in Paris, and received favourable comments from Vito Volterra, Tullio Levi-Civita, and Paul Lévy.  In 1930 Moisil went to the University of Paris for further study in mathematics, which he finalized the next year with the paper "On a class of systems of equations with partial derivatives from mathematical physics". In 1931 he returned to Romania, where he was appointed in a teaching position at the Mathematics School of the University of Iaşi. Shortly after, he left for a one-year Rockefeller Foundation scholarship to study in Rome. In 1932 he returned to Iaşi, where he remained for almost 10 years, developing a close relationship with professor Alexandru Myller. He taught the first modern algebra course in Romania, named "Logic and theory of proof", at the University of Iaşi. During that time, he started writing a series of papers based on the works of Jan Łukasiewicz in multi-valued logic. His research in mathematical logic laid the foundation for significant work done afterwards in Romania, as well as Argentina, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. While in Iaşi, he completed research remarkable for the many new ideas and for his way of finding and using new connections between concepts from different areas of mathematics. He was promoted to Full Professor in November 1939.  In 1941, a position of professor at the University of Bucharest opened up, and Moisil applied for it. However, Gheorghe Vrânceanu, Dan Barbilian, and Miron Nicolescu also applied for the position, and Vrânceanu got it. Moisil approached the Ministry of Education, arguing that it would be a great opportunity for mathematics in Romania if all four could be appointed. As a result of his appeal, all four mathematicians were hired. Moisil moved to Bucharest, where he became a Professor in the School of Mathematics (later the School of Mathematics and Computer Science) at the University of Bucharest, on 30 December 1941.  From 1946 to 1948, Moisil took a leave of absence, being named plenipotentiary envoy to Ankara. While in Turkey, he gave several series of mathematics lectures at Istanbul University and Istanbul Technical University.  In 1948, he resumed teaching at the University of Bucharest. That same year, he was elected to the Romanian Academy, and a member of the Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy. After 1965, one of his outstanding students – "George Georgescu" – worked closely with him on multi-valued logics, and after the emergence of Romania from dictatorship in 1989, he became a Professor of Mathematics and Logic at the same university and department as Moisil in 1991. His student also published extensive, original work on algebraic logic, MV-algebra, algebra, algebraic topology, categories of MV-algebras, category theory and Łukasiewicz–Moisil algebra.

Work.

Moisil published papers on mechanics, mathematical analysis, geometry, algebra and mathematical logic. He developed a multi-dimensional extension of Pompeiu's areolar derivative, and studied monogenic functions of one hypercomplex variable with applications to mechanics. Moisil also introduced some many-valued algebras, which he called Łukasiewicz algebras (now also named Łukasiewicz–Moisil algebras), and used them in logic and the study of automata theory. He created new methods to analyze finite automata, and had many contributions to the field of automata theory in algebra.  Whereas Moisil's early contributions were in mathematics, he later devoted his scientific activity to mathematical logic and computer science. He was a professor of mathematical logic and computer science at the University of Bucharest, and he also taught Boolean Logic at the Politehnica University of Bucharest. In 1957 he assisted in setting up the first Romanian computer in the Institute of Atomic Physics, and he encouraged several of his students to learn computer programming. Thus, he played a fundamental role in the development of computer science in Romania, and in raising the first generations of Romanian computer scientists. Furthermore, several of Moisil’s books had an impact on the beginning of computer science: Incercari Vechi Si Noi in Logica Neoclasica [New and Old Approaches in Neoclassic Logic], 1953; Teoria Algebrica a Mecanismelor Automate [Algebraic Theory of Automata], 1959; and Circuite cu Tranzistori [Transistorized Circuits], 1961. These books were translated into several languages, including Russian and Czech. He furthermore gave lectures at various universities in Europe and North America.  Moisil was a member of the Academy of Romania and of the Academy of Bologna. In 1996, he was awarded by exception posthumously the Computer Pioneer Award by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Computer Society.  Łukasiewicz logic Łukasiewicz–Moisil algebras Quantum computers MV-algebra Mathematical logic Categorical logic,

See also.

Adjoint functors

Grigore Constantin Moisil (; 10 January 1906 – 21 May 1973) was a Romanian mathematician, computer pioneer, and member of the Romanian Academy. His research was mainly in the fields of mathematical logic (Łukasiewicz–Moisil algebra), algebraic logic, MV-algebra, and differential equations. He is viewed as the father of computer science in Romania.

Grigore Constantin Moisil (10. ledna 1906 Tulcea – 21. května 1973 Ottawa) byl rumunský matematik a informatik. Věnoval se především matematické logice (Łukasiewicz–Moisilova algebra), algebraické logice a diferenciálním rovnicím. Łukasiewiczovu tříhodnotovou logiku, o níž se velmi zajímal, aplikoval na teorii automatů. Stál tím u zrodu rumunské počítačové vědy. Vystudoval matematiku na Bukurešťské univerzitě (1929). V roce 1931 získal doktorát na Pařížské univerzitě. Poté se vrátil do Rumunska a učil na Univerzitě v Jasy, v roce 1939 se zde stal profesorem. V roce 1941 tuto pozici získal na Bukurešťské univerzitě. V letech 1946–1948 přednášel v Istanbulu. Poté se vrátil do Rumunska.


Life.

Born on 3 February 1887, in Schopfheim in Baden, Germany, Metzger studied first at the "lycee" in Konstanz, where Martin Heidegger was also a student. Here Metzger gave a lecture on the "History of the Monastery at Reichenau". As a student, Metzger likely lived at Saint Conrad, a student residence established by the archbishop of Freiburg to provide religious training for those preparing for Holy Orders. One of the highly regarded professors at the "lycee" was an instructor by the name of Pacius, a democrat and pacifist who taught modern languages.  Metzger then attended the University of Freiburg and then at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland, where he earned a doctorate in theology. In 1911 he was ordained a Roman Catholic priest for the Diocese of Fribourg, and undertook parish work. He served as a military chaplain for the forces of Imperial Germany during World War I. Father Metzger was awarded the Iron Cross on 6 May 1915, and subsequently honorably discharged because of ill health. His experience on the front lines convinced him that “future wars have lost their meaning, since they no longer give anybody the prospect of winning more than he loses.”

Pacificism and Esperanto.

In 1916 Metzger published "Frieden auf Erden" (Peace on Earth), a pamphlet urging an end to war. He moved to Graz, Austria where he became secretary to the Catholic League of the Cross of Austria, an organization involved in educating people about the dangers of alcoholism. In 1918 he established the secular institute, the Mission Society of the White Cross.  Metzger was also involved in establishing the German Catholics’ Peace Association which used Esperanto in its international contacts from 1918. In 1920 Metzger founded "Internacio Katolika" (IKA). From 1921 to 1924 Metzger edited the Esperanto magazine, "Katolika Mondo" (Catholic World), in Graz.  In 1920 met with Pope Benedict XV, who encouraged him to work for disarmament in Europe. Strongly advocating the ecumenical idea of peace he soon became known as a leading German pacifist and Esperantist.  In 1926 he re-located to Meiningen, where he and his community (now known as the Society of Christ the King) had been invited to staff and manage the Catholic Charities facility.  In 1938, Metzger founded the "Una Sancta Brotherhood" a group devoted to the re-unification of the Lutheran and Catholic churches.  After the rise to power of German dictator Adolf Hitler in 1933, Metzger was arrested several times by the Gestapo. In 1943, Metzger wrote a memorandum on the reorganization of the German state and its integration into a future system of world peace. When he tried to have this memorandum delivered to the Swedish Archbishop of Uppsala, Erling Eidem, Metzger was denounced by the courier. Metzger's memorandum never reached Uppsala. The courier was a female Gestapo agent, Swedish-born Dagmar Imgart, and Metzger was arrested on 29 June 1943.  Metzger was tried by the German People’s Court. The Judge-President of the court, Roland Freisler, said that people like Metzger should be "eradicated." Metzger was sentenced to death and he was executed on 17 April 1944 in Brandenburg-Görden Prison.

Legacy.

Thomas Merton was one influenced by the life of Max Josef Metzger. In his essay "A Martyr for Peace and Unity", he cites Metzger's example in dying for peace. In protesting Hitler's abuse of power, Metzger wrote that, "it is honorable to die for one's country, but still more honorable to die for righteousness and peace."  The Catholic Church regards Max Josef Metzger as a martyr of faith.  There is a Max-Josef-Metzger-Platz in Berlin, and some text in Esperanto.

Max Josef Metzger (3 February 1887 – 17 April 1944) was a Catholic priest and leading German pacifist who was executed by the Nazis during World War II.

Max Josef Metzger (2. února 1887, Schopfheim – 17. dubna 1944, Brandenburg an der Havel) byl německý katolický kněz, teolog a pacifista, který byl popravený nacístickým režimem. V roce 2015 byla uzavřena diecézní fáze jeho beatifikačního procesu.


Keys.

The PKCS #1 standard defines the mathematical definitions and properties that RSA public and private keys must have. The traditional key pair is based on a modulus, formula_1, that is the product of two distinct large prime numbers, formula_2 and formula_3, such that formula_4.  Starting with version 2.1, this definition was generalized to allow for multi-prime keys, where the number of distinct primes may be two or more. When dealing with multi-prime keys, the prime factors are all generally labeled as formula_5 for some formula_6, such that:  As a notational convenience, formula_9 and formula_10.  The RSA public key is represented as the tuple formula_11, where the integer formula_12 is the public exponent.  The RSA private key may have two representations. The first compact form is the tuple formula_13, where formula_14 is the private exponent. The second form has at least five terms (p, q, dp, dq, qinv), or more for multi-prime keys. Although mathematically redundant to the compact form, the additional terms allow for certain computational optimizations when using the key. In particular, the second format allows to derive the public key.

Primitives.

The standard defines several basic primitives. The primitive operations provide the fundamental instructions for turning the raw mathematical formulas into computable algorithms.

Schemes.

By themselves the primitive operations do not necessarily provide any security. The concept of a cryptographic scheme is to define higher level algorithms or uses of the primitives so they achieve certain security goals.  There are two schemes for encryption and decryption:  Note: A small change was made to RSAES-OAEP in PKCS #1 version 2.1, causing RSAES-OAEP in PKCS #1 version 2.0 to be totally incompatible with RSA-OAEP in PKCS #1 version 2.1 and version 2.2.  There are also two schemes for dealing with signatures:  The two signature schemes make use of separately defined encoding methods:  The signature schemes are actually signatures "with appendix", which means that rather than signing some input data directly, a hash function is used first to produce an intermediary representation of the data, and then the result of the hash is signed. This technique is almost always used with RSA because the amount of data that can be directly signed is proportional to the size of the keys; which is almost always much smaller than the amount of data an application may wish to sign.

Implementations.

Below is a list of cryptography libraries that provide support for PKCS#1:

Attacks.

Multiple attacks were discovered against PKCS #1 v1.5.  In 1998, Daniel Bleichenbacher published a seminal paper on what became known as Bleichenbacher's attack (also known as "million message attack"). PKCS #1 was subsequently updated in the release 2.0 and patches were issued to users wishing to continue using the old version of the standard. With slight variations this vulnerability still exists in many modern servers.  In 2006, Bleichenbacher presented a new forgery attack against the signature scheme RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5.

In cryptography, PKCS #1 is the first of a family of standards called Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS), published by RSA Laboratories. It provides the basic definitions of and recommendations for implementing the RSA algorithm for public-key cryptography. It defines the mathematical properties of public and private keys, primitive operations for encryption and signatures, secure cryptographic schemes, and related ASN.1 syntax representations.

PKCS #1 je jeden ze standardů rodiny PKCS, tedy ze standardů pro asymetrickou kryptografii původně vytvořených společností RSA Security. Standardizuje způsoby využívání a implementace algoritmu RSA včetně formátů kódování klíčů pomocí ASN.1 a způsobů vytváření výplně (jako jednu z metod nabízí OAEP).


Family.

Elpis is perhaps a child of Nyx and mother of Pheme, the goddess of fame, renown and rumor.

Mythology.

In Hesiod's "Works and Days", Elpis was the last item in Pandora's box (or jar). Based on Hesiod's description, the debate is still alive to determine if Elpis was only "hope", or more generally "expectation". Her equivalent in Roman mythology was Spes.

Hesiod's "Works and Days".

The more famous version of the Pandora myth comes from one of Hesiod's poems, "Works and Days". In this version of the myth (lines 60–105), Hesiod expands upon her origin, and moreover widens the scope of the misery she inflicts on mankind. Pandora brings with her a jar or, in most stories, a box containing "burdensome toil and sickness that brings death to men" (91–92), diseases (102) and "a myriad other pains" (100). Prometheus had – fearing further reprisals – warned his brother Epimetheus not to accept any gifts from Zeus. But Epimetheus did not listen; he accepted Pandora, who promptly scattered the contents of her jar. As a result, Hesiod tells us, "the earth and sea are full of evils" (101). One item, however, did not escape the jar (96–99), hope:  <poem> Only Hope was left within her unbreakable house, she remained under the lip of the jar, and did not fly away. Before [she could], Pandora replaced the lid of the jar. This was the will of aegis-bearing Zeus the Cloudgatherer.</poem>  Hesiod does not say why hope ("elpis") remained in the jar. The implications of Elpis remaining in the jar were the subject of intense debate even in antiquity.  Hesiod closes with this moral (105): "Thus it is not possible to escape the mind of Zeus." It is also said to contain the power to kill a god

Namesakes.

The asteroid 59 Elpis is named after her.

References.

Notes Citations Bibliography

In Greek mythology, Elpis () is the personification and spirit of hope (usually seen as an extension to suffering by the Greeks, not as a god). She was depicted as a young woman, usually carrying flowers or a cornucopia in her hands.

Elpis (starořecky: ἐλπίς) je v řecké mytologii bohyně naděje. Je popsána jako mladá žena držící květiny či roh hojnosti. Je pravděpodobně dcerou bohyně Nyx a matkou bohyně slávy a pověsti Feme.


Biography.

1983–2010: Early life and career.

Bronson was born in Flushing, Queens, New York, to an Albanian Muslim father and an American Jewish mother. Growing up he had been raised in his father's Muslim tradition. He attended Bayside High School (Queens), in Bayside, Queens and graduated in 2002. Before embarking on a career as a rapper, which was originally just a hobby, Bronson was a gourmet chef in New York City. He posted his own online cooking show titled "Action in the Kitchen". After breaking his leg in the kitchen, Bronson concentrated solely on his music career.

2011: "Dr. Lecter" and "Well Done".

Action Bronson's debut studio album "Dr. Lecter" was independently released by Fine Fabric Delegates on March 15, 2011. The album, produced entirely by New York City-based music producer Tommy Mas, was made available for digital download and also in CD-R, on his official website. In November of that year, Bronson followed up with "Well-Done", a collaborative effort with American hip hop producer Statik Selektah. On March 12, 2012, he released his second mixtape, titled "Blue Chips," with Party Supplies.

2012–13: Major-label deal and "Saaab Stories".

In August 2012, it was announced Paul Rosenberg signed Action Bronson to a management deal with Goliath Artists, which also houses names such as Eminem, The Alchemist, Blink-182 and Danny Brown. Also in August 2012, Bronson was featured on Odd Future-rapper Domo Genesis and American hip hop producer The Alchemist's collaborative album "No Idols", on tracks "Elimination Chamber" (also featuring Earl Sweatshirt and Vince Staples) and "Daily News" (also featuring SpaceGhostPurrp and Earl Sweatshirt). Later that year Action Bronson joined both Warner Bros. Records, via media company VICE, and concert booking agency NUE. On November 15, 2012, Bronson released "Rare Chandeliers", a collaborative mixtape with the Alchemist.  In March 2013, Bronson performed at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and later that month was featured on XXL Magazine's 2013 Freshman Class, a list of up-and-coming rappers. In May 2013, Action Bronson was moved to Atlantic Records, and subsequently released an extended play (EP) titled "Saaab Stories", on June 11, 2013. The EP was produced entirely by American music producer Harry Fraud and features guest appearances from fellow American rappers Raekwon, Wiz Khalifa, and Prodigy. Released as a digital download only, the EP was preceded by the single, "Strictly 4 My Jeeps". In July 2013, he indicated wanting to get fellow Queens-bred rappers, Nas and Kool G Rap, on his major-label debut album. Also in July, Bronson announced his major-label debut album would be released in early 2014.  On November 1, 2013, Bronson released "Blue Chips 2", the second installment in his "Blue Chips" series, in promotion of the album. On October 28, 2013, Funkmaster Flex announced he would be hosting an upcoming Action Bronson mixtape. Production was revealed to be coming from Erick Sermon, Mike Will Made It, DJ Mustard and Jahlil Beats. In a November 2013 interview with "Rolling Stone", Bronson stated that he would have Kool G Rap and Mobb Deep, featured on his upcoming album.

2014–present: "Mr. Wonderful".

In February 2014, Action Bronson, J. Cole, Kendrick Lamar and 360 accompanied rapper Eminem, on a brief tour of Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. On May 6, 2014, Action Bronson debuted a food-oriented web series, titled "Fuck, That's Delicious". The show is a Vice Records-sponsored monthly web series that chronicles the food-obsessed rapper's exploration of all things culinary.  On August 5, 2014, Bronson released the song "Easy Rider" as the first single from his debut album "Mr. Wonderful". The song was produced by Bronson's longtime producer Party Supplies. On August 20, 2014, the music video for "Easy Rider", was released. The video for "Easy Rider", which was directed by Tom Gould, pays homage to the 1969 Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper film of the same name. Bronson officially released "Actin Crazy", via digital distribution on January 20. He released the full album on March 23, 2015.  In October, 2015, Bronson was hospitalized in Anchorage, Alaska, for emergency surgery after a concert on October 23. He remained in the hospital for several days.  On Monday May 16, 2016, he presented at the Webby Awards.  On October 31, 2018, Bronson announced that he was parting ways with Vice, the media company that served as his record label and television network.  In November 2018, Bronson announced a tour in support of his latest album, "White Bronco". The tour is set to run from February 2019 to March 2019. Meyhem Lauren and Roc Marciano will be supporting.

Television and film.

Action Bronson starred in two television shows which aired on the Viceland channel: the food travel show "Fuck, That's Delicious", and a nightly food talk show, "The Untitled Action Bronson Show". He also starred in the now-canceled comedy documentary series "".  Bronson made his film debut in 2019 with a cameo role in the gangster drama "The Irishman", playing a coffin salesman.  In 2020, Bronson also had a cameo in Judd Apatow’s "The King of Staten Island," as a victim of a violent crime who is saved by Pete Davidson’s character.

Controversy.

In March 2016, the Program Board of the George Washington University announced that Bronson would be the headlining performer for the University's yearly spring concert, "Spring Fling." Controversy soon erupted as Bronson's song "Consensual Rape" came to light, as well as statements Bronson made that were considered homophobic, transphobic, and misogynist. Student activist groups successfully pushed for the University to cancel the performance. In April 2016, Bronson was similarly disinvited from the Trinity College Spring Weekend concert.  Bronson responded in an open letter, claiming that his songs "depict a story" and "aren't meant to be anything but an artistic expression," condemned all forms of sexual violence, and offered an apology.

Musical style.

Influences.

Action Bronson cites as major influences fellow American rappers Kool G Rap, Nas, Cam'ron, Mobb Deep, UGK and the Wu-Tang Clan. Other artists include Michael Jackson, Carlos Santana, Queen as well as Albanian wedding singers.

Rapping style.

Bronson frequently raps about food in his songs. He is also well known for his frequent, and often obscure, allusions to athletes and sports teams. Bronson's lyrics often make reference to sports in New York City but also touch on more obscure subjects such as professional wrestlers, bodybuilders, figure skating and sports betting.  Early in his career, Bronson gained recognition for lyrically and stylistically resembling fellow New York rapper Ghostface Killah of Wu-Tang Clan (with whom he collaborated, along with friend and fellow rapper Termanology, on a song called "Meteor Hammer", from the 2011 compilation album "Legendary Weapons"). Ghostface Killah himself has admitted to confusing Bronson's rapping for his own. In a 2011 interview with HipHopDX, Bronson was asked about how it was to be compared to the Wu-Tang rapper, and he responded with,

Awards and nominations.

BET Hip Hop Awards.

The BET Hip Hop Awards was established in 2006 by the network to celebrate hip-hop performers, producers and music video directors.

Ariyan Arslani (born December 2, 1983), better known by the stage name Action Bronson, is an American rapper, writer, chef, and television presenter. In August 2012, he signed with Warner Bros. Records, but was later moved to the Atlantic Records-distributed label Vice Records.

Ariyan Arslani (* 2. prosince 1983 Flushing, New York, USA) lépe známý pod jménem Action Bronson, je americký rapper, spisovatel, šéfkuchař a televizní moderátor. V srpnu 2012 podepsal smlouvu s Warner Bros Records, ale později přešel pod Atlantic Records.


Life and career.

Montagu was born in 1901, the second son of Gladys Helen Rachel (Goldsmid) and Louis Montagu, 2nd Baron Swaythling. His family was Jewish. He was educated at Westminster School before becoming a machine gun instructor during the First World War at a United States Naval Air Station. After the war he studied at Trinity College, Cambridge and at Harvard University before he was called to the bar in 1924. One of his more celebrated cases as a junior barrister was the defence of Alma Rattenbury in  1935 against a charge of murdering her elderly husband at the Villa Madeira in Bournemouth.

Second World War.

Montagu was a keen yachtsman, and enlisted in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve in 1938. Because of his legal background he was reassigned to specialized study. From there he was assigned to the Royal Navy's Humberside headquarters at Hull as an assistant staff officer in intelligence. Montagu served in the Naval Intelligence Division of the British Admiralty, rising to the rank of Lieutenant Commander RNVR. He was the Naval Representative on the XX Committee, which oversaw the running of double agents. While Commanding Officer of NID 17M, he and Squadron Leader Charles Cholmondely RAFVR conceived Operation Mincemeat, a major deception operation. Montagu had the idea of having a corpse dressed as a British officer wash ashore in Spain, carrying faked papers revealing plans for invasion of Greece (the real target was Sicily). The location chosen was where pro-German Spanish officials would show the papers to German agents. Montagu also manufactured an entire false identity for the corpse to have in his pockets: military ID, theatre ticket stubs, love letters and a photo of his fiancée, bills from a tailor and jeweller.  The Germans were fooled completely. German documents found after the war showed that the false information went all the way to Hitler's headquarters, and led to German forces being diverted to Greece. The invasion of Sicily was a success. Historian Hugh Trevor-Roper called it the best deception in the history of military deception. For his role in Operation Mincemeat, Montagu was appointed to the Military Division of the Order of the British Empire.

Other work.

From 1945 to 1973 he held the position of Judge Advocate of the Fleet. He wrote "The Man Who Never Was" (1953), an account of Operation Mincemeat, which was made into a movie three years later. Montagu himself appeared in the film adaptation of "The Man Who Never Was", playing an Air-Vice Marshal who had in real life disparaged his own character (played by Clifton Webb) in a briefing. Montagu also wrote "Beyond Top Secret Ultra", which focused more on the information technology and espionage tactics used in World War II.  He was a governor of a public health project, the Peckham Experiment, in 1949.  Montagu was president of the United Synagogue, 1954–62, and President of the Anglo-Jewish Association from December 1949.  Before the Courts Act 1971 he was Chairman of the Quarter Sessions for the Middlesex area of Greater London and recorder in the County of Hampshire. He was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of the County of Southampton.

Family.

Montagu's youngest brother Ivor Montagu was a film maker and Communist.  Ewen Montagu married Iris, the daughter of the painter Solomon J. Solomon, in 1923. They had a son, Jeremy, who became an authority on musical instruments, and a daughter, Jennifer, who became an art historian.

Captain The Hon. Ewen Edward Samuel Montagu, CBE, QC, DL, RNR (19 March 1901 – 19 July 1985) was a British judge, writer and Naval intelligence officer. He is well known for his leading role in Operation Mincemeat, a critical military deception operation which misdirected German forces' attention away from the Allied Invasion of Sicily in Operation Husky.

Ewen Montagu (19. března 1901, Londýn, Spojené království – 19. července 1985, tamtéž) byl britský právník, který za 2. světové války pracoval pro zpravodajskou divizi Královského námořnictva.


Etymology.

The name "Ribble" may a Brittonic compound-formation. The second element is the noun "*pol", with connotations including "puddle, pond, upland-stream" (Welsh "pwll"). The first is "rö-", an intensive prefix, with nouns meaning "great" (Welsh "rhy-", Cornish re-).  Ribble may once have been known as "*Bremetonā-", underlying the name "Bremetenacum", the Roman fort at Ribchester. Involved here is the Brittonic root "*breμ–", meaning "roaring" (c.f. Welsh "brefu"), as observed at the river-names Breamish in Northumberland, Braan in Scotland and Brefi in Wales.

History.

Neolithic to Saxon finds from along the River Ribble during the creation of the Preston Docks and others revealed man has been in the area for a long time. The River Ribble looked completely different then and the coastline is likely to have been much further inland than it is at present where land has been reclaimed and the marsh extended out into the River Ribble due to sedimentation.  The Ribble would appear to have been known in Roman times as the Belisama, possibly giving its name to Samlesbury. Ptolemy's ""Belisama aest."" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble. Bremetennacum was a Roman fort that guarded a crossing-point of the river at Ribchester. Remains of another Roman site were discovered at Walton-le-Dale in the mid-19th century.  The medieval silver Mitton Hoard was found near where this river joins the River Hodder in 2009. Whilst the Cuerdale Hoard, the largest Viking silver hoard ever found outside Russia was discovered in 1840 on the southern bank of a bend of the river, at Cuerdale near Preston.  At one time the Ribble marked the northernmost extent of the ancient kingdom of Mercia. At the time of the Domesday Book, the river formed the northern boundary of an area of land (known as "Inter Ripam et Mersam") that was included in the Domesday information for Cheshire, though it was probably not formally part of the county of Cheshire.

Geography.

The Ribble begins at the confluence of the "Gayle Beck" and "Batty Wife Beck" near the viaduct at Ribblehead, in the shadow of the Yorkshire three peaks. It is the only major river rising in Yorkshire which flows westward. It flows through Settle, Clitheroe, Ribchester and Preston, before emptying into the Irish Sea between Lytham St. Annes and Southport, a length of. Its main tributaries are the Hodder and Calder which join the river near Great Mitton, the River Darwen which joins at Walton-le-Dale and the River Douglas which joins near Hesketh Bank.  Above Hellifield the valley of the river is known as Ribblesdale.  The Ribble Way is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The river is connected to both the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Lancaster Canal (via the Ribble Link). The river downstream of Preston was actively dredged when Preston was an active port; this is no longer done and silt from the river is now spreading more widely over the (sand) beaches around Fairhaven and St. Annes.  Its estuary forms part of the Ribble and Alt Estuaries Special Protection Area for wildlife. An average of 340,000 water birds over-winter in the estuary making it the most important wetland site in Britain. The Ribble is also a key breeding ground for the endangered Atlantic salmon.  1.25 million people live in the Ribble's catchment area.  The Normal Tidal Limit (NTL) of the river is at Fishwick Bottoms, between Preston and Walton-le-Dale, from the sea.  The River Ribble has the third-largest tides in England, with tides that run at and a tidal range at the mouth of the river of during spring tides. Since River Ribble dredging ceased, the estuary is filling up with sand and is developing a meandering path, depending on the tides and river runoff. In addition, many tributaries flow into the main channel including the Savick Brook/Ribble Link, while the River Douglas, has a significant influence both on sediment transport and hydrodynamics of the estuary.

Ribble campaigns.

The River Ribble catchment is covered by the Mersey Basin Campaign, a partnership which was established in 1985 to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.  Preston City Council have published plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4,000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the Save The Ribble campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.  People living near the Ribble Estuary have set up the Ribble Estuary Against Fracking campaign to protest about plans to carry out fracking for shale gas in the area.

Name.

The River Ribble gives its name to the local government boroughs of Ribble Valley and South Ribble, and the Ribble Valley parliamentary constituency. The Ribble Bus Company once operated throughout North West England. The Ribble also lends its name to the Ribble Steam Railway, Ribble Cycles, a bicycle manufacturer based in Preston, and Ribble Valley Inns.

The River Ribble runs through North Yorkshire and Lancashire in Northern England. It starts close to the Ribblehead Viaduct in North Yorkshire, and is one of the few that start in the Yorkshire Dales and flow westwards towards the sea (the Dee in Dentdale and the Twiss in Kingsdale being notable others).

Ribble je řeka na severu Anglie, dlouhá 121 km. Nejvýznamnějšími přítoky jsou Hodder zprava a Calder a Douglas zleva. Tok řeky vytváří četné meandry a je lemován pastvinami.


Background.

Tsundue's parents were forced to leave their country, Tibet, in 1959 fearing persecution by the PRC. When they reached India, they worked as mountain road construction labourers in Masumari, Bir, Kullu, and Manali. Hundreds of Tibetans who came across into India died in those first few months as they could not bear the heat of summer, and the monsoon caught them in poor health. But the camp lived on and had many shifts along the road. Tsundue was born somewhere along that journey, in a makeshift tent along a roadside. His date of birth is not confirmed, and three different records exist at different offices. He did his schooling in Dharamshala, and later went on to study in universities in Chennai and Mumbai. On 6 March 2018 he spoke about his struggles in Rustomjee Cambridge International School Dahisar (W) to the children there and they say they loved to listen to him.

Writing.

His first book of poems "Crossing the Border" was published while pursuing a Masters Degree at Mumbai University. He won the Outlook-Picador Award for Non-Fiction in 2001. His second book, "Kora" has been translated into French and Malayalam (and was also turned into an award-nominated play called "So Many Socks"). His third book, "Semshook", a compilation of essays on the Tibetan freedom movement was published in March 2007. His writings have also appeared in on a regular basis in the Tibetan and Indian media and in international publications.

Activism.

Tsundue has been involved in Tibet's independence movement since his student days. But he caught international media attention in January 2002 when he climbed the scaffolding outside the hotel where PRC Premier Zhu Rongji was staying in Mumbai; he displayed a banner with the words ""Free Tibet: China, Get Out" and a Tibetan flag while shouting pro-Tibetan slogans before being arrested by Indian police.  In April 2005 he repeated a similar one-man protest when PRC Premier Wen Jiabao was visiting the southern city of Bangalore. Standing on the balcony of a 200-foot-high tower at the Indian Institute of Science, he unfurled a red banner that read "Free Tibet" while shouting "Wen Jiabao, you cannot silence us". As a result of his actions, the Indian police ordered a travel ban and Tsundue was ordered not to leave the town of Dharamshala, when the Chinese President Hu Jintao visited India in November 2006.  In 2008, Tsundue announced his intention of taking part in a return march from Dharamshala to Tibet, that was being organized as a part of the "Tibetan People's Uprising Movement", a united effort put together by five major Tibetan NGOs. Tsundue has been wearing a red band around his head since 2002 which he says is the mark of his pledge that he would work for the freedom of his country, and would never take it off until Tibet is free.

Tenzin Tsundue is a poet, writer and Tibetan activist. He won the first-ever Outlook-Picador Award for Non-Fiction in 2001. He has published four books to date which have been translated into several languages: "Crossing the Border" (1999), "Kora" (2002), "Semshook" (2007), and "Tsen-göl" (2012). Tsundue's writings have also appeared in various publications around the world including the "International PEN, "Outlook", and "The Times of India". In 2002 the Indian edition of the international fashion magazine "Elle", named him among India's 50 most stylish people. Tenzin Tsundue joined Friends of Tibet (India) in 1999 and is the current General Secretary. Tsundue lives in Dharamshala, North India.

Tenzin Tsundue (* 1975) je tibetský literát - básník, spisovatel a politický aktivista. Narodil se v Indii tibetským rodičům, kteří uprchli z Tibetu okupovaného čínskou armádou.