Biography.

He was born into a family of tenant farmers. His father also worked as a tailor and, during the summers, was engaged as a musician at the nearby residence of Bishop Jan Leopold Hay, but died in 1785, when Antonín was ten.  His mother was too ill to care for him, so the local canon presented him to Bishop Hay, who took him in and apprenticed him to the court painter Wenzel Zitta (?-?), who was his instructor for two years. He travelled with the Bishop to Prague in 1790 and 1792 for the coronations of Leopold II and Francis I as the Kings of Bohemia. After the second visit, he remained there to study with Zitta's teacher, Wenzel Bluma (?-1794). The Bishop died shortly after Bluma, so he became a journeyman attached to the fresco painter and decorator Antonín Tuvora (1747-1807) and spent his evenings studying drawing with Ludvík Kohl. In 1796, he won an award at a contest sponsored by the "Society of Patriotic Friends of the Arts". After that, the new Bishop, Maria Thaddäus von Trautmannsdorff, entrusted him with decorating the chapel of the castle in Chrast.  When his mother died in 1798, he sold the family home, moved to Vienna and enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts. He ran out of money in 1801 and returned to Bohemia, settling in Hradec Králové and working as a portrait painter. A year later, he decided to be an itinerant artist, travelling through northern Austria and setting up portrait shops in Linz and Steyr. In 1813, he came to a stop in Prague, where he got married and became involved in Czech patriotic circles. He also maintained connections with the Academy of Fine Arts there, especially with Professors František Tkadlík and Joseph Bergler, who taught him lithography and other graphic techniques. In 1835, he was one of those who formally protested the overwhelmingly German content of courses at the Academy and the alleged incompetence of its Director. In all, he created over 300 portraits, many of which were made into lithographs by his student, František Šír (1804-1864).

Antonín Machek (31 October 1775, Podlažice – 18 November 1844, Prague) was a Czech painter in the Classical and Biedermeier styles. He was best known for his portraits.

Antonín Machek (31. října 1775 Podlažice – 18. listopadu 1844 Praha) byl český malíř období klasicismu a biedermeieru, zejména portrétista a malíř historických žánrů.


Geography.

The town is situated in the centre of the Tulln Basin stretching to the Vienna Woods in the south, about northwest of the Austrian capital Vienna. The main part of its built-up area is located on the southern bank of the Danube river.  The municipal area comprises the cadastral communities of Frauenhofen, Langenlebarn-Oberaigen, Langenlebarn-Unteraigen, Mollersdorf, Neuaigen, Nitzing, Staasdorf, Trübensee, and Tulln proper.

History.

Tulln is one of the oldest towns in Austria. Although it was settled in pre-Roman times (the name "Tulln" is presumably of Celtic origin), it gained importance as the Roman fort of Comagena (Comagenis). In the final years of Roman rule, Saint Severinus of Noricum is said to have visited the city, saving it from the barbarians.  The town was first mentioned as "Tullina" in an 859 deed, when the area was part of the Bavarian "marcha orientalis". It gained importance as a residence of the noble House of Babenberg, ruling as Austrian margraves from 976 onwards. Tulln lost its significance after the Babenbergs relocated their residence to Vienna.  On September 6, 1683, the Polish cavalry of King John III Sobieski united here with Imperial (Austrian) forces, as well as troops from Saxony, Bavaria and Baden for the Battle of Vienna against the invading army of the Ottoman Empire. The 20th century was another period of growth, and in 1986, Tulln applied to become capital of Lower Austria, although Sankt Pölten eventually won.

Tulln today.

An important sugar producing plant, "Agrana Austria", is located in Tulln. Several important trade fairs, including camping equipment and boat shows, also take place in the town. Various state institutions of Lower Austria, such as the fire brigade or the disaster relief service, have their seat in Tulln. The Federal School of Aviation is also located in Tulln.  The 37-seat town council is dominated by the Austrian People's Party, which currently holds 19 mandates. The town administration has lately carried out extensive urban traffic reform, extensively changing traffic lights with roundabouts, of which Tulln now has 22. Two bridges span the Danube in Tulln. The Franz Josef Railway crosses the Danube in Tulln, continuing via Krems an der Donau to Gmünd. "Der Standard", a Viennese daily newspaper, is produced in Tulln.

Tulln an der Donau (Tulln on the Danube) is a historic town in the Austrian state of Lower Austria, the administrative seat of Tulln District. Because of its abundance of parks and gardens, Tulln is often referred to as "Blumenstadt" ("City of Flowers").

Tulln an der Donau je jedno z nejstarších měst v rakouské spolkové zemi Dolní Rakousy v okrese Tulln. Rozkládá se nad řekou Dunaj. Žije zde obyvatel.


Structure.

A part of the enteric nervous system, the myenteric plexus exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the muscles of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine.  The ganglia have properties similar to the central nervous system (CNS). These properties include presence of glia, interneurons, a small extracellular space, dense synaptic neuropil, isolation from blood vessels, multiple synaptic mechanisms and multiple neurotransmitters.  The myenteric plexus originates in the medulla oblongata as a collection of neurons from the ventral part of the brain stem. The vagus nerve then carries the axons to their destination in the gastrointestinal tract.  They contain Dogiel cells.

Function.

The myenteric plexus functions as a part of the enteric nervous system (digestive system). The enteric nervous system can and does function autonomously, but normal digestive function requires communication links between this intrinsic system and the central nervous system. The ENS contains sensory receptors, primary afferent neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. The events that are controlled, at least in part, by the ENS are multiple and include motor activity, secretion, absorption, blood flow, and interaction with other organs such as the gallbladder or pancreas. These links take the form of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers that connect either the central and enteric nervous systems or connect the central nervous system directly with the digestive tract. Through these cross connections, the gut can provide sensory information to the CNS, and the CNS can affect gastrointestinal function. Connection to the central nervous system also means that signals from outside of the digestive system can be relayed to the digestive system: for instance, the sight of appealing food stimulates secretion in the stomach.

Neurotransmitters.

The enteric nervous system makes use of over 30 different neurotransmitters, most similar to those of the CNS such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. More than 90% of the body's serotonin lies in the gut; as well as about 50% of the body's dopamine, which is currently being studied to further our understanding of its utility in the brain. The heavily studied neuropeptide known as substance P is present in significant levels and may help facilitate the production of saliva, smooth muscle contractions, and other tissue responses.

Receptors.

Since many of the same neurotransmitters are found in the ENS as the brain, it follows that myenteric neurons can express receptors for both peptide and non-peptide (amines, amino acids, purines) neurotransmitters. Generally, expression of a receptor is limited to a subset of myenteric neurons, with probably the only exception being expression of nicotinic cholinergic receptors on all myenteric neurons. One receptor that has been targeted for therapeutic reasons has been the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor. Activating this pre-synaptic receptor enhances cholinergic neurotransmission and can stimulate gastrointestinal motility.  The enteric nervous system exhibits taste receptors similar to the ones in the tongue. The taste receptor TAS1R3 and the taste G protein gustducin are two of the most common. These receptors sense "sweetness" on the tongue and sense glucose in the enteric nervous system. These receptors help regulate the secretion of insulin and other hormones that are responsible for controlling blood sugar levels.

Clinical significance.

Hirschsprung's disease is a congenital disorder of the colon in which nerve cells of the myenteric plexus in its walls, also known as ganglion cells, are absent. Hirschsprung's disease is a form of functional low bowel obstruction due to failure of caudal migration of neuroblasts within developing bowel – this results in an absence of parasympathetic intrinsic ganglion cells in both Auerbach's and Meissner's plexuses. The distal large bowel from the point of neuronal arrest to the anus is continuously aganglionic. It is a rare disorder (1:5000), with prevalence among males being four times that of females.  Achalasia is a motor disorder of the esophagus characterized by decrease in ganglion cell density in the myenteric plexus. The cause of the lesion is unknown.  Myenteric plexi destruction has been found to be secondary to Chagas disease (T. cruzi infection sequelae). Destruction occurs in the esophagus, intestines, and ureters. This denervation can lead to secondary achalasia (lower esophageal sphincter won't open; loss of inhibitory neurons), megacolon, and megaureter, respectively.

Role in CNS disorders.

Because the ENS is known as the "brain of the gut", due to its similarities with the CNS, researchers have been using colonic biopsies of Parkinson's patients to help better understand and manage Parkinson's disease. PD patients are known to experience severe constipation due to GI tract dysfunction years before the onset of motor movement complications, which characterises Parkinson's disease.

History.

Leopold Auerbach, a neuropathologist, was one of the first to further research the nervous system using histological staining methods.

The myenteric plexus (or Auerbach's plexus) provides motor innervation to both layers of the muscular layer of the gut, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input (although present ganglion cell bodies belong to parasympathetic innervation, fibers from sympathetic innervation also reach the plexus), whereas the submucous plexus has only parasympathetic fibers and provides secretomotor innervation to the mucosa nearest the lumen of the gut.

Myenterický plexus ("plexus myentericus"), též Auerbachův plexus ("plexus Auerbachi") je nervová pleteň ve stěně trávicí trubice obratlovců. Spolu se submukózním plexem tvoří tzv. enterický nervový systém. Myenterická nervová pleteň je ve stěně trávicí trubice umístěna mezi vrstvou podélné svaloviny a vrstvou svaloviny kruhové. Je zodpovědná především za ovládání tzv. gastrointestinálních pohybů: stimuluje rytmické stahy střev a ve srovnání se submukózním plexem ovládá vždy rozsáhlejší regiony trávicí trubice. Myenterický plexus obsahuje i inhibiční neurony, které (zřejmě pomocí peptidu VIP) umožňují uvolnění svěračů. Může pracovat nezávisle na vnějších signálech, ale obvykle je pod kontrolou sympatiku a parasympatiku.


Data types.

The main types of data in Xlib are the codice_1 structure and the types of the identifiers.  Informally, a display is a physical or virtual device where graphical operations are done. The codice_1 structure of the Xlib library contains information about the display, but more importantly it contains information relative to the channel between the client and the server. For example, in a Unix-like operating system, the codice_1 structure contains the file handle of the socket of this channel (this can be retrieved using the codice_4 macro.) Most Xlib functions have a codice_1 structure as an argument because they either operate on the channel or are relative to a specific channel. In particular, all Xlib functions that interact with the server need this structure for accessing the channel. Some other functions need this structure, even if they operate locally, because they operate on data relative to a specific channel. Operations of this kind include for example operations on the event queue, which is described below.  Windows, colormaps, etc. are managed by the server, which means that the data about their actual implementation is all stored in the server. The client operates on these objects by using their "identifiers". The client cannot directly operate on an object, but can only request the server to perform the operation specifying the identifier of the object.  The types codice_6, codice_7, codice_8, codice_9, etc. are all identifiers, which are 32-bit integers (just as in the X11 protocol itself). A client 'creates' a window by requesting that the server create a window. This is done via a call to an Xlib function that returns an identifier for the window, that is, a number. This identifier can then be used by the client for requesting other operations on the same window to the server.  The identifiers are unique to the server. Most of them can be used by different applications to refer to the same objects. For example, two applications connecting with the same server use the same identifier to refer to the same window. These two applications use two different channels, and therefore have two different Display structures; however, when they request operations on the same identifier, these operations will be done on the same object.

Protocol and events.

The Xlib functions that send requests to the server usually do not send these requests immediately but store them in a buffer, called the "request buffer". The term "request" in this case refers to the request from the client that is directed to the server: the request buffer can contain all kinds of requests to the server, not only those having a visible effect on the screen. The request buffer is guaranteed to be flushed (i.e., all requests done so far are sent to the server) after a call to the functions codice_10 or codice_11, after a call to a function that returns a value from the server (these functions block until the answer is received), and in some other conditions.  Xlib stores the received events in a queue. The client application can inspect and retrieve events from the queue. While the X server sends events asynchronously, applications using the Xlib library are required to explicitly call Xlib functions for accessing the events in the queue. Some of these functions may block; in this case, they also flush the request buffer.  Errors are instead received and treated asynchronously: the application can provide an error handler that will be called whenever an error message from the server is received.  The content of a window is not guaranteed to be preserved if the window or one of its parts are made not visible. In this case, the application are sent an codice_12 event when the window of one part of it is made visible again. The application is then supposed to draw the window content again.

Functions.

The functions in the Xlib library can be grouped in:

Example.

The following program creates a window with a little black square in it: int main(void)  The client creates a connection with the server by calling codice_13. It then requests the creation of a window with codice_26. A separate call to codice_27 is necessary for mapping the window, that is, for making it visible on the screen.  The square is drawn by calling codice_28. This operation can only be performed after the window is created. However, performing it once may not be enough. Indeed, the content of the window is not always guaranteed to be preserved. For example, if the window is covered and then uncovered again, its content might require being redrawn. The program is informed that the window or a part of it has to be drawn by the reception of an codice_12 event.  The drawing of the window content is therefore made inside the loop handling the events. Before entering this loop, the events the application is interested in are selected, in this case with codice_30. The event loop waits for an incoming event: if this event is a key press, the application exits; if it is an expose event, the window content is drawn. The function codice_18 blocks and flushes the request buffer if there is no event in the queue.

Other libraries.

Xlib does not provide support for buttons, menus, scrollbars, etc. Such widgets are provided by other libraries, which in turn use Xlib. There are two kinds of such libraries:  Applications using any of these widget libraries typically specify the content of the window before entering the main loop and do not need to explicitly handle codice_12 events and redraw the window content.  The XCB library is an alternative to Xlib. Its two main aims are: reduction in library size and direct access to the X11 protocol. A modification of Xlib has been produced to use XCB as a low-level layer.

Xlib (also known as libX11) is an X Window System protocol client library written in the C programming language. It contains functions for interacting with an X server. These functions allow programmers to write programs without knowing the details of the protocol. Few applications use Xlib directly; rather, they employ other libraries that use Xlib functions to provide widget toolkits:

Xlib je v informatice název sady knihoven implementujících protokoly pro komunikaci mezi aplikacemi (tj. klienty) a X Serverem v grafickém uživatelském rozhraní (GUI) X Window System. Xlib je naprogramována v jazyce C. Knihovna umožňuje programovat aplikace bez toho, aby programátor musel znát detaily X protokolu. Jen málo aplikací dnes využívá Xlib přímo. Pro programování grafických aplikací jsou používány vyšší knihovny, které následně využívají funkce Xlib, například:


Life and career.

Spencer Tunick was born in Middletown, Orange County, New York into a Jewish family. His father Earl owned a keychain photo-viewer franchise in the Catskills. In 1986, he visited London, where he took photographs of a nude at a bus stop and of scores of nudes in Alleyn's School's Lower School Hall in Dulwich, Southwark. He earned a Bachelor of Arts from Emerson College in 1988.

Photography.

In 1992, Tunick began documenting live nudes in public locations in New York through video and photographs. His early works from this period focus more on a single nude individual or small groups of nudes. Tunick cites 1994, when he posed and photographed 28 nude people in front of the headquarters of the United Nations in midtown Manhattan, as a turning point in his career; "It all started there, moving my work from just photography into installation and performance photography," he says. Since then, he has organized and photographed over 65 temporary site-related installations in the United States and abroad. Tunick's philosophy is that "individuals en masse, without their clothing, grouped together, metamorphose into a new shape. The bodies extend into and upon the landscape like a substance. These grouped masses which do not underscore sexuality become abstractions that challenge or reconfigure one's views of nudity and privacy."  Sometimes, after gathering his subjects together, Tunick grades them by gender, long hair, age or other characteristics. Registration for modeling on his website includes questions about skin tone. A color chart shows seven boxes ranging from stark white to baby-powder pink and dark chocolate. In his work, he plays off different flesh tones or groups people of the same color. Tunick is also interested in the juxtaposition between the organic and the mechanical, and often chooses famous buildings or unusual structures as his backdrop.  In May 2001, between 2,500 and 3,000 volunteers gathered at the Place des Arts in Montreal, in collaboration with the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal. Later, in September 2001, Tunick photographed 400 nude volunteers in Greenwich, London, each side of "Cutty Sark", and then in a nearby street. In April 2003, Tunick was again in London to photograph 160 nude volunteers in front of the Saatchi Gallery at its opening on the South Bank, and later 500 volunteers in a nude photo shoot in Selfridges department store.

Major installations.

In June, he photographed 7,000 naked people in Barcelona, and hundreds of women in New York's Grand Central train station in October.  On June 26, 2004 in Cleveland, he completed his largest installation in the United States, with 2,754 people posing. In August 2004, a photo shoot was completed in Buffalo of about 1,800 nudes in Buffalo's old central train station. On July 17, 2005 he photographed almost 1,700 nudes on the quaysides at Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead, including the Gateshead Millennium Bridge.  On September 11, 2005, he photographed 1,493 nudes in Lyon on the Rhône quaysides and footbridge resp. between containers. On March 19, 2006, Tunick photographed 1,500 nudes in Caracas, having people standing up, lying down, and on their knees beside the main Simón Bolívar statue.  On August 6, 2006 he photographed about 500 nudes in the courtyard of the Museum Kunstpalast in Düsseldorf. In 2007 Spencer Tunick was commissioned by the Dream Amsterdam Foundation to realize art projects for the artistic event "Dream Amsterdam". On April 15, 2007, Tunick organized an installation in a tulip field in Schermerhorn. On June 3, 2007, he photographed installations with 2000 participants in Amsterdam: 2000 people in a car park; 250 men at a nearby gas station; and 250 women on bicycles on the Lijnbaansgracht — Lauriergracht. A small group of participants was photographed on a canal, Leliegracht, requiring a special bridge construction to create the illusion that the people were floating over the water.  On May 6, 2007, approximately 18,000 people posed for Tunick in Mexico City's principal square, the Zócalo, setting a new record, and more than doubling the previous highest number of 7,000 people who had turned out in Barcelona in 2003. Male and female volunteers of different ages stood and saluted, lay down on the ground, crouched in the fetal position, and otherwise posed for Tunick's lens in the city's massive central plaza, the Plaza de la Constitución. Here, the specific problems of photographing great numbers of people outside became clear: as Tunick could only shoot from buildings located west of the square (the three other sides of the square are government buildings and the cathedral), there was a rush to take the pictures before dawn to avoid getting sunflare in the lens. An accompanying documentary "Naked in Mexico: Spencer Tunick" was also filmed on, and around, the date of the photo shoot.  On August 18, 2007, Tunick used 600 nude people in a "living sculpture" on the Aletsch Glacier in an installation intended to draw attention to global warming and the shrinking of the world's glaciers in a collaboration with Greenpeace. The temperature was about. The Aletsch glacier retreated by between 2005 and 2006. The environment-oriented installation was reported in several languages and media outlets around the world, Swiss politicians were playfully encouraged to demonstrate their green credentials by participating in Tunick's installation, and Euro RSCG Zurich, Switzerland received the AME Grand Trophy for Public Service and Not-For-Profit, for their campaign for Tunick and Greenpeace Switzerland, "Naked Testimony to Global Warming".  Tunick followed this installation with one at the Sagamore Hotel in Miami Beach. Tunick announced plans to take photographs in Ernst Happel Stadium in Vienna with 2,008 naked football fans in the run-up to the Euro 2008 tournament.  On June 17, 2008 Tunick carried out an installation in the grounds of Blarney Castle in County Cork with about 1200 people. Another photoshoot was organised for four days later (Saturday June 21) in Dublin, on the South Wall near the Poolbeg Lighthouse, with over 2500 nude people taking part. The South Wall event was somewhat washed out, with one of the proposed set-ups having to be cancelled. However, people praised the organisers for an event well run. On October 3, 2009 Tunick performed another installation in collaboration with Greenpeace, this time to draw attention to the effect climate change is having on French wine production. Over 700 volunteers turned up at a vineyard near Macon, France for a number of poses among the vines.  On March 1, 2010 Tunick carried out a series of installations titled "The Base" on the Sydney Opera House Forecourt and inside the Opera House. The installations were carried out as part of the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras and were Tunick's first large-scale installation in Sydney, with over 5,200 participants. For the event, the CBC reported that Tunick had invited Lady Gaga to the photo shoot.  In May 2010, Tunick was commissioned by The Lowry to work with 1000 people in five secret locations. The resulting exhibition was called Everyday People, tying into a phrase used by L. S. Lowry in describing his art. The press were allowed a photoshoot at Peel Park, Salford on May 1, but the other locations such as Castlefields, Dantzic Street and Ringway remained unreported.  On August 8, 2010, around 700 revellers at the Big Chill Festival, at Eastnor Castle Deer Park in Herefordshire UK, shed their clothes and covered themselves in five shades of body paint for an installation that paid homage to the art of Yves Klein, Mark Rothko and Ellsworth Kelly, and made reference to the BP oil spillage in the Gulf of Mexico.  Tunick continued to the International Street Theatre Festival in Aurillac, France, where he had been invited to hold an installation for its 25th anniversary. The installation took place over two days, August 20 and 21, 2010. On the first morning, Tunick assembled participants with black umbrellas on a hillside above the town centre, and later with clear umbrellas in the narrow streets of the historic quarter of Aurillac. On the following morning Tunick set out to re-enact Eugène Delacroix's "Liberty Leading the People", with the help of 250 women wielding French flags, 4 men and a smoke machine. On September 17, 2011, Tunick photographed a large group of naked volunteers at the Dead Sea. 1,200 volunteers ranging in age from 20 to somewhere in their sixties set out for the Dead Sea before dawn and modeled in three different arrangements: in the sea, on land and covered in Dead Sea mud.  On June 23, 2012, Tunick photographed a group of naked volunteers in Munich, Germany. Tunick was interpreting scenes from the Richard Wagner opera "Der Ring des Nibelungen". The volunteers were painted in gold or red posing outside the Bavarian State Opera House. On June 4, 2016, Tunick photographed a group of naked volunteers in Bogotá, Colombia. 6,000 volunteers ranging in age from 20 to somewhere in their sixties set out for Bogotá before dawn.  On July 9, 2016, Tunick photographed 3,200 people wearing only blue paint, in Kingston upon Hull, UK. The project was named "Sea of Hull", and was commissioned by Ferens Art Gallery in recognition of the following year's City of Culture events. The gathering was the largest of any of Tunick's UK-based projects to date.  On July 18, 2016, Tunick photographed 100 nude women, in Cleveland, Ohio, where the Republican National Convention was being hosted. They held circular Mylar mirrors over their heads and reflected light at the city to expose what they view as the naked truth about Republicans. According to Tunick, the point of the exercise was to "shine the wisdom of women to change the world."  In July 2018, Tunick photographed almost 500 men and women draped in sheer red cloths on top of a Woolworths supermarket building in Melbourne, Australia.  In September 2018, Tunick visited Bodø, Norway to create the artwork BODØ BODYSCAPE as part of Bodø Biennale. It was his first project in Norway, and first ever project north of the Arctic Circle.

Media reception.

Tunick is the subject of three HBO documentaries, "Naked States", "Naked World", and "Positively Naked".  It has been observed that there may be an ambiguity in Tunick's work between "transgression" and "obedience". A "regimented" quality has been observed in the arrangement of figures in some of Tunick's work, but this, it has been observed, may be offset by the social transgression that accrues to public nakedness.

Spencer Tunick (born January 1, 1967) is an American photographer best known for organizing large-scale nude shoots. Since 1994, he has photographed over 75 human installations around the world.

Spencer Tunick (* 1. ledna 1967 Middletown, Orange County, New York) je americký fotograf a umělec. Nejznámější jsou jeho instalace, ve který pracuje s velkým počtem nahých lidí pózujících ve výtvarných formacích. Tyto „instalace“ jsou často realizovány v městských oblastech po celém světě, ačkoli realizoval také několik performancí "za městem", v lese nebo na pláži. Tunick se objevil ve třech dokumentech HBO: "Naked States", "Naked World", a "Positively Naked". Jeho modely jsou neplacení dobrovolníci, kteří jako kompenzaci obdrží fotografii z limitované edice.


Etymology.

From Middle Dutch, composed of water (water, watery) + loo (forest, clearing in a forest, marsh).

History.

The name of Waterloo was mentioned for the first time in 1102 designating a small hamlet at the limit of what is today known as the Sonian Forest, along a major road linking Brussels, Genappe and a coal mine to the south. Waterloo was located at the intersection of the main road and a path leading to a small farming settlement in what is now Cense. The crossing can still be found today as the intersection of the Chaussée de Bruxelles with Boulevard de la Cense. Waterloo was a place where travellers and merchants, particularly those carrying coal from the mine to the south, could find rest and protection from bandits.  Waterloo was located in the Duchy of Brabant created in 1183 with Leuven as the capital city. The Duchy of Brabant extended from Luttre to's-Hertogenbosch in 1477. Brussels became the capital city of the Duchy of Brabant in 1267 and the capital city of the Burgundian Netherlands in 1430.  Waterloo started to develop during the 17th century. A royal chapel was built in 1687 in Petit-Waterloo, and was extended in 1826, becoming the Church of Saint Joseph of Waterloo.  During the late 18th century, whilst the region was under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire, a period of unrest marked the wake of the 1789 French Revolution. Reforms designed to quell those agitating to bring enlightenment ideas to the region were unsuccessful. in 1794, the French invaded, bringing an end to the region's Ancien Régime, encompassing the monasteries, their official record-keeping, and the privileges of the nobility.  Up until 1796, Waterloo was divided into two parts, Grand-Waterloo and Petit-Waterloo, depending, respectively, of the parishes of Braine-l'Alleud (Bishopric of Namur) and of Sint-Genesius-Rode (Bishopric of Mechelen). A new system based on municipalities was established under French rule. The municipality of Waterloo was created from Petit-Waterloo detached from Sint-Genesius-Rode and three former hamlets (Grand-Waterloo, Joli-Bois, Mont-Saint-Jean) detached from Braine-l’Alleud.  In 1813, half of the hamlet of Chenois was detached from Braine-l’Alleud and became part of Waterloo. In 1824, Waterloo grew again as the areas Roussart and Sainte-Gertrude from the Sonian Forest became part of the municipality. Waterloo had 1,571 inhabitants in 1801 and 3,202 in 1846.  In 1795, the invaded territories were divided into nine departments. Some municipalities, including Waterloo, became part of the Dyle department, which became the province of Brabant Méridional in 1815 under Dutch rule, following the defeat of Napoleon. Upon Belgian independence in 1830, it became part of the province of Brabant.  In 1977, the second half of the hamlet of Chenois was detached from Braine-l’Alleud and became part of Waterloo together with a part of the hamlet next to the Lion.  In 1995, the province of Brabant was divided to match the limits of the administrative regions of Wallonia, Brussels and Flanders created in 1980. The part in which Waterloo is situated became the province of Walloon Brabant.

Battle of Waterloo.

The Battle of Waterloo took place near Waterloo on 18 June 1815 between the First French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte and the Seventh Coalition (troops from Prussia, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Hanover, Brunswick and Nassau), under the main allied commanders, the Duke of Wellington and General von Blücher

Districts in Waterloo.

Waterloo is divided into six districts: Faubourg Ouest (north-west of Chaussée de Bruxelles), Faubourg Est (north-east of Chaussée de Bruxelles), Chenois (west of the railway), Centre, Joli-Bois (south of centre) and Mont-St-Jean (north of the Waterloo battle field).

Demographics.

Nearly one-fifth of the current registered population (5,640 inhabitants) is non-Belgian; many such residents work for institutions or companies in Brussels, a political centre of the European Union. These numbers were released by the municipality of Waterloo. The most common non-Belgian nationalities are the following: French (1,237 people), Italian (537), British (503), American (445) and Swedish (425).

Economy.

Waterloo is home to the European headquarters of Mastercard. There is a Carrefour hypermarket in Mont-Saint-Jean, a Delhaize store, an Ibis Hotel, several BNP Paribas Fortis branches, office parks to the east of the town.  A row of shops, called'is situated on the'(which becomes ', or'when leaving Waterloo in the north and nearing Brussels).

Education.

The Argenteuil estate is host to a number of international and local educational establishments, including; the Scandinavian School of Brussels, the European School of Bruxelles-Argenteuil, "Den norske skolen i Brussel", and the Queen Elisabeth Music Chapel.  St. John's International School is also located within the commune.

Notable landmarks.

Lion's Mound.

The Lion's Mound is a monument to the casualties of the 1815 Battle of Waterloo, located on the spot where a musket ball hit the shoulder of William II of the Netherlands (the Prince of Orange) and knocked him from his horse during the battle. A statue of a lion, looking towards France, standing upon a stone-block pedestal surmounts the hill. Visitors, can, for free, climb the 226 steps to the top of the hill for a vista of the battlefield.  Other attractions nearby related to the battle are the Battle Panorama Mural, Wellington Museum, and the Roman Catholic Church of St. Joseph, where Wellington is said to have prayed before going into battle and where British and Dutch plaques commemorating the fallen are now to be seen.

Argenteuil estate.

In 1831, approximately 250 hectares of land in the Sonian Forest was acquired by Ferdinand De Meeus, a member of the Belgian nobility, who bestowed the name "Argenteuil" to the estate. The first "Château d'Argenteuil", built in 1835 was destroyed by a fire in 1847, and rebuilt between 1856 and 1858 using a design by Belgian architect, Jean-Pierre Cluysenaar, and extensive landscaping of the surrounding lands by Édouard Keilig. In the 1920s the De Meeûs family incorporated the estate into the "Domaine d'Argenteuil SA", and in 1929 sold 145 hectares of the land to American businessman, William Hallam Tuck. Tuck and his wife, Belgian heiress, Hilda Bunge, commissioned New York architect, William Delano, to design the second major residence on the Argenteuil estate, the "Château Bellevue". Whilst the couple occupied the property, it became known commonly as the "Château Tuck".

Château d'Argenteuil.

In 1940, the Château d'Argenteuil, 20 hectares of its surrounding lands and a farm were sold to a community of Carmelite Sisters in exchange for their properties in Uccle, Brussels. However, the château was not suited to their needs, and they moved out in 1947. The Belgian government acquired the Château d'Argenteuil in 1949. In 1950, as part of preparations for the 1958 Brussels World’s Fair, the Belgian government used the chateau to relocate the French-speaking section of the "", an all-female normal school, from Laeken, the site of the exhibition. The château's bedrooms were refitted for boarders. The Belgian government later used the site for various Belgian state school establishments, building dedicated buildings for classrooms on the grounds of the château. In 1990, the Scandinavian School of Brussels, Queen Astrid School, purchased the Château d'Argenteuil and its grounds, and relocated there in 1992. From September 2016, the European School of Bruxelles-Argenteuil began operating on the same site.

Château Bellevue.

In 1949, the Belgian government acquired the Château Bellevue, originally for use by the Belgian national rail company, the SNCB. In 1958 it was used as residence for distinguished visitors to the 1958 World's Fair in Brussels. From 1961 it was the official residence of the Belgian royal family, King Leopold III and his wife Princess Lilian, up until her death in 2003. During discussions on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe there were proposals to turn the château into a residence for the mooted position of the President of the European Union. However, the Belgian government sold the Chateau Bellevue in September 2004.

Dames de Berlaymont.

In 1960, Count Ludovic de Meeûs d'Argenteuil sold thirty hectares of the Argenteuil estate to the Dames de Berlaymont, who had to vacate their properties in Brussels following their acquisition by the Belgian state for the purpose of building a headquarters for the European Commission. The nuns established a new convent and boarding school on the site.

Former landmarks.

Château Cheval.

The Château Cheval stood at the crossing of the main routes between Charleroi and Brussels, and Nivelles and Leuven. It was originally built in 1895 as the home of a French industrialist who had made his fortune in Mont-Saint-Jean, Waterloo following the opening of a chemical fertiliser plant in 1875. The château, with its four towers and ninety-nine windows, was too extravagant for the tastes of its owner, who found himself only able to sleep there once per week. Chelval gave it to his only daughter who occupied it with her husband until his death in 1962. The exorbitant costs associated with running the property led to its demolition in 1966.

Public transport.

Waterloo railway station was opened on 1 February 1874, with the simultaneous opening of the railway line between Waterloo and Brussels. An extension of the line southwards to Nivelles, and then Luttre was opened on 1 June 1874, permitting travel onwards to Charleroi, along an existing line opened in 1843.  Today, Waterloo is served by local passenger trains on the Nivelles to Aalst line, with at least one train in each direction per hour. Non-stopping services between Waterloo and Brussels operate during peak times.

Sport.

Waterloo is home to ASUB Waterloo, one of Belgium's most successful Rugby Union teams.  Waterloo is also home of Watducks Hockey Club, multiple Belgium champions of field hockey and European Champions in 2019 (EHL).

Notable residents.

In September 1959 the Missionary Dominican Sisters of Our Lady of Fichermont, headquartered in Waterloo, became the home of Jeannine Deckers, who took the name Sister Luc-Gabrielle, and who would later become famous as The Singing Nun.

International relations.

Twin towns — sister cities.

Waterloo is twinned with:

Waterloo (,, ) is a municipality in the province of Walloon Brabant, Belgium, which in 2011 had a population of 29,706 and an area of. It is northeast of the larger town of Braine-l'Alleud, which is the site of the Battle of Waterloo, where the resurgent Napoleon was defeated for the final time in 1815. Waterloo lies a short distance south of Brussels, the historical capital of the nation. Historically Flemish, Waterloo is now a Francophone town right on the regional and language border between Flemish Brabant and Walloon Brabant.

Waterloo () je obec v belgické provincii Valonský Brabant. Žije zde přes 29 000 obyvatel na rozloze 21,03 km. Dle údajů ze září 2011 necelých 20 % obyvatel tvoří cizinci pracující především pro instituce a společnosti v nedalekém Bruselu. Šlo především o Francouze (1 237 osob), Italy (537), Brity (303), Američany (445) a Švédy (425).


Toponymy.

The islands were named after the Breton captain Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec, who visited the islands as part of the d'Entrecasteaux expedition in the 1790s. The topographic particle "Kermadec" is of Breton origin and is a lieu-dit in Pencran in Finistère where "ker" means village, residence and madec a proper name derived from "mad" (which means 'good') with the suffix "-ec", used to form adjectives indicating a property.  The Māori name is Rangitāhua which is also used for Raoul island.

History.

Polynesian people settled the Kermadec Islands in around the 14th century (and perhaps previously in the 10th century), but the first Europeans to reach the area—the "Lady Penrhyn" in May 1788—found no inhabitants.  British, American and Australian whaling vessels cruised offshore in the 19th century and often visited the islands in search of water, wood and food. The first such vessel on record was the whaler "Fanny" that visited Raoul Island in 1823. European settlers, initially the Bell family, lived on the islands from the early nineteenth century, growing food for the whalers, and remained until 1937. One of the Bell daughters, Bessie Dyke, recounted the family's experience to writer Elsie K. Morton who published their story in 1957 as, "Crusoes of Sunday Island".

Raoul Island Station.

The Station consists of a government meteorological and radio station, and a hostel for Department of Conservation officers and volunteers, that has been maintained since 1937. It lies on the northern terraces of Raoul Island, at an elevation of about, above the cliffs of Fleetwood Bluff. It is the northernmost inhabited outpost of New Zealand.

Nuclear testing proposals.

In 1955 the British Government required a large site remote from population centres to test the new thermonuclear devices it was developing. Various islands in the South Pacific and Southern Oceans were considered, along with Antarctica. The Admiralty suggested the Antipodes Islands. In May 1955, the Minister for Defence, Selwyn Lloyd, concluded that the Kermadec Islands would be suitable. They were part of New Zealand, so Eden wrote to the Prime Minister of New Zealand, Sidney Holland, to ask for permission to use the islands. Holland refused, fearing an adverse public reaction in the upcoming 1957 general election in New Zealand. Despite reassurances and pressure from the British government, Holland remained firm.

Geography.

The islands lie within 29° to 31.5° south latitude and 178° to 179° west longitude, northeast of New Zealand's North Island, and a similar distance southwest of Tonga. The total area of the islands is.

Climate.

The climate of the islands is subtropical, with a mean monthly temperature of in February and in August. Rainfall is approximately annually, with lower rainfall from October to January.

Islands.

The group includes four main islands as well as some isolated rocks. These are:  Seamounts north and south of the Kermadec Islands are an extension of the ridge running from Tonga to New Zealand (see Geology). Star of Bengal Bank, south-southwest of L'Esperance Rock, has a least depth of

Geology.

The islands are a volcanic island arc, formed at the convergent boundary where the Pacific Plate subducts under the Indo-Australian Plate. The subducting Pacific Plate created the Kermadec Trench, an 8 km deep submarine trench, to the east of the islands. The islands lie along the undersea Kermadec Ridge, which runs southwest from the islands towards the North Island of New Zealand and northeast towards Tonga (Kermadec-Tonga Arc).  The four main islands are the peaks of volcanoes that rise high enough from the seabed to project above sea level. There are several other volcanoes in the chain that do not reach sea level, but form seamounts with between 65 and 1500 m of water above their peaks. Monowai Seamount, with a depth of 120 m over its peak, is midway between Raoul Island and Tonga. 100 km south of L'Esperance Rock is the little-explored Star of Bengal Bank, probably with submarine volcanoes.  Further south are the South Kermadec Ridge Seamounts, the southernmost of which, Rumble IV Seamount, is just 150 km North of the North Island of New Zealand. The ridge eventually connects to White Island in New Zealand's Bay of Plenty, at the northern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone. The islands experience many earthquakes from plate movement and volcanism.  Raoul and Curtis are both active volcanoes. The volcanoes on the other islands are currently inactive, and the smaller islands are the eroded remnants of extinct volcanoes.  From 18 to 21 July 2012, Havre Seamount (near Havre Rock) erupted, breaching the ocean surface from a depth of more than 1100 m and producing a large raft of pumice floating northwest of the volcano. The eruption was not directly observed, but it was located using earthquake and remote sensing data after the pumice raft was spotted by aircraft and encountered by HMNZS "Canterbury".

Environment.

Flora.

The islands are recognised by ecologists as a distinct ecoregion, the Kermadec Islands subtropical moist forests. It is a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion, part of the Oceanian realm. The forests are dominated by the red-flowering Kermadec pōhutukawa, related to the pōhutukawa of New Zealand. The islands are home to 113 native species of vascular plants, of which 23 are endemic, along with mosses (52 native species), lichens and fungi (89 native species). Most of the plant species are derived from New Zealand, with others from the tropical Pacific. 152 human-introduced species of plants have become established on the islands.  Dense subtropical forests cover most of Raoul, and formerly covered Macauley. "Metrosideros kermadecensis" is the dominant forest tree, forming a 10 – 15-meter high canopy. A native nikau palm ("Rhopalostylis baueri") is another important canopy tree. The forests had a rich understory of smaller trees, shrubs, ferns, and herbs, including "Myrsine kermadecensis"; "Lobelia anceps", "Poa polyphylla", "Coprosma acutifolia", and "Coriaria arborea". Two endemic tree ferns, "Cyathea milnei" and the rare and endangered "Cyathea kermadecensis", are also found in the forests.  Areas near the seashore and exposed to salt spray are covered by a distinct community of shrubs and ferns, notably "Myoporum obscurum", "Coprosma petiolata", "Asplenium obtusatum", "Cyperus ustulatus", "Disphyma australe", and "Ficinia nodosa".

Fauna.

The islands have no native land mammals. An endemic bird subspecies is the Kermadec red-crowned parakeet. The group has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because of its significance as a breeding site for several species of seabirds, including white-necked and black-winged petrels, wedge-tailed and little shearwaters, sooty terns and blue noddies. The area also hosts rich habitats for cetaceans. In recent years, increased presences of humpback whales indicate Kermadec Islands functioning as migratory colliders, and varieties of baleen (not in great numbers) and toothed whales including minke whales, sperm whales, less known beaked whales, killer whales, and dolphins frequent in adjacent waters. Vast numbers of southern right whales were historically seen in southwestern areas although only a handful of recent confirmations exist around Raoul Island. The deep sea hydrothermal vents along the Kermadec ridge support diverse extremophile communities including the New Zealand blind vent crab. Three new records of tropical reef fishes were recorded from the Kermadec Islands Marine Reserve in 2015 after researchers examined hundreds of hours of unused documentary film footage.

Conservation.

The introduction of cats, rats, and goats devastated the forests and seabirds. Overgrazing by goats eliminated the forests of Macauley Island, leaving open grasslands, and altered the understory of Raoul Island. Predation by rats and cats reduced the seabird colonies on the main islands from millions of birds to tens of thousands. The New Zealand government has been working for the last few decades to restore the islands. New Zealand declared the islands a nature reserve in 1937, and the sea around them a marine reserve in 1990. The marine reserve surrounds each of the islands and is one of New Zealand's largest at a total area of.  Goats were removed from Macauley in 1970 and from Raoul in 1984, and the forests have begun to recover. The islands are still known for their bird life, and seabird colonies presently inhabit offshore islets, which are safe from introduced rats and cats. Efforts are currently underway to remove the rats and cats from the islands, as well as some of the invasive exotic plants.  Visits to the islands are restricted by the Department of Conservation. The Department allows visits to Raoul by volunteers assisting in environmental restoration or monitoring projects, and other visitors engaged in nature study. Visits to the other islands are generally restricted to those engaged in scientific study of the islands.  On 29 September 2015, New Zealand prime minister John Key announced the creation of the Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary, a protected area in the Kermadec Islands region. However, subsequently, fishing companies and iwi bodies filed legal action opposing it, and a coalition deal with the New Zealand First party has led to the Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary Bill not passing its second reading as of 2019.

The Kermadec Islands () are a subtropical island arc in the South Pacific Ocean northeast of New Zealand's North Island, and a similar distance southwest of Tonga. The islands are part of New Zealand, in total area and uninhabited, except for the permanently manned Raoul Island Station, the northernmost outpost of New Zealand.

Kermadekovy ostrovy (někdy také Kermadecké ostrovy) je skupina šesti sopečných ostrůvků (tzv. ostrovní oblouk) v jižní části Tichého oceánu v polovině cesty mezi státy Nový Zéland a Tonga. Rozloha souostroví je 33 km2, z toho celých 29 km2 připadá na největší ostrov Raoul (také zvaný Nedělní ostrov), kde se nachází i nejvyšší hora, 516 m n. m. vysoká Moumoukai Peak. Další ostrovy jsou Macauley, Curtis, Nugent, L'Esperance Rock a L'Havre Rock. V současnosti jsou ostrovy obydleny zhruba deseti zaměstnanci meteorologické stanice, turisté mají na ně zakázán vstup. Administrativně jsou Kermadekovy ostrovy přidruženým územím Nového Zélandu.


Background.

"High Voltage" shares its name with the band's first Australian and international albums. It is the ninth and final track on the international version, released in May 1976. "High Voltage" was also released as a single in the UK and various countries in Europe in 1976.  Although Phil Rudd is erroneously credited with recording the song, the drums were actually recorded by a session drummer Tony Currenti, not long after recording sessions for the debut album "High Voltage".  "High Voltage" is one of AC/DC's most popular songs, and has been included on four of the band's five official live releases: "If You Want Blood You've Got It" (sung by Bon Scott, 1978), "" (sung by Scott's replacement Brian Johnson, 1992), "Live from the Atlantic Studios" (Scott, 1977), and "" (Scott, 1979) – the latter two being released in 1997 as part of the "Bonfire" box set.  In concerts, this song has evolved into sing-a-long with the crowd. In the bridge where Scott sings 'I said high, I said high', this has been extended where both Scott and Brian Johnson repeat the word 'high' in ever increasing loudness and high pitch, to which the crowd responds with "high" louder also. That is followed by a discreet backing rhythm for several minutes whilst Angus Young does some improvisation on the guitar.  During the 2010 Black Ice World Tour, images of Scott were projected onto the stage screens during the performance of the song's chorus to commemorate the 30th anniversary of his death.

"Not to be confused with Danger! High Voltage" "High Voltage" is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was first released in Australia as a single in July 1975, though it is the eighth track of their second Australian album "T.N.T"., the release itself was issued as a stand alone single. The song was written by Angus Young, Malcolm Young and Bon Scott, and peaked at #48 on the UK Singles Chart in 1980.

„High Voltage“ je singl skupiny AC/DC, vydaný v roce 1975. Na straně B vyšla v austrálii skladba „Soul Stripper“ a v evropě „Live Wire“. Skladba vyšla na albech T.N.T. v roce 1975 a na mezinárodní verzi alba High Voltage z roku 1976.


Plot.

In "200 Motels," the film attempts to portray the craziness of life on the road as a rock musician, and as such consists of a series of unconnected nonsense vignettes interspersed with concert footage of the Mothers of Invention. Ostensibly, while on tour The Mothers of Invention go crazy in the small fictional town of Centerville ("a real nice place to raise your kids up"), wander around, and get beaten up in "Redneck Eats", a cowboy bar. In an animated interlude passed off as a "dental hygiene movie," bassist "Jeff", tired of playing what he refers to as "Zappa's comedy music", is persuaded by his bad conscience to quit the group, as did his real-life counterpart Jeff Simmons. Simmons was replaced by Martin Lickert (who was Ringo's chauffeur) for the film. Almost every scene is drenched with video special effects (double and triple exposures, solarisation, false color, speed changes, etc.) which were innovative in 1971. The film has been dubbed a "surrealistic documentary".

Production.

Principal scenes of "200 Motels", including the London Philharmonic Orchestra, were filmed in a week at Pinewood Studios outside London, and featured The Mothers of Invention, The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Ringo Starr, Theodore Bikel, and Keith Moon. Tensions between Zappa and several cast and crew members arose before and during shooting. However, director Tony Palmer (on his 2009 reissue of "200 Motels") claims that all elements of the script derived from Zappa's trunk's worth of material were completed during production. It was the first feature film photographed on videotape and transferred to 35 mm film utilizing a Technicolor film printer utilized by the BBC.

Release and reception.

United Artists' press kit for the film stated "For the audience that already knows and appreciates THE MOTHERS, [it] will provide a logical extension of our concerts and recordings." The film premiere was shown at Doheny Plaza Theater in Hollywood, California to mixed reviews. "200 Motels" currently holds a 67% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on six reviews. Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, saying that the film; "is a joyous, fanatic, slightly weird experiment in the uses of the color videotape process", and also stating; "It assaults the mind with everything on hand".

Soundtrack.

The soundtrack to "200 Motels" was released by United Artists Records on October 4, 1971, and features a combination of rock and jazz songs, orchestral music and comedic spoken dialogue. The rock and comedy songs "Mystery Roach", "Lonesome Cowboy Burt", "Daddy, Daddy, Daddy", "What Will This Evening Bring Me This Morning" and "Magic Fingers", and the finale "Strictly Genteel", which mixes orchestral and rock elements, were noted as highlights of the album by reviewer Richie Unterberger.  The score relied extensively on orchestral music, and Zappa's dissatisfaction with the classical music world intensified when a concert, scheduled at the Royal Albert Hall after filming, was canceled because a representative of the venue found some of the lyrics obscene. In 1975, he lost a lawsuit against the Royal Albert Hall for breach of contract. When "Penis Dimension" was played to the judge, Mr Justice Mocatta, he responded "Have I got to listen to this?". The UK première was not until 29 October 2013, almost 20 years after Zappa's death.  "200 Motels" charted at #59 on the "Billboard" 200. The album was not released on compact disc until 1997, as a result of a licensing deal between Rykodisc (at the time the licensee for all of Zappa's other albums from the Zappa Family Trust (ZFT), numbering over 60 titles) and MGM allowing them to re-release numerous rare movie-musical soundtracks on CD. With the addition of this title, Ryko was finally able to offer the complete catalog of official Zappa recordings, as numerous legal proceedings both during Zappa's lifetime and afterwards failed to cede ownership of the rights and tapes to ZFT. That 2-CD edition, now out of print, contained extensive liner notes and artwork as well as a small poster for the film, as well as bonus tracks consisting of radio promos for the film and the single edit of the song "Magic Fingers".  Though many Zappa fans consider this album a key recording of the period, it was deemed by some music critics to be a peripheral album. Allmusic's Richie Unterberger critiqued what he referred to as the "growing tendency to deploy the smutty, cheap humor that would soon dominate much of Zappa's work", but said that "Those who like his late-'60s/early-'70s work [...] will probably like this fine".

Legacy.

After "200 Motels", the band went on tour; the live album "Just Another Band From L.A." included the 20-minute track "Billy the Mountain", Zappa's satire on rock opera set in Southern California. This track was representative of the band's theatrical performances in which songs were used to build up sketches based on "200 Motels" scenes as well as new situations often portraying the band members' sexual encounters on the road.

200 Motels is a 1971 American-British musical surrealist film cowritten by Frank Zappa and Tony Palmer and starring The Mothers of Invention, Theodore Bikel and Ringo Starr.

200 Motels je americký film z roku 1971. Film režírovali Tony Palmer a Frank Zappa a produkovali Herb Cohen a Jerry D. Good. Soundtrack k filmu na LP vyšel v tomtéž roce a na CD vyšel až v roce 1997.


Geography.

The whole area of the district belongs to the drainage basin of the Volga. The Volga, built as the Uglich Reservoir, crosses the district from the southwest to the northeast, separating it into two unequal parts. The rivers in the northern, bigger part of the district drains into the Volga directly or to the Medveditsa River, a major left tributary of the Volga. The lower course of the Medveditsa lies within the district. The main tributaries of the Medveditsa in the district are the Rudomosh River, the Bolshaya Puditsa River, and the Malaya Puditsa River (all from the right). The two main right tributaries of the Volga within the district are the Khotcha River and the Dubna River, which makes a stretch of a border of a district with Moscow Region.

History.

In the 18th century, the area was included into Moscow Governorate. In 1775 it was transferred to newly established Tver Viceroyalty, where it was split between Korchevskoy (established in 1781) and Kalyazinsky Uyezds. In 1796, the Viceroyalty was abolished and transformed into Tver Governorate. On December 30, 1918 Kimrsky Uyezd with the center in Kimry was established on the lands which previously belonged to Korchevskoy and Kalyazinsky Uyezds. On May 30, 1922 Korchevskoy Uyezd was abolished and merged into Kimrsky Uyezd. On October 3, 1927 Kashinsky Uyezd was abolished and split between Kimrsky and Bezhetsky Uyezds.  On July 12, 1929, Tver Governorate was abolished, and the area was transferred to Moscow Oblast. Uyezds were abolished as well, and Kimrsky District, with the administrative center in Kimry, was established within Kimry Okrug of Moscow Oblast. On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On January 29, 1935 Kalinin Oblast was established, and Kimrsky District was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. On February 13, 1963, during the abortive Khrushchyov administrative reform, Kalyazinsky District was merged into Kimrsky District, but on March 4, 1964 it was re-established. In 1990, Kalinin Oblast was renamed Tver Oblast.  In 1951, the selo of Bely Gorodok was granted urban-settlement status. In July 1956, the urban-type settlement of Dubna, which belonged to Kimrsky District, was granted the town status. In September 1956, Dubna was transferred to Moscow Oblast.

Administrative and municipal status.

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kimrsky District is one of the thirty-six in the oblast. The town of Kimry serves as its administrative center, despite being incorporated separately as an okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.  As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Kimrsky Municipal District. Kimry Okrug is incorporated separately from the district as Kimry Urban Okrug.

Economy.

Industry.

There is a shipyard in the settlement of Bely Gorodok. There are also enterprises in the district engaged in peat and timber production.

Agriculture.

The main agricultural specialization of the district is cattle breeding with meat and milk production.

Transportation.

A railway connecting Moscow with Kashin and further with Sonkovo and Saint-Petersburg crosses the eastern part of the district. There is a regular suburban passenger traffic between Moscow and Savyolovo, and a regular infrequent traffic between Savyolovo and Kashin.  Paved roads connect Kimry with Tver, Taldom, Kashin, and Kalyazin. All of them cross the district. There are also local roads, with bus traffic originating from Kimry.  The Volga is navigable, but there is no passenger navigation.

Culture and recreation.

The district contains eight cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally thirty-six objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federal monuments include the Resurrection Church in the village of Stoyantsy, the Saint Nicholas Church in the village of Nikolo-Neveryevo, as well as a number of archeological sites.

Kimrsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the oblast and borders with Kalyazinsky District in the northeast, Taldomsky District of Moscow Oblast and the town of Dubna, also of Moscow Oblast, in the south, Konakovsky District in the southwest, Kalininsky District in the west, and with Rameshkovsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is. Its administrative center is the town of Kimry (which is not administratively a part of the district). Population: 13,190 (2010 Census);

Kimrský rajón () je jedním z rajónů Tverské oblasti v Rusku. Jeho administrativním centrem je město Kimry. V roce 2010 zde žilo 13 800 obyvatel.


Taxonomy.

Once thought to possibly be "C. l. pallipes" (the Indian wolf), the Arabian wolf was designated "Canis lupus arabs" by the British zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock in 1934. Pocock noted its smaller skull and smaller size. In the third edition of "Mammal Species of the World" published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf "Canis lupus" the subspecies "Canis lupus arabs". A 2014 study suggests that genetically the Arabian wolf is closer to "C. l. lupus" than it is to "C. l. pallipes" and supports the subspecies designation "C. l. arabs". There has been admixture with domestic dogs, but it is unclear whether or not this is why this wolf is genetically closer to "C. l. lupus". This raises a concern of extinction by hybridization as Arabian wolves are more adapted to desert life than wolf/dog hybrids.  In Israel and the Palestinian Territories, there is some disagreement as to the exact taxonomic status of wolves. Some scientists hold that two subspecies of wolf are present- "C. l. pallipes" in the northern parts, and "C. l. arabs" in the south. They point out that the southern wolves are smaller than the northern wolves which are also darker and have longer fur. Other scientists consider the wolf in the area to be "C. l. arabs", with no real distinction between northern and southern wolves. As in other countries, there is interbreeding with feral dogs, which adds an element of uncertainty.

Admixture with other "Canis" species.

In 2018, whole genome sequencing was used to compare members of the genus "Canis". The study found evidence of gene flow between African golden wolves, golden jackals, and grey wolves (from Saudi Arabia and Syria). One African golden wolf from the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula showed high admixture with the Middle Eastern grey wolves and dogs, highlighting the role of the land bridge between the African and Eurasian continents in canid evolution. The African golden wolf was found to be the descendant of a genetically admixed canid of 72% grey wolf and 28% Ethiopian wolf ancestry.

Description.

The Arabian wolf is small for "Canis lupus". It stands on average at shoulder height and the adult weighs an average of. The cranial length of the adult Arabian wolf measures on average, which is smaller than most wolves. Along with the Indian wolf, it is probably smaller than other wolves to help it adapt to life in a hot, dry climate. This is an example of Bergmann's rule, where mammal size varies by the warmth of their environment. Its ears are proportionally larger in relation to its body size when compared to other sub-species of "Canis lupus", an adaptation probably developed to help disperse body heat (Allen's Rule). Arabian wolves do not usually live in large packs, and instead hunt in pairs or in groups of about three or four animals. They have a short thin coat which is usually a grayish beige color, "... a mixture of black and slightly buffy grey" according to Pocock. Similar to other canines, the Arabian wolf does not have sweat glands and so it must control its body temperature by rapid panting, which causes evaporation from the lungs. Occasionally the pads of the third and fourth toes are fused in the back; a feature which differentiates its tracks from a dog's. It is distinguished from the Indian wolf by its smaller skull, smaller size and thinner coat.

Diet.

Arabian wolves are mainly carnivorous, but also omnivorous and in some areas largely dependent on human garbage and excess products. They also feed on hares, rodents, small ungulates, cats, sweet fruits, roadkill and other carrion. Opportunistically almost any small animal including fish, snails, baby baboons can be part of their diet. Because Arabian wolves can attack and eat any domestic animals up to the size of a goat, Bedouins and farmers will not hesitate to shoot, poison, or trap them.

Range and conservation.

The Arabian wolf was once found throughout the Arabian Peninsula, but now lives only in small pockets in southern Israel, southern and western Iraq, Oman, Yemen, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and some parts of the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. It is rare throughout most of its range because of human persecution. In Oman, wolf populations have increased because of a ban on hunting, and they may naturally re-establish themselves in certain places within the region in the relatively near term. In Israel, between 100 and 150 Arabian wolves are found across the Negev and the Arava. The United Arab Emirates and Egypt both have a captive breeding program, and the wolf is protected in Oman and Israel, but elsewhere, its future is uncertain. In Saudi Arabia, the wolf is protected in places and still exists in places with sparse human activity.

The Arabian wolf ("Canis lupus arabs") is a subspecies of gray wolf which lives on the Arabian peninsula. It is the smallest-sized wolf known. It is a desert-adapted wolf that normally lives in small groups and is omnivorous, eating carrion and garbage as well as small to medium-sized prey.

Vlk arabský ("Canis lupus arabs") je nejmenší poddruh vlka obecného. Dříve obýval celý Arabský poloostrov, ale nyní žije jen v malé části jižního Izraele, v Kuvajtu, Ománu, Jemenu, Jordánsku, Saúdské Arábii a pravděpodobně v některých místech na Sinajském poloostrově v Egyptě. Výskyt v Iráku a Sýrii je nejistý, respektive není zřejmé, zda v případě místních vlků nejde výhradně o poddruh "Canis lupus pallipes." Ve Spojených arabských emirátech nebyl ve volné přírodě spatřen od 80. let 20. století.


Features.

The IBM Personal Computer XT originally came with 128 KB of RAM, a 360 KB double-sided 51⁄4 inch floppy disk drive, a 10 MB Seagate ST-412 hard drive with Xebec 1210 Modified Frequency Modulation (MFM) controller, an Asynchronous Adapter (serial card with 8250 UART), and a 130-watt power supply. The motherboard had an Intel 8088 microprocessor running at 4.77 MHz, with a socket for an optional 8087 math coprocessor.  IBM recognized soon after the IBM PC's release in 1981 that its five 8-bit "I/O channel" expansion slots were insufficient. An internal IBM publication stated in October 1981 about the number that "In my opinion, it could be a problem", reporting that others within IBM advised swapping cards if necessary. "InfoWorld" observed in 1985 that "by the time you've installed all the 'extras', which are really necessities, you're lucky if you have even one slot left open"; almost every PC requires at least a display adapter card and a floppy disk controller card, leaving only three slots available for a parallel printer port card (if the Color Graphics Adapter was used), a serial port card, memory expansion boards, a 3rd-party hard disk controller card, a second display adapter card, or possible other special adapter cards.  When IBM announced a successor product to the PC in early 1983, initial speculations were that it would be a next-generation machine possibly based on the Intel 8086 or include other advanced features. When the XT was actually unveiled however, there was mild disappointment that the new machine was merely an incremental improvement of the PC based on the same 8088 CPU and would, in fact, not replace it at all. A BYTE Magazine article commented that "DOS 2.0 is more revolutionary and advanced than the computer itself."  A Seagate ST-412 hard disk was standard equipment, and the XT was not offered in a floppy-only model for its first two years on the market, although the standard ribbon cable with two floppy connectors was still included. The only way to purchase an XT with factory-installed dual floppy drives was if the user also bought the optional 5161 expansion chassis and placed the hard disk in that, which in effect amounted to purchasing two hard disks as the 5161 also came with one standard. Unlike many hard disk systems on microcomputers at the time, the XT was able to boot directly off the drive and did not require a boot floppy. Aside from the hard disk, a serial port card was also standard equipment on the XT, all other cards being optional.  By the end of 1983, the XT was neck-and-neck with the original PC for sales and IBM were selling every one that they made.  The XT had eight slots. Two were behind the floppy drive, and shorter than the original PC's slots. The other six fit into the same space as the original PC's five slots. Most PC cards would not fit into the two short slots, and some would not fit into the six standard-length, but narrower, slots, particularly cards with double boards on them. The floppy and hard drive adapters, the serial port card, and nearly always a display adapter board occupied slots. The basic specification was soon upgraded to have 256 KB of RAM as standard. Expansion slots could be used for I/O devices or for memory expansion. Available Video cards were initially the Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA) and Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) (the same two cards that were available for the type 5150 PC), with Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) and Professional Graphics Controller (PGC) becoming available in 1984.  The XT had a desktop case similar to that of the IBM PC. It weighed and was approximately wide by deep by high. The power supply of the original XT sold in the US was configured for 120 V AC only and could not be used with 240 V mains supplies. XTs with 240 V-compatible power supplies were later sold in international markets. Both were rated at 130 watts.  The operating system usually sold with the XT was PC DOS 2.0 or, by the time the XT was discontinued in early 1987, DOS 3.2. Like the original PC, the XT came with IBM BASIC in its ROM. Despite the lack of a cassette port on XTs, IBM's licensing agreement with Microsoft forced them to include BASIC on all their PCs, and the BASICA program that was included with DOS depended on the BASIC ROM. The XT BIOS also displayed a memory count during the POST, unlike the PC.  The XT was discontinued in the spring of 1987, replaced by the PS/2 Model 30.

Revisions and variants.

A striking but largely undocumented feature of the IBM XT, was that the motherboard could be configured for several different memory-chip types. By changing some jumpers, you could choose between 16Kb chips, 64Kb chips, 128Kb chips, and first half 256Kb plus second half 64Kb chips. Machines sold from IBM initially only used the standard 64Kb configuration for a maximum of 256KB onboard, however in 1986 stock machines configured for the 64Kb/256Kb combo and a maximum 640Kb onboard were sold. The machines with the alternate configuration were marketed as "256K-640K" boards to distinguish them from the "64K-256K" boards, allthough the two board "versions" are technically similar in almost every way except for the configuration and type of installed memory. Upgrading the older boards to "256K-640K" boards is as simple as changing some jumpers, adding an IC to an empty socket, and replacing the first two banks of RAM chips with 256Kb parts.  There were however two or three revisions of the motherboard. The differences between these are more subtle, and serves to fix minor hardware-issues. The first revision (used for submodel 084) solves a race-condition between the CPU and DMA controller using a time-delay circuit. This revision is notable for having an empty IC-designator labled "SPARE" just next to the memory. In the spring of 1984 the second revision (used in submodel 083) was introduced, which rearranged some components and also incorporated a better solution to the DMA race condition. This new solution did away with the time-delay and instead included IC "U90" in place of the old "SPARE". At this time, most of the remaining first-revision boards were modified into second-revision boards using patch-wires. Otherwise, from a marketing standpoint, the only real difference a consumer would notice between submodels 084 and 083 was that they came from the factory with different amount of RAM installed (128KB vs the full onboard 256KB respectively). All later "64KB-256KB" boards would use the second revision motherboard, the same as submodel 083. When it comes to the submodels using the "256KB-640KB" board, they might use a third revision of the motherboard. The only difference between this third and the second revision would be added support for a full-size 64KB BIOS (the older boards used a 40KB BIOS).  Beginning in 1985, the XT was offered in floppy-only models without a hard drive (submodel 068 and 078) and the new Enhanced Graphics Adapter and Professional Graphics Adapter became available as video card options In 1986, the 256–640 KB motherboard models were launched, which switched to half-height drives and submodels 268, 278 and 089 came with 101-key keyboards (essentially the IBM Model M, but in a modified variant that used the XT's keyboard protocol and lacked LEDs). Submodels 267, 277 and 088 had the original keyboard. 3.5" floppy drives became available and 20MB Seagate ST-225 hard disks in 5.25" half-height size replaced the full-height 10MB drives.. Subodel 788 was the only XT sold with the Color Graphics Adapter as a standard feature.  Submodels 568, 588, and 589 were used as basis for the XT/370; they had an additional (co-)processor board that could execute System/370 instructions. An XT-based machine with a Series/1 co-processor board existed as well, but it had its own System Unit number, the IBM 4950.  The XT had three BIOS revisions; the original dated November 8, 1982, the second dated January 10, 1986, and the third dated May 9, 1986. The latter two were the versions found on 256–640 KB motherboards and added support for 3.5" floppies, 101 key keyboards, and a few other minor things such as a joystick input function (INT 15h Function 84h) and faster POST. The May 1986 BIOS was identical to the January 1986 revision except for bug fixes pertaining to keyboard input. XTs with the 1982 BIOS may be upgraded to the newer revision. The XT BIOS added a few technical improvements over the 5150 BIOS, including displaying a memory count during the POST instead of a blank screen. In the interest of faster booting (a fully loaded 5150 with 640 KB could take over half a minute to complete the POST memory scan), the XT BIOS only attempts to read one bit each from the leftmost chip in each bank and if so, assumes that bank is filled.

5161 expansion unit.

The 5161 was an expansion chassis that used an identical case and power supply as the XT but had instead of a system board a backplane with 8 card slots (and no microprocessor). The 5161 came with a 10 MB hard drive and had room for another one. The 5161 was connected to the 5160 using an Extender Card in the system unit and a Receiver Card in the Expansion Unit, connected by a custom cable. The Expansion Unit could also contain extra memory, but the Extender card inserted wait states for memory in the Expansion Unit, so it was preferable to install memory onto the XT system board or on memory cards in slots plugged into the XT system board directly. The 5161 could be connected to either an XT or to the earlier 5150 (the original IBM PC). This expansion feature was not available for later machines like the IBM PC AT and in fact the 5161 is completely incompatible with anything but an 8088-based PC.

IBM XT 286.

In 1986, the XT 286 (IBM 5162) with a 6 MHz Intel 80286 processor was introduced. Despite being marketed as a lower-tier model than the IBM AT, this system actually ran many applications faster than the ATs of the time with 6 MHz 286 processors, because the XT 286 had zero wait state RAM, which could move data more quickly. It came with standard 640 KB RAM on its system board (128 KB actually on board, plus two 256 KB SIMMs) and with an AT-style 1.2 MB high density diskette drive plus a 20 MB hard disk. Despite these features, an "InfoWorld" review from March 1987 declared it a poor market value.  The XT 286 used a 157 watt power supply, which could internally switch between 115 or 230 V AC operation.

Reception.

"Byte" in November 1983 stated that DOS 2.0 had changed more compared to its predecessor than the XT had. The magazine advised consumers to make sure that expansion cards fit the computer's shorter and narrower slots, and concluded that the XT was "competitively priced" and "a solidly engineered, although technically modest, encore to the" IBM PC.  Photo galleries:

The IBM Personal Computer XT, often shortened to the IBM XT, PC XT, or simply XT, is a version of the IBM PC with a built-in hard drive. It was released as IBM Machine Type number 5160 on March 8, 1983. Apart from the hard drive, it was essentially the same as the original PC, with only minor improvements. The XT was mainly intended as an enhanced IBM PC for business users. Later floppy-only models would effectively replace the original model 5150 PC. A corresponding 3270 PC featuring 3270 terminal emulation was released later in October 1983. XT stands for eXtended Technology.

IBM Personal Computer XT (též IBM XT, PC XT nebo IBM 5160) je v informatice označení osobního počítače uvedeného firmou IBM na trh v USA dne 8. března 1983. Zkratka XT v názvu počítače znamená eXtended Technology ("„rozšířená technologie“"), čímž společnost IBM upozorňovala na nová rozšíření, která nebyla v původním IBM PC dostupná. Mezi nejvýznamnější novinky patřil standardně montovaný pevný disk s kapacitou 10 MiB. Další důležitá změna se týkala slotů rozšiřující sběrnice, jejichž počet vzrostl z 5 na (později) standardních 8. Základní architektura se však prakticky nezměnila – srdcem počítače zůstal procesor Intel 8088 s taktem 4,77 MHz propojený s periferiemi prostřednictvím 8bitových rozšiřujících slotů. Jako nástupce počítačů PC XT byl v srpnu 1984 představen model PC AT, který mimo jiné přinesl i nový procesor a širší (16bitovou) sběrnici.


Career.

After graduating from the department of Shari'a and Law in the Arabic Language and Islamic Studies faculty of University of Libya in 1975, Abdul Jalil was initially "assistant to the Secretary of the Public Prosecutor" in Beida, before being appointed a judge in 1978.  Abdul Jalil was a judge "known for ruling consistently against the regime," before becoming justice minister in 2007. In January 2010 he attempted to resign on national television over the government's failure to release political prisoners. His resignation was rejected. He resigned on 21 February 2011 after being sent to Benghazi to negotiate the release of hostages taken by rebels, being the first senior official to do so.  In classified US diplomatic cables leaked by the website WikiLeaks, he is described as open and cooperative. Following his resignation from Gaddafi's government in protest at its actions during the Libyan Civil War, a bounty of 500,000 dinars, roughly 400,000 USD, was announced for his capture.

Stances noted in the media.

Pre-2011 protests.

In August 2010, a representative of Human Rights Watch praised the fact that Abdul Jalil had "reportedly taken a strong stance against arbitrary arrests and prolonged detention without trial", commenting that: In a paper published in November 2010, Amnesty International stated similarly, that:  Human Rights Watch made the same observations in its submission to the 2010 Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of the United Nations Human Rights Council.  L'Express noted that before being named a minister of justice of Libya in 2007, he was the president of the Libyan Court of Appeal. The paper opined that Abdul Jalil was responsible for the "intransigence" of the court in confirming the death sentences in the "Bulgarian nurses" HIV trial under Gaddafi.

2011 protests and civil war.

During the Libyan Civil War he was dispatched by Gaddafi's son to Benghazi to allegedly "negotiate the release of hostages taken by Islamists". On 21 February, the privately owned "Quryna" newspaper reported that he had resigned over "the excessive use of violence against anti-government protesters". On 22 February, he claimed in an interview with Swedish newspaper "Expressen" that he had proof Gaddafi had personally ordered the 1988 Lockerbie bombing. To date, he has not revealed this proof.  On 24 February, the BBC reported that, at a meeting of opposition politicians, former military officers and tribal leaders the eastern city of Beida, Abdul Jalil said there would be no talks with the Libyan leader and called for him to step down immediately.  On 5 March, Reuters reported that Abdul Jalil claimed to have "official contacts with European and Arab (countries)" and that "some countries will announce their recognition" of the National Transitional Council "soon".  On 9 March, Abdul Jalil called for the imposition of a no-fly zone over Libya.  As the Battle of Tripoli tilted in favor of forces answering to the NTC, Abdul Jalil said on 24 August that democratic elections would be held in eight months. He also said that Gaddafi and his sons, once captured, would be tried in Libya prior to being sent to The Hague for trial at the International Criminal Court.

Efforts to form an interim government.

On 24 February 2011, opposition politicians, former military officers, tribal leaders, academics and businessmen held a meeting in the eastern city of Beida. The meeting was chaired by Abdul Jalil, who quit the government a few days before. The delegates stressed the importance of the national unity of Libya and stated that Tripoli is the capital city. They discussed proposals for interim administration with many delegates asking for UN intervention in Libya. The podium at the meeting displayed the pre-Gaddafi era flag of the Kingdom of Libya (1951–1969).  On 25 February 2011, Al Jazeera reported that talks are taking place between "personalities from eastern and western Libya" to form an interim government for the post-Gaddafi era. On 26 February, it was reported that Abdul Jalil was leading the process of forming an interim government, to be based in Benghazi. Abdul Jalil stated that "Gaddafi alone bore responsibility for the crimes that have occurred" in Libya, he also insisted on the unity of Libya and that Tripoli is the capital. The efforts to form an alternative government have been supported by the Libyan ambassador in the United States, Ali Suleiman Aujali. The Libyan deputy ambassador to the United Nations, Ibrahim Dabbashi, has stated that he supported a new alternative government "in principle".  The members of the new interim government were to be announced on 27 February 2011 at a press conference in the city of Benghazi. Some of the portfolios were to be left vacant for representatives for areas that were still controlled by the Gaddafi-led government. The proposed interim government aims to remain in power for three months after which elections will be held. The new interim government is to include both civilians and persons from the military.  Abdul Jalil was stated to be the head of the National Transitional Council in the Council's founding statement of 5 March 2011.

Assassination of Abdul Fatah Younis.

An email from Sidney Blumenthal to Hillary Clinton states that "in July and August 2011 NTC security officers discovered evidence that Younis was in secret contact with Saif al Islam Qaddafi. In response to this report a sensitive source stated that Jalil ordered NTC security officers to assassinate Younis while en route to a meeting at NTC headquarters. Jalil then reported that Younis had been killed by Islamist dissidents among his troops."  The same email to Clinton also states that "Zidan's efforts are complicated by the ongoing legal problems of former National Transitional Council (NTC) leader Mustafa Abdul-Jalil, who will be questioned by both military and civilian prosecutors regarding his role in the July 2011 assassination of General Abdel-Fattah Younis, Gadhafi's former interior minister and one of the first major defectors from the old regime. Jalil and 10 other NTC officials have been charged with Younis' death, though none have been arrested".

Mustafa Abdul Jalil (, also transcribed "Abdul-Jelil, Abd-al-Jalil", "Abdel-Jalil", "Abdeljalil" or "Abdu Al Jeleil") (born 1952) is a Libyan politician who was the Chairman of the National Transitional Council from 5 March 2011 until its dissolution on 8 August 2012. This position meant he was "de facto" head of state during a transitional period after the fall of Muammar Gaddafi's government in the Libyan Civil War, and until the handover of power to the General National Congress.

Mustafa Mohamed Abdul Al Džalíl, (* 1952 Bajdá; arabsky: ) nejčastěji anglicky Abdul Jalil, nebo také Abdul-Jelil, Abdul-Jalil, Abdel-Jalil, Abdeljalil o Abud Al Jeleil), je libyjský politik a od 5. března 2011 předseda přechodné rady v Libyi.


History.

Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Raseiniai is one of the oldest communities in Lithuania – the name of the settlement was mentioned for the first time in 1253. Its name was mentioned in Chronicles of the 13th and 14th centuries under various names, including "Rushigen", "Rossyen", and "Rasseyne". In 1253 Grand Duke Mindaugas ceded one part of the Samogitia territory, including some of the district around Raseiniai, to the Livonian Order, and the rest to the first bishop of Lithuania, Kristyan. In the 14th–18th centuries, Raseiniai was one of the most important towns in the Samogitia region.  At the end of the 14th century the city became important centre, and its representative participated with others from the region in signing the peace treaty of Königsberg in 1390. At the end of the 15th century, Raseiniai was granted Magdeburg Rights.  In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth the city became important in the region. Government institutions were located there, and it served as a mercantile center for the area. In 1580 the local aristocrats met there in order to choose their representatives to the General Sejm (parliament) in Warsaw. From 1585 Raseiniai served as the permanent location of the county parliament. In 1792 city Magdeburg rights were renewed.

After the partitions of the Commonwealth.

Following the third partition of the Commonwealth in 1795, Raseiniai was annexed by the Russian Empire and its city rights were annulled. In the Russian Empire, the town was the center of a Rossieny County. From 1801 to 1843, the county was in the Vilna Governorate, and from 1843 on it became part of the Kovno Governorate.  Historically, the chief articles of commerce were wood and grain for export. Because of its geographic position and distance from the railroad and the main highways, it became economically isolated. A fire in 1865 which almost destroyed the town also contributed to the city's decline in the latter half of the 19th century.  In 1831, an insurrection against Tsarist oppression began in Raseiniai. On March 26, the rebels took Raseiniai and formed a provisional district government. Within a few days the insurrection spread throughout the entire country – and was later known as the 1831 Rebellion.  The town long had a large Jewish presence. It was among the first Jewish communities established in Lithuania, and the city, which is known in Yiddish as Raseyn, became known as the "Jerusalem of Zamut." Jews continued to settle there in large numbers throughout the 17th century.  During most of the 19th century, the greater proportion of the town's population was Jewish and it was a center of the Jewish Haskalah (Enlightenment) movement. In 1842 the city had 7,455 inhabitants, the majority of whom were Jews. In 1866 the town had 10,579 inhabitants, of whom 8,290 were Jews. In 1897 the population of the district, excluding the town, was 221,731, of whom about 17,000 were Jews. After World War I, however, the Jewish community was smaller. By 1926 2,226 Jews lived in Raseiniai, and approximately 2,000 (40% of the general population) in 1939.  During most of the World War I, the town was occupied by the German army. In the spring of 1915, the Germans concentrated Army Group Lauenstein in the area of Tilsit, with three infantry and three cavalry divisions opposing one infantry division and units of border police and Russian volunteers. The Bavarian cavalry division swept through Raseiniai on April 14 en route to Šiauliai. Refugees from Raseiniai appeared in Šiauliai on the morning of April 15 warning of the German advance.

After World War I.

When Lithuania regained Independence in 1918, Raseiniai became a district capital.  During World War II, Raseiniai was virtually ruined – approximately 90% of the buildings were destroyed. One survivor of the war is the Church of the Ascension of the Virgin Mary, which was built in 1782. The remains of the 17th–18th century monastery buildings also serve as a monument of Renaissance architecture.  Tourists invariably pause at "The Samogitian" statue in the central town square. The sculpture serves as a symbol of the Samogitia ethnographical zone – a strong man resolutely stepping forward after having tamed a bear (an allusion to the 1831 Rebellion). On the sides of the base there are three bas-reliefs depicting the struggle against Tsarist oppression. The sculpture, which is the work of Vincas Grybas (1890–1941), was erected in Raseiniai in 1933–1934.

World War II.

In June 1941, near Raseiniai, roughly 20 Kliment Voroshilov tanks (KVs) of the Soviet 3rd Mechanized Corps met the assault of the 6th Panzer Division, with approximately 100 vehicles. A single KV-2 tank managed to hold off the German advance for a full day while being pummeled by a variety of antitank weapons, until finally the KV-2 ran out of ammunition and was knocked out. Raseiniai was captured on 23 June 1941 by troops of the German Army Group North. On 25 July 1941, the city was placed under the administration of the newly created Reichskommissariat Ostland. Raseiniai was recaptured on 9 August 1944 by Soviet troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front in the course of the Kaunas Offensive.

Twin towns — sister cities.

Raseiniai is twinned with:

Raseiniai () (Samogitian: "Raseinē",, ) is a city in Lithuania. It is located on the south eastern foothills of the Samogitians highland, some north from the Kaunas–Klaipėda highway.

Raseiniai je okresní město v západní části Litvy, v Žemaitsku, v západní části Kaunaského kraje Městem protékají říčky Reizgupis a její přítok Raseika, podle níž město dostalo jméno. Raseika i řeka Vilkupis jsou přítoky Šlyny, která teče po západním okraji města. Ve městě je přes 20 rybníků, převážně drobných, jen čtyři z nich jsou větší.