Club career.

Winchester City.

Paine worked as a coach-builder at Eastleigh's British Railways depot, and played his early football for his local club, Winchester City and featured in their Amateur Cup run in 1956–57. He had trials at both Portsmouth and Arsenal (for whom he scored twice in a trial match) but Winchester's manager was former Saints player Harry Osman who alerted Ted Bates to Paine's potential and in August 1956, the Football Echo reported "Terry Paine, a Winchester City forward, in whom Arsenal were interested has been added to the playing staff list."

Southampton.

Paine signed amateur forms with Southampton in August 1956 and then in February 1957, Saints signed Paine as a full-timer when he appeared in a reserve game against Bristol Rovers. The following month he made his League debut at home to Brentford, just a week before his 18th birthday. Paine did not score in the 3–3 draw but the crowd were impressed by his ball-juggling skills, pace and ability to use either foot. Paine's rise to stardom was meteoric and, following just one outing in the Reserves, he was given his first team debut. A week later, on his birthday, he scored in a 1–1 draw against Aldershot. By the end of his first season he had become a virtual regular, switching from left wing to right wing and over the next 17 years hardly missed a game.  Oozing confidence, the young winger often ruffled a few feathers among his more senior colleagues but, to a man, they all recall being impressed by his undoubted ability, if not enchanted by his brashness. With maturity, Paine gained not only respect from his peers but international recognition when he played and scored in an England U23 match against Holland in March 1960.  Possessing superb ball-crossing skills, Paine could "land a ball on a sixpence" and Derek Reeves and George O'Brien were the first of many forwards to capitalise on the expertise of the canny winger, when Saints were Third Division champions in 1959–60.  Paine was the regular replacement when a goalkeeper became injured (this was before substitutes were allowed). In the first match of the 1961–62 season, at home to Plymouth Argyle on 19 August, Ron Reynolds broke his ankle. Paine replaced him in goal but let in 2 goals so he in turn was replaced by Cliff Huxford; unfortunately Paine was unable to create the equalising goal and Saints lost 2–1.  As Saints' fortunes prospered so did Paine's and, after being made team captain in August 1961, he won the first of 19 full England caps in May 1963.  Over the next few seasons Paine, with help from fellow-winger John Sydenham, provided the pinpoint crosses on which forwards such as Ron Davies and Martin Chivers were to thrive. Gradually, with the almost total demise of wingers, Paine took his passing proficiencies into midfield and his dextrous distribution was partially instrumental in the launching of Mick Channon's rise to prominence. Steering clear of serious injury in a remarkable way, Paine was often guilty of committing petty fouls and any games missed were usually the result of suspensions arising from such indiscretions.  In his Southampton career he made 713 league appearances, scoring 160 goals, plus a further 102 cup and other appearances, with another 27 goals. This places him third on the club's list of all-time goalscorers. He was an "ever-present" for a record number of 7 seasons.  An era ended when Bates retired from management in 1973 and Paine moved to Hereford United in the summer of 1974 to make a further 106 appearances thus establishing an all-time league record of 819 appearances. Tony Ford and goalkeeper Peter Shilton have since passed that figure, but the achievement contributed to Paine being awarded the MBE for his services to football and when he retired, he moved into management with non-league Cheltenham Town.  He has been honoured by having one of the hospitality suites at the St Mary's Stadium named after him.  Off the pitch, Paine had cultivated various business interests while at The Dell and was a Conservative Councillor for Bargate on Southampton Borough Council for three years.

Hereford United.

In July 1974, Paine became player-coach at Hereford United where, alongside manager John Sillett, and serving prolific scorer Dixie McNeil, he helped United romp away with the Division Three championship.

International career.

Paine was recognised at England Under-23 level and scored in an England Under-23 match against Holland in March 1960. After 4 games with the Under-23, in 1963 he won his first full cap and later that year he scored a hat trick at Wembley against Northern Ireland to become the first outside-right to score three goals for England since Stanley Matthews in 1937. Furthermore, no forward wearing the no. 7 shirt had ever scored a hat-trick at Wembley.  Paine featured in England manager Alf Ramsey's plans and he was one of the 22-man squad for the 1966 World Cup. He played in only one match, against Mexico, and was injured in his 19th and, as it turned out, his last international. Ramsey, of course, had now found little use for "old-fashioned" wingers. Paine was one of four England players to play for England in the tournament without playing in the final itself, the others being Jimmy Greaves, John Connelly and Ian Callaghan.  In the 1966 World Cup final only the 11 players on the pitch at the end of the 4–2 win over West Germany received medals. Following a Football Association led campaign to persuade FIFA to award medals to all the winners' squad members, Paine was presented with his medal by Gordon Brown at a ceremony at 10 Downing Street on 10 June 2009.

Management career.

Upon retirement, Paine decided to remain in football concentrating on coaching, including a spell as manager of non-league Cheltenham Town, combining his role at Cheltenham with running a pub in Cheltenham town centre called the Prince of Wales on Portland Street. Much of the 1980s were spent in Johannesburg where he went on to coach Wits University Football Club, but in 1988 he returned to England to work at Coventry City with John Sillett, previously his manager at Hereford.  Paine currently works as a football presenter on digital satellite TV sports channel Supersport in South Africa. He often appears alongside former Manchester United goalkeeper Gary Bailey, and normally presents English Premiership and UEFA Champions League matches.  During the run up to South Africa's successful 2010 World Cup bid, Paine was a "Bid Ambassador" and was part of the delegation in Zurich when South Africa's victory in the bidding was announced.  On 1 January 2013 Paine took up the appointment of Honorary President of Southampton FC. Included is a remit to act as a club ambassador, both home and abroad.

Honours.

Southampton  Hereford United  England

Terence Lionel Paine (born 23 March 1939) is an English retired footballer. Originally from Winchester, Paine is best known for his career with Southampton, for whom he made over 800 appearances (a club record) in 18 seasons with the club. He later played for Hereford United, and briefly worked at Cheltenham Town as a player-manager. He played primarily as a winger, but was also comfortable in other midfield positions and as a forward.

Terence Lionel "Terry" Paine (* 23. březen 1939, Winchester) je bývalý anglický fotbalista. Nastupoval především na postu záložníka. S anglickou reprezentací vyhrál mistrovství světa roku 1966, na tomto turnaji odehrál jeden zápas. Celkem za národní tým sehrál 19 utkání, v nichž vstřelil 7 branek.


Life.

Early life.

Archduchess Maria Leopoldine Anna Josephine Johanna of Austria-Este was born in Milan on 10 December 1776 as the fourth child and third (but second surviving) daughter of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este and of his wife, Princess Maria Beatrice Ricciarda d'Este. Her father, the second youngest son of Empress Maria Theresa, and her mother were the founders of the House of Habsburg-Este. Although Archduke Ferdinand wasn't as gifted as his eldest brother Joseph II, his rule as Governor General of Lombardy made him extremely popular; he and his wife sought closeness to their subjects and owed their high esteem above all to their social commitment.  Ferdinand Karl and Maria Beatrice were loving parents and concentrated on the education of their children. They tried to raise their sons to high positions and marry their daughters favorably. Above all, Ferdinand's thoughts were marked by his mother's dynastic way of thinking, and so he made early favorable marriage plans for his children. Firstly, he arranged the marriage of his eldest daughter Maria Theresa (named after her grandmother) to Victor Emmanuel, Duke of Aosta and heir presumptive of King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia in 1789. Maria Leopoldine was at this time thirteen and had evolved into a fun-loving and pretty girl with a strong Italian temperament. Even then, she openly expressed her opinion and protested loudly against unjust treatment.

Electress of Bavaria.

Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria was married since 1742 with Countess Palatine Elisabeth Auguste of Sulzbach; however their union wasn't happy and only produced one son, who died after one day of life. Charles Theodore was the father of numerous illegitimate children from his relationships with Françoise Després-Verneuil and Josefa Seyffert, who hadn't any claims to the Electorate. The Palatinate-Sulzbach branch of the House of Wittelsbach was threatened to die out after the death of the Elector, if he couldn't father any legitimate descendants. Therefore Charles Theodore decided after the death of his wife in August 1794 to contract a second marriage with an Archduchess of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, since they were regarded as one of the most prestigious ruling families in Europe. Looking for a suitable Habsburg bride in the new Electress of Bavaria, Emperor Francis II selected his cousin, Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria-Este, who was described as a beautiful, well-grown and educated girl. Also a physical defect, a shorter left leg, is mentioned. Furthermore, their dance skills are praised and the potential ability to bear children was highlighted.  The 18-year-old Maria Leopoldine had no idea of this marriage project and didn't know her 70-year-old bridegroom personally. While Archduke Ferdinand consented to the marriage between his young daughter and the aged Elector, his wife Maria Beatrice had doubts. Nevertheless, the marriage was agreed and the young Archduchess had to sacrifice her own happiness to the reasons of state. In early January 1795 Count Maximilian von Waldburg-Zeil arrived to Milan to negotiate the marriage contract for his master the Bavarian Elector. In the course of this visit, he gave the bride a portrait of her future husband and sent a detailed picture of the young Archduchess. In a letter to Charles Theodore, he describes Maria Leopoldine as a girl who is more Italian than German, both in appearance and in character. He praises her well-formed waist and the beautiful proportions of her round face. He also emphasized her piety and her knowledge of Italian, French and German. Charles Theodore was enthusiastic about the descriptions of his future wife and stated that, after his death, she would receive the Electoral Palace of Munich or Neuburg Castle as a widow's seat, and her court would be paid out from the state funds.  In early February 1795 the engagement was officially announced, and on 15 February, the Carnival Sunday, the wedding ceremony took place in the Throne Room of the Innsbruck Hofburg. Only the closest family members were invited to the wedding, and three days later the newlyweds left Innsbruck for Bavaria. When they arrived to Munich, magnificent balls and feasts were organized and performed plays.  Maria Leopoldine seemed at first to join her fate and fulfilled the expectations that her family and her husband made of her. The marriage, however, was doomed from the beginning, since the bride couldn't develop any feelings for her elderly groom. Soon after the wedding, she withdrew from her husband's attempts to approach her, and after a violent dispute she even refused to fulfill her marital duties. The young Electress avoided the company of her husband and sought the proximity of young people. Maria Leopoldine even showed openly against the marriage with the aged Elector. The Electress terrorized her husband and the entire court in Munich, and publicly took lovers from all social status. These included an Italian guardsman, the court musician Franz Eck, the famous Bavarian statesman Count Maximilian von Montgelas, the chamberlain Count Karl von Arco and the Augsburg canon and philandering Count Karl von Rechenberg. She also ended the relationship with her family in Austria, as she blamed them for her marriage; instead she chose to make an alliance with the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken in opposition to the alliance her husband had forged with her own Habsburg family.  On 12 February 1799 Charles Theodore suffered a stroke and Maria Leopoldine immediately wrote the eventual successor Duke Maximilian Joseph of Palatinate-Zweibrücken to testimony her loyalty to him:

Widowhood.

Elector Charles Theodore died on 16 February 1799 in Munich. His death gave relief to his Bavarian subjects, his wife, and the Palatinate-Zweibrücken family. The last hope of the Sulzbach line would have been a possible pregnancy of Maria Leopoldine; however, she denied this, thus enabling the Zweibrücken line of the House of Wittelsbach to take control over the Electorate of Bavaria. The late Elector was in late February 1799 buried in the "Theatinerkirche". On 12 March, the new ruler Maximilian Joseph, made his entry into the Bavarian capital under the rejoicing of the population.  Maria Leopoldine, now Dowager Electress, took residence in Berg Castle at Lake Starnberg. She received a generous income and given her own court. After her husband's death she quickly became known for her libertine lifestyle with permissive parties, until she became pregnant and for two years was forced to exiled herself in Ljubljana to cover the scandal. Once there, Maria Leopoldine lived in a nobleman's palace and gave birth to an illegitimate son. The paternity of the child, as well as his identity and further fate are unknown.  After returning to Bavaria in 1801 she bought the Stepperg Castle near Neuburg an der Donau. Maria Leopoldine recognized the high economic potential of the beautiful and fertile area and found in the person of the entrepreneur and financial expert Joseph von Utzschneider a capable and competent consultant. By improving the agricultural use of the ground, he was able to increase its earnings immensely and achieve a high profit on the markets. Maria Leopoldine expanded her property by buying the neighboring Rennertshofen brewery with his respective lands. Thus, the Dowager Electress became very wealthy, but also supported financially poor peasant families of the area.

Countess von Arco.

Suffering from intense loneliness, Maria Leopoldine began to search for a suitable husband. She chose Count Ludwig von Arco, a member of a Northern Italy noble family established in Munich, who accepted her request of marriage. However, because the groom wasn't of enough rank for an Austrian Archduchess and Bavarian Dowager Electress, Maria Leopoldine was forced to renounced to her Habsburg rights for the wedding, who took place on 14 November 1804 in Munich.  However, soon afterwards, the conflicts and differences between Maria Leopoldine and her husband appeared, so that they even became separated for a while. While she managed her lands, the Count von Arco preferred the social life of Munich. Despite these circumstances, the union produced three children:  Maria Leopoldine was a very dominant mother and focused on the education of her sons. The two children spent their early childhood in Stepperg Castle and were educated by private tutors. Eventually, she moved from Stepperg to Munich to allow their sons a better education. In Munich, she quickly became the center of social life again and became involved again in love affairs with younger men. In 1820, the 44-years-old Maria Leopoldine fell in love with Count Sigmund von Bechern, and during the next ten years, they had a passionate affair, until the young Count broke up the relationship to marry Baroness Askania von Krauss.  In 1825 a change in Maria Leopoldine's life occurred when King Ludwig I of Bavaria succeeded his father. In contrast to the Countess von Arco, who opposed her family in Austria and favored the French way of life, the new King pursued a policy in favor of Germany and Austria. Nevertheless, he liked to get her financial, economic and political advice. The affair between the King and Lola Montez was strongly disapproved and was finally one of the caused of the King's abdication on 20 March 1848 in favor of his son Maximilian II.  A few months later, on 23 June, she was traveling by carriage towards Salzburg. In Wasserburg am Inn a driverless salt wagon crushed against the carriage, who was overturned. Maria Leopoldine was buried under the car and could only be freed after a few hours. She had fatal internal injuries, and died a few minutes after the rescue. She was initially buried in a crypt in the Stepperg church, but on 28 March 1855 her remains were moved to the von Arco family crypt, located on the lying east of Stepperg "Antoniberg". There was during 1852–1855 under the direction of Professor Ludwig Foltz was built a crypt chapel for Maria Leopoldine, who after her death she left a fortune of 15 million florins to her two sons.

Honours.

: Sovereign of the Order of Saint Elizabeth (feminine order)

Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este (10 December 1776 – 23 June 1848), was an Electress of Bavaria as the second spouse of Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria.

Marie Leopoldina Rakouská-d'Este (10. prosince 1776, Miláno – 23. června 1848, Wasserburg am Inn) byla rakouská arcivévodkyně a kurfiřtka Bavorska.


Biography.

Maria Luisa was born in Florence, the eighth child and fifth daughter of Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany and his second wife, Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies. Her paternal grandparents were Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Luisa of Naples and Sicily. Her maternal grandparents were King Francis I of the Two Sicilies and María Isabella of Spain, Infanta of Spain. She was baptized in Florence's Battistero di San Giovanni as "Maria Luisa Annunziata Anna Giovanna Giuseppa Antonietta Filomena Apollonia Tommasa", in honor of her father's sister, Princess Maria Luisa (1798-1857), affectionately called "the little hunchback" by the people of Florence.  Maria Luisa was born in a time of peace and prosperity for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and she was raised in an loving family environment. However, she was first confronted with the dangers of her position at a young age, due to the Revolutions of 1848. In February 1849, the Grand Ducal family decided to go to Gaeta as a security measure. The Grand Duchess Maria Antonia traveled separately with her two younger children, Maria Luisa and Ludwig. The family remained in Gaeta for several months and was unable to return to Florence until 28 July 1849.  Later, Maria Luisa and her family were forced to flee Florence on 27 April 1859, with the outbreak of a revolution inspired by the war by France and Sardinia-Piedmont against Austria as part of the unification of Italy. The family took refuge in Austria. At the end of the war, her father Leopold II abdicated on 21 July and his son Ferdinand succeeded him as Grand Duke.  On 31 May 1865, at the age of twenty, Maria Luisa married Karl, Prince of Isenburg-Büdingen (1838-1899) in Brandeis, Bohemia. Her husband was a grandson of Karl, last sovereign Prince of Isenburg. The couple had nine children. Karl died at the age of sixty, and Maria Luisa died during World War I, in 1917. They are the ancestors of Sophie, Princess of Prussia, wife of Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia, the head of the House of Hohenzollern.

Issue.

Maria Luisa and Karl had nine children:

Archduchess Maria Luisa of Austria, Princess of Tuscany (full name: "Maria Luisa Annunziata Anna Giovanna Giuseppa Antonietta Filomena Apollonia Tommasa") (31 October 1845 – 27 August 1917) was a Princess of Tuscany, and later Princess of Isenburg and Büdingen.

Marie Luisa Toskánská (Maria Luisa Annunziata Anna Giovanna Giuseppa Antonietta Filomena Apollonia Tommasa; 31. října 1845, Florencie – 27. října 1917, Hanau) byla rakouská arcivévodkyně, toskánská princezna a kněžna Isenburg-Büdingen.


History.

Soldiers of Odin was founded in the town of Kemi in Northern Finland in October 2015 in response to an almost ten-fold increase in the number of migrants to Finland following the European migrant crisis in 2015. The founder is Mika Ranta, who, while a self-declared neo-Nazi and member of the Finnish Resistance Movement, maintains that his personal views do not represent the group as a whole. The group is named after Odin, the god that rules Asgard, home of the gods, in Norse mythology.  Soldiers of Odin gained momentum in 2016 after incidents such as the New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany, the January 2016 stabbing death of Alexandra Mezher, a Lebanese social worker in Sweden, and other migrant-related crime incidents. On 15 March 2016, Soldiers of Odin announced on their Facebook page that they had intervened in the attempted sexual harassment of two underage girls. The group also claimed that the perpetrators were two refugees and that the police thanked Soldiers of Odin for their actions. Further investigation revealed that neither the police nor any bystanders had any knowledge of the event. On March 16, 2016, Soldiers of Odin admitted that one of their members fabricated the story. The group apologized for the announcement and said that the member would be expelled.  The group's number of Facebook likes in Finland alone was more than 49,000 in December 2017.  According to Yle, Soldiers of Odin has connections to the Finnish "MV-media" alternative media website and has been promised good visibility on the site. "MV-media" website and its owner Ilja Janitskin have ties to the Russian-backed Donetsk People's Republic.

Presence outside Finland.

Soldiers of Odin claims a membership of 600 in Finland. The group also has a presence in Sweden and Norway; however, the Norwegian prime minister condemns the group. The group has a presence in Estonia even though Estonia "has almost no asylum seekers or refugees". Additionally, Soldiers of Odin has a following in the United States, Canada (British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, Québec and New Brunswick), England, Belgium,Portugal and Germany.

Australia.

The membership of the Soldiers of Odin Australia was registered as a non-profit association with the Victorian government in June 2016.  In 2016, the group ran "safety patrols" of Federation Square, Birrarung Marr and Bourke Street Mall and outside city train stations at night in Melbourne, Victoria to counteract what it claims was the inability of police to protect the public from rising street crime and gangs such as Apex. However, the group has not been publicly active since.

Canada.

The Quebec chapter of Soldiers of Odin was established by Dave Tregget, who left to found the anti-immigration group Storm Alliance in 2016.  Soldiers of Odin established a group in Yukon, Canada, in 2016.  Soldiers of Odin were seen patrolling the streets of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in July 2016. The group told the police that they were not "anti-immigration", and the police confirmed the group had not engaged in any criminal activity as of September 2016. The Edmonton police did say that "If they are the Soldiers of Odin like they are in Europe, we are going to be very concerned".  A soldiers of Odin group began patrols in Grande Prairie, Alberta, where they not only patrol but are involved in helping the community in a variety of ways, including sending children to summer camps and helping to restore a vandalized war monument. The Grande Prairie chapter's Facebook describes them as "Soldiers of Odin is a charitable non-profit organization in Grand Prairie Alberta, with an eye on the community and helping hands for those in need". In 2019, the group was banned from holding events at the city's chapter of the Royal Canadian Legion, after a directive was issued by the national command.  A Soldiers of Odin group began patrols in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in September 2016 but claimed to be independent and not affiliated with racist and biker groups.  A chapter also appeared in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in fall 2016, though they also claimed to be unaffiliated with the European groups. The national chapter is based in Gimli, Manitoba. An educator at MacEwan University counters their claims of non-hate stating "Why name yourself after that group, then, if you don't want to be associated with that ideology? If you truly are interested in community safety, community patrols, there's more than enough volunteer organizations that could have been joined."  A chapter of the Soldiers of Odin formed in Sudbury, Ontario, in summer 2016, around the same time that the leader of the Finnish Soldiers of Odin was sentenced for aggravated assault. Members soon began volunteering at a local soup kitchen and cleaning up discarded needles in public parks and trails and posting photos of their efforts on social media in an attempt to recruit new members. Following outcry from Sudbury Against Fascism, they were banned from the soup kitchen. In August 2017, Soldiers of Odin were serving hamburgers at a dedication ceremony for organ donors when Chief Paul Pedersen of the City of Greater Sudbury Police Service posed for a photo with them. Popular backlash against the chief associating with the SOO resulted in a swift apology from the chief in which he said, "This photo should in no way be interpreted as support for this group."  A chapter appeared in Sault Ste. Marie in September 2016. A spokesperson for the group said the 11 members would conduct drug needle collection patrols in the city and provide security to a social worker whose work took them into risky areas after dark.  On 26 March 2017, Soldiers of Odin members clashed with protesters and police at an anti-racism rally in Vancouver, British Columbia. Several were led away in handcuffs after fights broke out.  Joel Angott, the president of Soldiers of Odin Canada, has said that his group supports "sustainable immigration".  The Northern Guard that came up in 2017 are also an offshoot of the Soldiers of Odin according to the Canadian Anti-Hate Network.

Norway.

The group began patrolling in Norway in February 2016. which was profiled temporarily in the start-up phase by, a former leader of the Norwegian Defence League and Pegida activist. Among the 14 members several are known members of the extreme far-right and have criminal records. They were opposed by Osebergskipets venner who turned up dressed as vikings as a protest against the missuse of traditional symbols.

Sweden.

The group in Sweden have many members who are nazis and are convicted of serious crimes. Several are sentenced for assaulting women. The Swedish chapter is headed by Mikael Johansson earlier a member of Nationaldemokraterna. The group began patrols in Sweden in March 2016, marching in several cities and towns, however they met with opposition groups and in Gothenburg they themselves had to ask the police for protection of their patrols.

Reception.

The Finnish National Police Commissioner,, caused confusion when he initially welcomed the establishment of street patrols. In response, the Minister of the Interior, Petteri Orpo, said, "In Finland it is officials who oversee and take care of order in society. It is a simple matter and we will stick to it." Finnish Security Intelligence Service regards the group as unsettling.  Norwegian police initially expressed mixed reactions to the group, with some departments announcing that they would send marching members away, while others said the group was unproblematic. It caused some controversy when Progress Party MP and spokesperson for justice Jan Arild Ellingsen applauded the establishment of the group, saying they should be "praised". Government and party leaders quickly distanced themselves from his comments, stating public security to be the responsibility of the police.  The Estonian Prime Minister, Taavi Rõivas, criticized the group saying, "In the Republic of Estonia law and order is enforced by the Estonian police. Self-proclaimed gangs do not increase the Estonian people's sense of security in any way; rather the opposite."

Trademark.

In spring 2016, the Finnish Patent and Registration Office accepted a request to register "Soldiers of Odin" as a trademark for clothes, footwear and headgear. The owner of the trademark, however, has no connection to the vigilante street patrol group, and is using her brand as a statement against racism and to bring the authorities' decision to accept Soldiers of Odin as a registered organization into question.

Soldiers of Odin (SOO) is an anti-immigrant and white supremacist group founded in Kemi, Finland, in October 2015. The group was established as a response to thousands of migrants arriving in Finland amid the European migrant crisis. They call themselves a "patriotic organisation that fights for a white Finland" that wants to scare away "Islamist intruders" they say "cause insecurity and increase crime".

Ódinovi vojáci (finsky Odinin soturit, švédsky Odins soldater, anglicky Soldiers of Odin) je finská organizace domobrany. Její členové hlídkují v ulicích měst a dle svých prohlášení chrání Finy před přistěhovalci a kriminalitou. Organizace byla založena v závěru roku 2015 v západofinském pohraničním městě Kemi, jež se stalo vstupním místem migrace. Vznikla prostřednictvím facebookové stránky. Jejím zakladatelem je Niina Ruuska.


Early life.

Martinez was born in Astoria, Queens, to parents Mery and Jose Martinez, who are of Dominican and Puerto Rican descent. Her family moved to Baldwin, New York, on Long Island, when Martinez was four. She listened to Brandy, Britney Spears, Shakira, The Beatles, Tupac Shakur, Biggie Smalls and Christina Aguilera growing up, and wanted to be a singer from a young age.  Martinez attended Plaza Elementary School, crediting her teacher Mr. Nadien with teaching her how to sing, and in kindergarten, Martinez began writing poetry. Martinez says she had few friends growing up and was a homebody, as she was "very emotional" and found it difficult to explain her feelings, crying when overwhelmed. She practiced photography and painting. Due to her emotionality as a child, she says that others referred to her as a "cry baby", which sparked the creation of the titular character of her debut album, "Cry Baby".  Martinez grew up in a "traditional Latin household" where she was made to feel shameful about talking about her sexuality and felt as if she would not be accepted if she came out as bisexual. She says that her family is now fully accepting of her sexuality.  At fourteen, Martinez taught herself how to play guitar by studying chord diagrams of songs she enjoyed, which she found online, and wrote her first song by adding her poetry to one of the chord diagrams, but says that playing guitar "eventually got stale". Martinez graduated from Baldwin High School.

Career.

2012: "MSG Varsity Talent Show" and "The Voice".

In 2012, during her junior year of high school, Martinez participated in the "MSG Varsity Talent Show", a televised talent competition. She sang The Beatles' rendition of "Money (That's What I Want)" by Barrett Strong and "Shake Me, Wake Me (When It's Over)" by The Four Tops. She was eliminated in the second round.  Later in 2012, Martinez auditioned for the third season of "The Voice". She had not watched the show herself prior to the audition. The initial, untelevised audition was an open call, held at Javits Center. She recalls that while she and her mother were driving to the audition, her mother's car broke down before they reached the Queens–Midtown Tunnel, and the two were forced to "hitchhike" a taxicab in order to get there. Several months after the initial audition, while at Roosevelt Field Mall, Martinez received word that she had advanced to the "second round". She then received multiple callbacks until she was finally selected to audition on the show itself.  Martinez auditioned singing Britney Spears's "Toxic". Three of the four judges, Adam Levine, CeeLo Green and Blake Shelton, hit the "I Want You" button for her. Martinez chose Adam Levine to be her coach.  In the Battle Round, Martinez competed against Caitlin Michele. They performed a duet of the Ellie Goulding song "Lights". Martinez won and moved on to the Knockout Round. Michele was stolen by Cee Lo Green and also moved on. In the Knockout Round, Martinez was paired with Sam James. She chose to sing La Roux's "Bulletproof". Levine eliminated James, and Martinez moved on to the Live Rounds as one of the five remaining members of Team Adam. In week one of the Live Rounds, Martinez sang "Hit the Road Jack". Public vote saved Team Adam members Amanda Brown and Bryan Keith.  Levine then chose Martinez over Loren Allred and Joselyn Rivera to remain in the competition. In week three, Martinez's performance of "Seven Nation Army" finished the voting period at #10 on the iTunes Top 200 Single Chart, causing her iTunes votes to be multiplied by ten. This occurred again in week four, when "Too Close" ended the voting period at #6. Martinez was eliminated by audience vote in week five, along with the fellow Team Adam member Amanda Brown, leaving Levine with no artists. In response, Martinez said, "I never expected to get this far and this is beyond what I've ever dreamed of. I'm just so glad I got to express who I am as an artist and really touch people's hearts because that was the ultimate goal."

2013–2014: "Dollhouse EP".

After the show, Martinez began working independently on original material, which she says she spent the majority of 2013 writing. She released her debut single, "Dollhouse", on February 9, 2014.  She later compared the song's story to "Edward Scissorhands", saying "[It's] the perfect home with the perfect lawn and they all look the same. But behind each house there's a screwed up group of people who are hiding behind wealth and perfection." Martinez also released a music video for the track, which was fan-funded by an Indiegogo page created by Martinez, and hair, makeup, and shooting were all done by friends of hers. The song was produced and cowritten by NYC songwriting duo Kinetics & One Love.  On April 7, 2014, Martinez signed to Atlantic Records and announced she would tour. She released her debut EP, "Dollhouse", on May 19, 2014. The only single from the EP, "Carousel", was also certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and featured in a preview for FX's miniseries "". The song reached number nine on the Alternative Digital Songs chart. A video for the track was also released.

2015–2017: "Cry Baby".

On June 1, 2015, Martinez released the single "Pity Party", which was certified gold by the RIAA, and the chorus of which samples Lesley Gore's "It's My Party". On July 10, 2015, Martinez released the album's second single "Soap". The official music video has over thirty million views on YouTube. It reached number twelve on the Alternative Digital Songs chart, and number sixteen on the Pop Digital Songs chart. "Sippy Cup" followed on July 31, followed by the album fourteen days later. "Cry Baby" was released on August 14, 2015, to moderate critical acclaim. The album debuted at number 6 on the Billboard 200. Martinez released a Christmas-themed single, "Gingerbread Man", in December 2015. She initially released the song on SoundCloud on December 21, 2015 as a "gift for her fans", but later released the track on iTunes in January 2016 as a single. The music video of her song "Cry Baby" was released on March 14, 2016. The karaoke-style music video for "Alphabet Boy", which Martinez directed, was released on June 2, 2016. Martinez released double feature videos for "Soap" and "Training Wheels" together, as well as "Tag, You're It" and "Milk and Cookies."  Martinez finished recording her second album, describing it as the stories of characters living in Cry Baby's neighborhood. In October 2016, she released a commercial for her fragrance called Cry Baby Perfume Milk, adding that the "idea for this perfume has been cultivating in my brain since the moment I finished writing my album." It was directly distributed by Martinez's record label, Atlantic, making them the first record label to distribute a fragrance. In November 2016, Martinez released her second EP, "Cry Baby's Extra Clutter", a physical vinyl release of the bonus tracks from "Cry Baby" as well as Martinez's single, "Gingerbread Man". She released the music video for her song "Pacify Her" followed in December 2016 by a video for "Mrs. Potato Head". The video for "Mad Hatter" was released September 23, 2017. "Cry Baby" was certified Platinum on February 24, 2017.

2017–2019: "K-12" album and film.

In March 2017, Martinez expressed her wishes to produce a film telling the story of each song from her second album, explaining "I'm currently writing a film... I'm going to spend the year working on it, directing, shooting, make up and everything so it's a lot of work". On May 15, 2019, Martinez released the first teaser trailer for the album revealing the title "K-12", released on September 6, with the album cover unveiled a day later through Instagram. While the film was available in select theaters worldwide, Martinez also posted the film to YouTube and included it in a version of the downloadable "K-12" album. In an interview with PeopleTV, Melanie mentioned that she has two sequels and two visual albums planned to follow on from the "K-12" album and film. She said, "I have my next film planned out, as far as I want to do, and the film after that and they both have albums attached to them...Hopefully [the process] will be faster this time and it won't be like four years because I've done it at least once and I'm past all those learning curves that I had to kind of reach and figure out."

2020–present: "After School".

In January 2020, Martinez announced an EP titled "After School", revealing the title through her Instagram stories. The EP would serve as a deluxe edition of "K-12". On February 10, 2020, Martinez's management issued the first single from "After School", titled "Copy Cat". The song features American rapper and songwriter Tierra Whack. This marks the first time that Whack has worked in a professional capacity with Melanie Martinez, and the first time that Melanie Martinez has featured another artist in one of her songs.  Her song "Play Date", originally released on the deluxe edition of "Cry Baby" in 2015, became one of the top 100 most-played songs on Spotify in the US after gaining popularity on the video-sharing application, TikTok. Martinez is currently writing a music video for "Play Date", which she plans to shoot at her home.

Artistry.

Musical style.

Martinez's music has been described as pop, alternative pop, electropop and emo pop. Her debut album "Cry Baby" and second album "K-12" were seen to have hip hop and R&B undertones.  The subject matter of Martinez's songs are typically based on personal experiences. Martinez describes her own music as "very dark and honest" and "hip hop/trap inspired beats with creepy nostalgic childlike sounds such as baby pianos, music boxes, and toys".  Martinez's music has been described by "The Guardian" as "off-kilter, sweary electropop". "Rolling Stone" described Martinez's music as "twisted lullabies about love, danger and madness", and compared her music to that of "'Coin-Operated Boy'-era Dresden Dolls" and Lana Del Rey. "The New York Times"s Jon Pareles described her music as "perch[ing] prettily tinkling keyboards and concise pop choruses amid the slow, ominous basslines and twitchy percussion of Southern hip-hop – a candy-coated variation on the dirges of Lorde and Lana Del Rey", and described her voice, which has been classified as mezzo-soprano by Keaton Bell of the "Red Dirt Report", as "whispery, sardonic, tearful, [and] furious". "Billboard"s Jason Lipshutz also compared Martinez to Del Rey and Lorde, saying, "Martinez is clearly cribbing from the dimly lit pop stylings of Lorde and Lana Del Rey, but while her wispy delivery strikes the same femme fatale poses, she lacks the subtlety of her influences", and that "Martinez is admirably ambitious, but her insistence on sticking to "Cry Baby"s central idea leaves her contorting into uncomfortable positions". "The Guardian" called her image "doll-like and decidedly emo...hyperreal", and described her music as "part-nursery rhyme, part tragic life story".  Martinez describes her alter ego and the protagonist of her debut album, "Cry Baby", as a "fairy tale" version of herself.

Influences.

Martinez has cited the Beatles, Neutral Milk Hotel, Feist, Kimbra, Zooey Deschanel, Regina Spektor, and CocoRosie as influences of hers. Specific albums which have influenced her music include "The Idler Wheel..." by Fiona Apple and Ariana Grande's albums "Yours Truly" and "My Everything". She attributes the "heavy hip-hop influence" in her music to her father playing hip-hop music in the family's house often during her childhood.  The visuals in Martinez's music videos have been influenced by her favorite visual artists: Mark Ryden, Aleksandra Waliszewska and Nicoletta Ceccoli. She named Tim Burton as a large influence of hers, and has said that to make a movie with him would be her "one dream".

Endorsements and products.

Martinez collaborated with cosmetics company Lime Crime, Inc. to release two "exclusive" lipsticks: a blue lipstick called "Cry Baby" on August 17, 2015, and a brown lipstick called "Teddy Bear" on March 9, 2016. On October 25, 2016, she released a commercial for a new fragrance called Cry Baby Perfume Milk. It was directly distributed by Martinez's label, the first record label to distribute a fragrance.

Public image.

At age sixteen, after watching "101 Dalmatians", Martinez dyed half of her hair blonde, in the same vein as Cruella de Vil. She became known for the look as well as her "baby doll"-inspired outfits in music videos and when performing.

Sexual assault allegation.

On December 4, 2017, Timothy Heller, a woman with whom Martinez once shared a friendship, alleged via Twitter that Martinez had sexually assaulted and raped her. The following day, Martinez tweeted a response to Heller's accusations, saying the allegations "horrified and saddened" her, and that Heller "never said no to what [they] chose to do together". On December 9, 2017, Martinez released a second statement, thanking her fans for citing Heller's "false statements". She concluded the statement with: "...I would never be intimate with someone without their absolute consent." Martinez released the song "Piggyback" on SoundCloud, an act believed to be in response to Heller's accusations.

Tours.

Headlining Supporting

Melanie Adele Martinez (born April 28, 1995) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, director, photographer, and screenwriter. Born in Astoria, Queens, and raised in Baldwin, New York, Martinez rose to prominence in 2012 after appearing on the American television vocal talent show "The Voice". Following the show, she released her debut single "Dollhouse", followed by her debut EP of the same name (2014), through Atlantic Records.

Melanie Adele Martinez (* 28. dubna 1995) je americká zpěvačka a textařka. Byla členkou týmu Adama Levina v třetí sérii americké pěvecké show "The Voice". 22. dubna roku 2014 vydala svou první píseň "Dollhouse". 14. srpna 2015 vydala Melanie album jménem "Cry Baby" s ústřední písní "Pity Party". Její píseň jménem "Carousel" se objevila v americkém televizním seriálu "American Horror Story: Freak Show". Také je známa především pro píseň Crybaby která má na youtube 105 000 000 zhlédnutí. Roku 2019 6.9 vyšel hudební film s názvem K-12.


Biography.

Early life.

Jeanne-Emilie de Villeneuve, also named Émilie de Villeneuve, was born in Toulouse, on 9 March 1811 From an early age, she lived in Hauterive Castle (near Castres), where her sick mother had withdrawn for treatment. She lost her mother at the age of 14 in 1815, followed by her sister Octavie in 1818.  After her mother's death, she lived some time in Toulouse where her grandmother supports her education and that of her sisters. At the age 19, Emilie was back at Hauterive, where she managed family life, mitigating of this task her father, then mayor of Castres (from 1826 to 1830). She planned to join the "Daughters of Charity". But during the cooling off period imposed by her father, she created (with the approval of her bishop), and in collaboration with two companions, the Congregation of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception on 8 December 1836. The religious community is rapidly known under the name of "Blue sisters of Castres" because of the color of their clothes.  In the anonymity of a house in Castres, with her companions, she serves the poor: young workers, sick people, prostitutes and those who were convicted in prison. Then, the congregation saw the growing number of its sisters, and its influence extends to Africa (Senegal, Gambia, and Gabon).

The charism of Émilie: preferred option for the poor.

Émilie de Villeneuve called on others to become missionaries wherever they were, daring to take a stand for justice, peace, respect and attention to the smallest... in all our places of life, to do all this out of love, according to the motto taken by the congregation: "to go where the voice of the poor calls us". This charism perfectly explains the scope and diversity of the competences displayed by the community members: education, health and participation in the life of local Church.

Funding and development of the congregation.

Émilie founded the Congregation of the Sisters of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception on 8 December 1836. Constitutions were approved in 1842 (revised in 2004). Twelve years after the establishment of the congregation, it started to expand in Africa in 1848, then in Europe in 1903, in Latin America in 1904-1905, and eventually in the Asia Pacific region in 1998.  Today, there are around 600 members spread in 124 communities in 18 countries: France, Spain, Italy, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Benin, Gabon, RD Congo, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Venezuela, Mexico, Haiti and in the Philippines.

The beatification process.

During the Generalate of Mother Sylvie Azaïs, Superioress General from 1921 to 1936, the congregation began to copy and classify handwritten documents, in order to deepen the knowledge of the spirituality of Villeneuve. It was in 1945, that the Superior General Mother Marie Agathe Vernadat (1936-1947) began studying the writings of the late founder for the cause of canonization.  On 18 August 1947, during the General Chapter, the Superior General Mother Germaine Sapene, communicated the decision of the council to introduce in Rome the cause of Villeneuve.  The process began on 25 August 1948 under the chairmanship of the Archbishop of Albi, Monsignor Jean-Joseph-Aimé Moussaron. As the cause was launched 94 years after the death of the newly proclaimed Servant of God, it was considered "historical cause". The opening of the diocesan process was held on 25 August 1948. On 20 November 1948, took place the exhumation of the body of Jeanne Émilie de Villeneuve. The burial of the bones of the Servant of God was conducted on 18 August 1949. The diocesan process ended in February 1950, and in March 1950, the process was transferred to Rome.  The Positio on the heroic Christian virtues was approved on 10 October 1984. On 6 July 1991, there came the "reading of the decree of the heroism of the virtues" in front of Pope John Paul II, who authorized the promulgation, which became official on 9 October 1991.

The first miracle (1995).

In February 1995, Binta Diaby, a young girl from the Republic of Guinea hospitalized in Barcelona, Spain, was cured of acute peritonitis after the blue sisters of a neighboring community visited the young woman and after the novena that they did for the intention of Binta.  Doctors have recognized the healing and Binta Diaby and the folder was sent to Bishop Ricard María Carles y Gordò, Bishop of Barcelona, on 27 March 2003. The diocesan tribunal began on 16 May 2003 and was concluded on 29 October 2003. The information from that process were brought to Rome on 31 October 2003 and 4 February 2004, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints promulgated a decree of validity.  It would go to the Medical Board and a vote was held for the miracle, completed on February 16, 2006 in which the members recognized unanimously that medicine could not explain the cure in question. This has been recognized by the theologians and later the cardinals and bishops of the congregation.

Beatification.

The decree on the miracle was promulgated by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 17 December 2007. Émilie de Villeneuve was beatified by Cardinal Angelo Amato, the Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, during a ceremony in Castres on 5 July 2009. This was done on behalf of Pope Benedict XVI.

Canonization process.

The second miracle.

For the canonization of Blessed Émilie de Villeneuve, the postulator of the cause presented the case of healing of a child named Emilly, born 2 August 2007 at Oroco, Pernambuco, in Brazil. On 5 May 2008 - Emilly was barely nine months old - she was playing with the wire of an electric fan. She put her finger in the power outlet and received an electric shock. Eight minutes later, she was found paralyzed and moaning.  Emilly was unconscious without pulsation or respiration: she went into cardiopulmonary arrest. The doctor who visited her said, "Your daughter is dead, what can I do?" Her father begged the doctor: "She is not dead! Do whatever you can!" The doctor on duty, Dr. Jairo de Lima Ferreira, tried to resuscitate the child. Usually doctors do it for 20 minutes. For Emilly, he tried for an hour. When the heart started to give the first sign of life, he took the ambulance and took her to the hospital Dom Malan.  She stayed there for 10 days and then 6 days in the pediatrics section. The doctor who accompanied her said to the family: "If Emilly gets out of here alive, she will not be able to neither see, nor hear nor speak, and even less walk". She left the hospital on 20 May and could not see or speak.  From 21–29 May 2008, a novena was said to Blessed Émilie de Villeneuve. On the evening of 30 May 2008, there was a radical change: the girl began to see and returned to normal. Emilly, from that day, began to develop as a normal child, with the characteristics of her age. Successive medical examinations, until the last made by the two experts "ab inspectione", had recorded the absence of neurological consequences.  The initiative to invoke Villeneuve's intercession came from Sister Ana Celia de Oliveira, a religious of the Congregation of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, who knew Emilly's grandfather Mr. Rafael, and his family. When Sister Ana Celia received the news of the accident at the Mr. Rafael's granddaughter, she began to invoke the intercession of Villeneuve in front of a relic. This image was provided to the family of the child, who began to pray, asking for the intercession of Villeneuve and the image with the relic was placed under the head of the child.  This happened after the promulgation of the decree on the heroic virtues in 2007 but before the beatification ceremony. A papal indult was given to be able to follow the diocesan research into the miracle. The recognition of the miracle took place from 13 September 2011 to 12 June 2012. The diocesan tribunal was constituted on 13 September 2012 in Petrolina City.  The Medical Board conducted a vote on 6 March 2014, Experts unanimously voted on the diagnosis "prolonged respiratory cardiac arrest after the electric shock" and they considered especially the absence of neurological consequences that science cannot explain. On 25 September 2014 the theological advisors met and considered the child's recovery as a miracle through the intercession of Blessed Émilie de Villeneuve.

Canonization.

The second miracle was confirmed to have been performed through her intercession on 6 December 2014. Pope Francis declared that she would be canonized as a result of this and announced at a consistory on 14 February 2015 that the late nun shall be canonized on 17 May 2015. She was canonized on that date at the Vatican.

Saint Émilie de Villeneuve (9 March 1811 – 2 October 1854) was a French Catholic nun and the founder of the Sisters of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception of Castres.

Svatá Émilie de Villeneuve (9. března 1811, Toulouse – 2. října 1854, Castres) byla francouzská řeholnice a zakladatelka kongregace Sester Panny Marie Neposkvrněného početí z Castres.


Description.

The bubal hartebeest was described as uniformly sand colored, save for "an ill-defined patch of greyish on each side of the muzzle above the nostrils", and the terminal tuft of the tail, which was black. In this case the subspecies was similar to the plain colored Lelwel hartebeest, lacking white or black facial markings such as those present in the Western and Swayne's hartebeest. It measured 43 inches at the shoulder and the horns were 'U' shaped when seen from the front.  Like other hartebeests, the bubal was a social animal. Luis del Mármol Carvajal wrote in 1573 that herds of 100 to 200 animals could be found in northern Morocco. According to 19th century writers, the bubal hartebeest preferred rocky areas with a fair amount of vegetation, in contrast to the sandy, drier habitat of the Addax. Its main predator was the also extinct Barbary lion.

History and extinction.

The bubal hartebeest ranged originally across Africa north of the Sahara, from Morocco to Egypt, where it disappeared earlier. It was also present with certainty in the Southern Levant prior to the Iron Age, but Harper (1945) found only "none too well substantiated" recent historical records from Israel and Arabia. The northern limit of the bubal hartebeest's range was the Mediterranean coast; large herds were still reported existing in Morocco north of the Atlas Mountains in 1738. As for the southern limits of its distribution, "wild oxen ("Antilope bubalis")" were mentioned living in the Tassili mountains of the central Sahara in 1850. However, the identity of the latter animals is debatable. Even if they were indeed hartebeest, they might not belong to the northern subspecies.  The subspecies declined sharply during the course of the 19th century, especially after the French conquest of Algeria, when entire herds were massacred at once by the colonial military. By 1867 it could only be found in the mountain ranges of north-western Africa that are near or within the Saharian desert. It disappeared from the Tunisian Atlas in 1870, and the last animal in this country was shot in 1902 near Tataouine. Outside of this instance, the bubal seems to have entered the 20th century restricted to the Western Atlas, from Boulemane in Morocco to the south of the Wahran department in Algeria. The last known herd, numbering only 15 animals, was located near Outat El Haj, Morocco in 1917; all but 3 of them were killed by the same hunter. The last animal in Morocco was shot in Missour in 1925. It probably disappeared around the same time in Algeria. One last specimen is mentioned as having been 'collected' in the 1920s near Geryville, south of the Chott Ech Chergui. While Harper, writing in 1945, considered that the subspecies could still possibly exist at the time in this area, he also mentioned that different campaigns in the 1920s and 1930s failed to find any animals in Morocco, Algeria or Tunisia, even in regions where it had been reported as numerous only a few decades before.  The bubal hartebeest was protected under the London Convention of 1933.

Zoo and museum specimens.

Individuals of bubal hartebeest were sometimes captured and kept in British, French, Italian and German private and public zoos around the start of the 20th century, although Ruxton and Schwarz (1929) failed to find any preserved in museums of these countries. The last captive bubal, a female (sometimes wrongly reported as the last bubal ever), died in Paris in 1923. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia received another female in 1905 from the Zoological Society of Philadelphia, which was stuffed. This is possibly the only bubal preserved in the United States of America.

Relation with ancient civilizations.

Remains of bubal hartebeests have been found in several Egyptian archaeological sites such as Abadiyeh, Saqqara and Karanis, the last one dating to the early Middle Ages. A hieroglyph meaning "baby hartebeest" also existed:  For these reasons, it has been suggested that the bubal was domesticated in Ancient Egypt, or at least used as a sacrificial animal. It is also mentioned in the Old Testament under the name of Yachmur (1 Kings 4:23) It is a likely candidate for the unidentified "the'o" in Deuteronomy, described as a kosher animal.  The bubal hartebeest is one of many extinct animals depicted in the Roman mosaics of Hippo Regius (modern Algeria) that date back to the 2nd and 4th centuries AD.

The bubal hartebeest, also known as northern hartebeest or bubal antelope or simply bubal ("Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus") is the extinct nominal (i.e., first described) subspecies of hartebeest. It was formerly found north of the Saharan Desert. Other subspecies live currently in grasslands south of the Sahara, from Senegal in the west to Eritrea and Ethiopia in the east and down to central Tanzania. The red hartebeest and Lichtenstein's hartebeest, alternatively considered subspecies or sister species of the common hartebeest, are present in southern Africa.

Buvolec severoafrický ("syn". buvolec stepní severoafrický, "Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus") je již vyhynulý a zároveň nominální poddruh buvolce stepního. Bylo jej možné najít v Africe na sever od Sahary a i tím se od ostatních buvolců lišil; ostatní poddruhy bychom našli výlučně na jih od Sahary.


History.

In the parliamentary elections of March 1995, the Centre Party was placed third with 14.2% of votes and 16 seats. It entered the coalition, Edgar Savisaar taking the position of the Minister of Internal Affairs, and 4 other ministerial positions (Social Affairs, Economy, Education and Transportation& Communications). After the "tape scandal" (secret taping of talks with other politicians) in which Savisaar was involved, the party was forced to go to opposition. A new party was formed by those who were disappointed by their leader's behaviour. Savisaar became the Chairman of the City Council of the capital city Tallinn.  In 1996, CPE candidate Siiri Oviir ran for the presidency of Estonia.  In the parliamentary elections of March 1999, the Centre Party, whose main slogan was progressive income tax, gained 23.4% of votes (the first result) and 28 seats in the Riigikogu. CPE members are active in its 26 branches – eight of them are active in Tallinn, 18 in towns and counties.  The Centre Party became a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (then known as the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party) at the organisation's July 2003 London Congress. The party also applied for the membership of the Liberal International (LI) in 2001, but the LI decided to reject the party's application in August 2001, as Savisaar's conduct was adjudged to 'not always conform to liberal principles'.  In 2001, Kreitzberg unsuccessfully ran for the presidency of Estonia.  Savisaar was the Mayor of Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, from 2001 to fall 2004, when he was forced to step down after a vote of no confidence. He was replaced by Tõnis Palts of Res Publica.  In January 2002, the Centre Party and the Estonian Reform Party formed a new governmental coalition where Centre Party got 8 ministerial seats (Minister of Defense, Education, Social Affairs, Finances, Economy & Communications, Interior, Agriculture and Minister of integration and national minorities). The coalition stayed until the new elections in 2003, in which the party won 28 seats. Though the Centre Party won the greatest percent of votes, it was in opposition until March, 2005 when Juhan Parts' government collapsed.  In 2003, the majority of the party's assembly did not support Estonia's joining the European Union (EU). Savisaar did not express clearly his position.  A number of Centre Party members exited the party in autumn 2004, mostly due to objections with Savisaar's autocratic tendencies and the party's EU-sceptic stance, forming the Social Liberal group. Some of them joined the Social Democratic Party, others the Reform Party and others the People's Party. One of these MPs later rejoined the Centre Party. Since Estonia's accession to the EU, the party has largely revised its formerly EU-sceptic positions.  In 2004 the Centre Party gained one member in the European Parliament – Siiri Oviir. The Centre Party gathered 17.5% share of votes on the elections to the European Parliament. Oviir joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Group.  The Centre Party participated in government with the Estonian Reform Party and the People's Union of Estonia from 12 April 2005 until a new government took office after the March 2007 elections. The Centre Party had 5 minister portfolios (Edgar Savisaar as Minister of Economy, also Minister of Social Affairs, Education, Culture and Interior).  Local elections on 16 October 2005 were very successful to the Centre Party. It managed to win 32 seats out of 63 in Tallinn City Council, having now an absolute majority in that municipality. One of the factors behind this success in Tallinn was probably the immense popularity of Centre Party among Russian speaking voters. The controversial contract of co-operation between the Estonian Centre Party and the Russia's dominant political party of power United Russia has probably contributed to the success in ethnic Russian electorate as well.  Centre Party formed one-party government in Tallinn led by Jüri Ratas, a 27-year-old politician elected the Mayor of Tallinn in November 2005. He was replaced by Savisaar in April 2007. The Centre Party is also a member of coalitions in 15 other major towns of Estonia like Pärnu, Narva, Haapsalu and Tartu.  In the 2007 Estonian parliamentary election, the party received 143,528 votes (26.1% of the total), an improvement of +0.7%. They took 29 seats, a gain of one seat compared to the 2003 elections, though due to the 2004 defections which had decreased their strength, they actually gained 10 seats. They are now the second largest party in Parliament and the largest opposition party. In 2008, the party criticised Andrus Ansip's policies, that in Centre Party's opinion have contributed to Estonia's economic problems of recent times. On June 16, 2007, Edgar Savisaar and Jaan Õmblus published a proposal of how to improve what they regard as Estonia's economic crisis.  In the European Parliament elections of 2009, the Centre Party gained the most votes and 2 out of 6 Estonian seats, which were filled by Siiri Oviir and Vilja Savisaar.  In local elections of 2009, the party strengthened its absolute majority in the Tallinn city council. Despite their absolute majority, they formed a coalition with the Social Democratic Party. Recent polls suggest the party is especially popular amongst Estonia's Russophone minority.  On 9 April 2012 eight prominent Centre Party members decided to leave the party citing frustration of their attempts to bring openness and transparency into party leadership. Previously MP Kalle Laanet was expelled on 21 March for his criticism of the party leadership. The leaving politicians included MEPs Siiri Oviir and Vilja Savisaar-Toomast, MPs Inara Luigas, Lembit Kaljuvee, Deniss Boroditš and Rainer Vakra, and also Ain Seppik, Toomas Varek.  In the local elections of 20 October 2013, the Center Party and its leader Edgar Savisaar were successful, obtaining the absolute majority in the city of Tallinn with 53% of votes, winning 46 seats out of 79 (2 more than the 2009 results), considerably more than the second party, the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, which received 19% of votes and 16 seats.  The Estonian Centre Party obtained a good result in the 2015 election, obtaining 24.8% of votes and electing 27 MPs. The party remained in opposition to the new government of Taavi Rõivas, which was supported by the Estonian Reform Party, the Social Democratic Party and the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union.  In Autumn 2016 Savisaar stepped down as party leader and Jüri Ratas was elected in his place.  In November 2016 the Social Democratic Party and the Pro Patria Union withdrew from the government coalition and entered a no-confidence motion against the government, together with the Estonian Centre Party. On 9 November 2016 the Riigikogu approved the motion with a 63-28 vote and Rõivas was forced to resign; in a following coalition talk, the Centre Party, SDE and IRL formed a new coalition led by Center Party's chairman Jüri Ratas. The new government was sworn in on 23 November.

Parliamentary elections of 2019.

In the elections of 2019, the Centre Party lost support while the opposition Estonian Reform Party gained support and won the elections. After the elections, the head of The Centre Party, Jüri Ratas turned down an offer by the Reform party for coalition talks and entered into talks with Isamaa and EKRE, the latter widely considered a far-right party. Ratas had previously ruled out forming a coalition with EKRE during the election campaign because of its hostile views. The inclusion of EKRE in coalition talks after the elections was met with local and international criticism. In a poll conducted after the start of the coalition talks, the party of Jüri Ratas further lost support.  The critics of the decision have claimed that Ratas is willing to sacrifice his party's values, the confidence of his voters and the stability and reputation of the country to keep his position as prime minister. Ratas has countered that his first duty is to look for ways to get his party included in the government to be able to work in the benefit of his voters and that the coalition would continue to firmly support the EU, NATO and would be sending out messages of tolerance.  Some key members and popular candidates of the party have been critical of the decision, with Raimond Kaljulaid leaving the board of the party in protest. Yana Toom, a member of the party and its representative in the European Parliament expressed criticism of the decision. Mihhail Kõlvart, popular among the russian-speaking voters, has said the Centre party cannot govern with EKRE's approach. On 5 April 2019, Raimond Kaljulaid announced his decision to quit the party, deciding to sit as an independent member of the Parliament.

Ideology.

The party claims that its goal is the formation of a strong middle class in Estonia. The Centre Party declares itself as a "middle class liberal party"; however, against the backdrop of Estonia's economically liberal policies, the Centre Party has a reputation of having more left-leaning policies. This is despite the fact that the party holds positions considered contrary to social liberalism on a number of issues. For example, the party suggests that Estonia should deliberate re-establishing criminal punishments for the possession of even small amounts of illegal substances. Nor could Centre Party's parliamentary faction agree on its stance in regards to same-sex marriage, which is traditionally supported by social liberals. In an Estonian Public Broadcasting program 'Foorum', Estonian Reform Party parliamentarian Remo Holsmer listed the ideologies of other three political parties represented in the Parliament, but could not name the ideological position of the Centre Party. Centre Party parliamentarian Kadri Simson then tried to clarify that the ideology of the Centre Party is "Centre Party," meaning a unique ideology independent of other established ones.  The party is often described as populist and critics have accused its long-time leader Edgar Savisaar of authoritarianism until a new leader was elected in 2016.

The Estonian Centre Party () is a centrist, social-liberal, populist political party in Estonia. It is one of the two largest political parties in Estonia and currently has 26 seats in the Estonian Parliament. The party is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE).

Estonská strana středu je centristická politická strana v Estonsku. Jejím předsedou je Edgar Savisaar. Strana má 27 členů ve 101 místném estonském parlamentu, což jí dělá druhou nejsilnější estonskou parlamentní stranou. Založena byla roku 1991. Do estonského parlamentu se dostala v roce 1992.


Life.

The exact date or even year of Narváez's birth is unknown. He was born in Granada and the earliest surviving references to him indicate that as early as 1526 he was a member of the household of Francisco de los Cobos y Molina, a well-known and very successful patron of the arts who was the Secretary of State and "commentator" for the kingdom of Castile under Charles V. Narváez lived in Valladolid with his patron until the latter's death in 1547, although he was working for the Duke of Medina Sidonia between 1539 and 1540. It was during this period that the composer published "Los seys librosdel delphín" (Valladolid, 1538), a large collection of music.By 1548 Narváez was employed as musician of the royal chapel, where he also taught music to choristers. His colleagues there included the famous keyboard composer Antonio de Cabezón. Narváez and Cabezón were both employed as musicians for Felipe, Regent of Spain (later Philip II of Spain), and accompanied him on his many journeys. The last reference to Narváez is from one such journey: during the winter of 1549 he resided in the Low Countries.  Narváez was very highly regarded during his lifetime, particularly for his vihuela playing; he was reported to be able to improvise four parts over another four at sight. His son Andrés also became an accomplished vihuelist.

Works.

Narváez's most important surviving music is contained in "" (Valladolid, 1538), a six-volume collection of music for vihuela. The collection begins with a preface, in which the composer dedicates the work to his patron Francisco de los Cobos. A short text on notation follows (Narváez uses a slightly modified version of Italian lute tablature), then the table of contents and an errata sheet.  The first two volumes contain fourteen polyphonic fantasias, modelled after Italian pieces of the same kind. They are characterized by smooth, competent imitative writing in two and three voices. Occasionally Narváez resorts to using short motifs with identical left hand fingerings, probably reflecting the techniques he used for improvisation. The music reflects the influence of Francesco da Milano, whose works Narváez collected. The third volume of the collection is dedicated exclusively to intabulations of works by other composers: selections from masses by Josquin des Prez, the famous song "Mille Regretz" by the same composer (subtitled "La canción del Emperador", probably suggesting that it was Charles V's favorite song), and two songs by Nicolas Gombert and one by Jean Richafort. The second of the two songs is wrongly attributed to Gombert, it is a work of Jean Courtois. The intabulations are of high quality, but without any particular distinguishing features.  Volumes four to six have mixed content. The most important pieces are Narváez's six "diferencias", or variations, the earliest known examples of the form. Narváez's models include both sacred (volume 4 only) and secular melodies, and the music stands out by virtue of a very wide palette of techniques. Apart from melodic variations, there are also two sets on ostinato harmonies: "Guardame las vacas" and "Conde claros", both in volume six. The remaining music comprises villancicos, romances, and a "Baxa de contrapunto".  With the exception of two motets, no other music by Narváez survives, although he must have composed a substantial amount of vocal music.

List of works.

The following is a list of pieces found in "Los seys libros del delphín", following the original order. Roman numerals in parentheses are not original and are provided for convenience only.  A new transcription for guitar, edited by Stefan Nesyba, contains all of the solo works by Narváez: http://www.editionhh.co.uk/

Luis de Narváez (fl. 1526–49) was a Spanish composer and vihuelist. Highly regarded during his lifetime, Narváez is known today for "Los seys libros del delphín", a collection of polyphonic music for the vihuela which includes the earliest known variation sets. He is also notable for being the earliest composer for vihuela to adapt the contemporary Italian style of lute music.

Luis de Narváez (působení doloženo v letech 1526–1549) byl španělský hudební skladatel a hráč na vihuelu. Za svého života byl vysoce oceňován. Dnes je znám pro svou sbírku polyfonních skladeb pro vihuely "Los seys libros del delphín", která mimo jiné obsahuje nejstarší známý cyklus variací. Byl prvním skladatelem pro vihuelu, který si osvojil soudobý italský styl loutnové hudby.


Variants.

A typical parser generator associates executable code with each of the rules of the grammar that should be executed when these rules are applied by the parser. These pieces of code are sometimes referred to as semantic action routines since they define the semantics of the syntactic structure that is analyzed by the parser. Depending upon the type of parser that should be generated, these routines may construct a parse tree (or abstract syntax tree), or generate executable code directly.  One of the earliest (1964), surprisingly powerful, versions of compiler-compilers is META II, which accepted an analytical grammar with output facilities that produce stack machine code, and is able to compile itself and other languages. Among the earliest programs of the original Unix versions being built at Bell Labs was the two-part lex and yacc system, which was normally used to output C programming language code, but had a flexible output system that could be used for everything from programming languages to text file conversion. Their modern GNU versions are flex and bison.  Some experimental compiler-compilers take as input a formal description of programming language semantics, typically using denotational semantics. This approach is often called'semantics-based compiling', and was pioneered by Peter Mosses' Semantic Implementation System (SIS) in 1978. However, both the generated compiler and the code it produced were inefficient in time and space. No production compilers are currently built in this way, but research continues.  The Production Quality Compiler-Compiler (PQCC) project at Carnegie Mellon University does not formalize semantics, but does have a semi-formal framework for machine description.  Compiler-compilers exist in many flavors, including bottom-up rewrite machine generators (see JBurg) used to tile syntax trees according to a rewrite grammar for code generation, and attribute grammar parser generators (e.g. ANTLR can be used for simultaneous type checking, constant propagation, and more during the parsing stage).

Metacompilers.

Metacompilers reduce the task of writing compilers by automating the aspects that are the same regardless of the object language. This makes possible the design of domain-specific languages which are appropriate to the specification of a particular problem. A metacompiler reduces the cost of producing translators for such domain-specific object languages to a point where it becomes economically feasible to include in the solution of a problem a domain-specific language design.  A metacompiler's metalanguage is a powerful string and symbol processing languages that are also useful for generating a wide range of other software engineering and analysis tools.  Besides being useful for domain-specific language development, a metacompiler is a prime example of a domain-specific language, designed for the domain of compiler writing.  A metacompiler is a metaprogram "usually written in its own metalanguage" or an existing computer programming language. The process of a metacompiler, written in its own metalanguage, compiling itself is equivalent to self-hosting compiler. Most common compilers written today are self-hosting compilers. Self-hosting is a powerful tool, of many metacompilers, allowing the easy extension of their own metaprogramming metalanguage. The feature that separates a metacompiler apart from other compiler compilers is that it takes as input a specialized metaprogramming language that describes all aspects of the compilers operation. A metaprogram produced by a metacompiler is as complete a program as a program written in C++, BASIC or any other general programming language. The metaprogramming metalanguage is a powerful attribute allowing easier development of computer programming languages and other computer tools. Command line processors, text string transforming and analysis are easily coded using metaprogramming metalanguages of metacompilers.  A full featured development package includes a linker and a run time support library. Usually, a machine-oriented system programming language, such as C or C++, is needed to write the support library. A library consisting of support functions needed for the compiling process usually completes the full metacompiler package.

The meaning of metacompiler.

In computer science, the prefix "meta" is commonly used to mean "about (its own category)". For example, metadata are data that describe other data. A language that is used to describe other languages is a metalanguage. Meta may also mean "on a higher level of abstraction". A metalanguage operates on a higher level of abstraction in order to describe properties of a language. Backus–Naur form (BNF) is a formal metalanguage originally used to define ALGOL 60. BNF is a weak metalanguage, for it describes only the syntax and says nothing about the semantics or meaning. Metaprogramming is the writing of computer programs with the ability to treat programs as their data. A metacompiler takes as input a metaprogram written in a specialized metalanguages (a higher level abstraction) specifically designed for the purpose of metaprogramming. The output is an executable object program.  An analogy can be drawn: That as a "C++" compiler takes as input a "C++" programming language program, a "meta"compiler takes as input a "meta"programming metalanguage program.

Forth metacompiler.

Many advocates of the language Forth call the process of creating a new implementation of Forth a meta-compilation and that it constitutes a metacompiler. The Forth definition of metacompiler is: This Forth use of the term metacompiler is disputed in mainstream computer science. See Forth (programming language) and History of compiler construction. The actual Forth process of compiling itself is a combination of a Forth being a self-hosting extensible programming language and sometimes cross compilation, long established terminology in computer science. Metacompilers are a general compiler writing system. Besides the Forth metacompiler concept being indistinguishable from self-hosting and extensible language. The actual process acts at a lower level defining a minimum subset of forth "words", that can be used to define additional forth words, A full Forth implementation can then be defined from the base set. This sounds like a bootstrap process. The problem is that almost every general purpose language compiler also fits the Forth metacompiler description. Just replace X with any common language, C, C++, Pascal, COBOL, Fortran, Ada, Modula-2, etc. And X would be a metacompiler according to the Forth usage of metacompiler. A metacompiler operates at an abstraction level above the compiler it compiles. It only operates at the same (self-hosting compiler) level when compiling itself. One has to see the problem with this definition of metacompiler. It can be applied to most any language.  However, on examining the concept of programming in Forth, adding new words to the dictionary, extending the language in this way is metaprogramming. It is this metaprogramming in Forth that makes it a metacompiler.  Programming in Forth is adding new words to the language. Changing the language in this way is metaprogramming. Forth is a metacompiler because Forth is a language specifically designed for metaprogramming. Programming in Forth is extending Forth adding words to the Forth vocabulary creates a new Forth dialect. Forth is a specialized metacompiler for Forth language dialects.

History.

The first compiler-compiler to use that name was written by Tony Brooker in 1960 and was used to create compilers for the Atlas computer at the University of Manchester, including the Atlas Autocode compiler.  The early history of metacompilers is closely tied with the history of SIG/PLAN Working group 1 on Syntax Driven Compilers. The group was started primarily through the effort of Howard Metcalfe in the Los Angeles area. In the fall of 1962 Howard Metcalfe designed two compiler-writing interpreters. One used a bottom-to-top analysis technique based on a method described by Ledley and Wilson. The other used a top-to-bottom approach based on a work by Glennie to generate random English sentences from a context-free grammar.  At the same time, Val Schorre described two "meta machines". One generative and one analytic. The generative machine was implemented and produced random algebraic expressions. Meta I the first metacompiler was implemented by Schorre on an IBM 1401 at UCLA in January 1963. His original interpreters and metamachines were written directly in a pseudo-machine language. META II, however, was written in a higher-level metalanguage able to describe its own compilation into the pseudo-machine language.  Lee Schmidt at Bolt, Beranek, and Newman wrote a metacompiler in March 1963 that utilized a CRT display on the time-sharing PDP-l. This compiler produced actual machine code rather than interpretive code and was partially bootstrapped from Meta I.  Schorre bootstrapped Meta II from Meta I during the Spring of 1963. The paper on the refined metacompiler system presented at the 1964 Philadelphia ACM conference is the first paper on a metacompiler available as a general reference. The syntax and implementation technique of Schorre's system laid the foundation for most of the systems that followed. The system was implemented on a small 1401, and was used to implement a small ALGOL-like language.  Many similar systems immediately followed.  Roger Rutman of AC Delco developed and implemented LOGIK, a language for logical design simulation, on the IBM 7090 in January 1964. This compiler used an algorithm that produced efficient code for Boolean expressions.  Another paper in the 1964 ACM proceedings describes Meta III, developed by Schneider and Johnson at UCLA for the IBM 7090. Meta III represents an attempt to produce efficient machine code, for a large class of languages. Meta III was implemented completely in assembly language. Two compilers were written in Meta III, CODOL, a compiler-writing demonstration compiler, and PUREGOL, a dialect of ALGOL 60. (It was pure gall to call it ALGOL).  Late in 1964, Lee Schmidt bootstrapped the metacompiler EQGEN, from the PDP-l to the Beckman 420. EQGEN was a logic equation generating language.  In 1964, System Development Corporation began a major effort in the development of metacompilers. This effort includes powerful metacompilers, Bookl, and Book2 written in Lisp which have extensive tree-searching and backup ability. An outgrowth of one of the Q-32 systems at SDC is Meta 5. The Meta 5 system incorporates backup of the input stream and enough other facilities to parse any context-sensitive language. This system was successfully released to a wide number of users and had many string-manipulation applications other than compiling. It has many elaborate push-down stacks, attribute setting and testing facilities, and output mechanisms. That Meta 5 successfully translates JOVIAL programs to PL/I programs demonstrates its power and flexibility.  Robert McClure at Texas Instruments invented a compiler-compiler called TMG (presented in 1965). TMG was used to create early compilers for programming languages like B, PL/I and ALTRAN. Together with metacompiler of Val Schorre, it was an early inspiration for the last chapter of Donald Knuth's "The Art of Computer Programming".  The LOT system was developed during 1966 at Stanford Research Institute and was modeled very closely after Meta II. It had new special-purpose constructs allowing it to generate a compiler which could in turn, compile a subset of PL/I. This system had extensive statistic-gathering facilities and was used to study the characteristics of top-down analysis.  SIMPLE is a specialized translator system designed to aid the writing of pre-processors for PL/I, SIMPLE, written in PL/I, is composed of three components: An executive, a syntax analyzer and a semantic constructor.  The TREE-META compiler was developed at Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park, California. April 1968. The early metacompiler history is well documented in the TREE META manual. TREE META paralleled some of the SDC developments. Unlike earlier metacompilers it separated the semantics processing from the syntax processing. The syntax rules contained tree building operations that combined recognized language elements with tree nodes. The tree structure representation of the input was then processed by a simple form of unparse rules. The unparse rules used node recognition and attribute testing that when matched resulted in the associated action being performed. In addition like tree element could also be tested in an unparse rule. Unparse rules were also a recursive language being able to call unparse rules passing elements of thee tree before the action of the unparse rule was performed.  The concept of the metarnachine originally put forth by Glennie is so simple that three hardware versions have been designed and one actually implemented. The latter at Washington University in St. Louis. This machine was built from macro-modular components and has for instructions the codes described by Schorre.  CWIC (Compiler for Writing and Implementing Compilers) is the last known Schorre metacompiler. It was developed at Systems Development Corporation by Erwin Book, Dewey Val Schorre and Steven J. Sherman With the full power of (lisp 2) a list processing language optimizing algorithms could operate on syntax generated lists and trees before code generation. CWIC also had a symbol table built into the language.  With the resurgence of domain-specific languages and the need for parser generators which are easy to use, easy to understand, and easy to maintain, metacompilers are becoming a valuable tool for advanced software engineering projects.  Other examples of parser generators in the yacc vein are ANTLR, Coco/R, CUP, GNU Bison, Eli, FSL, SableCC, SID (Syntax Improving Device), and JavaCC. While useful, pure parser generators only address the parsing part of the problem of building a compiler. Tools with broader scope, such as PQCC, Coco/R and DMS Software Reengineering Toolkit provide considerable support for more difficult post-parsing activities such as semantic analysis, code optimization and generation.

Schorre metalanguages.

The earliest Schorre metacompilers, META I and META II, were developed by D. Val Schorre at UCLA. Other Schorre based metacompilers followed. Each adding improvements to language analysis and/or code generation.  In programming it is common to use the programming language name to refer to both the compiler and the programming language, the context distinguishing the meaning. A C++ program is compiled using a C++ compiler. That also applies in the following. For example, META II is both the compiler and the language. The metalanguages in the Schorre line of metacompilers are functional programming languages that use top down grammar analyzing syntax equations having embedded output transformation constructs.  A syntax equation:  is a compiled "test" function returning "success" or "failure". <name> is the function name. <body> is a form of logical expression consisting of tests that may be grouped, have alternates, and output productions. A "test" is like a "bool" in other languages, "success" being "true" and "failure" being "false".  Defining a programming language analytically top down is natural. For example, a program could be defined as:  Defining a program as a sequence of zero or more declaration(s).  In the Schorre META X languages there is a driving rule. The program rule above is an example of a driving rule. The program rule is a "test" function that calls declaration, a "test" rule, that returns "success" or "failure". The $ loop operator repeatedly calling declaration until "failure" is returned. The $ operator is always successful, even when there are zero declaration. Above program would always return success. (In CWIC a long fail can bypass declaration. A long-fail is part of the backtracking system of CWIC)  The character sets of these early compilers were limited. The character / was used for the alternant (or) operator. "A or B" is written as A / B. Parentheses ( ) are used for grouping. Describes a construct of A followed by B or C. As a boolean expression it would be A sequence X Y has an implied X and Y meaning. ( ) are grouping and / the or operator. The order of evaluation is always left to right as an input character sequence is being specified by the ordering of the tests.  Special operator words whose first character is a "." are used for clarity..EMPTY is used as the last alternate when no previous alternant need be present. Indicates that X is optionally followed by A or B. This is a specific characteristic of these metalanguages being programming languages. Backtracking is avoided by the above. Other compiler constructor systems may have declared the three possible sequences and left it up to the parser to figure it out.  The characteristics of the metaprogramming metalanguages above are common to all Schorre metacompilers and those derived from them.

META I.

META I was a hand compiled metacompiler used to compile META II. Little else is known of META I except that the initial compilation of META II produced nearly identical code to that of the hand coded META I compiler.

META II.

Each rule consists optionally of tests, operators, and output productions. A rule matches some part of the input program source character stream returning success or failure. On success the input is advanced over matched characters. On failure the input is not advanced.  Output productions produced a form of assembly code directly from a syntax rule.

TREE-META.

TREE-META introduced tree building operators :<"node_name"> and [<"number">] moving the output production transforms to unparse rules. The tree building operators were used in the grammar rules directly transforming the input into an abstract syntax tree. Unparse rules are also test functions that matched tree patterns. Unparse rules are called from a grammar rule when an abstract syntax tree is to be transformed into output code. The building of an abstract syntax tree and unparse rules allowed local optimizations to be performed by analyzing the parse tree.  Moving of output productions to the unparse rules made a clear separation of grammar analysis and code production. This made the programming easier to read and understand.

CWIC.

In 1968-1970, Erwin Book, Dewey Val Schorre, and Steven J. Sherman developed CWIC. (Compiler for Writing and Implementing Compilers) at System Development Corporation Charles Babbage Institute Center for the History of Information Technology (Box 12, folder 21),  CWIC is a compiler development system composed of three special-purpose, domain specific, languages, each intended to permit the description of certain aspects of translation in a straight forward manner. The syntax language is used to describe the recognition of source text and the construction from it to an intermediate tree structure. The generator language is used to describe the transformation of the tree into appropriate object language.  The syntax language follows Dewey Val Schorre's previous line of metacompilers. It most resembles TREE-META having tree building operators in the syntax language. The unparse rules of TREE-META are extended to work with the object based generator language based on LISP 2.  CWIC includes three languages:

Generators language.

Generators Language had semantics similar to Lisp. The parse tree was thought of as a recursive list. The general form of a Generator Language function is:  The code to process a given tree included the features of a general purpose programming language, plus a form: <stuff>, which would emit (stuff) onto the output file. A generator call may be used in the unparse_rule. The generator is passed the element of unparse_rule pattern in which it is placed and its return values are listed in (). For example:  That is, if the parse tree looks like (ADD[<something1>,<something2>]), expr_gen(x) would be called with <something1> and return x. A variable in the unparse rule is a local variable that can be used in the production_code_generator. expr_gen(y) is called with <something2> and returns y. Here is a generator call in an unparse rule is passed the element in the position it occupies. Hopefully in the above x and y will be registers on return. The last transforms is intended to load an atomic into a register and return the register. The first production would be used to generate the 360 "AR" (Add Register) instruction with the appropriate values in general registers. The above example is only a part of a generator. Every generator expression evaluates to a value that con then be further processed. The last transform could just as well have been written as:  In this case load returns its first parameter, the register returned by getreg(). the functions load and getreg are other CWIC generators.

CWIC addressed domain-specific languages before the term domain-specific language existed.

From the authors of CWIC: "A metacompiler assists the task of compiler-building by automating its non creative aspects, those aspects that are the same regardless of the language which the produced compiler is to translate. This makes possible the design of languages which are appropriate to the specification of a particular problem. It reduces the cost of producing processors for such languages to a point where it becomes economically feasible to begin the solution of a problem with language design."

In computer science, a compiler-compiler or compiler generator is a programming tool that creates a parser, interpreter, or compiler from some form of formal description of a programming language and machine.

Generátor překladačů ( nebo ) je v matematické informatice nástroj pro programování, který vytváří syntaktický analyzátor, interpret nebo překladač z formálního popisu jazyka a cílového stroje. Nejstarším a dosud nejrozšířenějším typem generátorů překladačů je generátor syntaktických analyzátorů (), jehož vstupem je gramatika (obvykle v BNF) programovacího jazyka a výstupem zdrojový text syntaktického analyzátoru, který lze použít jako součást překladače. Existují také generátory generátorů kódu () (jako například JBurg), ale zatím nedosáhly potřebné zralosti.