Plot.

After contemplating suicide by jumping off the Brooklyn Bridge, 16-year-old Craig Gilner decides to go to the hospital to seek help. Craig tells Dr. Mahmoud that he needs immediate help to which Dr. Mahmoud registers Craig for a one-week stay in the hospital's psychiatric floor. It is revealed that Craig has a lot of pressure at his high school, Executive Pre-Professional (based on Manhattan's Stuyvesant High School), stressing over the need to turn in an application for a prestigious summer school, his shortcomings in the shadow of his best friend, Aaron, whom he considers to be great at everything, and his dad who pressures him to do well. At first, Craig is uncertain if he made the right choice to stay, mostly due to the fact that his friends might find out when he misses school, especially Nia, his crush and Aaron's girlfriend. He is placed in the adult ward with a few other teenagers because the teenage ward is undergoing renovations.  Craig is introduced to Bobby, an adult patient who claims he is only there on vacation, as he takes Craig under his wing. During a group discussion, Craig learns that Bobby is stressed about an upcoming interview in hopes of moving to a group home. When Bobby states that all he will have to wear for the interview is the sweater that he is currently wearing, Craig offers Bobby one of his dad's dress shirts to wear, and Bobby accepts. Craig's kind offer to Bobby is witnessed by Noelle, another teenage patient who is in for self-harm. She is impressed by Craig and leaves him a note to meet with her that night. Later, Craig and Noelle attend a painting session for the patients. Craig paints a picture of an imaginary city map which he describes as "like my own brain".  Throughout his stay, Craig forms close bonds with various patients, including Bobby and Noelle. Bobby reveals to Craig that he is a father of a little girl and that he is actually in the ward for attempting to commit suicide six times. As Craig tries to help Bobby with his problems, Bobby, in return, helps Craig to gain the courage to ask out Noelle. One night, Nia suddenly stops by to visit Craig, revealing that she and Aaron have broken up. Craig asks Nia to his room, where she tries to seduce him. However, the two are caught by Craig's roommate Muqtada, an older patient who has not left the room during his stay. As Nia runs out of the room, Craig chases her and calls out that he loves her, unaware that Noelle is standing behind him. Upset, Noelle storms off leaving behind a self-portrait that she had planned to give Craig.  Craig eventually wins Noelle's forgiveness, and the pair sneak out of the ward in scrubs and run around the hospital, ending up on the roof. There, while Craig is trying to finally work up the courage to ask her out, Noelle takes the initiative and asks him, then they kiss afterwards. Later, when Craig has an interview with the head physician, Dr. Minerva, he explains that he has realised that he wants to become an artist, and says he should be thankful that his problems aren't as bad as those of the others. That night, Craig arranges with one of the staff for a pizza party, promising to pay the cost, so the patients can say goodbye to him and Bobby, both of whom are being discharged the following day. He calls Aaron asking him to bring a record. When Aaron delivers the record, he tells Craig that he and Nia are working out their problems and they embrace. At the party, Craig plays the record, which is Egyptian music, bringing Muqtada out of his room. Craig tells Bobby that they should meet again after they are discharged, which Bobby considers, and thanks Craig for changing his outlook on life.  In the morning, Craig asks Smitty where Bobby is, but discovers Bobby had left earlier that morning. Craig is a little disappointed, but is happy that he and Bobby had left an impression on each other. After Craig leaves, it is shown that he starts dating Noelle, becomes better friends with Aaron and Nia (who are still together), begins pursuing his goal of becoming an artist and has broken the news to his dad that he isn't going to follow his path, which his dad understands. The movie ends with saying that while his stay didn't cure his condition, it helped him a lot, and he can get through the rest of his life with the help of his family and friends. The final scene shows how he goes on to live his life with his family, friends and Noelle.

Production.

In May 2006, Paramount Pictures and MTV Films acquired the film rights to the novel. Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck were hired to adapt the screenplay. The film was later placed in turnaround and bought by Focus Features.  Production began in New York City on November 30, 2009. Principal photography took about six weeks, ending on February 2, 2010. Scenes taking place in the fictional Executive Pre-Professional High School were shot at Poly Prep Country Day School in Brooklyn, while Woodhull Medical Center in Brooklyn stood in for Argenon Hospital.  As of May 13, 2010, the film completed editing. Canadian indie rock band Broken Social Scene worked on the score for the film.

Release.

The film was originally scheduled for a limited release in the United States on September 24, 2010. Focus Features later opted for a wide release of approximately 500 theaters across the US and a release date of October 8, 2010. The film premiered at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival.  To coincide with the film's release, Hyperion Books published a new edition of the novel, featuring photos from the film on the cover.  The film aired on HBO cable in the summer of 2011.

Critical reception.

The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics., the film holds a 57% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 135 reviews with an average rating of 5.99/10. The critics consensus states "It's amiable, and it does a surprisingly good job of sidestepping psych ward comedy clichés, but given its talented cast and directors, "It's Kind of a Funny Story" should be more than just mildly entertaining." On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 63, based on 33 reviews, which indicates "Generally favorable reviews".

Home media.

"It's Kind of a Funny Story" was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on February 8, 2011.

It's Kind of a Funny Story is a 2010 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck, an adaptation of Ned Vizzini's 2006 novel of the same name. The film stars Keir Gilchrist, Zach Galifianakis, Emma Roberts, and Viola Davis. It was released in the United States on October 8, 2010, and received mixed to positive reviews.

Něco jako komedie (v anglickém originále It's Kind of a Funny Story) je americký komediální a dramatický film z roku 2010. Za scénářem a režií stojí Anna Boden a Ryan Fleck. Film je adaptací stejnojmenného románu Neda Vizziniho z roku 2006. Hlavní role hrají Keir Gilchrist, Zach Galifianakis, Emma Roberts a Viola Davis. Film měl premiéru ve Spojených státech dne 8. října 2010 a získal převážně pozitivní reakce kritiků. V České republice nebyl promítán v kinech.


Plot.

Convenience store robber Herbert I. "Hi" McDunnough and police officer Edwina "Ed" meet after she takes the mugshots of the recidivist. During subsequent visits, Hi learns that Ed's fiancé has left her. Hi proposes to her after his latest release from prison, and the two get married. They move into a desert mobile home, and Hi gets a job in a machine shop. They want to have children but Ed is infertile, and they cannot adopt because of Hi's criminal record, even though Ed is a police officer. Devastated, Ed quits her job. The couple learns of the "Arizona Quints," quintuplet sons of locally famous furniture magnate Nathan Arizona; driven by envy, Hi and Ed kidnap one of the babies, whom they believe to be Nathan Junior. Hi and Ed return home and are soon visited by Hi's cellmates, Gale and Evelle Snoats, who have just escaped from prison. Facing ridicule by the Snoats brothers for his new domestic life, Hi is tempted to return to his felonious ways. That evening, Hi has an intense nightmare in which he foresees the arrival of an apocalyptic biker, later revealed to be bounty hunter Leonard Smalls.  The next day, Hi and Ed are visited by Hi's foreman Glen and his family. Glen's wife Dot speaks of her desire to have more children with Glen, while Glen confesses to Hi that he and Dot are swingers, and he proposes exchanging wives. Hi assaults Glen in his wrath and chases him off the property. That night, Hi robs a convenience store and steals a package of diapers for Junior, but Ed, furious, ditches him, forcing Hi to escape on foot from the police, two armed cashiers, and a pack of dogs. Glen returns the next day to fire Hi, and reveals that he has inferred Junior's identity because of the newspaper article he read about Junior missing. He threatens to turn Hi in to the police unless Glen and Dot get custody of Junior. Gale and Evelle overhear this conversation and overpower Hi in a wild fight in his home, tying him to a chair and taking Junior for themselves. When Ed comes home, she frees Hi and the two arm themselves and set out together to retrieve the child. Meanwhile, the bounty hunter Leonard Smalls approaches Nathan Arizona Sr. with an offer to find the child for $50,000. Nathan Sr. declines the offer, believing that Smalls himself is the kidnapper. Smalls decides to recover the child anyway to sell on the black market.  Gale and Evelle rob a bank but leave Junior there as they make their getaway. One of the bank's anti-theft dye canisters explodes in their loot sack, blocking the car's windows and incapacitating them. At the bank, Smalls arrives for Junior just ahead of Ed and Hi. Ed grabs the baby and flees; Hi is able to fend Smalls off for a while, but is eventually overwhelmed by Smalls's superior strength, armament and viciousness. As Smalls throws Hi to the ground and prepares to kill him, Hi holds up his hand to reveal that he has pulled the pin from one of the hand grenades on Smalls's vest. Smalls cannot get rid of the grenade in time and is blown to pieces when it explodes and sets off all his weapons. Hi and Ed sneak Junior back into the Arizona home and are confronted by Nathan Sr. After Nathan Sr. learns why they took his son, he sympathizes with their predicament and decides not to turn them in. When Hi and Ed say that they are splitting up, he advises them to sleep on it. Hi and Ed go to sleep in the same bed, and Hi has a dream about Gale and Evelle returning to prison, realizing they "weren't ready yet to come out into the world"; Glen gets his due from a Polish-American police officer whom he has no luck getting to listen to his "wild tales" about Hi and Ed after he "threw in one Polack joke too many"; and Nathan Jr. gets a football for Christmas from "a kindly couple who wish to remain unknown", later becoming a football star. The dream ends with an elderly couple (implied to be Hi and Ed) together enjoying a holiday visit from a large family of children and grandchildren.

Production.

Casting and conception.

The Coen Brothers started working on "Raising Arizona" with the idea to make it as different as possible from their previous film, "Blood Simple", by having it be far more optimistic and upbeat. The starting point of scriptwriting came from the idea of the character of Hi, who has the desire to live a regular life within the boundaries of the law. To create their characters' dialect, Joel and Ethan created a hybrid of local dialect and the assumed reading material of the characters, namely, magazines and the Bible. In contrast to "Blood Simple", the characters in "Raising Arizona" were written to be very sympathetic. The Coens wrote the character Ed for Holly Hunter. The character of Leonard Smalls was created when the Coen Brothers tried to envision an "evil character" not from their imagination, but one that the character would have thought up. His name is widely thought to be a reference to the character of Lennie Small, from John Steinbeck's novella "Of Mice and Men". John Goodman was drawn to characters of "great feeling, [guys] who could explode or start weeping at any moment" and became a frequent collaborator following his performance as Gale Snoats. The script took three and a half months to write.  The film was influenced by the works of director Preston Sturges and writers such as William Faulkner and Flannery O'Connor (who was known for her Southern literature; “She also has a great sense of eccentric character,” Ethan Coen told one interviewer). Joel and Ethan showed the completed script to Circle Films, their American distributor for "Blood Simple". Circle Films agreed to finance the movie. The Coens came to the set with a complete script and storyboard. With a budget of just over five million dollars, Joel Coen noted that "to obtain maximum from that money, the movie has to be meticulously prepared".

Filming.

"Raising Arizona" was shot in ten weeks. Many crew members who had worked with Joel and Ethan on "Blood Simple" returned for "Raising Arizona", including cinematographer Barry Sonnenfeld, co-producer Mark Silverman, production designer Jane Musky, associate producer and assistant director Deborah Reinisch, and film composer Carter Burwell.  The relationship between actor Nicolas Cage and the Coens was respectful, but turbulent. When he arrived on-set, and at various other points during production, Cage offered suggestions to the Coen brothers, which they ignored. Cage said that "Joel and Ethan have a very strong vision and I've learned how difficult it is to accept another artist's vision. They have an autocratic nature." Randall "Tex" Cobb also gave the Coens difficulty on set, with Joel noting that "he's less an actor than a force of nature... I don't know if I'd rush headlong into employing him for a future film."

Release and reception.

"Raising Arizona" was initially released in the US, three dates; A New York City premiere on the 6th March 1987, a limited release on the 13th March 1987 and a Nationwide release on the 17th April 1987. The film was also released in Argentina on the 26th March 1987 before it was screened out of competition at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival.  Despite the cult following of their later films, such as "The Big Lebowski", Ethan Coen described their second feature as "the last movie [we] made that made any significant amount of money".  David Denby of "New York" wrote that the film was a "deranged fable of the New West" which turned "sarcasm into a rude yet affectionate mode of comedy". Richard Corliss of "Time" referred to the film as "exuberantly original". Rita Kempley of "The Washington Post" gave a positive review, stating that it was "the best kidnapping comedy since last summer's "Ruthless People"". On the film review television show "Siskel & Ebert & the Movies", critic Gene Siskel said the film was as "good looking as it is funny" and that "despite some slow patches" he recommended the film, giving it a "thumbs up". Writing for "The New Yorker", Pauline Kael wrote that ""Raising Arizona" is no big deal, but it has a rambunctious charm". As of 2014, the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 91% of 54 critics gave the film a positive review. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.  Negative reviews focused on a "style over substance" view of the film. "Variety" wrote, "While ["Raising Arizona"] is filled with many splendid touches and plenty of yocks, it often doesn't hold together as a coherent story." Writing for "The New York Times", Vincent Canby wrote, "Like "Blood Simple", it's full of technical expertise but has no life of its own... The direction is without decisive style." Julie Salamon of the "Wall Street Journal" wrote that the Coen Brothers "have a lot of imagination and sense of fun—and, most of all, a terrific sense of how to manipulate imagery," but "by the end, the fun feels a little forced." Dave Kehr of the "Chicago Tribune" wrote that "the overlooked form peels away from the slight, frail content, and the film starts to look like an episode of "Hee Haw" directed by an amphetamine-crazed Orson Welles". Roger Ebert wrote a negative review, stating the film "stretches out every moment for more than it's worth, until even the moments of inspiration seem forced. Since the basic idea of the movie is a good one and there are talented people in the cast, what we have here is a film shot down by its own forced and mannered style."  Later writings about the film have been generally positive. Both the British film magazine "Empire" and film database Allmovie gave the film five stars, their highest ratings. Allmovie's Lucia Bozzola wrote, "Complete with carefully modulated over-the-top performances from the entire cast, "Raising Arizona" confirmed the Coens' place among the most distinctive filmmakers to emerge from the 1980s independent cinema", while Caroline Westbrook of "Empire" declared it a "hilarious, madcap comedy from the Coen brothers that demonstrates just why they are the kings of quirk". Bilge Ebiri considers "Raising Arizona" to be "the Coens' masterpiece — their funniest movie, and quite possibly their most poignant as well". The Dutch magazine "Vrij Nederland" placed its bank robbery scene second on their list of "the 5 best bank robberies in film history", behind a bank robbery scene from the 1995 thriller "Heat". Actor Simon Pegg described the film as "a living, breathing Looney Tunes cartoon" during a BFI screening. Pegg's friend and frequent collaborator Edgar Wright has stated that "Raising Arizona" is his favorite film of all time.  The film is recognized by American Film Institute:

Soundtrack.

The score to "Raising Arizona" is written by Carter Burwell, the second of his collaborations with the Coen brothers. The sounds are a mix of organ, massed choir, banjo, whistling, and yodeling.  Themes are borrowed from the "Goofing Off Suite", originally recorded by Pete Seeger in 1955, which includes an excerpt from the Chorale movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 and "Russian Folk Themes and Yodel". Credited musicians for the film include Ben Freed (banjo), Mieczyslaw Litwinski (Jew's harp and guitar), and John R. Crowder (yodeling). Holly Hunter sings a traditional murder ballad, "Down in the Willow Garden", as an incongruous "lullaby" during the film.  Selections from Burwell's score to "Raising Arizona" were released on an album in 1987, along with selections from the Coens' sole previous feature film, "Blood Simple". The tracks from "Raising Arizona" constitute the first ten tracks on a 17-track CD that also features selections from the "Blood Simple" soundtrack.  AllMusic gave the album a rating of (4.5 out of 5).

Raising Arizona is a 1987 American crime comedy film directed by Joel Coen, produced by Ethan Coen, and written by Joel and Ethan. It stars Nicolas Cage as H.I. "Hi" McDunnough, an ex-convict, and Holly Hunter as Edwina "Ed" McDunnough, a former police officer and Hi's wife. Other members of the cast include Trey Wilson, William Forsythe, John Goodman, Frances McDormand, Sam McMurray, and Randall "Tex" Cobb. The Coen brothers set out to work on the film with the intention of making a film as different from their previous film as possible, with a lighter sense of humor and a faster pace. "Raising Arizona" received mixed reviews at the time of its release. Some criticized it as too self-conscious, manneristic, and unclear as to whether it was fantasy or realism. Other critics praised the film for its originality.

Potíže s Arizonou (v anglickém originále "Raising Arizona") je americký hraný film bratří Coenů. Hlavní role patří bývalému trestanci (Nicolas Cage) a jeho manželce, bývalé policistce (Holly Hunter). V dalších rolích se představili například William Forsythe, John Goodman a Frances McDormand. Stejně jako v případě prvního snímku bratří Coenů, "Zbytečná krutost" (1984), se i na tomto coby kameraman podílel Barry Sonnenfeld a hudbu k němu složil Carter Burwell. Natáčení filmu trvalo deset týdnů. Premiéra proběhla v New Yorku dne 6. března 1987, později se snímek dočkal limitovaného vydání 13. března toho roku a celonárodního uvedení se mu dostalo 17. dubna.


Early life and education.

He was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to George Roy and Helen Frances (née Owens) Hill, part of a well-to-do Roman Catholic family with interests in the newspaper business; the family owned the "Minneapolis Tribune". Hill was no relation to George W. Hill, director and cinematographer of numerous silent movies and early sound films in the 1920s and early 1930s. He was educated at The Blake School, one of Minnesota's most prestigious private schools, and at Yale University, class of 1943.  He had a love of flying. After school he liked to visit the airport, and his hobby was to memorize the records of World War I flying aces. He idolized U.S. pilot Speed Holman, who, Hill once explained, "used to make his approach to the spectators at state fairs flying past the grandstand upside down."  Hill obtained his pilot’s licence at the age of sixteen. Airplanes featured prominently in his later films and are frequently crashed as well — in "Slaughterhouse-Five", "The World According to Garp" and especially "The Great Waldo Pepper" which showed the influence on Hill of pilots like Speed Holman.  Hill loved classical music, especially Bach, and as an undergraduate at Yale University studied music under notable composer Paul Hindemith, graduating in 1943. His film "The World of Henry Orient" contains a humorous spoof-like tease of Hindemith during the piano concerto scene of Henry Orient (Peter Sellers). While at Yale, Hill was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, the Scroll & Key Society and of The Spizzwinks(?) and The Whiffenpoofs, America's oldest collegiate, a cappella singing group.

Military service.

During World War II, Hill served in the United States Marine Corps as a transport pilot with VMR-152 in the South Pacific. The outbreak of the Korean War resulted in his recall to active duty service for 18 months as a night fighter pilot, attaining the rank of Major. After the war, he was stationed at the Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point jet flight-training center in North Carolina.

Early Career.

After being discharged, Hill worked as a newspaper reporter in Texas, then took advantage of the GI Bill to do graduate work at Trinity College, Dublin, studying James Joyce's use of music in "Ulysses" and "Finnegans Wake". Some sources say he graduated in 1949 with a bachelor's degree in literature.  Other sources say his thesis was never completed because he became sidetracked by the Irish theater, making his stage debut as a walk-on part in 1947 at the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin, with Cyril Cusack's company in a production of George Bernard Shaw's "The Devil's Disciple". He had a leading role in "Raven of Wicklow" by Bridget G. MacCarthy in the same theater in February 1948.

Actor.

On his return to the U.S., Hill studied theatre at HB Studio in New York City. He acted Off Broadway and toured with Margaret Webster's Shakespeare Repertory Company. He appeared on Broadway in "Richard II", "The Taming of the Shrew", and August Strindberg's "The Creditors" (with Bea Arthur).  In 1952 he featured in a supporting role in the Hollywood movie "Walk East on Beacon", and appeared in episodes of "Lux Video Theatre" including "The Doctor's Wife", "Man at Bay" and "Masquerade". He also acted in episodes of "Kraft Theatre" such as "The Golden Slate". He also acted on radio.  He was recalled to military service for the Korean War.

Television and Theatre Director.

Hill used his Korean War experience as the basis for a TV drama, "My Brother's Keeper", which appeared on Kraft Television Theater, with Hill himself in the cast. During his military service at Cherry Point, he had had to be 'talked down' by a ground controller at Atlanta airport, an incident that led to his writing the screenplay. The episode was performed and transmitted live in 1953.  After his demobilisation, he joined the company as a writer his scripts including "Keep Our Honor Bright".  He directed episodes of "Ponds Theater" ("Time of the Drought"), and "Lux Video Theatre" ("The Creaking Gate", "Not All Your Tears", "The Happy Man".)  Hill returned to Broadway in 1957 as director of the Pulitzer Prize-winning play "Look Homeward, Angel". Starring Jo Van Fleet and Anthony Perkins this ran for 564 performances.  Hill continued to direct television notably episodes of "Kraft Theatre" including "Eleven O'Clock Flight", "The Devil as a Roaring Lion", "Good Old Charlie Faye", "A Night to Remember", the story of the sinking of the Titanic (a two parter, which Hill also wrote), plus for "The Kaiser Aluminum Hour" he did "Man on the White Horse", "Carnival", and "A Real Fine Cutting Edge" with George Peppard. Hill's work on "Night" earned him an Emmy for writing and directing.  He directed some famous episodes of "Playhouse 90" including "The Helen Morgan Story" (1957), "The Last Clear Chance" (1958), "Child of Our Time" (1958), and "Judgment at Nuremberg" (1959).  Hill then focused on theatre, directing the Broadway productions of "The Gang's All Here" (1960) with Melvyn Douglas (132 performances), "Greenwillow" (1960) with Anthony Perkins (97 performances) and "Period of Adjustment" (1961) by Tennessee Williams, which ran for 132 performances. He replaced Elia Kazan for the latter.

Feature Films.

Hill's success as a theatre director led to his first feature as director - the film version of "Period of Adjustment" (1962. Starring Jane Fonda and Jim Hutton it was a box office success.  He was meant to follow with an adaptation of "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich" by William Shirer at MGM for producer John Houseman but it was not made.  He followed this with an adaptation of Lillian Hellman's "Toys in the Attic" (1963) starring Dean Martin.  He then made a movie based on the novel "The World of Henry Orient" (1964). Hill and producer Jerome Hellman bought the rights for their own Pan Arts Company. The movie was a commercial disappointment but was critically acclaimed.  Hill was hired to direct the blockbuster "Hawaii" (1966) after Fred Zinnemann pulled out. Reportedly, when budget estimates reached $14 million, the producers attempted to replace Hill with Arthur Hiller; but abandoned the idea after hundreds of native Polynesians in the cast went on strike, declaring: "We can and will perform only for our friend, Monsieur Hill." The movie was a huge commercial success.  Hill rebuilt his Hollywood reputation with the Julie Andrews musical "Thoroughly Modern Millie" (1967) produced by Ross Hunter. Hill was fired during the editing process because he wanted to make the film shorted while Universal wanted to turn it into a roadshow production. However it was a solid box office hit.  He returned to Broadway to directed "Henry, Sweet Henry" (1967), a musical version of "The World of Henry Orient", but it only lasted 80 shows. He was meant to follow this with a film called "Hamburger Dreams" about a screenwriter in 1930s Hollywood but it was never made. Instead Hill had a huge commercial success with "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" (1969), based on a script by William Goldman and starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford. The film received seven Academy Award nominations, including ones for Best Picture and Director, winning four including one for Best Song, "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head." In 1970 he said a common theme of his film was innocence vs evil.  Hill followed it with "Slaughterhouse-Five" (1972). "Most of the characters in my film are not too bright," he said in a 1972 interview.  He was reunited with Newman and Redford in "The Sting" (1973). "The Sting" won seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. The success of "Butch Cassidy" and "The Sting" meant that, for a time, Hill was the sole director in history to have made two of the top 10 moneymaking films.  Hill disliked tardiness on set. Paul Newman said of his time (as Cassidy) on "Butch Cassidy": "If you weren’t on time, he’d take you up in his airplane. Scare the bejesus out of us."

Later Career.

"The Great Waldo Pepper" (1975) was based on a story by Hill written by William Goldman and starring Robert Redford. However it was a commercial disappointment.  Around this time he said in an interview "Just as I play nothing but Bach for pleasure, so do I read nothing but history for pleasure. I like to be able to sit back and pick out the most fascinating facets of an era. You have a better perspective. In the present, you get too caught up in the heat of the emotions of the moment."  In August 1974 Hill signed an exclusive five-year contract with Universal to make projects following "Pepper". "Why shouldn't we give George that kind of deal?" said studio executive Jennings Lang. "He's the complete filmmaker. He can put a blank piece of paper in the typewriter and make a movie out of it up to and including the music."  He made "Slap Shot" (1977), a popular sports comedy with Paul Newman.  Hill followed it with "A Little Romance" (1979) and "The World According to Garp" (1982) with Robin Williams and Glenn Close.  He directed "The Little Drummer Girl" with Diane Keaton.  His last film was "Funny Farm" (1989) with Chevy Chase. Screenwriter Jeffrey Boam said "George wanted to do a much classier version than I ever imagined it to be. I imagined it to be a little cruder, more low-brow humor, rougher and more like the movies Chevy was doing at the time, but George was a classy guy and he wasn’t going to do that... I think a lot of Chevy’s fans were let down because it wasn’t as raucous and vulgar as they might have expected."  During his later years he taught drama at Yale.

Filmography.

Director Producer  Writer  Actor

Personal life and death.

In the Margaret Webster theatre company, Hill met Louisa Horton, whom he married on April 7, 1951. They later divorced. Hill was survived by Horton, their two sons, including George Roy Hill III and John Hill, two daughters, and 12 grandchildren.  After his second return to civilian life, Hill bought an open-cockpit Waco biplane built in 1930, which he retained until about ten years before his death.  Hill died on December 27, 2002, at his home in New York City from complications of Parkinson's disease, one week after his 81st birthday.

George Roy Hill (December 20, 1921 – December 27, 2002) was an American film director. He is most noted for directing such films as "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" (1969) and "The Sting" (1973), both starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford.

George Roy Hill (20. prosince 1921 - 27. prosince 2002) byl americký režisér. Nejvíce se proslavil snímky s Robertem Redfordem a Paulem Newmanem - "Butch Cassidy a Sundance Kid" (1969) a "Podraz" (1973); za posledního jmenovaného získal Oscara za nejlepší režii. Často spolupracoval se skladatelem Elmerem Bernsteinem.


Career.

Early career.

Landa was born in Murgia (Álava), in the Basque Country in northern Spain. Like many Basque cyclists he began his career at the development team, in 2009, before graduating to the professional team in 2011. After three years with the squad, Landa left the team at the end of the 2013 season – due to its disestablishment – to join. In 2018, as president of the Euskadi Cycling Foundation, a new UCI Continental squad was established, with expectations of returning to the top races.

Astana (2014–2015).

Landa won a stage of the 2014 Giro del Trentino before riding the Giro d'Italia as one of Fabio Aru's mountain domestiques. He helped Aru to finish third overall.

2015 season.

In 2015, Landa attacked from a breakaway on the final climb of the day to win the fifth stage of his home race, the Tour of the Basque Country. Landa rode the Giro d'Italia, again initially as a domestique for Aru. On Stage 8, the second mountain top finish of the race to Campitello Matese, Landa finished second after following an attack by Aru, and then unsuccessfully chasing after leader Beñat Intxausti () in an attempt to win the stage. By doing so Landa rose to fifth place overall, 42 seconds down on leader Alberto Contador (). Landa rose to third overall on Stage 10, when Richie Porte () was given a time penalty for accepting a wheel change from rider Simon Clarke. On Stage 14, a individual time trial, Landa was caught on the road by Contador, losing over three minutes to him, and dropped to seventh overall, 4 minutes 55 seconds back. However, the next day, Landa won the mountainous Stage 15 after attacking Contador on the final climb to Madonna di Campiglio, and proving stronger than Aru, who he finished six seconds ahead of.  Stage 16 was the queen stage of the race with five Italian Alpine peaks, including the Tonale Pass, the Mortirolo Pass and a mountain finish to Aprica. On the first of two climbs to Aprica, Contador suffered a mechanical problem, after which and immediately pressed on the pace at the front, sparking a bit of controversy over respect and fair play. After a long chase Contador eventually caught up with Landa, Aru and Steven Kruijswijk () on the Mortirolo after being 52 seconds down at the start of the climb. Contador then counter-attacked, with Landa proving stronger than Aru, who was unable to follow the move. Landa rode away on the final ascent to Aprica, winning his second stage in a row by 38 seconds over Kruijswijk and Contador. Aru finished 2 minutes and 51 seconds behind, and thus Landa moved ahead of his teammate to second overall. However, on Stage 19 it was Aru who proved the stronger of the two, attacking on the final climb to Breuil-Cervinia and taking 1 minute and 18 seconds on Contador and Landa, who did not respond to his move. On Stage 20, the last mountain stage, Landa attacked on the Colle delle Finestre, taking the Cima Coppi for crossing the highest point of the race in the lead as he crossed the summit with Ilnur Zakarin (), a minute ahead of Aru and a minute and a half ahead of Contador. However, Landa waited for Aru on the descent, and the pair were unable to take sufficient time from Contador on the remainder of the stage, before Aru attacked on the final climb to Sestriere to win the stage. Although Contador lost two and a half minutes, he kept the maglia rosa with a lead of 2' 02" over Aru to win the Giro, with Landa finishing third overall 3 minutes 14 seconds back.  Landa rode the Vuelta a España again in support of Aru, after Astana's other leader Vincenzo Nibali was disqualified on the second stage for holding onto a team car. Landa won the mountainous stage 11 from Andorra la Vella to Cortals d'Encamp from the breakaway, ignoring team orders to drop back and assist Aru. However, Landa did work for Aru during the rest of the race as Aru traded the race lead with Tom Dumoulin (), and played a key role in the decisive move on stage 20 when he and Aru dropped Dumoulin on the penultimate climb before being joined by teammates from the breakaway to ride away from Dumoulin, who lost over three minutes and thus the Vuelta to Aru.

Team Sky (2016–2017).

In September 2015 Landa confirmed that he would join for the 2016 season.

2016 season.

After missing several early season races through illness, Landa made his first appearance for at the Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali, finishing 11th overall. Landa then rode his home race, the Tour of the Basque Country, where he won the second stage to take the race lead. Landa led at the Giro del Trentino in his last warm up race before the Giro d'Italia. He won Stage 2 to take the race lead, and successfully defended it on the following two stages despite attacks from Astana duo Tanel Kangert and Jakob Fuglsang to take overall victory by a single second over Kangert. Landa abandoned the Giro d'Italia part-way through Stage 10 after being hampered by illness overnight and being diagnosed with viral gastroenteritis. This came just a day after he had impressed in the Stage 9 individual time trial, after which he was sitting in 8th place overall. Landa was named in the start list for the Tour de France. He helped Chris Froome win the race for a third time by acting as a mountain domestique.

2017 season.

In January 2017, announced that Landa would share leadership with Geraint Thomas at the Giro d'Italia. However, on stage 9, as the peloton approached the final climb of the day to Blockhaus, Wilco Kelderman of collided with a police motorcycle which had been parked at the side of the road. This caused him to swerve to his right into the Sky riders, who were in a line in the peloton, and resulted in Landa and the majority of his team mates being brought down. Landa was able to remount and continue, but he finished the stage in 165th place, 26 minutes and 56 seconds down on the stage winner, Nairo Quintana. With his hopes of a high overall finish in the race over, Landa rode aggressively in several breakaways in the mountains. He finished third on Stage 14 and won his second Cima Coppi on Stage 16, beating Igor Antón () to the summit of the Stelvio Pass. Landa finished 2nd in the stage after just being outsprinted by Vincenzo Nibali at the finish line in Bormio. Landa also finished 2nd two days later in stage 18 behind Tejay van Garderen (), and he won stage 19 in the summit finish to Piancavallo.  Landa was named in the start list for the Tour de France, initially as a mountain domestique for Chris Froome. On Stage 12 which finished with a short steep climb to Peyragudes, Landa finished fourth, five seconds behind stage winner Romain Bardet whilst Froome came seventh, 22 seconds down on Bardet. On Stage 13, Landa was part of a four man breakaway with Warren Barguil, Quintana and Alberto Contador. Barguil won the stage, with the quartet finishing 1:39 ahead of the other overall contenders. On Stage 15, Froome suffered a broken spoke on the Peyra Taillade climb, but with some assistance from Landa and other teammates, he was able to chase back up to the group before the summit. Landa ultimately placed fourth behind Froome, Rigoberto Urán and Bardet, finishing just 1 second behind Bardet in third.  On 29 July, one week after the end of the Tour de France, Landa placed fifth in a five-rider group sprint in the Clásica de San Sebastián, which was won by teammate Michał Kwiatkowski. The following week, Landa took overall victory at the Vuelta a Burgos, as well as winning two stages and the points and mountains classifications.

Movistar Team (2018–2019).

On 15 August 2017, it was announced that Landa had signed with for a two-year contract, commencing in 2018. Landa took his first victory of 2018 on Stage 4 of Tirreno–Adriatico, after attacking on the mountain top finish at Sarnano Sassotetto.

Bahrain–McLaren.

In August 2019, Landa confirmed that he had signed with the team, later renamed as, for the 2020 season.

Mikel Landa Meana (born 13 December 1989) is a professional Spanish road cyclist, who rides for UCI WorldTeam. His career breakthrough came at the 2015 Giro d'Italia where he won two stages and finished third overall.

Mikel Landa (* 13. prosince 1989) je španělský silniční cyklista. Narodil se ve vesnici Murgia v severošpanělské provincii Álava. Začínal v týmu Orbea Continental a později závodil za Euskaltel–Euskadi (2011–2013), Astana Team (2014–2015), Team Sky (2016–2017) a Movistar Team (od 2018). V roce 2014 se účastnil závodu Giro d'Italia a o rok později opět. Právě v roce 2015 dojel na třetím místě. V roce 2017 skončil čtvrtý a o rok později sedmý na Tour de France.


Early life.

Carlisle was born Gwendolyn Witter in Boston, Massachusetts, to Arthur William and Leona Ella (Wotton) Witter. Born into a religious family, she was educated in a convent in Back Bay, Boston, after her family moved to that neighborhood when she was six months old.  Some time after her father's death, when she was 4, Carlisle and her mother relocated to Los Angeles. Through her uncle Robert Carlisle, who was a film editor and producer, she learned of a casting call at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Hollywood career.

Carlisle's uncle, who lived in California, gave Carlisle the opportunity to appear in the Jackie Coogan silent movie "Long Live the King" in 1923, a performance for which she was uncredited. Carlisle was discovered by studio executive Carl Laemmle Jr. at the age of 14 while she was eating lunch with her mother at the Universal Studios canteen. She was praised for her angelic looks, and Laemmle offered her a screen test. Though she passed the test and started doing extra work at Universal, she was stopped by a welfare officer who noticed that she was underage and had to finish school first.  After completing her education two years later, she headed to MGM. Carlisle, who had lied about her dancing ability, took a one-day basic tap-dancing lesson, won a part along with future star Ann Dvorak, and appeared briefly in one film. Carlisle signed a one-year contract with MGM in 1930, and was used as a back-up dancer. At the start of her movie career, Carlisle had small parts in movies such as "Madam Satan" and "Passion Flower" (both 1930). She also had a role in "Grand Hotel" (1932), as a bride named Mrs. Hoffman. She gained recognition when, in 1932, she was selected as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars (young actresses believed to be on their way to stardom).  Her major acting break came when Paramount Studios "loaned" her out to star in the musical comedy "College Humor" (1933) alongside Bing Crosby. (In the Hollywood "star system", stars could not work for companies other than the one to which they were contracted.) The performance was well regarded by critics, and catapulted Carlisle to leading-actress status. She made two more movies with Crosby, "Double or Nothing" in 1937, and "Doctor Rhythm" (1938). She continued working for different studios, mainly in B-movies as a leading lady. One of Carlisle's few appearances in an A-movie was in "Dance, Girl, Dance" (1940), opposite Lucille Ball and Maureen O'Hara. B  She acted in more than 60 movies in a career that spanned about a dozen years, and retired after co-starring as the doctor's wife in "Dead Men Walk" (1943).

Personal life.

In 1942, Carlisle married British-born actor James Edward Blakeley (1910–2007), who later became an executive producer at 20th Century Fox. She retired from films shortly after. The couple had one son, James, and two grandchildren during their nearly 65-year marriage. In later life, Carlisle was the manager of the Elizabeth Arden Salon in Beverly Hills, California.  A Democrat, she supported Adlai Stevenson during the 1952 presidential election.  After the death of Barbara Kent in 2011, Carlisle became the last surviving WAMPAS Baby Star. She died on August 1, 2018, at the Motion Picture & Television Fund, a retirement community for actors in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles; no cause of death was reported. She was believed to be 104, but never personally confirmed her age or birth date during her life. Carlisle is buried in Westwood Memorial Park in Los Angeles, California.  Her mother's twin sister, Leotta Whytock, was a film editor.

Accolades.

On February 8, 1960, Carlisle received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6679 Hollywood Boulevard.

Mary Carlisle (born Gwendolyn Witter; February 3, 1914 – August 1, 2018) was an American actress, singer, and dancer, she was best known for her roles as a wholesome ingénue in numerous 1930s musical-comedy films.

Mary Carlisle (3. února 1914 – 1. srpna 2018) byla americká herečka. Zpočátku vyrůstala s oběma rodiči v rodném Bostonu. Když jí byly čtyři roky, otec zemřel, a ona se s matkou přestěhovala do Los Angeles. V roce 1923 dostala díky svému strýci možnost zahrát si v němém filmu "Long Live the King" (v titulcích nebyla uvedena). Později hrála v řadě dalších filmů, mezi něž patří například "Girl o' My Dreams" (1934), "Hunted Men" (1938) a "Dead Men Walk" (1943). Právě snímkem "Dead Men Walk" uzavřela svou hereckou kariéru. V roce 1942 se provdala za Jamesa Blakeleyho, s nímž měla jednoho syna. Zůstali spolu až do roku 2007, kdy Blakeley zemřel. V roce 1960 jí byla přidělena hvězda na Hollywoodském chodníku slávy. Zemřela v Los Angeles ve 104 letech.


Early life and education.

Lord Elgin was the son of the 7th Earl of Elgin and 11th Earl of Kincardine and his second wife, Elizabeth Oswald. He shared his birthday, 20 July, with his father. He had seven brothers and sisters and four half-sisters, and one half-brother from his father's first marriage. Lord Elgin's father was reportedly impoverished by the purchase of the Elgin Marbles; he had acquired them at great expense, but sold them to the British government for much less.  James Bruce was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford, graduating with a first in Classics in 1832. While at Oxford, he became friends with William Ewart Gladstone.

Career.

He was elected at the 1841 general election as a Member of Parliament for Southampton, but the election was declared void on petition. He did not stand in the resulting by-election. In November 1841, on the death of his father, he succeeded as 8th Earl of Elgin.

Jamaica.

James Bruce became Governor of Jamaica in 1842, During an administration of four years he succeeded in winning the respect of all. He improved the condition of the native workers, and conciliated the planters by working through them.

Canada.

In 1847 he was appointed Governor General of Canada by the Prime Minister Earl Grey. Under Lord Elgin, the first real attempts began at establishing responsible government in Canada. Lord Elgin became the first Governor General to distance himself from the affairs of the legislature. Since then, the Governor-General has had a largely symbolic role with regards to the political affairs of the country. As Governor-General, he wrestled with the costs of receiving high levels of immigration in the Canadas, a major issue in the constant debate about immigration during the 19th century.  In 1849 the Baldwin-Lafontaine government passed the Rebellion Losses Bill, compensating French Canadians for losses suffered during the Rebellions of 1837. Lord Elgin granted royal assent to the bill despite heated Tory opposition and his own misgivings over how his action would be received in England. The decision sparked the Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal by an English-speaking mob. Elgin was assaulted. Instead of calling in the military, he withdrew his family to their country residence and allowed civil authorities to restore order. The French-speaking minority in the Canadian legislature also unsuccessfully tried to have him removed from his post. However, due to his relations with the United States, his support of the self-government and defence of the colony, and his settlement of the free-trade and fishery questions, he was raised to the British peerage as Baron Elgin in 1849.  Also in 1849, the Stony Monday Riot took place in Bytown on Monday 17 September. Tories and Reformists clashed over the planned visit of Lord Elgin, one man was killed and many sustained injuries. Two days later, the two political factions, armed with cannon, muskets and pistols faced off on the Sappers Bridge. Although the conflict was defused in time by the military, a general support for the Crown's representative, triumphed in Bytown (renamed Ottawa by Queen Victoria in 1854). In 1854, Lord Elgin negotiated the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States in an attempt to stimulate the Canadian economy. Later that year, he granted royal assent to the law that abolished the seigneurial system in Quebec, and then resigned as Governor-General.  Soon after his return to England in 1854, Lord Palmerston offered him a seat in the cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, which he declined.

China and Japan.

In 1857, Lord Elgin was appointed High Commissioner and Plenipotentiary in China and the Far East to assist in the process of opening up China and Japan to Western trade. During the Second Opium War, he led the bombardment of Canton (Guangzhou) and oversaw the end of the war by signing the Treaty of Tientsin (Tianjin) on 26 June 1858. In 1859 Chinese troops continued to attack, and Lord Russell sent out Lord Elgin as ambassador extraordinary to demand an apology for the attack, the execution of the treaty, and an indemnity for the military and naval expenditure. In June 1860, Lord Elgin arrived in China to assist with additional attacks, which were initially led by his brother. On 18 October 1860, not having received the Chinese surrender and wishing to spare the imperial capital of Peking (Beijing), he ordered the complete destruction of the Old Summer Palace (Yuanming Yuan) outside the city in retaliation for the torture and execution of almost twenty European and Indian prisoners, including two British envoys and "The Times" journalist Thomas Bowlby. The Old Summer Palace was a complex of palaces and gardens eight kilometres northwest of the walls of Beijing; it had been built during the 18th and early 19th centuries, and was where the emperors of the Qing dynasty resided and handled government affairs. An alternative account says that Lord Elgin had initially considered the destruction of the Forbidden City. However, fearing that this act might interfere with the signing of the Convention of Peking, which was where it was being negotiated, he opted for the destruction of the Old Summer Palace instead.  The Old Summer Palace was set aflame by 3,500 British troops and burned for three days. Lord Elgin and his troops looted many treasures from the palace and took them to Britain. Attacks on the nearby Summer Palace (Qingyi Yuan) were also made, but the extent of destruction was not as great as to the Old Summer Palace. On 24 October 1860, Lord Elgin signed the Convention of Peking, which stipulated that China was to cede part of Kowloon Peninsula and Hong Kong in perpetuity to Britain. In between Lord Elgin's two trips to China, he had visited Japan. In August 1858, he signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce whose negotiation was much eased by the recent Harris Treaty between Japan and the United States. Lord Elgin was ambivalent about the British policy on forcing opium on the people in the Far East. It was not without internal struggle that he carried out the duty laid on him by Britain. In a letter to his wife, in regard to the bombing of Canton, he wrote, "I never felt so ashamed of myself in my life."

India.

Within a month of Elgin's return to England, Lord Palmerston selected him to be viceroy and governor-general of India. He became viceroy in 1862, the first viceroy directly appointed by the Crown, and as subject to the Secretary of State for India. Elgin tried to hold the Dutch in Sumatra in check, and marched a force to the Peshawar border to enforce earlier treaties.  He was the first to use Peterhoff, Shimla as the official residence of the Viceroy. In 1863, he was travelling from there to Sialkot, an arduous journey at a high elevation which exhausted him. He died in 1863 of a heart attack while crossing a swinging rope and wood bridge over the river Chadly, on the lap between Kullu and Lahul. He was buried in the churchyard of St. John in the Wilderness in Dharamshala.

Marriage and issue.

Elgin's married firstly Elizabeth Mary Cumming-Bruce, the only child of MP Charles Lennox Cumming-Bruce, on 22 April 1841. The wedding was short lived, his wife dying shortly after the birth of a second daughter on 7 June 1843 in Jamaica. They had, along with another daughter:  On 7 November 1846, Elgin married secondly Lady Mary Louisa Lambton, daughter of the 1st Earl of Durham, a prominent author of the "Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839)" (as well as Lieutenant Governor of Lower Canada and Governor General of the Province of Canada), and niece of the Colonial Secretary the 3rd Earl Grey (who was uncle to Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey, later Governor General of Canada). They had, along with another son and a daughter:

Legacy.

In Ontario, the towns of Kincardine, Port Elgin, and Bruce Mines, and Bruce County and Elgin County are named for the 8th Earl. The long Bruce Peninsula into Lake Huron, and the communities of Elgin, New Brunswick and Elgin, Nova Scotia are also named for him. There are numerous Elgin Roads and Elgin Streets in Canada and in India.  The Elgin Bridge in Singapore, and Elgin Street, Carlton, State of Victoria, and Elgin Street, Hong Kong are also named for Bruce, as is the Lord Elgin Hotel in Ottawa. Elgin's legacy in Canada was the subject of a National Film Board of Canada short docudrama, "Lord Elgin: Voice of the People" (1959), directed by Julian Biggs.

James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin and 12th Earl of Kincardine, (20 July 181120 November 1863) was a British colonial administrator and diplomat. He served as Governor of Jamaica (1842–1846), Governor General of the Province of Canada (1847–1854), and Viceroy of India (1862–1863). In 1857, he was appointed High Commissioner and Plenipotentiary in China and the Far East to assist in the process of opening up China and Japan to Western trade. In 1860, during the Second Opium War in China, in retaliation for the torture and execution of almost twenty European and Indian prisoners, he ordered the destruction of the Old Summer Palace in Beijing, an architectural wonder with immeasurable collections of artworks and historic antiques, inflicting invaluable loss of cultural heritage. Subsequently, he compelled the Qing dynasty to sign the Convention of Peking, adding Kowloon Peninsula to the British crown colony of Hong Kong.

James Bruce, 8. hrabě z Elginu ("James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, 12th Earl of Kincardine, 8th Baron Bruce of Whorlton, 1st Baron Elgin") (20. července 1811, Londýn, Anglie – 20. listopadu 1863, Dharamsala, Indie) byl britský diplomat a státník ze staré skotské šlechty. Zastával funkce ve vládě, byl generálním guvernérem v Kanadě a místokrálem v Indii. V době opiových válek významně působil jako diplomat v Číně, zastával také řadu čestných funkcí ve Skotsku.


History.

The department was created on June 16, 1837, with part of Cerro Largo and Maldonado departments. It was first named as Minas. In March 1888, it was asked that the Chamber of Deputies raised the settlement hierarchy of the village of Minas to be a town and to change the department's name to Lavalleja. The first was approved. From then, and until December 26, 1927, when the name was changed to Lavalleja, widespread debates about the matter were held. There was political will to designate a department under the name of the head of the Liberation Crusade, but not at the expense of Minas, even considering creating a new department named Lavalleja, being rejected afterwards.

Geography.

Most of the north border of the department is formed by the Olimar Chico River and Olimar Grande River. Most of the middle and north part of the department is crossed by many streams, flowing from northwest and south directions towards the northeast of the department, all being tributaries of Río Cebollati, which flows to the northeast and discharges into Lake Merín, a natural border with Brazil. These streams, from north to south, are: Arroyo Gutiérrez, Arroyo de los Molles, Arroyo de los Chanchos, Arroyo Polanco, Arroyo Barriga Negra, Arroyo Tapes Grande, Arroyo Marmarajá and finally Arroyo Aiguá, which forms most of the east border of the department. In the south of the department, flowing from east to west is Santa Lucía River with its tributaries, Arroyo del Soldato, Arroyo Campanero Grande and Arroyo Verdún. Another stream in the south is Arroyo Solís Grande, which forms part of the natural border with Canelones Department and flows south discharging into the Río de la Plata near Gregorio Aznárez.  The south part of the Cuchilla Grande hillrange crosses the department from the south to northwest. In the south and near Minas, there are two important tourist attractions, the hills of Cerro Arequita and Cerro Verdún (which is also a pilgrimage sanctuary). A bit further to the north is the hill Cerro Espuelitas.

Population and demographics.

At the 2011 census, Lavalleja Department had a population of 58,815 (28,793 male and 30,022 female) and 27,644 households.  Demographic data for Florida Department in 2010: "2010 Data Source:" According to the 2011 census, Lavalleja department has a rural population of 6,070.

Transportation.

National Route 8 joins the department with Montevideo via Canelones Department, with Minas being to its northeast. Route 8 crosses the department in a northeast direction, joining it with Treinta y Tres, capital of the homonymous department and Melo capital of Cerro Largo Department. Route 14, which crosses the country in a west-to-east direction, passes through the north of the department, joining it with Mercedes, Trinidad and Durazno to the west and the Atlantic coast to the east. Route 14 joins the town José Batlle y Ordóñez with the city José Pedro Varela in the department.  The railroad track Montevideo-Minas is active only for cargo trains of the Línea Minas. Another track, following the path of Route 14 through the department, is active for cargo trains from Montevideo of the Línea Río Branco, which continues into Brazil.

Lavalleja () is a department of Uruguay. Its capital is Minas. It is located in the southeast of the country, bordered to the north by the department of Treinta y Tres to the east with Rocha, to the south with Canelones and Maldonado, and to the west to Florida.

Lavalleja je departement nacházející se v jihovýchodní části Uruguaye. Sousedí pouze s uruguayskými departementy. Na severu s departmentem Treinta y Tres, na severovýchodě s Rocha, na východě až jihovýchodě s Maldonado, na jihozápadě s Canelones a na západní straně s Florida. Hlavním městem departementu je město Minas, které leží v jeho jižní části. V departementu Lavalleja žije podle sčítání lidu z roku 2011 celkem 58 815 lidí, zabírá plochu 10 016 km, což ho řadí mezi územně středně velké departementy, přičemž z hlediska počtu obyvatel patří mezi menší departmenty.


Distribution and ecology.

Peruvian anchoveta are found in the southeastern Pacific Ocean off Peru and Chile, and typically found in huge schools within of the coast. They live for up to 3 years, reaching. They first reproduce at about 1 year age and length, whereas they are harvested as early as 6 months of age and length. Anchoveta were previously thought to eat mostly phytoplankton, small zooplankton, and larvae. However, recent work has shown that anchoveta get most of their energy from larger zooplankton, including macrozooplankton. Krill and large copepods are the most important dietary components.

Fisheries.

The anchoveta has been characterised as "the most heavily exploited fish in world history". The top yield was 13.1 million tonnes in 1971, but has undergone great fluctuations over time. After a period of plenty in the late 1960s, the population was greatly reduced by overfishing and the 1972 El Niño event, when warm water drifted over the cold Humboldt Current and lowered the depth of the thermocline. Nutrient-rich waters then no longer upwelled, and phytoplankton production decreased, leaving the anchoveta with a depleted food source. A drastic reduction was also brought about by another strong El Niño in the early 1980s, but production was back up to 12.5 million tonnes in 1994. Along with the El Niño of 1982–1983, the 1997–1998 El Niño, the strongest on record, caused a loss in population of the anchoveta, negatively impacting fisheries, and therefore, the economy. In 2008–2012, the annual catches varied between 4.2 and 8.3 million tonnes, which is consistently more than for any other fish species harvested in the wild. In October 2015, an El Niño year, of 3.38 million metric tons of anchoveta surveyed by the Peruvian Marine Research Institute, only 2 million metric tons were of reproductive age; 5 million metric tons are needed to open fisheries. The fishing industry claimed populations were more around 6.8 million metric tons of reproductive-age anchoveta, so despite discrepancies, the Peruvian Ministry of Production allowed the opening of anchoveta fisheries the second season, but with a quota: 1.1 million metric tons, about half the quota of the first season of the year.

Uses.

Until about 2005 the anchoveta was almost exclusively used for making fishmeal. Peru produces some of the highest quality fishmeal in the world. Since 2005 anchoveta is increasingly used for direct human consumption, as fresh fish, as canned fish or as salted-matured fillets packed in oil. Peruvian canned anchoveta is sold as Peruvian canned sardines. The new use is sometimes called the second anchoveta boom, the first boom being the discovery and subsequent fishery and fishmeal production in the 1960s/70s. The second boom was kick-started by the Peruvian Fish Technology Institute CIP, assisted by FAO. A large scale promotion campaign including by the then-president of Peru Alan García helped to make the anchoveta known to rich and poor alike. Previously it was not considered as food and hardly known among the population. It is now found in supermarkets and served in restaurants. Still, only 1 percent of anchovy catches are used for direct human consumption and 99 percent continue to be reduced to fishmeal and oil.

Culinary aspects.

Canned anchovy fillets found commonly in the US are intensely salty and are often removed of skin and bones. Often, they are marked as "Product of Morocco," which are salted-matured anchovy fillets. Canned anchovetas sold in Peru and other places are extremely similar to the canned sardines widely available in the US, hence the name "Peruvian sardines". Recently, new ways of preparation for the anchovetas have been developed in Peru, so new products are already in the international market such as anchoveta chicharrones, anchoveta jerky meat, anchoveta paste, and anchoveta steaks.

Fishing rights.

The concept of fishing rights varies from country to country. In some countries, fishing rights are imposed, or a required fishing license, while in others, they are based on the underlying concept of resource rent. In this respect, the definition and calculation of fishing rent enables recognition of the payment that the state should receive for the use of a renewable natural resource: in this case anchoveta. The anchoveta fishery is of particular interest, not only because it ranks among the world's largest, but because in 2008 Peru passed the Maximum Catch Limit per Vessel Law (Ley de Límites Máximos de Captura por Embarcación, LMCE), which entails the assignment of resource usage rights. Economic theory holds that the implementation of the resource rent means that it is the maximum possible compared with the open access status that previously existed. If fishery is of open access, there will be no resource rent due to the presence of a very large number of fishing boats, which leads to the extraction of the resource beyond biologically sustainable levels. Meanwhile, if a fishery falls under a regime of assigned property rights, then the rent generated will be positive and will guarantee a biologically and economically efficient level of extraction. Peruvian fishing regulations stipulate a charge for fishing rights as payment for the use of a resource belonging to the nation. Each boat owner is charged for fishing rights based on a percentage of the price of fishmeal per ton landed. Recently there has been debate as to the relevance of the quantity of fish landed and whether this genuinely reflects the resource rent, given that the implementation of LMCEs have prompted an increase in the value of the anchoveta resource.

The Peruvian anchoveta ("Engraulis ringens") is a species of fish of the anchovy family, Engraulidae, from the Southeast Pacific Ocean. It has yielded greater catches than any other single wild fish species in the world, with annual harvests varying between 4.2 and 8.3 million tonnes in 2008–2012. Almost all of the production is used for the fishmeal industry. The Peruvian anchoveta may be the world's most abundant fish species.

Sardel peruánská ("Engraulis ringens") je bezostná mořská ryba, která žije v Tichém oceánu u pobřeží Peru a severního Chile. Vyskytuje se ve velkých hejnech do hloubky 50 metrů a do vzdálenosti 160 km od pobřeží. Tělo má podlouhlé, zbarvené do modravého nebo zelenkavého odstínu; rok staří jedinci měří 10 cm, maximální délka je 20 cm. Období rozmnožování trvá od července do září. Dožívá se tří až čtyř let. Hlavní potravu tvoří plankton, který sardele filtrují z mořské vody. Rybami se živí kormoráni, pelikáni a další mořští ptáci.


Mission.

The spacecraft tested the approach and automated docking procedures with the International Space Station (ISS), consequent undocking from the ISS, full re-entry, splashdown and recovery steps to provide data requisite to subsequently qualify for flights transporting humans to the ISS. Life support systems were being monitored all throughout the test flight. The same capsule was planned for re-use in an in-flight abort test, but it was destroyed in an accident during a static fire test of its SuperDraco thrusters.  The mission was launched on a SpaceX Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket contracted by NASA's Commercial Crew Program. Initial plans had hoped to see CCDev2 flights as early as 2015. DM-1 was eventually slated for no earlier than December 2016, and then delayed several times throughout 2017. The first exact date was published by NASA in November 2018 to be 17 January 2019, but this got pushed into February 2019. The static fire took place on 24 January 2019 and the launch date was set to 23 February 2019. By the end of January 2019, the launch was delayed to no earlier than 2 March 2019 according to a FCC filing by SpaceX for Dragon 2 capsule telemetry, tracking, and command.  DM-1 passed its Flight Readiness Review and Launch Readiness Review on 22 February 2019 and 27 February 2019 respectively.  The Falcon 9 with DM-1 rolled out to the LC-39A on 28 February 2019 at around 15:00 UTC and went vertical a few hours later. The spacecraft was launched on 2 March 2019 at 07:49:03 UTC and successfully docked to the ISS on 3 March 2019 at 10:51 UTC.  The Dragon 2 capsule successfully undocked from the ISS on 8 March 2019 at 07:32 UTC, performed entry into the Earth's atmosphere and splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean about off Florida's east coast later that day at 13:45:08 UTC. The capsule was recovered using SpaceX's recovery ship "GO Searcher" and was returned to the mainland where it was examined and the data collected by the on board sensors was analyzed.

Payload.

Instead of carrying astronauts to the ISS, this flight had an Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) wearing SpaceX's custom flight suit. The ATD is named Ripley, as a homage to Sigourney Weaver's character in the "Alien" movies franchise. The capsule was weighted similarly to missions with astronauts onboard and carried approximately of supplies and equipment including a "super high tech zero-g indicator" (a plush toy). The "zero-g indicator" was left onboard the ISS after undocking, while Ripley returned safely to Earth on 8 March 2019.

Crew Dragon Demo-1 (officially known as SpaceX Demo-1 and Crew Demo-1) was the first orbital test of the Dragon 2 spacecraft. This first spaceflight was an uncrewed mission that launched on 2 March 2019 at 07:49:03 UTC or 02:49:03 EST, and arrived at the International Space Station on 3 March 2019, a little over 24 hours after the launch. The mission ended following a successful splashdown on 8 March 2019 at 13:45:08 UTC or 08:45:08 EST.

Crew Dragon Demo 1 (alternativně SpX DM-1) je první nepilotovaný testovací let americké soukromé kosmické lodi typu Crew Dragon firmy SpaceX k ISS. Loď byla vynesena raketou Falcon 9 Block 5, konkrétně byl použit první stupeň B1051.1. Start proběhl 2. března 2019 z rampy LC-39A Kennedyho vesmírného střediska. Crew Dragon se po přeletové fázi připojil 3. března v 10:51 UTC k ISS. Dragon misi úspěšně zakončil 8. března 2019, přistáním na hladinu Atlantského oceánu.


Background.

Halifax was the son of Sir Francis Wood, 2nd Baronet of Barnsley, and his wife Anne, daughter of Samuel Buck. He was educated at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford, where he studied classics and mathematics.

Political career.

A Liberal and Member of Parliament from 1826 to 1866, Wood abandoned the seat of Great Grimsby and was returned in 1831 for the pocket borough of Wareham, probably as a paying guest, which arrangement enabled him to remain in London in preparation for the reading of the Reform Bill. He confided his views to his father: the reform is an efficient, substantial, anti-democratic, pro-property measure, but it sweeps away rotten boroughs and of course disgusts their proprietors. The main hope therefore of carrying it, is by the voice of the country, thus operating by deciding all wavering votes... The radicals, for which heaven be praised, support us...He voted meticulously for the bill at every stage, and it received the Royal assent in the following year.  Wood served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in Lord John Russell's government (1846–1852), where he opposed any further help for Ireland during the Great Famine there. In his 1851 budget, Sir Charles liberalized trade, reducing import duties and encouraging consumer goods. Disraeli, a former protectionist, would after Peel's death transform the party into a complex party machine that embraced free trade. In a speech on an interim financial statement on 30 April 1852, Disraeli referred to Wood's influence on economic policy, setting a trend for the way budgets are presented in the Commons. Tariff reduction led to a noticeable increase in consumption: the Conservatives moved from Derby-Bentinck protectionism towards a new politics during 1852. For Wood, a dry old stick, Disraeli was 'petulant and sarcastic', qualities he disliked.  Wood later served as President of the Board of Control under Lord Aberdeen (1852–1855), as First Lord of the Admiralty in Lord Palmerston's first administration (1855–1858), and as Secretary of State for India in Palmerston's second government (1859–1866). He succeeded to his father's baronetcy in 1846, and in 1866 he was elevated to the peerage as Viscount Halifax, of Monk Bretton in the West Riding of the County of York. After the unexpected death of Lord Clarendon necessitated a reshuffle of Gladstone's first cabinet, Halifax was brought in as Lord Privy Seal, serving from 1870 to 1874, his last public office.

Role in the Irish Famine.

The Great Famine in Ireland (1845 to 1851) led to the death of 1 million, and over 1 million emigrating from the country. On 30 June 1846, Peel's Tories were replaced by a Liberal government led by Lord John Russell. The government sought to embed free trade and laissez faire economics. Sir Charles Trevelyan, a senior civil servant at the Treasury, in close cooperation with Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir Charles Wood, sought to oppose intervention in Ireland. Extreme parsimony of the British Government towards Ireland while Wood was in charge of the Treasury greatly enhanced the suffering of those affected by famine. Wood believed in the economic policy of "Laissez-faire" and preferred to leave the Irish to starve rather than 'undermine the market' by allowing in cheap imported grain. Wood also shared Trevelyan's anti-Irish, moralistic views, with Wood believing the famine should eliminate the 'present habits of dependence', and obliging Irish property to support Irish poverty. Wood believed the famine was not accidental, but willed, and would bring along a social revolution: 'A want of food and employment is a calamity sent by Providence', it had 'precipitated things with a wonderful impetus, so as to bring them to an early head'. He hoped the famine would clear small farmers, and lead to a 'better' economic system.

Wood's despatch.

As the President of the Board of Control, Wood took a major step in spreading education in India when in 1854 he sent a despatch to Lord Dalhousie, the then Governor-General of India. It was recommended therein that:  In accordance with Wood's despatch, Education Departments were established in every province and universities were opened at Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras in 1857, in Punjab in 1882, and at Allahbad in 1887.

Family.

Lord Halifax married Lady Mary Grey (3 May 1807 – 6 July 1884), fifth daughter of Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, on 29 July 1829. They had four sons and three daughters:  Lady Halifax died in 1884. Lord Halifax survived her by just over a year and died in August 1885, aged 84. He was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son Charles, who was the father of Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax.

Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax, GCB, PC (20 December 1800 – 8 August 1885), known as Sir Charles Wood, 3rd Bt, between 1846 and 1866, was an Anglo-Indian Whig politician and Member of Parliament of the British Empire. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1846 to 1852.

Charles Wood, 1. vikomt Halifax ("Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax, 3rd Baronet Wood of Barnsley") (20. prosince 1800, Pontefract, Anglie – 8. srpna 1885, Hickleton Hall, Anglie) byl britský liberální státník 19. století. Byl dlouholetým poslancem Dolní sněmovny a jako zeť premiéra hraběte Greye se brzy dostal k vysokým úřadům. Později byl ministrem námořnictva a ministrem pro Indii. V roce 1866 získal titul vikomta a vstoupil do Sněmovny lordů.


Geography.

Aigle lies at an elevation of about south-southeast of Montreux. It is on the east edge of the Rhône valley, at the foot of the Swiss Alps. Aigle has an area,, of. Of this area, or 34.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 37.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 25.6% is settled (buildings or roads), or 2.7% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.6% is unproductive land.  Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 5.2% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 6.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 9.0%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.5% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 3.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 21.5% is used for growing crops and 2.4% is pastures, while 10.2% is used for orchards or vine crops. Of the water in the municipality, 0.6% is in lakes and 2.1% is in rivers and streams.  Aigle includes the villages of Le Cloître, Vers Pousaz, and Fontanney. The surrounding municipalities are Yvorne, Leysin, Ormont-Dessous, and Ollon in the canton of Vaud, and Vouvry and Collombey-Muraz in the canton of Valais.

History.

The municipality was settled very early. Burials and ceramics from the Bronze Age have been discovered. During Roman times, Aigle lay on the road from the Great Saint Bernard pass via "Viviscus" (Vevey) to "Aventicum" (Avenches), the Roman capital. The Romans had a number of names for Aigle: "Ala" ("Wing"), "Alena" ("Little Wing"), "Aquilegia" and "Aquilas" ("Eagles").  The first medieval mention of the municipality occurs in 1150 under the name of "Alium".  A mention in 1153 gives the name as "Aleo". Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV gave the territory of Aigle in 1076 to the house of Savoy. The Abbeys of Great Saint Bernard and Saint-Maurice also had holdings in Aigle, and the latter established a priory, from which the village of Le Cloître takes its name.  In 1231, Aigle was made a market town by Thomas I of Savoy, and in 1314 it was raised to a free town by Amadeus V of Savoy.  It became an important commercial center because of its location on the road to Italy.  It had a common parish with Leysin (until 1702) and with Corbeyrier and Yvorne (until 1831). SInce the 14th century, it had a treaty with Sembrancher in Valais, that committed the two communities for mutual aid in case of war or natural disaster.  In 1475, the mountain regions of Saanen and Pays-d'Enhaut, who were allied with Bern, attacked and burned the tower of Aigle Castle. They then gave Aigle town and the surrounding district, including Ollon, Bex, and Les Ormonts, to Bern in exchange for not having to pay one-third of their income to Bern. In the treaty of Fribourg from 1476, Fribourg received rights over the Aigle district, which they gave up to Bern in 1483. Bern rebuilt Aigle Castle in 1489 and made it the seat of the bailiwick of Aigle. The Aigle bailiwick included all of the present district except Villeneuve. It was thus the first of the French-speaking parts of Switzerland to become subject to Bern.  In 1528, the Reformation was first preached in Aigle by Guillaume Farel.  From 1798 to 1803, Aigle belonged to the canton of Léman in the Helvetic Republic, which was transformed into the canton of Vaud with the mediation of Napoleon.  The Geographical dictionary of 1821 by J. van Wijk Roelandszoon names the village Aelen, comprises 600 houses and 2.500 inhabitants, with a Salt mine that yields 15,000 cents. The district Aelen is long and in width, 7500 total inhabitants.  In the 19th century, the canton of Vaud was an outspoken opponent of an attempt by a number of cantons to secede from Switzerland. This Catholic separatist movement (Sonderbund) led to intervention in 1847 by 99,000 Swiss Federal troops under General Henri Dufour against 79,000 separatists in what is called the Sonderbund war. Separation was prevented at the cost of 86 lives. The 1848 Swiss Federal Constitution was created in response of the Sonderbund war.

The Chablais and the Chablais Alps.

Chablais was a former province of the Duchy of Savoy. Its historic capital was Thonon-les-Bains. The modern Chablais "region" is three territories: the Chablais Savoyard, the Chablais Valaisan, and the Chablais Vaudois. The Chablais Savoyard is within the department of Haute-Savoie in France, the Chablais Valaisan is in the Swiss canton of Valais, and the Chablais Vaudois is in the Swiss canton of Vaud. The Chablais Alps is the mountain range situated between France and Switzerland.

Coat of arms.

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is "Per fess Sable and Or, two displayed eagles 1-1 counterchanged."

Demographics.

Aigle has a population () of., 37.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999-2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 15.4%. It has changed at a rate of 14.7% due to migration and at a rate of 1.5% due to births and deaths.  Most of the population () speaks French (6,362 or 80.0%), with Portuguese being second most common (278 or 3.5%) and Albanian being third (275 or 3.5%). There are 235 people who speak German, 264 people who speak Italian and 5 people who speak Romansh.  Of the population in the municipality 2,236 or about 28.1% were born in Aigle and lived there in 2000. There were 1,782 or 22.4% who were born in the same canton, while 1,188 or 14.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 2,402 or 30.2% were born outside of Switzerland.  In there were 56 live births to Swiss citizens and 41 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 54 deaths of Swiss citizens and 7 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population increased by 34. There were 7 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 93 non-Swiss men and 88 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 124 and the non-Swiss population increased by 118 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.9%.  The age distribution,, in Aigle is; 933 children or 10.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 1,137 teenagers or 13.0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 1,255 people or 14.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 1,068 people or 12.2% are between 30 and 39, 1,307 people or 14.9% are between 40 and 49, and 1,134 people or 13.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 940 people or 10.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 547 people or 6.3% are between 70 and 79,there are 352 people or 4.0% who are 80 and 89, and there are 77 people or 0.9% who are 90 and older. , there were 3,227 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 3,809 married individuals, 502 widows or widowers and 417 individuals who are divorced. , there were 3,342 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 1,158 households that consist of only one person and 251 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 3,400 households that answered this question, 34.1% were households made up of just one person and there were 19 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 869 married couples without children, 1,055 married couples with children. There were 202 single parents with a child or children. There were 39 households that were made up of unrelated people and 58 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.  The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance.

Aigle Castle and Museum "De La Vigne", the Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-Maurice and the De la Dîme House are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire town and castle of Aigle are listed as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 24.34% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (23.39%), the SP (20.74%) and the Green Party (9.87%). In the federal election, a total of 1,794 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 42.0%.

Economy.

, Aigle had an unemployment rate of 8%., there were 257 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 52 businesses involved in this sector. 1,236 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 99 businesses in this sector. 3,191 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 377 businesses in this sector. There were 3,618 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.4% of the workforce. , there were 2,540 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,821 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.4 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 2.8% of the workforce coming into Aigle are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 20.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 50.9% used a private car.  The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) is based in Aigle and many of its defamation lawsuits against critics have been heard in the nearby Est Vaudois district court of Vevey.

Religion.

From the, 2,857 or 35.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 2,853 or 35.9% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 96 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.21% of the population), there were 5 individuals (or about 0.06% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 211 individuals (or about 2.65% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were two individuals who were Jewish, and 720 (or about 9.05% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 18 individuals who were Buddhist, 36 individuals who were Hindu and 27 individuals who belonged to another church. 657 (or about 8.26% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 473 individuals (or about 5.95% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education.

In Aigle about 2,529 (31.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 664 (8.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a "Fachhochschule"). Of the 664 who completed tertiary schooling, 52.6% were Swiss men, 27.0% were Swiss women, 11.0% were non-Swiss men and 9.5% were non-Swiss women.  In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 1,091 students in the Aigle school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the district provided pre-school care for a total of 205 children. There were 96 (46.8%) children who received subsidized pre-school care. There were 568 students in the primary school program, which last four years. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 478 students in those schools. There were also 45 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school. , there were 339 students in Aigle who came from another municipality, while 386 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Twin towns – sister cities.

Aigle is twinned with:

Transportation and the Transports Publics du Chablais.

Aigle is a stop on the Swiss Federal Railway's (SBB CFF FFS) high speed Simplon line between Italy (Domodossola) north to Lausanne and Geneva. At the Aigle SBB CFF FFS station, connections can be made to three narrow gauge railways, the ASD, AL, and AOMC. The Aigle-Sepey-Diablerets railway's (ASD) route goes east and rises from Aigle to the ski resort of Diablerets. The Aigle-Leysin railway's (AL) route goes east and rises from Aigle to the ski resort and grand vista of Leysin. The Aigle-Ollon-Monthey-Champerey railway's (AOMC) route runs west from Aigle across the Rhone and valley, then climbs to the ski resort of Champery. These railways, plus the Bex–Villars–Bretaye railway (BVB) which runs east from Bex, a village just south of Aigle, are operated by Transports Publics du Chablais with the motto: "Depuis plus de cent ans et contre toute attente, des lignes des TPC reunissent plaine et montagne, Vaud et Valais, ville et campagne, terres catholiques et protestantes." Translated roughly: "For over 100 years and contrary to all expectations, the railways of TPC have joined plain and mountain, town and country, of the Vaud and Valais districts of Switzerland, land of both Catholics and Protestants." The TPC "motto" refers to the religious composition and history of the general region known historically as the Chablais which has known turmoil. In 1846–7, the Valais canton tried to secede from Switzerland with the intention of joining a proposed Catholic confederation of cantons called the Sonderbund, but this was put down by Swiss Federal troops. The ASD, the AL, and the BVB railways operate within the canton of Vaud. The AOMC operates in the Vaud and into the Canton of Valais when it crosses the Rhone to reach Monthey and Champery.  New construction rebuilt Aigle's Place de la Gare in partnership with municipal and canton administration and Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS). The project provided new train platforms at the SBB CFF FFS station to accommodate the trains of the AL, ASD and AOMC. Also added was AOMC track alongside SBB CFF FFS track to a new TPC office and workshop at "En Châlex". With approximately 3 million passengers using its facilities each year, Aigle is the second most important station in canton Vaud after Lausanne. (Source: Le Bleu Matin, 8.10.2007). There are plans, awaiting approval, for the extension of the Aigle-Leysin line beyond Leysin deep into the Berneuse whereby passengers will be able to travel, without transfers, to a site that provides magnificent views of the Alps, the Jura, and Lake Geneva. This project is an investment which will benefit the entire region and offer a boost to tourism, the region's No. 1 industry. Landslides have required periodic emergency work to stabilise above and below the trackside adjacent soil and rock, much of which is covered in coniferous forest. This has included the erection of 150 meters of mesh barrier to prevent falling rock reaching the tracks and to offer protection to railway workers.

Climate.

Under the Köppen climate classification, Aigle has an oceanic climate (Köppen:"Cfb"). Aigle has an average of 118 days of precipitation per year and on average receives of precipitation. The wettest month is July during which time Aigle receives an average of of precipitation. During this month there are 10.7 days with precipitation. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 11.8, but with only of precipitation. The driest month of the year is February with an average of of precipitation over 7.8 days.

Aigle (French for "eagle") is a historic town and a municipality and the capital of the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

Aigle je město a obec v kantonu Vaud, v frankofonní části Švýcarska. Město je sídlem stejnojmenného distriktu. V prosinci 2016 žilo v Aigle 9 961 obyvatel.


Synopsis.

In October 1981, Gloria Grahame is playing the role of Amanda in "The Glass Menagerie" in Lancaster and takes ill. She calls upon a former lover, Peter Turner, who reluctantly takes her to his parents’ home in Liverpool to recuperate.  "In media res", in 1979, in the twilight of her once-prolific and Academy Award-winning career, Gloria is playing a role of Sadie in W. Somerset Maugham’s "Rain" in London and asks another tenant at her boarding house—Peter—to practice dancing disco with her. Gloria is flirtatious with Peter, who is also an actor. They see "Alien" together, have a drink together afterward, and strike up a friendship. After an argument, their relationship become intimate, despite their noticeable age difference.  In October 1981, Peter’s parents’ are still expressing support for Peter and Gloria's friendship. Peter and his parents acknowledge that Gloria needs more attentive medical attention for whatever is ailing her. However, Gloria insists that her illness isn't serious.  In 1979, Peter visits Gloria in Los Angeles and their romance continues at Gloria's modest Malibu trailer park home. Gloria's mother, Jeanne, demonstrates support for Peter and Gloria's romance, but Gloria's older sister, Joy, is hostile. Both encourage Peter not to marry Gloria, given Gloria's earlier and scandalous marriage to her former stepson Anthony Ray who was also significantly her junior. Peter and Gloria reveal to each other that they've both experimented with same-sex attraction.  In October 1981, once contacting Gloria's doctor in Lancaster, Peter learns that Gloria's breast cancer has returned after initial remission in 1975. Gloria has refused any further treatment. Peter eventually confronts Gloria with what he knows, but Gloria insists she'll get better. Peter reluctantly shares the prognosis with his family, Gloria's hosts. Peter tells his friend Eileen that he still loves Gloria.  From 1979, Gloria and Peter's romance continues until the spring of 1981, and Peter spends time with Gloria in New York City, including a visit from Eileen. Gloria invites Peter to live with her in America full-time. However, shortly thereafter, Gloria suddenly cools to the relationship without explanation, distancing herself from Peter. Gloria kicks him out of her New York City apartment, and he returns to Liverpool for an acting job in an Alan Bleasdale play.  It is revealed that Gloria's sudden change of heart in New York City was driven by her learning that her cancer had returned. Her earlier refusal of chemotherapy in 1975 has contributed to the cancer's return. Her distance from Peter and keeping of secrets was because of ongoing tests and doctor appointments. She doesn't share this with Peter and instead hopes to drive him away as the cancer is diagnosed as terminal.  In October 1981, Peter struggles with his family on how to approach care of Gloria. As she becomes increasingly weak, Gloria decides to allow Peter to inform her family of her illness. Peter surprises Gloria by taking her to a theatre to read from "Romeo and Juliet". They reconcile. Gloria's oldest son Timothy arrives from the U.S.A. to assist Gloria in returning home. Peter gently packs her belongings as Gloria sleeps. Gloria says goodbye to Peter and his family and departs for the U.S. They share a final kiss.  The film concludes with footage of Gloria winning the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Rosemary Barlow in "The Bad and the Beautiful" at the 25th Academy Awards.

Production.

On 6 May 2016, it was reported that Annette Bening, Jamie Bell, and Julie Walters would star in an adaptation of "Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool" by Peter Turner, a memoir about Turner's relationship with actress Gloria Grahame in the last years of her life. Paul McGuigan would direct from a script written by Matt Greenhalgh, and Barbara Broccoli and Colin Vaines would produce. On 27 June 2016, Vanessa Redgrave joined the cast.  On 27 June 2016, the film began filming in Liverpool and London. It then moved to Pinewood Studios, where it wrapped on 8 August 2016. To fill in for scenes set in New York City and Malibu, California, the crew used rear-screen projections. On 11 November 2017, Elvis Costello released an original song entitled "You Shouldn't Look at Me That Way", composed specifically for the film.  Production company Eon Productions is best known for producing the James Bond film franchise; "Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool" was the first non-Bond film to be released under the Eon banner since the comedy "Call Me Bwana" in 1963.

Release.

In August 2017, Sony Pictures Classics acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film. The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on 1 September 2017. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September 2017.  The film was released in the United Kingdom on 16 November 2017 by Lionsgate and in the United States on 29 December 2017.

Reception.

Box office.

"Film Stars Dont Die in Liverpool" grossed $1 million in North America and $2.9 million in other territories, for a total worldwide of $4 million, against a million budget of $10 million.

Critical response.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 166 reviews, with an average rating of 6.69/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Film Stars Dont Die in Liverpool" showcases brilliant work from Annette Bening, whose performance is more than enough to outweigh this biopic's basic narrative." On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, the film has a normalised score of 65 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool is a 2017 biographical romantic drama film directed by Paul McGuigan and starring Annette Bening and Jamie Bell, with a cast that includes Vanessa Redgrave and Julie Walters. It is based on the memoir of the same name by Peter Turner, which tells of his relationship with Academy Award-winning American actress Gloria Grahame in 1970s Liverpool and, some years later, her death from stomach cancer.

Filmové hvězdy neumírají v Liverpoolu (v anglickém originále Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool) je britsko-americký životopisný romantický a dramatický film z roku 2017. Režie se ujal Paul McGuigan a scénáře Matt Greenhalgh. Hlavní role hrají Annette Bening and Jamie Bell. Vanessa Redgrave, Julie Walters, Kenneth Cranham, Stephen Graham, Frances Barber a Leanne Best. Film měl celosvětovou premiéru na filmovém festivalu v Telluride dne 1. září 2017. Ve Spojeném království měl premiéru dne 16. listopadu, ve Spojených státech dne 29. prosince 2017. V České republice nebyl v kinech promítán.