Name.

The bicycle kick is known in English by three names: bicycle kick, overhead kick, and scissors kick. The term "bicycle kick" describes the action of the legs while the body is in mid-air, resembling the pedalling of a bicycle. The manoeuvre is also called an "overhead kick", which refers to the ball being kicked above the head, or a "scissors kick", reflecting the movement of two scissor blades coming together. Some authors differentiate the "scissors kick" as similar to a bicycle kick, but done sideways or at an angle; other authors consider them to be the same move.  In languages other than English, its name also reflects the action it resembles. Sports journalist Alejandro Cisternas, from Chilean newspaper "El Mercurio", compiled a list of these names. In most cases, they either refer to the kick's scissor-like motion, such as the French "ciseaux retourné" (returned scissor) and the Greek "psalidaki", or to its bicycle-like action, such as the Portuguese "pontapé de bicicleta". In other languages, the nature of the action is described: German "Fallrückzieher" (falling backward kick), Polish "przewrotka" (overturn kick), Dutch "omhaal" (turnaround drag), and Italian "rovesciata" (reversed kick).  Exceptions to these naming patterns are found in languages that designate the move by making reference to a location, such as the Norwegian "brassespark" (Brazilian kick). This exception is most significant in Spanish, where a fierce controversy exists between Chile and Peru—as part of their historic sports rivalry—over the naming of the bicycle kick; Chileans know it as the "chilena", while Peruvians call it the "chalaca". Regardless, the move is also known in Spanish by the less tendentious names of "tijera" and "tijereta"—both a reference to the manoeuvre's scissor-like motion.

Execution.

A bicycle kick's successful performance generally requires great skill and athleticism. To perform a bicycle kick, the ball must be airborne so that the player can hit it while doing a backflip; the ball can either come in the air towards the player, such as from a cross, or the player can flick the ball up into the air. The non-kicking leg should rise first to help propel the body up while the kicking leg makes the jump. While making the leap, the body's back should move rearwards until it is parallel to the ground. As the body reaches peak height, the kicking leg should snap toward the ball as the non-kicking leg is simultaneously brought down to increase the kick's power. Vision should stay focused on the ball until the foot strikes it. The arms should be used for balance and to diminish the impact from the fall.  Bicycle kicks are generally done in two situations, one defensive and the other offensive. A defensive bicycle kick is done when a player facing their side's goal uses the action to clear the ball in the direction opposite their side's goalmouth. Sports historian Richard Witzig considers defensive bicycle kicks a desperate move requiring less aim than its offensive variety. An offensive bicycle kick is used when a player has their back to the opposing goal and is near the goalmouth. According to Witzig, the offensive bicycle kick requires concentration and a good understanding of the ball's location. Bicycle kicks can also be done in the midfield, but this is not recommended because safer and more accurate passes can be done in this zone.  Crosses that precede an offensive bicycle kick are of dubious accuracy—German striker Klaus Fischer reportedly stated that most crosses prior to a bicycle kick are bad. Moreover, performing a bicycle kick is dangerous, even when done correctly, as it may harm a startled participant in the field. For this reason, Peruvian defender César González recommends that the player executing the bicycle kick have enough space to perform it. For the player using the manoeuvre, the greatest danger happens during the drop; a bad fall can injure the head, back, or wrist. Witzig recommends players attempting the move to land on their upper back, using their arms as support, and simultaneously rolling over to a side in order to diminish impact from the drop.  Witzig recommends that footballers attempt executing a bicycle kick with a focused and determined state of mind. The performer needs to maintain good form when executing the move, and must simultaneously exhibit exceptional accuracy and precision when striking the ball. Brazilian forward Pelé, one of the sport's renowned players, also considers the manoeuvre difficult and recalled having scored from it only a few times out of his 1,283 career goals. Due to the action's complexity, a successfully executed bicycle kick is notable and, according to sports journalist Elliott Turner, prone to awe audiences. An inadequately-executed bicycle kick can also expose a player to ridicule.

History.

Football lore has numerous legends relating when and where the bicycle kick was first performed and who created it. According to Brazilian anthropologist Antonio Jorge Soares, the bicycle kick's origin is important only as an example of how folklore is created. Popular opinion continues to debate its exact origin, particularly in the locations where the manoeuvre was allegedly created ("e.g.", Brazil, Chile, and Peru). Nevertheless, the available facts and dates tell a straightforward narrative, indicating that the bicycle kick's invention occurred in South America, during an era of innovation in association football tactics and skills.  British immigrants, attracted by South America's economic prospects, including the export of coffee from Brazil, hide and meat from Argentina, and guano from Peru, introduced football to the region during the 1800s. These immigrant communities founded institutions, such as schools and sporting clubs, where activities mirrored those done in Britain—including the practice of football. Football's practice had previously spread from Britain to continental Europe, principally Belgium, the Netherlands and Scandinavia, but the game had no innovations in these locations. Matters developed differently in South America because, rather than simply imitate the immigrants' style of play—based more on the slower "Scottish passing game" than on the faster and rougher English football style—the South Americans contributed to the sport's growth by emphasizing the players' technical qualities. By adapting the sport to their preferences, South American footballers mastered individual skills like the dribble, bending free kicks, and the bicycle kick.  Bicycle kicks first occurred in the Pacific ports of Chile and Peru, possibly as early as in the late 1800s. While their ships were docked, British mariners played football among themselves and with locals as a form of leisure; the sport's practice was embraced at the ports because its simple rules and equipment made it accessible to the general public. Afro-Peruvian seaport workers may have first performed the bicycle kick during late 19th century matches with British sailors and railroad employees in Peru's chief seaport, where it received the name "tiro de chalaca" (Callao strike). The bicycle kick could also have been first performed in the 1910s by Ramón Unzaga, a Spanish-born Basque athlete who naturalized Chilean, at Chile's seaport of Talcahuano, there receiving the name "chorera" (alluding the local demonym).  Chilean footballers spread the skill beyond west South America in the 1910s and 1920s. In the South American Championship's first editions, Unzaga and fellow Chile defender Francisco Gatica amazed spectators with their bicycle kicks. Chilean forward David Arellano also memorably performed the move and other risky manoeuvres during Colo-Colo's 1927 tour of Spain—his untimely death in that tour from an injury caused by one of his acrobatics is, according to Simpson and Hesse, "a grim warning about the perils of showboating". Impressed by these bicycle kicks, aficionados from Spain and Argentina named it "chilena", a reference to the players' nationality.  Brazilian forward Pelé rekindled the bicycle kick's international acclaim during the second half of the 20th century. His capability to perform bicycle kicks with ease was one of the traits that made him stand out from other players early in his sports career, and it also boosted his self-confidence as a footballer. After Pelé, Argentine midfielder Diego Maradona and Mexican forward Hugo Sánchez became notable performers of the bicycle kick during the last decades of the 20th century. Other notable players to have performed the move during this period include Peruvian winger Juan Carlos Oblitas, who scored a bicycle kick goal in a 1975 Copa América match between Peru and Chile, and Welsh forward Mark Hughes, who scored from a bicycle kick in a World Cup qualification match played between Wales and Spain in 1985.  Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the bicycle kick continues to be a skill that is rarely executed successfully in football matches. In 2016, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) named the bicycle kick as "football's most spectacular sight" and concluded that, despite its debatable origins and technical explanations, bicycle kicks "have punctuated the history of the game".

Iconic status.

The bicycle kick retains much appeal among fans and footballers; Hesse and Simpson highlight the positive impact a successful bicycle kick has on player notability, and the United States Soccer Federation describes it as an iconic embellishment of the sport. According to former Manchester City defender Paul Lake, a notable bicycle kick performed by English left winger Dennis Tueart caused injuries to hundreds of fans who tried to emulate it. In 2012, a fan poll from "The Guardian" awarded English forward Wayne Rooney's 2011 Manchester derby bicycle kick the title of best goal in the Premier League's history. When Italian striker Mario Balotelli, during his youth development years, patterned his skills on those of Brazilian midfielder Ronaldinho and French midfielder Zinedine Zidane, he fixated on the bicycle kick. In 2015 against Liverpool, Juan Mata scored an iconic bicycle kick that secured the win for his team.  Some of the most memorable bicycle kicks have been notably performed in the FIFA World Cup finals. German striker Klaus Fischer scored from a bicycle kick in the Spain 1982 World Cup semi-finals match between West Germany and France, tying the score in overtime—the game then went into a penalty shootout, which the German team won. Hesse and Simpson consider Fischer's action the World Cup's most outstanding bicycle kick. In the Mexico 1986 World Cup, Mexican midfielder Manuel Negrete scored from a bicycle kick during the round of 16 match between Mexico and Bulgaria—although overshadowed by "The Goal of the Century" scored by Maradona in the quarter-finals match between Argentina and England, Negrete's goal earned the "World Cup's greatest goal" title by a FIFA fan poll conducted in 2018. Defender Marcelo Balboa's bicycle kick, in the 1994 FIFA World Cup match between Colombia and the United States, received much praise and is even credited with helping launch Major League Soccer in the United States. In the Korea-Japan 2002 World Cup, Belgian attacking midfielder Marc Wilmots scored what English football writer Brian Glanville describes as a "spectacular bicycle kick" against Japan. Bicycle kicks are also an important part of football culture. According to the United States Soccer Federation, Pelé's bicycle kick in the 1981 film "Escape to Victory" is a textbook execution of the skill and Pelé expressed satisfaction with his attempt to "show off" for the film in his autobiography. A Google Doodle in September 2013, celebrating Leônidas da Silva's 100th birthday, prominently featured a bicycle kick performed by a stick figure representing the popular Brazilian forward. Bicycle kicks have also been featured in advertisements such as a 2014 television commercial where Argentine forward Lionel Messi executes the manoeuvre to promote that year's "FIFA" football simulation video game.  A monument to the bicycle kick executed by Ramón Unzaga was erected in Talcahuano, Chile, in 2014; created by sculptor María Angélica Echavarri, the statue is composed of copper and bronze and measures three meters in diameter. A statue in honor of Manuel Negrete's bicycle kick is planned for the Coyoacán district of Mexico City. The Uruguayan novelist Eduardo Galeano wrote about the bicycle kick in his book "Soccer in Sun and Shadow", praising Unzaga as the inventor. The Peruvian Nobel laureate writer Mario Vargas Llosa has the protagonist in "The Time of the Hero"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Spanish edition declare that the bicycle kick must have been invented in Callao, Peru.  The manoeuvre is also admired in variants of association football, such as beach soccer and futsal. In 2015, Italian beach soccer forward Gabriele Gori reportedly stated about the bicycle kick that "[i]t comes down to an awful lot of training". An action like the bicycle kick is also used in sepak takraw, a sport whose objective is to kick a ball over a net and into the opposing team's side.

In association football, a bicycle kick, also known as an overhead kick or scissors kick, is an acrobatic strike where a player kicks an airborne ball rearward in midair. It is achieved by throwing the body backward up into the air and, before descending to the ground, making a shearing movement with the lower limbs to get the ball-striking leg in front of the other. In most languages, the manoeuvre is named after either the cycling motion or the scissor motion that it resembles. Its complexity, and uncommon performance in competitive football matches, makes it one of association football's most celebrated skills.

Nůžky je označení pro odehrání míče z voleje kopem přes hlavu, které se používá ve fotbalu, nohejbalu, australském fotbalu, plážovém fotbalu a sepak takraw. Provádí se tak, že hráč v postavení zády k soupeřově brance vyskočí a položí se naznak, přičemž letící míč švihem nohy přihraje nebo vystřelí směrem za sebe. Tento zákrok je velmi efektní a vyvolává nadšení diváků, obzvláště pokud z něj padne branka. Bývá však používán spíše jako nouzové řešení (německý reprezentační útočník Klaus Fischer, známý střelec gólů nůžkami, prohlásil: „Upřímně řečeno, každá přihrávka, po které se musí hrát nůžkami, je nepovedená přihrávka.“) kdy může útočící tým využít moment překvapení: vzhledem k pozici zády k brance střelec nemůže míč přesně umístit, na druhou stranu brankář obtížně odhaduje směr střely. Pokud se blízko exekutora nůžek nachází bránící hráč, existuje možnost, že rozhodčí odpíská nebezpečnou hru vysokou nohou.


History.

In 1991, three groups reported discovering CD154. Seth Lederman, Michael Yellin, and Leonard Chess at Columbia University generated a murine monoclonal antibody, 5c8, that inhibited contact-dependent T cell helper function in human cells and which characterized a 32 kDa surface protein transiently expressed on activated CD4+ T cells. Richard Armitage at Immunex cloned a cDNA encoding CD154 by screening an expression library with CD40-Ig. Randolph Noelle at Dartmouth Medical School generated an antibody that bound a 39 kDa protein on murine T cells and inhibited helper function. Noelle contested Lederman's patent, but the challenge (called an interference) was rejected on all counts

Expression.

CD40 ligand is primarily expressed on activated CD4+ T lymphocytes but is also found in a soluble form. While CD40L was originally described on T lymphocytes, its expression has since been found on a wide variety of cells, including platelets, mast cells, macrophages, basophils, NK cells, B lymphocytes, as well as non-haematopoietic cells (smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells).

Specific effects on cells.

CD40L plays a central role in costimulation and regulation of the immune response via T cell priming and activation of CD40-expressing immune cells.

Macrophages.

In the macrophage, the primary signal for activation is IFN-γ from Th1 type CD4 T cells. The secondary signal is CD40L on the T cell, which binds CD40 on the macrophage cell surface. As a result, the macrophage expresses more CD40 and TNF receptors on its surface, which helps increase the level of activation. The activated macrophage can then destroy phagocytosed bacteria and produce more cytokines.

B cells.

B cells can present antigens to a specialized group of helper T cells called T cells. If an activated T cell recognizes the peptide presented by the B cell, the CD40L on the T cell binds to the B cell's CD40, causing B cell activation. The T cell also produces IL-4, which directly influences B cells. As a result of this stimulation, the B cell can undergo rapid cellular division to form a germinal center where antibody isotype switching and affinity maturation occurs, as well as their differentiation to plasma cells and memory B cells. The end-result is a B cell that is able to mass-produce specific antibodies against an antigenic target. Early evidence for these effects were that in CD40 or CD154 deficient mice, there is little class switching or germinal centre formation, and immune responses are severely inhibited.

Endothelial cells.

Activation of endothelial cells by CD40L (e.g. from activated platelets) leads to reactive oxygen species production, as well as chemokine and cytokine production, and expression of adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. This inflammatory reaction in endothelial cells promotes recruitment of leukocytes to lesions and may potentially promote atherogenesis. CD40L has shown to be a potential biomarker for atherosclerotic instability.

Interactions.

CD154 has been shown to interact with RNF128.

CD154, also called CD40 ligand or CD40L, is a protein that is primarily expressed on activated T cells and is a member of the TNF superfamily of molecules. It binds to CD40 (protein) on antigen-presenting cells (APC), which leads to many effects depending on the target cell type. In total CD40L has three binding partners: CD40, α5β1 integrin and αIIbβ3. CD154 acts as a costimulatory molecule and is particularly important on a subset of T cells called T follicular helper cells (T cells). On T cells, CD154 promotes B cell maturation and function by engaging CD40 on the B cell surface and therefore facilitating cell-cell communication. A defect in this gene results in an inability to undergo immunoglobulin class switching and is associated with hyper IgM syndrome. Absence of CD154 also stops the formation of germinal centers and therefore prohibiting antibody affinity maturation, an important process in the adaptive immune system.

CD40 ligand (CD40L, též CD154) je protein přítomný především na aktivovaných T-lymfocytech, ale v menší míře také na téměř všech ostatních bílých krvinkách i buňkách epitelu, endotelu a hladké svaloviny.


History and Architecture.

The Kunsthalle Schirn was designed and built beginning in 1983 by the Architekturbüro BJSS (Dietrich Bangert, Bernd Jansen, Stefan Jan Scholz, and Axel Schultes). The opening took place on February 28, 1986. The Kunsthalle has an overall exhibition space of more than 1,400 square meters.  The Schirn is located in Frankfurt’s historic city center. Faced with light sandstone, it consists of several interlocking structures, each of which features a geometric floor plan. The most prominent structural element is an approximately 140-meter-long and 10-meter-wide 6-story hall, the actual exhibition building, which runs from east to west. Bangert designed the longhouse to resemble the Uffizi building in Florence.  Additional structural elements are arranged somewhat to the west of the middle of this longhouse along an imaginary transverse axis: to the south, facing Saalgasse, a multistory cube with a rectangular floor plan (ca. 18 x 25 m), and adjoining it, parallel to the longhouse, an elongated rectangular expansion. The second most prominent structural element besides the main exhibition building follows on the north side of the main axis: the sky-domed rotunda, approximately twenty meters in diameter, which constitutes the monumental main entrance. It is the Schirn’s highest structure and consists of a single open space, through which one enters the Schirn.  After passing through the rotunda, a chasm cut into the building runs along the old Bendergasse. A further semicircular structural element follows to the north, beyond Bendergasse, which with a somewhat more than twofold radius features the same center of circle as the rotunda. This structure, separated from the main exhibition building by Bendergasse, houses the Schirn Café. A rectangular opening has been incorporated into the east end of this structural element in which an approximately three-story tall, oversized table with no specific purpose once stood at the street level, which was demolished within the scope of the Dom-Römer Project, the reconstruction of Frankfurt’s historic city center, in August 2012.  The Schirn has had a new interior since 2012 that was designed by the Kuehn Malvezzi architectural office. It bathes the foyer in alternating colors of light with the aid of modern RGB lighting technology.  The name “Schirn” derives from the history of its location. The word originally denoted an “open sales booth.” The site on which the Schirn Kunsthalle is currently situated was Frankfurt’s densely populated historic city center until it was destroyed on March 22, 1944. The sales booths of the city’s butchers’ guild stood in the narrow alleys between today’s Schirn and the Main River until the mid-19th century.  Christoph Vitali was the director of the Schirn from 1985 to 1993, and during that same period the chief executive of the Kulturgesellschaft Frankfurt mbH. He established the Schirn as an exhibition venue. His successor was Hellmut Seemann. The Austrian Max Hollein has been directing the Schirn since October 2001. In 2006 he also took over the directorship of the Städel Museum and the Liebieghaus. With exceptional exhibitions, provocative titles, and improved financial resources he has increased the number of visitors to the Schirn threefold.

Exhibitions.

More than 200 exhibitions have been presented at the Schirn since its opening These have included major survey exhibitions on, for example, Viennese Art Nouveau, Expressionism, Dada and Surrealism, on “Esprit Montmartre,” women Expressionists, “German Pop,” on the history of photography, or on subjects such as shopping, art and consumption, visual art of the Stalin era, the Nazarenes, or new Romanticism in contemporary art. Monograph exhibitions have been presented on artists such as Wassily Kandinsky, Alberto Giacometti, Henri Matisse, Julian Schnabel, James Ensor, James Lee Byars, Yves Klein, Peter Doig, Lászlo Moholy-Nagy, Georges Seurat, Jeff Koons, Edvard Munch, Théodore Géricault, and Helene Schjerfbeck. Contemporary artists such as Thomas Hirschhorn, Ayşe Erkmen, Carsten Nicolai, Jan De Cock, Jonathan Meese, John Bock, Michael Sailstorfer, Terence Koh, Aleksandra Mir, Eberhard Havekost, Mike Bouchet, Yoko Ono, or Tobias Rehberger have been presented in solo exhibitions. To date, more than five million people have visited the Schirn.  Some of the exhibitions with the most visitors in the history of the Schirn include "Edvard Munch. The Modern Eye" (2012), "Wassily Kandinsky—The First Soviet Retrospective" (1989), "Esprit Montmartre. Bohemian Life in Paris around 1900" (2014), "Women Impressionists—Berthe Morisot, Mary Cassatt, Eva Gonzalès, Marie Bracquemond" (2008), and "Henri Matisse. Drawing with Scissors" (2003).

The Schirn Kunsthalle is an exhibition hall in Frankfurt, Germany, located in the old city between the Römer and the Frankfurt Cathedral. The Schirn exhibits both modern and contemporary art. It is the main venue for temporary art exhibitions in Frankfurt. Exhibitions in recent years included retrospectives of Wassily Kandinsky, Marc Chagall, Frida Kahlo, Alberto Giacometti, Bill Viola, and Yves Klein. The Kunsthalle opened in 1986 and is financially supported by the city and the state. Historically, the German term "Schirn" denotes an open-air stall for the sale of goods, and such stalls were located here until the 19th century. The area was destroyed in 1944 during the Second World War and was not redeveloped until the building of the Kunsthalle. As an exhibition venue, the Schirn enjoys national and international renown, which it has attained through independent productions, publications, and exhibition collaborations with museums such as the Centre Pompidou, the Tate Gallery, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, the Hermitage Museum, or the Museum of Modern Art.

Schirn Kunsthalle nebo jen krátce Schirn je výstavní síň v centru Frankfurtu nad Mohanem, otevřená roku 1986. Její výstavba probíhala od roku 1983. Nemá žádnou vlastní sbírku, nýbrž pořádá krátkodobé tematické výstavy nebo vystavuje díla jednotlivých umělců.


Early life.

Reginald Lucien Frank Roger Watts was born in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, on March 23, 1972, the only child of French mother Christiane and African-American father Charles Alphonso Watts. His father was an officer in the Air Force, and the family lived in Germany and Spain before relocating to Great Falls, Montana, where Watts was raised and graduated from Great Falls High School in the class of 1990. He also took piano and violin lessons between the ages of five and 16, and has said his love of music started as a young child when he saw Ray Charles playing the piano on television. Watts moved to Seattle, Washington at the age of 18 to study music. He briefly attended the Art Institute of Seattle before studying jazz at Cornish College of the Arts. While in Seattle, he played in a number of Seattle bands of wildly varying genres, including a stint with Wayne Horvitz and the neo-soul band, Maktub.

Career.

Early career (19962009).

In 1996, Watts became the front man for soul, rock, and hip hop group Maktub.  While recording and touring circa 1996–2000 with Wayne Horvitz 4+1 Ensemble as a keyboardist, Watts was forced to downsize his effects pedal from a Roland Space Echo tape delay to a Line 6 DL4 delay modeler, a smaller device that makes it easy to travel. He began using the Line 6 in live shows with Maktub, in order to replicate the duplicate harmonies from the recorded material. Then, he experimented with improvising entire songs in solo acts with the Line 6, while trying to sound like Tom Waits, playing initial gigs at small Seattle venues and artist bungalows. While in Seattle, Watts composed musical scores for Northwest dance choreographers and he dabbled in sketch comedy with future theatrical collaborator Tommy Smith.  In 2004, after recording five albums over eight years, Watts moved to the Lower East Side, New York City. In 2005, he recorded his first solo single, "So Beautiful". Inspired by "The State" and "Wet Hot American Summer", he began infusing spontaneous comedic material with the beat-box-driven musical compositions. He shot comedic web shorts for Superdeluxe, Vimeo and CollegeHumor.  In 2006, Watts started to branch out into performing for television and film, while continuing to pursue live performance and the creation of new performance technologies.  In 2007, Watts appeared on Plum TV's "Scott Bateman Presents Scott Bateman Presents" and starred in the CollegeHumor internet video "What About Blowjobs?" The video became a viral hit. The same year, he also wrote and performed the theme song for "Penelope Princess of Pets", a web comedy series featuring Kristen Schaal and H. Jon Benjamin.  In 2008, Watts recorded a new special entitled "Disinformation", which features his performance at the Under the Radar Festival at the Public Theater. He also appeared in the independent film "Steel of Fire Warriors 2010 A.D." as a Mutantzoid Underling and on an episode of "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon", as well as making other various television appearances.  In 2009, Watts recorded his first solo EP, "Pot Cookies". He also began appearing on the PBS Kids' children's program, "The Electric Company". Watts performed in his first solo short film "Watts Does London" and made a small appearance on Comedy Central's Michael and Michael Have Issues. He then did voice work for an episode of Adult Swim's "The Venture Bros." as "The Delivery Guy", Australia's "Good News Week", and appeared in the US documentary "The Yes Men Fix the World". Watts also toured in direct support of Devo in a fall 2009 tour which featured that band's albums "Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!" and "Freedom of Choice" played in full.

"Why Shit So Crazy?" (20102011).

In 2010, Waverly Films shot a one-hour special on Watts called "Why Shit So Crazy?" The special features Watts in live performance at New York venues Galapagos, The Bellhouse, and (Le) Poisson Rouge, bookended with brief sketches and a music video of Watts' "Fuck Shit Stack". Comedy Central aired "Why Shit So Crazy?" and released the film as a dual DVD/CD package. Afterwards, Watts made various public appearances, including in Conan O'Brien's "The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour".

"A Live in Central Park" (2012).

Watts's second stand-up special, "Reggie Watts: A "Live" in Central Park", premiered on May 12, 2012 on Comedy Central in the "Secret Stash" completely uncensored to positive reviews.  The film was made available as a CD/DVD through Watts' official website as well as Comedy Central's online store.  Soon afterwards, Watts performed a song with LCD Soundsystem on their farewell documentary movie, "Shut Up and Play the Hits".

"Comedy Bang! Bang!" (20122015).

In 2012, Watts began starring opposite Scott Aukerman on the IFC series "Comedy Bang! Bang!", based on the comedy podcast of the same name (formerly "Comedy Death-Ray Radio").  Also in 2012, Watts began collaborating with Michael Cera, Tim & Eric, and Sarah Silverman to create their comedy YouTube channel known as Jash.  In 2013, On The Boards recorded a new Watts special entitled "Transition", which played at various arts festivals including the Under the Radar Festival at The Public Theater; it was winner of the MAP Fund Award and Creative Capital award. It is available on iTunes via TenduTV.  Watts was invited to perform at Yoko Ono's Meltdown 2013 on the South Bank in London where he was supported by Mac Lethal.  In 2014, Watts contributed the outro vocal on "Holy City" and beatbox on "The Classic" from the Joan As Police Woman album "The Classic". He also appeared as the last act in the season 4 premiere of "John Oliver's New York Stand-Up Show" where he told some jokes and performed a song, hugging John Oliver at the end.  In December 2014, following CBS's announcement that Watts would lead "The Late Late Show" band, Aukerman announced that Watts would remain with "Comedy Bang! Bang!" through only the first half of 2015. Watts' final episode of "Comedy Bang! Bang!" was on June 5, 2015.

"The Late Late Show with James Corden" and "Spatial" (2015present).

Watts currently serves as the bandleader and announcer for "The Late Late Show with James Corden". He has described his role on the show as "... a mix of Paul Shaffer and Andy Richter." His band on the show was unofficially named "Karen", but in response to Karen being used as a pejorative, the band was renamed "Melissa". Watts has a slot on the show to ask a guest a question about anything (called Reggie's Question on show clips). The questions are a continuation of his time on "Comedy Bang! Bang!", and follow his preference for surreal comedy in his stand-up act.  On December 6, 2016, Watts' Netflix special "Spatial" was released.

Performance style.

Watts's solo shows are completely improvised and consist of him singing and rapping both with words and with sound poetry, accompanying himself by either beatboxing, performing vocal basslines into a loop machine, or simply by playing the keyboard. His act also showcases his trademark style of standup comedy, consisting of him rapidly alternating between topics of discussion in both rational and nonsensical manners, making random sounds and noises, and speaking in other accents, languages, and gibberish at unexpected times, all with the intent of playfully and comically disorienting his audiences. He has a four and a half octave vocal range, and adopts a wide variety of voices and accents.

Personal life.

Watts is writer Alice Walker's cousin.

Awards and honors.

Watts is the winner of the 2005 Malcolm Hardee "Oy Oy" Award, the 2006 "Andy Kaufman Comedy Award", and the 2006 Seattle Mayor's Arts Award. He was also awarded the 2008 MAP Fund and the 2009 Creative Capitol Grant for the performing arts, and won the 2009 ECNY Award for Best Musical Comedy Act.

References.

Notes

Reginald Lucien Frank Roger Watts (born March 23, 1972) is an American comedian, actor, beatboxer and musician. His improvised musical sets are created using only his voice, a keyboard, and a looping machine. Watts refers to himself as a "disinformationist" who aims to disorient his audience, often in a comedic fashion. He appeared on the IFC series "Comedy Bang! Bang!" and currently leads the house band for "The Late Late Show with James Corden".

Reggie Watts (* 23. března 1972) je americký hudebník. Narodil se ve Stuttgartu francouzské matce a afroamerickému otci. Otec pracoval pro Letectvo Spojených států amerických a s rodinou mimo Německa žil také ve Španělsku. Později se rodina přestěhovala do Great Falls v Montaně, kde Wattsdokončil středoškolské vzdělání. Hudbě se věnoval již od dětství a po dokončení střední školy odjel hudbu studovat do Seattlu. V roce 1996 založil skupinu Maktub a později spolupracoval s mnoha dalšími hudebníky.


Career.

Holmes' first musical foray was with his wife Katherine in the folk pop parody duo, Allen & Grier. Following military service, he resumed his music career. Among the highlights: Holmes put lyrics to Bob Gaudio's music on The Four Seasons' 1969 "Genuine Imitation Life Gazette" album, after which the pair went on to compose Frank Sinatra's 1970 "Watertown" album. Coming during a relative low point in Sinatra's career, "Watertown" was his least successful album, but the song "I Would Be in Love (Anyway)" reached No. 4 on the "Billboard" Adult Contemporary chart. The song "What's Now is Now" reached No. 31 on that chart and was later included in "Frank Sinatra's Greatest Hits Volume 2". Sinatra's recording of the Gaudio-Holmes composition "Lady Day" was left off the "Watertown" album, but was released as a single, and Don Costa later rearranged "Lady Day" for inclusion in Sinatra's "Sinatra & Company" album. In 1985, Nina Simone recorded a cover version of "For a While", from the "Watertown" album, for her "Nina's Back" album. That same year, she recorded a live version of "For a While" for her "Live And Kickin"' album.  On his own, Holmes recorded during the 1960s two well-regarded albums for EMI's Tower Records label: "A Letter to Katherine December", and ""The Above Ground Sound" of Jake Holmes", which contained the aforementioned "Dazed and Confused" and "Genuine Imitation Life". The Four Seasons' Bob Gaudio heard Holmes sing "Genuine Imitation Life" at The Bitter End in New York's City's Greenwich Village, which led to their collaborations on The Four Seasons and Sinatra albums.  Between those projects, Holmes, who had landed a recording contract with Polydor, went to Nashville to record an album called "Jake Holmes". That was followed by the most successful solo album of his career, "So Close, So Very Far to Go". Released by Polydor in 1970, it reached No. 135 on the "Billboard" album chart, and the single "So Close" rose to No. 49 on "Billboard"'s Hot 100. (In the edition of December 19, 1970 of "American Top 40", Casey Kasem erroneously played "So Close" at No. 39.) In 1970, Lena Horne sang Holmes' "It's Always Somewhere Else" on a TV special made with Harry Belafonte, and released on the album "Harry & Lena". Belafonte commenced recording Holmes' songs on "The Warm Touch" (1971), followed by "Play Me" (the song "So Close", 1973), and "Loving You Is Where I Belong" (1981), culminating in a whole album, 1988's "Paradise in Gazankulu". These were followed by the live recordings "Belafonte '89" and "An Evening with Harry Belafonte and Friends" (1997). In 1977, "So Close" became the title song of an album by Helen Schneider, a popular New York nightclub singer.  Holmes' modest success with Polydor led to a contract with Columbia Records and the album "How Much Time". It was as accomplished as all his work, but yielded no hits in a pop era that was about to be swamped by disco music.  Later in the 1970s, with his music career stalling, Holmes moved into writing advertising jingles for HEA Productions, which provided music for advertising agencies. His first jingle for HEA was for an anti-drug campaign, "What Do You Do When the Music Stops". Besides the US Army slogan and Dr Pepper jingle, he is also the composer of the "Aren't You Hungry for Burger King Now?" campaign (1981), "Come see the softer side of Sears", and many other commercials, earning him the nickname "Jingle Jake". His voice can also be heard on commercials for Philip Morris, General Motors, Union Carbide, Gillette, DeBeers, Winn-Dixie, and British Petroleum. In the 1990s, Holmes set up a production company for jingles and music, called Three Tree Productions. This was eventually acquired by Frank Gari's Gari Media Group. Gari, best known for television news music and image packages, continues to produce TV commercial jingles, including "Vista Blues" for Apple Inc.'s Get a Mac campaign.  Even as his jingle career flourished, Holmes never gave up songwriting. He co-wrote every song on Harry Belafonte's 1988 album "Paradise in Gazankulu", including the song "Kwela (Listen To The Man)", after which Belafonte's subsequent concert video was named. As the new century dawned, Holmes released a new solo album called "Dangerous Times", and jumped into the political fray with anti-George W. Bush songs such as "Mission Accomplished" and "I Hear Texas".

Dazed and Confused.

Holmes is known for writing "Dazed and Confused," which appeared on his debut album ""The Above Ground Sound" of Jake Holmes". It was later adapted without attribution and popularized by Jimmy Page of The Yardbirds and Led Zeppelin. A Yardbirds live recording from French TV series "Bouton Rouge" (recorded on March 9, 1968) was released on "Cumular Limit" in 2000, credited as "Dazed and Confused" by Jake Holmes arr. Yardbirds. Another live performance (recorded March 30, 1968, New York City) is included on the album "" under the alternate title "I'm Confused". It is the only track that has no songwriter credits on the release.  As of 2016 it is now widely recognized that Holmes is the author of the song. Page, while on tour with the Yardbirds in 1967, saw Holmes perform the song in Greenwich Village. Within months, he had adapted the song for that group, and later, for Led Zeppelin. Page claimed sole songwriting credit for the song when it appeared on Led Zeppelin's debut album. Holmes later sent Page a letter about the songwriting credits but received no reply.  In June 2010, Holmes filed a lawsuit against Jimmy Page for copyright infringement in United States District Court, claiming Page knowingly copied his work.  November 2012's release of "Celebration Day" (The Led Zeppelin Reunion Show at the O2) credits "Dazed and Confused" as written by Jimmy Page (inspired by Jake Holmes).  On the CD and vinyl re-releases of the debut album in June 2014, the songwriting credits on the CD or vinyl state "Dazed and Confused"; Page – inspired by Jake Holmes. There are no songwriting credits on the vinyl sleeve or CD jewel case.

Jake Holmes (born December 28, 1939) is an American singer-songwriter and jingle writer who began a recording career in the 1960s.

Jake Holmes (* 28. prosince 1939) je americký zpěvák a kytarista. Na počátku šedesátých let působil se svou manželkou Katherine Holmes v komediálním duu Allen & Grier. Později napsal texty k písním skladatele Boba Gaudia. Jsou autory všech písní na desce "Watertown" zpěváka Franka Sinatry. V roce 1967 vydal své první sólové album "The Above Ground Sound of Jake Holmes". Obsahuje mimo jiné píseň „Dazed and Confused“, kterou později v upravené verzi nahrála skupina led Zeppelin, aniž by Holmese uvedla jako autora. Ten skupinu v roce 2010 zažaloval.


Biography.

Kurdi is believed to have been born about 2012 in Kobanî, Syria. A Syrian journalist stated that the family name was Shenu; "Kurdi" was used in Turkey because of their ethnic background. After moving between various cities in northern Syria to escape the civil war and ISIL, his family settled in Turkey. The family returned to Kobanî at the beginning of 2015, but returned to Turkey in June 2015 when ISIL attacked Kobanî again. During this time, Kurdi's father arranged for an illegal passage to Kos.  Kurdi's family members were hoping to join their relatives in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, after his aunt Tima Kurdi filed for refugee sponsorship, but this was rejected by the Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada after the family members were denied an exit visa by Turkish authorities. According to the department an application by Alan's uncle, Mohammad, was rejected as it was incomplete, and no application was ever received from Abdullah Kurdi, Alan's father. Abdullah Kurdi said that the Canadian government denied his application for asylum and that they were responsible for the tragedy.  Canadian New Democratic Party (NDP) MP Fin Donnelly told the media that he had hand-delivered their file to Citizenship and Immigration Minister Chris Alexander earlier in the year, but the application was rejected in June 2015 because it was incomplete. The Kurdi family tried to obtain entry to Canada under a private sponsorship program whereby groups of five people may also sponsor an individual or family. They are required to demonstrate that they can provide roughly 27,000 Canadian dollars to support a family of four refugees. According to Alexandra Kotyk, project manager of "Lifeline Syria", a refugee settlement group in Toronto, the program requires that people seeking to come to Canada from Turkey first be declared refugees by the Turkish government. She said that was often a difficult or impossible condition to fulfill.

Fatal accident and body recovery.

In the early hours of 2 September 2015, Kurdi and his family boarded a small plastic or rubber inflatable boat, which capsized about five minutes after leaving Bodrum in Turkey. Sixteen people were in the boat, which was designed for a maximum of eight people. They were trying to reach the Greek island of Kos, about 30 minutes () from Bodrum. Kurdi's father said: "We had no life vests", but also said they were wearing life jackets, but they "were all fake". Others have stated that they believed that they were wearing lifejackets but the items were ineffective.  It was later stated on Syrian radio that the Kurdi family paid $5,860 for their four spaces on the boat, which had twelve passengers on it despite being only about five metres long. Alan Kurdi's mother joined in the trip even though she had a fear of being on the open sea. Tima Kurdi, Alan Kurdi's aunt, advised her sister not to go. The individuals on the boat evaded the Turkish Coastguard by setting out from an isolated beach late at night.  Around 5 am authorities started an investigation after an emergency call that a boat had capsized and bodies were coming ashore. The bodies of Kurdi and another child were discovered by two locals at around 6:30 am. The two men moved the bodies from the water, where Kurdi was later photographed by a Turkish press photographer.  On 3 September 2015, Kurdi along with brother Galib and mother Rehana were taken to Kobanî for burials, which took place the next day. It is Islamic tradition to bury the dead within 24 hours if possible. The Siege of Kobanî ended in March 2015 and Islamic State attacks on what was left of the city stopped completely in August 2015.

Arrests of alleged perpetrators.

Turkish authorities later arrested four individuals in connection with the illegal journey, although they appeared to be low-level intermediaries.  Alan Kurdi's father, Abdullah Kurdi, has stated in some of his interviews that the inflatable boat became uncontrollable as its engine had failed, with the 'captain' abandoning it and everyone else. Some Turkish sources claimed that in his first interview with the Doğan News Agency, he gives a different account of the event; he also states that following two unsuccessful attempts to cross into the Greek island Kos, his family provided its own boat with its own means. However, Abdullah never confirmed the Doğan News Agency interview.  An Iraqi survivor from the same boat, Zainab Abbas, who also lost two children from the disaster, told reporters that Abdullah had been presented to her as the "captain", that he was driving the overcrowded boat too fast, causing it to flip over, and that he pleaded with her while they were still both in the water not to report him to anyone in authority. Abbas said her family escaped out of Baghdad from ISIS and she was angry because all the media attention was on Aylan Kurdi and Abdullah Kurdi and not on her family. She later returned to Baghdad and said her dead children's bodies had not been correctly prepared for burial and called on Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott to grant her family asylum so they could escape Islamic State. The Reuters agency reported that interviews with two other passengers in the boat, Iraqis Ahmed Hadi Jawwad (Zainab Abbas's husband), and 22-year-old Amir Haider, corroborated Abbas's account.  Abdullah denied the accusation, stating: "If I was a people smuggler, why would I put my family in the same boat as the other people? I paid the same amount to the people smugglers." and "I lost my family, I lost my life, I lost everything, so let them say whatever they want." According to Turkish authorities, investigations into the smuggling operations in Turkey showed that refugees were often tasked with helping smugglers sign up passengers for smuggling trips. It was also not uncommon for one of the passengers to be given the responsibility of driving the boat. No smuggler, with family in Turkey and a steady income from the lucrative smuggling trade, would want to end up illegally in Europe and risk not being able to return home, where he would be likely to face arrest anyway. The President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan offered Alan's father Abdullah citizenship of Turkey.

Reactions.

Reactions to the photos.

The photograph of Kurdi's body caused a dramatic upturn in international concern over the refugee crisis. French President François Hollande phoned Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and some European leaders after the images of Kurdi emerged in the media. He said that the picture must be a reminder of the world's responsibility regarding refugees. British Prime Minister David Cameron said he felt deeply moved by images of Kurdi. Irish Prime Minister Enda Kenny commented on the photographs of Kurdi and described the refugee crisis as a "human catastrophe" and found the pictures "absolutely shocking".  The picture has been credited with causing a surge in donations to charities helping migrants and refugees, with one charity, the Migrant Offshore Aid Station, recording a 15-fold increase in donations within 24 hours of its publication.  An article in "The Guardian", on 22 December 2015, outlined a collection of what it described as "outrageous claims" against Abdullah Kurdi. It was said that he was an opportunist who used his status as a Syrian refugee for personal gain. Another source said that Abdullah was profiting from the tragedy, including selling his dead son's clothes to a museum in Paris. Australian politician Cory Bernardi claimed that "The father sent them on that boat so he could get dental treatment". Some anti-immigration politicians claimed that the image of Alan on the beach had been faked.

Debate on the public responses to the pictures.

Brendan O'Neill wrote in "The Spectator" on 3 September 2015 that: "The global spreading of this snapshot... is justified as a way of raising awareness about the migrant crisis. Please. It's more like a snuff photo for progressives, dead-child porn, designed not to start a serious debate about migration in the 21st century but to elicit a self-satisfied feeling of sadness among Western observers."  In contrast, Nick Logan of Global News argued on 4 September 2015: "Photojournalists sometimes capture images so powerful the public and policymakers can't ignore what the pictures show." He compared the images of Kurdi's body to the pictures taken during the "Bloody Sunday" event in which civil rights activists during the Civil Rights Movement were beaten by Alabama state troopers, and he said that widespread viewership of those images helped peaceful demonstrators in the passage of measures such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Impact on the 2015 Canadian federal election.

The death of Kurdi and reports that his family had been trying to ultimately reach Canada had an immediate impact on domestic Canadian politics. Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party Stephen Harper cancelled a photo opportunity and addressed the issue in a campaign event, saying, "Yesterday, Laureen and I saw on the Internet, the picture of this young boy, Alan, dead on the beach. Look, I think, our reaction to that, you know the first thing that crossed our mind was remembering our son Ben at that age, running around like that". Minister of National Defence and Multiculturalism Jason Kenney cancelled an important announcement on Conservative efforts to protect the integrity of Canada's immigration system and the security of Canada. Canadian Citizenship and Immigration Minister Chris Alexander announced he would be temporarily suspending his campaigning in the 2015 Canadian federal election to return to Ottawa to resume his ministerial duties and investigate the case of Alan Kurdi, whose uncle's application for refugee status had been rejected by his ministry.  Leader of the Opposition and NDP leader Thomas Mulcair said that "Chris Alexander has a lot to answer for, but that's not where we are right now. We're worried about how we got here, how the collective international response has been so defective, how Canada has failed so completely." NDP MP Fin Donnelly was accused of using the tragic event as a means to garner votes, because he initially told reporters that he had personally handed a letter to Immigration Minister Chris Alexander urging the minister to look at the refugee application of Alan Kurdi's family, but that Canadian immigration authorities denied the family's application. However, later the aunt of Alan Kurdi revealed that the application was made only for Kurdi's uncle and was rejected because it was not complete. Meanwhile, the Citizenship and Immigration Canada office clarified that they had not received the proper documentation to certify refugee status for the uncle's family. Mulcair later defended Donnelly, saying that no apology was warranted because the letter had mentioned both families, and stated that he "couldn't be prouder to have someone of the strength, integrity and hard work as Fin Donnelly" in caucus.  Liberal leader Justin Trudeau said that "you don't get to suddenly discover compassion in the middle of an election campaign" and that "All different stripes of governments in Canada have stepped up in times of crisis to accept people fleeing for their lives", he said. "Canadians get it. This is about doing the right thing, about living up to the values that we cherish as a country." Trudeau also reiterated the Liberal promise made several months before the election to bring in 25,000 Syrian refugees. Green Party leader Elizabeth May criticized Stephen Harper's response to the crisis, noting the difficulty of sponsoring a refugee in Canada. On the Green Party website, May accused the government of lacking credibility on the issue, "having failed to honour previous [refugee] announcements".

Reactions in the arts.

A week following his death, around 30 Moroccans recreated the discovery of Kurdi's body in tribute in the Moroccan capital. In January 2016 the Chinese artist Ai Weiwei posed like Kurdi by imitating his dead body as shown in the media pictures. The picture was published first in the Indian magazine India Today together with an interview of Ai Weiwei, and was also shown at the India Art Fair.  In February 2016, Missy Higgins released a song titled "Oh Canada", dedicated to Alan Kurdi.  In March 2016 a huge mural of Kurdi's dead body appeared on a wall next to the European Central Bank headquarters in Frankfurt.  In September 2018, hip hop artist Lupe Fiasco released a song titled "Alan Forever" on his album Drogas Wave. The song presents an alternate reality where Alan survived.

Other uses.

In April 2017 Mint of Finland revealed a commemorative coin celebrating the centenary of Finnish independence, using a picture of Alan Kurdi's body on the obverse side of the coin. This picture is accompanied with the text "Global Justice" (Globaali oikeudenmukaisuus). The death of Alan Kurdi is contrasted with a Finnish public library on the reverse side of the coin.  In February 2019 the rescue ship'of the German sea rescue organization was renamed to '. Following a similar conflict in early July 2019 with the German Sea-Watch organization rescue ship "Sea-Watch 3" under the command of Carola Rackete, Italian authorities also denied the "Alan Kurdi" access to the harbour of Lampedusa on 6 July 2019. After international intervention, the refugees eventually entered Malta on 7 July 2019.

Legacy.

Prayer events and moments of silence were held by various organisations including those held by NGOs. President of Defend International "called on the international community to share equitably the responsibility for protecting, assisting and hosting refugees in accordance with principles of international solidarity and human rights". A host of a daily radio program wished that "Alan Kurdi's death would inspire us to create a world without borders", while a commentary published at Spiegel Online suggested that Berlin needs to "reform or abolish its refugee policy". Artists and poets from all over the world shared tributes to Alan Kurdi.  Over three months later, on Christmas Eve 2015, 3 News New Zealand said "Pictures of his lifeless body on a beach came to symbolise the wider tragedy. Can there have been a more moving, a more powerful image than the photograph of the tiny lifeless body of Aylan Kurdi being carried from the sea?"  On 2 January 2016 a feature article on the BBC News website opened with the words: "It was one of those moments when the whole world seems to care." It went on to quote Alan Kurdi's aunt Tima Kurdi:  On 8 September 2015, the publication "Bild" removed all pictures, including those of Kurdi, from its print edition and website in response to complaints about its decision to publish images of Kurdi. The newspaper stated about "the power of pictures": "Only when one does not see them, one understands the magic which pictures create".  The ISIL terrorist group incorporated Kurdi's death into their propaganda campaigns, using an image of Kurdi's corpse while claiming that God will punish those that dare to emigrate from nations with ISIL influences. The group also asserted that those who leave are likely to become apostates who will have their souls enter hell upon death.  Channel 4 television in the UK present an annual Christmas message as an alternative to the Christmas Message of Queen Elizabeth II. In 2015, their speaker was Abdullah Kurdi, who said:  If a person shuts a door in someone's face, this is very difficult. When a door is opened they no longer feel humiliated. At this time of year I would like to ask you all to think about the pain of fathers, mothers and children who are seeking peace and security. We ask just for a little bit of sympathy from you. Hopefully next year the war will end in Syria and peace will reign all over the world.

Alan Kurdi (born as Aylan Shenu), initially reported as Aylan Kurdi, was a three-year-old Syrian boy of Kurdish ethnic background whose image made global headlines after he drowned on 2 September 2015 in the Mediterranean Sea. He and his family were Syrian refugees trying to reach Europe amid the European refugee crisis (see timeline). Photographs of his body were taken by Turkish journalist Nilüfer Demir and quickly spread around the world, prompting international responses. Because Kurdi's family had reportedly been trying to reach Canada, his death and the wider refugee crisis immediately became an issue in the 2015 Canadian federal election.

Alan Kurdí byl tříletý syrský chlapec kurdského etnického původu, který se stal mediálně známým po svém utonutí ve Středozemním moři a stal se symbolem tzv. evropské migrační krize v roce 2015. Posmrtná fotografie těla batolete byla pořízena novinářkou Nilüfer Demiremovou a rychle se rozšířila do světových médií, což vyvolalo vlnu emocí a reakcí. Při útěku utonula i jeho matka a starší bratr.


Archaeology.

In October 1902, the groundskeeper of John Gray Hill's estate on Mount Scopus discovered a burial cave complex in a field just north of his winter home.  As Gray Hill was abroad at the time, the groundskeeper reported the discovery to the British Consul, John Dickson, whose daughter Gladys Dickson, an amateur archaeologist, inspected the cave and its contents. They found seven ossuaries– six ordinary ones and one with a bilingual Hebrew/Greek inscription. The ossuaries were removed from the cave by the groundskeeper, and Dickson was unable to ascertain their original position within. Three days later, R. A. Stewart Macalister, excavating at Tel Gezer at the time, was forced back to Jerusalem by a cholera outbreak and was able to inspect and authenticate the newly discovered cave and inscription, a photograph of which was presented to Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau.  The following year saw two articles published in the "Palestine Exploration Quarterly"– Clermont-Ganneau's article on this and other inscriptions, and Gladys Dickson's detailed report on the tomb complex illustrated with plans by Macalister. Gray Hill gave the ossuary to the Palestine Exploration Fund, which transferred it to the British Museum.  There are two burial caves that can be accessed from a hewn rectangular courtyard. The architectural plan of the cave, the artistic style, and finds within it, allow the cave to be dated to the middle of first century CE. Byzantine pottery found at the bottom of the shafts in the yard and two crosses engraved on the wall of the main room, show that use of the cave continued until the Byzantine period.  The burial cave containing Nicanor's ossuary is typical of the Second Temple period. It contains four burial halls, each with a number of burial niches. In the passages between the halls, rock depressions indicate that the entrances were decorated with stone slabs, a phenomenon unique to this cave. The second cave, consisting of a single burial hall opens to the right, on the eastern side of the courtyard. Nicanor's ossuary is engraved with geometric patterns, with rough red-painted decoration on the lid. The inscriptions appear at one end.

Later use.

In 1934, the remains of Leon Pinsker from Odessa were reburied in the Nicanor cave at the initiative of Menachem Ussishkin, who envisaged a national pantheon on Mt. Scopus. However, the only other person buried there was Ussishkin himself, who died in 1941. A national leaders plot was established on Mount Herzl after the founding of the state in 1948, in part because Mount Scopus became an enclave in Jordanian-ruled territory.

The Cave of Nicanor (; ) is an ancient burial cave located on Mount Scopus in Jerusalem, Israel. Among the ossuaries discovered in the cave is one with an inscription referring to "Nicanor the door maker". The cave is located in the National Botanic Garden of Israel on the grounds of the Mount Scopus campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Nikanorova hrobka je starověká pohřební jeskyně nacházející se na hoře Skopus v Jeruzalémě. V jeskyni byla při vykopávkách objevena kostnice s nápisem "Nicanor tvůrce dveří". Jeskyně se nachází v izraelské Národní botanické zahradě v areálu vrchu Scopus v kampusu Hebrejské univerzity v Jeruzalémě.


Description.

The Pereh is based on the hull of the Magach 5 tank and features an enlarged turret containing 12 Spike missiles in a pop-up missile launcher at the rear disguised as a turret bustle. The launcher is reloaded via a hatch at the rear with the launcher in the lowered position. Known as the Tamuz in Israeli service, the Spike-NLOS missile is capable of being used in both fire and forget and man-in-the-loop modes, either in the direct or indirect fire roles, and is able to destroy targets out to 25 km (16 mi). The front is fitted with a fake cannon to disguise it as a standard tank, but when deployed it can be identified by a curved antenna mounted at the rear on the roof of the turret, which is erected in the firing position. Other additional features include add-on frontal armor and storage boxes on the turret sides.

Development.

The Pereh was developed in the 1980s in tandem with the Spike-NLOS (called the Tamuz in service) missile, but was not revealed to the public until 2011. The concept of the Tamuz and the Pereh was conceived during the Yom Kippur War, where Israel seemed to be in danger of being overrun by Egyptian armor. The eventual nature of the weapon system and the operational doctrine of its deployment were furthered by Israeli experience against Syrian T-72 tanks during the First Lebanon War.

Operational history.

The Pereh had participated in all Israeli Defense Force operations of the last 25 years including the 2006 Lebanon War and Gaza War. Although pictures of the Pereh have been taken over the years, with some appearing in public briefly, Israeli censors have been diligent in suppressing such appearances. Pictures of the Pereh first released during Operation Protective Edge in July 2014, was the first occasion on which the censors allowed such pictures to pass without suppression, though no statement was made as to what the pictures were of.  The Pereh was retired from service in 2017, although it is unclear whether the Israeli Defense Force intends to abandon the concept, or if they plan using a more modern tank chassis in an updated version.

The Pereh (: Onager) is an Israeli guided missile carrier, disguised as a tank. Serving the Israel Defense Forces in the role of precision artillery since the mid 1980s,> the existence and nature of the vehicle was kept classified until declassification in June 2015.

Pereh (česky "divoch") je izraelský nosič protizemních řízených střel (raketový tank) používaný od 80. let 20. století izraelskou armádou. Vozidlo vzniklo konverzí izraelského tanku Magach 5, přičemž díky instalaci makety tankového kanónu si zachovává vzhled tanku. Existence vozidla Pereh byla odtajněna až v červnu 2015.


Early life.

Sarah J. Maas was born on March 5, 1986 in New York City, New York.

Education.

In 2008, Maas graduated Magna Cum Laude from Hamilton College in Clinton, Oneida County, New York, where she majored in creative writing and minored in religious studies.

Personal life.

Maas is married and lives in Pennsylvania. Her son, Taran, was born in June 2018.

Career.

Maas began writing what would become her debut novel, "Throne of Glass", when she was sixteen years old. After writing several chapters of the novel (then titled "Queen of Glass"), she posted them on FictionPress.com, where it was one of the most popular stories on the site. It was later removed from the site when she decided to try to publish the novel. The story line of the series is based on Cinderella, with the premise of "What if Cinderella was not a servant, but an assassin? And what if she didn't attend the ball to meet the prince, but to kill him, instead?"  In 2008, Maas started sending the story to agents before signing with Tamar Rydzinski of The Laura Dial Literary Agency in 2009. "Throne of Glass" was purchased in March 2010 by Bloomsbury, who later purchased two additional books in the series. The series is available in 15 countries and 35 languages. Several prequel novellas set two years before the first novel have also been published. Maas is set to write seven books in the series. The second book of the series, "Crown of Midnight", was named a New York Times young adult best-seller. In September 2015 it was announced that the Mark Gordon Company had acquired television rights for "Throne of Glass". The final book in the series, "Kingdom of Ash", was released on October 23, 2018.  "A Court of Thorns and Roses", Maas' second series, is a loose retelling of the traditional "Beauty and the Beast". The first book of the trilogy was written in 2009 but wasn't published until 2015. The series is on its way to becoming a movie.  On May 16, 2018, Maas announced her third series overall and first adult fantasy series, "Crescent City", the first book of which is titled "House of Earth and Blood" and was released by Bloomsbury on March 3, 2020.

Sarah J. Maas (born 5 March 1986) is an American fantasy author, best known for her debut series "Throne of Glass", first published in 2012 by Bloomsbury and "A Court of Thorns and Roses" series, first published in 2015 also by Bloomsbury.

Sarah J. Maas, rodným jménem Sarah Janet Maas (* 5. března 1986 New York) je americká spisovatelka fantasy literatury pro mládež. Je známá pro svou prvotní knihu s názvem "Skleněný trůn", která vyšla v originále v roce 2012.


Design and development.

Unlike many early flying machines, the Éole did not attempt to fly by flapping its wings, but relied on the lift generated by its wings in forward motion. With wings resembling mechanical copies of bat wings, its steam engine was an unusually light-weight design driving a propeller at the front of the aircraft, but lacking any means for the pilot to control the direction of flight.  According to late 1907 claims made by Clément Ader, on 8 October 1890, the machine achieved a short flight of around 50 m (164 ft) at the Chateau d'Armainvilliers in Brie. It reached a height of around 20 cm (8 in). The poor power-to-weight ratio of the steam engine and bad weather were felt to limit the flying height achieved. Ader later claimed to have flown the Éole again in September 1891, this time to a distance of 100 m (328 ft), but this claim is less substantiated.  Some consider the "Éole" to have been the first true aeroplane, given that it left the ground under its own power and carried a person through the air for a short distance, and that the event of 8 October 1890 was the first successful flight. However, the lack of directional control, and the fact that steam-powered aircraft proved to be a dead end, both weigh against these claims. Ader's proponents have claimed that the Wrights' early airplanes required a catapult to take off; however, the Wrights did not use a catapult for their first flights in 1903, though they did for many flights in 1904 and later.  Modern attempts to recreate and evaluate the craft have met with mixed results. A full-size replica built in 1990 at the "École Centrale Paris" crashed on its first flight, injuring its pilot and leading to the termination of the experiment. Scale models, however, have been successfully flown.

The Ader Éole, also called Avion, was an early steam-powered aircraft developed by Clément Ader in the 1890s and named after the Greco-Roman wind god Aeolus.

Éole (nazývaný také Avion) byl letoun poháněný parním strojem, vytvořený Clémentem Aderem ve Francii v 90. letech 19. století. Pojmenován byl podle řeckého boha větru Aiola.


Early life.

Marie Louise was born in Rome in 1870 as "Maria Luisa Pia Teresa Anna Ferdinanda Francesca Antonietta Margherita Giuseppina Carolina Bianca Lucia Apollonia di Borbone-Parma", the eldest daughter of Robert I, Duke of Parma and his first wife, Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. The couple produced eleven more children before Maria Pia died in childbirth in 1882. Several of these twelve were born with severe mental retardation. Later, Duke Roberto remarried Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal and had twelve more children. Marie Louise, who was twelve at the time of her mother's death, was brought up in Biarritz and Switzerland under the care of English governesses. Fluent in five languages, she liked painting and music. Her talents playing the guitar and the piano were judged to be well above the average. She was also well read and knew a lot of Dante and Leopardi by heart.

Marriage.

In 1892, her father arranged her marriage to the then reigning Prince of Bulgaria, Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The negotiations were conducted between Duke Robert and Ferdinand's mother, Princess Clémentine of Orléans. The engagement was celebrated at the Castle of Schwartzau, the residence of the Bourbon-Parma family in Austria. Marie-Louise and Ferdinand had never met prior to that day. Princess Clémentine, who was present on that occasion, described her future daughter-in-law in a letter to Queen Victoria as "Unhappily not very pretty, it is the only thing which is lacking, since she is charming, good, very witty, intelligent and very likable". The wedding took place on 20 April 1893 at the Villa Pianore in Lucca, Italy, the residence of Duke Roberto in Italy. Marie Louise was twenty three, nine years younger than Ferdinand. The couple wasted no time producing an heir, with son Boris born nine months and ten days later.

Princess of Bulgaria.

Marie Louise was not loved by her husband. However, he made sure that in order to secure his lineage on the Bulgarian throne, she would bear him children. Under pressure from his subjects and looking to be recognized as Bulgaria's sovereign by the Russian emperor, Ferdinand wanted to have their eldest son, Boris, converted to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church in the summer of 1895. Marie Louise, pregnant, argued bitterly against her husband's actions, with the support of her father and her mother-in-law.  The second child received baptism with Roman Catholic rites. However, unable to avoid Boris's conversion, Marie Louise, who had threatened to leave the country, left Sofia that same day for Beaulieu. In May 1896 Marie Louise returned to Bulgaria. In the summer, she went to London with her husband for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, giving birth the following January to Princess Eudoxia. In July 1898 with her husband and their four-year-old, Boris, they visited St Petersburg at the invitation of Nicholas II of Russia, and Marie Louise made a success of the visit.

Death.

Disillusionment in her private life and bearing four children in five years affected her frail health. Suffering from pneumonia, Marie Louise died in Sofia, twenty four hours after giving birth to her fourth child. Aged just 29, she was buried in the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St Louis of France in Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma (Marie Louise Pia Theresa Anna Ferdinanda Francisca Antonia Margaret Josepha Carolina Blanche Lucia Apollonia; 17 January 1870 – 31 January 1899) was the eldest daughter of Robert I, the last reigning Duke of Parma. She became Princess-consort of Bulgaria upon her marriage to Ferdinand of Bulgaria, the then prince-regnant (who became Tsar after her death). She was the mother of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria.

Marie Luisa Bourbonská (, * 17. ledna 1870 v Římě – 31. ledna 1899 v Sofii) byla princezna parmská a kněžna bulharská.


Location.

Cociuba Mare is situated in the southern part of the county Bihor. It is 600 km from Bucharest and 50 km from Oradea. It is bordered to the north-west by the commune Tinca, to the north-east by Holod, to the east by Căpâlna, to the south-east by Șoimi and to the south by Olcea.

Geographical features.

Cociuba Mare is located in "Câmpia de Vest" which translates to the Western Plain. The total area spans 74,380km. The vast majority of the landscape is formed by "Câmpul Crișul Negru" (the Plains of the Black River) to the north and the houses of the villagers to the south. On the territory there is 1272 hectares of forest, mostly oak and sky with an average age of 45-50 years. 991 ha of forest land is owned by Cociuba Mare.

Climate.

Cociuba Mare has a moderate continental climate. Its average annual temperature is 10.5 degrees Celsius. The highest monthly average temperature is recorded in July as having been 21.2 degrees Celsius while the lowest monthly average temperature has been recorded as -15 degrees Celsius in January.  In winter there is generally frost along with defrosting. Spring is relatively short and high temperatures can occur suddenly in March. The weather is variable in April while in May the summer temperatures begin to appear. The hottest months are July and August. Autumns are generally long and sunny, lasting until November. The wettest months are May, June and November, with the vast majority of precipitation being rain.

Cociuba Mare () is a commune in Bihor County, Crișana, Romania with a population of 2,798 people. It is composed of four villages: Cărăsău ("Karaszó"), Cheșa ("Kisháza"), Cociuba Mare and Petid ("Petegd").

Cociuba Mare je rumunská obec v župě Bihor. V roce 2011 zde žilo 2 798 obyvatel. Kromě Cociuby Mare k obci administrativně náleží další tři okolní vesnice.


History.

In 2005, Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles announced their intent to build a robust pickup and off-road family of vehicles.  In 2007, automotive website "WorldCarFans.com" published the first photos captured by RoAnSa Carspy Photography of the development mule of the Robust Pick-Up concept vehicle wearing Toyota Hilux sheetmetal on a Volkswagen-developed chassis.  In March 2008, automotive spy photographer Hans Lehmann captured the first image of the Robust Pick-Up wearing a production body which was designed by Walter de Silva.  In September 2008, Volkswagen released the Robust Pick-Up concept in a search and rescue (SAR) vehicle color scheme; the design was said to be 95% a production version.  The Amarok, the first pickup from Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, was presented to the general public in General Pacheco, Argentina, on 7 January 2010.  Following the launch in Argentina, the Amarok was a key support vehicle in the 2010 Dakar Rally, with 45 having been used.  In November 2010, the Amarok was awarded 4 stars from Euro NCAP under the 2010/2011 standard crash testing procedure. In February 2011, it received 5 stars from the Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP).

Naming.

The name 'Amarok' was developed and researched by branding agency Interbrand on request from Volkswagen.  Revealed to the public on 4 June 2009, "Amarok" means "wolf" in Inuit languages, and Interbrand also claims it is associated with "he loves stones" in Romance languages. It also resembles "tomorrow" in Irish. It is also the title of a 1990 record album by musician Mike Oldfield, a 2000 album of the German black metal solo project Nargaroth, and the name of an open-source music player.  Volkswagen's association with 'Wolf' is referenced on many of its vehicles. Up until the 1980s, the 'Wolfsburg Crest', in various guises, was displayed on VW products, the most famous being the Type 1. Until 1964, the Wolfsburg crest badge was placed on the bonnet. The crest also appeared on the steering wheel hubs on many models. The Lupo (Italian for Wolf) was named in honour of Wolfsburg, the home of Volkswagen.

Engines.

The Amarok is powered by a range of turbocharged direct injection (TDI) common rail diesel engines, and fuel stratified injection (FSI) petrol engine.  As of 2010, the engine range consists of two 2.0L turbocharged direct injection (TDI) common rail diesel engines which is taken from the Volkswagen Transporter (T5), it has been tuned for more torque but less power; the entry-level version produces which develops a maximum torque of from 2,000 rpm. The top-of-the-line bi-turbo version produces which develops a maximum torque of from 1500 rpm −2500 rpm. Fuel consumption in a combined cycle format is as low as on the rear-wheel-drive variant to on the 4Motion version, which theoretically gives the Amarok a range before filling up for fuel.  As of the 2012 Model Year, Volkswagen has introduced two more engine configurations, 2.0L TDI 90 kW motor upgraded to 103 kW of power and a 2.0L Bi-TDI which has an optional 8-speed ZF engineered automatic transmission.  On 22 September 2014, Volkswagen launched a limited edition Amarok Dark Label model. The Dark Label model is fitted with the 2.0-litre BiTDI engine, generating up to of torque and offering a maximum towing capacity of up to.  For the 2017 model year, Volkswagen announced a facelifted Amarok range. The key feature of the facelift is a new engine that replaces the earlier models' 2.0L TDI engine. In place of the previous four-cylinder engine, the Amarok is now fitted with a version of VW's 3.0L TDI V6. It will be available in three states of tune (,, and ), with the most powerful version boasting a torque output of and a 0–62 mph (100 km/h) time of 8 seconds. In the UK the lowest power output was dropped in favour of the 201 and 254 BHP models, the latter has an overboost to 268 and can hit 62 from a standstill in 7.4 seconds.  The new V6 TDI offers up to 23% more power and 28% more torque while delivering lower emissions and decreased fuel consumption compared to the previous 2.0 BiTDI engine that was previously the most powerful option. Deliveries of the new Amarok V6 TDI were scheduled to commence in the 3rd quarter of 2016. In late 2018 a more powerful version of the 3.0 V6 TDI was produced (190/200 kW & 580nM) to compete with the new Mercedes Benz X Class V6 TDI.

Driveline.

The Amarok has three drive concepts: rear wheel drive, Shiftable 4Motion and Permanent 4Motion. The Shiftable all wheel drive system can shift drive between the axles whereas the Permanent full-time all wheel drive system distributes power through a Torque Sensing (Torsen) differential with a 40:60 ratio between the front and rear axles.

Production sites and figures.

The Amarok is currently being produced in the Volkswagen Group plant in General Pacheco, Argentina; for South American, Mexican, Oceanian, South African, Russian, and European markets.  It is expected to produce 90,000 Amaroks annually once production is at full capacity.  The Hanover site was originally dropped from possible sites to produce the Amarok due to the Global Financial Crisis and increasing economic costs in Europe in 2009.  In September 2010 it was decided by the Volkswagen Group Board of Management that 40,000 Amarok pickups will also be built in Hanover, Germany for the European and small volume markets from the middle of 2012.  The 100,000 Amarok was produced on 8 October 2011.  Production Figures:

Availability.

Currently the Amarok is available in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, Paraguay, Mexico, Mongolia, New Zealand, South Africa, and throughout Europe and South America. VW met with Canadian and American dealerships in 2012 to talk about introducing the pickup to those markets. At least for the U.S., this would likely necessitate moving production or building a plant somewhere in North America, to avoid the Chicken tax, which was enacted in part to target sales of the Volkswagen Type 2 panel van and pickup. On 1 January 2018, Volkswagen registered the Amarok name in the United States, signaling its intention to bring the pickup to America in the near future.

Model lines.

Three equipment lines will be offered on the Amarok; base version, Trendline and Highline.

Base version.

The base version comes equipped with 16-inch steel wheels, height-adjustable front seats, variable folding rear bench seats, locking glove box, cargo platform lighting, antenna integrated within wing mirrors, manual window regulators, manual door locking and manual wing mirror adjustment. The front bumper, wing mirrors and door handles come in black.

Trendline.

The Trendline grade has over the base version electrically operated door locking, electric windows and wing mirror adjustment as well as a radio with a CD player, climate control (Climatic), multi-functional display, cruise control, front fog lights, 17-inch aluminium wheels. Also painted in the body colour are the front bumper, door handles and wing mirrors.

Highline.

The Highline grade has over the Trendline part chrome mirror housings, chrome strips on radiator grille and around the fog lights, chrome rear bumper bar 18-inch aluminium wheels, automatic climate control (Climatronic), leatherette/leather fabric on the interior.

Platform variants.

The Amarok was launched in a Double Cab variant with the Single Cab first launching in late 2011 in South Africa and Europe

Other variants.

Offers an extended bed with of space and a slightly longer wheelbase.  In 2006 the Australian publication "Transport Today" reported that Phil Clark, Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Director in Australia, was trying to persuade Volkswagen's head office to add a chassis cab programme to Project RPU.  Cab Chassis variants of both the Single Cab and Double Cab will launch with the 2012 Model Year range.  The official vehicle of the 2014 Winter Olympics, the Amarok Sochi Special Edition was available only in Russia. It adds extra exterior chrome trim, a navigation system and an updated interior.  The Polar Expedition variant was designed to promote the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympic Games in the remote areas of Russia. Three of these trucks were built to carry nine people east by road from Moscow to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on the Kamchatka peninsula. The team of 9 earned the Guinness World Record for the longest off-road journey through one country. The team took 66 days to reach Kamchatka from Moscow by driving over the glacier-covered Sredinny Range and were the first people to do so. The specially built Amaroks received a couple of upgrades to take on the cold and road less wilderness. The team replaced the front and rear suspension with long-travel, heavy-duty shocks and massive tires with deeper ridges for extra traction in deep snow and ice. The body was unmodified except for cutting out the fenders to fit the wheels and tires. The 2.0L turbo diesel engine remained mostly unmodified because the goal was reliability. For added safety, the interior was fitted with a roll cage and navigation equipment to make sure the team didn't get lost.  Rumoured platform spin-offs include a five to seven seat SUV to compete with Nissan Xterra and Toyota Hilux SW4 to be built in Brazil for the South American and European markets.  The Dutch Ministry of Defence has announced plans to phase out other vehicles, including the Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen, in favour of the Amarok to move to a single type of truck for peacetime operations. The stated aims for this plan are to purchase 1,667 new vehicles for the Army, the Navy, the Air Force, and the Marechaussee.

Search and Rescue Pickup concept.

Volkswagen revealed their one tonne pickup study at the 2008 IAA Commercial Vehicle Show in September; the SAR Pickup measures in length and in width, and the long cargo bed can carry a Euro sized broad pallet sideways.  SAR Pickup concept also was equipped for Lifeguards with: four mobile CB radios, flashlights, first aid kit with a defibrillator, binoculars, two safety helmets, removable neoprene seats for hard wearing, and a blue light roof module with integrated searchlight.  Possible production features that were on the concept: radio navigation system controlled by a multifunction touch screen, differential locks, cable winch and the rear logo opens the tailgate.  2008 SAR Concept Pickup at the 2009 Melbourne International Motor Show:

The Volkswagen Amarok is a pickup truck produced by Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles since 2010. It is a traditional body-on-frame truck with double-wishbone suspension at the front and leaf springs at the rear. The Amarok range consists of single cab and double cab, combined with either rear-wheel drive or 4motion four-wheel-drive, and is powered by turbocharged gasoline or turbocharged direct injection (TDI) diesel engines. Volkswagen considers the Toyota Hilux, Nissan Navara, Mitsubishi L200, Ford Ranger, Isuzu D-Max and Chevrolet/Holden Colorado/S-10 to be Amarok competitors.

Volkswagen Amarok je pick-up, který od roku 2009 vyrábí Volkswagen Nutzfahrzeuge (VWN). Modelová linie Amarok sestává z kabiny single cab nebo double cab, v kombinaci se zadním náhonem nebo pohonem všech kol 4motion, přičemž ho pohánějí naftové motory Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI). Amarok je považován za konkurenta pick-upů Toyota Hilux, Nissan Navara či Mitsubishi L200.


History.

The town's English name derives from "Arnkell's Lág" (Arnkell was a Viking leader; a "lág" (low) was an area of land). Its Irish name, "Inbhear Mór" or "An tInbhear Mór", means "the large estuary". It is also known in Irish as "Inbhear Dé", from the River Avonmore's older name, "Abhainn Dé". Historically it was a major seafaring town, with both the shipping and fishing industries using the port, with shipbuilding also being a major industry.  After the arrival of the Anglo-Normans, their leader Theobald Walter, ancestor of the Earls of Ormonde, was granted the town and castle of Arklow by King Henry II. In 1264 the Dominicans were granted a large tract of land, which is now known as Abbeylands, and they built an abbey, which became known as the Priory of the True Cross or Holy Cross Abbey.  Some time after 1416, the Manor of Arklow came into the control of the MacMurrough Kings of Leinster, possibly after the death of the 4th Earl of Ormonde in 1452. In 1525, Muiris Kavanagh (McMurrough, King of Leinster 1522–31) returned the manor and castle of Arklow and its lands to his nephew Piers Butler, the Earl of Ormonde.  During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, in September 1649, Oliver Cromwell arrived at Arklow on his way to Wexford and took the surrender of the town. In 1714, James Duke of Ormonde sold the Manor of Arklow to John Allen of Stillorgan, County Dublin. In 1750, Allen's eldest granddaughter, Elizabeth Allen, married John Proby, who was raised to the peerage in 1752 as Baron Carysfort of County Wicklow and came into possession of the Arklow Estate.  On 9 June 1798, the town was the scene of one of the Battle of Arklow, one of the bloodiest battles of the 1798 rebellion, when a large force of Wexford rebels attacked the town in an attempt to spread the rising to Dublin but were repulsed by the entrenched British forces with huge slaughter.

Education.

There are eight primary schools located around the town, including one Gaelscoil.  There are four secondary schools serving the town, which are St. Mary's College, St.Kevin's C.B.S., Glenart College and Gaelcholáiste na Mara.

Transport and communications.

Road.

The M11 from Dublin to Rosslare bypasses Arklow between junctions 20 and 21. A 16.5 km upgrade to the N11 between Arklow and Rathnew began in April 2014 and was completed in July 2015. This connected the then existing M11 Arklow Bypass with the existing M11 Rathnew/Ashford Bypass creating motorway from Dublin to Gorey. This project also included the construction of a service area on the M11 Northbound, just north of Gorey, with direct access from the M11 Southbound via an overpass.

Rail.

Rail connections are provided by Iarnród Éireann along the Dublin-Rosslare railway line, including commuter and intercity services in and out of the capital. There is also a train to Dundalk available daily. Arklow railway station opened on 16 November 1863.

Bus.

Bus Éireann provides several routes through Arklow, including the 002, 005, 133 and 384 services. In addition, Wexford Bus operates several services day and night linking Arklow with Dublin Airport.

Economy.

Industry.

In 1884, Charles Stewart Parnell rented Big Rock townland from his cousin William Proby, Earl of Carysfort, and commenced quarrying. Parnell was also a supporter of the Arklow harbour scheme. The Parnell quarries closed in the 1920s.  In the early part of the 20th century, a large munitions factory, Kynoch, was established on the north side of the town. This factory employed several thousand workers during the First World War but closed shortly after it, all production being moved to South Africa. 17 workers were killed in an explosion at Kynoch in 1917. The town is also known for its pottery (which eventually closed after first being taken over by Noritake) and for its shipbuilding industry.  In the 1960s, a state-owned fertiliser factory, Nitrogen Éireann Teoranta, later Irish Fertiliser Industries, was established on the outskirts of the town. This factory complex comprised a number of chemical plants and manufactured a range of fertilisers from basic raw materials. It closed in 2002.  There is still an industrial base in Arklow, with Servier remaining as one of the manufacturing companies in Arklow. Allergan formerly had a plant locally, but this closed in 2009. In 2009, Elavon, a credit card processing company, purchased a new business site at Arklow Business Park.

Shipping and shipbuilding.

The former national sail training vessel "Asgard II" was built by John Tyrrell & Son Ltd in Arklow. Another John Tyrrell & Son boat, "Gipsy Moth III", was sailed to victory by Francis Chichester in the 1st Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race in 1960. His time of 40 and 1/2 days was 16 days faster than the previous record crossing. Recent times have seen large reductions in both cargo and fishing. However the town remains the headquarters of Arklow Shipping, numerically the largest shipping company in Ireland, which maintains a fleet of 49 cargo ships and a subsidiary in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Retail.

Arklow services a large catchment area (including a number of surrounding towns and villages) and has approximately 32,000m2 of retail space. As of 2018, approximately 20% of this retail space was vacant. Among the town's largest retail centres is the Bridgewater Shopping Centre, which opened in 2007 and was sold in 2016 for €33.25 million.

Environment.

Water quality.

As of 2007, the River Avoca was classified as "seriously polluted" by the Irish EPA as a result of the discharge of sewage directly into the river in addition to a long history of industrial pollution in the area from early mining operations and more recent chemical industries. In previous centuries, Arklow was renowned for oyster beds, however, these were destroyed over a century ago by pollutants from mining operations flowing down the river into the estuary.  Raw effluent from the town still travels through the drainage system built in the 1930s, and enters the River Avoca untreated via several sewage outfall pipes along the river. A sewage treatment plant has long been proposed for the area, and was first awarded planning permission in 1993. This was challenged unsuccessfully to An Bord Pleanála, however subsequently no funding arrived from government, and the planning permission lapsed. A further ten-year planning permission was granted in 1999. This too was unsuccessfully challenged to An Bord Pleanála, with conditional planning approval given in 2005. As of 2019, planning permission was again confirmed for a "high-tech" waste water treatment facility.

Services and development.

A recycling centre is located in one of the town's industrial estates. It is run by Wicklow County Council.  A few kilometres into the Irish Sea is the Arklow Bank Wind Park. Opened in 2004, this wind farm is made up of a test of seven GE 3.6 MW machines, with 106m turbines.

Sports.

The local Gaelic football club, Arklow Geraldines Ballymoney GAA, was founded in 1999 and is based at Pearse Park. Arklow Rock Parnells GAA club, founded in 1953, is primarily involved in hurling and camogie and plays at Parnell Park.  The town's association football clubs include Arklow Town F.C. (founded in 1948), Arklow United F.C. (Ferndale Park), and Arklow Celtic F.C. (Celtic Park).  Arklow Rugby Club plays its home games at The Oval, and Arklow Rowing Club is based on the town's South Quay.  There is a 18 hole links golf course at Arklow Golf Club (founded 1927).

Music.

To many foreign music fans, Arklow is best known as the title setting for Van Morrison's 1974 song "Streets of Arklow", one of eight songs he wrote on a three-week vacation back to Ireland, and featured on his album "Veedon Fleece". The "Battle of Arklow" is a hornpipe and non-traditional set dance tune, and is often played at "feiseanna" and other Irish dance competitions. Arklow is also the home town of pop group Moloko's lead singer Róisín Murphy. The Arklow Silver Band were featured on the track Red Hill Mining Town by U2, on their 1987 album The Joshua Tree. The "Arklow Music Festival" is held in the town annually. It was established in 1970. The festival lasts a week and it involves people coming to compete from all around the country. They compete in solo forms and group forms.

Culture.

The Seabreeze festival is a three-day event in mid-July. The festival includes a number of live shows and events at various venues throughout the town, ending in a fireworks display.  Arklow has been both the birthplace and place of residence for many artists such as George Campbell who was born there son of the self-taught artist Gretta Bowen.  The seaside town has also been the backdrop for artists and philosophers such a Ludwig Wittgenstein who frequented the town for its beaches, sunsets and lighting conditions. Later Avoca village, about 10 km from Arklow, was popularised in the T.V. show "Ballykissangel", drawing visitors from abroad who come to see where the show was filmed.  Arklow was visited by artists such as Lilian Davidson, A.R.H.A. born in Bray in 1893 died 1954, who painted subjects such as Jack B. Yeats, Sarah Purser, 'AE' George Russell, and poet Austin Clarke. Davidson would visit the town regularly, and during her trips she drew many sketches and painted scenes of the town and beaches. One such work, "The Netter, Arklow" depicts a scene of a man repairing a net by the harbourside with the harbour in the background; on the reserve-side of the painting is a sketch of children playing on the south beach.  Percy French, artist and poet, was also known to visit Arklow and Avoca so much so that he married there. He made many sketches and wrote poems describing his feeling for the place.

Politics and government.

In local government Arklow and the surrounding areas has six councillors on Wicklow County Council, representing the Arklow Municipal District. Arklow is part of the Wicklow constituency for national elections and referendums, and the South European Parliament constituency for European elections.

Twin towns.

Arklow is twinned with:

People.

Born in Arklow:

Arklow ( ;, ) is a town in County Wicklow on the east coast of Ireland, overlooked by Ballymoyle hill. It was founded by the Vikings in the ninth century. Arklow was the site of one of the bloodiest battles of the 1798 rebellion. Its proximity to Dublin led to it becoming a commuter town with a population of 13,163 as of the 2016 census.

Arklow () je přístavní město v jihovýchodní části Irska, v hrabství Wicklow. V roce 2006 zde žilo 11 721 obyvatel. Je tak třetím nejlidnatějším městem hrabství.