Reception.

In his review for Allmusic, Thom Jurek notes that ""Black Shabbis" is not for everybody, not even some Saft fans necessarily, but it is a powerful, excellent work that uses the metal genre well – expertly even – and will convince headbangers of its essential importance as one of the voices out there that stands tall and defiant in the face of much of the anti-Semitism that is promoted by some black and death metal bands. For everyone else, it is an angry howl of both pain and resistance whose anger is carried beautifully as the artist's ultimate weapon: his imagination and creativity to provoke, to give pause and reflection". Metal Reviews stated ""Black Shabbis" takes in a range of styles, and taking into account the previous works of its creator it's difficult to know whether "Black Shabbis" is a serious attempt at making a metal record, or more a pastiche of the genre as a whole... "Black Shabbis" has some good ideas, but it's an awkward, bitty album. Saft clearly has talent, but he's effectively crippled by a weird, overly dry production and a steadfast refusal to stick to any one idea. Still, there's hope here, and if Jamie Saft ever raises his game and makes a "Black Shabbis II" he might be on to a good thing. As it is, "Black Shabbis" is an interesting idea with a rather messy execution". Keith Kahn-Harris wrote that ""Black Shabbis" is not the product of a metal band rooted in the metal scene, but of a one-off project that sets out to explore a particular aesthetic... Saft is clearly a genius at wielding and manipulating the musical tools available in the metal armoury. Contrary to the stereotype of metal as a stock of banal clichés played by morons, metal has diversified enormously in the last three decades, creating a sophisticated and complex panopoly of sounds and possibilities. Saft shows no loyalty to any one style and the tracks skip radically between influences and sub-genres... "Black Shabbis" will provide unerving delights for anyone like me who is as obsessed with the possibilities of distorted guitar as they are with Jewish identity".

Track listing.

All compositions by Jamie Saft

Black Shabbis is an album by multi-instrumentalist Jamie Saft which was released on the Tzadik label in 2009. The extreme metal album examines a number of antisemitic concepts and incidents throughout history.

Black Shabbis je studiové album amerického hudebníka a hudebního skladatele Jamieho Safta, vydané v lednu 2009 u vydavatelství Tzadik Records. Album bylo nahráno v předchozím roce ve studiu Electric Plant Studios v Brooklynu a o produkci se staral Saft. Většinu nástrojů nahrál sám Saft, porůznu jej doplnili baskytarista Trevor Dunn nebo bubeníci Bobby Previte a Mike Pride.


History.

Valley Mills was named for a flour mill established on the banks of the Bosque River in 1867 by Dr. E.P. Booth and Asbury Stegall.  In 1881, the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway laid tracks a mile south of the community, across the Bosque River. Merchants, hoping to benefit from the railroad, began moving their stores across the river, to the tracks.  On February 17, 1882, a cyclone (tornado) hit the new townsite, destroying a large number of buildings. Nevertheless, the remaining residents from the community's original site moved across the river and rebuilt their homes. Thus, by the end of 1882 Valley Mills had extended into McLennan County.  Dairy farming and stock raising were the principal industries of the community. By 1900, however, the railroad and the nearby Chisholm Trail had made Valley Mills a prosperous retail and trading center for Bosque and McLennan counties. The community's population reached 855 by 1905. Like many rural Texas communities, Valley Mills declined during the 1930s. Following World War II, however, as farm prices increased and ranching prospered, the economy grew, and the population, which had declined to 803 by 1937, increased to 1,037 by the mid-1950s. During the next three decades Valley Mills maintained its position as a leading retail market and shipping point for Bosque and McLennan counties.  The town was hit by an F-5 tornado on May 6, 1973, nearly 20 years after the infamous 1953 Waco Tornado, and despite its F-5 rating, there were no deaths in the Valley Mills tornado.  In 1984, it had a newspaper, a municipal airport, more than 25 businesses, several dairy farms and ranches, and a population of 1,236. A new school was opened in 1988; it and four churches were the social centers of the community. In 1990, the population was 1,085. In 2010, the population was 1,203.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,123 people, 430 households, and 301 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,601.2 people per square mile (619.4/km2). There were 487 housing units at an average density of 694.4 per square mile (268.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 86.73% White, 4.99% African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 5.97% from other races, and 1.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.73% of the population.  There were 430 households out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.8% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.0% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.03.  In the city, the population was spread out with 27.0% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.3 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $32,115, and the median income for a family was $39,659. Males had a median income of $35,000 versus $18,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,062. About 6.7% of families and 9.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.7% of those under age 18 and 17.7% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Valley Mills is served by the Valley Mills Independent School District and home to Valley Mills High School.

Geography.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Valley Mills has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Valley Mills is a city in Bosque and McLennan counties in central Texas, United States. The population was 1,203 at the 2010 census.

Valley Mills je město v okrese Bosque County a McLennan County ve státě Texas ve Spojených státech amerických. V roce 2010 zde žilo 1 203 obyvatel. S celkovou rozlohou 1,8 km2 byla hustota zalidnění 670 obyvatel na km2.


Early life.

Krumholtz was born in Queens, New York City. He is the son of Michael, a postal worker, and Judy Krumholtz, a dental assistant. He grew up in a "very working-class, almost poor" Jewish family. His paternal grandparents had emigrated from Poland, and his mother moved from Hungary to the U.S. in 1956.

Career.

At the age of 13, Krumholtz followed his friends to an open audition for the Broadway play "Conversations with My Father" (1992). When he tried out, he won the role of Young Charlie, with Judd Hirsch, Tony Shalhoub and Jason Biggs, who was also making his Broadway debut. Soon after his run on Broadway, Krumholtz co-starred in two feature films, "Life With Mikey" (1993) with Michael J. Fox and "Addams Family Values" (1993) with Christina Ricci. For his role in "Mikey", David was nominated for a 1993 Young Artist Award. Although his work in these two films garnered him critical attention, David is probably best known by children as the sarcastic head elf Bernard from "The Santa Clause" (1994) and its first sequel "The Santa Clause 2" (2002). However, due to a scheduling conflict, he could not reprise the role in "" (2006). In 1994, Krumholtz co-starred in his first television series, "Monty", with Henry Winkler; the show lasted only a few episodes. Krumholtz later starred in several short-lived series over the years. Along the way, he had the opportunity to work with Jason Bateman ("Chicago Sons", 1997), Tom Selleck ("The Closer", 1998), Jon Cryer ("The Trouble with Normal", 2000), and Rob Lowe ("The Lyon's Den", 2003). In 2005, he finally found television success with the CBS series "Numbers". Along with his starring roles on television, Krumholtz made guest appearances on "ER" as schizophrenic patient Paul Sobriki, as well as on "Law & Order", "Undeclared", "Lucky", and "Freaks and Geeks". He broke out of the children's movie genre with "The Ice Storm" (1997), directed by Ang Lee, and "Slums of Beverly Hills" (1998), starring Alan Arkin and Natasha Lyonne. In 1999, Krumholtz starred as Michael Eckman in the popular teen movie "10 Things I Hate About You" with Larisa Oleynik, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Julia Stiles, and Heath Ledger. That same year, he portrayed a completely different teen character – that of Yussel, a young conflicted Jewish man in "Liberty Heights" (1999).  It was the role of Yussel that brought Krumholtz to the attention of actor and filmmaker Edward Burns, who cast him in the independent film "Sidewalks of New York" (2001). Playing the romantic and slightly obsessed Benny, Krumholtz was on a path to larger, more complex film roles. His first role as a leading man was in the romantic comedy "You Stupid Man" (2002), opposite Milla Jovovich. Although never released theatrically in the United States, "You Stupid Man", directed by Edward Burns's brother Brian Burns, was released on DVD (2006). Krumholtz carried his first leading role in a released American film when he starred "Big Shot: Confessions of a Campus Bookie" (2002), which premiered on FX Networks.  "Big Shot" was a true story based on the Arizona State University basketball fixing scandal in 1994. Krumholtz played Benny Silman, a college student and campus bookmaker, who was jailed for his part in shaving points off key Arizona State basketball games. Benny was unlike any character Krumholtz had played before; and he garnered critical praise for his performance, proving that he was not just a sidekick.  In 2005, Krumholtz played Max in "My Suicidal Sweetheart" (formerly "Max and Grace"), once again starring opposite actress Natasha Lyonne. Krumholtz also returned to smaller key roles in the successful films "Ray" (2004) and "Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle" (2004). In September 2005, he was seen in Joss Whedon's science fiction film "Serenity" as "Mr. Universe", a hacker and information broker. Most recently, in early 2006, Krumholtz's 2003 film "Kill the Poor" screened in New York City at IFC Center and across the country on Comcast's On Demand cable service.  From 2005 to 2010, Krumholtz starred on the CBS television show "Numbers". Krumholtz portrayed Charlie Eppes, a genius who used mathematics to help his FBI agent brother Don (Rob Morrow) solve crimes. The cast of "Numbers" also included Judd Hirsch and Peter MacNicol, who appeared with Krumholtz in "Addams Family Values" as a camp counselor. Television critic Matt Roush ("TV Guide") called Krumholtz's work on "Numbers" "probably his best TV work to date". "Numbers" was cancelled by CBS on May 18, 2010.  In 2012, Krumholtz was cast opposite Michael Urie in CBS' comedy TV series "Partners" but the show was cancelled after six episodes. In 2015, he played the titular role wearing heavy prosthetics as an elderly Jewish woman in the IFC comedy series "Gigi Does It".  In recent years, he has had minor roles in the Coen brothers films "Hail Caesar!" (2016) and "The Ballad of Buster Scruggs" (2018), while also appearing in films such as "This Is the End" (2013), "The Judge" (2014), "Sausage Party" (2016), and "Wonder Wheel" (2017).  He had a prominent recurring role as adult filmmaker Harvey Wasserman in the first two seasons of the HBO drama series "The Deuce", before being promoted to a series regular for the third season. In 2020, he appeared as a series regular playing Monty Levin in the HBO miniseries "The Plot Against America".  Starting in 2020, Krumholtz began releasing rap music with the group Hemogoblin under the moniker Beengod Stillgod.

Personal life.

He appeared in two documentaries on the "Knocked Up" DVD (one being staged and the other being genuine). "Gummy: The Sixth Roommate" tells the true story of how David dropped out of the film to play the lead part in a Woody Allen movie in Paris that got canceled before production, and Apatow would not write him back into his script. He would have played one of the main character's five roommates (along with other "Freaks and Geeks" alumni Seth Rogen, Jason Segel and Martin Starr). Friend and fellow "Freaks" actor Jason Segel appears with him in a short scene in "Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny".  On May 22, 2010, Krumholtz married actress Vanessa Britting (born Vanessa Almeda Goonan), at The Plaza Hotel, in New York City; they had been engaged since July 2008. They have a daughter, Pemma Mae Krumholtz, who was born in 2014, and a son, Jonas, born in 2016.  In July 2011, Krumholtz was diagnosed with thyroid cancer. He began a radioactive iodine treatment five months later. At the end of January 2012, he was pronounced cancer-free.

David Krumholtz (born May 15, 1978) is an American actor. He played Charlie Eppes in the CBS drama series "Numb3rs" from 2005 to 2010. He also played Seth Goldstein in the "Harold & Kumar" film trilogy and Bernard the Elf in the "Santa Clause" film franchise.

David Krumholtz (* 15. května 1978 New York, New York) je americký herec. V televizi a ve filmu se poprvé objevil v roce 1993, kdy hrál ve snímcích "Život s Mikeym", "Addamsova rodina 2" a představil se v jedné epizodě seriálu "Zákon a pořádek". Ve filmu "Santa Claus" (1994) hrál postavu elfa Bernarda, v dalších letech hrál např. ve filmech "Deset důvodů, proč tě nenávidím" (1999), "Mexičan" (2001), "Zahulíme, uvidíme" (2004), "Serenity" (2005), "Zahulíme, uvidíme 2" (2008) či "Kámoš k pohledání" (2009). V letech 2005–2010 ztvárnil Charlieho Eppese, jednu z hlavních postav v seriálu "Vražedná čísla".


Plot.

Around Christmas, a United States Supreme Court Justice commits suicide, for which no explanation or context is given. We see the justice making a tape recording and then shooting himself. Shortly thereafter, the body of Elizabeth Quinn, a file clerk at the Justice Department, is found floating in the Potomac River, and Carl Wayne Anderson (Liam Neeson), a homeless, deaf Vietnam veteran, is arrested for the crime, based almost entirely on the fact that he was seen sleeping in Quinn's car the night of her murder. Kathleen Riley (Cher) is the beleaguered D.C. public defender assigned to represent Anderson.  The car was abandoned in a desolate K Street parking lot. Anderson, it is eventually revealed, found the car unlocked and was looking for a warm place to sleep since it was the dead of winter. But since he was homeless, had no alibi, and was also found in possession of Quinn's wallet, he was arrested for her murder.  Riley finds it difficult to communicate with Anderson. Over time, she begins to penetrate his hard exterior and he tries to cooperate with her efforts to mount his defense.  Riley approves an agribusiness lobbyist who normally works on Capitol Hill, Eddie Sanger (Dennis Quaid), as a member of the jury despite his attempt to be excused. Sanger begins investigating the details of the murder, eventually teaming up with Riley beyond the observation of the trial's suspicious judge.  Sanger also keeps busy in his work as a lobbyist, including efforts to win passage of a bill by seducing a Congresswoman.  As Riley's investigation, with Sanger's unethical assistance, intensifies, they begin to focus on Deputy Attorney General Paul Gray (Philip Bosco). Figuring that a key found on the victim's body has something to do with the Justice Department (where Quinn worked), Riley and Sanger break into the file department there late one night and try to find what the key unlocks. They find a file cabinet containing trial transcripts from federal cases from 1968 that Quinn was in the process of transcribing.  The trial is conducted by the stern Judge Matthew Helms (John Mahoney). Helms is rumored to be the president's nominee for a seat on the prestigious United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. He begins to suspect that Riley is collaborating with Sanger, which would be a disbarrable offense of jury tampering, but has no proof.  In a law library, Riley and Sanger narrowly avoid being caught by Helms, who sequesters the jury to avoid any possible further contact between them.  Riley and Sanger suspect that Quinn stumbled onto something and look for any case that might have an impropriety. Fixing a case requires the participation of both the prosecutor and the trial judge. Riley and Sanger think they will find evidence that Gray was the prosecutor on a rigged 1968 case, which would be his motive to murder Quinn if she approached him about what she found.  Riley goes back to Quinn's car (still impounded where it was found in a government parking lot) and finds an audiotape the police did not uncover in their half-hearted investigation. The tape is the one made by the Supreme Court justice who committed suicide. In it, he confesses to conspiring to fix a case in 1968 (with a politically influential defendant) in return for an appointment to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.  Riley assumes Gray was the prosecutor on that case and goes back to the courthouse to retrieve the case book that will confirm it. She is pursued and attacked by a disguised, unidentified person. Sanger, having managed to escape sequestration by creating a diversion with a fire alarm, helps Riley, and she manages to slice the right wrist of her assailant, who then flees.  Gray shows up in the courtroom, to Judge Helms's surprise. Riley surprisingly announces that she wants Judge Helms to take the stand as a witness. An irate Helms says Riley cannot make him testify. Riley reveals that it was Helms, not Gray, who was the prosecutor in the fixed case of 1968. In exchange for fixing the case, Helms was nominated to the District Court. Seventeen years later, Quinn inadvertently discovered the case fixing. At the same time, Helms learned he was a likely nominee for the Court of Appeals. Quinn approached the Supreme Court justice, who responded by committing suicide. When she approached Helms, however, he murdered her. As the judge angrily bangs his gavel during Riley's accusation, his right wrist begins to bleed from where Riley slashed him the night before, confirming his identity as the killer.  Riley ends up reinvigorated in her job and in a relationship with Sanger.

Reception.

The film's climactic scene (in which the actual murderer is revealed) was panned by Roger Ebert, whose review noted that it is "as if an Agatha Christie novel evaluated six suspects in a British country house, and then in the last chapter we discover the killer was a guy from next door."  On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 67%, based on 18 reviews, and an average rating of 6.16/10.

Suspect is a 1987 American legal mystery thriller film directed by Peter Yates and starring Cher, Dennis Quaid and Liam Neeson. Other notable cast members include John Mahoney, Joe Mantegna, Fred Melamed and Philip Bosco.

Podezřelý je soudní drama z roku 1987 režiséra Petera Yatese, v němž hlavní role hráli Cher, Dennis Quaid a Liam Neeson. V dalších významných rolích se objevili John Mahoney, Joe Mantegna, Fred Melamed a Philip Bosco.


Islamic sources.

The events of Isra and Miʿraj mentioned briefly in the Quran are further enlarged and interpreted within the supplement to the Quran, the literary corpus known as "hadith", which contain the reported sayings of Muhammad. Two of the best "hadith" sources are by Anas ibn Malik and Ibn ʿAbbas. Both were young boys at the time of Muhammad's journey of Mi'raj.

The Quran.

Within the Quran, surat "al-Isra" (chapter 17), contains a brief description of Isra in the first verse. Some scholars say a verse in surah "an-Najm", also holds information on the Isra and Miʿraj.

"Al-Masjid al-Aqsa".

From the tradition of Ibn Ishaq (ca. 704 – 761/770), the earliest biographer of Muhammad (ca. 570 – 632), the reference in the Quran to "the Farthest Masjid" (, ), from surat al-Isra, has been wrongly interpreted to mean only the site or location of the al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. There are no "ahadith" (plural of hadith) support this interpretation. The Masjid in Jerusalem was built after Muhammad's lifetime in 690–691, the term used for mosque ("masjid" ()) literally means place of prostration and thus can imply any place of worship from a building to an open place. The mosque was built by the Umayyad caliph ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan in 690-691 with the Dome of the Rock and finished by his son al-Walid I in 705. The building was repeatedly destroyed by earthquakes and rebuilt, until the reconstruction in 1033 CE, by the Fatimid caliph ‘Ali az-Zahir, and that structure stands to the present day.  Islamic scholars such as Heribert Busse and Neal Robinson, believe that Jerusalem is the interpretation intended originally in the Quran. Muslims used to pray towards Jerusalem, but according to the following verses of their Quran, God changed this direction, the Qiblah, to instead direct to "al-Masjid al-Haram":

"Ahadith".

From various hadiths we learn much greater detail. The "Israʾ" is the part of the journey of Muhammad from Mecca to Jerusalem. It began when Muhammad was in the Great Mosque, and the Archangel Jibrīl (or Jibrāʾīl, Gabriel) came to him, and brought Buraq, the traditional heavenly mount of the prophets. Buraq carried Muhammad to al-Aqsa Mosque, the "Farthest Mosque", in Jerusalem. Muhammad alighted, tethered Buraq to the Temple Mount and performed prayer, where on God's command he was tested by Gabriel. It was told by Anas ibn Malik that Muhammad said: "Jibra'il brought me a vessel of wine, a vessel of water and a vessel of milk, and I chose the milk. Jibra'il said: 'You have chosen the Fitrah (natural instinct).'" In the second part of the journey, the "Miʿraj" (an Arabic word that literally means "ladder"), Jibra'il took him to the heavens, where he toured the "seven stages of heaven", and spoke with the earlier prophets such as Abraham (ʾIbrāhīm), Moses (Musa), John the Baptist (Yaḥyā ibn Zakarīyā), and Jesus (Isa). Muhammad was then taken to Sidrat al-Muntaha – a holy tree in the seventh heaven that Gabriel was not allowed to pass. According to Islamic tradition, God instructed Muhammad that Muslims must pray fifty times per day; however, Moses told Muhammad that it was very difficult for the people and urged Muhammad to ask for a reduction, until finally it was reduced to five times per day.

The Mi‘raj.

There are different accounts of what occurred during the Miʿraj, but most narratives have the same elements: Muhammad ascended into heaven with the angel Gabriel and met a different prophet at each of the seven levels of heaven; first Adam, then John the Baptist and Jesus, then Joseph, then Idris, then Aaron, then Moses, and lastly Abraham. After Muhammad meets with Abraham, he continues on to meet Allah without Gabriel. Allah tells Muhammad that his people must pray 50 times a day, but as Muhammad descends back to Earth, he meets Moses who tells Muhammad to go back to God and ask for fewer prayers because 50 is too many. Muhammad goes between Moses and God nine times, until the prayers are reduced to the five daily prayers, which God will reward tenfold. That again, Moses told Muhammad to ask for even lesser but Muhammad felt ashamed and said that even with lesser prayer times, his followers might not even perform diligently and said he is thankful for the five.  Al-Tabari is a classic and authentic source for Islamic research. His description of the Miʿraj is just as simplified as the description given above, which is where other narratives and hadiths of the Miʿraj stem from, as well as word of mouth. While this is the simplest description of the Miʿraj, others include more details about the prophets that Muhammad meets. In accounts written by Muslim, Bukhari, Ibn Ishaq, Ahmad b. Hanbal and others, physical descriptions of the prophets are given. Adam is described first as being Muhammad's father, which establishes a link between them as first and last prophets. Physical descriptions of Adam show him as tall and handsome with long hair. Idris, who is not mentioned as much as the other prophets Muhammad meets, is described as someone who was raised to a higher status by God. Joseph, is described as the most beautiful man who is like the moon. His presence in the Miʿraj is to show his popularity and how it relates to Muhammad's. Aaron is described as Muhammad's brother who is older and one of the most beautiful men that Muhammad had met. Again, the love for Aaron by his people relates to Muhammad and his people. Abraham is described with likeness to Muhammad in ways that illustrate him to be Muhammad's father. Jesus is usually linked to John the Baptist, who is not mentioned much. The physical descriptions of Jesus vary, but he is said to be tall with long hair and white skin. Moses is different than the other prophets that Muhammad meets in that Moses stands as a point of difference rather than similarities.  Some narratives also record events that preceded the heavenly ascent. Some scholars believe that the opening of Muhammad's chest was a cleansing ritual that purified Muhammad before he ascended into heaven. Muhammad's chest was opened up and water of Zamzam was poured on his heart giving him wisdom, belief, and other necessary characteristics to help him in his ascent. This purification is also seen in the trial of the drinks. It is debated when it took place—before or after the ascent—but either way it plays an important role in determining Muhammad's spiritual righteousness.

Ibn ‘Abbas' Primitive Version.

Ibn ʿAbbas' Primitive Version narrates all that Muhammad encounters throughout his journey through heaven. This includes seeing other angels, and seas of light, darkness, and fire. With Gabriel as his companion, Muhammad meets four key angels as he travels through the heavens. These angels are the Rooster angel (whose call influences all earthly roosters), Half-Fire Half-Snow angel (who provides an example of God's power to bring fire and ice in harmony), the Angel of Death (who describes the process of death and the sorting of souls), and the Guardian of Hellfire (who shows Muhammad what hell looks like). These four angels are met in the beginning of Ibn ʿAbbas' narrative. They are mentioned in other accounts of Muhammad's ascension, but they are not talked about with as much detail as Ibn ʿAbbas provides. As the narrative continues, Ibn Abbas focuses mostly on the angels that Muhammad meets rather than the prophets. There are rows of angels that Muhammad encounters throughout heaven, and he even meets certain deeply devoted angels called cherubim. These angels instill fear in Muhammad, but he later sees them as God's creation, and therefore not harmful. Other important details that Ibn ‘Abbas adds to the narrative are the Heavenly Host Debate, the Final Verses of the Cow Chapter, and the Favor of the Prophets. These important topics help to outline the greater detail that Ibn ‘Abbas uses in his Primitive Version.  Some debates that Ibn ʿAbbas' narrative brings about have to do with his description of Muhammad's encounter with God. Ibn ʿAbbas illustrates God as anthropomorphed being who touches and speaks to Muhammad as a human would. This is seen as an abomination and thus takes away Ibn ʿAbbas's authenticity. In an attempt to reestablish Ibn ‘Abbas as authentic, it seems as though a translator added the descent of Muhammad and the meeting with the prophets. The narrative only briefly states the encounters with the prophets, and does so in a way that is in chronological order rather than the normal order usually seen in ascension narratives. Ibn ʿAbbas may have left out the meeting of the prophets and the encounter with Moses that led to the reduction of daily prayers because those events were already written elsewhere. Whether he included that in his original narrative or if it was added by a later translator is unknown, but often a point of contention when discussing Ibn ‘Abbas's Primitive Version.

Modern Muslim observance.

The "Lailat al-Miʿraj" (, ), also known as "Shab-e-Mi'raj" (,, ) in Iran, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh, and "Miraç Kandili" in Turkish, is the Muslim holiday celebrating the Isra and Miʿraj. Some Muslims celebrate this event by offering optional prayers during this night, and in some Muslim countries, by illuminating cities with electric lights and candles. The celebrations around this day tend to focus on every Muslim who wants to celebrate it. Worshippers gather into mosques and perform prayer and supplication. Some people may pass their knowledge on to others by telling them the story on how Muhammad's heart was purified by the archangel Gabriel, who filled him with knowledge and faith in preparation to enter the seven levels of heaven. After salah, food and treats are served.  Al-Aqsa Mosque marks the place from which Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven. The exact date of the Journey is not clear, but is celebrated as though it took place before the Hegira and after Muhammad's visit to the people of Ta'if. It is considered by some to have happened just over a year before the Hijrah, on the 27th of Rajab; but this date is not always recognized. This date would correspond to the Julian date of 26 February 621, or, if from the previous year, 8 March 620. In Twelver Iran for example, Rajab 27 is the day of Muhammad's first calling or "Mab'as". The al-Aqsa Mosque and surrounding area, marks the place from which Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven, is the third-holiest place on earth for Muslims.  Many sects and offshoots belonging to Islamic mysticism interpret Muhammad's night ascent – the Isra and Miʿraj – to be an out-of-body experience through nonphysical environments, unlike the Sunni Muslims or mainstream Islam. The mystics claim Muhammad was transported to Jerusalem and onward to the Seven Heavens, even though "the apostle's body remained where it was." Esoteric interpretations of the Quran emphasise the spiritual significance of Miʿraj, seeing it as a symbol of the soul's journey and the potential of humans to rise above the comforts of material life through prayer, piety and discipline.

Historical issues related to this event.

The issue with these verses and story lies in that the Temple was built by Solomon and later destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylonian army in 586 BC. Furthermore, Roman general Titus and his Roman soldiers leveled the Second Temple in AD 70, more than five centuries before this alleged night journey to Jerusalem took place. However, after the initially successful Jewish revolt against Heraclius, the Jewish population resettled in Jerusalem for a short period of time from 614–630 and immediately started to restore the temple on the Temple Mount and build synagogues in Jerusalem. Furthermore, after the Jewish population was expelled a second time from Jerusalem and shortly before Heraclius retook Jerusalem (630), a small Synagogue was already in place on the Temple Mount. This synagogue was demolished after Heraclius retook Jerusalem.  Some claim that the place that was eventually called Masjid al-Aqsa was not constructed until AD 690-691 when ʿAbd al-Malik bin Marwan built the Mosque known as the Farthest Mosque (Masjid-ul-Aqsa) with the structure known as Dome of the Rock. But this is inaccurate. The general consensus between Muslim scholars is that the Isra and Mi’raj were specific to a literal building, called Masjid Al-Aqsa, and that Muhammad did indeed go to a physical location at which a masjid structure (building) was already built.  It is not known where the concept that the mi'raj (journey) was not specific to a single structure in Jerusalem came from; in one instance, authors Watt/Welch claim that "the word masjid, which is used in the surah above literally translates as a 'place of prostration/worship' and thus indicates any place of worship, not necessarily a building."  However, Muhammad himself described this extraordinary experience in the following words:  ""Then Gabriel brought a horse (Burraq) to me, which resembled lightning in swiftness and lustre, was of clear white colour, medium in size, smaller than a mule and taller than a (donkey), quick in movement that it put its feet on the farthest limit of the sight. He made me ride it and carried me to Jerusalem. He tethered the Burraq to the ring of that Temple to which all the Prophets in Jerusalem used to tether their beasts...""

The Israʾ and Miʿraj (, ') are the two parts of a Night Journey"' that, according to Islam, the Islamic prophet Muhammad took during a single night around the year 621. Within Islam it signifies both a physical and spiritual journey. The Quran surah "al-Isra" contains an outline account, while greater detail is found in the "hadith" collections of the reports, teachings, deeds and sayings of Muhammad. In the accounts of the "Israʾ", Muhammad is said to have traveled on the back of a winged mule-like white beast, called "Buraq", to "the farthest mosque". By tradition this mosque, which came to represent the physical world, was identified as the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. At the mosque, Muhammad is said to have led the other prophets in prayer. His subsequent ascent into the heavens came to be known as the "Miʿraj". Muhammad's journey and ascent is marked as one of the most celebrated dates in the Islamic calendar.

Isrá a Mi'rádž ( "al-'Isrá' wal-Mi'rádž") jsou dvě části Noční cesty, kterou měl podle muslimské tradice vykonat prorok Mohamed během jediné noci kolem roku 621. Krátký popis cesty se nachází v 17. súře Koránu, nazvané Noční cesta (Al-Isrá ́) a další detaily pocházejí z hadíthů.


Career.

Born at Ezeiza, Tarantini rose through the Boca Juniors youth divisions in the early 1970s, and was noted for his afro hairdo and his large front teeth, which earned him the nickname "conejo" ("rabbit").  In 1977 with Boca Juniors he won his first international club football competition and one of the most prestigious tournaments in the world and the most prestigious club competition in Latin American football – Copa Libertadores, when after the goalless draw Boca defeated Cruzeiro 5–4 on penalties. The match was held at the Estadio Centenario in Montevideo, Uruguay on 14 September 1977.  Tarantini was part of the Argentina under-23 team that won the 1975 Toulon Tournament, together with Jorge Valdano, Américo Gallego, and others, with César Menotti as coach. He became the left-back of the Argentina national football team after Jorge Carrascosa left the team (the book "El DT del Proceso" by Gasparini and Ponsico claims that "the wolf" Carrascosa declined to play for the dictatorship). He was also, at 22, the youngest player of that team.  A few months before the 1978 FIFA World Cup, he had a contractual dispute with Boca that left him clubless, as Boca management pressured all Argentine clubs into denying him a new contract. After his performances during the World Cup (he scored a goal in the 6–0 victory against Peru) he was signed by Birmingham City for £295,000. His spell in England was overshadowed by poor discipline, with Tarantini flattening Manchester United defender Brian Greenhoff, and ending his 23-game spell in Birmingham by wading into the crowd to punch a heckler.  After his return to Argentina he played for Talleres de Córdoba, River Plate, and European teams SC Bastia, Toulouse and FC St. Gallen.  In 1982 Tarantini was voted into the Top Ten of the South America Player of the Year awards.  Tarantini also played in the 1982 FIFA World Cup for Argentina, retiring from the national team immediately thereafter.

Personal life.

Tarantini was married to fashion model Patricia "Pata" Villanueva. His brother George Tarantini is a former college soccer coach.

Honours.

Club.

Boca Juniors  River Plate

International.

Argentina

Alberto César Tarantini (born 3 December 1955) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a defender. He won the 1978 FIFA World Cup with the Argentina national football team. He played as a defensive left back early in his career, and later as a wing back.

Alberto César Tarantini (* 3. prosinec 1955, Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina) je bývalý argentinský fotbalista. Hrával na pozici obránce. V dresu argentinské reprezentace vyhrál mistrovství světa roku 1978. Na tomto šampionátu byl federací FIFA zařazen i do all-stars týmu. Hrál i na mistrovství světa ve Španělsku roku 1982. Celkem za národní tým odehrál 61 utkání a vstřelil jeden gól.


Description.

The "greater amberjack" is a large predatory fish which has a body colouring which varies from brownish to bluish-grey on the dorsal surfaces contrasting with the silevery-white underparts, There is a diagonal sooty stripe which starts at the snout and runs along the centre of the back dorsal fin, another dark stripe runs from the upper jaw, through the eye to in front of the first dorsal fin.. Some fishes may show a light yellow to reddish-brown stripe along the flanks. The fins are dusky in colour. The second dorsal and anal fins have a low anterior lobe. Small juveniles have clear fins and a series of five vertical bands along the body and a sixth band on the caudal peduncle. The shape of the body is elongated and fusiform and it is of moderate depth, laterally compressed and has a covering of small cycloid scales. The largest fish have been measured at in total length but the more frequent length found is, while the largest published weight is.

Distribution.

The greater amberjack has an almost circum-global distribution in the subtropical and tropical seas and oceans of the world. In the Indian Ocean it is found along the African coast from South Africa east through the Persian Gulf to Western Australia and southern Japan, reaching the Hawaiian Islands and Micronesia in the Pacific Ocean. It reaches as far south as Tasmania off Australia. In the western Atlantic Ocean this species is found around Bermuda and on the North American coast as far north as Nova Scotia extanding south as far as Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean it has been recorded as a vagrant as far north as the British Isles and is found off in the Bay of Biscay south to Morocco and in the Mediterranean Sea. It may occur along the west African coast but here confusion with the similar "Seriola carpenteri" makes the position unclear.

Habitat and biology.

Habitat.

The greater amberjack is found as solitary individuals or in small to moderate-sized schools which are epibenthic and pelagic and occur in the vicinity of reefs, deep offshore caves, drop-offs, rocky outcrops and deep seaward reefs. They will sometimes enter coastal bays while the juveniles are infrequently recorded quite far well out to sea where they shelter among floating algae, such as "Sargassum" and debris. It can also be found over wrecks. Smaller individuals, less than, can be caught in shallow water while the larger fish prefer deeper water, normally between and have been recorded at depths of.

Diet.

Greater amberjacks are opportunistic predators when they are adults which prey on benthic and pelagic fishes as well as cephalopods and crustaceans. Common fish prey species include the bigeye scad ("Selar crumenophthalmus") and sardines ("Sardinella aurita" and "Sardina pilchardus"). The juvenile fish feed on plankton including the larvae of decapods and other small invertebrates. The juveniles switch to feeding on larger prey such as larger benthic and nektonic organisms when they attain a length of and once they have grown larger than they restrict their prey choice to animals which swim on or over the substrate and when they attain they are mainly piscivorous and it is at this size that they move from open waters to more coastal areas.

Breeding.

"Seriola dumerli" is gonochoric, meaning that the males and females are separate and determined at birth, and there is no sexual dimorphism other than size. The sexes begin to differentiate at around 4-5 months of age when they attain a length of and, In the Mediterranean, they reach sexual maturity at, respectively, 4 and 5 years of age when they attain a length of about in length) in males and females. In western Atlantic populations the males are mature after 3 years and and the females after 4 years of age and attaining. This species has been observed to show pair courtship off Belize where there were schools numbering around 120 individuals and pairing mainly occurred during when there was moon was either full or waning and between the months of February and October. They are sexually dimorphic with the females noticeably larger than the males. Half of the males are sexually mature at fork length for males half of the females are sexually mature on attaining fork length. This is a highly fecund fish and a single female may lay 18 to 59 million eggs in a single spawining season. Off the coast of Florida spawning peaks in April and May and each female is estimated to spawn once every four to five days during the spawning season, lasting around 60 days.I n the Mediterranean spawining takes place in June and July Spawning occurs over such habitats as reefs and shipwrecks, demonstrated by the abundance of juveniles in these habitats in the summer following the spring spawning in the western Atlantic.  The eggs are in diameter and after spawning the embryo takes around 40 hours to develop and the newly hatched larvae take 31–36 days to develop into juveniles. They can live to be 17 years of age.

Predators and parasites.

Greater amberjack are preyed on by larger fishes and seabirds including the yellowfin tuna ("Thunnus albacares"), European hake ("Merluccius merluccius"), brown noddy ("Anous stolidus"), and sooty tern ("Sterna fuscata"). Tapeworms are occasionally recorded as infesting this species, these worms being harmless to humans, albeit rather unappetising. The monogean "Zeuxapta seriolae" has been documented as living as a parasite on the gills of these fish.

Human usage.

The greater amberjack is an important food fish and is a commercial quarry species as well as being popular in aquaculture. As a predatory fish it requires protein and lipids sourced from other fish so there are questions over the sustainability of its culture. It is also a popular game species for angling. The meat is used for sushi and sashimi in Japan, while in Florida and Mexico its flesh is marketed fresh and can be fried, broiled, baked, or grilled. They have been used in aquaculture in the Mediterraean since the 1980s. Angling techniques used to catch greater amberjacks include trolling at the surface with various artificial lures and natural baits. They are often incidentally caught by anglers who are fishing the seabed for snappers and groupers.

Taxonomy and etymology.

The greater amberjack was formally described as "Caranx dumerili" by the French naturalist Antoine Risso in 1810 with the type locality given as Nice, France. The binomial consists of the generic name which is the Italian name for this species, Whilte the specific name is patronymic, the identity of the person honoured in the patronym was not identified by Risso but it is almost certainly the French zoologist André Marie Constant Duméril (1774–1860), who was the father of another well-known French zoologist Auguste Duméril (1812–1870). It is the type species of the genus "Seriola"

The greater amberjack ("Seriola dumerili"), also known as the allied kingfish, great amberfish, greater yellowtail, jenny lind, purplish amberjack, rock salmon, sailors choice, yellowtail and yellow trevally, and is a species of predatory ray-finned fish in the family Carangidae, the jacks and pompanos. It is found in temperate, subtropical and tropical seas around the world. It is a popular quarry species for recreational fisheries as well as being an important species in commercial fisheries. It is the largest species in the family Carangidae.

Kranas Dumerilův ("Seriola dumerili") je kranas rodu "Seriola". Vyskytuje se ve Středozemním moři, Atlantském oceánu, Tichém oceánu a při pobřeží Indie. Žije obvykle v hloubkách od 20 do 70 metrů (maximálně 360 metrů). Jedná se o rychlé plavající pelagickou rybu s podobnými zvyky jako kranas americký ("Seriola lalandi"). Živí se jinými rybami a bezobratlými.


Early history.

The first record of the term "Cumberland" appears in 945, when the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" recorded that the area was ceded to Malcolm I by King Edmund of England. As with "", the native Welsh name for Wales, the names Cumberland and Cumbria are derived from *"kombroges" in Common Brittonic, which originally meant "compatriots".  At the time of the Domesday Book (1086) most of the future county was part of Scotland, although some villages around Millom, which were the possessions of the Earl of Northumbria, had been incorporated into Yorkshire.  In 1092, King William Rufus of England invaded the Carlisle district, settling it with colonists. He created an Earldom of Carlisle, and granted the territory to Ranulf Meschyn. In 1133, Carlisle was made the see of a new diocese, largely identical with the area of the earldom. However, on the death of King Henry I in 1135, the area was regained by Scotland's King David I. He was able to consolidate his power and made Carlisle one of his chief seats of government, while England descended into a lengthy civil war.  The area returned to the English crown in 1157, when Henry II of England took possession of the area (from Malcolm IV of Scotland). Henry II formed two new counties from the former earldom: Westmorland and Carliol – originally an abbreviation of the Latin "Carlioliensis" "(bishop) of Carlisle". Westmorland also included areas former part of the Earldom of Lancaster. The lead and silver-mining area of Alston, previously associated with the Liberty of Tynedale was later also added to the new county of Carliol for financial reasons. By 1177, Carliol had become known as Cumberland. The border between England and Scotland was made permanent by the Treaty of York in 1237.

Boundaries and subdivisions.

The boundaries formed in the 12th century did not change substantially over the county's existence. It bordered four English counties and two Scottish counties. These were Northumberland and County Durham to the east; Westmorland to the south, the Furness part of Lancashire to the southwest; Dumfriesshire to the north and Roxburghshire to the northeast.  To the west the county was bounded by the Solway Firth and the Irish Sea. The northern boundary was formed by the Solway Estuary and the border with Scotland running east to Scotch Knowe at Kershope Burn. The boundary ran south from Scotch Knowe along the Cheviot Hills, then followed a tributary of the River Irthing and crossed Denton Fell to the River Tees. From Tees Head the boundary crossed the Pennines to descend Crowdundale Beck, from where it followed the rivers Eden and Eamont to the centre of Ullswater. The line then followed the Glencoin Beck to the top of the Helvellyn ridge, thence to Wrynose Pass and along the River Duddon to the sea near Millom.  The highest point of the county was Scafell Pike, at 3,208 feet (978 m) the highest mountain in England. Carlisle was the county town.

Division into wards.

The Earldom of Carlisle was divided into baronies, but on the creation of the county these were replaced by wards. These took the place of hundreds found in most other English counties, and originated in military subdivisions organised for the defence of the county from incursions by Scottish troops. Each ward was composed of a number of parishes, areas originally formed for ecclesiastical administration. In common with other counties of northern England, many parishes in Cumberland were very large, often consisting of a number of distinct townships and hamlets. Many of these subdivisions were eventually to become civil parishes and form the lowest level of local government. The wards and their constituent parishes in 1821 were: <nowiki>*</nowiki> Parts or all of these parishes and townships constituted the City of Carlisle, and were largely outside the jurisdiction of Cumberland Ward.

Ward of Cumberland.

The ward of Cumberland was one of the ancient divisions of the historic county of Cumberland, England. In most other counties these divisions were called hundreds or Wapentakes.  The ward included Carlisle and Wigton and took in parts of Inglewood Forest. It was bounded on the north and east by Eskdale Ward, on the south by Leath Ward and the west by Allerdale-below-Derwent Ward.  The parish of Stanwix just to the north of Carlisle was partly in both Eskdale and Cumberland wards.

Local government from the 19th century.

During the 19th century a series of reforms reshaped the local government of the county, creating a system of districts with directly-elected councils.

Poor law and municipal reform.

The first changes concerned the administration of the poor law, which was carried at parish level. The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 provided for the grouping of parishes into poor law unions, each with a central workhouse and an elected board of guardians. Cumberland was divided into nine unions: Alston with Garrigill, Bootle, Brampton, Carlisle, Cockermouth, Longtown, Penrith, Whitehaven and Wigton.  In the following year the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 was passed, reforming boroughs and cities in England and Wales as municipal boroughs with a uniform constitution. The corporation of the City of Carlisle was accordingly remodelled with a popularly elected council consisting of a mayor, aldermen and councillors.

Local boards and sanitary districts.

Outside of municipal boroughs, there was no effective local government until the 1840s. In response to poor sanitary conditions and outbreaks of cholera, the Public Health Act 1848 and the Local Government Act 1858 allowed for the formation of local boards of health in populous areas. Local boards were responsible "inter alia" for water supply, drainage, sewerage, paving and cleansing. Eleven local boards were initially formed at Brampton, Cleator Moor, Cockermouth, Egremont, Holme Cultram, Keswick, Maryport, Millom, Penrith, Whitehaven, Wigton and Workington.  Further reform under the Public Health Act 1875 saw the creation of sanitary districts throughout England and Wales. The existing municipal boroughs and local boards became "urban sanitary districts", while "rural sanitary districts" were formed from the remaining areas of the poor law unions.  Three more local boards were formed: Arlecdon and Frizington in 1882, Harrington in 1891 and Aspatria in 1892. In addition Workington and Whitehaven received charters of incorporation to become municipal boroughs in 1883 and 1894 respectively.

Local government acts of 1888 and 1894.

In 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888, the Cumberland County Council was created as the county council for Cumberland, taking over administrative functions from the Court of Quarter Sessions. The Local Government Act 1894 reconstituted the existing sanitary districts as urban districts and rural districts, each with an elected council.  The Act of 1888 also allowed any municipal borough with a population of 50,000 people or more to become a "county borough", independent of county council control. In 1914, Carlisle successfully applied for this status, ceasing to form part of the administrative county, although remaining within Cumberland for the purposes such as Lieutenancy and shrievalty.

Reform in 1934.

The Local Government Act 1929 imposed the duty on county councils of reviewing the districts within their administrative county so as to form more efficient units of local government. In general, this meant the merging of small or lightly populated areas into larger units. A review was carried in Cumberland in 1934. The following table lists the urban and rural districts before and after the changes.  The distribution of population in 1971 was as follows:1971 Census; Small Area Statistics  In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county and county borough were abolished and their former area was combined with Westmorland and parts of Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire to form the new county of Cumbria. The area from Cumberland went on to form the districts of Carlisle, Allerdale, Copeland and part of Eden.

Legacy.

The name continues in use as a geographical and cultural term, and it survives in Cumberland sausages; HMS "Cumberland"; Cumberland County Cricket Club; the Cumberland Fell Runners Club; the Cumberland Athletics Club; and various organisations and companies, such as the local newspapers "The Cumberland News", and "The West Cumberland Times and Star", and the Cumberland Building Society. It is also mentioned in "Macbeth" as the kingdom given to Prince Malcolm.  In June 1994, during the 1990s UK local government reform, the Local Government Commission published draft recommendations, suggesting as one option a North Cumbria unitary authority (also including Appleby, the historic county town of Westmorland). It also suggested that Cumberland could be reinstated as an independent ceremonial county. The final recommendations, published in October 1994, did not include such recommendations, apparently due to lack of expression of support for the proposal to the commission.  As part of a 2002 marketing campaign, the plant conservation charity Plantlife chose the Grass-of-Parnassus as the county flower. Parnassus flowers had been associated with the county since 1951, when they were included in the coat of arms granted to the Cumberland County Council. They subsequently featured in the arms granted to Cumbria County Council and Copeland Borough Council, in both cases to represent Cumberland.  In 2012, a flag based on the arms of the former Cumberland County Council was registered as the flag of Cumberland with the Flag Institute.  In 2013, the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, Eric Pickles, formally recognised and acknowledged the continued existence of England's 39 historic counties, including Cumberland.

Cumberland ( ) is a historic county of North West England that had an administrative function from the 12th century until 1974. It was bordered by Northumberland to the east, County Durham to the southeast, Westmorland and Lancashire to the south, and the Scottish counties of Dumfriesshire and Roxburghshire to the north. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1914) and now forms part of Cumbria.

Cumberland je historická oblast na severozápadě Anglie, do roku 1974 byl jedním z tradičních hrabství. Měl rozlohu 3938 km2 a zhruba 300 000 obyvatel, hlavním městem bylo Carlisle.


Playing career.

Source:  Yoo was one of Korea's most influential players over the last decade. He was known as a powerful and versatile midfielder with strong aerial ability, even though his versatility actually allowed him to shine in just about any area of the field, from defence to attack, but his coaches believed his all-round ability was best deployed in the center of the midfield, where he could patrol the middle of the park with presence and authority. Yoo had the ability to spark an attack with his incisive distribution and was also strong defensively as well as physically. The highly rated midfielder was offered a trial with FC Barcelona in 1998 for his impressive performances during the 1998 FIFA World Cup group stages. However, he missed out on that possible move to Europe because his club Ulsan Hyundai had already agreed a contract-binding deal to sell Yoo to Yokohama F. Marinos. He moved briefly to join Kashiwa Reysol's Korean trio in 2001 but Marinos brought the versatile Korean back to Yokohama in 2003.  He was part of the South Korea under-23 team for the 2004 Summer Olympics, who finished second in Group A, making it through to the next round, before being defeated by silver medal winners Paraguay.  He scored two goals for Korea in FIFA World Cup, one in 1998 against Belgium and another in 2002 against Poland. He played a key part of the Korean national football team when Korea reached the semi-finals in the 2002 FIFA World Cup. He also has a blind eye, in which he kept secret. He publicly told everyone at a Korean TV talk show.

Managerial career.

On 17 July 2011, he was appointed manager of Daejeon Citizen. His management at Daejeon Citizen was successful in order to survive the K League 1. Many fans wanted him to stay with Daejeon Citizen for longer but his contract had expired. The club asked for him to renew the contract but the two parties could not agree on some conditions. In 2013, Ulsan University which is one of the strongest Korean university football clubs asked to be manager. He started coaching again from the 2014 season.

Personal life.

On 21 November 2019, he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer at the stage 4, which caused him to be hospitalized.

Career statistics.

International.

Source:

Honours.

Ulsan Hyundai  Yokohama F. Marinos  South Korea Universiade  South Korea B  South Korea  Individual

Yoo Sang-chul (born 18 October 1971) is a South Korean football manager and former player. He was a former manager of Incheon United. Yoo is regarded as one of the greatest South Korean midfielders of all time. He was selected as a midfielder of 2002 FIFA World Cup All-Star Team and K League 30th Anniversary Best XI.

Ju Sang-čchol, hangul: 유상철, handža: 柳相鐵, anglickým přepisem Yoo Sang-Chul, (* 18. říjen 1971, Soul) je bývalý jihokorejský fotbalista. Hrával na pozici záložníka.


Africa, Europe, and Asia.

In countries where ground suitable for burial was scarce, corpses would be interred for approximately five years following death, thereby allowing decomposition to occur. After this, the remains would be exhumed and moved to an ossuary or charnel house, thereby allowing the original burial place to be reused. In modern times, the use of charnel houses is a characteristic of cultures living in rocky or arid places, such as the Cyclades archipelago and other Greek islands in the Aegean Sea.

Monastery of the Transfiguration (Saint Catherine's), Mt. Sinai.

Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai is famous for having a working charnel house. Saint Catherine's was founded by Justinian in the early 6th century, on the site of an older monastery founded about 313 AD and named for Helena of Constantinople. The monastery comprises the whole Autonomous Church of Sinai, under the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. The site lies at the foot of Mount Sinai where Christians believe Moses received the Ten Commandments.  Since the Sinai is an inhospitable place, the brethren of St. Catherine's have struggled to eke out a subsistence-level existence. The difficulty in establishing a large cemetery in the rocky ground notwithstanding, relics are also gathered for temporal and spiritual reasons: a reminder to the monks of their impending death and fate in the hereafter. The Archbishop of Saint Catherine's is commonly the Abbot as well. After death, he is afforded the dignity of a special niche within the "Skull-House".

North America.

A charnel house is also a structure commonly seen in some Native American societies of the Eastern United States. Major examples are the Hopewell cultures and Mississippian cultures. These houses were used specifically for mortuary services and, although they required many more resources to build and maintain than a crypt, they were widely used. They offered privacy and shelter as well as enough workspace for mortuary proceedings. These proceedings included cremation (in the included crematorium) as well as defleshing of the body before the cremation. Once the houses had served their purpose, they were burned to the ground and covered by earth, creating a sort of burial mound. Anthropologist William F. Romain in "Mysteries of the Hopewell" notes that these charnel houses were built in the form of a square, and their diagonals could be aligned to the direction of maximum and minimum moon-sets both north and south.

England.

Charnel houses do not appear to have been common in England. The earliest reference found to a charnel house was in the parish of St Mary-at-Hill in London, during the sixteenth century. Few other charnel houses are attested in the seventeenth century, usually within overcrowded urban contexts.

A charnel house is a vault or building where human skeletal remains are stored. They are often built near churches for depositing bones that are unearthed while digging graves. The term can also be used more generally as a description of a place filled with death and destruction.

Karner (z lat. "carnarium" – márnice) je patrová centrální hřbitovní sakrální stavba (kaple) s kostnicí (lat. "ossarium") v přízemí (často zahloubeném v terénu). V prostředí střední Evropy byly karnery budovány hlavně na jižní Moravě v románské a gotické architektuře.


Plot.

Respected professionally and socially, the widowed watchmaker Michel Descombes lives peacefully over his shop in Lyons with his teenage son Bernard, who works in a factory. One morning when his son has not come home, which is not unusual, police arrive and take Michel to see their inspector, who gradually breaks the news that the boy has killed a man and fled with a girl called Liliane.  Michel knows nothing of the victim, an unpopular security guard at the factory, or of the girl, who worked there. In shock, he naively tells intrusive journalists whatever they want to hear. Once calmer, he realises he must be on his guard and when two thugs break his windows, he and his assistant beat them up, throwing one in the river. He visits the old woman who looked after Bernard when his mother died and discovers that she is closer to the boy than he is. The inspector, hoping that Michel may lead them to the runaway pair, puts a lot of effort into winning his confidence.  When the police do trace the two to a town in the north, he invites Michel to travel up with him. Arrested, the young people are flown back to Lyon for trial and Michel hires a lawyer, who has his own ideas on defence. It is alleged that the murdered man demanded sex from Liliane or he would frame her for stealing. The inspector also thinks the crime was not premeditated but the court is not convinced, giving Bernard 20 years for murder and Liliane 5 for abetting. Michel visits Bernard in prison to tell him that Liliane is pregnant and that he, with her parents, will look after the child. The two discuss possible names.

The Clockmaker (, also known as The Clockmaker of St. Paul and The Watchmaker of St. Paul) is a 1974 French crime drama film directed by Bertrand Tavernier. Based on the novel "L'Horloger d'Everton" by Georges Simenon, it tells the story of a widowed father who first discovers how little he knows about his teenage son, who kills a man and with his girl goes on the run, but then decides that whatever their faults he will stand by the pair.

Hodinář od sv. Pavla (originální francouzský název "L'Horloger de Saint-Paul") je francouzské filmové drama režiséra Bertranda Taverniera z roku 1974 s Philippem Noiretem a Jeanem Rochefortem v hlavních rolích.


History.

In the 1920s, C.C. Crispen, a Pennsylvania entrepreneur, created a way to enable his ailing friend to travel from floor to floor. Crispen's idea was to design a seat that could climb stairs. A self-taught engineer, he built the first prototype of the inclining chair. He called it the Inclin-ator. Prior to this Frederick Muffett of Royal Tunbridge Wells, invented and patented the "An Invalid Chair with Tramway for use on Staircases". However, TV historian Doctor David Starkey has in 2009, found evidence in a list of the possessions of King Henry VIII that attributes the first stairlift invented to the monarch. The 30 stone king, injured through jousting, used a chair that was hauled up and down stairs on a block and tackle system by servants at the ancient Whitehall Palace in London.

Features.

Modern stair lifts can be found with a wide variety of features such as adjustable seat height, battery isolation switches, call stations, 'flip-up' rail, key switch, folding step, speed governor, seat belt, soft start and soft stop.

Rails.

Straight rails for use on domestic staircases are usually made from extruded aluminum or steel and come in various cross-sectional shapes. These rails may, typically, weigh over 30 kg, depending on the length. In most applications they are attached to the steps with metal brackets (sometimes called “cleats”).  If a rail crosses a doorway at the bottom of the stairs or causes an obstruction a hinge can be fitted so the end of the rail can be folded back out of the way when not in use.  Curved rails are made from materials such as steel or aluminum and come in various cross-sectional shapes according to the designer. Individual designs vary a lot and probably the key criterion is to make the curves with the smallest radius possible so they will wrap tightly around objects such as newel posts.  The sections of curved rails are usually packaged well to prevent damage in transit and are unwrapped and assembled on site.  Rails for wheelchair platform stair lifts may be secured to walls in addition to the step fixings.

Carriages.

The carriage is the component which moves along the rail and normally runs on small diameter rollers. In most designs the carriage is pulled by a cable or chain, or driven along the inclined rail by a rack and pinion system or other drive arrangement.  Most domestic carriages have a seat with arms and a footrest. Some special models have a stand-on platform also known as a "perch" seat. For users with shorter legs a short seat can be fitted, to make the lift more comfortable to sit on. Seats can be tailored to suit individual needs.  The conventional layout for a typical domestic stair lift is to have the seat at right angles to the rail so the user travels "sidesaddle". At the top of the staircase the seat can be swiveled, commonly through around 45 degrees or 90 degrees, then locked in place to allow the user to alight from it onto a landing. Stair lifts are available with either a manual swivel or a powered swivel, depending on the users ability.  Most swivel seats have a safety switch so the stair lift won't move unless the seat is locked into its travel position. Special models with seats facing the bottom of the staircase have been produced for users with spinal or other conditions which prevent use of the conventional seat layout. More room is need on the landing with these special seats.

Popular types.

Straight-rail stair lifts.

These are the most common type of stair lifts used in private dwellings with straight stairs and have a straight rail (track) which is attached to the steps of the staircase. Straight-rail stair lifts can usually be installed within days of being ordered and, having a rail which is simply cut to length from a stock part, they are the least expensive stair lifts.

Curved-rail stair lifts.

Curved stair lifts are made to follow the shape of an individual staircase (curved stairs). On staircases with intermediate flat landings they eliminate the need for multiple straight stair lifts by providing a continuous ride up the entire length of the staircase. Because the rail is custom-made to follow the staircase, and because the chair is more complex than on a straight-rail stair lift (it has to be able to remain level while traveling along a track which changes direction and angle), curved-rail stair lifts are more costly than stair lifts for straight stairs. Specifying a curved-rail stair lifts usually involves careful measurement, design and manufacturing, and the installation process usually takes longer than for a straight domestic stair lift. One manufacturer can provide a curved-rail stair lift made from modular parts. This has the advantage of quick delivery time, even next day. The installer brings many parts and picks from them. They are usually similar in price to a custom-made curved-rail stair lift.

Wheelchair vertical platform stair lifts.

Vertical platform lifts come under the general definition of a stair lift and are usually of a much heavier construction than a domestic stair lift due to the fact they are going to transport a wheelchair or scooter and the person.  Most platform stair lifts are used in public access buildings and / or inside and outside private homes.  The platform is large enough to accommodate a wheelchair or scooter and its user, and may have folding edge flaps which drop down and act as ramps to allow for variations in floor levels. These flaps also prevent the wheelchair from going over the edge of the platform.  The rails are, necessarily, of heavy construction to support the load and the drive system is usually accommodated within a tubular section rail or aluminum extrusion. Some models have steel cables inside the tube, others have chains; yet others may use a rack and pinion system.  Many wheelchair platform stair lifts are designed and built to order. Others may comprise a standard platform and carriage, with the only special requirement being the length of rails or tracks.  Some stair lift chairs can also be moved and used as indoor wheelchairs.

Outdoor stair lifts.

Outdoor Stair lifts come with seats, perches, footplates or platforms and are sold worldwide. They are similar to indoor stair lifts but with improved weatherproofing.

Previously owned stair lifts.

There is a second-user market for some types of stair lift. This is most common with straight rail domestic types. The rails can be cut to length if too long, or extended with a "joining kit". Most models allow the carriage to be "re-handed" so it can be used on the left or right side of the staircase.  During the early days of curved rail stair lifts there was no second user market because of the difficulty of matching rails to a different layout. Even staircases built to the same design specification in neighboring houses have variations, but in most attempted "transplants" there are too many differences to make it practicable. Many owners have had to pay to have unwanted curved stair lifts removed.  More recently, some curved rails have been produced to a modular design so components can be unbolted and used elsewhere, subject to design and safety considerations. In some cases, tubular section rails which are welded during manufacture, are produced by specialist rail companies so they can be used with a previously owned carriage, controls, and other components. This is, perhaps, like putting an old locomotive on new railway lines. It provides a lower cost solution than buying a totally new system.  Some insurance companies have offered breakdown policies for stair lifts. Manufacturers and installers have offered an extended warranty, rather like those available for domestic white goods and brown goods.

Goods stair lifts.

Some manufacturers produce stair lifts with trays instead of seats for moving goods between different levels, usually in commercial or industrial buildings. Some businesses have purchased normal domestic stair lifts purely as goods transporters and put items such as boxes of stationery on the seat.

AC and DC power.

Early stair lifts mostly had alternating current (AC) drive motors which ran at full mains voltage (around 115 volts in North America, 230 volts in Europe). An "energy chain" ran alongside or through the rail to carry the power cable from the supply point to the carriage.  More recently, domestic stair lifts have been powered from rechargeable batteries and use direct current (DC). One of the selling points is that a DC stair lift will continue to function during a power outage, provided the batteries are sufficiently charged. Most stair lifts have a 'charge point' where the unit will 'park' to charge its batteries. Some straight stair lifts have the ability to charge continuously no matter where they are left along the track.  With most DC models the batteries are accommodated within the carriage and travel with it.  Some models, however, were designed with three phase motors and the batteries (three in total) were housed in a cabinet mounted near the top or bottom of the rail. An inverter system was used to convert the DC energy to three phase AC.  The power rating of drive motors for domestic straight rail stair lifts may be around 250 watts. The power requirement will be greater for heavy loads, very steep inclines, and wheelchair platform stair lifts.

Controls.

Stair lifts are largely operated using a control on the arm of the lift. This is either a switch or a toggle type lever. This larger toggle switch enables users even with limited mobility or painful condition to use stair lifts easily and safely.  Electronic controls are used extensively. Many stair lifts have radio frequency or infrared remote controllers. It is known that radiation from devices such as fluorescent lights can interfere with infrared stair lift controls. Also, heat and incandescent lights can, in some circumstances, have an adverse effect.  Control circuit design varies greatly among the different manufacturers and models. Curved rail stair lifts have more complex controls than those with straight rails.  The seat of a curved rail stair lift may have to be tilted so it remains horizontal whilst going around curves and negotiates different angles of incline. This requires an additional motor and link system.  Also, the carriage is slowed down on bends but travels faster on straight runs. This means a more complex control system. Modern controls have small microprocessors which “learn” the characteristics of the journeys and keep the data in memory. They also record the number of journey and direction. This assists service engineers on maintenance calls.  Some development of self-diagnostic controls began at the onset of the 21st Century. The idea was that stair lifts would predict when components were starting to deteriorate and automatically pass the information to the service provider so a visit could be arranged.

Safety.

To satisfy safety codes stair lifts usually have cut-out switches connected to “safety edges” and other protective devices so the drive power is disconnected if something goes wrong. Modern lifts have a high degree of comfort, but safety is always paramount. "Safety edges" are a common feature to the power pack and footplate. "Safety edges" ensure that if there is any obstruction on the stairs the stair lift will automatically stop and only travel away from the obstruction.  Stair lifts are used by people of all ages and child car seats can usually be fixed a standard stair lift seat using the seat belt provided with the stair lift system.  Many stair lifts are also fitted with a key, to allow the user to prevent others from using the lift.  Codes of practice and technical specifications apply to stair lift manufacture.  In North America these codes may be relevant: Produced by American Society of Mechanical Engineers  An important specification used by stair lift manufacturers in Europe was "British Standard BS 5776: 1996 Specification For Powered Stair lifts," produced by The British Standards Institution.  Note: codes of practice and technical specifications are updated occasionally. These references may be out of date by the time they are read and are shown as examples.

Self-installation.

Today, self-installation of stair lifts is becoming a common trend for people interested in DIY projects. Stair lifts are available for purchase that can be self-installed.  Professionals within the home medical equipment industry do not recommend that people attempt to install these products themselves. They believe that in terms of warranty, long term care, and service, it is much more economical to have a trained professional install these products. In addition, these professionals are also aware of all safety measures and concerns associated with the proper installation of stair lifts, as well as the applicable local elevator codes.

Travel speed.

Stair lifts normally have "soft" starts so the user is not jerked as the carriage starts to move. Typical travel speed for domestic straight rail stair lift carriages range between and (0.34 miles per hour). The speed of curved rail stair lift carriages may vary on the journey if the controls cause them to slow on inclines and bends.

Costs.

Stair lifts are highly individualized units that vary in price significantly. However, many base units begin between $3,000 and $5,000. Many options affect this base pricing including: length of railing needed, any curves involved, seat upgrades, motor upgrades, seat swivel, seat and foot pedal folding, and power type.

A stair lift is a mechanical device for lifting people up and down stairs. For sufficiently wide stairs, a rail is mounted to the treads of the stairs. A chair or lifting platform is attached to the rail. A person gets onto the chair or platform and is lifted up or down the stairs by the chair which moves along the rail.

Schodišťová sedačka (téže schodišťový či židlový výtah nebo plošina) je zařízení určené osobám se sníženou mobilitou pro překonání schodů či jiných bariér. Z technického hlediska se jedná o transportní prostředek určený k přepravě osob popř. nákladu spadající do kategorie zdvihadel.


Botany.

Caapi is a giant vine with characteristic white or pale pink flowers which most commonly appear in January, but are known to bloom infrequently. It resembles "Banisteriopsis membranifolia" and "Banisteriopsis muricata", both of which are related to caapi. The vine can grow up to in length, twining on other plants for support.

Phytochemicals.

Alkaloids.

Caapi contains the following harmala alkaloids:  These alkaloids of the beta-carboline class act as monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOIs). The MAOIs allow the primary psychoactive compound, DMT, which is introduced from the other common ingredient in ayahuasca "Psychotria viridis", to be orally active.  The stems contain 0.11–0.83% beta-carbolines, with harmine and tetrahydroharmine as the major components.  Alkaloids are present in all parts of the plant.

Polyphenols.

In addition to beta-carbolines, caapi is known to contain proanthocyanidins, epicatechin and procyanidin B2, which have antioxidant properties.

History.

First mention of caapi comes from early Spanish and Portuguese explorers and missionaries who visited South America in the 16th century, describing ayahuasca brews as “diabolic” and dangerous decoctions.  Although utilised among the indigenous tribes of South America for hundreds and perhaps even thousands of years, caapi was not identified by westerners until 1851, when Richard Spruce, an English botanist, described it as a new species. He observed how Guahibos, the indigenous people of Llanos (Venezuela), chewed the bark of caapi instead of brewing it as a drink.

Legal issues.

Legality.

In the United States, caapi is not specifically regulated. A 2006 Supreme Court decision involving caapi-containing ayahuasca, which also contains other plants containing the controlled substance DMT, introduced from the "Psychotria viridis" component, "Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal", was found in favor of the União do Vegetal, a Brazilian religious sect using the tea in their ceremonies and having around 130 members in the United States.  In Australia, the harmala alkaloids are scheduled substances, including harmine and harmaline; however, the living vine, or other source plants are not scheduled in most states. In the State of Queensland as of March 2008, this distinction is now uncertain. In all states, the dried herb may or may not be considered a scheduled substance, dependent on court rulings.  In Canada, harmala is listed under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act as a schedule III substance. The vine and the ayahuasca brew are legal ambiguities, since nowhere in the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act is it stated that natural material containing a scheduled substance is illegal, a position supported by the United Nations International Narcotics Control Board.  Caapi, as well as a range of harmala alkaloids, were recently scheduled in France, following a court victory by the Santo Daime religious sect allowing use of the tea due to it not being a chemical extraction and the fact that the plants used were not scheduled. Religious exceptions to narcotics laws are not allowed under French law, effectively making any use or possession of the tea illegal.

Patent issues.

The caapi vine itself was the subject of a dispute between U.S. entrepreneur Loren Miller and the Coordinating Body of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon Basin (COICA). In 1986, Miller obtained a U.S. patent on a variety of "B. caapi". COICA argued the patent was invalid because Miller's variety had been previously described in the University of Michigan Herbarium, and was therefore neither new nor distinct. The patent was overturned in 1999; however, in 2001, the United States Patent Office reinstated the patent because the law at the time the patent was granted did not allow a third party such as COICA standing to object. The Miller patent expired in 2003. "B. caapi" is now being cultivated commercially in Hawaii.

Banisteriopsis caapi, also known as ayahuasca, jagube, caapi or yagé, is a South American liana of the family Malpighiaceae. It is one half of ayahuasca, a decoction with a long history of its entheogenic (hallucinogenic) use and its status as a "plant teacher" among the indigenous peoples of the Amazon rainforest.

Banisteriopsis caapi, též známa jako ayahuasca, caapi nebo yagé je liána rostoucí v amazonské džungli z čeledi malpígiovité. Je užívána k přípravě stejnojmenného nápoje, entheogenu ayahuascy, jež má dlouhou historii používání jako lék a „rostlinná učitelka“ mezi domorodci z pralesa. Obsahuje harmalové alkaloidy harmin, harmalin a tetrahydroharmin, které všechny patří do skupiny beta-karbolinů a jsou to inhibitory monoaminooxidázy. Tyto látky umožňují primární psychoaktivní složce nápoje, DMT (obsažené v rostlinách jako je "Psychotria viridis" nebo caapi příbuzná "Diplopterys cabrerana" přidávaných do nápoje), být orálně aktivní.


Early life.

Casey was born in Long Beach, California and moved to Phoenix, Arizona when he was two years old. His father played the guitar and tried to teach six-year-old Casey to play, but when he realized his son's fingers were too small, he gave him a ukulele instead. At the age of eight, Casey switched to the steel guitar and began taking formal music lessons. By the time he was 14, he was playing the steel guitar for various clubs in Phoenix, and in his later teens he performed five to six nights a week. When Casey was 20 he became serious about playing a traditional guitar.

Career.

"The Fool".

In his teens, Casey joined a local group, the Sunset Riders, and worked with vocalist Jody Reynolds. Around 1956, Casey crossed paths with Lee Hazlewood, a Coolidge, Arizona radio DJ who was looking for a singer to record his song, "The Fool". Casey suggested his schoolmate and friend Sanford Clark for the lead vocals. Casey played guitar for the recording and suggested a guitar riff which he had taken from Howlin' Wolf's song "Smokestack Lightnin". "The Fool" became a national hit and reached number No. 9 on the "Billboard" Top 10 pop charts. It also put the Phoenix music scene in the national spotlight. Due to the song's success, Casey went on a week long rockabilly tour with Carl Perkins, Gene Vincent, Eddie Cochran, Johnny Burnette, and Sonny James, traveling the country in Sanford Clark's Ford Mercury.

Duane Eddy and the Rebels.

In 1955, Casey met Duane Eddy and joined his band, Duane Eddy and the Rebels. For five years, Casey worked on and off with Eddy's band and performed for the Alan Freed and Dick Clark shows. Casey was also part of the backup for other Eddy recordings, playing bass, piano, and rhythm guitar. Casey wrote one of Eddy's earliest hits, "Ramrod" (1958), and when Eddy performed the song on American Bandstand he was flooded with requests for the single. "Ramrod" peaked at No. 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 17 on the Billboard R&B charts in 1958. Casey also co-wrote another Eddy hit, "Forty Miles of Bad Road", which peaked at No. 9 on Billboard's Hot 100 on July 27, 1959. In 1958 he also played guitar on Jody Reynolds's hit song "Endless Sleep".

Al Casey Combo.

In the early 1960s, Casey began working with his own ensemble, the Al Casey Combo. With this group he scored three instrumental hits: "Cookin" (U.S. No. 92, 1962), "Jivin' Around" (peaked at No. 71 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 22 on the Hot R&B/Hip Hop charts in 1962), and "Surfin' Hootenanny" (U.S. #48, 1963). The "Surfin' Hootenanny" album featured Casey mimicking the styles of Dick Dale, the Ventures, and Duane Eddy. Drummer Hal Blaine and organist Leon Russell played on many of these recordings; the backup vocal group, named the K-C-Ettes, were in fact the Blossoms. Casey recorded many of his albums with Stacy Records, which folded in 1964.

Studio session musician.

In 1958, The Arizona Republic noted that Casey performed on 95% of recording sessions held in Phoenix that year. In 1964, he gave up touring and began to play a variety of music styles for studio sessions. In 1965, Casey moved to Los Angeles and became part of the group of session musicians which became known as the Wrecking Crew. He worked with this group for 18 years playing a variety of music styles including jazz, country, rock, and pop. As a member of the Wrecking Crew, he worked for artists such as the Beach Boys, Phil Spector, Elvis Presley, Glen Campbell, the Association, the Monkees, Johnny Cash, Eddy Arnold, Simon & Garfunkel, the 5th Dimension, Harry Nilsson, the Partridge Family, Frank Sinatra, and Nancy Sinatra. During this time, Casey also worked for three years as a member of the band on The Dean Martin Show.

Guitar teacher and music store owner.

In the late 1960s Casey owned a music store in Hollywood called Al Casey's Music Room.  In 1983 he moved back to Phoenix where he taught guitar lessons at Ziggie's Music and performed for occasional shows.

Later recordings and legacy.

Casey continued recording into the 1990s, including an LP release, "Sidewinder", for Bear Family Records. In 2001, he played guitar, dobro, mandolin, and banjo on Al Beasley's "A Rainbow in the Clouds" album, recorded live at the Kerr Cultural Center in Scottsdale, Arizona. He was a featured guitarist on the "Exotic Guitars" series of albums on the Ranwood Records label.  In 2005, Casey was inducted into the Arizona Music Hall of Fame. He was also inducted into the Rockabilly Hall of Fame.  Casey died on September 17, 2006, in Phoenix, Arizona.  In 2008, Casey, along with many of his fellow studio musicians, was featured in the documentary film The Wrecking Crew.  Independent Record label, Fervor Records, has placed many of his recordings in TV and film.

Collaborations.

With Glen Campbell  With Jennifer Warnes  With Nancy Sinatra  With Michael Nesmith  With Delaney & Bonnie  With Bobby Darin

Alvin Wayne Casey (October 26, 1936 – September 17, 2006) was an American guitarist. He was mainly noted for his work as a session musician, but also released his own records and scored three "Billboard" Hot 100 hits in the United States. His contribution to the rockabilly genre has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame.

Al Casey (26. října 1936 Long Beach − 17. září 2006 Phoenix) byl americký kytarista. Během své kariéry působil převážně jako studiový hudebník, ale vydal i několik vlastních hitových singlů. Na počátku své kariéry spolupracoval se zpěvákem a producentem Lee Hazlewoodem. Později spolupracoval s kytaristou Duanem Eddym a je autorem nebo spoluautorem několika jeho hitů, včetně „Forty Miles of Bad Road“ (1959). Za svůj přínos rockabilly hudbě byl uveden do Rockabilly Hall of Fame.


Table of cardinal vowels.

In the, the cardinal vowels have the same numbers used above, but added to 300.

Limits on the accuracy of the system.

The usual explanation of the cardinal vowel system implies that the competent user can reliably distinguish between sixteen Primary and Secondary vowels plus a small number of central vowels. The provision of diacritics by the International Phonetic Association further implies that intermediate values may also be reliably recognized, so that a phonetician might be able to produce and recognize not only a close-mid front unrounded vowel and an open-mid front unrounded vowel but also a mid front unrounded vowel, a centralized mid front unrounded vowel, and so on. This suggests a range of vowels nearer to forty or fifty than to twenty in number. Empirical evidence for this ability in trained phoneticians is hard to come by.  Ladefoged, in a series of pioneering experiments published in the 1950s and 60s, studied how trained phoneticians coped with the vowels of a dialect of Scottish Gaelic. He asked eighteen phoneticians to listen to a recording of ten words spoken by a native speaker of Gaelic and to place the vowels on a cardinal vowel quadrilateral. He then studied the degree of agreement or disagreement among the phoneticians. Ladefoged himself drew attention to the fact that the phoneticians who were trained in the British tradition established by Daniel Jones were closer to each other in their judgments than those who had not had this training. However, the most striking result is the great divergence of judgments among "all" the listeners regarding vowels that were distant from Cardinal values.

Cardinal vowels are a set of reference vowels used by phoneticians in describing the sounds of languages. For instance, the vowel of the English word "feet" can be described with reference to cardinal vowel 1,, which is the cardinal vowel closest to it. It is often stated that to be able to use the cardinal vowel system effectively one must undergo training with an expert phonetician, working both on the recognition and the production of the vowels. Daniel Jones wrote "The values of cardinal vowels cannot be learnt from written descriptions; they should be learnt by oral instruction from a teacher who knows them".

Kardinální vokály nebo kardinální samohlásky (anglicky "cardinal vowels", německy "Hauptvokale") jsou samohlásky, které se nacházejí v extremitách vokalického čtyřúhelníku daného jazyka.


Leadership.

Mauro E. Mujica has been the Chair and CEO of U.S. English since 1993. He was educated at Columbia University and holds bachelor's and master's degrees in Architecture. A naturalized citizen, Mujica was born in Antofagasta, Chile, and moved to the United States in 1964. An architect by trade, Mujica was the Chairman/CEO of the Pace Group, an international architecture, and planning firm, from 1983 to 1987. He is fluent in five languages.

Advisory board members.

Early advisory board members included Alistair Cooke, Saul Bellow, Walter Cronkite, Norman Cousins, Gore Vidal, Norman Podhoretz. Some of them are no longer affiliated with the group. Schwarzenegger is still a board member. The gallerist André Emmerich (d. 2007), Charles Scripps, Togo Tanaka and the Nobel Prize laureate Rosalyn Yalow (d. 2007) were among the other past members of the advisory board.  Current members of the Advisory Board include: Edward A. Capano, Denton Cooley, M.D., Midge Decter, Jorge Delgado, Dinesh Desai, Mrs. Richard DeVos, George Gilder, Nathan Glazer, Ph.D., Charles Gogolak, Lee Majors, Laura McKenzie, Harvey Meyerhoff, Barbara Mujica, Ph.D., Alex Olmedo, Arnold Palmer, Margie Petersen, Norman Podhoretz, Donald M. Ross, Randolph Rowland, James Schlesinger, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Norman D. Shumway, Rodney Smith, Alex Trebek, George W. Wilson, and Roger Wildermuth. To date, the United States federal government has recognized no official language, even though nearly all federal, state and local government business is conducted in English. Some states and territories do have English as an official language; a few have passed laws embracing another language alongside English, such as Hawaiian in the state of Hawaii. In total, 32 states have English as their official language. The U.S. House of Representatives passed English as the official language in 1996, but the Senate did not act on the measure before the conclusion of the 104th Congress.

Position.

For U.S. English, making English the official language of the United States means that all government business must be conducted in English "with commonsense exceptions" of necessity, such as disseminating public-health information to non-English speaking communities.  Opponents of the goals of the U.S. English organization or of English as "the" official language object that the practice would express a bias against immigrants who have yet to learn English. In response, U.S. English argues that this would encourage immigrants to learn English more quickly, thereby reaping greater economic and political benefits. Thus, in the view of many supporters of this approach—including members of other English-only advocacy groups—the move to make English the only official language can have benefits for non-English speakers, and is not a form of legalized discrimination.

Controversy.

Walter Cronkite was once a board member of the organization, and Linda Chavez was once executive director. A leak by the "Arizona Republic" newspaper of a memo from John Tanton, which many including Cronkite, who called the memo "embarrassing", believed went too far in its characterization of Latinos, prompted Chavez and Cronkite to resign. John Tanton was ousted from the group in 1988 following the leak of the memo, and is no longer associated with it; he later went on to found his own group, ProEnglish.

U.S. English is the umbrella name for two American political advocacy groups founded in 1983 by former United States Senator S.I. Hayakawa to advocate the adoption of English as the official language of the United States.

U.S. English je lobbystická skupina ve Spojených státech amerických. Jejím cílem je zavést v této zemi angličtinu jako úřední jazyk. Byla založena v roce 1989 americkými senátory S. I. Hayakawou a Johnem Tantonem. Je součástí širšího politického hnutí Jen anglicky.