Early life and education.

Pickens was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He began acting while a student at Bowling Green State University. His first acting role was in a campus production of "Matters of Choice" by Chuck Gordone. Pickens earned his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from BGSU in 1976.

Career.

Pickens started his professional acting career at the Roundabout Theatre in New York City playing Walter Lee in "A Raisin in the Sun". In 1981, Pickens performed in the Negro Ensemble Company's production of "A Soldier's Play", starring alongside Denzel Washington and Samuel L. Jackson.  In 1986, Pickens moved to the West Coast and began his Hollywood career playing Zack Edwards on the soap opera "Another World" from 1986 to 1990. He went on to have recurring roles on "X-Files" as Deputy Director Kersh, "Curb Your Enthusiasm", "The West Wing", "Roseanne", "Beverly Hills, 90210", "JAG", and "Six Feet Under". He also served a role in 42. In 2002, Pickens had a cameo appearance as the male zoo doctor in the film "Red Dragon".  In the February 28, 2007, all-star benefit reading of "The Gift of Peace" at UCLA's Freud Playhouse, he portrays a man whose life experiences lead him to volunteer in the peace movement, and plays alongside actors Ed Asner, Barbara Bain, Amy Brenneman, George Coe, and Wendie Malick. The play is an open appeal and fundraiser for passage of U.S. House Resolution 808, which sought to establish a Cabinet-level "Department of Peace" in the U.S. government, to be funded by a two-percent diversion of the Pentagon's annual budget.  In 2005, Pickens was chosen to play Dr. Richard Webber on the ABC medical drama "Grey's Anatomy". In 2018, Pickens has reprised his role as Chuckie Mitchell in two episodes of the tenth season revival of "Roseanne".

Personal life.

Pickens married Gina Taylor, a former member of Musique, on May 27, 1984 and has two children. In his spare time Pickens can be found riding horseback and roping cattle. He is a member of the United States Team Roping Championship and competes in roping events across the country. He owns an American Quarter Horse named Smokey.  James's two children, Carl Tharps and Gavyn Pickens, are both pursuing careers in show business. His son Carl is working on a Hip-Hop career and can be seen in various television appearances, including "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper" where he appeared alongside his long-time friend Omar Gooding. His father James Pickens Sr. worked for the City of Cleveland.

James Pickens Jr. (born October 26, 1954) is an American actor. He is best known for his starring role as Dr. Richard Webber on the ABC medical drama television series "Grey's Anatomy", and for his supporting role as Deputy Director Alvin Kersh on later seasons of the Fox Network science fiction series "The X-Files".

James Pickens mladší (* 26. října 1954, Cleveland, Ohio, USA) je americký herec. Nejvíce známý je díky roli Dr. Richarda Webbera v seriálu televizní stanice ABC "Chirurgové" a také díky vedlejší roli zástupce režiséra Alvina Kershe v pozdějších sezónách science fiction seriálu "Akta X".


History.

The effect is named after James Prescott Joule and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, who discovered it in 1852. It followed upon earlier work by Joule on Joule expansion, in which a gas undergoes free expansion in a vacuum and the temperature is unchanged, if the gas is ideal.

Description.

The "adiabatic" (no heat exchanged) expansion of a gas may be carried out in a number of ways. The change in temperature experienced by the gas during expansion depends not only on the initial and final pressure, but also on the manner in which the expansion is carried out.  The temperature change produced during a Joule–Thomson expansion is quantified by the Joule–Thomson coefficient, formula_1. This coefficient may be either positive (corresponding to cooling) or negative (heating); the regions where each occurs for molecular nitrogen, N, are shown in the figure. Note that most conditions in the figure correspond to N being a supercritical fluid, where it has some properties of a gas and some of a liquid, but can not be really described as being either. The coefficient is negative at both very high and very low temperatures; at very high pressure it is negative at all temperatures. The maximum inversion temperature (621 K for N) occurs as zero pressure is approached. For N gas at low pressures, formula_1 is negative at high temperatures and positive at low temperatures. At temperatures below the gas-liquid coexistence curve, N condenses to form a liquid and the coefficient again becomes negative. Thus, for N gas below 621 K, a Joule–Thomson expansion can be used to cool the gas until liquid N forms.

Physical mechanism.

There are two factors that can change the temperature of a fluid during an adiabatic expansion: a change in internal energy or the conversion between potential and kinetic internal energy. Temperature is the measure of thermal kinetic energy (energy associated with molecular motion); so a change in temperature indicates a change in thermal kinetic energy. The internal energy is the sum of thermal kinetic energy and thermal potential energy. Thus, even if the internal energy does not change, the temperature can change due to conversion between kinetic and potential energy; this is what happens in a free expansion and typically produces a decrease in temperature as the fluid expands. If work is done on or by the fluid as it expands, then the total internal energy changes. This is what happens in a Joule–Thomson expansion and can produce larger heating or cooling than observed in a free expansion.  In a Joule–Thomson expansion the enthalpy remains constant. The enthalpy, formula_3, is defined as where formula_5 is internal energy, formula_6 is pressure, and formula_7 is volume. Under the conditions of a Joule–Thomson expansion, the change in formula_8 represents the work done by the fluid (see the proof below). If formula_8 increases, with formula_3 constant, then formula_5 must decrease as a result of the fluid doing work on its surroundings. This produces a decrease in temperature and results in a positive Joule–Thomson coefficient. Conversely, a decrease in formula_8 means that work is done on the fluid and the internal energy increases. If the increase in kinetic energy exceeds the increase in potential energy, there will be an increase in the temperature of the fluid and the Joule–Thomson coefficient will be negative.  For an ideal gas, formula_8 does not change during a Joule–Thomson expansion. As a result, there is no change in internal energy; since there is also no change in thermal potential energy, there can be no change in thermal kinetic energy and, therefore, no change in temperature. In real gases, formula_8 does change.  The ratio of the value of formula_8 to that expected for an ideal gas at the same temperature is called the compressibility factor, formula_16. For a gas, this is typically less than unity at low temperature and greater than unity at high temperature (see the discussion in compressibility factor). At low pressure, the value of formula_16 always moves towards unity as a gas expands. Thus at low temperature, formula_16 and formula_8 will increase as the gas expands, resulting in a positive Joule–Thomson coefficient. At high temperature, formula_16 and formula_8 decrease as the gas expands; if the decrease is large enough, the Joule–Thomson coefficient will be negative.  For liquids, and for supercritical fluids under high pressure, formula_8 increases as pressure increases. This is due to molecules being forced together, so that the volume can barely decrease due to higher pressure. Under such conditions, the Joule–Thomson coefficient is negative, as seen in the figure above.  The physical mechanism associated with the Joule–Thomson effect is closely related to that of a shock wave, although a shock wave differs in that the change in bulk kinetic energy of the gas flow is not negligible.

The Joule–Thomson (Kelvin) coefficient.

The rate of change of temperature formula_23 with respect to pressure formula_6 in a Joule–Thomson process (that is, at constant enthalpy formula_3) is the "Joule–Thomson (Kelvin) coefficient" formula_1. This coefficient can be expressed in terms of the gas's volume formula_7, its heat capacity at constant pressure formula_28, and its coefficient of thermal expansion formula_29 as:  See the Derivation of the Joule–Thomson coefficient below for the proof of this relation. The value of formula_1 is typically expressed in °C/bar (SI units: K/Pa) and depends on the type of gas and on the temperature and pressure of the gas before expansion. Its pressure dependence is usually only a few percent for pressures up to 100 bar.  All real gases have an "inversion point" at which the value of formula_1 changes sign. The temperature of this point, the "Joule–Thomson inversion temperature", depends on the pressure of the gas before expansion.  In a gas expansion the pressure decreases, so the sign of formula_33 is negative by definition. With that in mind, the following table explains when the Joule–Thomson effect cools or warms a real gas:  Helium and hydrogen are two gases whose Joule–Thomson inversion temperatures at a pressure of one atmosphere are very low (e.g., about 45 K (−228 °C) for helium). Thus, helium and hydrogen warm when expanded at constant enthalpy at typical room temperatures. On the other hand, nitrogen and oxygen, the two most abundant gases in air, have inversion temperatures of 621 K (348 °C) and 764 K (491 °C) respectively: these gases can be cooled from room temperature by the Joule–Thomson effect.  For an ideal gas, formula_1 is always equal to zero: ideal gases neither warm nor cool upon being expanded at constant enthalpy.

Applications.

In practice, the Joule–Thomson effect is achieved by allowing the gas to expand through a throttling device (usually a valve) which must be very well insulated to prevent any heat transfer to or from the gas. No external work is extracted from the gas during the expansion (the gas must not be expanded through a turbine, for example).  The cooling produced in the Joule–Thomson expansion makes it a valuable tool in refrigeration. The effect is applied in the Linde technique as a standard process in the petrochemical industry, where the cooling effect is used to liquefy gases, and also in many cryogenic applications (e.g. for the production of liquid oxygen, nitrogen, and argon). A gas must be below its inversion temperature to be liquefied by the Linde cycle. For this reason, simple Linde cycle liquefiers, starting from ambient temperature, cannot be used to liquefy helium, hydrogen, or neon. However, the Joule–Thomson effect can be used to liquefy even helium, provided that the helium gas is first cooled below its inversion temperature of 40 K.

Proof that the specific enthalpy remains constant.

In thermodynamics so-called "specific" quantities are quantities per unit mass (kg) and are denoted by lower-case characters. So "h", "u", and "v" are the specific enthalpy, specific internal energy, and specific volume (volume per unit mass, or reciprocal density), respectively. In a Joule–Thomson process the specific enthalpy "h" remains constant. To prove this, the first step is to compute the net work done when a mass "m" of the gas moves through the plug. This amount of gas has a volume of "V" = "m" "v" in the region at pressure "P" (region 1) and a volume "V" = "m" "v" when in the region at pressure "P" (region 2). Then in region 1, the "flow work" done "on" the amount of gas by the rest of the gas is: W = "m" "P""v". In region 2, the work done "by" the amount of gas on the rest of the gas is: W = "m" "P""v". So, the total work done "on" the mass "m" of gas is  The change in internal energy minus the total work done "on" the amount of gas is, by the first law of thermodynamics, the total heat supplied to the amount of gas.  In the Joule–Thomson process, the gas is insulated, so no heat is absorbed. This means that  where "u" and "u" denote the specific internal energies of the gas in regions 1 and 2, respectively. Using the definition of the specific enthalpy "h = u + Pv", the above equation implies that  where h and "h" denote the specific enthalpies of the amount of gas in regions 1 and 2, respectively.

Throttling in the "T"-"s" diagram.

A very convenient way to get a quantitative understanding of the throttling process is by using diagrams. There are many types of diagrams ("h"-"T" diagram, "h"-"P" diagram, etc.) Commonly used are the so-called "T"-"s" diagrams. Figure 2 shows the "T"-"s" diagram of nitrogen as an example. Various points are indicated as follows:  As shown before, throttling keeps "h" constant. E.g. throttling from 200 bar and 300 K (point a in fig. 2) follows the isenthalp (line of constant specific enthalpy) of 430 kJ/kg. At 1 bar it results in point b which has a temperature of 270 K. So throttling from 200 bar to 1 bar gives a cooling from room temperature to below the freezing point of water. Throttling from 200 bar and an initial temperature of 133 K (point c in fig. 2) to 1 bar results in point d, which is in the two-phase region of nitrogen at a temperature of 77.2 K. Since the enthalpy is an extensive parameter the enthalpy in d ("h") is equal to the enthalpy in e ("h") multiplied with the mass fraction of the liquid in d ("x") plus the enthalpy in f ("h") multiplied with the mass fraction of the gas in d (1 − "x"). So  With numbers: 150 = "x" 28 + (1 − "x") 230 so "x" is about 0.40. This means that the mass fraction of the liquid in the liquid–gas mixture leaving the throttling valve is 40%.

Derivation of the Joule–Thomson coefficient.

It is difficult to think physically about what the Joule–Thomson coefficient, formula_1, represents. Also, modern determinations of formula_1 do not use the original method used by Joule and Thomson, but instead measure a different, closely related quantity. Thus, it is useful to derive relationships between formula_1 and other, more convenient quantities. That is the purpose of this section.  The first step in obtaining these results is to note that the Joule–Thomson coefficient involves the three variables "T", "P", and "H". A useful result is immediately obtained by applying the cyclic rule; in terms of these three variables that rule may be written  Each of the three partial derivatives in this expression has a specific meaning. The first is formula_1, the second is the constant pressure heat capacity, formula_28, defined by  and the third is the inverse of the "isothermal Joule–Thomson coefficient", formula_49, defined by This last quantity is more easily measured than formula_1. Thus, the expression from the cyclic rule becomes  This equation can be used to obtain Joule–Thomson coefficients from the more easily measured isothermal Joule–Thomson coefficient. It is used in the following to obtain a mathematical expression for the Joule–Thomson coefficient in terms of the volumetric properties of a fluid.  To proceed further, the starting point is the fundamental equation of thermodynamics in terms of enthalpy; this is  Now "dividing through" by d"P", while holding temperature constant, yields The partial derivative on the left is the isothermal Joule–Thomson coefficient, formula_49, and the one on the right can be expressed in terms of the coefficient of thermal expansion via a Maxwell relation. The appropriate relation is where "α" is the cubic coefficient of thermal expansion. Replacing these two partial derivatives yields  This expression can now replace formula_49 in the earlier equation for formula_1 to obtain:  This provides an expression for the Joule–Thomson coefficient in terms of the commonly available properties heat capacity, molar volume, and thermal expansion coefficient. It shows that the Joule–Thomson inversion temperature, at which formula_1 is zero, occurs when the coefficient of thermal expansion is equal to the inverse of the temperature. Since this is true at all temperatures for ideal gases (see expansion in gases), the Joule–Thomson coefficient of an ideal gas is zero at all temperatures.

Joule's second law.

It is easy to verify that for an ideal gas defined by suitable microscopic postulates that "αT" = 1, so the temperature change of such an ideal gas at a Joule–Thomson expansion is zero. For such an ideal gas, this theoretical result implies that:  This rule was originally found by Joule experimentally for real gases and is known as Joule's second law. More refined experiments of course found important deviations from it.

In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect (also known as the Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect) describes the temperature change of a "real" gas or liquid (as differentiated from an ideal gas) when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the environment. This procedure is called a "throttling process" or "Joule–Thomson process". At room temperature, all gases except hydrogen, helium, and neon cool upon expansion by the Joule–Thomson process when being throttled through an orifice; these three gases experience the same effect but only at lower temperatures. Most liquids such as hydraulic oils will be warmed by the Joule–Thomson throttling process.

Joulův–Thomsonův jev je fyzikální děj, při kterém se při adiabatické expanzi do vakua přes pórovitou přepážku mění teplota plynu. Pro každý plyn (a daný tlak) existuje inverzní teplota; expanduje-li přes přepážku plyn s teplotou nižší než inverzní, dále se ochlazuje, naopak plyn s vyšší teplotou se zahřívá. Tento jev se využívá ke zkapalňování plynů.


Imaging techniques.

Scintigraphy ("scint") is the use of gamma cameras to capture emitted radiation from internal radioisotopes to create two-dimensional images.  SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) imaging, as used in nuclear cardiac stress testing, is performed using gamma cameras. Usually one, two or three detectors or heads, are slowly rotated around the patient's torso.  Multi-headed gamma cameras can also be used for positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, provided that their hardware and software can be configured to detect "coincidences" (near simultaneous events on 2 different heads). Gamma camera PET is markedly inferior to PET imaging with a purpose designed PET scanner, as the scintillator crystal has poor sensitivity for the high-energy annihilation photons, and the detector area is significantly smaller. However, given the low cost of a gamma camera and its additional flexibility compared to a dedicated PET scanner, this technique is useful where the expense and resource implications of a PET scanner cannot be justified.

Construction.

A gamma camera consists of one or more flat crystal planes (or detectors) optically coupled to an array of photomultiplier tubes in an assembly known as a "head", mounted on a gantry. The gantry is connected to a computer system that both controls the operation of the camera and acquires and stores images. The construction of a gamma camera is sometimes known as a compartmental radiation construction.  The system accumulates events, or counts, of gamma photons that are absorbed by the crystal in the camera. Usually a large flat crystal of sodium iodide with thallium doping in a light-sealed housing is used. The highly efficient capture method of this combination for detecting gamma rays was discovered in 1944 by Sir Samuel Curran whilst he was working on the Manhattan Project at the University of California at Berkeley. Nobel prize-winning physicist Robert Hofstadter also worked on the technique in 1948.  The crystal scintillates in response to incident gamma radiation. When a gamma photon leaves the patient (who has been injected with a radioactive pharmaceutical), it knocks an electron loose from an iodine atom in the crystal, and a faint flash of light is produced when the dislocated electron again finds a minimal energy state. The initial phenomenon of the excited electron is similar to the photoelectric effect and (particularly with gamma rays) the Compton effect. After the flash of light is produced, it is detected. Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) behind the crystal detect the fluorescent flashes (events) and a computer sums the counts. The computer reconstructs and displays a two dimensional image of the relative spatial count density on a monitor. This reconstructed image reflects the distribution and relative concentration of radioactive tracer elements present in the organs and tissues imaged.

Signal processing.

Hal Anger developed the first gamma camera in 1957. His original design, frequently called the Anger camera, is still widely used today. The Anger camera uses sets of vacuum tube photomultipliers (PMT). Generally each tube has an exposed face of about in diameter and the tubes are arranged in hexagon configurations, behind the absorbing crystal. The electronic circuit connecting the photodetectors is wired so as to reflect the relative coincidence of light fluorescence as sensed by the members of the hexagon detector array. All the PMTs simultaneously detect the (presumed) same flash of light to varying degrees, depending on their position from the actual individual event. Thus the spatial location of each single flash of fluorescence is reflected as a pattern of voltages within the interconnecting circuit array.  The location of the interaction between the gamma ray and the crystal can be determined by processing the voltage signals from the photomultipliers; in simple terms, the location can be found by weighting the position of each photomultiplier tube by the strength of its signal, and then calculating a mean position from the weighted positions. The total sum of the voltages from each photomultiplier, measured by a pulse height analyzer is proportional to the energy of the gamma ray interaction, thus allowing discrimination between different isotopes or between scattered and direct photons.

Spatial resolution.

In order to obtain spatial information about the gamma-ray emissions from an imaging subject (e.g. a person's heart muscle cells which have absorbed an intravenous injected radioactive, usually thallium-201 or technetium-99m, medicinal imaging agent) a method of correlating the detected photons with their point of origin is required.  The conventional method is to place a collimator over the detection crystal/PMT array. The collimator consists of a thick sheet of lead, typically thick, with thousands of adjacent holes through it. The individual holes limit photons which can be detected by the crystal to a cone; the point of the cone is at the midline center of any given hole and extends from the collimator surface outward. However, the collimator is also one of the sources of blurring within the image; lead does not totally attenuate incident gamma photons, there can be some crosstalk between holes.  Unlike a lens, as used in visible light cameras, the collimator attenuates most (>99%) of incident photons and thus greatly limits the sensitivity of the camera system. Large amounts of radiation must be present so as to provide enough exposure for the camera system to detect sufficient scintillation dots to form a picture.  Other methods of image localization (pinhole, rotating slat collimator with CZT) have been proposed and tested; however, none have entered widespread routine clinical use.  The best current camera system designs can differentiate two separate point sources of gamma photons located at 6 to 12 mm depending on distance from the collimator, the type of collimator and radio-nucleide. Spatial resolution decreases rapidly at increasing distances from the camera face. This limits the spatial accuracy of the computer image: it is a fuzzy image made up of many dots of detected but not precisely located scintillation. This is a major limitation for heart muscle imaging systems; the thickest normal heart muscle in the left ventricle is about 1.2 cm and most of the left ventricle muscle is about 0.8 cm, always moving and much of it beyond 5 cm from the collimator face. To help compensate, better imaging systems limit scintillation counting to a portion of the heart contraction cycle, called gating, however this further limits system sensitivity.

A gamma camera (γ-camera), also called a scintillation camera or Anger camera, is a device used to image gamma radiation emitting radioisotopes, a technique known as scintigraphy. The applications of scintigraphy include early drug development and nuclear medical imaging to view and analyse images of the human body or the distribution of medically injected, inhaled, or ingested radionuclides emitting gamma rays.

Scintilační kamera (gamakamera, Angerova kamera) je přístroj používaný v nukleární medicíně k detekci záření γ a jeho následnému zviditelnění na obrazovku osciloskopu.


Facility.

The Mount Baker Theatre occupies half a city block. It has three distinct facilities for concerts, live theater, films, receptions, and other events. All public facilities, except the balcony, are fully ADA accessible. Some non-public facilities, such as backstage and storage spaces, may not be accessible.

Main Theater.

The main theater contains large stage facing floor and balcony seating. Using the main floor and balcony, seating capacity is 1,517 people. An orchestra pit sits five feet below the stage and can hold 25 musicians. The theater has a professional lighting and sound system, a large movie screen and projection room, and a historic pipe organ.

Encore Room.

The Encore Room is a reception hall or meeting space in the southern portion of the theater. It can accommodate 120 people in standard seating and 60-80 seated at tables. A kitchen is adjacent to the room.

Walton Theater.

The Walton Theatre is named in honor of Harold and Irene Walton. It is a smaller performance space west of the main theater. There are attached restrooms and a kitchen.

Events.

The Mount Baker Theatre hosts a variety events including live theater, concerts, movies, arts festivals, and comedy shows.

History.

The Mount Baker Theater was built in 1927 to provide entertainment for a growing city. It was designed by architect Robert Reamer. Originally, it held live theater and concerts. A screen was added later to show silent movies.  The theater was in a historic part of downtown. Bellingham's Carnegie library was just south of the theater. The Bellingham Tower stands tall to the theater's west. The tower was built as a luxurious hotel; it is an office building with a café at street level. At 15 stories, it is the tallest building in Bellingham and Whatcom County. The original City Hall, built in 1891, stands two blocks west of the theater and is home to the Whatcom Museum. The Bellingham Bank Building, Federal Building, and Crown Plaza are within a few blocks to the southeast.

Ghost.

For decades, theater staff have reported unusual phenomena, which has led to an urban legend of a ghost. In August 2010, paranormal investigators, affiliated with the Syfy Channel's show Ghost Hunters, and psychics spent a night in the theater to find evidence of paranormal activity.

The Mount Baker Theatre (officially abbreviated MBT) is a 1,517-seat performing arts venue and national historic landmark in Bellingham, Washington. The theater hosts professional productions and concerts as well as community performances from the north of Puget Sound. The theater's main stage is the largest theatrical venue in Washington north of Seattle's Paramount and 5th Avenue.

Mount Baker Theatre je divadlo s kapacitou 1 509 diváků a národní historická památka ve městě Bellingham v americkém státě Washington. Konají se zde profesionální představení, koncerty i amatérská vystoupení ze severní části regionu Pugetova zálivu. Hlavní sál divadla je největším divadlem ve státě, které se nachází severně od seattleských divadel Paramount a 5th Avenue.


Early life and education.

Kigeli was born Ndahindurwa on 29 June 1936 in Kamembe, Rwanda, to Yuhi Musinga, the deposed King Yuhi V of Rwanda, and Queen Mukashema (born Mukashema Bernadette), the seventh of his eleven wives. He was ethnically Tutsi. Kigeli had fourteen siblings, being one of the youngest of his father's many children.  When Kigeli was 4 years old, his father was exiled by the Belgian government to Moba, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Following the death of his father, in 1944 he returned to Rwanda. Kigeli was baptised in the Catholic Church in his teens, taking the Christian name Jean-Baptiste, and remained a devout Catholic throughout his life.  He received his education at the Groupe Scolaire Astrida (now Groupe Scolaire Officiel de Butare) in Rwanda, and at the Nyangezi College in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo. After he finished school in 1956, he worked in local government in Rwanda until 1959.

Reign in Rwanda.

After his half-brother, King Mutara III Rudahigwa, died under mysterious circumstances on 25 July 1959, it was announced on 28 July that Kigeli would succeed him as King Kigeli V Ndahindurwa. "Kigeli" is sometimes transcribed as "Kigeri". Though married, Kigeli's late half-brother had had no children; the abrupt, shocking nature of the death prompted widespread talk of some kind of assassination having occurred.  Kigeli's appointment was a surprise to the Belgian administration, who were not involved in his selection, and who described the event as a "coup d'état", a view shared by the newly politically empowered Hutu elite. Kigeli himself also felt shocked and overwhelmed at the news of his ascension. The tense atmosphere and presence of armed Rwandans at the funeral prevented the Belgians from objecting, as well as preventing Hutu interference. Despite this, Kigeli was initially favoured by all sides: Tutsi traditionalists, Hutu nationalists, and the Catholic clergy all felt optimistic on his appointment. However, the manner of his appointment led to a loss of prestige for the Belgian authorities, and gave both Hutu and Tutsi revolutionaries the impression that violence might further their goals. The fact that the Tutsi establishment had engineered the rise to power also compromised Kigeli's ability to act in the traditional role as a neutral arbiter of differing factions.  Kigeli duly followed regal tradition by disregarding past ethnic and ideological affiliations, embracing the role of the 'father of all Rwandan people'. However, political instability and tribal conflict grew despite efforts by the monarchy and others. Only a month after Kigeli's November 1959 ascension, Hutu versus Tutsi militancy increased to the point that hundreds died. Many Tutsi went into exile. Issues with the increasingly restive Hutu population were encouraged by the Belgian military, promoting widespread revolt. Kigeli later wrote, "I am not clinging to power... I will always accept the people’s verdict; what I cannot accept is that the Belgian Administration should influence or distort this verdict."  In July 1960, Kigeli sought safe haven in the newly independent nation of Congo. In 1961, Kigeli was in Kinshasa to meet Secretary General of the United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld when Dominique Mbonyumutwa, with the support of the Belgian government, led a coup d'état that took control of the Rwandan state. The monarchy's rule was formally overthrown on 28 January 1961. The coup resulted in the 1961 referendum about the fate of the nation's royal system.  The election results showed that, with about 95% turnout, around 80% of voters opposed the continuation of the monarchy. Kigeli criticized the affair as rigged; soon after re-entering Rwanda prior to the election, Belgian officials put him under house arrest.  The government officially deported Kigeli to what is now Tanzania on 2 October 1961. He subsequently lived in multiple other locations, leaving the region of Tanganyika (living in Dar es Salaam) for places such as Kampala, Uganda, and Nairobi, Kenya. He was granted political asylum in the United States in July 1992. He resided in the U.S. for the rest of his life.

Exile activities.

Granted political asylum by the United States, he settled near Washington, D.C., where he claimed welfare, and lived in subsidized housing. He subsequently settled in the Oakton, Virginia, area.  He traveled internationally to speak on behalf of the Rwandan people and repeatedly called for peace and harmony between the different groups. Kigeli continued to remember the victims of the Rwandan genocide and attempted to reconcile all political, ethnic, and religious parties in Rwanda to use the democratic process to solve any disputes. Kigeli was a friend of former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela and the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Patrice Lumumba.  In an August 2007 BBC interview, Kigeli expressed an interest in returning to Rwanda if the Rwandan people were prepared to accept him as their constitutional monarch. He said that he had met President Paul Kagame and that Kagame had told him that he and his family were free to return, but Kigeli said that in order to do so, he needed to know if the people still wanted him to be king. According to Kigeli, Kagame said that he would consult the government about the issue.

Charity.

He was the head of the King Kigeli V Foundation, whose mission is to bring humanitarian initiatives on behalf of Rwandan refugees.

Death and succession.

Kigeli died of a heart ailment at the age of eighty on the morning of 16 October 2016 in a hospital in Washington, D.C.. His private secretary, Guye Pennington, said that an heir had been chosen and would be announced shortly. Kigeli never married, in obedience to a rule banning marriage for kings while they were out of the country.  Although Kigeli never married, on 9 January 2017, the Royal House announced that his nephew, Prince Emmanuel Bushayija (to reign as Yuhi VI of Rwanda), would succeed him as pretender to the Rwandan throne. He is the son of the half-brother of Kigeli, Prince William Bushayija.  After Kigeli's death, it was revealed he had at least one daughter, Jacqueline Rwivanga, married to Andrew Rugasira 1998-2015 and a mother of five.

Distinctions.

Status and recognition.

As titular King in exile, as part of maintaining his royal family's cultural heritage, Kigeli V issued chivalric orders and titles of nobility with himself as fount of honour, in accordance with traditional customs.  Research in 2016 found that noble Rwandan titles were given to non-Rwandans by King Mutara III, the prior King of Rwanda. This was consistent with King Kigeli's statements that his elder brother, when he reigned as King, granted orders and noble titles to non-Rwandans. An independent article confirming this was printed in an article titled "African King Gets Papal Honor from Vatican" in "The Guardian", a publication of the Roman Catholic diocese of Little Rock, Arkansas, United States, 4 July 1947.  The titles are recognised by Burke's Peerage and the Augustan Society.  However, the activities have also been a subject of controversy by critics.  An article in 2013 presented that donations between $1,000 to $8,000, and services of up to $30,000, have been given prior to the grant of honours. The web site of King Kigeli issued a statement in September 2016 that awards were based on merit, related to past demonstrable charitable work, occupational achievement, and educational background, and that a passage fee could apply.  Since the President of the International Commission on Orders of Chivalry could not recognise the titles as part of Rwanda's historical tradition in 2013, he labelled Kigeli's activities in titles "very sad", calling on them to not be awarded. The King's Secretary General of the time replied, "Who has the right to question his authorities but God and his countrymen?"

Foreign orders.

Foreign orders and decorations received by the King:

Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (born Jean-Baptiste Ndahindurwa; 29 June 1936 – 16 October 2016) was the last ruling King ("Mwami") of Rwanda, from 28 July 1959 until the abolition of the Rwandan monarchy on 25 September 1961, shortly before the country acceded to independence from Belgium.

Kigeli V. nebo Kigeri V. (29. června 1936 v Kamembe, Rwanda – 16. října 2016) byl rwandský král (mwami), který vládl v letech 1959 až 1961. V době jeho vlády byla Rwanda mandátním územím OSN pod správou Belgie jako Ruanda-Urundi. Jeho občanské jméno je Jean-Baptiste Ndahindurwa.


Biography.

Early life and education.

Ferrari was born in Aix-les-Bains, Savoie, the daughter of a former mayor of the city and member of the French National Assembly, Gratien Ferrari, of Italian ancestry from Emilia-Romagna. She attended the École Française des Attachés de Presse (French School for Press Attachés) in Lyon and graduated from the Sorbonne University with a Master of 'Communication Politique and Sociale'. She is the eldest of three sisters and an accomplished pianist.

Media career.

She started her career in 1986 as a stringer at the French news agency, AFP, and "Le Figaro Magazine". She also worked at the French language radio station, Europe 1, as a researcher with special responsibility for health policy. She began her television career in 1994 with Michel Drucker in "Studio Gabriel" on France 2 and thereafter with Jean-Pierre Pernaut in ""Combien ça coûte?"" on TF1. In 2001 she co-hosted the TF1 Sunday evening magazine "Sept à Huit" with her former husband, Thomas Hugues. After her divorce, she moved in 2006 to Canal + to present the channel's weekly political magazine ""Dimanche +"" where she covered the French presidential election of 2007. In June 2008, she became the new anchor of ""Le 20 Heures de TF1"" (the flagship TV news programme, which has the highest ratings in Europe), replacing its long-serving anchor Patrick Poivre d'Arvor, and taking over the weekday programme on 25 August 2008.  Ferrari incited controversy in 2010 by wearing a veil to interview Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.  Ferrari presented her final 8pm newscast for TF1 on 31 May 2012, a day after announcing her resignation from the network in order to join Direct 8.

Humanitarian work.

Laurence Ferrari has been an ambassador for SOS Children's Villages since November 2003.  In March 2007, along with other famous personalities including journalists Claire Chazal, Marie Drucker, Tina Keiffer, Béatrice Schönberg and Mélissa Theuriau, she sponsored the La Rose Marie Claire project with UNICEF to help educate young girls.

Private life.

In October 2007, Laurence Ferrari and Thomas Hugues separated on friendly terms, after 14 years of marriage (since 1993) and two children (a son and a daughter).  Partners since 2008, she and the violinist, Renaud Capuçon, married in July 2009 in the 16th arrondissement of Paris and have one son, who was born in November 2010.

Laurence Ferrari ( ; born 5 July 1966) is a French journalist, best known as a former anchor of the TF1 weekday evening news "Le 20H". She also works for Europe1 sometimes.

Laurence Ferrariová (* 5. července 1966 Aix-les-Bains, Savojsko) je francouzská novinářka, která k roku 2012 působila jako moderátorka večerního zpravodajství na veřejnoprávní stanici TF1. Jedná se o nejsledovanější televizní zpravodajský pořad v Evropě.


Performers.

The majority of songs are performed by New Directions, which is composed of Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale), Rachel Berry (Lea Michele), Mike Chang (Harry Shum, Jr.), Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz), Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron), Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer), Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley), Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Noah "Puck" Puckerman (Mark Salling) and Matt Rutherford (Dijon Talton). Club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) also performs several songs. The season features some performances by rival glee clubs Vocal Adrenaline, which is sometimes led by Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff), Jane Addams Girls Choir, Haverbrook Deaf Choir and Aural Intensity, as well as McKinley High's cheerleaders, the Cheerios, and the football team.  Guest stars who gave vocal performances during the season were Ben Bledsoe as former glee club member Hank Saunders, Jerry Phillips as a younger Finn, and Aaron Hendry as Darren in the pilot episode, Kristin Chenoweth and Neil Patrick Harris as former glee club members April Rhodes and Bryan Ryan, Zack Weinstein as Sean Fretthold, Olivia Newton-John as herself, Wendy Worthington as an auditionee for "Les Misérables" in "Dream On", and Idina Menzel as Vocal Adrenaline director Shelby Corcoran.  Songs included on the three soundtrack albums accompanying the season feature additional vocals by non-cast members. Adam Anders, Kamari Copeland, Tim Davis, Emily Gomez, David Loucks, Chris Mann and Windy Wagner appear on all three albums, as does Nikki Anders, née Hassman, who is credited as Hassman on the first two and Anders on the third; Zac Poor sings on the second and third albums. Jasper Randall appears on "Glee: The Music, Volume 1", and David Baloche, Jenny Karr, Kerri Larson and Tiffany Palmer feature on "Glee: The Music, Volume 2". "Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers" features additional vocals by Kala Balch, David Baloche, Colin Benward, Ravaughn Brown, Storm Lee, Chaz Mason, Jeanette Olsen, Jimmy Andrew Richard, Drew Ryan Scott, Shelley Scarr and Onitsha Shaw. While recurring cast members Morris, Rivera, Shum, Jr., and Talton perform in the group numbers on screen, only Rivera is credited with performing vocally on any soundtrack albums or EPs, gaining her first solo part on "Like a Virgin" in the episode "The Power of Madonna", and appearing on "Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers" as well as the two EPs, "Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna" and "Glee: The Music, Journey to Regionals".

"Glee" is an American musical comedy-drama television series that aired on the Fox network in the United States. It focuses on the William McKinley High School glee club New Directions competing on the show choir competition circuit, while its members deal with relationships, sexuality and social issues. The show was created by Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan, and features many cover versions of songs performed on-screen by the characters. Murphy is responsible for selecting all of the songs used, and strives to maintain a balance between show tunes and chart hits, as he wants there to be "something for everybody in every episode". Once Murphy selects a song, rights are cleared with its publishers by music supervisor P.J. Bloom, and music producer Adam Anders rearranges it for the "Glee" cast. Numbers are pre-recorded by the cast, while choreographer Zach Woodlee constructs the accompanying dance moves, which are then taught to the cast and filmed. Studio recordings of tracks are then made. The process begins six to eight weeks before each episode is filmed, and can end as late as the day before filming begins.

Toto je seznam písní z 1. řady seriálu Glee. Glee je americký muzikálový, dramatický a komediální seriál, který se vysílá na televizním kanálu Fox. Soustředí se na sbor New Directions na fiktivní střední škole William McKinley High School v Limě ve státě Ohio. Seriál vytvořili Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk a Ian Brennan a obsahuje mnoho cover verzí písní, které v zpívají postavy v tomto seriálu.


History.

The surveyor general approved the United States survey of Mecosta County on February 22, 1839, and the state legislature established the county boundaries on April 1, 1840.  In 1852, John Davis purchased in Mecosta Township and John Parish purchased in Big Rapids. They were the first two permanent county residents. On July 20, 1852, the first family to reside in the county, William and Margaret Brockway and their two children, moved into a logging shanty on Mitchell Creek. On February 12, 1853, Alice Victoria Brockway was born to the couple. Alice was the first white child born in the county. In the spring of 1853, the Brockways moved to a farm in Aetna Township.  In March 1854, Zerah and George French and nine members of their family moved to a shanty close to Mitchell Creek and the Muskegon River. Zerah and George French are considered the co-founders of Big Rapids. In the spring of 1855, James and Laura Montague and their children became the third family to settle in the county. Their farm in Green Township was located where 19 Mile Road intersects the west bank of the Muskegon River.  The organization of Leonard (Big Rapids) Township and Green Township was authorized in February 1858. On April 5, 1858, the first township elections were held and Jesse Shaw was elected supervisor of Leonard Township and Jesse A. Barker was elected supervisor of Green Township. On February 11, 1859, the State Legislature authorized the organization of Mecosta County and established the Village of Leonard as the county seat. The first county elections were held on April 4 and these county officials were elected: Orrin Stevens, Clerk and Register of Deeds; Alfred L. Clark, Sheriff; Charles Shafer, Treasurer; Jesse A. Barker, Judge of Probate; and Augustine N. Williams, Surveyor. Mr. William T. Howell of Newaygo was appointed Prosecuting Attorney. On May 2, Luther Cobb and Jesse A. Barker convened the first meeting of the board of supervisors and Jesse A. Barker was chosen chairman. The population of Mecosta County was 671 inhabitants in 1860.  The first issue of the "Big Rapids Pioneer", a five-column folio, was printed on April 17, 1862. Charlie Gay was the proprietor, owner, and co-editor with Ceylon C. Fuller. The paper was under the same management for nearly 22 years, and 140 years later, the paper is still being published.  The plat for the Village of Big Rapids was recorded on November 3, 1859, and the plat for French's addition (Glen Elm) was recorded on May 9, 1860. The state legislature authorized the incorporation of the City of Big Rapids in April 1869. The first city elections were held on April 19, 1869, when these officials were elected: George F. Stearns, Mayor; Charlie Gay, Recorder; W. Irving Latimer, Treasurer; and William Van Loo, Supervisor. Mecosta County had 5,642 residents in 1870.  The Grand Rapids and Indiana was the first railroad to enter Mecosta County. In June 1869, the GR&I railroad crossed the Little Muskegon River and the Village of Morley was created. Construction of the next section of track to the Village of Paris started in late July 1869 and the Village of Stanwood came into existence. The GR&I reached the city limits of Big Rapids on June 20, 1870, and the Village of Paris on July 1, 1870. Construction of the GR&I continued for several years until the line reached Petoskey in December 1873.  Early county prisoners were housed in the county sheriff's private house, a local hotel, the Kent County jail, or the Newaygo County jail. In 1862, county residents decided not to erect a county jail. The first county jail was erected in the summer of 1868, situated where the Old Historic Jail built in 1893 is presently located on Stewart Street. Construction for the present county jail was completed in 1965. This jail was renovated in 1986. The Mecosta County Board of Commissioners approved another jail renovation and expansion in 2000 with scheduled completion in 2001.  The 1880 census reported Mecosta County to have a population of 13,973. In the early 1880s, rented county offices were located in two downtown buildings near the corner of Elm and Michigan. In 1883, the Board of Supervisors submitted to the voters the proposition to authorize a two-year tax for the purpose of erecting a county courthouse. County voters passed the courthouse tax issue in April 1884. Construction on the first courthouse began in 1885 and was completed in 1886. A ground-breaking ceremony for the present Mecosta County Building (second courthouse) occurred on April 8, 1969. Construction of the Mecosta County Building was completed in late August 1970 and a dedication ceremony was held on November 7, 1970.  In the early 1900s, water power harnessed by hydroelectric dams became the energy base for the manufacturing of furniture and other wood products. The extraction of bedrock deposits of oil, gas, glacial sand, and gravel soon became important economic activities. Although logging activities dominated early history, health services and education have become more significant and enduring forces in shaping the community. Mecosta County has grown in population through the years to over 42,000 with a wealth of opportunity in industry, education, and small-town country living.  Mecosta County was first settled by African Americans in the 1860s when James Guy obtained in Wheatland Township, with a deed signed by Abraham Lincoln. The Homestead Act of 1862 allowed each settler, resulting in African Americans owning in the area where Remus sits today. They were woodsmen and farmers who established schools and churches in their community. Referred to as the "Old Settlers", a reunion is held every year in the Remus area to celebrate those who originally settled here.  Woodbridge N. Ferris, who later became a Michigan governor, established Ferris Industrial School in 1884 in Big Rapids. The school became Ferris Institute, Ferris State College, and is currently home of the Bulldogs and Ferris State University. Before his death in 1928, Ferris had trained 50,000 students and attained a yearly enrollment of 1,800. Currently, enrollment is over 14,000.  The tourist industry within the area has had steady growth and is now an important source of income while development opportunities continue to exist. With Mecosta County's numerous lakes, streams, and rivers opportunities for water and fishing activities are limitless: golf courses, bike trails, and other outdoor experiences.

Ice Mountain bottling plant.

In 2009, Michigan Citizens for Water Conservation won their controversial case, The Michigan Citizens for Water Conservation v Nestle Waters North America, which had begun in 1999. The Nestle/Perrier/Great Spring Waters of America/Ice Mountain bottling plant in Stanwood, Mecosta County, began production on May 23, 2002, extracting groundwater from the Muskegon aquifer that qualifies as a source of “spring water” under federal law. The case has the potential of being one of the most important cases in terms of influencing and defining Michigan's water law jurisprudence. The decision involves the interpretation and application of the common law and several environmental statutes, mainly the Michigan Environmental Protection Act, the Inland Lakes and Streams Act, and the Wetland Protection Act. Citizens, disappointed by the inaction of the Michigan Department for Environmental Quality (MDEQ) and their disinclination to adequately monitor the bottling plant, had formed their own organization to conserve Michigan's water. For example, in 2003, the MDEQ, although they had determined that the bottling plant had already had a "measurable impact on certain waters and wetlands". MDEQ argued that "water levels in the impacted waters" in 2003 were at the "highest levels they have been in three years, thereby mitigating concern over possible imminent harm associated with Nestlé’s continued operation at a reduced rate of 250 gallons per minute (gpm) averaged over a monthly time period." In 2009, an out-of-court settlement was reached. "Nestle/Ice Mountain’s water pumping permit was reduced by almost half. Nestlé agreed to lower its spring pumping in Mecosta earlier in the spring during fish spawning and continue low pumping during the summer months to protect the already stressed stream and lake."

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (2.8%) is covered by water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, 40,553 people, 14,915 households, and 9,888 families resided in the county. The population density was 73 people per square mile (28/km2). The 19,593 housing units averaged 35 per square mile (14/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 92.68% White, 3.60% Black or African American, 0.64% Native American, 0.87% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.37% from other races, and 1.79% from two or more races. About 1.28% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race; 25.5% were of German, 20.6% English, 9.2% Irish, and 5.3% Polish ancestry according to the 2010 American Community Survey. 95.9% spoke English, 1.7% Spanish, and 1.1% German as their first language.  Of the 14,915 households, 29.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.30% were married couples living together, 9.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.70% were not families. About 24.50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.95.  In the county, the population was distributed as 22.50% under the age of 18, 19.80% from 18 to 24, 23.00% from 25 to 44, 21.50% from 45 to 64, and 13.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.20 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $33,849, and for a family was $40,465. Males had a median income of $32,127 versus $22,467 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,372. About 9.60% of families and 16.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.60% of those under age 18 and 7.60% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

Major employers in the county include:

Government.

The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, keeps files of deeds and mortgages, maintains vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and other social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget, but has only limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships.

Mecosta County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 42,798. The county seat is Big Rapids.

Mecosta County je okres ve státě Michigan v USA. K roku 2010 zde žilo 42 798 obyvatel. Správním městem okresu je Big Rapids. Celková rozloha okresu činí 1 479 km2.


Early life.

Rhimes was born in Chicago, Illinois, as the youngest of six children of Vera P. (Cain), a college professor, and Ilee Rhimes, Jr., a university administrator. Her mother attended college while raising their six children and earned a PhD in educational administration in 1991. Her father, who holds an MBA, became chief information officer (CIO) at the University of Southern California, serving until 2013.  Rhimes lived in Park Forest South (now University Park, Illinois), with her two older brothers and three older sisters. She has said she exhibited an early affinity for storytelling. While in high school, she served as a hospital volunteer, which inspired an interest in hospital environments.  Rhimes attended Marian Catholic High School in Chicago Heights, Illinois. At Dartmouth College, she majored in English and film studies and earned her bachelor's degree in 1991. At Dartmouth, she joined the Black Underground Theater Association. She divided her time between directing and performing in student productions, and writing fiction.  She also wrote for the college newspaper. After college, she relocated to San Francisco with an older sibling and worked in advertising at McCann Erickson. She subsequently moved to Los Angeles to attend the University of Southern California and study screenwriting. Ranked at the top of her USC class, Rhimes earned the Gary Rosenberg Writing Fellowship. She obtained a Master of Fine Arts degree from the USC School of Cinematic Arts.  While at USC, Rhimes was hired as an intern by Debra Martin Chase. Rhimes credits her early success, in part, to mentors such as this prominent African-American producer, and she worked at Denzel Washington's company, Mundy Lane Entertainment. Chase served as a mentor to Rhimes: they worked together on "The Princess Diaries 2".

Personal life.

Rhimes adopted her first daughter in June 2002 and adopted another girl in February 2012. In September 2013, Rhimes welcomed her third daughter via gestational surrogacy.  In 2014, Rhimes gave a commencement address at her alma mater, Dartmouth College, where she received an honorary doctorate.  In September 2015, Rhimes revealed she had lost 117 pounds via exercise and dieting.

Career.

Career beginnings: 1995–2004.

After graduation, Rhimes was an unemployed scriptwriter in Hollywood. To make ends meet, Rhimes worked at a variety of day jobs, including as an office administrator, and then a counselor at a job center that taught job skills to mentally ill and homeless people. During this period, Rhimes worked as research director on the documentary, "" (1995), which won the 1995 Peabody Award. In 1998 Rhimes made a short film, "Blossoms and Veils", starring Jada Pinkett-Smith and Jeffrey Wright, which is her only credit as a film director. New Line Cinema purchased a feature script of hers. Rhimes received an assignment to co-write the HBO movie "Introducing Dorothy Dandridge" (1999). It earned numerous awards for its star, Halle Berry.  In 2001, Rhimes wrote "Crossroads", the debut film of pop singer Britney Spears. Despite being panned by critics, the film grossed more than $60 million worldwide.  Rhimes next worked on writing Disney's sequel to its popular movie, "The Princess Diaries" (2001). Although "" (2004) did not score as well at the box office, Rhimes later said that she treasured the experience, if only for the opportunity to work with its star, Julie Andrews. In 2003, Rhimes wrote her first TV pilot for ABC, about young female war correspondents, but the network turned it down.

"Grey's Anatomy", "Private Practice", "Scandal" and other projects with ABC.

Rhimes is the creator and currently executive producer and head writer of "Grey's Anatomy". The series debuted as a mid-season replacement on March 27, 2005. The series features the surgical staff at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital (later to be named Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital), in Seattle, Washington. The series features an ensemble cast with Ellen Pompeo serving as titular character Meredith Grey, who provides narration for a majority of the series' episodes. On May 16, 2006, ABC announced plans to relocate "Grey's Anatomy" from Sunday evenings to Thursdays to anchor the network's Thursday evening programming, by airing Thursdays at 9 p.m. As of 2020, the series continues.  In 2007, Rhimes created and produced the "Grey's Anatomy" spin-off series "Private Practice", which debuted September 26, 2007, on ABC. The show chronicled the life of Dr. Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh) as she left Seattle Grace Hospital for Los Angeles to join a private practice. The series also featured an ensemble cast, including Tim Daly, Amy Brenneman, Audra McDonald and Taye Diggs among others. The first season was shortened because of a writers' strike; it has nine episodes. In May 2012, ABC picked up "Private Practice" for the 2012–13 television season with 13 episodes. The series finale was aired January 22, 2013.  In 2010, Rhimes created a new pilot for ABC called "Inside the Box", a female-centric ensemble drama set in a Washington, D.C. network news bureau. The lead character was Catherine, an ambitious female news producer who, with her colleagues, pursued "the story" at all costs while juggling their personal animosities and crises of conscience. It was not picked up by the network.  In 2011, Rhimes served as executive producer for the medical drama, "Off the Map", which was created by "Grey's Anatomy" writer, Jenna Bans. It focused on a group of doctors who practice medicine at a remote clinic in the Amazon jungle. The series was officially cancelled by the ABC network on May 13, 2011.  In May 2011, ABC ordered Rhimes' pilot script "Scandal" to series. Kerry Washington stars as Olivia Pope, a political crisis management expert. The character is partially based on former Bush administration press aide Judy Smith. The series debut aired on April 5, 2012.  In 2012, Rhimes developed a pilot for a period drama, "Gilded Lilys", but it was not picked up to series.  In December 2013, ABC ordered a pilot for a new Rhimes series, "How to Get Away with Murder". Actress Viola Davis joined the cast as the lead character in February 2014. It was officially picked up to series on May 8, 2014.  In March 2016, ABC premiered "The Catch", a comedy-drama led by Rhimes based on a treatment by British author Kate Atkinson. It starred Mireille Enos and Peter Krause. Later that month, "Scandal", "How to Get Away with Murder" and "Grey's Anatomy" were respectively picked up for their sixth, third and 13th seasons. The following year, it was announced that "Scandal" would conclude after its upcoming seventh season, while "The Catch" was cancelled after its second.

Netflix deal.

On August 14, 2017, Netflix announced that it had entered into an exclusive multi-year development deal with Rhimes, under which all of her future productions will be Netflix Original series. The service already had purchased U.S. streaming rights to past episodes of "Grey's Anatomy" and "Scandal". Chief content officer Ted Sarandos described Rhimes as being a "true Netflixer at heart", since "she loves TV and films, she cares passionately about her work, and she delivers for her audience".  Of the deal, Rhimes said that  [Sarandos] understood what I was looking for — the opportunity to build a vibrant new storytelling home for writers with the unique creative freedom and instantaneous global reach provided by Netflix's singular sense of innovation. The future of Shondaland at Netflix has limitless possibilities.  The deal was considered to be a coup for Netflix due to Rhimes' prominence at ABC; it was also considered to be a counter toward the effort by Disney, ABC's parent company, to reduce the availability of their content on Netflix in favor of a planned subscription streaming service of their own.  In June 2018, Netflix announced that the first project under the deal will be an adaptation of the "New York" magazine story "How Anna Delvey Tricked New York's Party People", originally written by Jessica Pressler based on the real-life story of the controversial society fraud Anna Delvey.

Shondaland.

Shondaland is the name of Rhimes's production company. Shondaland and its logo also refer to the shows Rhimes has produced and to Rhimes herself. Shows included in Shondaland are:

Awards and nominations.

Shonda Rhimes has won a Golden Globe award and was nominated for three Emmy Awards. She has also won awards from the Writer's Guild of America, Producer's Guild of America, and Director's Guild of America. Below is a more complete list.

Shonda Lynn Rhimes (born January 13, 1970) is an American television producer, television and film writer, and author. She is best known as the showrunner—creator, head writer, and executive producer—of the television medical drama "Grey's Anatomy", its spin-off "Private Practice", and the political thriller series "Scandal". Rhimes has also served as the executive producer of the ABC television series "Off the Map", "How to Get Away with Murder", "The Catch", and "Station 19".

Shonda Rhimes (* 13. ledna, 1970 v Chicagu, Illinois, USA ) je americká scenáristka, televizní režisérka a producentka. Rhimes je nejvíce známá jako tvůrce, hlavní autorka a producentka cenami ověnčeného amerického seriálu "Chirurgové" a jeho spin-offu "Private Practice". V květnu roku 2007 byla Shonda Rhimas označena magazínem Time za jednoho ze 100 lidí, kteří pomohli utvářet svět. Shonda Rhimes byla také producentka lékařského seriálu "Off the Map" a také vytvářela seriál televize ABC "Scandal", který se začal vysílat 5. dubna 2012. Navíc právě připravuje seriál "Gilded Lillys".


Early life.

Sexton was born "Blaine Nathaniel Sexton" to Mr. and Mrs. John Sexton in Falmouth, Nova Scotia. He was a student at the King's College School where the game of hockey was started. He then started to play for the Windsor Swastikas.

World War I.

With the outbreak of war Sexton joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force and was posted to the UK as an infantry officer during World War One. While fighting on the western front in France he was wounded twice before being transferred to the cavalry where he became the army sabre champion.

Spreading Hockey.

After the war he moved back to Nova Scotia Canada with a woman he met and married in while stationed in England. He spent a few years before returning to the UK because his wife was homesick. In the UK as well as mainland Europe he was instrumental in advancing the sport of Hockey. Known as England's "MISTER HOCKEY" newspaper reports of the time show that Sexton was lead hockey player in Europe. In 1924 he was a member of the British ice hockey team, which won the bronze medal. The same year, he founded the London Lions team. Four years later he finished fourth with the British team in the 1928 Olympic tournament.  In 1924 he founded the London Lions a hockey team mainly composed of expatriate Canadians. The Lions made it to the finals of the 1924/25 Coupe de Davos and made it through to the quarterfinals of the prestigious club tournament - the Spengler Cup. In May 1930 during the first playoffs for the British League title Sexton pushed the Lions to defeat the Glasgow 2-1 to win the Patton Cup, a title they held for one more year. At almost 40 Sexton was selected for the British team during the first staged in 1930, Great Britain came last.

Retirement and later life.

When Sexton turned 40 at the end of the 1932-33 season he retired to concentrate on his canning plants. He was one of the last players to use the 'D' or automobile bladed skates. His retirement saw the end of the London Lions when the team moved to Wembley Arena as renamed the Wembley Lions. The team was reformed in the 1970s by Detroit Red Wings owner Bruce Norris. Sexton's business in the London fruit brokers and commission merchants went on to become a successful enterprise.  Sexton was inducted to the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950 and died in Folkestone, England, in 1966. In 1993 he became a member of the Birthplace of Hockey Hall of Fame in Windsor, Nova Scotia. Sexton's photos and Olympic crest as well as his nine-layered laminated childhood puck, complete with hand-carved initials, are on display at the Windsor, Nova Scotia Hockey Heritage Centre.

Blaine Nathaniel Sexton (3 May 1892 – 29 April 1966) was a British ice hockey player who competed in the 1924 Winter Olympics and in the 1928 Winter Olympics. In 1916 he joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force and fought in the trenches of France on the Western Front during World War I. After the war he was instrumental in not only expanding Ice Hockey in the United Kingdom but across Europe. Known in Europe as "B.N.Sexton" he was inducted into the UK Hockey Hall of fame in 1950.

Blaine Nathaniel Sexton (3. května 1892, Falmouth, Nové Skotsko – 29. dubna 1966, Folkestone) byl britský reprezentační hokejový obránce. V roce 1950 byl přidán do britské hokejové síně slávy.


Benefits.

Secondhand goods can benefit the purchaser as the price paid is lower than that of the same items bought new. If the reduction in price more than compensates for the possibly shorter remaining lifetime, lack of warranty, and so on, there is a net benefit.  Selling unwanted goods secondhand instead of discarding them obviously benefits the seller.  Recycling goods through the secondhand market reduces use of resources in manufacturing new goods, and diminishes waste which must be disposed of, both of which are significant environmental benefits. However, manufacturers who profit from sales of new goods lose corresponding sales. Scientific research shows that buying used goods reduces carbon footprint and CO2 emissions significantly compared to the complete product life cycle, because of less production, raw material sourcing and logistics. Often the relative carbon footprint of production, raw material sourcing and the supply chain is unknown. A scientific methodology has been made to analyze how much CO2 emissions are reduced when buying used goods like secondhand hardware versus new hardware.  Quality secondhand goods can be more durable than equivalent new goods.

Risks.

Secondhand goods may have faults which are not apparent even if examined; purchasing sight unseen, for example, from an Internet auction site, has further unknowns. Goods may cause problems beyond their value; for example, furniture may have not easily seen bedbugs, which may cause an infestation which is difficult and expensive to eradicate. Faulty electrical and mechanical goods can be hazardous and dangerous. This is especially a big issue if sold to countries that do not have recycling facilities for these devices, which has led to an issue with electronic waste.

Types of transfers.

Many items that are considered obsolete and worthless in developed countries, such as decade-old hand tools and clothes, are useful and valuable in impoverished communities in the country or in developing countries. Underdeveloped countries like Zambia are extremely welcoming to donated secondhand clothing. At a time when the country's economy was in severe decline, the used goods provided jobs by keeping "many others busy with repairs and alterations". It has created a type of spin-off economy at a time when many Zambians were out of work. The used garments and materials that were donated to the country also allowed for the production of "a wide range of fabrics" whose imports had been previously restricted. The trade is essentially executed by women who operate their small business based on local associations and networks. Not only does this provide self-employment, but it also increases household income and enhances the economy. But while many countries would be welcoming of secondhand goods, it is also true that there are countries in need who refuse donated items. Countries like Poland, Philippines and Pakistan have been known to reject secondhand items for "fear of venereal disease and risk to personal hygiene". Similar to these countries, India also refuses the import of secondhand clothing but will accept the import of wool fibers, including "mutilated hosiery" which is a term meaning "woollen garments shredded by machine in the West prior to export". Through the production of "shoddy" (recycled wool), most of which is produced in Northern India today, unused clothing can be recycled into fibres that are spun into yarn for reuse in 'new' used goods.  United States taxpayers can deduct donations of used goods to charitable organizations. Both Goodwill Industries and the Salvation Army websites have lists of items with their estimated range of values. Another way that people transfer used goods is by giving them to friends or relatives. When a person gives an item of some value that they have used to someone else, such as a used car or a winter coat, it is sometimes referred to as a "hand-me-down".  Used items can often be found for sale in thrift stores and pawnshops, auctions, garage sales, and in more recent times online auctions. Some stores sell both new and used goods (e.g. car dealerships), while others only sell new goods but may take used items in exchange for credit toward the purchase of newer goods. For example, some musical instrument stores and high-end audio stores only sell new gear, but they will accept good quality used items as trade ins towards the purchase of new items; after the store purchases the used items, they then sell them using online auctions or other services.  When an item is no longer of use to a person they may sell or "pawn" it, especially when they are in need of money. Items can also be sold (or taken away free of cost) as scrap (e.g. a broken-down old car will be towed away for free for its scrap metal value). Owners may sell the good themselves or to a dealer who then sells it on for a profit. They may also choose to give it away to another person this is often referred to as freecycling. However, because the process takes some effort on part of the owner they may simply keep possession of it or dump it at a landfill instead of going to the trouble of selling it. It has been common to buy secondhand or used good on markets or bazaars for long time. When the web became popular, it became common with websites such as eBay and Yahoo! Classifieds.

Purchases.

The strategy of buying used items is employed by some to save money, as they are typically worth less than the equivalent new items. Purchasing used items for reuse prevents them from becoming waste and saves costly production of equivalent new goods. Motivations for purchase include conserving natural resources and protecting the environment, and may form part of a simple living plan.

Types.

Cars.

Used cars are especially notable for depreciating in value much faster than many other items. Used cars may have been bought or leased by their previous user, and may be purchased directly from the previous owner or through a dealer. George Akerlof published a paper entitled "The Market for Lemons", examining the effects of information asymmetry on the used car market. Used cars may require more maintenance or have fewer features than later equivalent models.

Books.

Used books are often re-sold through a used bookstore. They may also be given away, perhaps as part of a program such as the Little Free Library's programs. Used bookstores may also sell secondhand music recordings or videos.

Used clothing.

In developed countries, unwanted used clothing is often donated to charities that sort and sell it. Some of these distribute some of the clothing to people on low incomes for free or a very low price. Others sell all of the collected clothing in bulk to a commercial used clothing redistributor, and then use the raised funds to finance their activities. In the U.S., almost 5 billion pounds of clothing is donated to charity shops each year. Only about 10% of it can be re-sold by the charity shops. About a third of the donated clothing is bought, usually in bulk and at a heavy discount, by commercial dealers and fabric recyclers, who export it to other countries. Some of the used clothes are also smuggled into Mexico. Used clothing unsuitable for sale in an affluent market may still find a buyer or end-user in another market, such as a student market or a less affluent region of a developing country. In developing countries, such as Zambia, secondhand clothing is sorted, recycled and sometimes redistributed to other nations. Some of the scraps are kept and used to create unique fashions which enable the locals to construct identity. Not only does the trade represent a great source of employment for women as well as men, it also supports other facets of the economy: the merchants buy timber and other materials for their stands, metal hangers to display clothing, and food and drinks for customers. Carriers also find work as they transport the garments from factories to various locations. The secondhand clothing trade is central to the lives of many citizens dwelling in such countries. A dress agent will often deal with a buyer and seller directly, taking unwanted clothes that still have value, and reselling them in a shop. Importation of used clothing is sometimes opposed by the textile industry in developing countries. They are concerned that fewer people will buy the new clothes that they make when it is cheaper to buy imported used clothing. Nearly all the clothes made in Mexico are intended for export, and the Mexican textile industry opposes the importation of used clothes.

Other items.

The Sierra Club, an environmental organization, argues that secondhand purchasing of furniture is the "greenest" way of furnishing a home.  Vintage guitars also became increasingly desired objects among musicians and collectors during the nineties and afterwards. Some music stores specialize in selling used musical instruments, used copies of printed music, and related paraphernalia.  Used Mobile Phones – A Large and Growing Business

A secondhand or used good is a piece of personal property that is being purchased by or otherwise transferred to a second or later end user. A "used" good can also simply mean it is no longer in the same condition as it was when transferred to the current owner. When the term "used" means that an item has expended its purpose (such as a used diaper), it is typically called garbage, instead.

Second hand v překladu z angličtiny znamená „z druhé ruky“. V českých podmínkách však toto slovní spojení zdomácnělo v jeho původní anglické verzi a označují se jím především obchody s použitým ošacením, jinak též přezdívané „sekáče“. Trend levného oblečení z druhé ruky do ČR přišel počátkem devadesátých let 20. století, kdy přebývající použité ošacení určené původně pro charitativní účely v západních evropských státech bylo zištně prodáváno v českých zemích. V současnosti se již neomezují jen na kamenné prodejny, objevují se i second hand eshopy, některé firmy vytvářejí i second handové řetězce.


Early life.

Born in Santiago, second of the six children of Pedro Errázuriz Larraín and Marta Ossa Ruíz. He studied at the "Liceo Alemán de los padres del Verbo Divino" and later at the Faculty of Engineering of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1953.  For eight years, he was a member of the Student Center and of Federation of Students and joined different university groups of the nascent Schönstatt Movement. Errázuriz befriended the Servant of God and with him and other students originated this Marian apostolic movement in Chile.  Errázuriz attended the State University of Fribourg, Switzerland, where he obtained a licentiate in philosophy and doctorate in theology. Besides his native Spanish, he speaks Italian, German and French.

Priest.

He was ordained as a priest for the Schönstatt Fathers on 16 July 1961, in Fribourg, by Manuel Larraín Errázuriz, bishop of Talca. In October 1962, he met the Rev. Josef Kentenich, founder of the secular Institute of Fathers of Schönstatt, whose spiritual paternity he considers a special gift from God. From 1963 to 1965, Errázuriz was consultor of youth communities and university students in several cities in Chile.  He served from 1965 to 1971 as regional superior in Chile of the Fathers of Schönstatt. From Chile he directed the community of the institute in the Iberian peninsula and in Ecuador. As regional superior, he participated in the conference of clergy in Chile and was elected its vice-president. During those years he worked with Cardinal Raúl Silva Henríquez, who had welcomed the institute, then in its organizational phase, in his archdiocese. In 1971, he was called to serve his community's general council in Germany.  He became a member of the general council of the institute from 1971 to 1974. In 1974, he was elected superior general of the Schönstatt Fathers, and president of the International Council of the Work of Schöntatt, and re-elected in 1980 and 1986. Because of his post, he conducted multiple pastoral visits to Europe, America, Africa and Australia. and then became a chaplain in the Schönstatt Movement.

Bishop.

On 22 December 1990, Errázuriz was appointed titular Archbishop of Hólar and secretary of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life. He was consecrated on 6 January 1991 in the Lateran Basilica by Pope John Paul II. The principal co-consecrators were Giovanni Battista Re, then the Substitute for General Affairs of the Secretariat of State, and Justin Francis Rigali, secretary of the Congregation for Bishops. Errázuriz adopted the motto: "Ut vitam habeant". He attended the IX Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, in the Vatican City, 2–29 October 1994, as an appointee of Pope John Paul.  Errázuriz was named bishop of Valparaíso, Chile, on 24 September 1996. He attended the Special Assembly for America of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, 16 November – 12 December 1997. He was transferred to the metropolitan see of Archdiocese of Santiago, on 24 April 1998. He became the Grand chancellor of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile the same year. He was elected president of the Chilean Episcopal Conference for three years, on 20 November 1998; and reelected, on 16 November 2001. He was elected first vice-president of the Latin American Episcopal Council (CELAM), on 13 May 1999.

Cardinal.

He was created cardinal in the consistory of 21 February 2001 by Pope John Paul II and was assigned as Cardinal-Priest to the titular church of S. Maria della Pace. In May of the same year he was named a member of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life and of the Pontifical Council for the Family.  He attended the Tenth Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, 30 September – 27 October 2001. He was inducted as a member of the Academy of Social, Political and Moral Sciences of the Institute of Chile, Santiago, on 19 December 2002. He was elected president of the Episcopal Conference of Latin America (CELAM) on 16 May 2003 to serve from 2003 to 2007. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI. He attended the XI General Ordinary Assembly of the World Synod of Bishops, Vatican City, 2–23 October 2005 as a papal appointee.  He was President of the Fifth General Conference of the Latin American and Caribbean Bishops, which met in Aparecida, Brazil, from 13 to 31 May 2007.  Pope Benedict XVI accepted Errázuriz's resignation as Archbishop of Santiago on 15 December 2010. His successor is Ricardo Ezzati Andrello. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis.  On 13 April 2013 Pope Francis appointed him to the Council of Cardinal Advisers to advise him and to study a plan for revising the Apostolic Constitution on the Roman Curia, "Pastor Bonus".

Sexual abuse cases.

During his time as cardinal, Errázuriz refused to meet with those who claimed to have been abused by clergymen. He refused public calls for an investigation of Father Fernando Karadima and the issue of clergy sexual abuse more generally. In 2010, Father Fernando was found by Chilean court and church investigations to have been an abuser and was forced into retirement. In court testimony, Errázuriz asserted that he did not act on allegations he received because he believed them to be untrue.  In 2015 documents published in Chile showed that Errázuriz and Cardinal Ricardo Ezzati Andrello tried to prevent Juan Carlos Cruz, one of Chile's best known survivors of clerical abuse, from being nominated to the Vatican's newly established Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors. In May 2018, Errázuriz declined an invitation to travel to the Vatican to attend a sex abuse conference with the Chilean Bishops, citing "personal reasons."

Evidence of sex abuse coverup.

In 2018, a 2009 email which Cardinal Errázuriz wrote to Archbishop Giuseppe Pinto, the then Apostolic Nuncio to Chile, and which was made public during a lawsuit which Cruz and two others filed against the Archdiocese of Santiago, revealed Errázuriz's role in covering up growing allegations of sexual abuse against notorious priest Fernando Karadima “The presentation of the allegations to the promotor of justice normally calms the aggression of the accusers,” Errázuriz wrote. “With respect to F. Karadima I didn’t ask the promotor to interrogate him; I only asked Monsignor Andrés Arteaga for his opinion. He considered everything absolutely implausible. Since this was about facts that had prescribed [past the statute of limitations], I closed the investigation. That’s how I chose to protect them, conscious that the way I acted, if the accusers at some point brought the case to the media, it would turn against me.” A complaint which was filed by three victims of Karadima on October 25, 2018 named Errázuriz as the leader of the coverup and Ezzati, Pinto, Artega (who now serves as Auxiliary Bishop of Santiago), and Chile's Minister of the Court of Appeals Juan Manuel Muñoz as witnesses to it as well.  In 2020, an email surfaced revealing that Errázuriz had delivered settlement money to Diego Ossa, an accused "predator priest" who was also charged two counts of sex abuse and covering up sex abuse incidents which occurred in 2005, so Ossa could pay one of his complainants Óscar Osbén. Osaa, who was removed from public ministry in August 2018 and was undergoing a Vatican criminal trial involving three sexual and power abuse charges, died in April 2020 of pancreatic cancer.

Departure from the Council of Cardinal Advisors.

It was reported in July 2018 that Cardinal Errázuriz was now living in a nursing home in Chile. On 16 August 2018, Spanish media reported that Errazuriz had been removed from the Council of Cardinal Advisers due to the ongoing allegations. Though he had not yet been officially removed from the Council, Errazuriz was also absent from a September 2018 Council of Cardinals meeting due to sex abuse investigations.  Victims of Karadima filed a complaint against Errazuriz on 25 October, accusing him of perjury in the civil suit for compensation for damages filed against the Archdiocese of Santiago On 15 November 2018, Errazuriz announced that he was no longer a member of the Council of Cardinal Advisers, saying his five-year term had expired, though all other member of the Council remained in place. At the same time, a Chilean prosecutor announced that he had summoned Errázuriz to testify about covering up sexual abuse.

Investigation against Errázuriz.

On March 27, 2019, the Chile Court of Appeals ruled against the Archdiocese of Santiago and ordered the Archdiocese to pay compensation to three victims of Karadima. The ruling also paved the way for more lawsuits as well. On March 28, 2019, it was announced that Errázuriz was named as a defendant in an ongoing investigation and had testified before prosecutors. On April 20, 2019, he was once again testified. During this testimony, Errázuriz spent 12 hours answering questions from lead sex abuse prosecutor Jorge Escobar, but remained silent at times and often replied "I don't remember." He also alleged that child molestation starts as "progress," followed by "psychological deformation" and then eventually a crime.

Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa (; born 5 September 1933) is a Chilean prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Santiago from 1998 to 2010. He has been a cardinal since 2001 and was a member of Pope Francis' Council of Cardinal Advisers from its creation in 2013 until his departure in 2018.

Francisco Javier kardinál Errázuriz Ossa (* 5. září 1933, Santiago de Chile, Chile) je emeritní arcibiskup Santiaga de Chile. Jeho rodiče byli baskického původu.


Life and work.

Marquet was born in 1875 in Bordeaux. In 1890 he moved to Paris to attend the École des Arts Decoratifs, where he met Henri Matisse. They were roommates for a time, and they influenced each other's work. Marquet began studies in 1892 at the École des Beaux-Arts under Gustave Moreau, a symbolist artist who was a follower of the Romantic tradition of Eugène Delacroix.  In these years, Marquet exhibited paintings at the Salon des Indépendants. Although he did not sell many paintings, the artistic community of Paris became aware of his work. His early compositions were characterised by a clear and painterly Fauvist approach, in which he had a fine control of the drawing and responded to light, not only by intensifying the strongest tones, but also by seeing the weaker ones in coloristic terms. Marquet and Matisse were already painting together in pure colors, as far back as 1898 in the Arcueil and at the Luxembourg Gardens, in what was later to be called the Fauve style.  In 1905 he exhibited at the Salon d'Automne where his paintings were put together with those of Henri Matisse, Maurice de Vlaminck, André Derain, Othon Friesz, Georges Rouault, Raoul Dufy, Henri Manguin, Georges Braque, Louis Valtat, Georges Dufrénoy and Jean Puy. He became a lifelong friend of Matisse.  Dismayed by the intense coloration in these paintings, critics reacted by naming the artists the "Fauves", i.e. the wild beasts. Although Marquet painted with the fauves for years, he used less bright and violent colours than the others, and emphasized less intense tones made by mixing complementaries, thus always as colors and never as grays.  Marquet subsequently painted in a more naturalistic style, primarily landscapes.  At the end of 1907 he stayed in Paris and dedicated himself, together with Matisse, to a series of city views. The fundamental difference between the two is that while Matisse used strong colours, Marquet favored grayed yellows, greyed violets or blues. Black was usually used as a violent contrast to light colors for such forms as bare tree trunks or calligraphically drawn people contrasted with very light, often yellow or orange streets and sidewalks. Another difference is that Marquet used an approximation of traditional perspective, although his colors and compositions constantly referred to the rectangle and cut its plane with their calligraphy.  From 1907 to his death, Marquet alternated between working in his studio in Paris and many parts of the European coast and in North Africa. He was most involved with Algeria and Algiers and with Tunisia. In his voyages he painted the sea and ships, but also the lights and animated life of the city, especially cities on the waterfront, like Algiers.  Among European cities Marquet remained impressed particularly with Naples and Venice where he painted the sea and boats, accenting the light over water. He adopted a technique nothing like the Impressionists', painting water as a large area of simple tone which held the plane of the water surface without illusionistic perspective, from which the ships arise into a different plane. His views of the lagoon in Venice do this very economically. The water stays at a right angle to the picture plane and the large ships float with ease, with their reflections exactly the correct tone to project the required space. His color is much like Matisse of the 1920s, here. His contrasts of vivid colors describe the waves of the sea with simple drawing which accompany the exactly observed color tones, giving a scene of placid movement. The human figures are much simplified, calligraphically drawn in a way related to Japanese Shijo style work. Matisse said, "When I look at Hokusai, I think of Marquet—and vice versa... I don't mean imitation of Hokusai, I mean similarity with him".  During his voyages to Germany and Sweden he painted the subjects he usually preferred: river and sea views, ports and ships, but also cityscapes. Over the course of his career he often returned to the same subjects, even years later, recording subtle differences in the light. He painted a few portraits, and between 1910 and 1914 he painted a series of nudes in whorehouses, and prepared the illustration of a work on lesbian lovers. But he is best known for his many landscapes.  Unlike Matisse, there are no obvious periods of change in his work. As one of Matisse's closest friends, they discussed each other's work with the greatest openness. Marquet's death was unexpected and sudden, from a gall bladder attack and subsequently discovered cancer, for which at that time there was no therapy. He died in La Frette-sur-Seine, on 14 June 1947.

Legacy.

Although he notes that Marquet is conventionally regarded as a minor painter, the English painter John McLean is among those who consider that "his feeling for colour, the lightness or darkness and saturation of it, its weight, is nothing less than astounding."  Marquet was particularly revered by the American painters Leland Bell and his wife Louisa Matthiasdottir. He was also revered by Bell's contemporaries Al Kresch and Gabriel Laderman. Since both Bell and Laderman were teachers in several American art schools, they have had an influence on younger American figurative artists and their appreciation of Marquet.

Albert Marquet (27 March 1875 – 14 June 1947) was a French painter, associated with the Fauvist movement. He initially became one of the Fauve painters and a lifelong friend of Henri Matisse. Marquet subsequently painted in a more naturalistic style, primarily landscapes, but also several portraits and, between 1910 and 1914, several female nude paintings.

Albert Marquet, celým jménem Pierre-Albert Marquet (27. března 1875 v Bordeaux – 14. července 1947 v Paříži) byl francouzský malíř.