Plot.

A Baker and his wife wish for a child but suffer under a curse laid upon the Baker's family by a Witch who found his father robbing her garden when his mother was pregnant, demanding their daughter for compensation. Because the Baker's father also stole some magic beans, the Witch's own mother cursed her to be ugly. The Witch is able to lift the curse and allow them to have a child, but only if the Baker and his wife obtain four critical items for her to make a potion: a white cow, a red cape, a yellow strand of hair and a golden slipper, none of which she is allowed to touch.  The Witch's demands eventually bring the Baker and his wife into contact with Jack, who is selling his beloved cow, Milky-White, and to whom the Baker offers magic beans left to him by his father (which were stolen from the Witch) which Jack accidentally grows into a large beanstalk; with Red Riding Hood, whose red cape the couple noticed when she stopped by the bakery earlier to buy bread and sweets on her way to her grandmother's house; with blonde-haired Rapunzel (the Witch's adopted daughter/the Baker's biological sister), whose tower the Baker's wife passes in the woods; and with Cinderella, who also runs into the Baker's wife while fleeing from the pursuing Prince and whose ball outfit includes gold slippers.  After a series of failed attempts and misadventures, the Baker and his wife are finally able to gather the items necessary to break the spell. After the potion is completed, each of the characters receives a "happy ending": Cinderella marries the Prince; Rapunzel is freed from the Witch by Cinderella's Prince's brother, whom she marries; Jack provides for his mother by stealing riches from the Giant in the sky, courtesy of the beanstalk, and kills the pursuing Giant by cutting down the beanstalk; Little Red Riding Hood and her grandmother are saved from the Big Bad Wolf; and the Witch regains her youth and beauty after drinking the potion.  However, each of the characters learn that their endings don't remain happy: the Baker is worried that he is a poor father to his newborn baby; the Baker's wife is temporarily seduced by the Prince; Cinderella is disenchanted by her cheating Prince; and the witch learns that she has lost her magic powers in exchange for her youth and beauty, after being rejected by Rapunzel, who then runs off with her Prince. The growth of a second beanstalk from the last remaining magic bean allows the Giant's widow to climb down and threaten the kingdom and its inhabitants if they do not deliver Jack in retribution for killing her husband. The characters attempt to find Jack, but debate the morality of handing Jack over. In the process, Red Riding Hood's mother and grandmother, Jack's mother and the Baker's wife are killed. The Baker, Cinderella, Jack and Little Red Riding Hood all blame each other for their individual actions that led to the tragedy, ultimately blaming the Witch for growing the beans in the first place. She curses them for their inability to accept responsibility for their individual actions, as well as their refusal to do the "right thing" (handing Jack over). Casting all the remaining beans away, the Witch begs her mother to punish her again, and she melts into a large pit of boiling tar.  The remaining characters resolve to kill the threatening Giant's widow, though they discuss the complicated morality of retribution and revenge in the process. They lure the Giant's widow into stepping in the tar pit where she ultimately trips and falls to her death. With the Giant's widow dead, the characters move forward with their lives as they are. The Baker, thinking of his wife, is determined to be a good father. Cinderella decides to leave the Prince and help the Baker with Jack and Red Riding Hood, as they are now orphans, and will be moving into the bakery. The Baker comforts his son after he begins to cry by telling the story of the film as the movie ends with the Witch's moral.

Stage-to-screen changes.

While it was initially reported that Disney had decided to make some major plot changes for the film version, Stephen Sondheim revealed that this was not the case and that any changes in the film version had been approved by him and James Lapine.  Thus, the film does slightly differ from the stage production. The songs "I Guess This Is Goodbye", "Maybe They're Magic", "First Midnight" and "Second Midnight" interludes, "Ever After" (Act I finale of the original play), "So Happy", "Into the Woods" Reprise, "Agony" Reprise and "No More" (performed by the Baker) were cut from the film, although both "Ever After" and "No More" are used as instrumentals in the film. Meanwhile, many of the songs in the film have slightly different lyrics than their stage counterparts due to the slight tweaking of story lines.  Other changes include a major reduction of the significant role of the "mysterious man", who manipulates much of the action in the first act and is eventually revealed to be the Baker's father. Additionally, the character of the narrator was cut, and the film is instead narrated by the Baker. The minor role of Cinderella's father was cut, and he is instead mentioned as deceased. Due to the film's compressed story line, Rapunzel's pregnancy is eliminated, as is the subplot where the two princes have affairs with Snow White and Sleeping Beauty. In the film, the Giant's wife first attacks during the marriages of Cinderella and Rapunzel to their respective princes; in the stage show, the Giant's wife first attacks the Witch's garden. Rapunzel's ultimate fate is also changed: rather than being killed by the Giant, she refuses to cooperate with the Witch and flees with her prince.

Production.

Early development.

Early attempts of adapting "Into the Woods" to film occurred in the early 1990's, with a script written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel. A reading was held with a cast that included Robin Williams as the Baker, Goldie Hawn as the Baker's Wife, Cher as the Witch, Danny DeVito as the Giant, Steve Martin as the Wolf, and Roseanne as Jack's Mother. By 1991, Columbia Pictures and Jim Henson Productions were also developing a film adaptation with Craig Zadan as producer and Rob Minkoff as director. In 1997, Columbia put the film into turnaround, with Minkoff still attached as director, and Billy Crystal, Meg Ryan, and Susan Sarandon reportedly in talks to star. After the report by "Variety", a film adaptation of "Into the Woods" remained inactive for 15 years.

Development at Disney.

After the critical and commercial success of "Chicago" in 2002, director Rob Marshall approached Stephen Sondheim with a proposal to adapt one of his musicals. Although Marshall was initially interested in adapting "Follies" and "", Sondheim suggested "Into the Woods" instead. Marshall concurred, but development of the project was then postponed while he focused on directing "Memoirs of a Geisha" and "Nine". In 2011, Marshall's interest in the project was rekindled when he heard a speech by President Barack Obama on the tenth anniversary of the September 11th attacks to the families of the 9/11 victims, which seemed to evoke the same message as the musical's most important song, "No One Is Alone". Marshall firmly believed that "Into the Woods" was “a fairy tale for the post-9/11 generation". In January 2012, Marshall approached Walt Disney Pictures—for whom he had just directed ""—and pitched the idea to the studio, with Lapine writing the script and Sondheim "expected" to write new songs. Academy Award-winner Dion Beebe, who previously collaborated with Marshall on "Chicago", "Memoirs of a Geisha", and "Nine", served as cinematographer. Sondheim confirmed that a new song had been written for the film in an April 2013 interview with "The Independent".  With Disney's backing, a three-day reading of the entire updated screenplay took place in New York in October 2012 under Marshall's direction, with Nina Arianda as the Baker's Wife, Victoria Clark as Cinderella's Mother/Granny/Giant, James Corden as the Baker, Donna Murphy as the Witch, Christine Baranski as Cinderella's Stepmother, Tammy Blanchard as Florinda, Ivan Hernandez as the Wolf, Megan Hilty as Lucinda, Cheyenne Jackson as Rapunzel's Prince, Allison Janney as Jack's Mother, Anna Kendrick as Cinderella, Michael McGrath as Steward/Mysterious Man, Laura Osnes as Rapunzel, Taylor Trensch as Jack, Casey Whyland as Little Red Riding Hood, and Patrick Wilson as Cinderella's Prince. It was this reading which ultimately convinced Walt Disney Studios president Sean Bailey to green-light the film despite ongoing concerns about the dark nature of the original musical (which Disney executives had begun to understand since Marshall's original pitch). However, Disney (which self-finances all its films) provided only a relatively small production budget of $50 million (relative to other feature-length fantasy films on its development slate), in turn forcing both cast and crew to accept pay cuts to work on the film.  Reports subsequently surfaced in January 2013 that Meryl Streep had been cast to play the Witch. Streep had instituted a personal "no witch" rule after she turned 40 and was offered three witch roles, but ultimately broke her own rule to do a Sondheim role again. She was already familiar with his work, having participated in the original production of Sondheim's "The Frogs" as a student at Yale University. During the same month, it was reported that Janney had been confirmed to join the film as well. Five months later, however, Tracey Ullman was cast as Jack's Mother instead.  In April 2013, Johnny Depp was in final negotiations, along with Streep, to join the film. "The Hollywood Reporter" reported that to help make the film on such a tight budget, Depp agreed as a favor to Disney and to Marshall to a "boarding" arrangement, in which he would appear in a minor role for a fee of $1 million, instead of his typical fee of $20 million for a starring role. In May, James Corden, who took part in the reading of the screenplay, was in talks to play the role of the Baker. On May 10, 2013, Disney confirmed the casting of Streep, Depp, and Corden as the Witch, the Big Bad Wolf, and the Baker, respectively. That same month, Emily Blunt and Christine Baranski were cast, respectively, as the Baker's Wife and Cinderella's Stepmother. Marshall later confirmed that Blunt was selected for her "warm[th]" and likeability to ensure the emotional impact of the sudden death of the Baker's Wife: "[T]hat's very important for that character because it's the heart of the piece and you really have to love her so when she's gone it should feel like a kick in the gut." After she was cast, Blunt discovered she was pregnant and her costume and choreography had to be adjusted accordingly. However, her "overweight" appearance during production actually fit in with the role of the Baker's Wife; as she explained, "I feel like she would have eaten a lot of carbs working in the bakery."  Also in May, Jake Gyllenhaal and Chris Pine entered negotiations to play the Princes. However, Gyllenhaal dropped out of the film due to scheduling conflicts with another film, "Nightcrawler", and was subsequently replaced by Billy Magnussen. One month later, Anna Kendrick began talks to play Cinderella in the film. In June 2013, Walt Disney Studios publicly announced that the film had been greenlighted, and scheduled a release date for Christmas Day 2014. In July, MacKenzie Mauzy, Tammy Blanchard, Lucy Punch and Daniel Huttlestone joined the cast. Mauzy later revealed that she first auditioned for Cinderella but did not get the part. However, director Marshall saw her audition tape and brought her back in for Rapunzel, after recognizing "the 'vulnerability' and 'emotion' Mauzy could bring to Rapunzel after she read just one line", as he recalled. In early August, Sophia Grace Brownlee's representatives announced that she had been cast as Little Red Riding Hood. The announcement of Brownlee's casting, which was widely reported but never confirmed by Disney, was criticized as "a stunt" and was met with concern due to her age and the sexual undertones present between Little Red and the Wolf. The film's plot synopsis and the official casting of lead actors Meryl Streep, Johnny Depp, Anna Kendrick, Chris Pine, and Emily Blunt were revealed at the D23 Expo on August 10, 2013. On September 16, 2013, Lilla Crawford was confirmed as playing the character of Little Red Riding Hood, despite previous reports suggesting Brownlee. Crawford auditioned for Marshall via Skype, who offered her the role within two hours. Crawford was on a flight to London the next day as a result. Later on, Dominic Brownlee spoke about the withdrawal of his daughter Sophia Grace from the movie: "After careful consideration, we the parents of Sophia Grace, felt that as rehearsals progressed that she was too young for this part. It was a joint decision between us and the director and producer of "Into the Woods" to withdraw Sophia Grace from the film." Apart from Crawford, the casting of Richard Glover, Frances de la Tour, Simon Russell Beale, Joanna Riding, and Annette Crosbie in other roles was also separately announced later on September 16.

Filming.

In July 2013, before filming began, Marshall put the cast through six weeks of rehearsals on a soundstage and blocked their scenes. In August, the cast members visited Angel Recording Studios to separately record their respective parts in the presence of Sondheim himself. Over 90% of the vocal tracks in the final version of the film are from the recording studio sessions, while the rest were recorded on location or on the set. The advantage of blocking and rehearsing all scenes first was that the cast members could then precisely calibrate their voices in the recording studio to the planned appearance of each scene when later filmed, thereby minimizing the slightly disconcerting disconnection between vocals and choreography typical of music videos.  Principal photography took place at London's Shepperton Studios in September 2013, with additional filming taking place at Dover Castle, Hambleden, Waverley Abbey, and Richmond Park. A forest of ancient pine trees in Windsor Great Park was used for many of the scenes in the woods. Marshall struggled with how to stage the melodramatic duet "Agony" in the forest until discovering online that Windsor had an artificial waterfall at Virginia Water Lake, which turned out to be the perfect location for the song. The production was shot digitally, using Arri Alexa cameras configured in a two-camera setup, and footage was edited together in Avid Media Composer. The exterior of Byfleet Manor in Surrey served as Cinderella's home.  The filmmakers spent a whole day shooting scenes which involved Rapunzel's hair being climbed upon. Mauzy claimed that the filmmakers wanted to take advantage of her blonde hair, and that the top of Rapunzel's hair appeared in the film was her own real hair; make-up artists only braided it into the extension. This hair extension was engineered by hair designer Peter King. After testing loose, flowing hair which King found "uncontrollable", he decided to have twenty-seven wefts of real hair woven together into a 30-foot braid, a design which took inspiration from an Arthur Rackham illustration of Rapunzel. In order to bring in enough real Russian hair strands needed for the extension, King and his team had to work with several distributors from Germany and England. The hair-braiding process required three people, each holding a separate strand and weaving in and out. King also dyed the wefts for them to match Mauzy's champagne blonde hair color, and blended together six different shades from ash and strawberry to create realistic gradations and highlights. Between scenes, Mauzy had to "wrap [the hair] around her arm like huge rolls of wool", as recalled by King. A stuntman was used to shoot the hair-climbing scenes, with thin rope and metal rings the only additional tools concealed within the braid to hold the weight of a person climbing up.  The film's final shot, which essentially merges into and links back to its first shot, actually transitions digitally between three shots: a Technocrane on location lifting as high as possible into the sky, an aerial drone flying down a valley in Wales, and a shot of an overcast sky in Manhattan, New York City. Filming concluded on November 27, 2013.  On July 14, 2014, Steve Baldwin posted on a social networking site that reshoots were made during the whole month of July. The following month, however, Rob Marshall denied the film went through re-shoots. Instead, they spent three days shooting new material that had been cut and re-added to the script after Disney screened the movie. For his role as the Wolf, Depp worked closely with the film's costume designer Colleen Atwood to create a Tex Avery-inspired costume, complete with zoot suit and fedora.

Music.

As noted above, the majority of the songs were pre-recorded by the cast. Music producer Mike Higham, who had previously worked with Sondheim on "Sweeney Todd": "The Demon Barber of Fleet Street", recorded the film's score with the London Symphony Orchestra and London Philharmonic. Music supervisor and conductor Paul Gemignani instructed the actors on how to sing, including singing live to a camera on set, to prerecorded music in studio, and with a live studio orchestra. Jonathan Tunick orchestrated Sondheim's original music. The key to the song, "Hello, Little Girl," was altered to better suit Johnny Depp's lower vocal range. In regards to the song's musical arrangement, Higham explained, "we emphasized the woodwinds to make it feel a little lighter, especially the flutes. And we just made it a little jazzier — played more on the walking bass line. Inherently, when it has a jazz feel, it just feels lighter." The film's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on December 15, 2014.  It was initially reported that the film version would feature two new songs: a duet for the Baker and his Wife, titled "Rainbows"—originally written for a 1992 film adaptation that was never made—and a new song for the Witch, eventually titled "She'll Be Back". In the end, neither song appears in the finished film: "Rainbows" was cut before shooting began and "She'll Be Back", though filmed, was cut from the film on the grounds that it slowed the story down. "She'll Be Back" was included as a bonus feature on the film's home media release.

Release.

The first official company presentation took place at the 2013 Disney D23 expo. The official teaser trailer debuted on July 31, 2014. A featurette was released showing behind-the-scenes clips and the vocals of Streep, Kendrick, Blunt and others. A second trailer was released on November 6, 2014.  The film held its world premiere at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 8, 2014. It was released theatrically in the United States on December 25, 2014.

Home media.

Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download in North America on March 24, 2015. The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind "". The home media version includes Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine's original song ""She'll Be Back"".

Reception.

Box office.

"Into the Woods" grossed $128 million in North America, and $85.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $213.1 million, against a budget of $50 million.  "Into the Woods" began playing across North American theaters on December 24, 2014, and earned $1.1 million from late-night Christmas Eve showings and $15.08 million on its opening day (including previews) from 2,440 theaters. Its opening day gross was the fourth-biggest Christmas Day debut and the sixth-biggest Christmas Day gross ever. The film was among one of four films put into wide release on December 25, 2014, the other three being Universal Pictures' "Unbroken" (3,131 theaters), Paramount Pictures' "The Gambler" (2,478 theaters), and TWC's "Big Eyes" (1,307 theaters). It earned $31.1 million in its traditional three-day opening ($46.1 million including its Christmas Day gross) debuting at #2 at the box office behind "", achieving the highest opening weekend for a film based on a Broadway musical (previously held by "Mamma Mia!"). The film's $3.5 million debut in Japan marked the largest opening for a 21st-century live-action musical film.

Critical response.

The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 71% based on 220 reviews, with an average rating of 6.55/10. The site's consensus reads: "On the whole, this Disney adaptation of the Sondheim classic sits comfortably at the corner of Hollywood and Broadway—even if it darkens to its detriment in the final act." Another review aggregator, Metacritic, calculate a weighted average score of 69 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, audiences gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.  Streep was immensely applauded for her performance as the Witch, with many critics and audiences believing she was the film's heart. Lou Lumenick of the "New York Post" called her and Blunt's portrayals as "two of the greatest female performances of the year". Susan Wloszczyna for RogerEbert.com praised Streep's performances of the songs "Stay with Me" and "Last Midnight", and summed her performance up as leaving "practically everyone else in the dust and by design."  "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote that the film "benefits from respect for the source material, enticing production values and a populous gallery of sharp character portraits from a delightful cast". Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" lauded the film, writing; ""Into the Woods", the splendid Disney screen adaptation of the Stephen Sondheim-James Lapine musical, infuses new vitality into the tired marketing concept of entertainment for 'children of all ages'". Leonard Maltin called the movie as "one of the year's best films". Similarly, Pete Hammond of Deadline praised the film as "the most dazzling movie musical since Marshall's own Chicago." and praised the performance of the cast, particularly Streep. Lou Lumerick of the New York Post called the film "this century's best musical" and lauded the performances of Streep and Blunt as the best female performances of the year. Scott Mendelson of "Forbes" gave a positive review declaring the film "Rob Marshall's best movie ever" and praised it for its genuine entertainment and strong cast performances. Richard Corliss of "Time" gave a positive review, stating that the film was a "smart, appealing, upside-down children's story for adults of all ages". Gregory Ellwood of HitFix tapped Streep as an Academy Award contender in the Best Supporting Actress category, and also praised the performance of Chris Pine.  Richard Lawson of "Vanity Fair", Karen D'Souza of the "San Jose Mercury News", and Dana Stevens of "Slate" all published critical reviews of the film. All three found much to like in the acting (especially Blunt and Pine's performances), but all three also concluded that after the various cuts and changes, the final version of the film had failed to adequately preserve the power of the dark existentialist message at the heart of the original musical's second act. Stevens characterized the result as a "generic dystopian bummer," while Lawson criticized the film as a "dutiful but perfunctory adaptation" which lacked "genuine heart". Paul Katz of "The Huffington Post" felt the change in tone between the last two acts was too abrupt, and also criticized the film's faithfulness to the stage musical. Conversely, Alyssa Rosenberg of "The Washington Post" disliked the performances by Streep and Depp, while simultaneously calling the film's first two acts a "surprising delight".

External links.

Into the Woods is a 2014 American musical fantasy film directed by Rob Marshall, and adapted to the screen by James Lapine from his and Stephen Sondheim's 1986 Broadway musical of the same name. A Walt Disney Pictures production, it features an ensemble cast that includes Meryl Streep, Emily Blunt, James Corden, Anna Kendrick, Chris Pine, Tracey Ullman, Christine Baranski, Lilla Crawford, Daniel Huttlestone, MacKenzie Mauzy, Billy Magnussen and Johnny Depp. Inspired by the Grimm Brothers' fairy tales of "Little Red Riding Hood", "Cinderella", "Jack and the Beanstalk" and "Rapunzel", the film is a fantasy genre centered on a childless couple, who set out to end a curse placed on them by a vengeful witch. Ultimately, the characters are forced to experience the unforseen consequences of their actions.

Čarovný les (v anglickém originále Into the Woods) je americký fantasy muzikálový film z roku 2014, jehož režisérem je Rob Marshall. Film je adaptací muzikálu Stephena Sondheima "Into the Woods", oceněného cenou Tony.


History.

The term "third wave coffee" is most widely attributed to coffee professional Trish Rothgeb due to a 2003 article for the Roasters Guild newsletter titled "Norway and Coffee," with the first mainstream media mention in an National Public Radio piece about barista competitions. There is a lesser known reference to "third wave coffee" in a 1999 article in an obscure trade publication called "Tea & Coffee Trade Journal Asia" by specialty coffee pioneer Timothy Castle.  The concept of "third wave coffee" was inspired by the ideas behind the three waves of feminism.  The first wave of coffee is generally understood as the era when most coffee consumers understood coffee to be just "coffee," without any differentiation as to origin or beverage type. Instant coffee, grocery store cans of coffee, diner coffee, and free-refills were all hallmarks of first wave coffee. Generally speaking, first wave coffee is focused on providing an accessible, low-price, consistent cup of coffee that can be corrected with additives like sweeteners or dairy creamers.  The advent of the second wave of coffee is generally credited to Peet's Coffee & Tea of Berkeley, California, which in the late 1960s began artisanal sourcing, roasting, and blending with a focus on highlighting countries of origin and their signature dark roast profile. Peet's Coffee inspired the founders of Starbucks of Seattle, Washington, which evolved into arguably the most famous multinational coffee chain in the world. The second wave of coffee introduced the concept of different origin countries to coffee consumption, beyond a generic cup of coffee. Fueled in large part by market competition between Colombian coffee producers and coffee producers from Brazil through the 1960s, coffee roasters highlighted flavor characteristics that varied depending on what countries coffees came from. While certain origin countries grew to be prized among coffee enthusiasts and professionals, the world's production of high-altitude grown arabica coffee, grown in countries within the tropical zone, became sought-after as each country had particular flavor profiles that were considered interesting and desirable. In addition to country of origin, the second wave of coffee introduced coffee-based beverages to the wider coffee-consuming world, particularly those traditional to Italy made with espresso. So while the first wave relied primarily on coffee's complexity but was not endeavoring to make it delicious on its own, the second wave brought wider enjoyment of coffee by a greater focus on how coffee can make for a pleasing specialty beverage experience.  Third wave coffee is often associated with the concept of'specialty coffee,' referring either to specialty grades of green (raw and unroasted) coffee beans (distinct from commercial grade coffee), or specialty coffee beverages of high quality and craft.

Use of the term.

The third wave of coffee has been chronicled by publications such as "The New York Times", "LA Weekly", "Los Angeles Times", "La Opinión" and "The Guardian".  In March 2008, Pulitzer Prize winning food critic Jonathan Gold of "LA Weekly" defined the third wave of coffee by saying:  The earlier term "specialty coffee" was coined in 1974, and refers narrowly to high-quality beans scoring 80 points or more on a 100-point scale.

Current status.

In the US, there are a large number of third-wave roasters, and some stand-alone coffee shops or small chains that roast their own coffee. There are a few larger businesses, more prominent in roasting than in operating – the "Big Three of Third Wave Coffee" are Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea of Chicago; Stumptown Coffee Roasters of Portland, Oregon; and Counter Culture Coffee of Durham, North Carolina, all of which engage in direct trade sourcing. Intelligentsia has seven bars – four in Chicago, three in Los Angeles, together with one "lab" in New York. Stumptown has 10 bars – five bars in Portland, one in Seattle, two in New York, one in Los Angeles, and one in New Orleans. Counter Culture has eight regional training centers – that do not function as retail stores – one in each of: Chicago, Atlanta, Asheville, Durham, Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. By comparison, Starbucks has over 23,000 cafes worldwide as of 2015.  Both Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea and Stumptown Coffee Roasters were acquired by Peet's Coffee & Tea (itself part of JAB Holding Company) in 2015. At that time, Philz Coffee (headquartered in San Francisco), Verve Coffee Roasters (headquartered in Santa Cruz, California) and Blue Bottle Coffee (headquartered in Oakland, California) were also considered major players in third wave coffee.  In 2014, Starbucks invested around $20 million in a coffee roastery and tasting room in Seattle, targeting the third wave market. Starbucks' standard cafes use automated espresso machines for efficiency and safety reasons, in contrast to third-wave competitors.

The third wave coffee movement is a movement led by both consumers and manufacturers to consume, enjoy, and appreciate high-quality coffee. This movement considers coffee an artisanal food, like wine, whose consumption experience can be enhanced with greater education, connoisseurship, and sensory exploration beyond just a cup of coffee. While all coffee comes through a similar value stream, third wave coffee seeks to highlight the unique characteristics that result from the diversity of coffee bean cultivars, growing and cultivation methods, processing methods, roasting methods, and the variables in beverage preparation.

Třetí vlna kávy označuje současné hnutí snažící se produkovat kvalitní kávy a přistupuje k přípravě kávy jako k umění, podobně jako u vína. Káva už není jen komodita. Označení zahrnuje všechny fáze od pěstování, přes sklizeň, skladování, pražení i přípravu. Vznikají přímé vztahy farmářů s pražírnami a kavárníky.


Types of suicide.

According to Durkheim, In his view, suicide comes in four kinds:  These four types of suicide are based on the degrees of imbalance of two social forces: social integration and moral regulation. Durkheim noted the effects of various crises on social aggregates – war, for example, leading to an increase in altruism, economic boom or disaster contributing to anomie.

Findings.

Durkheim concluded that:

Criticisms.

Ecological fallacy.

Durkheim has been accused of committing an ecological fallacy, since Durkheim's conclusions are apparently about individual behaviour (e.g. suicide), although they are derived from aggregate statistics (the suicide rate among Protestants and Catholics). This type of inference, which explains particular events (the "micro") in terms of statistical data (the "macro"), is often misleading, as Simpson's paradox shows.  However, diverging views have contested whether Durkheim's work really contained an ecological fallacy. Van Poppel and Day (1996) argue that differences in reported suicide rates between Catholics and Protestants could be explained entirely in terms of how these two groups record deaths. Protestants would record "sudden deaths" and "deaths from ill-defined or unspecified cause" as suicides, while Catholics would not. If so, then Durkheim's error was empirical, not logical. Inkeles (1959), Johnson (1965), and Gibbs (1958) claimed that Durkheim only intended to explain suicide "sociologically," within a holistic perspective, emphasizing that "he intended his theory to explain variation among social environments in the incidence of suicide, not the suicides of particular individuals".  More recently, Berk (2006) questions the micro–macro relations underlying criticisms of Durkheim's work. He notices that

Catholics and Protestants.

Durkheim explores the differing suicide rates among Protestants and Catholics, arguing that stronger social control among Catholics results in lower suicide rates. According to Durkheim, Catholic society has normal levels of integration while Protestant society has low levels.  This interpretation has been contested. Durkheim may have over-generalized. He took most of his data from earlier researchers, notably Adolph Wagner and Henry Morselli, but they had been more careful in generalizing from their data. Indeed, later researchers found that the Protestant–Catholic differences in suicide seemed to be limited to German-speaking Europe, thus suggesting a need to account for other contributing factors. Despite its limitations, Durkheim's work on suicide has influenced proponents of control theory, and is often mentioned as a classic sociological study.

Suicide () is an 1897 book written by French sociologist Émile Durkheim. It was the first methodological study of a social fact in the context of society. It is ostensibly a case study of suicide, a publication unique for its time that provided an example of what the sociological monograph should look like.

Sebevražda () je dílo francouzského sociologa Émila Durkheima. Jedná se o průlomové dílo, které jako první rozebírá fenomén sebevraždy ze sociologického úhlu pohledu. K zjištění faktů používá statistiky sesbírané v druhé polovině devatenáctého století. Pomocí těchto statistik dokazuje, že sebevražda není ovlivněna rasou, dědičností, geografickou polohou ani klimatem. Dochází ale k závěru, že souvisí s vzrůstáním lidské aktivity a to zejména s dvěma základními body Společnosti – integrací a regulací. Sebevražednost v tomto případě vzniká při odchýlení z normálu – průměru. Jedinec je moc, nebo málo integrován. V těchto případech dochází k patologickému a abnormálnímu jednání, které ústí v sebevraždu.


Playing career.

Minor.

McDavid played minor ice hockey with the York-Simcoe Express of the Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA) before moving to the Toronto Marlboros of the Greater Toronto Hockey League (GTHL), where he played bantam and minor midget hockey. He played in the 2009 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament as a member of York-Simcoe, and was a teammate of Sam Bennett. In 2011–12 he recorded 79 goals and 130 assists for 209 points in 88 games at the minor midget level, and was named the GTHL Player of the Year.

Junior.

Because of his high level of play, McDavid was granted Exceptional Player status by Hockey Canada and was allowed to be entered in the 2012 OHL Priority Selection at age 15, a year earlier than he would have otherwise been eligible. He was the third player given that status; after John Tavares was granted it in 2005, followed by Aaron Ekblad in 2011.  McDavid was selected first overall by the Erie Otters at the Priority Selection. As the first overall selection, McDavid was awarded the Jack Ferguson Award. Throughout his inaugural season, McDavid played on a line with Connor Brown. Starting in his second game of the season, McDavid recorded a point in 15 consecutive games, and was named the OHL Rookie of the Month for both October and November. During a game against the Owen Sound Attack on March 9, 2013, McDavid recorded two assists, giving him 37 for the season and setting a new team record for assists by a rookie. He also tied Tim Connolly for most points by a first-year player, with 62. In the team's final game of the season, March 16 against the Guelph Storm, McDavid recorded four assists, giving him 66 total points during the season and passing Connolly for the most points by an Otters rookie. McDavid finished the season with the most assists by an OHL rookie with 41 and second in scoring for first-year players, with 66 points. In recognition of his play, McDavid was awarded the Emms Family Award as the top rookie in the OHL, was a finalist for CHL Rookie of the Year, and was named to the OHL First All-Rookie Team. Dallas Stars's general manager Jim Nill said of McDavid, "Well, he's a franchise player. Somebody is going to draft him and he's going to be the cornerstone of the franchise for 15 years, for 20 years. Those players only come along so often."  Following his 2013–14 season, McDavid won the William Hanley Trophy (the OHL's most sportsmanlike player), the Bobby Smith Trophy (OHL Scholastic Player of the Year), was named the CHL Scholastic Player of the Year, and named to the OHL Second All Star Team. During training camp for the 2014–15 season, McDavid was named the captain of the Erie Otters. McDavid had a strong start to the season before breaking his hand in an on ice fight on November 11, 2014. At the time, McDavid was leading the OHL in points, having scored 16 goals and 35 assists in 18 games. McDavid missed six weeks of play as a result of his injury, returning to the ice to play for Canada at the 2015 World Junior Championships. He rejoined the Otters on January 8, 2015, scoring a goal in a 4–3 loss against the Sarnia Sting. In the 47 games that McDavid played with the Otters during the 2014–15 regular season, he registered 44 goals and 76 assists, finishing third in OHL scoring. McDavid had a dominating performance during the OHL playoffs, scoring 21 goals and 28 assists and leading all players with 49 points (in comparison, Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds player, Nick Ritchie, was second in playoff scoring with 26 points). He was awarded the Wayne Gretzky 99 Award as playoff MVP despite the fact that the Erie Otters were eliminated in 5 games in the OHL Championship by the Oshawa Generals. New York Islanders captain, and former Oshawa General, John Tavares, was in attendance during Game 3 of the 2015 finals and said of McDavid: "I don't think I've ever seen anyone with that kind of acceleration — you think he's at top gear and there just always seems to be another level."  Following the 2014–15 season, McDavid was awarded the Red Tilson Trophy for the OHL Player of the Year and was named CHL Player of the Year. He is the most decorated player in OHL history.

Professional.

McDavid was drafted first overall in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft by the Edmonton Oilers. On July 3, 2015, McDavid signed a three-year entry-level contract with the team. He made his NHL debut on October 8, 2015, in a 3–1 loss to the St. Louis Blues. McDavid scored his first goal (and point) four nights later against goaltender Kari Lehtonen, in a 4–2 loss to the Dallas Stars. On November 3, 2015, he broke his clavicle during a game against the Philadelphia Flyers when he collided with Brandon Manning and caused him to miss the next 37 games. He returned to the line-up on February 2, 2016, scoring a goal and gaining two assists. In his first game against his boyhood team, the Toronto Maple Leafs, McDavid had his first five-point night, recording a point on every goal in a 5–2 victory, including three assists (on three Jordan Eberle goals) and two goals. He finished third in voting for the Calder Memorial Trophy as the NHL's Rookie of the Year despite participating in only 45 games in his rookie season.  On October 5, 2016, McDavid was named captain of the Oilers, making him the youngest captain in NHL history. At 19 years and 266 days, McDavid was 20 days younger than Gabriel Landeskog when he was named captain of the Colorado Avalanche.  On November 19, 2016, in a game against the Dallas Stars, McDavid recorded his first career hat-trick in a 5–2 win ending a 10-game goal drought. On January 18, McDavid recorded his 100th career point with an assist against the Florida Panthers, doing so in 92 games and becoming the fourth fastest active player to reach 100 points. McDavid finished the season with 30 goals, 70 assists, and 100 points, and won the Art Ross Trophy as the NHL's leading scorer. He was the third-youngest player to ever win the award; only Sidney Crosby and Wayne Gretzky were younger when they won. McDavid had 11 more points than the next highest scorers, Crosby and Patrick Kane.  On July 5, 2017, McDavid signed an eight-year, $100 million extension with the Oilers. The average annual value of $12.5 million per year is the highest in the NHL, surpassing the $10.5 million contracts held by Carey Price, Jonathan Toews and Patrick Kane.  McDavid became the first Oiler in history to score a hat trick in an opening-night game, which took place on October 4, 2017 against the team's provincial rival, the Calgary Flames. On January 13, 2018, McDavid scored his 200th point on an assist from Drake Caggiula's goal.  McDavid entered his second NHL All-Star Game in 2018, participating in two events. He became the first player to win the "Enterprise NHL Fastest Skater Competition" event back-to-back, with times of 13.310 in 2017, and 13.454 in 2018.  In the 2017–18 season, McDavid scored his second, third, and fourth career hat tricks. He also earned his first four-goal game, against the Tampa Bay Lightning, on February 5, 2018. Despite the Oilers failing to qualify for the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs, McDavid won the Art Ross Trophy for the second straight season, and won the Ted Lindsay Award for the second consecutive time.

International play.

McDavid first played in an IIHF tournament in 2013 when he joined the Canadian under-18 team at the 2013 IIHF World U18 Championships in Sochi, Russia. The youngest player on the Canadian team, McDavid played his first game against Slovakia on April 18, where he recorded one goal and two assists. After recording a hat trick against Sweden, McDavid was named the best Canadian player of the game. He led the tournament in goals and points while helping Canada win a gold medal for only the third time since the tournament's inception in 1999, defeating the four-time defending champion, the United States, in the final. Jim Nill, then chief scout for the Detroit Red Wings, said of his performance that, "I guess you could say he is kind of The Next One. Every so many years [a player arrives like] Gretzky, Lemieux. I think he is making a statement. Is he [the next Sidney] Crosby? I think he is the next guy."  McDavid played for Canada at the 2014 World Junior Championship where the team finished fourth. He also represented Canada in the 2015 World Junior Championship in Toronto and Montreal where they won gold on January 5, 2015. He served as one of the two alternate captains for the team. In the 7 games McDavid played at the tournament he scored 3 goals and a tournament-leading 8 assists. He was named to the tournament all-star team.  He won gold playing for Canada at the 2016 World Hockey Championship.  In the 2016 World Cup of Hockey he was captain of Team North America, composed of players age 23 and under from Canada and the United States.  McDavid and teammates Ryan Nugent-Hopkins and Darnell Nurse were part of Team Canada's 2018 IIHF World Championship roster, with McDavid serving as captain of the team. Canada finished fourth in the tournament.

Personal life.

McDavid was born in 1997 in Richmond Hill, Ontario to Brian and Kelly McDavid. He has an older brother named Cameron. McDavid first skated at age 3, and the next year he started playing hockey; his parents lied about his age because participants were required to be 5 years old. When McDavid was 6, the hockey association in his hometown of Newmarket would not let him play above his age group. Instead of having him play in the lower level, McDavid's parents enrolled him with a team in nearby Aurora, where he played against players as old as 9. McDavid later joined the York-Simcoe Express, a team in Aurora, Ontario, where he was coached by his father, Brian; the team would win four Ontario Minor Hockey Association championships.  The decision to leave the York Simcoe Express in 2011 to join the Toronto Marlboros, according to McDavid, came at a personal cost with both him and his parents losing friends over the decision.  McDavid considered attending Boston University and playing hockey for their team, the Terriers, but decided it would be best for his development to play in the OHL.  Being from Southern Ontario, McDavid followed various sporting teams in the area. His favourite team growing up was the Toronto Maple Leafs, but he also followed the Toronto Raptors and Toronto Blue Jays. In addition to the Maple Leafs, McDavid was also a fan of the Pittsburgh Penguins due to the presence of his favourite player Sidney Crosby. In 2015, McDavid said his most comparable NHL player was then-Maple Leafs centre Tyler Bozak due to his good skating and "pass first" mentality.

Connor McDavid (born January 13, 1997) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre and captain of the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He is considered to be one of the best players in the world by many colleagues and members of the news media. Having been selected first overall by the Oilers in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft, McDavid has won the Art Ross Trophy twice as the leading scorer in the league, the Hart Memorial Trophy, given to the player judged most valuable to his team, in 2017, and the Ted Lindsay Award twice as the best player voted by other NHL players.

Connor McDavid (* 13. ledna 1997, Richmond Hill, Ontario) je kanadský hokejový útočník hrající v týmu Edmonton Oilers v kanadsko-americké soutěži National Hockey League (NHL), kde plní úlohu kapitána mužstva. Často je označován jako nový Sidney Crosby a někteří ho dokonce srovnávají se samotným Waynem Gretzkym. Většina médií i skautů ho považovala za předpokládanou jedničku vstupního draftu NHL 2015, což se taky potvrdilo, když byl 26. června 2015 draftován v prvním kole jako 1. celkově týmem Edmonton Oilers. Přezdívá se mu „The Next big thing“ či „Hokejový LeBron James nebo Tiger Woods“.. Connor McDavid je největší talent současného hokeje, nejlepší hráč světa, je také nejmladším kapitánem celé NHL od 19 let je kapitánem týmu Edmonton Oilers (NHL) a od 20 let je kapitánem hokejové reprezentace A týmu Kanady. Dvojnásobný držitel ceny Art Ross Trophy pro nejvíce bodů na konci základní části NHL. Connor McDavid je od sezóny 2017 v (jeho 20 letech) také nejlépe placeným hráčem světa, základní roční plat 12 500 000 $ + bonusy 2 500 000 $. Jedná se o nejvyšší plat celé historie NHL. Kontrakt je podepsán na 7 let, během této doby si Connor McDavid přijde na více jak 2.5 miliardy korun. Jedná se o podobný talent jako měl Wayne Gretzky, Mario Lemieux nebo Jaromír Jágr.


Life.

Spohr was born in Braunschweig in the duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel to Karl Heinrich Spohr and Juliane Ernestine Luise Henke, but in 1786 the family moved to Seesen. Spohr's first musical encouragement came from his parents: his mother was a gifted singer and pianist, and his father played the flute. A violinist named Dufour gave him his earliest violin teaching. The pupil's first attempts at composition date from the early 1790s. Dufour, recognizing the boy's musical talent, persuaded his parents to send him to Brunswick for further instruction. The failure of his first concert tour, a badly planned venture to Hamburg in 1799, caused him to ask Duke Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand of Brunswick for financial help. A successful concert at the court impressed the duke so much that he engaged the 15-year-old Spohr as a chamber musician. In 1802, through the good offices of the duke, he became the pupil of Franz Eck and accompanied him on a concert tour which took him as far as Saint Petersburg. Eck, who completely retrained Spohr in violin technique, was a product of the Mannheim school, and Spohr became its most prominent heir. Spohr's first notable compositions, including his Violin Concerto No. 1, date from this time. After his return home, the duke granted him leave to make a concert tour of North Germany. A concert in Leipzig in December 1804 brought the influential music critic Friedrich Rochlitz "to his knees," not only because of Spohr's playing but also because of his compositions. This concert brought the young man overnight fame in the whole German-speaking world.  In 1805, Spohr obtained a position as concertmaster at the court of Gotha, where he stayed until 1812. There he met the 18-year-old harpist and pianist Dorette Scheidler, daughter of one of the court singers. They were married on 2 February 1806, and lived happily until Dorette's death 28 years later. They performed successfully together as a violin and harp duo (Spohr having composed the Sonata in C minor for violin and harp for her), touring in Italy (1816–1817), England (1820) and Paris (1821), but Dorette later abandoned her harpist's career and concentrated on raising their children.  In 1808, Spohr practiced with Beethoven at the latter's home, working on the Piano Trio, Op. 70 No. 1, "The Ghost". Spohr wrote that the piano was out of tune and that Beethoven's playing was harsh or careless. In 1812, Spohr conducted a concert in the of the French-occupied Principality of Erfurt to celebrate Napoleon's 43rd birthday. Spohr later worked as conductor at the Theater an der Wien, Vienna (1813–1815), where he continued to be on friendly terms with Beethoven; subsequently he was opera director at Frankfurt (1817–1819) where he was able to stage his own operas — the first of which, "Faust", had been rejected in Vienna. Spohr's longest period of employment, from 1822 until his death in Kassel, was as the director of music at the recently succeeded William II, Elector of Hesse's court of Kassel, a position offered him on the suggestion of Carl Maria von Weber. In Kassel on 3 January 1836, he married his second wife, the 29-year-old Marianne Pfeiffer. She survived him by many years, living until 1892.  In 1851 the elector refused to sign the permit for Spohr's two months' leave of absence, to which he was entitled under his contract, and when the musician departed without the permit, a portion of his salary was deducted. In 1857 he was pensioned off, much against his own wish, and in the winter of the same year he broke his arm, an accident which put an end to his violin playing. Nevertheless he conducted his opera "Jessonda" at the fiftieth anniversary of the Prague Conservatorium in the following year. In 1859 he died at Kassel.  Like Haydn, Mozart, and his own slightly older contemporary Hummel, Spohr was an active Freemason. He was also active as a violin instructor and had about 200 pupils throughout his career – many of them becoming famous musicians. His notable pupils included violinists Henry Blagrove and Henry Holmes.

Works.

A composer, Spohr produced more than 150 works with opus numbers, in addition to a number of nearly 140 works without such numbers. He wrote music in all genres. His nine symphonies (a tenth was completed, but withdrawn: Cf.) show a progress from the classical style of his predecessors to program music: his sixth symphony represents successive styles from "Bach–Handel" to the moderns; his seventh symphony represents the'sacred and secular in human life' with a double orchestra; and his ninth symphony represents "Die Jahreszeiten" (The Seasons). (The autograph score of the tenth symphony, which bears the complete work, is held by the Staatsbibliothek Berlin. Furthermore the same institution holds a complete set of copied parts. Cf. also ). Between 1803 and 1844 Spohr wrote more violin concertos than any other composer of the time, eighteen in all, including works left unpublished at his death. Some of them are formally unconventional, such as the one-movement Concerto No. 8, which is in the style of an operatic aria, and which is still periodically revived (Jascha Heifetz championed it), most recently in a 2006 recording by Hilary Hahn. There are two double-violin concertos as well. Better known today, however, are the four clarinet concertos, all written for the virtuoso Johann Simon Hermstedt, which have established a secure place in clarinettists' repertoire.  Among Spohr's chamber music is a series of no fewer than 36 string quartets, as well as four double quartets for two string quartets. He also wrote an assortment of other quartets, duos, trios, quintets and sextets, an octet and a nonet, works for solo violin and for solo harp, and works for violin and harp to be played by him and his wife together.  Though obscure today, Spohr's operas "Faust" (1816), "Zemire und Azor" (1819) and "Jessonda" (1823) remained in the popular repertoire through the 19th century and well into the 20th, when "Jessonda" was banned by the Nazis because it depicted a European hero in love with an Indian princess. Spohr also wrote 105 songs and duets, many of them collected as "Deutsche Lieder" (German Songs), as well as a mass and other choral works. Most of his operas were little known outside of Germany, but his oratorios, particularly "Die letzten Dinge" (1825–1826) were greatly admired during the 19th century in England and America. This oratorio was translated by Edward Taylor (1784–1863) and performed as "The Last Judgment" in 1830 for the first time. During the Victorian era Gilbert and Sullivan mentioned him in act 2 of "The Mikado" in a song by the title character.  Spohr, with his eighteen violin concertos, won a conspicuous place in the musical literature of the nineteenth century. He endeavored (without any good result) to make the concerto a substantial and superior composition free from the artificial bravura of the time. He achieved a new romantic mode of expression. The weaker sides of Spohr’s violin compositions are observed in his somewhat monotonous rhythmic structures; in his rejection of certain piquant bowing styles, and artificial harmonics; and in the deficiency of contrapuntal textures.  Spohr was a noted violinist, and invented the violin chinrest, about 1820. He was also a significant conductor, being one of the first to use a baton and also inventing rehearsal letters, which are placed periodically throughout a piece of sheet music so that a conductor may save time by asking the orchestra or singers to start playing "from letter C", for example.  In addition to musical works, Spohr is remembered particularly for his "Violinschule" (The Violin School), a treatise on violin playing which codified many of the latest advances in violin technique, such as the use of "spiccato". It became a standard work of instruction. In addition, he wrote an entertaining and informative autobiography, published posthumously in 1860. A museum is devoted to his memory in Kassel.  According to Rey M. Longyear, Spohr's best works were hailed by many of his contemporaries as quintessentially Romantic and inherited by Mendelssohn.

Selected recordings.

Opera  "Note:" WoO = work without opus number (see also: Folker Göthel "Thematisch-Bibliographisches Verzeichnis der Werke von Louis Spohr". Tutzing, 1981).

Louis Spohr (, 5 April 178422 October 1859), baptized Ludewig Spohr, later often in the modern German form of the name Ludwig, was a German composer, violinist and conductor. Highly regarded during his lifetime, Spohr composed ten symphonies, ten operas, eighteen violin concerti, four clarinet concerti, four oratorios, and various works for small ensemble, chamber music, and art songs. Spohr invented the violin chinrest and the orchestral rehearsal mark. His output occupies a pivotal position between Classicism and Romanticism, but fell into obscurity following his death, when his music was rarely heard. The late 20th century saw a revival of interest in his oeuvre, especially in Europe.

Louis Spohr, rodným jménem Ludwig Spohr (5. dubna 1784, Braunschweig – 22. října 1859, Kassel) byl německý hudební skladatel, houslista a dirigent.


Geography.

Schriesheim is located at the so-called "Bergstraße" where a relative small valley descends from the Odenwald mountains which ranges from the east. A creek or brook known as the "Kanzelbach" flows through it. Most of the town is located in Upper Rhine Valley, but parts of it are located in the valley and on the Odenwald mountains.

Subdivisions.

The city of Schriesheim has three subdivisions: Schriesheim proper, Altenbach and Ursenbach. These subdivisions are geographically identical with what were previously townships of the same name. The latter two parts are located in the Odenwald mountains. Except for Schriesheim itself, their official names appear in the form, "Schriesheim, Subdivision of...". At the same time, these subdivisions constitute residential districts, as defined by Baden-Württemberg's municipal code. This means that each has its own village council and municipal administrator overseeing its affairs.[2] The subdivision of Altenbach includes the village of Altenbach, the hamlet of Kohlhof and the Röschbach homestead. The subdivision of Schriesheim includes the town of Schriesheim, the site of the Stam(m)berg retirement community and the houses of the Schriesheim farm. Ursenbach consists of the village of Ursenbach and the Ursenbach farm. In Altenbach, the villages of Ringes und Hohenöd have recently sprung up.[3] Altenbach is located 7 km east of the main town of Schriesheim in the Odenwald, right at the headwaters of the Kanzelbach stream, which there is called the Altenbach, the same name as the town (Alten Bach means "old stream"). Similarly, Ursenbach, which is located 3 km northwest of Altenbach and is also in the Odenwald, is named after a stream of the same name which flows into the Altenbach before the latter turns into the Kanzelbach and flows through Schriesheim.

Geology.

There is a large porphyry deposit in the area of the "Ölberg", which was developed in times past. Likewise, silver was mined in the past along with barite and iron sulfate in the area of the Branich.

Development of the town.

The borders of Schriesheim extend to the north and south as far as the borders of the neighboring towns. This breadth has led local historians to conclude that Schriesheim could, along with Ladenburg, be one of the oldest towns in the area.  Schriesheim's municipal area covers more than 3,162 hectares (12.2 square miles). Of that, 13.1% is devoted to housing and roads, 27.7% is being used for farming, and the remaining 58.6% represents woodland.

Neighboring communities.

Schriesheim borders to the west on Ladenburg, to the north on Hirschberg an der Bergstraße, to the northeast on Weinheim, to the east on Heiligkreuzsteinach and Wilhelmsfeld, to the southeast on Heidelberg and to the south on Dossenheim.

Climate.

Schriesheim belongs, as does Heidelberg, to the warmest part of Germany. The amount of precipitation increases from west to east and ranges between 650 und 800 mm. The nearest weather station, located in Heidelberg, recorded an average temperature of 11.1 °C and average precipitation of 745 mm per year between the years 1971 and 2000. The warmest month is July with an average temperature of 20.1 °C while the coldest month is January with an average temperature of 2.5 °C.  A severe winter frost in 1956 destroyed many fruit trees, especially plum trees. Figs have been grown within the borders of the city for many years.

History.

Ancient World.

There was probably a settlement at the location of today's town already in Roman times, possibly as an offshoot of the former Roman administrative town of "Lopodunum" (today Ladenburg). Coin discoveries dating to the years 351/353 are the most recent evidence of Roman life in the region. It was during this time that the great "Migration Period" (Völkerwanderung) took place; it was a time of turmoil, poverty and the quest for salvation.

Early Middle Ages.

Schriesheim was mentioned for the first time in 764 in a document of the Ellwangen Abbey and again in 766, in a document of the Cloisters Lorsch in connection with gifts of land ("Frankalmoign"). These documents also formed the basis for the later seignory of both cloisters in the area. On the basis of its being named in these docoments and its borders, Schriesheim is to be regarded as one of the first settlements in this area. Already in Roman times, there were Roman villas ("villae rusticae") with foundations that have been uncovered in various Schriesheim locations. At the time of the first written mention of Schriesheim, it was a Frankish site.

High Middle Ages.

In the 13th Century, Schriesheim had been placed under local rule by the noble Strahlenburg family on the basis of a Vogteirechten, which led to the construction of the Strahlenburg castle around 1235. The building of the castle was a clear breach of law by the Strahlenburgers, since the land on which the castle was built belonged to the Cloister Ellwangen, whose reeves the Strahlenburgers were. When it came to protecting their rights, cloisters were dependent on the efforts of others since they themselves could not attack militarily. So the abbot obtained an imperial order from Conrad I through the emperor that eventually led to a compromise. This compromise, agreed to in 1238, appears to have been designed to let Conrad I receive the Strahlenburg as a hereditary fiefdom, but he had to transfer all of his wealth to the cloister in order to get the hereditary fiefdom back. Since at that time feudal law was relatively weak, it would appear that Conrad I was the winner in that negotiation.

Founding of the city.

Since ambitious nobles in those days wanted to call not only a castle but also a town their own, Conrad I began to annex a fortified town directly alongside the old village of Schriesheim on the land directly below the castle—land that was now his fiefdom. Both town and castle were integrated into a common defensive plan. There is no known date for the founding of the city but in 1256, the Strahlenbergers were members of the Rhenish League of Towns. Various evidence places the founding date between 1240 and 1245.  After the town's founding, a church was built on the spot where today the Evangelical Church stands. The old village church south of the Bachgasse was abandoned. In addition, a grand village courtyard was established; today, it is called the Strahlenberger Hof. This typical stone house with its nearly two meter high walled gable is, at 700 years, the oldest, still occupied secular building in the region.  After the slow decline of the Strahlenbergers, the Strahlenburg and all sovereignty rights were sold to the Count Palatine in Heidelberg on September 8, 1347. However, Schriesheim retained all city rights.

Loss of the rights of a township in 1470.

After the death of King Rupert in 1410, the Electoral Palatinate was divided up amongst his four sons. At first, Schriesheim belonged to Ruprecht's son, Otto, but in 1448, it was transferred, as part of an exchange of territories, to Otto's brother, Stephan, the Count Palatine of Simmern and Zweibrücken. After the division of this line in 1459, Schriesheim became part of the Simmern line, which was pledged to the knight, Hans von Sickingen for 4.000 guilders. Count Palatine Louis I, however, released Schriesheim again in 1468.  In the course of the Weißenburger feud between Elector Palatine Frederick I and Louis I of Veldenz-Zweibrücken, Friedrich I. undertook a siege of Schriesheim and the Strahlenburg castle on May 6, 1470. On Sunday, May 13, 1470, first the castle and then the city were taken by storm. The conquerors demanded a bounty of 400 guilders, which had to be raised from the citizens, along with the surrender of all wine stocks under threat that the city would be burned to the ground if these conditions were not met. In addition, various fortifications were razed, towers demolished, the city wall destroyed, and the trenches filled in. Since Schriesheim had never had the blood court jurisdiction, only the market right remained as the last of the three conditions needed to be recognized as a city. Finally, even the market right was rescinded. But the court of the Äpfelbacher Group of 100 was relocated to Schriesheim which from then on became known as the Schriesheim Group of 100. And in 1579, Schriesheim got its market right back, the event which provides the basis for the annual Mathaisemarkt.

Schriesheim During the Thirty Years' War.

Just before the start of the Thirty Years' War it had become evident that the privileges of authority rarely worked to the advantage of the people. The marriage of Frederick V, Elector Palatine and King of Bohemia to Elizabeth Stuart brought little glamour to the residents of Schriesheim. Instead, it required them to outfit a carriage for the procession with which Frederick wanted to bring his wife to Heidelberg. The carriage was deployed again in 1619 in order to bring the couple to Prague, where Frederick had accepted election as King of Bohemia.  People in Schriesheim suspected that something bad was going to happen and in 1619, they erected a guardhouse on the Branich so that they could spot approaching troops early enough to take action. In 1621, it happened: troops of the Catholic League under Tilly were approaching Heidelberg—and thus also Schriesheim—from the North. By November, about 10.000 men had encamped in the Schriesheim-Dossenheim-Ladenburg triangle. Once the battles, which led to the eventual capture of Heidelberg, were over, troops continued to pass through the region. Several young men from the region had been lost in the battles, the townspeople were being pressed hard to finance the war, the area had been plundered and several buildings had been destroyed. The Bavarians had even taken the church bells as booty. Since most people still had reserves at their disposal, the damages soon began to get fixed and normal life returned. The only problem was that the authorities now tried to make the land Catholic again, which forced the pastor to flee.  Alas, marauding troops still marched through the land. In 1625/1626 spotted fever spread and exacted its toll. In 1631, another army approached from the North; this time, it was the Protestant Swedes, who camped on a rock outcropping (the Swedish redoubt) with a commanding view over the Rhine valley and the city of Schriesheim. They gradually squeezed the city's residents out. In the middle of September 1631, the Bavarians risked a sortie out of Heidelberg, captured Schriesheim and then pulled back into Heidelberg. Schriesheim was by then a smoking pile of rubble. Most houses and the church had been burned down; only along the Kanzelbach, where water was close at hand, had people been able to save some homes from the flames. Furthermore, soldiers were still marauding through the region.  In 1635, a Pestilence broke out and killed off a significant part of the already weakened populace. This time, it took a while to get reconstruction started. The reserves had been used up and normal life and commerce were impossible. Only the vineyards and the cattle that had been driven into the surrounding forest made survival possible.  Then in 1643, soldiers from the Lorraine came and brought war back into the region again. In 1644, the imperial army arrived and in 1645, it was the French under Turenne. To be sure, there were no more big battles but the completely brutalized soldiers were themselves now the greatest danger. While no specific atrocity occurred in Schriesheim, the fact that after holding out for 25 years, the citizens now gave up the city speaks volumes. The populace hid in the nearby forest or fled to nearby, less damaged locations. On calm days, the survivors came from the neighboring villages in order to harvest the plants that had grown in the wild on the vineyards and fields.  When in 1648 the Peace of Westphalia was signed, the scattered survivors returned to the city. Most now had inherited land and damaged homes but they had no livestock, seeds, or building materials. Thus, wherever possible, they sold a little land or a construction site, in order to again get the means to rebuild. Barely 40 families, only 24 of them with old Schriesheim names, had come back. That was less than 20 percent of the population before the Thirty Years' War. Only the immigration of a significant number of reformed Swiss allowed the population to increase again more rapidly. Nevertheless, it would still take 100 years before the population reached its former level.

Insurrection in Schriesheim.

This history, the immediate proximity of the bishopric in the Roman city of Ladenburg and the belief on the part of the Reformed Church in an environment that would one day again be Catholic resulted in a notoriously truculent attitude on the part of the people toward the authorities. This lasted well into the 19th century.  The first tax rebellion began on October 21, 1789. This was put down relatively easily, thanks to concessions on the part of the authorities. But in 1791 and 1794, there was further withholding of taxes. In 1798, there was a "revolt" in Schriesheim against the Count Palatine Nikolaus Lissingolo, who stirred up a lot of trouble, the exact nature of which is not completely understood to this day. Three Schriesheimers, Balthasar Ortlipp, Wendel Müller and Heinrich Riehl wound up being sentenced to two and three years in jail, while nine others received lighter sentences.  In March 1815, there was another public rebellion by the Schriesheimers against the authority which this time, could only be suppressed with the aid of soldiers. During the revolution of 1848/49, the Schriesheimers again lived up to their reputation and participated prominently in the revolutionary activities. Most of the residents were influenced by Frederick Hecker, who had since 1842 been the elected representative of the Ladenburg-Weinheim electoral district. After the revolt had been suppressed, three mayoral elections were declared invalid by the government of Baden in 1851/52, because the winner was a "Democrat".

Emigration during the second half of the 19th century.

After that, the population began to decline because of very strong emigration to America. While in 1848, there were still around 2.800 residents in Schriesheim, by 1858, there were only about 2,700 left. The population then dropped further reaching a low of about 2,650 in 1890. Actually, the very first emigrants to America had already left in 1724. The emigration did not stop until the second half of the 20th century.

20th century.

On March 9, 1964, Schriesheim got its right to being called a "city" back. On January 1, 1972, Altenbach was annexed and one year later, on January 1, 1973, it was Ursenbach's turn.

Population Statistics.

Estimates of the population before the 15th century are not possible. The numbers up until the end of the Thirty Years War are based on an estimate of either the number of households or the number of adult males.  Only about 12-15% of the populace survived the Thirty Years' War. Only 24 family names from the pre-war period resurfaced after the war ended. From the wealthy milling family Mack (see also Alexander Mack), two adult males survived the war. From all other families, only one male adult male survived.  From 1644 to 1648, the town was abandoned by its population and thus a ghost town. Surviving Schriesheimers had fled to less destroyed locations in the area. During the decades after the Thirty Years' War, many immigrants moved in, among them a lot of Reformed Swiss, the same denomination as the surviving Schriesheimers. By 1698, they constituted just under one-third of the residents.  Emigration, mostly to North America, begun in 1724 (see German Palatines). After the unsuccessful German revolutions of 1848–1849 emigration became so strong that the population declined. It took toward the end of the 19th century until emigration became weaker and the population started to grow again. After World War II, mostly in 1945 and 1946 the population grew quickly because of the flight and expulsion of Germans from East. Since the end of the 1950s, "refugees from the city", mostly Mannheim, increasingly settled in Schriesheim.  Residents of the area that was defined as Schriesheim; Altenbach und Ursenbach are not included in the figures prior to 1970:

Politics.

City Council.

The city council has 28 members and is elected directly by the populace for 5 year terms. The mayor is a de facto member of the council and its head. Since the 2004 election, the distribution of seats is as follows:  <nowiki>*</nowiki>Green List of Schriesheim

Youth City Council.

Since 2001, there has also been a Youth City Council in Schriesheim which consists of 12 young people from Schriesheim. Their term lasts for two years. Members must be between 14 and 19 years of age and live in Schriesheim. The criteria for eligibility are the same as for eligibility to vote, i.e. every person who is eligible to vote is permitted to run for election.

Mayor.

The mayor is chosen by direct ballot for a term of 8 years. In the run-off election at the end of 2005, Hansjörg Höfer (alderman of the "Green List" party) narrowly won with 50,62 percent of the vote over Peter Rosenberger (supported by the CDU, FDP and "Free Constituents" parties) with 49,19 percent. Hansjörg Höfer has been in office since February 1, 2006.  Previous Mayors:  After the Second World War, the mayoral election of 1952 produced a scandal that received notice in the international press (for example, the New York Times). Back then, Fritz Urban was victorious. Urban, who stemmed from an old Schriesheim family of lawyers, some of whom had previously stood for mayoral office, had back in 1933 become NSDAP-local group leader, then a few days after the seizure of power by the National Socialist Party, had become mayor and had held that office until 1945 when the Occupying Forces reinstalled George Rufer, who had already been mayor from 1920 until 1933. Fritz Urban then was not permitted to take office. The role of mayor was temporarily taken over by Acting Mayor Martin Ringelspacher until new elections took place in 1954.

Coat of arms.

On the black background of the coat-of-arms is emblazoned a golden lion, with red claws, a red tongue, and a red crown, standing on two crossed arrows, one red and one silver.'  This coat-of-arms refers back to an official seal from the year 1381. The arrows suggest (i.e. the coat of arms embodies a message) the local dominion of the Strahlenbergers, while the lion stands for the Electoral Palatinate.  The official city flag is yellow and black and was adopted by the community in 1956.

City Partnerships.

Schriesheim has been partners with Uzès in France since 1984.

Religion.

In the 16th century, Schriesheim experienced the checkered history of the Reformation in the Electoral Palatinate. In 1556 the Reformation was launched and after 1560, the Electoral Palatinate adopted Calvinism, but then under Count Palatine Louis VI, Elector Palatine, it returned to Lutheranism, only to return the Swiss Reformed Church from 1583 on under acting regent John Casimir and Frederick IV. In the first half of the 17th century, the Elector Palatine became the leader of the German Protestants.  Shortly after the 30-Years War, Schriesheim's dramatically reduced population (only 20% had survived the Thirty Years' War) was purely Reformed, that is Calvinist, but in the years that followed, Catholics, Lutherans and Jews moved in alongside the favored Reformed Swiss immigrants to replenish the population. But in 1685the ruling dynasty of the Electoral Palatinate which was "Reformed" since 1559, died out and was replaced by a cadet branch that was Catholic which changed the whole situation. Suddenly the small Catholic minority in the village was favored by the authorities and Catholic officials moved in.  Jews were already resident in Schriesheim during the Middle Ages, but were driven out of the city during the year of the Black Death in 1349. Jews were again documented in Schriesheim during the 15th century. In 1644, when the village was abandoned during the Thirty Years' War, the Jews also disappeared. It was only in 1651 and 1653 that two Jewish families, the Fuld and the Oppenheiner again settled in Schriesheim. In 1858, the Jewish community reached its peak with 125 members, only to shrink, primarily because of emigration to the United States and relocation to the big cities Frankfurt and Mannheim. At the start of 1933, only 38 Jews were still living in Schriesheim, almost all of whom had left by 1938. By September 1939, there were no Jews living in Schriesheim anymore. Only four were still living in Europe at the start of the Second World War. One died a natural death of old age, two others were successful in emigrating to New York. Only Levi Schlösser fell victim to the Holocaust.  In 1705/1706, Pietistic community built up around Alexander Mack, which, in 1708 led to the introduction of adult baptism in this community, which gave them the nicknames, "Dunkers" and "dippers". Soon, as a result of growing persecution, this community had to flee and eventually emigrated to America where they formed the Church of the Brethren with its many offshoots, among them the Old German Baptist Brethren.  Since the beginning of the 19th century, there were increasing numbers of Pietistic groups in Schriesheim and in 1895, Ludwig Grüber established a Baptist community.  After the Second World War, a New Apostolic Community was formed in Schriesheim.

Sacred buildings.

Until near the end of the 18th century, the village linden tree stood next to the former village church in the triangle formed by the "Bachgasse", "Talstraße" and "Schmale Seite" on the west side of town. It stood alongside the "Gaulsbrücke" ("horse brige") over the Kanzelbach in the original heart of the village. Schriesheim's patron saint during the Middle Ages was St. Vitus, after whom the old village church was named. There is nothing left of this old village church.  The construction of the village church, on the site of today's Evangelical Church, probably started in 1243 as coins found near the foundation suggest. In the course of the centuries, this church building had suffered so much damage that by the middle of the 18th century, either it needed an elaborate and expensive renovation or it had to be completely torn down and replaced. A decision was made in favor of the latter; the new church was built between 1748 and 1751.  The relative small Catholic and Lutheran communities, which had moved in step by step after the Thirty Years' War, each built their own churches after holding simultaneous services in the old parish church for more than a decade, a situation that was forced upon the Reformed Church by the new Catholic dynasty (see above).  In 1711, the Catholic community, with the generous support of the now Catholic authorities, built their church which remains today the Catholic Church of Schriesheim. The church had to be expanded on its northern side shortly before the Second Vatican Council in 1959 in order to accommodate the growing number of Catholics. As a result of this expansion, the original "longboat" church design was converted into a T-shaped design. In 1996/97, the last renovation occurred: the former presbytery became a baptismal chapel featuring an unusual baptismal font with running water and the factory-made glass blocks were replaced by stained-glass windows.  Between 1708 and 1711, the Lutheran community built a small church in what is today the "Lutherische Kirchgasse" ("Lutheran church lane"). It was to have a checkered history. After the forced merger of the Lutheran community with the Reformed Church into the Regional Church of Baden in 1821, the building was sold to a Jewish resident, Simon Oppenheimer and in 1839, the Jewish community installed a synagogue in the eastern part of the building. In the years after 1933, when Hitler came to power, the Jews of Schriesheim mostly emigrated. The Schriesheim synagogue was plundered November 9, 1938 which Seligmann Fuld, the last remaining Jew in Schriesheim had to witness. He subsequently moved to America. In 1954, the New Apostolic community transformed the former synagogue into a church again.  In 1954, the Baptist community moved into their own, newly built church in the upper Bahnhofstraße.

Culture and Sights Worth Visiting.

Sights Worth a Visit.

The ruins of the Strahlenburg castle, built in the 13th century. There is also an inn and restaurant there.  The Anna-Elisabeth mine is a silver and sulfate mine that is over 500 years old. It has enjoyed landmark status since 1985; tours are available.  Above Schriesheim lie the historic vineyards of Madonna's mountain with a statue of the Madonna and a sequoia as its emblem.  The Christian-Mayer public observatory offers regular lectures.  Schriesheim has many historic buildings, such as the "Gaber ́schen" House, the old town hall with pillories, the "Oil Mill" on the Kanzel stream, and the so-called "Bachschlössel". Since 2001, there is a modern elevated walkway over the Kanzel stream leading from Old Town to the city fairgrounds.  The so-called Roman cellar in the new Town Hall is indeed a Roman cellar with almost completely original walls. The cellar was unearthed in Schriesheim and during construction of the new Town Hall in 1970, was moved there and has been on display there ever since.

Museums.

The works of the Luxembourg painter and sculptor, Théo Kerg are on display in the "Museum Théo Kerg".

Sport.

Above Schriesheim near the Strahlenburg, there is an old stone quarry that offers many and varied opportunities for amateur rock climbers.

Regular Events.

Schriesheim is a wine city and in March of every year since 1579, it sponsors the first wine festival of the season, the 8-day-long Matthias Market.

The Schriesheim Dialect.

The Schriesheim dialect, locally also referred to as "Schriesheimerisch" or "Schriesemerisch", is distinguished from the usual features of Electoral Palatinate dialect mainly by the remnants left today of Lambdazismus. This is a dialect in which every "d" between vowels is converted into an "l". Examples that are still often heard today are "Bollem" for "Boden" (floor), "Oulewald" for "Odenwald", "olla" for "oder" (or), and "dann holla" for "dann hat er". Sentences like "gewwe Se ma noch e paa fun denne guule roule Ebbl" that mean "geben Sie mir noch ein paar von diesen guten roten Äpfeln" (give me another pair of these good red apples) could still be heard in the 1970s but are not heard at all today.  Additional examples of the Schriesheim dialect may be found on the German Wikipedia entry for Schriesheim; They are impossible to translate meaningfully into English.

Business and Infrastructure.

Commerce.

The Oberrheinische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft ("Upper Rhine Valley Railroad"), which has since 2005 been operated by the RNV, passes through Schriesheim. It is part of the fare district of the Verkehrsverbunds Rhein-Neckar.  State Road 3 passes through the town. The Bundesautobahn 5 passes to the west and provides access to the national highway system.  In order to relieve the pressure on the "Talstraße" ("Valley Road") into the Odenwald, the relocation of State Road L 536 into the nearly 2 km long Branich tunnel has been constructed. The first phase of construction began in 2008 and in 2016 teh tunnel was completed.

Education.

There is a primary school in Altenbach. Schriesheim has the Strahlenberg primary school and the school center of the Electoral Palatinate which consists of primary and secondary schools, the latter having an extension program leading to a diploma, a junior high school, an academic high school and the private Heinrich-Sigmund Academic High School.  Schriesheim also has a music school, an adult education center, and a public library.

Citizens.

Schriesheim as last name.

"Schriesheim" and "Schriesheimer" are family names adopted by former Jewish citizens of Schriesheim in the time when last names became obligatory, notably today:

Schriesheim is a town located in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, north of Heidelberg on the Bergstrasse ("Mountain Road") and on Bertha Benz Memorial Route. It has a population of about 15,000 as of mid-2009. The town's landmark is the Strahlenburg Castle. Locals refer to the town as "Schriese" (phonetically: shree-se, the last syllable pronounced like the first one of "severe") )

Schriesheim je vinařské město s asi 15 000 obyvateli ve spolkové zemi Bádensko-Württembersko. Leží na severu spolkové země v zemském okrese Rhein-Neckar ve vládním obvodu Karlsruhe. Město se rozkládá na západním úpatí pohoří Odenwald a v bádenské části Hornorýnské nížiny. Leží nedaleko Heidelbergu v oblasti, která je klimaticky nejteplejší v celém Německu. Charakteristickými rysy města jsou potok zvaný Kanzelsbach a nad městem se tyčící zbytky hradu Strahlenburg z 13. století obklopené vinicemi.


History.

Formation.

In response to the recently established World Youth Championship, Qatar established its national youth team in 1976. However, they were unable to qualify for the first two World Youth Championships in 1977 in Tunisia and in 1979 in Japan.

1981 World Youth Championship.

In the 1980 AFC Youth Championship which were held in Thailand, Qatar U20s finished as runners-up after losing to South Korea in the final. This granted them a spot in the 1981 FIFA World Youth Championship, which was hosted in Australia. Under the supervision of Brazilian coach Evaristo de Macedo, the championships proved to be a success. Facing Brazil in the quarter-finals, they were able to secure a 3–2 victory by utilizing the offside trap. They went on to face England in the semi-finals, where they earned a 2–1 victory after a fine performance by their goalkeeper.  The team finished second after losing 0–4 to West Germany in the final on a wet pitch which was unfavorable to the Qataris as they were not used to playing in such conditions. As a result of achieving runners-up position, each Qatari player received 100,000 Qatari riyals, a Mercedes Benz, and a bungalow. The population of Qataris was only 120,000 at the time of this achievement.

1995 World Youth Championship.

Qatar earned its second international U-20 World Cup appearance in 1995 as hosts. While Nigeria was preparing to host the 1995 edition, an Ebola epidemic broke out in west Africa, and as a result, FIFA decided to award the hosting rights to Qatar with only twenty days remaining till the start of the championships.

2014 AFC U-19 Championship.

Qatar's youth team won the AFC U-19 Championship for the first time in its history after defeating DPR Korea 1–0 in the final of the 2014 edition which took place in Myanmar. Advancing undefeated from a group which included DPR Korea and Iraq, they defeated China 4–2 in the quarter-finals, and earned a 3–2 victory after extra time against the hosts in the semi-finals. In the finals, the Qataris would be victorious against DPR Korea for a second time in the tournament, with super sub Akram Afif scoring the only goal of the match in the second half. The entire squad was composed of Aspire Academy students. As a result of Aspire's HOPE Project (Holistic Overseas Player Experience), most of the squad were European-based.

Current squad.

The following players were selected to take part in the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup.

The Qatar national under-20 football team is the national youth team of Qatar and is controlled by the Qatar Football Association. Qatar's U-20 national team played an important role in the development of football in Qatar and gave it one its first shining moment on the global stage when the youth squad finished second in the 1981 FIFA World Youth Championship in Australia.

Katarská fotbalová reprezentace do 20 let reprezentuje Katar na mezinárodních turnajích, jako je Mistrovství světa ve fotbale hráčů do 20 let.


History.

The early buildings of the square were destroyed by the 1812 Moscow fire. In 1823 the empty land was bought by major-general N.Z. Khitrovo who was granted with a permission to erect a meat and greens market there. Khitrovo died in 1826 before he had time to complete this work. The idle market was used each year only for a short period in wintertime, from Christmas to «Myasoyed» (two weeks before the Maslenitsa holiday), when peasants from around Moscow came to sell frozen meat, poultry and venison.  In the 1860s Khitrovka became a job market for unskilled labour, drawing unemployed peasants who were seeking their fortune in the big city. Many of them couldn’t find work and settled here forever. The square was a shelter for escaped convicts, broken citizens and other hard up people. Four doss-houses faced the square.  These places were visited repeatedly in late 19th – early 20th century by L.N. Tolstoy, T.L. Schepkina-Kupernik, V.A. Gilyarovsky, C.S. Stanislavsky, V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko and the artist V.A. Simov who painted decorations for the play «The Lower Depths» by M. Gorky. A.K. Savrasov finished his life in poverty here. The grand duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna, the foundress of Marfo-Mariinsky Convent, established the school in the convent for orphans and children picked up by her at the Khitrov marketplace. The Khitrovka area and its habitués are vividly described in Henri Troyat "Daily Life in Russia."  All the dens were liquidated in the twenties of the 20th century. The square was renamed Maxim Gorky square as a tribute to the famous play by Gorky who had visited the site personally. Before World War II a school was built on the square, and the latter ceased to exist, although it was formally mentioned in the registers until the 1960s.

Current situation.

In 2008 «DON-stroy», a building company, has designed a project of building-up of the (then former) Khitrovskaya square. According to this plan, an eight-storied office centre shall be erected in place of the electromechanics college located in 11a Podkolokolny sidestreet. These plans of a modern office building of glass and concrete in the very heart of the famous Khitrovka became a reason for arising of a great protest from local grass root organizations, as well as other Moscow citizens. Several collective appeals to the authorities have taken place.  In January 2010 the building of the former college was torn down illegally as a first step towards the construction of a modern business centre in the midst of a theoretically protected historical area. However the construction was stopped by the city authorities, and the square was reorganized by 2014, featuring benches, lanterns and a lawn. Now it is again present in the city's maps as Khitrovskaya Square.

Sights.

Architecture environment of the Khitrov square has an extra high undamaged state. The architecture ensemble of Khitrovka consists of:  All the three churches surrounding Khitrovka have been preserved:

Khitrovskaya Square (), also known historically as Khitrov marketplace () or simply Khitrovka (), is a square in the centre of Moscow that existed from the 1820 to 1930s and was restored in the 2010s. In the second half of the 19th century Khitrovka became a bawdy place of Moscow, a den for thousands of unemployed and criminals. It is described by V.A. Gilyarovsky, C.S. Stanislavsky and other authors.

Chitrovka ("Хитро́вка", "Хитро́в рынок") byla čtvrť Moskvy ležící na rozhraní dnešního Taganského a Basmanného rajónu. Na východní straně za hradbami Kitaj-gorodu ležela původně osada "Kulišky". V roce 1824 získal tuto oblast, která byla vážně poničena při požáru Moskvy 1812, generálmajor Nikolaj Zacharovič Chitrovo, který zahájil její obnovu. Vznikl zde velký trh, kde venkované prodávali potraviny, a po zrušení nevolnictví roku 1861 také pracovní burza. Množství lidí, kteří do velkoměsta přišli za lepším životem a ocitli se bez prostředků, způsobilo, že se z Chitrovky stal slum, kde bujela zločinnost a prostituce. V roce 1902 zde pobýval Konstantin Sergejevič Stanislavskij, aby získal inspiraci pro svou inscenaci Gorkého hry "Na dně". Svéráznou atmosféru staré Chitrovky popsal Vladimir Giljarovskij ve vzpomínkové knize "Moskva a Moskvané", vydané roku 1926.